COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
AFFAIRE DE LA FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE
ET MARITIME ENTRE LE CAMEROUN
ET LE NIGÉRIA
(CAMEROUN c. NIGÉRIA)
ARRÊT DU 11 JUIN 1998
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
CASE CONCERNING
THE LAND AND MARITIME BOUNDARY
BETWEEN CAMEROON AND NIGERIA
(CAMEROON vNIGERIA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
JUDGMENTOF 11 JUNE 1998 Mode officiel de citation:
Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria,
exceptions préliminaires,arrêt,C.I. 1998, p. 275
Officia1cit:tion
Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroonand Nigeria,
Preliminary Objections,Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 275
NOde vente:708 1
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number
ISBN 92-1-070772-9 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 1998 11 June
General List
11 June1998 No. 94
CASE CONCERNING
THE LAND AND MARITIME BOUNDARY
BETWEEN CAMEROON AND NIGERIA
(CAMEROON v. NIGERIA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
(1) Optional Clause (Article 36, paragraph 2, of Statute) - Deposit of
Declaration with UnitedNations Secretary-General (Article 36, paragraph 4,
of Statute) - Transmissionof copy by Secretary-Generalto States parties to
Statute - Interval between deposit of Declarationandjling of Application -
Alleged abuseof OptionalClausesystem - Date of establishmentof consensual
bond underArticle 36,paragraph2, of Statute - Resjudicata - Article 59 of
Statute.
Articles 16, 24 and 78 of Vienna Convention on the Lawof Treaties.
Withdrawal of declarations of acceptanceof compulsory jurisdiction -
Reasonableperiod of notice - Question whethersuchperiod should be required
for deposit of declarations.
Whether a State subscribing to Optional Clause andjling an application
shortly thereafter has obligationto inform prospective respondentState -
Principle ofgoodfaith.
Condition of reciprocity- Reservation ratione temporis.
(2) Asserted duty to resort exclusivelyto bilateral machinery- Estoppel-
Principle ofgoodfaith - Rule pacta sunt servanda - Whether exhaustionof
diplomaticnegotiations isprecondition for referral.to the Court.
(3) Whether Lake Chad Basin Commission has exclusive jurisdiction for
settlement of boundary disputes - Arrangements or agencies within meaning
of Article 52 of UnitedNations Charter - Estoppel - Claim that the Court
should declineto decidemerits of submissionsfor reasonsofjudicial propriety.
(4) Boundary terminating ina tripoint in Lake Chad - Possible effect on
legal interestsof third States. (5) Question relatingto the existence of a boundary disp-teDetermina-
tion of the existence of a dispute.
(6) Presentation offacts in an application Requirements ofArticle 38,
paragraph2, of Rules of Court - Meaning of "succinct".
(7) Determination oftitle to a peninsulaprior to maritime delimitation
Discretionarypower of the Court concerning sequencein whichit settles issues
before i- Alleged absenceof sufficientaction by Parties to effect delimitation
by agreementonbasisof internationallaw - Seisin based on declarations made
underArticle 36,paragraph2, of Statute - SufJicientlyprecise characterof a
dispute.
(8) Maritime deLimitationwhich may involve rights and interests of third
States - Whether objection raised has exclusively preliminary character
(Article79,paragraph 7, of Rules of Court).
JUDGMENT
Present: President SCHWEBEL V;ice-President WEERAMANTR JYd;ges ODA,
BEDJAOUI G,UILLAUME R,ANJEVA ,ERCZEGH S,HI, FLEISCHHAUER,
KOROMAV ,ERESHCHETH IIG, GINS,ARRA-ARANGUREN, KOOIJMANS,
REZEKJ ;udges ad hoc MBAYEA , JIBOLAR;egistrar VALENCIA-OSPINA.
In the case concerning the land and maritime boundary between Cameroon
and Nigeria,
between
the Republic of Cameroon,
represented by
H.E. Mr. Laurent Esso, Minister of Justice, Keeper of the Seals,
as Agent;
Mr. Douala Moutomé, Memberof the Cameroon Bar, former Minister,
Mr. Maurice Kamto, Professor, University of YaoundéII, Member of the
Paris Bar,
Mr. Peter Ntamark, Dean, Professor of Law, Faculty of Law and Political
Science,University of YaoundéII, Barrister-at-Law, member of the Inner
Temple,
as Co-Agents;
H.E. Mr. Joseph Owona, Minister of Youth and Sport,
Mr. Joseph-Marie Bipoun Woum, Professor, University of Yaoundé II,
former Minister,
as SpecialAdvisers;
Mr. Alain Pellet, Professor, University of Paris X-Nanterre and Institute of
Political Studies, Paris,
as Deputy-Agent, Counsel and Advocate;
Mr. Michel Aurillac, avocatà la cour, Honorary Member of the Council of
State, former Minister,Mr. Jean-Pierre Cot, Professor, University of Paris 1 (Panthéon-Sorbonne),
Vice-President of the European Parliament, Member of the Paris and
BrusselsBars, former Minister,
Mr. Keith Highet, Counsellor in International Law, Vice-Chairman, Inter-
American Juridical Committee, Organization of American States,
Mr. Malcolm N. Shaw, Barrister-at-Law, Sir Robert Jennings Professor of
International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Leicester,
Mr. Bruno Simma, Professor, University of Munich,
Sir Ian Sinclair,K.C.M.G., Q.C., Barrister-at-Law,
Mr. Christian Tomuschat, Professor, University of Berlin,
as Counsel and Advocates;
H.E. Mr. Pascal Biloa Tang, Ambassador of Cameroon to France,
H.E. Mrs. IsabelleBassong,Ambassador of Cameroon to the Benelux Coun-
tries,
H.E. Mr. Martin BelingaEboutou, Ambassador, Permanent Representative
of Cameroon to the United Nations,
Lieutenant General Pierre Semengue,Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces,
Mr. Robert Akamba, Principal CivilAdministrator, chargéde mission, Sec-
retariat of the Presidency of the Republic,
Mr. Etienne Ateba, Minister-Counsellor, Chargé d'affaires a.i. at the
Embassy of Cameroon, The Hague,
Mr. Ernest Bodo Abanda, Director of the Cadastral Survey,Member of the
National Boundary Commission of Cameroon,
Mr. Ngolle Philip Ngwesse,Director at the Ministry of Territorial Adminis-
tration,
Mr. Thomas Fozein Kwanke, Counsellor in Foreign Affairs, Deputy Direc-
tor at the Ministry of Foreign Relations,
Mr. Jean Gateaud, ingénieur général géographe,
Mr. Bienvenu Obelabout, Director, Central Administration, General Secre-
tariat of the Presidency ofthe Republic,
Mr. Marc Sassen,Advocate and Legal Adviser, The Hague,
Mr. Joseph Tjop, Consultant at Mignard, Teitgen, Grisoni and Associates,
Senior Teaching and Research Assistant, University ofParis X-Nanterre,
Mr. Songola Oudini, Director, Central Administration, General Secretariat
of the Presidencyof the Republic,
as Advisers;
Mrs. Florence Kollo, Principal Translator-Interpreter,
as Translator-Interpreter;
Mr. Pierre Bodeau, Teaching and Research Assistant, University of Paris
X-Nanterre,
Mr. Olivier Corten, Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law, Université libre de
Bruxelles,
Mr. Daniel Khan, Assistant, University of Munich,
Mr. Jean-Marc Thouvenin, Senior Lecturer, University of Maine, and Insti-
tute of Political Studies, Paris,
as Research Assistants; Mr. Guy Roger Eba'a,
Mr. Daniel Nfan Bile,
as Communications Specialists;
Mrs. René Bakker,
Mrs. Florence Jovis,
Mrs. MireilleJung,
as Secretaries,
and
the Federal Republic of Nigeria,
represented by
H.E. the Honourable Alhaji Abdullahi Ibrahim, OFR, SAN, Attorney-
General of the Federation and Minister of Justice,
as Agent;
Chief Richard Akinjide, SAN, FCIArb, former Minister, Member of the
English and Gambian Bars,
as Co-Agent;
Mr. Ian Brownlie,C.B.E., Q.C., F.B.A., ChicheleProfessor of Public Inter-
national Law, University of Oxford, Member of the International Law
Commission, Member of the English Bar,
Sir Arthur Watts, K.C.M.G., Q.C., Member of the English Bar,
Mr. James Crawford, S.C.,WhewellProfessor of International Law, Univer-
sity of Cambridge, Member of the International Law Commission, Mem-
ber of the Australian Bar,
as Counsel and Advocates;
Mr. Timothy H. Daniel, Partner, D. J. Freeman of the City of London,
Mr. Alan Perry, Partner, D. J. Freeman of the City of London,
Mr. David Lerer, Solicitor, D. J. Freeman of the City of London,
Mr. Christopher Hackford, Solicitor, D. J. Freeman of the City of London,
Ms Louise Cox, trainee Solicitor, D. J. Freeman of the City of London,
as Solicitors;
Mr. A. H. Yadudu, Professor, SpecialAdviser to the Head of State on Legal
Matters,
Mr. A. OyeCukwurah, Professor, National Boundary Commission,Abuja,
Mr. 1.A. Ayua, Professor, Director-General, NIALS,
Brigadier General L. S. Ajiborisha,Director of Operations, DHQ,
Mrs. Stella Omiyi, Director, International and Comparative Law Depart-
ment, Federal Ministry of Justice,
Mr. K. Mohammed, Director of Research and Analysis, the Presidency,
Mr. Jalal A. Arabi, Legal Adviser to the Secretaryto the Government of the
Federation,
Mr. M. M. Kida, Assistant Director, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Alhaji A. A. Adisa, Deputy Surveyor-Generalof the Federation, Abuja,
Mr. P. M. Mann, Chargé d'affaires,Embassy of Nigeria, The Hague, Mrs. V. Okwecheme, Counsellor, Embassy of Nigeria, The Hague,
Mr. Amuzuei, Counsellor, Embassy of Nigeria, The Hague,
Mr. Clive Schofield,Cartographer, International Boundaries Research Unit,
Durham University,
Mr. Arthur Corner, Cartographer, Durham University,
Ms Michelle Burgoine, Information Technology Assistant,
as Advisers;
Mrs. Coralie Ayad, D. J. Freeman of the City of London
as Secretary.
composed as above,
after deliberation,
delivers thefollowing Judgment :
1. On 29 March 1994,the Government of the Republic of Cameroon (here-
inafter called "Cameroon") filed in the Registry of the Court an Application
instituting proceedings against the Government of the Federal Republic of
Nigeria (hereinafter called "Nigeria") in respect of a dispute described as
"relat[ing] essentially to the question of sovereignty over the Bakassi Penin-
sula". Cameroon further stated in its Application that the "delimitation [of the
maritime boundary between the two States] has remained a partial one and
[that], despite many attempts to complete it, the two parties have been unable
to do so". It accordingly requested the Court, "in order to avoid further inci-
dents between the two countries, .. . to determine the course of the maritime
boundary between the two States beyond the line fixed in 1975". In order to
found the jurisdiction of the Court, the Application relied on the declarations
made by the two Parties acceptingthejurisdiction of the Court under Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court.
2. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Application was
immediately cornmunicated to the Government of Nigeria by the Registrar.
3. On 6 June 1994,Cameroon filed in the Registry an Additional Applica-
tion "for the purpose of extending the subject of the dispute" to a further dis-
pute described in that Additional Application as "relat[ing] essentially to the
question of sovereignty over a part of the territory of Cameroon in the area of
Lake Chad". Cameroon also requested the Court, in its Additional Applica-
tion, "to specify definitively" the frontier between the two States from Lake
Chad to the sea, and asked it to join the two Applications and "to examine the
whole in a single case". In order to found the jurisdiction of the Court, the
Additional Application referred to the "basis of. . .jurisdiction . . . alread...
indicated" in the Application instituting proceedings of 29 March 1994.
4. On 7 June 1994,the Registrar communicated the Additional Application
to the Government of Nigeria.
5. At a meeting which the President of the Court held with the representa-
tives of the Parties on 14June 1994,the Agent of Nigeria stated that he had no
objection to the Additional Application being treated, in accordance with the
wish expressed by Cameroon, as an amendment to the initial Application, so
that the Court could deal with the whole in a single case. By an Order dated
16June 1994,the Court indicated that it had no objection itself to such a pro-
cedure, and fixed 16 March 1995and 18 December 1995,respectively, as thetime-limits for the filing of the Memorial of Cameroon and the Counter-
Memorial of Nigeria.
6. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 3,of the Statute, al1States entitled to
appear before the Court were notified of the Application.
7. Cameroon duly filed its Memorial within the time-limit prescribed in the
Court's Order dated 16June 1994.
8. Within the time-limit fixedfor the filingof its Counter-Memorial, Nigeria
filed preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court and the admissi-
bility of the Application. Accordingly, by an Order dated 10January 1996,the
President of the Court, noting that, under Article 79,paragraph 3, ofthe Rules
of Court, the proceedings on the merits were suspended, fixed 15May 1996as
the time-limit within which Cameroon might present a written statement of its
observations and submissionson the preliminary objections.
Cameroon filed such a statement within the time-limit so prescribed, and the
case became ready for hearing in respect of the preliminary objections.
9. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of
the Parties, each Party exercisedits right under Article 31, paragraph 3, of the
Statute of the Court to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case: Cameroon
chose Mr. Kéba Mbaye and Nigeria choseMr. Bola Ajibola.
10. By a letter dated 10 February 1996 and received in the Registry on
12 February 1996,Cameroon submitted a request for the indication of provi-
sional measures under Article 41 of the Statute. By an Order dated 15 March
1996,the Court, after hearing the Parties, indicated certain provisional meas-
ures.
11. By various communications, Cameroon stressed the importance of a
speedy disposa1of the case; it also filed, under cover of a letter dated 9 April
1997, a document with annexes entitled "Memorandum of the Republic of
Cameroon on Procedure". Nigeria made known its viewson the latter commu-
nication in a letter dated 13 May 1997.
12. By a letter dated 2 February 1998,Nigeria sought to introduce a volume
of documents entitled "Supplemental Documents (Lake Chad Basin Com-
mission Proceedings)". By a letter dated 16 February 1998, the Agent of
Cameroon indicated that Cameroon did not oppose their introduction. The
Court admitted the said documents pursuant to Article 56, paragraph 1,
of the Rules of Court.
13. By a letter dated 11 February 1998,the Agent of Cameroon sought to
introduce certain "new documents relating to events occurring since the filing
of the Memorial" of Cameroon, and "moreover requested the Court to con-
sider the annexes to the [Memorandum of April19971asan integral part of the
proceedings". Having considered the views expressed by Nigeria in its above-
mentioned letter of 13May 1997 (seeparagraph 11above) and in its letter of
24 February 1998, the Court admitted the documents pursuant to the provi-
sions of Article 56 of its Rules.
14. In accordance with Article 53, paragraph 2, of its Rules, the Court
decided to make accessibleto the public, on the opening of the oral proceed-
ings, the preliminaryobjections of Nigeria and the written statement containing
the observations and submissions of Cameroon on the objections, as wellas the
documents annexed to those pleadings. 15. Public sittings were held between 2 March and 11March 1998,at which
the Court heard the oral arguments and replies of:
For Nigeria: H.E. the Honourable Alhaji Abdullahi Ibrahim,
Mr. Richard Akinjide,
Mr. Ian Brownlie,
Sir Arthur Watts,
Mr. James Crawford.
For Cameroon: H.E. Mr. Laurent Esso,
Mr. Douala Moutomé,
Mr. Maurice Kamto,
Mr. Peter Ntamark,
Mr. Joseph-Marie Bipoun Woum,
Mr. Alain Pellet,
Mr. Michel Aurillac,
Mr. Jean-Pierre Cot,
Mr. Keith Highet,
Mr. Malcolm N. Shaw,
Mr. Bruno Simma,
Sir Ian Sinclair,
Mr. Christian Tomuschat.
At the hearings, a Member of the Court put a question to the Parties, who
answered in writing after the close of the oral proceedings.
16. In its Application, Cameroon made the following requests :
"On the basis of the foregoing statement of facts and legal grounds, the
Republic of Cameroon, while reserving for itself the right to complement,
amend or modify the present Application in the course of the proceedings
and to submit to the Court a request for the indication of provisional
measuresshould they prove to be necessary,asks the Court to adjudge and
declare:
that sovereignty over the Peninsula of Bakassi is Cameroonian, by
(a) virtue of international law, and that that Peninsula is an integral
part of the territory of Cameroon;
(b) that the Federal Republic of Nigeria has violated and isviolatingthe
fundamental principle of respect for frontiers inherited from coloni-
zation (uti possidetisjuris);
(c) that by using force against the Republic of Cameroon, the Federal
Republic of Nigeria has violated and is violating its obligations
under international treaty law and customary law;
(d) that the Federal Republic of Nigeria, by militarily occupying the
Cameroonian Peninsula of Bakassi,has violated and is violating the
obligations incumbent upon it by virtue of treaty law and customary
law ;
(e) that in view ofthese breaches of legal obligation, mentioned above,
the Federal Republic of Nigeria has the express duty of putting an
end to its military presence in Cameroonian territory, and effecting
an immediate and unconditional withdrawal of its troops from the
Cameroonian Peninsula of Bakassi; (e') that the internationally unlawful acts referred to under
(a), (b), (c), (d) and (e) above involvethe responsibility of the Fed-
eral Republic of Nigeria;
(e") that, consequently, and on account of the material and non-material
damage inflicted upon the Republic of Cameroon, reparation in an
amount to be determined by the Court is due from the Federal
Republic of Nigeria to the Republic of Cameroon, which reserves
the introduction before the Court of [proceedings for] a precise
assessmentof the damage caused by the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
(fl In order to prevent any dispute arising betweenthe two States con-
cerningtheir maritimeboundary, the Republic of Cameroon requests
the Court to proceed to prolong the course of its maritime boundary
with the Federal Republic of Nigeria up to the limit of the maritime
zones which international law places under their respectivejurisdic-
tions."
17. In its Additional Application, Cameroon made the following requests:
"On the basis of the foregoing statement of facts and legalgrounds, and
subject to the reservations expressed inparagraph 20 of its Application of
29 March 1994,the Republic of Cameroon asks the Court to adjudge and
declare :
(a) that sovereignty overthe disputed parce1in the area of Lake Chad is
Cameroonian, by virtue of international law, and that that parce1is
an integral part of the territory of Cameroon;
(b) that the Federal Republic of Nigeria has violated and isviolating the
fundamental principle of respect for frontiers inherited from coloni-
zation (uti possidetisjuris), and its recent legal cornmitments con-
cerning the demarcation of frontiers in Lake Chad;
(c) that the Federal Republic of Nigeria, by occupying, withthe support
of its security forces, parcelsof Cameroonian territory in the area of
Lake Chad, has violated and is violating its obligations under treaty
law and customary law;
that in viewof these legal obligations, mentioned above, the Federal
(d)
Republic of Nigeria has the express duty of effecting an immediate
and unconditional withdrawal of its troops from Cameroonian ter-
ritory in the area of Lake Chad;
(e) that the internationally unlawful acts referred to under (a),(b), (c)
and (d) above involve the responsibility of the Federal Republic of
Nigeria ;
(e') that consequently, and on account of the material and non-material
damage inflictedupon the Republic of Cameroon, reparation in an
amount to be determined by the Court is due from the Federal
Republic of Nigeria to the Republic of Cameroon, which reserves
the introduction before the Court of [proceedings for] a precise
assessmentof the damage caused by the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
That in view of the repeated incursions of Nigerian groups and
(f) armed forces into Cameroonian territory, al1 along the frontier
between the two countries, the consequent grave and repeated inci-
dents, and the vacillating and contradictory attitude of the Federal
Republic of Nigeria in regard to the legal instruments defining the frontier between the two countries and the exact course of that
frontier, the Republic of Cameroon respectfully asks the Court to
specify definitivelythe frontier between Cameroon and the Federal
Republic of Nigeria from Lake Chad to the sea."
18. In the written proceedings, the Parties presented the following submis-
sions :
On behalf of the Governmentof Cameroon,
in the Memorial:
"The Republic of Cameroon has the honour to request that the Court
be pleased to adjudge and declare:
(a) That the lake and land boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria
takes the following course :
- from the point at longitude 14"04' 59"9999E of Greenwich and
latitude 13"05'00"OOOlN, it then runs through the point located
at longitude 14"12'1l"7E and latitude 12"32'17"4N;
- thence it follows the course fixed by the Franco-British Declara-
tion of 10 July 1919, as specified in paragraphs 3 to 60 of the
Thomson-Marchand Declaration, confirmed by the Exchange of
Letters of 9 January 1931, as far as the 'very prominent peak'
described in the latter provision and called by the usual name of
'Mount Kombon';
- from Mount Kombon the boundary then runs to 'Pillar 64'men-
tioned in paragraph 12of the Anglo-German Agreement of Obo-
kum of 12 April 1913 and follows, in that sector, the course
described in Section 6 (1) of the British Nigeria (Protectorate
and Cameroons) Order in Council of 2 August 1946;
- from Pillar 64 it follows the course described in paragraphs 13to
21 of the Obokum Agreement of 12 April 1913 as far as Pillar
114on the Cross River;
- thence, as far as the intersection of the straight line joining
Bakassi Point to King Point and the centre of the navigable
channel of the Akwayafe, the boundary is determined by para-
graphs 16 to 21 of the Anglo-German Agreement of 11 March
1913.
(b) That notably, therefore, sovereignty over the Peninsula of Bakassi
and over the disputed parce1occupied by Nigeria in the area of Lake
Chad, in particular over Darak and its region, is Cameroonian.
That the boundary of the maritime zones appertaining respectively
to the Republic of Cameroon and to the Federal Republic of Nigeria
follows the following course:
- from the intersection of the straight linejoining Bakassi Point to
King Point and the centre of the navigable channel of the
Akwayafe to 'point 12', that boundary is determined by the
'compromise line' entered on British Admiralty Chart No. 3343
by the Heads of State of the two countries on 4 April 1971
(Yaoundé Declaration)and, from that 'point 12'to 'point G', by
the Declaration signed at Maroua on 1 June 1975; - from point G that boundary then swings south-westward in the
direction which is indicated by points G, H, 1, J and K repre-
sented on the sketch-map on page 556of this Memorial and meets
the requirement for an equitable solution, up to the outer limit of
the maritime zones which international law places under the
respectivejurisdictions of the two Parties.
(d) That by contesting the courses of the boundary defined above under
(a) and (c), the Federal Republic of Nigeria has violated and is vio-
lating the fundamental principle of respect for frontiers inherited
from colonization (uti possidetis juris) and its legal commitments
concerning the demarcation of frontiers in Lake Chad and land and
maritime delimitation.
(e) That by using force against the Republic of Cameroon and, in par-
ticular, by militarily occupying parcels of Cameroonian territory in
the area of Lake Chad and the Cameroonian Peninsula of Bakassi,
and by making repeated incursions, both civilian and military, al1
along the boundary between the two countries, the Federal Republic
of Nigeria has violated and is violating its obligations under interna-
tional treaty law and customary law.
(f) That the Federal Republic of Nigeria has the express duty of putting
an end to its civilian and military presence in Cameroonian territory
and, in particular, of effecting an irnmediate and unconditional with-
drawal of its troops from the occupied area of Lake Chad and from
the Cameroonian Peninsula of Bakassi and of refraining from such
acts in the future.
(g) That the internationally wrongfulacts referred to above and described
in detail in the body of this Memorial involvethe responsibility of the
Federal Republic of Nigeria.
(h) That, consequently, and on account of the material and non-
material damage inflicted upon the Republic of Cameroon, repara-
tion in a form to be determined by the Court is due from the Federal
Republic of Nigeria to the Republic of Cameroon.
The Republic of Cameroon further has the honour to request the Court
to permit it to present an assessment of the amount of compensation due
to it as reparation for the damage it has suffered as a result of the inter-
nationally wrongful acts attributable to the Federal Republic of Nigeria,
at a subsequent stage of the proceedings.
These submissions are lodged subject to any points of fact and law and
any evidencethat may subsequently be lodged; the Republic of Cameroon
reservesthe right to complete or amend them, as necessary, in accordance
with the Statute and the Rules of Court."
On behalf of the Government of Nigeria,
in the preliminary objections:
First preliminary objection:
"(1) that Cameroon, by lodging the Application on 29 March 1994,vio-
lated its obligations to act in good faith, acted in abuse of the system
established by Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, and dis-
regarded the requirement of reciprocity established by Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute and the terms of Nigeria's Declaration
of 3 September 1965;
(2) that consequently the conditions necessary to entitle Cameroon to
invoke its Declaration under Article 36, paragraph 2, as a basis for
the Court's jurisdiction did not exist when the Application was
lodged; and
(3) that accordingly, the Court is without jurisdiction to entertain the
Application."
Second preliminaryobjection:
"For a period of at least 24 years prior to the filing of the Application
the Parties have in their regular dealings accepted a duty to settle al1
boundary questions through the existing bilateral machinery.
(1) This course ofjoint conduct constitutes an implied agreement to resort
exclusivelyto the existing bilateral machinery and not to invoke the
jurisdiction of the Court.
(2) In the alternative, in the circumstances the Republic of Cameroon is
estopped from invoking the jurisdiction of the Court."
Thirdpreliminary objection:
"Without prejudice to the second preliminary objection, the settlement
of boundary disputes within the Lake Chad region is subject to the exclu-
sivecompetence of the Lake Chad Basin Commission, and in this context
the procedures of settlement within the Lake Chad Basin Commission are
obligatory for the Parties.
The operation of the dispute settlement procedures of the Lake Chad
Basin Commission involved the necessary implication, for the relations of
Nigeria and Cameroon interse, that the jurisdiction of the Court by virtue
of Article 36, paragraph 2, would not be invoked in relation to matters
within the exclusivecompetence of the Commission."
Fourthpreliminary objection:
"The Court should not in these proceedings determine the boundary in
Lake Chad to the extent that that boundary constitutes or is constituted
by the tripoint in the Lake."
Fifth preliminary objection:
"(1) In the submission of Nigeria there is no dispute concerning bound-
ary delimitation as such throughout the whole length of the boundary
from the tripoint in Lake Chad to the sea, and in particular:
(a) there is no dispute in respect of the boundary delimitation as such
within Lake Chad, subject to the question of title to Darak and adja-
cent islands inhabited by Nigerians;
(b) there is no dispute relating to the boundary delimitation as such from
the tripoint in Lake Chad to Mount Kombon;
(c) there is no dispute relating to the boundary delimitation as such
between Boundary Pillar 64 on the Gamana River and Mount Kom-
bon ; and
(d) there is no dispute relating to the boundary delimitation as such
between Pillar 64 on the Gamana River and the sea. (2) This preliminary objection iswithout prejudice to the title of Nigeria
over the Bakassi Peninsula."
Sixth preliminary objection:
"(1) that the Application (and so far as relevant,Amendment and Memo-
rial) filed by Cameroon does not meet the required standard of
adequacy as to the facts on which it is based, including the dates,
circumstances and precise locations of the alleged incursions and
incidents by Nigerian State organs;
(2) that those deficienciesmake it impossible
(a) for Nigeria to have the knowledge to which it is entitled of
the circumstances which are said by Cameroon to result in
Nigeria's international responsibilityand consequential obliga-
tion to make reparation; and
(b) for the Court to carry out a fair and effectivejudicial examina-
tion of, or make a judicial determination on, the issuesof State
responsibility and reparation raised by Cameroon; and
(3) that accordingly al1the issues of State responsibility and reparation
raised by Cameroon in this context should be declared inadmis-
sible."
Seventh preliminary objection:
"There is no legal dispute concerning delimitation of the maritime
boundary between the two Parties which is at the present time appropriate
for resolution by the Court, for the following reasons:
(1) no determination of a maritime boundary is possible prior to the
determination of title in respect of the Bakassi Peninsula;
(2) at the juncture where there is a determination of the question of title
over the Bakassi Peninsula, the issuesof maritime delimitation willnot
be admissible in the absence of sufficientaction by the Parties, on a
footing of equality, to effect a delimitation 'byagreement on the basis
of international law'."
Eighth preliminary objection:
"The question of maritime delimitation necessarily involves the rights
and interests of third States and is inadmissible."
Concluding submissions:
"For the reasons advanced, the Federal Republic of Nigeria requests the
Court to adjudge and declare that:
it lacksjurisdiction over the claims brought against the Federal Repub-
lic of Nigeria by the Republic of Cameroon;
ancilor
the claimsbrought againstthe Federal Republic ofNigeria by the Repub-
lic of Cameroon are inadmissibleto the extent specified inthese prelimi-
nary objections."
On behayof the Government of Cameroon,
in the written statement containing its observations on the preliminary objec-
tions: "For the reasons given . . ., the Republic of Cameroon requests the
International Court of Justice :
(1) to dismissthe preliminary objections raised by the Federal Republic of
Nigeria;
(2) to find that, by its forma1declarations, Nigeria has accepted the juris-
diction of the Court;
(3) to adjudge and declare:
- that it has jurisdiction to decide on the Application filed by Cam-
eroon on 29 March 1994as supplemented by the additional Appli-
cation of 6 June 1994;and
- that the Application, thus consolidated, is admissible;
(4) having due regard to the particular nature of the case, which relates to
a dispute concerning the territorial sovereignty of Cameroon and is
creating serious tensions between the two countries, to fix time-limits
for the further proceedings which will enable the Court to proceed to
the merits at the earliest possible time."
19. In the oral proceedings,the Parties presented the followingsubmissions:
On behalfof the Government of Nigeria,
at the hearing on 9 March 1998:
"[Flor the reasons that have been stated either in writing or orally,
Nigeria submits :
First preliminary objection
1.1. That Cameroon, by lodging the Application on 29 March 1994,
violated its obligations to act in good faith, acted in abuse of the system
established by Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, and disregarded the
requirement of reciprocity established by Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute and the terms of Nigeria's Declaration of 3 September 1965;
1.2. that consequently the conditions necessary to entitle Cameroon to
invoke its Declaration under Article 36, paragraph 2, as a basis for the
Court's jurisdiction did not exist when the Application was lodged;
1.3. that accordingly, the Court is without jurisdiction to entertain the
Application.
Second preliminary objection
2.1. That for a period of at least 24 yearsprior to the filingof the Appli-
cation, the Parties have in their regular dealings accepted a duty to settle
al1boundary questions through the existing bilateral machinery;
2.1.1. that this course ofjoint conduct constitutes an implied agreement
to resort exclusivelyto the existingbilateral machinery and not to
invoke the jurisdiction of the Court;
2.1.2. that in the alternative, in the circumstances the Republic of
Cameroon isestoppedfrom invokingthejurisdiction of the Court.
Thirdpreliminary objection
3.1. That without prejudice to the second preliminary objection, thesettlement of boundary disputes within the Lake Chad region is subject
to the exclusive competence of the Lake Chad Basin Commission, and
in this context the procedures of settlement within the Lake Chad Basin
Commission are obligatory for the Parties;
3.2. that the operation of the dispute settlementprocedures of the Lake
Chad Basin Commission involved the necessary implication, for the rela-
tions of Nigeria and Cameroon inter se, that thejurisdiction of the Court
by virtue of Article 36, paragraph2, would not be invoked in relation to
matters within the exclusivecompetence of the Commission.
Fourth preliminary objection
4.1. That the Court should not in these proceedings determine the
boundary in Lake Chad to the extent that that boundary constitutes or is
constituted by the tripoint in the Lake.
F$th preliminary objection
5.1. That, without prejudice to the title of Nigeria over the Bakassi
Peninsula, there is no dispute concerning boundary delimitation as such
throughout the whole length of the boundary from the tripoint in Lake
Chad to the sea, and in particular:
(a) there is no dispute in respect of the boundary delimitation as such
within Lake Chad, subject to the question of title to Darak and adja-
cent islands inhabited by Nigerians;
(b) there is no dispute relating to the boundary delimitation as such from
the tripoint in Lake Chad to Mount Kombon;
(c) there is no dispute relating to the boundary delimitation as such
between boundary pillar 64 on the Gamana River and Mount Kom-
bon; and
(d) there is no dispute relating to the boundary delimitation as such
between pillar 64 on the Gamana River and the sea.
Sixth preliminary objection
6.1. That the Application (and so far as permissible, subsequent plead-
ings) filed by Cameroon does not meet the required standard of adequacy
as to the facts on which it is based, includingthe dates, circumstancesand
precise locations of the alleged incursions and incidents by Nigerian State
organs;
6.2. that those deficienciesmake it impossible
) for Nigeria to have the knowledge to which it is entitled of the cir-
cumstances which are said by Cameroon to result in Nigeria's inter-
national responsibility and consequential obligation to make repara-
tion ; and
(b) for the Court to carry out a fair and effectivejudicial examination of,
or make a judicial determination on, the issuesof State responsibility
and reparation raised by Cameroon;
6.3. that accordingly al1the issuesof State responsibility and reparation
raised by Cameroon in this context should be declared inadmissible;
6.4. that, without prejudice to the foregoing, any allegations by Cam-
eroon as to State responsibility or reparation on the part of Nigeria in respect of matters referred to in paragraph 17 (f) of Cameroon's amend-
ing Application of 6 June 1994are inadmissible.
Seventh preliminary objection
7.1. That there is no legal dispute concerning delimitation of the mari-
time boundary between the two Parties which is at the present time appro-
priate for resolution by the Court, for the following reasons:
(1) no determination of a maritime boundary is possible prior to the
determination of title in respect of the Bakassi Peninsula;
(2) in any event, the issues of maritime delimitation are inadmissible in
the absence of sufficientaction by the Parties, on a footing of equality,
to effect a delimitation 'by agreement on the basis of international
law'.
Eighth preliminary objection
8.1. That the question of maritime delimitation necessarilyinvolvesthe
rights and interests of third States and is inadmissiblebeyond point G.
Accordingly,Nigeria formallyrequests the Court to adjudge and declare
that :
(1) it lacksjurisdiction over the claimsbrought against the Federal Repub-
lic of Nigeria by the Republic of Cameroon; andlor
(2) the claims brought against the Federal Republic of Nigeria by the
Republic of Cameroon are inadmissible to the extent specified inthe
preliminary objections."
On behalf of the Government ofCamevoon,
at the hearing on 11March 1998 :
"For the reasons developed in the written pleadings and in the oral pro-
ceedings, the Republic of Cameroon requests the International Court of
Justice:
(a) to dismiss the preliminary objections raised by the Federal Republic
of Nigeria;
(b) completely in the alternative, to join to the merits, as appropriate,
such of those objections as it may deem not to be of an exclusively
preliminary character ;
(c) to adjudge and declare: that it hasjurisdiction to decide on the Appli-
cation filed by Cameroon on 29 March 1994as supplemented by the
Additional Application of 6 June 1994; and that the Application,
thus consolidated, is admissible;
(d) having due regard to the particular nature of the case, to fix time-
limits for the further proceedings which will permit examination of
the merits of the dispute at the earliest possible time."
20. The Court will successively examine the eight preliminary objec-
tions raised by Nigeria. 21. The first objection contends that the Court has no jurisdiction to
entertain Cameroon's Application.
22. In this regard, Nigeria notes that it had accepted the Court's com-
pulsory jurisdiction by a declaration dated 14 August 1965, deposited
with the Secretary-General of the United Nations on 3 September 1965.
Cameroon had also accepted the Court's compulsory jurisdiction by a
declaration deposited with the Secretary-Generalon 3 March 1994.The
Secretary-General transmitted copies of the Cameroon Declaration to
the parties to the Statute eleven-and-a-half months later. Nigeria main-
tains, accordingly, that it had no way of knowing, and did not actually
know, on the date of the filing of the Application, i.e., 29 March 1994,
that Cameroon had deposited a declaration. Cameroon consequently is
alleged to have "acted prematurely". By proceeding in this way, the
Applicant "is allegedto have violated its obligation to act in good faith",
"abused the system instituted by Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute"
and disregarded "the condition of reciprocity" provided for by that
Article and by Nigeria's Declaration. The Court consequently does not
have jurisdiction to hear the Application.
23. In contrast, Cameroon contends that its Application fulfils al1the
conditions required by the Statute. It notes that in the case concerning
Right of Passage over Indian Territory, the Court held that
"the Statute does not prescribe any interval between the deposit by a
State of its Declaration of Acceptance and the filing of an Applica-
tion by that State, and that the principle of reciprocitynot affected
by any delay in the receipt of copiesof the Declaration by the Parties
to the Statute" (Right of Passage overIndian Territory, Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1957, p. 147).
Cameroon indicates that there is no reason not to follow this mecedent.
at the risk of undermining the system of compulsory jurisdidion pro:
vided by the Optional Clause. It adds that the Cameroonian Declaration
was in force as early as3 March 1994,as at that date it was registered in
accordance with Article 102 of the United Nations Charter. Cameroon
states that in any event Nigeria has acted, since the beginning of these
proceedings, in such a way that it should be regarded as having accepted
the jurisdiction of the Court.
24. Nigeria argues in reply that the"case concerningthe Right of Pas-
sage over Indian Territory, was a first impression", that the Judgment
given is outdated, and that it is an isolated one; that international law,
especiallyas it relates to good faith, has evolvedinceand that in accord-
ance with Article 59 of the Statute, that Judgment only has the force of
resjudicata as between the parties and in respect of that case. For these
reasons, the solution adopted in 1957 should not be adopted here.
Nigeria does not accept the reasoning of Cameroon based on Article 102
of the Charter. Nigeria also contends that there is no question of itshaving consented to the jurisdiction of the Court in the case and hence
there is noforum prorogatum.
Cameroon contests each of these arguments.
25. The Court observes initially that, in accordance with Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute:
"The States parties to the present Statute may at any time declare
that they recognize as compulsory ipsofacto and without special
agreement, in relation to any other State acceptingthe same obliga-
tion, the jurisdiction of the Court inal1legal disputes"
as specifiedin that clause.
Article 36, paragraph 4, provides:
"Such declarations shall be deposited with the Secretary-General
of the United Nations, who shall transmit copies thereof to the
parties to the Statute and to the Registrar of the Court."
In the case concerning Right of Passage overIndian Territory, the
Court concluded, in the light of these provisions, that:
"by the deposit of its Declaration of Acceptance with the Secretary-
General, the accepting State becomes a Party to the system of the
Optional Clause in relation to the other declarant States, with al1the
rights and obligations derivingfrom Article 36.The contractual rela-
tion between the Parties and the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court resulting therefrom are established, 'ipsofacto and without
special agreement', by the fact of the making of the Declaration .. .
For it is on that very day that the consensual bond, which is the
basis of the Optional Clause, comes into being between the States
concerned." (Right of Passage ovev Indian Territory, Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, 1C.J. Reports 1957, p. 146.)
The conclusions thus reached by the Court in 1957reflect the very
essence of the Optional Clause providing for acceptance of the Court's
compulsory jurisdiction. Any State party to the Statute, in adhering to
the jurisdiction of the Court in accordance with Article 36, paragraph 2,
acceptsjurisdiction in its relations with States previously having adhered
to that clause. At the same time, it makes a standing offer to the other
States party to the Statute which have not yet deposited a declaration of
acceptance.The day one of those States accepts that offer by depositing
in its turn its declaration of acceptance, the consensual bond is estab-
lished and no further condition needs to be fulfilled. Thus, as the Court
stated in 1957:
"every State which makes a Declaration of Acceptance must be
deemed to take into account the possibilitythat, under the Statute, it
may at any timefind itselfsubjectedto the obligations of the Optional
Clause in relation to a new Signatory as the result of the deposit by
that Signatory of a Declaration of Acceptance" (ibid.,p. 146). 26. Furthermore, and as the Court also declared in the case concern-
ing Right of Passage overZndian Territory, the State making the decla-
ration
"is not concerned with the duty of the Secretary-General or the man-
ner of its fulfilment. The legal effect of a Declaration does not
depend upon subsequentaction of the Secretary-General.Moreover,
unlike some other instruments, Article 36provides for no additional
requirement, for instance, that the information transmitted by the
Secretary-Generalmust reach the Parties to the Statute, or that some
period must elapse subsequent to the deposit of the Declaration
before it can become effective.Any such requirement would intro-
duce an element of uncertainty into the operation of the Optional
Clause system. The Court cannot read into the Optional Clauseany
requirement of that nature." (I.C.J. Reports 1957, pp. 146-147.)
27. The Court furthermore recalls that, contrary to what ismaintained
by Nigeria, this Judgment isnot an isolatedone. It has been reaffirmed in
the case concerningthe Temple of Preah Vihear(Preliminary Objections,
I.C.J. Reports 1961, p. 31), and in the case concerning Military and
Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United
States of America) (Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I. C.J.
Reports 1984, p. 392). In that latter case, the Court pointed out that:
"as regards the requirement of consent as a basis of itsjurisdiction,
and moreparticularlyasregardsthe formalitiesrequired for that con-
sent to be expressed in accordance with the provisions of Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Court has already made known its
view in, inter alia, the case concerningthe Temple of Preah Vihear.
On that occasion it stated: 'The only formality required is the
deposit of the acceptance with the Secretary-General of the United
Nations under paragraph 4 of Article 36 of the Statute.' (1.C.J.
Reports 1961, p. 31.)" (Z.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 412, para. 45.)
28. Nigeria nonetheless contests that conclusion pointing out that, in
accordance with Article 59of the Statute, "[tlhe decision of the Court has
no binding force except between the parties and in respect of that par-
ticular case". Thus, judgments given earlier, in particular in the case con-
cerning Right of Passage overIndian Territory, "clearly [have]no direct
compelling effect in the present case7'.
It is true that, in accordance with Article 59, the Court's judgments
bind only the parties to and in respect of a particular case. There can be
no question of holding Nigeria to decisions reached by the Court in pre-
vious cases. The real question is whether, in this case, there is cause not
to follow the reasoning and conclusions of earlier cases. 29. In this regard, Nigeria maintains first of al1that the interpretation
given in 1957to Article 36, paragraph 4, of the Statute should be recon-
sidered in the light of the evolution of the law of treaties which has
occurred since.ln that connection,Nigeria relies on Article 78 (c) of the
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 23 May 1969. That
Article relates to the notifications and communications made under
that Convention. It provides that:
"Except as the treaty or the present Convention otherwise pro-
vide, any notification or communication to be made by any state
under the present Convention shall:
(c) if transmitted to a depositary, be considered as received by the
State for which it was intended only when the latter State has
been informed by the depositary."
According to Nigeria, that rule "must apply to Cameroon's Declara-
tion". In the light of the provisions of the Vienna Convention, Nigeria
contends that the Court should overturn the solution it adopted earlier in
the case concerning Right of Passage overIndian Territory. Cameroon
states, for its part, that the declarations of acceptance of the Court's
pulsory jurisdiction "are not treaties within the meaning of the Vienna
Convention" and "it was clearly no part of the intentions of the drafters
of the . . Convention . . to interfere with the settled jurisprudence of
the Court in this matter". Thisjurisprudence, Cameroon argues, should
be followed.
30. The Court notes that the régimefor depositing and transmitting
declarations of acceptance of compulsory jurisdiction laid down in
Article 36, paragraph 4, of the Statute of the Court is distinct from the
régimeenvisaged for treaties by the Vienna Convention. Thus the provi-
sions of that Convention may only be applied to declarations by analogy
(Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicara-
gua v. United States of America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judg-
ment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 420, para. 63).
31. The Court furthermore observes that in any event the provisions
of the Vienna Convention do not have the scope which Nigeria imputes
to them. Article 78 of the Convention is only designed to lay down the
modalities according to which notifications and communications should
be carried out. It does not govern the conditions in which a State
expresses its consent to be bound by a treaty and those under which a
treaty comes into force, those questions being governed by Articles 16
and 24 of the Convention.Indeed, the International Law Commission, in
its Report to the General Assembly on the draft which was subsequently
to become the Vienna Convention, specifiedthat if the future Article 78
included in limine an explicit reservation, that was "primarily in order to
prevent any misconception as to the relation" between that Article and
the future Articles 16 and 24 (Yearbook of the International Law Com-mission, 1966, Vol. II, p. 271). It added that consequently "specificpro-
visions [of those latter Articles]will prevail".
According to Article 16 :
"Unless the treaty otherwise provides, instruments of ratification,
acceptance,approval or accessionestablishthe consent of a State to
be bound by a treaty upon:
.............................
(b) their deposit with the depositary."
Article 24 further provides in its paragraph 3 that:
"When the consent of a State to be bound by a treaty is estab-
lished on a date after the treaty has come into force,the treaty enters
into force for that State on that date, unlessthe treaty otherwise pro-
vides."
In its report to the General Assembly, the International Law Commis-
sion had pointed out that:
"In the case of the deposit of an instrument with a depositary, the
problem arises whether the deposit by itself establishes the legal
nexus between the depositing State and other contracting States or
whether the legal nexusarises only upon their being informed by the
depositary." (Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1966,
Vol. II, p. 201.)
After describing the advantages and disadvantages of both solutions, it
concluded that :
"The Commission considered that the existing general rule clearly
is that the act of deposit by itself establishesthe legal nexus... This
was the view taken by the International Court of Justice in the Right
of Passage over Indian Territory (preliminaryobjections) case in the
analogous situation of the deposit of instruments of acceptance of
the optional clause under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute
of the Court . . .[Therefore] the existing rule appears to be well-
settled." (Zbid.)
This general rule is reflected in Articles 16and 24 of the Vienna Con-
vention: the deposit of instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval
or accessionto a treaty establishesthe consent of a State to be bound by
a treaty; the treaty enters into force as regards that State on the day of
the deposit.
Thus the rules adopted in this sphere by the Vienna Convention cor-
respond to the solution adopted by the Court in the case concerning
Right of Passage over Zndian Territory. That solution should be main-
tained.
32. Nigeriamaintains however that, in any event, Cameroon could not
filean application before the Court without allowing a reasonable period
to elapse "as would . . .have enabled the Secretary-General to take theaction required of him in relation to Cameroon's Declaration of 3 March
1994".Compliancewith that time period is essential,the more so because,
according to Nigeria, the Court, in its Judgment of 26November 1984in
the case concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against
Nicaragua, required a reasonable time for the withdrawal of declarations
under the Optional Clause.
33. The Court, in the above Judgrnent, noted that the United States
had, in 1984,deposited with the Secretary-General,three days before the
filing of Nicaragua's Application, a notification limiting the scope of its
Declaration of acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction. The Court noted
that that Declaration contained a clause requiring six months' notice of
termination. It considered that that condition should be complied with in
cases of either termination or modification of the Declaration, and con-
cluded that the 1984notification of modification could not, with imme-
diate effect, override the obligation entered into by the United States
beforehand (Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicara-
gua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Jurisdiction and Admissi-
bility,1.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 421, para. 65).
The Court noted, moreover, in relation to Nicaragua's Declaration
upon which the United States was relying on the grounds of reciprocity,
that, in any event,
"the right of immediate termination of declarations with indefinite
duration is far from established. It appears from the requirements of
good faith that they should be treated, by analogy, according to the
law of treaties, which requires a reasonable time for withdrawal
from or termination of treaties that contain no provision regarding
the duration of their validity" (ibid., p. 420, para. 63).
The Court added: "the question of what reasonable period of notice
would legally berequired does not need to be further examined: it need
only be observed that [three days] would not amount to a 'reasonable
time' " fibid..
34. ~he court considers that the foregoingconclusion in respect of the
withdrawal of declarations under the Optional Clause isnot applicable to
the deposit of those declarations. Withdrawal ends existing consensual
bonds, while deposit establishes such bonds. The effect of withdrawal is
therefore purely and simply to deprive other States which have already
accepted the jurisdiction of the Court of the right they had to bring pro-
ceedingsbefore it against the withdrawing state.In contrast, the deposit
of a declaration does not deprive those States of any accrued right.
Accordingly no time period is required for the establishment of a consen-
sua1bond following such a deposit.
35. The Court notes moreover that to require a reasonable time to
elapse before a declaration can take effect would be to introduce an ele-
ment of uncertainty into the operation of the Optional Clause system.As
set out in paragraph 26 above, in the case concerning Right of Passageover Indian Territory, the Court had considered that it could not create
such uncertainty. The conclusionsit had reached then remain valid and
apply al1the more since the growth in the number of States party to the
Statute and the intensification of inter-State relations since 1957 have
increased the possibilities of legal disputes capable of being submitted to
the Court. The Court cannot introduce into the Optional Clause an addi-
tional time requirement which is not there.
36. Nigeria's secondargument is that Cameroon omitted to inform it
that it intended to accept the jurisdiction of the Court, then that it had
accepted that jurisdiction and, lastly, that it intended to file an applica-
tion. Nigeria further argued that Cameroon even continued, during the
first three months of 1994, to maintain bilateral contacts with it on
boundary questions while preparing itself to address the Court. Such
conduct, Nigeria contends, infringes upon the principle of good faith
which today plays a larger role in the case-law of the Court than before,
and should-not be accepted.
37. Cameroon, for its part, argues that it had no obligation to inform
Nigeria in advance of its intentions, or of its decisions.It adds that in any
event "Nigeria was not at al1surprised by the filingof Cameroon's Appli-
cation and . . knew perfectly well what Cameroon's intentions were in
that regard several weeks before the filing". The principle of good faith
was not at al1disregarded.
38. The Court observes that the principle of good faith is a well-estab-
lished principle of international law. It is set forth in Article 2, para-
graph 2, of the Charter of the United Nations; it is also embodied in
Article 26 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 23 May
1969.It was mentioned as early as the beginning of this century in the
Arbitral Award of 7 September 1910in the North Atlantic Fisheriescase
(United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards, Vol. XI,
p. 188). It was moreover upheld in severaljudgments of the Permanent
Court of International Justice (Factory ut Chorzbw, Merits, Judgment
No. 13, 1928, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 17, p. 30; Free Zones of Upper
Savoy and the District of Gex, Order of 6 December 1930, P.C.I.J.,
Series A, No. 24, p. 12,and 1932, P.C.I.J., Series AIB, No. 46, p. 167).
Finally, it was applied by this Court as early as 1952in the case concern-
ing Rights of Nationals of the United States of America in Morocco
(Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1952, p. 212),then in the case concerning Fish-
eriesJurisdiction (Federal Republicof Germanyv. Iceland) (Jurisdiction
of the Court, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 18), the Nuclear Tests
cases (I.C.J. Reports 1974, pp. 268 and 473), and the case concerning
Border and TransborderArmed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras) (Juris-
diction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 105). 39. The Court furthermore notes that although the principle of good
faith is "one of the basic principles governingthe creation and perform-
ance of legal obligations... it is not in itself a source of obligation where
none would otherwise exist" (Border and Transborder Armed Actions
(Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 105,para. 94). There is no specificobligation in
international law for States to inform other States parties to theStatute
that they intend to subscribe or have subscribed to the Optional Clause.
Consequently, Cameroon was not bound to inform Nigeria that it
intended to subscribe or had subscribed to the Optional Clause.
Moreover :
"A State accepting the jurisdiction of the Court must expect that
an Application may be filed against it before the Court by a new
declarant State on the same day on which that State deposits with
the Secretary-General its Declaration of Acceptance." (Right of
Passage over Zndian Territory, Preliminary Objections,Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1957, p. 146.)
Thus, Cameroon was not bound to inform Nigeria of its intention to
bring proceedings before the Court. In the absence of any such obliga-
tions and of any infringement of Nigeria's corresponding rights, Nigeria
may not justifiably rely upon the principle of good faith in support of its
submissions.
40. On the facts of the matter, to which the Parties devoted consider-
able attention, and quite apart from legal considerations, the Court
would add that Nigeria was not unaware of Cameroon's intentions. On
28 February 1994,Cameroon had informed the Security Council of inci-
dents which had occurredshortly beforehand in the Bakassi Peninsula. In
response, on 4 March 1994,Nigeria apprised the Security Council of its
surprise in noting that "the Cameroon Government had decided to raise
the matter to an international level by . . .(c) bringing proceedings
before the International Court of Justice". Indeed on 4 March, Cam-
eroon had deposited its declaration of acceptance of the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court, but had not yet seisedthe Court. Nigeria's com-
munication to the Security Council nevertheless showed that it was not
uninformed of Cameroon's intentions.
Further the Court points out that, on 4 March 1994,the Journal of the
UnitedNations, issued at Headquarters in New York to United Nations
organs and to the permanent missions, reported that Cameroon had
deposited with the Secretary-General a "declaration recognizing as com-
pulsory the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice under
Article36,paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court" (Journalof the United
Nations, Friday 4 March 1994,No. 1994143(Part II)).
Lastly, on 11 March 1994,the bringing of the matter to the Security
Council and the International Court of Justice by Cameroon was men-tioned at the extraordinary general meeting of the Central Organ of the
Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution of the
Organization of African Unity, devoted to the border conflict between
Cameroon and Nigeria.
41. Nigeria recalls in the third place that, by its Declaration deposited
on 3 September 1965,it had recognized
"as compulsory ipsofacto and without specialagreement, in relation
to any other State accepting the same obligation, that is to say, on
the sole condition of reciprocity, thejurisdiction of the International
Court of Justice in conformity with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute of the Court".
Nigeria maintains that on the date on which Cameroon's Application
was filed, it did not know that Cameroon had accepted the Court's com-
pulsory jurisdiction. Accordingly it could not have brought an applica-
tion against Cameroon. There was an absence of reciprocityon that date.
The condition contained in the Nigerian Declaration was operative; con-
sequently,the Court does not have jurisdiction to hear the Application.
42. Cameroon disputesthis argument in fact as wellas in law. It states
that, in the minds of the States party to the Optional Clause, the condi-
tion of reciprocity never possessed the meaning which Nigeria now
ascribes to it; the Court had ascribed a completelydifferentmeaning to it
in a number of itsjudgments. The interpretation now provided by Nigeria
of its own declaration was a new interpretation for which no authority
was cited in support. In sum, the purpose of the Nigerian Declaration,
according to Cameroon, was only to emphasize that there is "a sole and
unique condition to the compulsory character of the Court's jurisdiction
in this case, i.e., that Cameroon should accept the same obligation as
Nigeria, or in other words that it should accept the jurisdiction of the
Court. This Cameroon does."
43. The Court has on numerous occasions had to consider what mean-
ing it is appropriate to give to the condition of reciprocity in the imple-
mentation of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute. As early as 1952,it
held in the caseconcerning Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. that, when declarations
are made on condition of reciprocity, "jurisdiction is conferred on the
Court only to the extent to which the two Declarations coincide in con-
ferring it" (I.C.J. Reports 1952, p. 103). The Court applied that rule
again in the case of Certain Norwegian Loans (I.C.J. Reports 1957,
pp. 23 and 24) and clarified it in the Interhandel case where it held that:
"Reciprocity in the case of Declarations acceptingthe compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court enables a Party to invoke a reservation to
that acceptance which it has not expressed in its own Declaration
but which the other Party has expressed in its Declaration. . .Reci-
procity enables the State which has made the wider acceptance of the jurisdiction of the Court to rely upon the reservations to the accept-
ance laid down by the other Party. There the effect of reciprocity
ends." (I.C.J. Reports 1959,p. 23.)
In the final analysis,"[tlhe notion of reciprocity is concerned with the
scope and substance of the commitments entered into, including reserva-
tions, and not with the forma1conditions of their creation, duration or
extinction" (Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua
(Nicaragua v. United States of America), Jurisdiction andAdmissibility,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 419, para. 62). It simply requires that
the Court ascertain whether, at the time of filingthe Application institut-
ing proceedings "the two States accepted 'the same obligation' in relation
to the subject-matter of the proceedings" (ibid., pp. 420-421,para. 64).
Therefore, in legal proceedings, the notion of reciprocity, and that of
equality, "are not abstract conceptions. They must be related to some
provision of the Statute or of the Declarations" (Right of Passage over
Indian Territory, Preliminary Objections,Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1957,
p. 145). Consequently, "the principle of reciprocity is not affected by
any delay in the receipt of copies of the Declaration by the Parties to the
Statute" (ibid., p. 147).
Nigeria considers, however, that that precedent does not apply here. It
points out that, although in its 1965Declaration, it recognized the juris-
diction of the Court as compulsory in relation to any other State accept-
ing the same obligation, it was more explicit in adding the words "and
that is to Say, on the sole condition of reciprocity". "Those additional
words clearly have somemeaning and effect ... it isthe supplementing of
the 'coincidence'required by Article 36, paragraph 2, by the element of
mutuality inherent in the concept of 'reciprocity'." The Nigerian condi-
tion, in other words, sought "to mitigate the effects" of the Court's
earlierdecision in the case concerning Right of Passage over Indian Ter-
ritory by creating an equality of risk and precluding that proceedings be
brought before the Court by surprise.
44. In support of its position, Nigeria invokes the decision givenin the
case concerning Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., in which the Court stated that it
could not base its interpretation of the Iranian Declaration recognizing
the jurisdiction of the Court
"on a purely grammatical interpretation of the text. It must seek the
interpretation which is in harmony with a natural and reasonable
way of reading the text, having due regard to the intention of the
Government of Iran at the time when it accepted the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court." (Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Preliminary
Objection, I.C.J. Reports 1952,p. 104.)
The Court had concluded that "[ilt is unlikely that the Government of
Iran ... should have been willing,on its own initiative, to agree that dis-
putes relating" (ibid., p. 105) to the capitulations which it had just
denounced be submitted to an international court of justice. 45. The Court considers that the situation in this case is very different.
Nigeria does not offer evidencein support of its argument that it intended
to insert into its Declaration of 14August 1965a condition of reciprocity
with a different meaning from the one which the Court had drawn from
such clausesin 1957.In order to protect itselfagainst the filingof surprise
applications, in 1965,Nigeria could have inserted in its Declaration an
analogous reservation to that which the United Kingdom added to its
own Declaration in 1958.Ten or so other States proceeded in this way.
Nigeria did not do so at that time. Like the majority of States which sub-
scribe to theOptional Clause, it merely specifiedthat the commitments it
was entering into, in accordance with Article 36,paragraph 2, of the Stat-
ute, were reciprocal in relation to any other State accepting the same
obligation. In the light of this practice, the additional phrase of the sen-
tence, "that is to Say,on the solecondition of reciprocity" must be under-
stood as explanatory and not adding any further condition. This inter-
pretation is "in harmony with a natural and reasonable way of reading
the text" (Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Preliminary Objection, I.C.J. Reports
1952, p. 104)and Nigeria's condition of reciprocitycannot be treated as
a reservation ratione temporis.
46. The Court therefore concludes that the manner in which Cam-
eroon's Application was filed was not contrary to Article 36 of the Stat-
ute. Nor was it made in violation of a right which Nigeria may claim
under the Statute, or by virtue of its Declaration, as it was in forceon the
date of the filing of Cameroon's Application.
47. Nigeria's first preliminary objection is accordingly rejected. The
Court is therefore not called upon to examine the reasoning put forward
by Cameroon under Article 102 of the Charter, nor Cameroon's alterna-
tive submissions based on forum prorogatum. In any event, the Court has
jurisdiction to pass upon Cameroon's Application.
48. Nigeria raises a second preliminary objection stating that
"for a period of at least 24years prior to the filingof the Application
the Parties have in their regular dealings accepted a duty to settlel1
boundary questions through the existing bilateral machinery".
According to Nigeria, an implicit agreement is thus said to have been
reached with a view to resorting exclusivelyto such machinery and torefraining from relying on the jurisdiction of the International Court of
Justice. In the alternative, Nigeria claims that by its conduct Cameroon is
estopped from turning to the Court. Finally, Nigeria invokesthe principle
of good faith and the rulepacta sunt servandain support of this argument.
49. Cameroon maintains that the bilateral bodies which dealt with
various boundary difficultiesthat had emerged between the two countries
had only been temporary and that no permanent institutional machinery
had been set up. It contends that no explicit or implicit agreement had
been established between the Parties with a view to vesting exclusive
jurisdiction insuch bodies. Finally, according to Cameroon, the condi-
tions laid down in the Court's case-lawfor the application of estoppel to
arise were not fulfilled here. Therefore, there was no occasion to apply
the principle of good faith and the rule pacta sunt sevvanda.
50. Nigeria's objection thus consists of two branches. But before mak-
ing a legal determination considering them in turn, the Court willreview
the relevant facts.
51. The first bilateral contact referred to in the pleadings concerns a
local dispute in the districts ofnare (Nigeria) and Budam (Cameroon).
This dispute gave rise in 1965 to "exploratory talks" concerning the
demarcation of the boundary in this sector. That course having been
determined by the German and British authorities at the beginning of the
century, it was agreed to locate existing boundary pillars with a view to
identifying the boundary and proceeding with its demarcation not only
between Danare and Budam, but also on a stretch of some 20miles from
Obokum Falls to Bashu (boundary pillars Nos. 114to 105).The existing
pillars were identified but none of the work planned was subsequently
carried out.
52. Five years later, in response to incidents that occurred in the Cross
River region and the Bakassi Peninsula, the two Governments decided to
set up a Joint Boundary Commission. At the first meeting of that Com-
mission, the delegates from Cameroon and Nigeria approved, on
14August 1970,a declaration recommending that the delimitation of the
boundary be carried out in three stages:
"(a) the delimitation of the maritime boundary ;
(b) the delimitation of the land boundary as definedin the Anglo-
German Protocol signed at Obokum on 12 April 1913 and
confirmed by the London Anglo-German agreement 'respect-
ing (1) the settlement of Frontier between Nigeria and Cam-
eroon from Yola to the sea; and (2) the Regulation of naviga-
tion on the Cross River', and the exchange of letters between
the British and German Governments on 6 July 1914;
(c) the delimitation of the rest of the land boundary".
The declaration further specifiedthe bases on which the delimitation of
the maritime boundary was to be carried out. It recommended that the
demarcation work commenced in 1965 be resumed. Finally, it recom-
mended that, on completion of each of these stages, a separate treaty besigned by the two countries to giveeffect to the boundary so demarcated
and surveyed.
A Joint Technical Committee was then set up for the purpose of imple-
menting the joint declaration. As agreed, it began its work with the
delimitation of the maritime boundary. Negotiations went on at various
levels on this matter for almost five years. They concluded on 4 April
1971as regards the maritime boundary at the mouth of the Cross River,
then led on 1June 1975to a declaration in Maroua by the two Heads of
State concerningthe course of the maritime boundary from the mouth of
the Cross River to a point denominated "G" situated, according to the
Parties, some 17nautical miles from the Coast.
53. Over the following years, contacts between the two countries on
these boundary issues became less frequent. At most, it may be noted
that two Joint Committee meetings were held. The first, in 1978, was
attended by the two Foreign Ministers. They set forth their points of view
on a number of boundary problems without undertaking negotiations
and the meeting did not result in anyjoint minutes. The second meeting,
held in 1987,brought together the Ministers responsible for planning in
the two countries and did not broach boundary matters.
54. The negotiations on these issues, which were interrupted after
1975,were only resumed between the two States 16years later when, on
29 August 1991,the two Foreign Ministers adopted a joint communiqué
stating:
"On border issues, the two sides agreed to examine in detail al1
aspects of the matter by the experts of the National Boundary Com-
mission of Nigeria and the experts of the Republic of Cameroon at a
meeting to be convened at Abuja in October 1991 with a view to
making appropriate recommendations for a peaceful resolution of
outstanding border issues."
Indeed, a first meeting ofthese experts took place at the same time as
that of the Foreign Ministers in August 1991.It was followed by a second
meeting at Abuja in December 1991, then by a third at Yaoundé
in August 1993.No agreement could be reached at these meetings,in par-
ticular as regards the Maroua Declaration, which wasconsidered binding
by Cameroon but not by Nigeria.
55. In sum, the Court notes that the negotiations between the two
States concerning the delimitation or the demarcation of the boundary
were carried out in various frameworks and at various levels: Heads of
State, Foreign Ministers,experts.The negotiations wereactive during the
period 1970to 1975and then were interrupted until 1991.
56. Turning to legal considerations, the Court will now consider the
first branch of the Nigerian objection. It recalls first that, "Negotiationand judicial settlement are enumeratedtogether in Article 33 of the Char-
ter of the United Nations as means for the peaceful settlement of dis-
putes" (Aegean Sea Continental ShelJ: Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1978,
p. 12,para. 29). Neither in the Charter nor otherwise in international law
is any general rule to be found to the effect that the exhaustion of diplo-
matic negotiations constitutes a precondition for a matter to be referred
to the Court. No such precondition was embodied in the Statute of the
Permanent Court of International Justice, contrary to a proposa1 by the
Advisory Committee of Jurists in 1920(Advisory Committee of Jurists,
Procès-verbaux of the Proceedings of the Committee (16 June-24 July
1920) with Annexes, pp. 679, 725-726).Nor is it to be found in Article 36
of the Statute of this Court.
A precondition of this type may be embodied and is often included in
compromissory clauses of treaties. It may also be included in a special
agreement whose signatories then reserve the right to seisethe Court only
after a certain lapse of time (cf. Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jama-
hiriyalchad), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1994,p. 9). Finally,States remain
free to insert into their optional declaration accepting the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court a reservation excluding from the latter those dis-
putes for which the parties involvedhave agreed or subsequently agree to
resort to an alternative method of peaceful settlement. In this case, how-
ever, no reservation of this type was included in the Declarations of
Nigeria or Cameroon on the date of the filing of the Application.
Moreover, the fact that the two States have attempted, in the circum-
stances set out in paragraphs 54 and 55 above, to solve some of the
boundary issues dividing them during bilateral contacts, did not imply
that either one had excluded the possibility of bringingany boundary dis-
pute concerning it before other fora, and in particular the International
Court of Justice. The first branch of Nigeria's objection accordingly is
not accepted.
57. Turning to the second branch of the objection, the Court will
examine whether the conditions laid down in its jurisprudence for an
estoppel to exist are present in the instant case.
An estoppel would only arise if by its acts or declarations Cameroon
had consistently made it fully clear thatit had agreed to settle the bound-
ary dispute submitted to the Court by bilateral avenues alone. It would
further be necessary that, by relying on such an attitude, Nigeria had
changed position to its own detriment or had suffered some prejudice
(North Sea Continental ShelJ: Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 26,
para. 30; Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El SalvadorlHon-
duras), Application to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, p. 118,
para. 63).
These conditions are not fulfilledin this case. Indeed, as pointed out in
paragraph 56 above, Cameroon did not attribute an exclusive character
to the negotiations conducted with Nigeria, nor, as far as it appears, didNigeria. Furthermore, Nigeria does not show that it has changedits posi-
tion to its detriment or that it has sustained prejudice in that it could
otherwise have sought a solution to the border problems existing
between the two States by having recourse to other procedures, but was
precluded from doing so by reliance on the positions allegedly taken by
Cameroon.
58. Finally, the Court has not been persuaded that Nigeria has been
prejudiced as a result of Cameroon's having instituted proceedings before
the Court instead of pursuing negotiations which, moreover, were dead-
locked when the Application was filed.
59. This being so, in bringing proceedings before the Court, Cam-
eroon did not disregard the legal rules relied on by Nigeria in support of
its second objection. Consequently,Nigeria is not justified in relying on
the principle of good faith and the rule pacta sunt servanda, both of
which relate only to the fulfilment of existing obligations. The second
branch of Nigeria's objection is not accepted.
60. The second preliminary objection as a whole is thus rejected.
61. In its third preliminary objection, Nigeria contends that "the
settlement of boundary disputes within the Lake Chad region is subject
to the exclusivecompetence of the Lake Chad Basin Commission".
62. In support of this argument, Nigeria invokes the treaty texts gov-
erning the Statute of the Commission as well as the practice of member
States. It argues that "the procedures for settlement by the Commission
are binding upon the Parties" and that Cameroon was thus barred from
raising the matter before the Court on the basis of Article 36, para-
graph 2, of the Statute.
63. For its part, Cameroon submits to the Court that
"no provision of the Statute of the Lake Chad Basin Commission
establishes in favour of that international organization any exclusive
competence in relation to boundary delimitation".
It adds that no such exclusivejurisdiction can be inferred from the con-
duct of member States. It therefore calls upon the Court to reject the
third preliminary objection.
64. The Court observesthat the Statute of the Lake Chad Basin Com-
mission was annexed to an Agreement of 22 May 1964 signed on thatdate by Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Nigeria. According to its preamble,
this convention concerning the development of the Lake Chad Basin is
designed "to formulate principles of the utilization of the resources of the
Basin for economic purposes, including the harnessing of the water".
Article IV of the Statute develops those principles by providing that
"[tlhe development of the said Basin and in particular the utilisation
of surface and ground waters shall be given its widest connotation
and refers in particular to domestic,industrial and agriculturalvel-
opment, the collection of the products of its fauna and flora".
In addition, under Article VI1of the Statute, member Statesundertake to
"establish common rules for the purpose of facilitatingnavigation on the
Lake and on the navigable waters in the Basin and to ensure the safety
and control of navigation".
Article1 of the Convention establishes the Lake Chad Basin Commis-
sion. The Commission comprises two commissioners per member State.
In accordance with Article X, paragraph 3, of the Statute, the decisions
of the Commission shall be by unanimous vote.
The functions of the Commission are laid down in Article IX of the
same Statute. They are interalia to prepare "general regulations which
will permit the full application of the principles setorth in the present
Convention and its annexed Statute, and to ensure their effectiveapplica-
tion". The Commission exercisesvarious powers with a view to co-ordi-
nating action by member States regarding the use of the waters of the
Basin. Finally,one of its responsibilitiesunder Article IX, paragraph(g),
is "to examine complaints and to promote the settlement of disputes and
the resolution of differences".
65. Member States have also entrusted to the Commission certain
tasks that had not originally been provided for in the treaty texts.
Further to incidents between Cameroon and Nineria in 1983in the Lake
Chad area, an extraordinary meeting of the mission was convened
from 21 to 23 July 1983in Lagos on the initiative of the Heads of State
concerned, in order to entrust to the Commission certain boundary and
security matters. Two sub-commissions of experts were then set up. They
met from 12 to 16 November 1984. An agreement was immediately
reached between the experts to adopt "as working documents" various
bilateral conventions and agreements concluded between Germany,
France and the United Kingdom between 1906and 1931 "on the delimi-
tation of Borders in the Lake Chad area". The experts proposed at the
same time that the boundary so delimited be demarcated as early as pos-
sible.
This demarcation was carried out from 1988to 1990in the course of
three boundary-marking operations involving the setting up of seven
main and 68 intermediary boundary pillars. The Final Report on
Beaconing wassignedby the delegatesof the four States concerned. Then,on 23 March 1994,at the Eighth Summitof the Lake Chad Basin Com-
mission in Abuja, the Heads of State and Government were informed that
"the physical work in the field on the border demarcation exercisewas
fullycompleted". They then decided "to approve the technical document
on the demarcation of the international boundaries of member States in
Lake Chad", on the understanding "that each country should adopt the
document in accordancewith its national laws". The question of the ratifi-
cation of that documentcameup at the Ninth Summitof Heads of State of
the Commission held on 30 and 31 October 1996 in N'Djamena when
Heads of State ofCameroonand Nigeriawereabsent and whereno progress
was recorded. Since then, however, on 22 December 1997, Cameroon
depositedits instrument of ratification,whereas Nigeriahas not done so.
66. In the light of the treaty texts and the practicethus recalled, the
Court will consider the positions of the Parties on this matter. For its
part, Nigeria first ofl1contends that "the role and Statute of the Com-
mission" must be understood "in the framework of regional agencies"
referred to in Article 52 of the United Nations Charter. It accordingly
concludes that "the Commission has an exclusive power in relation to
issues of security and public order in the region of Lake Chad and that
these issuesappropriately encompass the business of boundary demarca-
tion".
Cameroon argues, for its part, that the Commission does not consti-
tute a regional arrangement or agencywithin the meaning of Article 52of
the Charter, pointing in particular to the fact that
"there has never been any question of extending this category to
internationalregional organizations of a technical nature which, like
the [Commission],can include a mechanism for the peaceful settle-
ment of disputes or for the promotion of that kind of settlement".
67. The Court notes that Article 52,paragraph 1,of the Charter refers
to "regional arrangements or agenciesfor dealing with such matters relat-
ing to the maintenance of international peace and security as are appro-
priate for regional action". According to paragraph 2 of that Article,
"[tlhe Members of the United Nations entering into such arrange-
ments or constitutingsuch agenciesshallmake everyeffort to achieve
pacific settlement of local disputes through such regional arrange-
ments or by such regional agencies before referring them to the
Security Council".
Under Article 53, the Security Council may use these arrangements or
agenciesfor "enforcement action under its authority".
From the treaty texts and the practice analysed at paragraphs 64 and65 above, it emerges that the Lake Chad Basin Commission is an inter-
national organization exercisingits powers within a specific geographical
area; that it does not however have as its purpose the settlement at a
regional level of matters relating to the maintenance of international
peace and security and thus does not fa11under Chapter VI11 of the
Charter.
68. However, even wereit otherwise, Nigeria's argument should none-
theless be set aside. In this connection, the Court notes that, in the case
concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicara-
gua, it did not consider that the Contadora process could "properly be
regarded as a 'regionalarrangement' for the purposes of Chapter VI11of
the United Nations Charter". But it added that, in any event,
"the Court isunable to accepteither that there is any requirement of
prior exhaustion of regional negotiating processes as a precondition
to seisingthe Court; or that the existence of the Contadora process
constitutes in this case an obstacle to the examination by the Court
of the Nicaraguan Application" (Military and Paramilitary Activi-
ties in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of
America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I. C.J. Reports
1984, p. 440).
Whatever their nature, the existence of procedures for regional negotia-
tion cannot prevent the Court from exercising the functions conferred
upon it by the Charter and the Statute.
69. Nigeria further invokes Article 95 of the United Nations Charter
according to which:
"Nothing in the present Charter shall prevent Members of the
United Nations from entrusting the solution of their differences to
other tribunals by virtue of agreementsalready in existenceor which
may be concluded in the future."
According to Nigeria, the Lake Chad Basin Commission should be seen
as a tribunal falling under the provisions of this text. This would mean
that, if the Court were to pronounce on this submission of Cameroon it
"would be in breach of the principle of the autonomy of jurisdictional
competence" and "would be exercisingan appellate jurisdiction".
The Court considers that the Lake Chad Basin Commission cannot be
seenas a tribunal. It renders neither arbitral awards nor judgments and is
therefore neither an arbitral nor a judicial body. Accordingly, this con-
tention of Nigeria must also be set aside.
70. Nigeria further maintains that the Convention of 22 May 1964,
confirmed by the practice of the member States of the Commission,
attributes to that Commission an exclusivecompetencefor the settlement
of boundary disputes. It concludes from this that the Court cannot enter-
tain Cameroon's submissions requesting it to determine the boundary
between the two countries in this sector. The Court cannot subscribe to that reasoning. It notes first of al1that
no provision in the Convention ascribesjurisdiction and afortiori exclu-
sivejurisdiction to the Commission as regards the settlement of boundary
disputes. In particular, such a jurisdiction cannot be deduced from
Article IX, paragraph (g), of the Convention (seeparagraph 64 above).
The Court further notes that the member States of the Commission
subsequentlycharged it with carrying out the demarcation of boundaries
in the region on the basis of the agreements and treaties referred to in the
experts' report of November 1984 (see paragraph 65 above). Thus, as
pointed out by Nigeria, "the question of boundary demarcation was
clearly within the competence of the [Commission]". This demarcation
was designed by the States concerned as a physical operation to be car-
ried out in the fieldunder the authority of the Commission with a viewto
avoiding the reoccurrence of the incidents that had arisen in 1983.
But the Commission has never been given jurisdiction, and afortiori
exclusive jurisdiction, to rule on the territorial dispute now involving
Cameroon and Nigeria before the Court, a dispute which moreover did
not as yet exist in 1983. Consequently, Nigeria's argument must be dis-
missed.
71. Nigeria also argues that, from 1983 to 1994, "Cameroon had
clearly and consistently evinced acceptance of the régimeof exclusive
recourse to the Lake Chad Basin Commission" ;Cameroon then appealed
to the Court contrary to the commitments it had entered into. This
course ofconduct, it wasargued, had been prejudicial to Nigeria, deprived
as it was of the "consultation" and "negotiation" procedures afforded by
the Commission.Nigeria claims that Cameroon is estopped from making
its Application.
The Court points out that the conditions laid down in its case-law for
an estoppel to arise, as set out in paragraph57 above, are not fulfilledin
this case. Indeed, Cameroon has not accepted that the Commission has
jurisdiction to settle the boundary dispute now submitted to the Court.
This argument must also be set aside.
72. In the alternative, Nigeria finally argues that, on account of the
demarcation under way in the Lake Chad Basin Commission, the Court
"cannot rule out the consideration of the need for judicial restraint on
grounds of judicial propriety" and should decline to rule on the merits
of Cameroon's Application, as it did in 1963 in the case concerning
Northern Cameroons.
In that case, the Court had noted that the United Nations General
Assembly had terminated the trusteeship agreement in respect of the
Northern Cameroon by resolution 1608 (XV); it observed that the dis-
pute between the parties "about the interpretation and application [of
that agreement therefore concerned a treaty] no longer in force" ;it went
on to say that "there can be no opportunity for a future act of interpreta-
tion or application of that treaty in accordance with any judgment theCourt might render". It had concluded that any adjudication would thus
be "devoid of purpose" and that no purpose "would be servedby under-
taking an examination of the merits in the case". Observing that the
limits of its judicial function "do not permit it to entertain the claims
submitted to it [by Cameroon, it had considered itself unable to] adju-
dicate upon the merits of [those] claim[s]" (Northern Cameroons, Judg-
ment, 1C.J. Reports 1963, pp. 37-38).
The Court considers that the situation in the present case is entirely
different.Indeed, whereas in 1963Cameroon did not challenge the valid-
ity of the General Assembly resolution terminating the trusteeship,
Nigeria, in the present case, does not regard the technical document on
the demarcation of the boundaries, approved at the Abuja Summit of the
Lake Chad Basin Commission,as a document definitivelysettling bound-
ary problems in that region. Nigeria reserved its position before the
Court as regards the binding character of that document. It contends that
the document requires ratification and recalls that it has not ratified it.
Lastly,it specifiedat the Ninth Summit of the Commission at N'Djamena
in 1996that "Nigeria could not even start processing ratification unless
the issue was out of Court".
Cameroon for its part considers that Nigeria is obliged to complete the
process of approval of the document concerned and, that, even in the
absence of so doing, the boundary between the two countries in this sec-
tor is "legally defined", "marked out on the ground" and "internationally
recognized".
It is not for the Court at this stage toule upon these opposing argu-
ments. It need only note that Nigeria cannot assert both that the demar-
cation procedure initiated within the Lake Chad Commission was not
completed and that, at the same time, that procedure rendered Cam-
eroon's submissions moot. There is thus no reason of judicial propriety
which should make the Court decline to rule on the merits of those sub-
missions.
73. In the light of the above considerations, Nigeria's third prelimi-
nary objection must be rejected.
74. The Court willnow turn to the fourth preliminaryobjection raised
by Nigeria. This objection contends that :
"The Court should not in these proceedings determinethe bound-
ary in Lake Chad to the extent that that boundary constitutes or is
constituted by the tripoint in the Lake."
75. Nigeria holds that the location of the tripoint within Lake Chad
directly affects a third State, the Republic of Chad, and that the Courttherefore cannot determine this tripoint. Nigeria maintains that the find-
ing of the Chamber in the case concerningthe Frontier Dispute(Burkina
FasolRepublic of Mali)
"that itsjurisdiction is not restricted simplybecause the end-point of
the frontier lies on the frontier of a third State not party to the pro-
ceedings. The rights of the neighbouring state, Niger, are in any
event safeguarded by the operation of Article 59 of the Statute .. ."
(I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 577, para. 46)
is not applicable in the present case. It says there is a differencecause
the 1986 Frontier Dispute case was instituted by Special Agreement,
which reflectedthe agreement of the Parties to have the entire boundary
delimited. In addition, in theFrontier Disputecase Niger was treated as
a wholly third party, while in the present case there is the Lake Chad
Basin Commission in which the States bordering Lake Chad CO-operate.
Because of that CO-operation,boundary or other agreements relating to
Lake Chad between Nigeria and Cameroon are not res inter alios acta
for the other member States of the Commission. Therefore,neither Niger
nor Chad are simplethird parties in this case. According to Nigeria, "the
régimeof Lake Chad is subject to multilateral CO-operation,and is not
susceptible to the thorough-going bilateralization" which the Chamber
adopted in the Frontier Disputecase.
Nigeria also allegesthat it is not the case that Chad as a third party is
merely theoretically or contingently involved in the question of bounda-
ries; there had been clashes between Nigeria and Chad in and in relation
to Lake Chad. Finally,Nigeria questionsthe distinction which the Cham-
ber in the Frontier Disputecase drew between maritime and land delimi-
tation. "Criteria of equidistance, proportionality and equity have been
applied to the delimitation of lacustrine boundaries, especially in large
lakes." Nigeria's position is such that it would warrant the conclusion
that itsfourth preliminary objection goes not only to the jurisdiction of
the Court (by analogy with the principle in the case of theonetary Gold
Removed from Rome in 1943, Preliminary Question, Judgment, I. C.J.
Reports 1954, p. 19),but also to the admissibility of the Application, as
the objection is in its view wellfounded on either basis.
76. Cameroon claims that the Court must exerciseitsjurisdiction over
the totality of the disputed boundary, as far as the northern end-point
within Lake Chad; Nigeria's fourth preliminary objection directly con-
flictswith consistent case-lawrelating to tripoints. Cameroon particularly
rejects the Nigerian argument which distinguishes the Frontier Dispute
decision from the present case: the absence of a special agreement, and
therefore the consent of Nigeria to the institution of the proceedings, is
irrelevant; Nigeria does not cite any precedent in which a differentiation
was made between "wholly third States" and States which would not bereal third States. Inter se boundary agreements from which third States
are absent are frequent. Article 59 suffices as protection of the third
States' rights. The concept of theoretical involvement of a third State in a
boundary question is, in the view of Cameroon, not pertinent. There is
no support for this concept, the implications of which are not clearly
explained. Lastly Cameroon contests the efforts made by Nigeria to
exclude the applicability of the Frontier Dispute Judgment to delimita-
tion in lakes.
77. The Court notes that, to the extent that Nigeria's referenceto the
Lake Chad Basin Commission is to be understood as referring to an
exclusive competence of the Commission for boundary delimitation in
Lake Chad, this argument has been dealt with under the third prelimi-
nary objection. As the third preliminary objection has not been upheld,
the Court need not deal with this argument again.
78. The Court moreover notes that the submissions of Cameroon
addressed to it in the Additional Application (para. 17) and as formu-
lated in the Memorial of Cameroon (Memorial of Cameroon, pp. 669-
671, para. 9) do not contain a specificrequest to determine the localiza-
tion of the tripoint Nigeria-Cameroon-Chad in the Lake. The Additional
Applicationrequeststhe Court "to specifydefinitivelythefrontier between
Cameroon and the Federal Republic of Nigeria from Lake Chad to the
sea" (para. 17 (f) of the Additional Application), while the Memorial
requests the Court to adjudge and declare:
"that the lake and land boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria
takes the following course:
- from the point at longitude 14"04'59"9999E of Greenwich and
latitude13"05'00"0001N, it then runs through the point located
at longitude 14"12' 1l"7 E and latitude 12"32'17"4NW(p. 669,
para. 9.1 (a)).
These submissions neverthelessbear upon the localization of the tripoint.
They could lead either to a confirmation of the localization of the tripoint
as accepted in practice up to now on the basis of acts and agreements of
the former colonial powers and the demarcation carried out by the Com-
mission (see paragraph 65 above), or they could lead to a redetermina-
tion of the situation of the tripoint, possibly as a consequence of Niger-
ia's claimsto Darak and adjacent islands. Thus these claims cannot be
considered on the merits by the Court at this stage of the proceedings.
However, the Court notes, at the present stage, that they are directed
against Cameroon and that in due course the Court will be in a position
to take itsdecision in this regard without pronouncing on interests that
Chad may have, as the Court will demonstrate hereafter.
79. The Court therefore now turns to the crux of Nigeria's fourth pre-
liminary objection, namely the assertion that the legal interests of Chadwould be affected by the determination of the tripoint, and that the
Court can therefore not proceed to that determination.
The Court recalls that it has always acknowledged as one of the fun-
damental principles of its Statute that no dispute between States can be
decidedwithout their consent to itsjurisdiction (Monetary GoldRemoved
from Rome in 1943, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 32.)Nevertheless,
the Court has also emphasized that it is not necessarily prevented from
adjudicating when the judgment it is asked to give might affect the legal
interests of a State which is not a party to the case; and the Court has
only declined to exercisejurisdiction when the interests of the third State
"constitute the very subject-matter of thejudgment to be rendered on the
merits" (Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia), Pre-
liminary Objections, Judgment, 1C.J. Reports 1992, p. 261, para. 55 ;
East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1995,
pp. 104-105,para. 34).
The Court observes that the submissions presented to it by Cameroon
refer to the frontier between Cameroon and Nigeria and to that frontier
alone. These submissions do not refer to the frontier between Cameroon
and the Republic of Chad either as contained in the Additional Applica-
tion of Cameroon or as formulated in the Memorial. Certainly, the
request to "specify definitivelythe frontier between Cameroon and the
Federal Republic of Nigeria from Lake Chad to the sea" (para. 17 (f) of
the Additional Application) may affect the tripoint, i.e., the point where
the frontiers of Cameroon, Chad and Nigeria meet. However, the request
to specify the frontier between Cameroon and Nigeria from Lake Chad
to the sea does not imply that the tripoint could be moved away from the
line constituting theCameroon-Chad boundary. Neither Cameroon nor
Nigeria contests the current course of that boundary in the centre of
Lake Chad as it is described in the "technical document on the demarca-
tion of the . ..boundaries" mentioned in paragraph 65 above. Incidents
between Nigeria and Chad in the Lake, as referred to by Nigeria, concern
Nigeria and Chad but not Cameroon or its boundary with Chad. Any
redefinition of the point where the frontier between Cameroon and
Nigeria meets the Chad-Cameroon frontier could in the circumstances
only lead to a moving of the tripoint along the line of the frontier in the
Lake between Chad and Cameroon. Thus, the legal interests of Chad
as a third State not party to the case do not constitute the very subject-
matter of the judgrnent to be rendered on the merits of Cameroon's
Application; and therefore, the absence of Chad does not prevent the
Court from proceeding to a specification of the border between
Cameroon and Nigeria in the Lake.
80. The Court notes also that, in the case concerning the Territorial
Dispute (Libyan Arab JamahiriyalChad), the tripoint where the bound-
ary between Libya and Chad meets the western boundary of the Sudan,
on the 24th meridian east of Greenwich, was determinedwithout involve-ment of the Sudan. The eastern end-points of the principal lines taken
into consideration by the Court in that case for the delimitation of the
boundary between Libya and Chad were situated at various locations on
the western boundary of the Sudan.
Furthermore, in that case, the Court, in the absence of Niger, fixedthe
western boundary between Libya and Chad as far as the point of inter-
section of the 15th meridian east and the parallel 23" of latitude north, a
point at which, according to Chad, the frontiers of Chad, Libya and
Niger meet.
81. The factual situation underlying the case concerning the Frontier
Dispute (Burkina FasolRepublicof Mali) was quite different from the
present case in the sense that the relevant part of the boundary of Niger
at the time was not delimited; in that case the fixingof thetripoint there-
fore immediately involvedNiger as a third State, which, however, did not
prevent the Chamber from tracing the boundary between Burkina Faso
and the Republic of Mali to its furthest point. Whether the location of
the tripoint in Lake Chad has actually to be changed from its present
position will follow from the judgment on the merits of Cameroon's
Application. Such a change would have no consequence for Chad.
82. Finally the Court observes that, since neither Cameroon nor
Nigeria challenge the current course of the boundary, in the centre of
Lake Chad, between Cameroon and the Republic of Chad (see para-
graph 79 above), it does not have to address - even if that was possible
at the present preliminary stage - the argument presented by Nigeria
concerningthe legalprinciplesapplicable to the determination of bounda-
ries in lakes and especiallyin large lakes like Lake Chad.
83. The fourth preliminary objection is accordingly rejected.
84. In its fifth preliminary objection Nigeria alleges that there is no
disputeconcerning"boundary delimitationas such" throughout the whole
length of the boundary from the tripoint in Lake Chad to the sea, sub-
ject, within Lake Chad, to the question of the title over Darak and adja-
cent islands,and without prejudice to the title over the Bakassi Peninsula.
85. In the course of the oral proceedings, it became clear that in addi-
tion to Darak and Bakassi, there are competing claims of Nigeria and
Cameroon in respect of the village of Tipsan, which each Party claims to
be on its side of the boundary. Also, in the course of the oral proceed-
ings, a question was asked of the Parties by a Member of the Court as to
whether Nigeria's assertion that there is no dispute as regards the landboundary between the two States (subject to the existing problems in the
Bakassi Peninsula and the Darak region) signifies,
"that, these two sectors apart, there is agreement between Nigeria
and Cameroon on the geographicalCO-ordinatesof this boundary as
they result from the texts relied on by Cameroon in its Application
and its Memorial".
The reply givento this question by Nigeria willbe examined below (para-
graph 91).
86. For Cameroon its existing boundary with Nigeria was precisely
delimited by the former colonial powers and by decisions of the League
of Nations and acts of the United Nations.
These delimitations were confirmed or completed by agreementsmade
directly between Cameroon and Nigeria after their independence. Cam-
eroon requests that the Court "specify definitivelythe frontier between
Cameroon and Nigeria from Lake Chad to the sea" (Additional Applica-
tion, para. 17 (f)) along a line the CO-ordinatesof which are given in
Cameroon's Memorial.
The fact that Nigeria claims title to the Bakassi Peninsula and Darak,
and adjacent islands, means, in the view of Cameroon, that Nigeria con-
tests the validity of these legal instruments and thus calls into question
the entire boundary which is based on them. That, in the view of Cam-
eroon, is confirmed by the occurrence,along the boundary, of numerous
incidents and incursions. Nigeria's claimsto Bakassi as well as its posi-
tion regardingthe Maroua Declaration also throw into doubt the basis of
the maritime boundarv between the two countries. In Cameroon's view.
and contrary to whatd~igeria asserts, a dispute has arisen between thé
two States concerningthe whole of the boundary.
87. The Court recalls that,
"in the sense accepted in its jurisprudence and that of its predeces-
sor, a dispute is a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict
of legal views or interests between parties (seeavrommatis Pales-
tine Concessions,Judgment No. 2, 1924, P. C.I.J., Series A, No. 2,
p. 11; Northern Cameroons, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1963, p. 27;
and Applicability of the Obligation to Arbitrate under Section 21 of
the UnitedNations Headquarters Agreement of 26 June 1947, Advi-
sory Opinion, 1.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 27, para. 35)" (East Timor
(Portugal v. Australia), Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports 1995, pp. 99-100,
para. 22);
and that,
"[iln order to establish the existence of a dispute, 'It must be shown
that the claim of one party ispositivelyopposed by the other' (South
WestAfrica, Preliminary Objections,Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328); and furtber, 'Whether there existsan international dispute is
a matter for objective determination' (Interpretation of Peace
Treaties withBulgaria, Hungary and Romania, First Phase,Advisory
Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74)" (I.C.J. Reports 1995, p. 100).
On the basis ofthese criteria, there can be no doubt about the existence
of disputes with respect to Darak and adjacent islands,Tipsan, as wellas
the Peninsula of Bakassi. This latter dispute, as indicated by Cameroon,
might have a bearing on the maritime boundary between the two Parties.
88. Al1 of these disputes concern the boundary between Cameroon
and Nigeria. However, given the great length of that boundary, which
runs over more than 1,600km from Lake Chad to the sea, it cannot be
said that these disputes in themselves concern so large a portion of the
boundary that they would necessarilyconstitute a dispute concerningthe
whole of the boundary.
89. Further, the Court notes that, with regard to the whole of the
boundary, there is no explicit challenge from Nigeria. However, a dis-
agreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal viewsor interests,
or the positive opposition of the claim of one party by the other need not
necessarily be stated expressis verbis. In the determination of the exist-
ence of a dispute, as in other matters, the position or the attitude of a
party can be established by inference, whatever the professed viewof that
party. In this respect the Court does not find persuasive the argument of
Cameroon that the challenge by Nigeria to the validity of the existing
titles to Bakassi, Darak and Tipsan, necessarily calls into question the
validity as such of the instruments on which the course of the entire
boundary from the tripoint in Lake Chad to the sea is based, and there-
fore proves the existenceof a dispute concerningthe whole of the bound-
ary.
90. The occurrence of boundary incidents certainly has to be taken
into account in this context. However, not every boundary incident
impliesa challengeto the boundary. Also,certain of the incidents referred
to by Cameroon took place in areas which are difficult to reach and
where the boundary demarcation may have been absent or imprecise.
And not every incursion or incident alleged by Cameroon is necessarily
attributableto persons for whosebehaviour Nigeria's responsibilitymight
be engaged. Even taken together with the existing boundary disputes,the
incidentsand incursionsreported by Cameroon do not establish by them-
selvesthe existence of a dispute concerning al1of the boundary between
Cameroon and Nigeria.
91. However,the Court notes that Nigeria has constantly been reserved
in the manner in which it has presented its own position on the matter.
Although Nigeria knew about Cameroon's preoccupation and concerns,
it has repeated, and has not gone beyond, the statement that there is nodispute concerning "boundary delimitation as such". Nigeria has shown
the same caution in replying to the question asked by a Member of the
Court in the oral proceedings (see paragraph 85 above). This question
was whether there is agreement between the Parties on the geographical
CO-ordinatesof the boundary as claimed by Cameroon on the basis of the
texts it relies upon. The reply given by Nigeria reads as follows:
"The land boundary between Nigeria and Cameroon is not
described by referenceto geographicalCO-ordinates.Rather, the rele-
vant instruments (al1of which pre-date the independence of Nigeria
and Cameroon) and well-establisbedpractice, both before and after
independence, fix the boundary by reference to physical features
such as streams, rivers, mountains and roads, as was common in
those days. Since independence, the two States have not concluded
any bilateral agreement expresslyconfirming or othenvise describing
the pre-independence boundary by reference to geographical co-
ordinates. Nevertheless, the course of the boundary, which waswell
established before independence and related United Nations pro-
cedures, has continued to be accepted in practice since then by
Nigeria and Cameroon."
92. The Court notes that, in this reply, Nigeria does not indicate
whether or not it agreeswith Cameroon on the course of the boundary or
on its legal basis, though clearly it does differ with Cameroon about
Darak and adjacent islands, Tipsan and Bakassi. Nigeria states that the
existing land boundary is not described by reference to geographical co-
ordinates but by reference to physical features. As to the legal basis on
which the boundary rests, Nigeria refers to "relevant instruments" with-
out specifying which these instruments are apart from saying that they
pre-date independence and that, since independence, no bilateral agree-
ments "expressly confirming or otherwise describing the pre-indepen-
dence boundary by reference to geographical CO-ordinates" have been
concluded between the Parties. That wording seems to suggest that the
existing instruments may require confirmation. Moreover, Nigeria refers
to "well-establishedpractice both before and after independence" as one
of the legal bases of the boundary whose course, it states,has continued
to be accepted in practice"; however, itdoes not indicate what that prac-
tice is.
93. The Court is seisedwith the submission of Cameroon which aims
at a definitive determination of its boundary with Nigeria from Lake
Chad to the sea (seeparagraph 86above). Nigeria maintains that there is
no disputeconcerningthe delimitation of that boundary as such through-
out its whole length from the tripoint in Lake Chad to the sea (seepara-
graph 84 above) and that Cameroon's request definitively to determinethat boundary is not admissible in the absence of such a dispute. How-
ever, Nigeria has not indicated its agreement with Cameroon on the
course of that boundary or on its legal basis (see paragraph 92 above)
and it has not informed the Court of the position which it willtake in the
future on Cameroon's claims. Nigeria is entitled not to advance argu-
ments that it considers are for the merits at the present stage of thepro-
ceedings; in the circumstances however, the Court finds itself in a situa-
tion in which it cannot decline to examine the submission of Cameroon
on the ground that there is no dispute between the two States. Becauseof
Nigeria's position, the exact scope of this dispute cannot be determined
at present; a dispute nevertheless exists betweenthe two Parties, at least
as regards the legal bases of the boundary. It is for the Court to pass
upon this dispute.
94. The fifth preliminary objection raised by Nigeria is thus rejected.
95. The Court will now turn to Nigeria's sixth preliminary objection
which is to the effect that there is no basis for a judicial determination
that Nigeria bears international responsibility for alleged frontier incur-
sions.
96. Nigeria contends that the submissions of Cameroon do not meet
the standard required by Article 38 of the Rules of Court and general
principles of law regarding the adequate presentation of facts on which
Cameroon's request is based, includingdates, the circumstancesand pre-
cise locations of the alleged incursions and incidents into and on Cam-
eroonian territory. Nigeria maintains that what Cameroon has presented
to the Court does not giveNigeria the knowledge which it needs and to
which it is entitled in order to prepare its reply. Similarly, in Nigeria's
view,the material submitted is so sparse that it does not enable the Court
to carry out fair and effectivejudicial determination of, or make deter-
mination on, the issues of State responsibility and reparation raised by
Cameroon. While Nigeria acknowledgesthat a State has some latitude in
expanding later on what it has said in its Application and in its Memo-
rial, Cameroon is said to be essentiallyrestricted in its elaboration to the
case as presented in its Application.
97. Cameroon insiststhat it stated clearlyin its pleadings that the facts
referred to in order to establish Nigeria's responsibilitywere only of an
indicative nature and that it could, where necessary, amplify those facts
when it comes to the merits. Cameroon refers to the requirements estab-
lished in Article 38, paragraph 2, of the Rules and which cal1for a "suc-
cinct" presentation of the facts. It holds that parties are free to developthe facts of the case presented in the application or to render them more
precise in the course of the proceedings.
98. The decision on Nigeria's sixth preliminary objection hinges upon
the question of whether the requirements which an application must meet
and which are set out in Article 38, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court
are met in the present instance. The requirements set out in Article 38,
paragraph 2, are that the Application shall "specify the precise nature of
the claim, together with a succinct statement of the facts and grounds on
which the claim is based". The Court notes that "succinct", in the ordi-
nary meaning to be given to this term, does not mean "complete" and
neither the context in which the term is used in Article 38, paragraph 2,
of the Rules of Court nor the object and purpose of that provision indi-
cate that it should be interpreted in that way. Article 38, paragraph 2,
does therefore not preclude later additions to the statement of the facts
and grounds on which a claim is based.
99. Nor does Article 38, paragraph 2, provide that the latitude of an
applicant State, in developingwhat it has said in its application is strictly
limited, as suggestedby Nigeria. That conclusion cannot be inferred from
the term "succinct"; nor can it be drawn from the Court's pronounce-
ments on the importance of the point of time of the submission of the
application as the critical date for the determination of its admissibility;
these pronouncements do not refer to the content of applications (Ques-
tions of Znterpretation andApplication of the 1971 Montreal Convention
arisingfrom the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, Z.C.J. Reports
1998, p. 26, para. 44; and Questions of Znterpretation andApplication of
the 1971 Montreal Convention arisingfrom the Aerial Incident ut Locker-
bie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America), Preliminary
Objections,Judgment, Z.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 130,para. 43). Nor would
so narrow an interpretation correspond to the finding of the Court that,
"whilst under Article 40 of its Statute the subject of a dispute
brought before the Court shall be indicated, Article 32 (2) of the
Rules of Court [today Article 38, paragraph 21requires the Appli-
cant 'as far as possible'to do certain things. These words apply not
only to specifyingthe provision on which the Applicant founds the
jurisdiction of the Court, but also to stating the precise nature of
the claim and giving a succinct statement of the facts and grounds
on which the claim is based." (Northern Cameroons (Cameroon
v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, Z.C.J.
Reports 1963, p. 28.)
The Court also recalls that it has become an established practice for
States submitting an application to the Court to reserve the right to
present additional facts and legal considerations. The limit of the free-
dom to present such facts and considerations is "that the result is not to
transform the dispute brought before the Court by the application intoanother dispute which is different in character" (Military and Paramili-
tary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of
America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, IC. J. Reports 1984,
p. 427, para. 80).In this case, Cameroon has not so transformed the dis-
pute.
100. As regards the meaning to be given to the term "succinct", the
Court would simply note that Cameroon's Application contains a suffi-
cientlyprecisestatement of the facts and grounds on which the Applicant
bases its claim. That statement fulfils the conditions laid down in
Article 38, paragraph 2, and the Application is accordingly admissible.
This observation does not, however, prejudge the question whether,
taking account of the information submitted to the Court, the facts
allegedby the Applicant are established or not, and whether the grounds
it relies upon are founded or not. Those questions belong to the merits
and may not be prejudged in this phase of the proceedings.
101. Lastly, the Court cannot agree that the lack of sufficient clarity
and completeness in Cameroon's Application and its inadequate charac-
ter, as perceived by Nigeria, make it impossible for Nigeria to respond
effectively to the allegations which have been presented or makes it
impossible for the Court ultimately to make a fair and effective determi-
nation in the light of the arguments and the evidencethen before it. It is
the applicant which must bear the consequences of an application that
gives an inadequate rendering of the facts and grounds on which the
claim is based. As the Court has stated in the case concerning Military
and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua
v. United States of America) :
"[u]ltimately ... however, it is the litigant seekingto establish a fact
who bears the burden of provingit ;and in caseswhere evidence may
not be forthcoming, a submission may in thejudgment be rejected as
unproved, but is not to be ruled out as inadmissible in limine on the
basis of an anticipated lack of proof." (Zbid.,p. 437, para. 101.)
102. The Court consequently rejects the sixth preliminary objection
raised by Nigeria.
103. In its seventh preliminaryobjectionNigeria contends that there is
no legal dispute concerning delimitation of the maritime boundary
between the two Parties which is at the present time appropriate for reso-
lution by the Court.
104. Nigeria says that this is so for two reasons: in the first place, no
determination of a maritime boundary is possible prior to the determina-
tion of title in respect of the Bakassi Peninsula. Secondly, at thejuncture
when there is a determination of the question of title over the BakassiPeninsula, the issues of maritime delimitation will not be admissible in
the absence of prior sufficientaction by the Parties, on a footing of equal-
ity, to effect a delimitation "by agreement on the basis of international
law". In Nigeria's view, the Court cannot properly be seised by the
unilateral application of one State in relation to the delimitation of an
exclusiveeconomic zone or continental shelf boundary if that State has
made no attempt to reach agreement with the respondent State over that
boundary, contrary to the provisions of Articles 74 and 83 of the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Any such unilateral applica-
tion, in the view of Nigeria,is inadmissible.
105. Cameroon is of the view that the first argument invoked by
Nigeria concernsneither jurisdiction nor the admissibility of its Applica-
tion, but simply the method whereby the merits of the case are best
addressed, a decisionwhich falls within the discretion of the Court. As to
the second argument put forward by Nigeria, Cameroon denies that the
conduct of negotiations is a precondition for instituting proceedings
before the Court in cases of delimitation. Cameroon views the identical
paragraphs 2 of Articles 74 and 83 of the United Nations Convention on
the Law of the Sea not as barring recourse to third party settlement, but
as an obligation for such recourse in order to avoid unilateral
delimitations.
Cameroon says that, in any event, it had sufficientlynegotiated with
Nigeria before it seised the Court, and it seised the Court only when it
became clear that any new negotiation would be doomed to failure. In
this respect, itontends that since the actual occupation of the Bakassi
Peninsula by Nigeria, any negotiation on the delimitation of the maritime
boundary has become impossible.
106. The Court will initially address the first argument presented by
Nigeria. The Court accepts that it will be difficult if not impossible to
determinethe delimitation of the maritime boundary between the Parties
as long as the title over the Peninsula of Bakassi has not been deter-
mined. The Court notes, however, that Cameroon's Application not only
requests the Court
"to proceed to prolong the course of its maritime boundary with the
Federal Republic of Nigeria up to the limit of the maritime zones
which international law places under their respective jurisdictions"
(Application of Cameroon of 29 March 1994,p. 15, para. 20 (f)),
but also,
"to adjudge and declare:
(a) that sovereigntyover the Peninsula of Bakassi is Cameroonian,
by virtue of international law, and that that Peninsula is an
integral part of the territory of Cameroon" (ibid pa.a. 20).Since,therefore,both questions are before the Court, it becomes a matter
for the Court to arrange the order in which it addressesthe issuesin such
a way that it can deal substantively with each of them. That is a matter
which lieswithin the Court's discretion and which cannot be the basis of
a preliminary objection. This argument therefore has to be dismissed.
107. As to the second argument of Nigeria, the Court notes that, while
its first argument concerned the whole maritime boundary, the second
one seems only to concern the delimitation from point G seawards. That
was accepted by counsel for Nigeria and seemsto correspond to the fact
that there were extensive negotiations between the two Parties in the
period between 1970and 1975on the maritime boundary from the land-
fa11on Bakassi to point G, which resulted in the disputed Maroua Dec-
laration.
Moreover, the Court recalls that, in dealing with the cases brought
before it, it must adhere to the precise request submitted to it. Nigeria
here requests the Court to hold that,
"at the juncture where there is a determination of the question of
title over the Bakassi Peninsula, the issues of maritime delimitation
will not be admissible in the absence of sufficient action by the
Parties, on a footing of equality, to effect a delimitation 'by agree-
ment on the basis of international law"'.
What is therefore in dispute between the Parties and what the Court has
to decide now is whether the alleged absence of sufficienteffort at nego-
tiation constitutes an impediment for the Court to accept Cameroon's
claim as admissible or not.
This matter is of a genuinely preliminary character and has to be
decided under Article 79 of the Rules of Court.
108. In this connection, Cameroon and Nigeria refer to the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, to which they are parties.
Article 74 of the Convention, relating to the exclusive economic zone,
and Article 83, concerning the continental shelf, provide, in their first
identical paragraphs, that the delimitation
"between Stateswith opposite or adjacent coasts shall be effectedby
agreement on the basis of international law, as referred to in
Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, in
order to achieve an equitable solution".
These are followed by identical paragraphs 2 which provide that "If no
agreement can be reached within a reasonable period of time, the States
concerned shall resort to the procedures provided for in Part XV." One
of these procedures is the submission of the case to the Court for settle-
ment by contentious proceedings.
109. However, the Court notes that, in this case, it has not been seised
on the basis of Article 36, paragraph 1,of the Statute, and, in pursuanceof it, in accordance with Part XV of the United Nations Convention on
the Law of the Sea relating to the settlement of disputes arising between
the parties to the Convention with respect to its interpretation or applica-
tion. It has been seised on the basis of declarations made under
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, which declarations do not con-
tain any condition relating to prior negotiations to be conducted within
a reasonable time period.
The second argument of Nigeria cannot therefore be upheld.
110. In addition to what has been put forward by the Parties, the ques-
tion could arise whether, beyond point G, the dispute between the Parties
has been defined with sufficient precision for the Court to be validly
seised ofit. The Court observes not only that the Parties have not raised
this point, but Cameroon and Nigeria entered into negotiations with a
view to determining the whole of the maritime boundary. It was during
these negotiations that the Maroua Declaration relating to the course of
the maritime boundary up to point G was drawn up. This declaration
was subsequently held to be binding by Cameroon, but not by Nigeria.
The Parties have not been able to agree on the continuation of the nego-
tiations beyond point G, as Cameroon wishes. The result is that there is
a dispute on this subject between the Parties which, ultimately and bear-
ing in mind the circumstances of the case, is precise enough for it to be
brought before the Court.
111. The Court therefore rejects the seventh preliminary objection.
112. The Court will now deal with the eighth and last of the prelimi-
nary objections presented by Nigeria. With that objection Nigeria con-
tends, in the context of and supplementary to the seventh preliminary
objection, that the question of maritime delimitation necessarily involves
the rights and interests of third States and is to that extent inadmissible.
113. Nigeria refers to the particular concave configuration of the Gulf
of Guinea, to the fact that five States border the Gulf and that there are
no agreed delimitations between any two of those States in the disputedarea. In these circumstances, the delimitation of the maritime zones
appertaining to two of the States bordering the Gulf willnecessarily and
closely affect the others. Nigeria also holds that the situation between
Cameroon and Nigeria is distinct from that underlyingthe case concern-
ing the Frontier Dispute (Burkina FasolRepublic of Mali) (Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 554) as that case concerned a land boundary to
the delimitation of which apply principles that are different from those
applying to the delimitation of maritime boundaries. The case concerning
the Continental Shelj"(Libyan Arab JamahiriyalMalta) (Applicationfor
Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 3) was differ-
ent from the present case in the sense that the areas to which the claims
of the third State (Italy)related, were known; and in the case concerning
the Continental Shelj"(TunisialLibyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Applicationfor
Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1981, p. 3) the Court
was merely laying down principles applicable to the delimitation of the
continental shelfin a givencontext without actuallydrawingany particu-
lar line. Nigeria acknowledges that by virtue of Article 59 of the Statute,
third States are not formally bound by decisions of the Court; it main-
tains nevertheless that Article 59 of the Statute gives insufficient protec-
tion, since in specificsituations, in spite of that Article, decisions of the
Court may have clear and direct legal and practical effects on third
States, as well as on the development of international law.
114. Cameroon holds that themaritimedelimitation whichit is request-
ing the Court in part to confirm and in part to determine, concerns only
the Parties to the present dispute. In Cameroon's view,the interests of al1
other States are preserved by Article 59 of the Statute and by the prin-
ciple according to which any delimitation as between two States is res
inter alios acta. Referring to the jurisprudence of the Court, Cameroon
claims that the Court has not hesitated to proceed to maritime delimita-
tions in cases where the rights of third States were more clearly in issue
than they are in the present case. Cameroon also finds that practice of
State treaties confirms that a delimitation is in no way made impossible
by the existence of the interests of neighbouring States.
115. The Court notes, as do the Parties, that the problem of rights and
interests of third States arises only for the prolongation, as requested by
Cameroon, of the maritime boundary seawards beyond point G. As to
the stretch of the maritime boundary from point G inwards to the point
of landfall on the Bakassi Peninsula, certainly a dispute has arisen
because of the rival clairnsof the Parties to Bakassi and the fact that the
Maroua Declaration is considered binding by Cameroon but not by
Nigeria.
That dispute however does not concern the rights and interests of third
States. That is so because the geographicallocation of point G is clearlycloser to the NigerianlCameroonian mainland than is the location of the
tripoint Cameroon-Nigeria-Equatorial Guinea to the mainland.
116. What the Court has to examine under the eighth preliminary
objection is therefore whether prolongation of the maritime boundary
beyond point G would involve rights and interests of third States and
whether that would prevent it from proceeding to such prolongation. The
Court notes that the geographicallocation of the territories of the other
Statesbordering the Gulf of Guinea, and in particular Equatorial Guinea
and Sao Tome and Principe,demonstrates that it is evident that the pro-
longation of the maritimeboundary between the Parties seawards beyond
point G will eventually run into maritime zones where the rights and
interests of Cameroon and Nigeria will overlap those of third States. It
thus appears that rights and interests of third States willbecome involved
if the Court accedesto Cameroon's request. The Court recalls that it has
affirmed, "that one of the fundamental principles of its Statute is that it
cannot decide a dispute between States without the consent of those
States to itsjurisdiction" (East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1995,p. 101,para. 26). However, it stated in the same case
that, "it is not necessarily prevented from adjudicating when the judg-
ment it is asked to givemight affect the legal interests of a State which is
not a party to the case" (ibid., p. 104,para. 34).
Similarly, in the case concerning Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru
(Nauru v. Australia), it adopted the same approach:
"a finding by the Court regarding the existenceor the content of the
responsibility attributed to Australia by Nauru might well have
implications for the legal situation of the two other States con-
cerned,but no findingin respect of that legal situation will beneeded
as a basis for the Court's decision on Nauru's claims against Aus-
tralia. Accordingly, the Court cannot decline to exerciseitsjurisdic-
tion." (I.C.J. Reports 1992, pp. 261-262,para. 55.)
The Court cannot therefore, in the present case, give a decision on the
eighth preliminary objection as a preliminary matter. In order to deter-
mine where a prolonged maritime boundary beyond point G would run,
where and to what extent it would meet possible claims of other States,
and how itsjudgment would affect the rights and interests of these States,
the Court would of necessityhave to deal with the merits of Cameroon's
request. At the same time, the Court cannot rule out the possibility that
the impact of the judgment required by Cameroon on the rights and
interests of the third States could besuch that the Court would be pre-
vented from rendering it in the absence of these States, and that conse-
quently Nigeria's eighth preliminary objection would have to be upheld
at least in part. Whether such third States would choose to exercisetheir
rights to intervene inthese proceedings pursuant to the Statute remains
to be seen.
117. The Court concludes that therefore the eighth preliminary objec-tion of Nigeria does not possess, in the circumstances of the case, an
exclusively preliminary character.
118. For these reasons,
(1) (a) By fourteen votes to three,
Rejects the first preliminary objection;
IN FAVOUR :President Schwebel; Judges Oda, Bedjaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva,
Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer, Vereshchetin, Higgins, Parra-Aranguren,
Kooijmans, Rezek; Judge ad hoc Mbaye;
AGAINST :Vice-President Weeramantry; Judge Koroma ; Judge ad hoc Aji-
bola;
(b) By sixteen votes to one,
Rejects the second preliminary objection;
IN FAVOUR :President Schwebel; Vice-PresidentWeeramantry ; Judges Oda,
Bedjaoui,Guillaume,Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi,Fleischhauer,Vereshchetin,
Higgins,Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans, Rezek; Judges ad hoc Mbaye,Aji-
bola;
AGAINST :Judge Koroma ;
(c) By fifteen votes to two,
Rejects the third preliminary objection;
IN FAVOUR :President Schwebel; Vice-PresidentWeeramantry ; Judges Oda,
Bedjaoui,Guillaume,Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer,Vereshchetin,
Higgins,Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans, Rezek; Judge ad hoc Mbaye;
AGAINST :Judge Koroma; Judge ad hoc Ajibola;
(d) By thirteen votes to four,
Rejects the fourth preliminary objection;
IN FAVOUR : President Schwebel; Vice-PresidentWeeramantry; Judges Bed-
jaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer, Vereshchetin,
Higgins, Kooijmans, Rezek; Judge ad hoc Mbaye;
AGAINST: Judges Oda, Koroma, Parra-Aranguren; Judge ad hoc Ajibola;
(e) By thirteen votes to four,
Rejects the fifth preliminary objection;
IN FAVOUR :President Schwebel; Vice-PresidentWeeramantry; Judges Bed-
jaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi,Fleischhauer, Higgins, Parra-
Aranguren, Kooijmans, Rezek; Judge ad hoc Mbaye;
AGAINST: Judges Oda, Koroma, Vereshchetin;Judge ad hoc Ajibola; (f) By fifteen votes to two,
Rejects the sixth preliminary objection;
IN FAVOUR :President Schwebel ; Vice-PresidenWeeramantry ; JudgesOda,
Bedjaoui,Guillaume,Ranjeva,Herczegh, Shi,Fleischhauer,Vereshchetin,
Higgins,Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans,Rezek ; Judgead hoc Mbaye ;
AGAINS Tudge Koroma; Judge ad hoc Ajibola;
(g) By twelve votes to five,
Rejects the seventh preliminary objection;
IN FAVOUR :President Schwebel ; Vice-PresidentWeeramantry ;Judges Bed-
jaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer, Vereshchetin,
Parra-Aranguren, Rezek; Judge ad hoc Mbaye;
AGAINS Tudges Oda, Koroma, Higgins,Kooijmans; Judge ad hoc Ajibola;
(2) By twelve votes to five,
Declares that the eighth preliminary objection does not have, in the
circumstances of the case, an exclusively preliminary character ;
IN FAVOUR Pr:esidentSchwebel; Vice-PresidentWeeramantry; Judges Bed-
jaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer, Vereshchetin,
Parra-Aranguren, Rezek; Judge ad hoc Mbaye;
AGAINST: Judges Oda, Koroma, Higgins,Kooijmans; Judge ad hoc Ajibola;
(3) By fourteen votes to three,
Finds that, on the basis of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, it has
jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute;
IN FAVOUR :President Schwebel; JudgesOda, Bedjaoui,Guillaume,Ranjeva,
Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer, Vereshchetin, Higgins,Parra-Aranguren,
Kooijmans, Rezek; Judge ad hoc Mbaye;
AGAINST: Vice-PresidentWeeramantry; Judge Koroma; Judge ad hoc Aji-
bola;
(4) By fourteen votes to three,
Finds that the Application filed by the Republic of Cameroon on
29 March 1994, as amended by the Additional Application of 6 June
1994, is admissible.
IN FAVOUR :PresidentSchwebel ; JudgesOda, Bedjaoui,Guillaume,Ranjeva,
Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer, Vereshchetin, Higgins,Parra-Aranguren,
Kooijmans, Rezek; Judge ad hoc Mbaye;
AGAINST: Vice-PresidentWeeramantry ; Judge Koroma ; Judgead hoc Aji-
bola.
Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this eleventh day of June, one thousandnine hundred and ninety-eight, in three copies, one of which will be
placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the
Government of the Republic of Cameroon and the Government of the
Federal Republic of Nigeria, respectively.
(Signed) Stephen M. SCHWEBEL,
President.
(Signed) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA,
Registrar.
Judges ODA, VERESHCHETIN H,IGGINS,PARRA-ARANGUREa nd
KOOIJMAN append separate opinions to the Judgrnent of the Court.
Vice-President WEERAMANTRJY u, ge KOROMA and Judge ad hoc
AJIBOLAappend dissenting opinions to the Judgment of the Court.
(Znitialled) S.M.S.
(Znitialled) E.V.O.
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
AFFAIRE DE LA FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE
ET MARITIME ENTRE LE CAMEROUN
ET LE NIGÉRIA
(CAMEROUN c. NIGÉRIA)
ARRÊT DU 11 JUIN 1998
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
CASE CONCERNING
THE LAND AND MARITIME BOUNDARY
BETWEEN CAMEROON AND NIGERIA
(CAMEROON vNIGERIA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
JUDGMENTOF 11 JUNE 1998 Mode officiel de citation:
Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria,
exceptions préliminaires,arrêt,C.I. 1998, p. 275
Officia1cit:tion
Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroonand Nigeria,
Preliminary Objections,Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 275
NOde vente:708 1
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number
ISBN 92-1-070772-9 COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 1998
Il juin
Rôle général
no 94 11juin1998
AFFAIRE DE LA FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE
ET MARITIME ENTRE LE CAMEROUN
ET LE NIGÉRIA
1) Clausefacultative (paragraphe 2 de l'article36 du Statut) - Remise de
la déclarationau Secrétairegénéral des Nations Unies (paragraphe 4 de l'ar-
ticle 36 du Statut) - Transmissionpar le Secrétairegénérald'une copie aux
Etats parties au Statut - Intervalle entre la remise de la déclarationet le dépôt
de la requête - Abus alléguédu système de la clausefacultative - Date à
laquelle est établile lien consensuel en vertuduparagraphe 2 de l'article36 du
Statut - Autoritéde la chosejugée - Article 59 du Statut.
Articles 16, 24 et 78 de la convention de Viennesur le droit des traités.
Retrait des déclarations d'acceptation dela juridiction obligatoire - Délai
raisonnable - Question de savoir si un tel délaiest requis dans le casde remise
des déclarations.
Question de savoir si un Etat ayant souscrit à la clausefacultative et déposé
peu de temps aprèsune requête a l'obligation d'informer I'Etat défendeurpoten-
tiel- Principe de la bonnefoi.
Condition de réciprocité - Réserveratione temporis.
2) Obligation alléguéede recourir exclusivement à des mécanismesbilaté-
raux - Estoppel - Principe de la bonnefoi - Règle pacta sunt servanda -
Question de savoir si l'épuisement des négociations diplomatiques est upnréa-
lable à la saisine de la Cour.
3) Question de savoir si la commission du bassin du lac Tchad possède une
compétence exclusiveen matière de règlementde différendsde frontières -
Accords ou organismes ausens de l'article 52de la Charte des Nations Unies -
Estoppel - Allégationselon laquellela Cour devrait refuserde statuer aufond
sur des conclusions pourdes raisons d'opportunitéjudiciaire.
4) Frontièrese terminant sur un tripoint dans le lac Tchad - Incidence pos-
sible sur lesintérêtjsuridiques d'Etats tiers. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 1998 11 June
General List
11 June1998 No. 94
CASE CONCERNING
THE LAND AND MARITIME BOUNDARY
BETWEEN CAMEROON AND NIGERIA
(CAMEROON v. NIGERIA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS
(1) Optional Clause (Article 36, paragraph 2, of Statute) - Deposit of
Declaration with UnitedNations Secretary-General (Article 36, paragraph 4,
of Statute) - Transmissionof copy by Secretary-Generalto States parties to
Statute - Interval between deposit of Declarationandjling of Application -
Alleged abuseof OptionalClausesystem - Date of establishmentof consensual
bond underArticle 36,paragraph2, of Statute - Resjudicata - Article 59 of
Statute.
Articles 16, 24 and 78 of Vienna Convention on the Lawof Treaties.
Withdrawal of declarations of acceptanceof compulsory jurisdiction -
Reasonableperiod of notice - Question whethersuchperiod should be required
for deposit of declarations.
Whether a State subscribing to Optional Clause andjling an application
shortly thereafter has obligationto inform prospective respondentState -
Principle ofgoodfaith.
Condition of reciprocity- Reservation ratione temporis.
(2) Asserted duty to resort exclusivelyto bilateral machinery- Estoppel-
Principle ofgoodfaith - Rule pacta sunt servanda - Whether exhaustionof
diplomaticnegotiations isprecondition for referral.to the Court.
(3) Whether Lake Chad Basin Commission has exclusive jurisdiction for
settlement of boundary disputes - Arrangements or agencies within meaning
of Article 52 of UnitedNations Charter - Estoppel - Claim that the Court
should declineto decidemerits of submissionsfor reasonsofjudicial propriety.
(4) Boundary terminating ina tripoint in Lake Chad - Possible effect on
legal interestsof third States. 5) Question relativeà l'existenced'un différend defrontiè-e Détermina-
tion de l'existenced'undifférend.
6) Exposé des faits dans unerequête- Exigences duparagraphe2 de l'ar-
ticle 38 du Règlement- Sens du mot «succinct».
7) Déterminationdu titre sur unepresqu'îlepréalablementune délimitation
maritime - Pouvoir discrétionnairde la Cour relativement à l'ordre dans
lequel elleentend réglerles questions portéesdevant elleAbsence alléguée
d'effortssuffisants des Partiespourfectuer unedélimitationpar voie d'accord
conformémentaudroit international- Saisinesur labasede déclarationfsaites
en vertu du paragraphe2 de l'article36 du Statu- Caractère suffisamment
précisé d'udnifférend.
8) Délimitationmaritime mettant éventuellementen causeles droitset inté-
rêtsd'Etats tier- Questiondesavoirsi l'exceptionsoulevprésente uncarac-
tère exclusivementpréliminaire(paragraphe 7de l'article 79 du Règlement).
Présents: M. SCHWEBEL p,résident; M. WEERAMANTRv Yi,e-président;
MM. ODA, BEDJAOUIG , UILLAUME R,ANJEVAH , ERCZEGHS ,HI,
FLEISCHHAU EOR, OMAV,ERESHCHETM INm,eHIGGINS M,M. PARRA-
ARANGUREK NO, OIJMANRE,ZEKj,uges; MM. MBAYE A,JIBOLAju,ges
ad hoc; M. VALENCIA-OSPI greff,ier.
En l'affaire de la frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le
Nigéria,
entre
la Républiquedu Cameroun,
représentéepar
S. Exc. M. Laurent Esso, ministre de la justice, garde des sceaux,
comme agent;
M. Douala Moutomé, avocatau barreau du Cameroun, ancien ministre,
M. Maurice Kamto, professeur à l'Universitéde YaoundéII, avocat au bar-
reau de Paris,
M. Peter Ntamark, doyen, professeur de droit à la facultéde droit et de
sciencepolitique de l'universitéde YaoundéII,arrister-ut-Law,membre
de l'lnner Temple,
comme coagents;
S. Exc. M. Joseph Owona, ministre de la jeunesse et des sports,
M. Joseph-Marie Bipoun Woum, professeur à l'universitéde YaoundéII,
ancien ministre,
comme conseillers spéciaux;
M. Alain Pellet, professeuàl'universitéde Paris X-Nanterre eà l'Institut
d'études politiques de Paris,
comme agent adjoint, conseil et avocat;
M. MichelAurillac, avocat à la cour, conseillerd7Etathonoraire, ancien mi-
nistre, (5) Question relatingto the existence of a boundary disp-teDetermina-
tion of the existence of a dispute.
(6) Presentation offacts in an application Requirements ofArticle 38,
paragraph2, of Rules of Court - Meaning of "succinct".
(7) Determination oftitle to a peninsulaprior to maritime delimitation
Discretionarypower of the Court concerning sequencein whichit settles issues
before i- Alleged absenceof sufficientaction by Parties to effect delimitation
by agreementonbasisof internationallaw - Seisin based on declarations made
underArticle 36,paragraph2, of Statute - SufJicientlyprecise characterof a
dispute.
(8) Maritime deLimitationwhich may involve rights and interests of third
States - Whether objection raised has exclusively preliminary character
(Article79,paragraph 7, of Rules of Court).
JUDGMENT
Present: President SCHWEBEL V;ice-President WEERAMANTR JYd;ges ODA,
BEDJAOUI G,UILLAUME R,ANJEVA ,ERCZEGH S,HI, FLEISCHHAUER,
KOROMAV ,ERESHCHETH IIG, GINS,ARRA-ARANGUREN, KOOIJMANS,
REZEKJ ;udges ad hoc MBAYEA , JIBOLAR;egistrar VALENCIA-OSPINA.
In the case concerning the land and maritime boundary between Cameroon
and Nigeria,
between
the Republic of Cameroon,
represented by
H.E. Mr. Laurent Esso, Minister of Justice, Keeper of the Seals,
as Agent;
Mr. Douala Moutomé, Memberof the Cameroon Bar, former Minister,
Mr. Maurice Kamto, Professor, University of YaoundéII, Member of the
Paris Bar,
Mr. Peter Ntamark, Dean, Professor of Law, Faculty of Law and Political
Science,University of YaoundéII, Barrister-at-Law, member of the Inner
Temple,
as Co-Agents;
H.E. Mr. Joseph Owona, Minister of Youth and Sport,
Mr. Joseph-Marie Bipoun Woum, Professor, University of Yaoundé II,
former Minister,
as SpecialAdvisers;
Mr. Alain Pellet, Professor, University of Paris X-Nanterre and Institute of
Political Studies, Paris,
as Deputy-Agent, Counsel and Advocate;
Mr. Michel Aurillac, avocatà la cour, Honorary Member of the Council of
State, former Minister,277 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
M. Jean-Pierre Cot, professeur à l'université de Paris 1 (Panthéon-Sor-
bonne), vice-présidentdu Parlement européen, avocat aux barreaux de
Paris et de Bruxelles,ancien ministre,
M. Keith Highet, conseil endroit international, vice-présidentdu comitéjuri-
dique interaméricainde l'organisation des Etats américains,
M. Malcolm N. Shaw, Barrister-ut-Law,professeur de droit international à
la faculté dedroit de l'universitéde Leicester, titulaire de la chaire sir
Robert Jennings,
M. Bruno Simma, professeur à l'universitéde Munich,
sir Ian Sinclair, K.C.M.G., Q.C.,Barrister-ut-Law,
M. Christian Tomuschat, professeur à l'universitéde Berlin,
comme conseilset avocats;
S. Exc. M. Pascal Biloa Tang, ambassadeur du Cameroun en France,
S. Exc. MmeIsabelle Bassong, ambassadeur du Cameroun auprèsdes Etats
membres du Benelux,
S. Exc. M. Martin Belinga Eboutou, ambassadeur, représentant permanent
du Cameroun auprès de l'Organisationdes Nations Unies,
M. Pierre Semengue,généralde corps d'armée c,hefd'état-majorgénérad les
armées,
M. Robert Akamba, administrateur civil principal, charg- demission au
secrétariatgénéral'de la présidence dela République,
M. EtienneAteba, ministre-conseiller,char-éd'affairespar intérimàl'ambas-
sade du Cameroun, La Haye,
M. Ernest Bodo Abanda, directeur du cadastre, membre de la commission
nationale des frontièresdu Cameroun,
M. Ngolle Philip Ngwesse,directeur au ministèrede l'administration territo-
riale,
M. Thomas Fozein Kwanke, conseiller desaffairesétrangères, sous-directeur
au ministèredes relations extérieures,
M. Jean Gateaud, ingénieurgénérag léographe,
M. Bienvenu Obelabout, directeur d'administration centrale au secrétariat
général de laprésidence dela République,
M. Marc Sassen, avocat et conseiljuridique, La Haye,
M. Joseph Tjop, consultant à la sociétd'avocats Mignard, Teitgen, Grisoni
et associés,chargé d'enseignement et de recherche à l'université de
Paris X-Nanterre,
M. SongolaOudini, directeur d'administration centraleau secrétariat général
de la présidencede la République,
comme conseillers;
MmeFlorence Kollo, traducteur-interprète principal,
comme traducteur-interprète;
M. Pierre Bodeau, attaché temporaire d'enseignement et de recherche à
l'universitéde Paris X-Nanterre,
M. OlivierCorten, maître de conférences à la faculté dedroit de l'université
libre de Bruxelles,
M. Daniel Khan, assistant àl'universitéde Munich,
M. Jean-Marc Thouvenin, maître de conférencesà l'université duMaine et
à l'Institut d'études politiqude Paris,
comme assistants de recherche:Mr. Jean-Pierre Cot, Professor, University of Paris 1 (Panthéon-Sorbonne),
Vice-President of the European Parliament, Member of the Paris and
BrusselsBars, former Minister,
Mr. Keith Highet, Counsellor in International Law, Vice-Chairman, Inter-
American Juridical Committee, Organization of American States,
Mr. Malcolm N. Shaw, Barrister-at-Law, Sir Robert Jennings Professor of
International Law, Faculty of Law, University of Leicester,
Mr. Bruno Simma, Professor, University of Munich,
Sir Ian Sinclair,K.C.M.G., Q.C., Barrister-at-Law,
Mr. Christian Tomuschat, Professor, University of Berlin,
as Counsel and Advocates;
H.E. Mr. Pascal Biloa Tang, Ambassador of Cameroon to France,
H.E. Mrs. IsabelleBassong,Ambassador of Cameroon to the Benelux Coun-
tries,
H.E. Mr. Martin BelingaEboutou, Ambassador, Permanent Representative
of Cameroon to the United Nations,
Lieutenant General Pierre Semengue,Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces,
Mr. Robert Akamba, Principal CivilAdministrator, chargéde mission, Sec-
retariat of the Presidency of the Republic,
Mr. Etienne Ateba, Minister-Counsellor, Chargé d'affaires a.i. at the
Embassy of Cameroon, The Hague,
Mr. Ernest Bodo Abanda, Director of the Cadastral Survey,Member of the
National Boundary Commission of Cameroon,
Mr. Ngolle Philip Ngwesse,Director at the Ministry of Territorial Adminis-
tration,
Mr. Thomas Fozein Kwanke, Counsellor in Foreign Affairs, Deputy Direc-
tor at the Ministry of Foreign Relations,
Mr. Jean Gateaud, ingénieur général géographe,
Mr. Bienvenu Obelabout, Director, Central Administration, General Secre-
tariat of the Presidency ofthe Republic,
Mr. Marc Sassen,Advocate and Legal Adviser, The Hague,
Mr. Joseph Tjop, Consultant at Mignard, Teitgen, Grisoni and Associates,
Senior Teaching and Research Assistant, University ofParis X-Nanterre,
Mr. Songola Oudini, Director, Central Administration, General Secretariat
of the Presidencyof the Republic,
as Advisers;
Mrs. Florence Kollo, Principal Translator-Interpreter,
as Translator-Interpreter;
Mr. Pierre Bodeau, Teaching and Research Assistant, University of Paris
X-Nanterre,
Mr. Olivier Corten, Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Law, Université libre de
Bruxelles,
Mr. Daniel Khan, Assistant, University of Munich,
Mr. Jean-Marc Thouvenin, Senior Lecturer, University of Maine, and Insti-
tute of Political Studies, Paris,
as Research Assistants;278 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
M. Guy Roger Eba'a,
M. Daniel Nfan Bile,
comme responsables de la communication;
MmeRené Bakker,
MmeFlorence Jovis,
MmeMireille Jung,
comme secrétaires,
et
la République fédérald eu Nigéria,
représentéepar
S. Exc. l'honorable Alhaji Abdullahi Ibrahim, OFR, SAN, Attorney-General
de la Fédération et ministrede la justice,
comme agent;
Le chef Richard Akinjide, SAN, FCIArb, ancien ministre, membre des bar-
reaux d'Angleterre et de Gambie,
comme coagent;
M. Ian Brownlie, C.B.E., Q.C., F.B.A., professeur de droit international
publicà l'universitéd'Oxford, titulaire de la chaire Chichele, membre de
la Commission du droit international, membre du barreau d'Angleterre,
sir Arthur Watts, K.C.M.G., Q.C., membre du barreau d'Angleterre,
M. James Crawford, S.C., professeur de droit internationalà l'universitéde
Cambridge, titulaire de la chaire Whewell, membre de la Commission du
droit international, membre du barreau d'Australie,
comme conseils et avocats;
M. Timothy H. Daniel, associé,cabinet D. J. Freeman de la City de Londres,
M. Alan Perry, associé,cabinet D. J. Freeman de la City de Londres,
M. David Lerer, Solicitor, cabinet D. J. Freeman de la City de Londres,
M. Christopher Hackford, Solicitor, cabinet D. J. Freeman de la City de
Londres,
MmeLouise Cox, Solicitor stagiaire, cabinet D. J. Freeman de la City de
Londres,
comme Solicitors;
M. A. H. Yadudu, professeur, conseiller spécialdu chef de 1'Etatpour les
questionsjuridiques,
M. A. Oye Cukwurah, professeur, membre de la commission nationale des
frontières, Abuja,
M. 1.A. Ayua, professeur, directeur général, NIALS,
M. L. S. Ajiborisha, général de brigade, directeurdes opérations,DHQ,
MmeStella Omiyi, directeur, direction du droit international et comparé,
ministère fédéral de la justice,
M. K. Mohammed, directeur de la recherche et de l'analyse, Présidence,
M. Jalal A. Arabi, conseillerjuridique du secrétairedu gouvernement de la
Fédération,
M. M. M. Kida, sous-directeur, ministèredes affaires étrangères,
M. Alhaji A. A. Adisa, adjoint du directeur généraldu service cartogra-
phique de la Fédération, Abuja,
M. P. M. Mann, chargé d'affairesà l'ambassade du Nigéria, La Haye, Mr. Guy Roger Eba'a,
Mr. Daniel Nfan Bile,
as Communications Specialists;
Mrs. René Bakker,
Mrs. Florence Jovis,
Mrs. MireilleJung,
as Secretaries,
and
the Federal Republic of Nigeria,
represented by
H.E. the Honourable Alhaji Abdullahi Ibrahim, OFR, SAN, Attorney-
General of the Federation and Minister of Justice,
as Agent;
Chief Richard Akinjide, SAN, FCIArb, former Minister, Member of the
English and Gambian Bars,
as Co-Agent;
Mr. Ian Brownlie,C.B.E., Q.C., F.B.A., ChicheleProfessor of Public Inter-
national Law, University of Oxford, Member of the International Law
Commission, Member of the English Bar,
Sir Arthur Watts, K.C.M.G., Q.C., Member of the English Bar,
Mr. James Crawford, S.C.,WhewellProfessor of International Law, Univer-
sity of Cambridge, Member of the International Law Commission, Mem-
ber of the Australian Bar,
as Counsel and Advocates;
Mr. Timothy H. Daniel, Partner, D. J. Freeman of the City of London,
Mr. Alan Perry, Partner, D. J. Freeman of the City of London,
Mr. David Lerer, Solicitor, D. J. Freeman of the City of London,
Mr. Christopher Hackford, Solicitor, D. J. Freeman of the City of London,
Ms Louise Cox, trainee Solicitor, D. J. Freeman of the City of London,
as Solicitors;
Mr. A. H. Yadudu, Professor, SpecialAdviser to the Head of State on Legal
Matters,
Mr. A. OyeCukwurah, Professor, National Boundary Commission,Abuja,
Mr. 1.A. Ayua, Professor, Director-General, NIALS,
Brigadier General L. S. Ajiborisha,Director of Operations, DHQ,
Mrs. Stella Omiyi, Director, International and Comparative Law Depart-
ment, Federal Ministry of Justice,
Mr. K. Mohammed, Director of Research and Analysis, the Presidency,
Mr. Jalal A. Arabi, Legal Adviser to the Secretaryto the Government of the
Federation,
Mr. M. M. Kida, Assistant Director, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Alhaji A. A. Adisa, Deputy Surveyor-Generalof the Federation, Abuja,
Mr. P. M. Mann, Chargé d'affaires,Embassy of Nigeria, The Hague,279 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
MmeV. Okwecheme, conseiller à l'ambassade du Nigéria, La Haye,
M. Amuzuei, conseiller à l'ambassade du Nigéria, La Haye,
M. Clive Schofield, cartographe, unité de recherche sur les frontières inter-
nationales, Universitéde Durham,
M. Arthur Corner, cartographe, Université deDurham,
MmeMichelle Burgoine, assistant pour les techniques de l'information,
comme conseillers ;
MmeCoralie Ayad, cabinet D. J.Freeman de la City de Londres,
comme secrétaire,
ainsi composée,
aprèsdélibéré ec nhambre du conseil,
rend l'arrêtsuivant:
1. Le 29 mars 1994, le Gouvernement de la République du Cameroun
(dénommée ci-aprèsle «Cameroun») a déposéau Greffe de la Cour une
requête introductive d'instance contrele Gouvernement de la Républiquefédé-
rale du Nigéria (dénommée ci-aprèls e «Nigéria»)au sujet d'un différend pré-
sentécomme«port[ant] essentiellementsur la question de la souverainetésur la
presqu'île de Bakassi)).Le Cameroun exposait en outre dans sa requête que la
((délimitation[de la frontière maritime entre les deux Etats] est demeuréepar-
tielleet [que]les deux parties n'ont pas pu, malgré de nombreuses tentatives,se
mettre d'accord pour la compléter)).Il priait en conséquencelaCour, «[alfin
d'éviter denouveaux incidents entre les deux pays, ...de bien vouloir détermi-
ner le tracéde la frontière maritime entre les deux Etats au-delà de celui qui
avait étéfixéen 1975)).La requête invoquait,pour fonder la compétencede la
Cour, les déclarationspar lesquellesles deux Parties ont accepté la juridiction
de la Cour au titre du paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour.
2. Conformémentau paragraphe 2 de l'article40 du Statut, la requêtea été
immédiatement communiquéeau Gouvernement du Nigériapar le greffier.
3. Le 6juin 1994,le Cameroun a déposé au Greffeune requête additionnelle
«aux fins d'élargissement del'objet du différend))à un autre différenddécrit
dans cette requête additionnelle comme«port[ant] essentiellementsur la ques-
tion de la souveraineté surune partie du territoire camerounais dans la zone du
lac Tchad)). Le Cameroun demandait également à la Cour, dans sa requête
additionnelle, de ((préciserdéfinitivement))la frontière entreles deux Etats du
lac Tchad à la mer, et la priait de joindre les deux requêteset ((d'examiner
l'ensemble enune seuleet mêmeinstance)).La requête additionnellese référait,
pour fonder la compétence de laCour, à la «base de ... compétence ..déjà ...
indiquée))dans la requête introductive d'instancedu 29 mars 1994.
4. Le 7juin 1994,le greffiera communiqué la requête additionnelle au Gou-
vernement du Nigéria.
5. Lors d'une réunionque le président de laCour a tenue avec les représen-
tants des Parties le 14 juin 1994, l'agent du Nigéria a déclaréne pas voir
d'objection à ce que la requête additionnelle soit traitée, ainsi quele Cameroun
en avait exprimé lesouhait, comme un amendement à la requête initiale,de
sorte que la Cour puisse examiner l'ensemble enune seule et mêmeinstance.
Par une ordonnance en date du 16juin 1994,la Cour a indiquéqu'elle nevoyait
pas elle-même d'objection à ce qu'il soit ainsi procédé, eta fixérespectivement Mrs. V. Okwecheme, Counsellor, Embassy of Nigeria, The Hague,
Mr. Amuzuei, Counsellor, Embassy of Nigeria, The Hague,
Mr. Clive Schofield,Cartographer, International Boundaries Research Unit,
Durham University,
Mr. Arthur Corner, Cartographer, Durham University,
Ms Michelle Burgoine, Information Technology Assistant,
as Advisers;
Mrs. Coralie Ayad, D. J. Freeman of the City of London
as Secretary.
composed as above,
after deliberation,
delivers thefollowing Judgment :
1. On 29 March 1994,the Government of the Republic of Cameroon (here-
inafter called "Cameroon") filed in the Registry of the Court an Application
instituting proceedings against the Government of the Federal Republic of
Nigeria (hereinafter called "Nigeria") in respect of a dispute described as
"relat[ing] essentially to the question of sovereignty over the Bakassi Penin-
sula". Cameroon further stated in its Application that the "delimitation [of the
maritime boundary between the two States] has remained a partial one and
[that], despite many attempts to complete it, the two parties have been unable
to do so". It accordingly requested the Court, "in order to avoid further inci-
dents between the two countries, .. . to determine the course of the maritime
boundary between the two States beyond the line fixed in 1975". In order to
found the jurisdiction of the Court, the Application relied on the declarations
made by the two Parties acceptingthejurisdiction of the Court under Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court.
2. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Application was
immediately cornmunicated to the Government of Nigeria by the Registrar.
3. On 6 June 1994,Cameroon filed in the Registry an Additional Applica-
tion "for the purpose of extending the subject of the dispute" to a further dis-
pute described in that Additional Application as "relat[ing] essentially to the
question of sovereignty over a part of the territory of Cameroon in the area of
Lake Chad". Cameroon also requested the Court, in its Additional Applica-
tion, "to specify definitively" the frontier between the two States from Lake
Chad to the sea, and asked it to join the two Applications and "to examine the
whole in a single case". In order to found the jurisdiction of the Court, the
Additional Application referred to the "basis of. . .jurisdiction . . . alread...
indicated" in the Application instituting proceedings of 29 March 1994.
4. On 7 June 1994,the Registrar communicated the Additional Application
to the Government of Nigeria.
5. At a meeting which the President of the Court held with the representa-
tives of the Parties on 14June 1994,the Agent of Nigeria stated that he had no
objection to the Additional Application being treated, in accordance with the
wish expressed by Cameroon, as an amendment to the initial Application, so
that the Court could deal with the whole in a single case. By an Order dated
16June 1994,the Court indicated that it had no objection itself to such a pro-
cedure, and fixed 16 March 1995and 18 December 1995,respectively, as the280 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
au 16mars 1995et au 18décembre1995lesdates d'expiration des délaispour
le dépôtdu mémoiredu Cameroun et du contre-mémoiredu Nigéria.
6. Conformémentau paragraphe 3 de l'article 40 du Statut, tous les Etats
admis a ester devant la Cour ont été informés dlea requête.
7. Le Cameroun a dûment déposéson mémoiredans le délai prescritdans
l'ordonnance de la Cour en date du 16juin 1994.
8. Dans le délaifixépour le dépôt de son contre-mémoire,le Nigéria a
déposé des exceptions préliminairesà la compétencede la Cour et à la receva-
bilitéde la requête.En conséquence,par une ordonnance en date du 10janvier
1996,le président dela Cour, constatant qu'en vertu des dispositionsdu para-
graphe 3 de l'article79 du Règlement la procéduresur le fond étaitsuspendue,
a fixéau 15 mai 1996la date d'expiration du délaidans lequel le Cameroun
pourrait présenterun exposé écrictontenant sesobservations et conclusions sur
les exceptions préliminaires.
Le Cameroun a déposéun tel exposédans le délai ainsi prescrit,et l'affaire
s'esttrouvée enétatpour ce qui est des exceptions préliminaires.
9. La Cour ne comptant sur le siègeaucun juge de la nationalitédes Parties,
chacune d'elless'est prévaluedu droit que lui confèrele paragraphe 3 de l'ar-
ticle 31 du Statut de procéderà la désignationd'un juge ad hoc pour siéger
en l'affaire: le Cameroun a désignéM. Kéba Mbaye, et le NigériaM. Bola
Ajibola.
10. Par une lettre datéedu 10 février1996et reçue au Greffe le 12février
1996, leCameroun a présentéune demande en indication de mesures conser-
vatoires en vertu de l'article 41 du Statut. Par une ordonnance en date du
15 mars 1996, la Cour, après avoir entendu les Parties, a indiquécertaines
mesures conservatoires.
11. Par diversescommunications, le Cameroun a soulignéauprèsde la Cour
toute l'importance qu'ilattachait à un règlement rapide de l'affaire; il a en
outre déposé, sous lecouvert d'une lettre datéedu 9 avril 1997,un document
avec annexes intitulé((Mémorandumde la Républiquedu Cameroun sur la
procédure)).Le Nigéria afait connaître ses vuessur cette dernière communica-
tion dans une lettre datéedu 13mai 1997.
12. Par une lettre datéedu 2 février1998,le Nigéria ademandé àproduire
un volume de documents intitulé ((Documents supplémentaires (Procès-ver-
baux de la commission du bassin du lac Tchad))). Par une lettre datée du
16février1998,l'agent du Cameroun a indiquéque le Cameroun ne s'opposait
pas à la production de ces documents. La Cour en a accepté laprésentation
conformémentau paragraphe 1 de l'article 56 de son Règlement.
13. Par une lettre datéedu 11février1998,l'agent du Cameroun a demandé
à produire certains ((documents nouveaux relatifs aux événements qui se sont
produits depuis le dépôt du mémoire»du Cameroun et a prié«en outre la
Cour de bien vouloir considérerles annexes au [mémorandum d'avril 19971
comme parties intégrantesde la présenteprocédure)).Après examen desvues
expriméespar leNigériadans sa lettre susmentionnéedu 13mai 1997(voirpara-
graphe 11 ci-dessus) et dans sa lettre du 24 février1998,la Cour a accepté la
production de ces documents conformémentaux dispositions de l'article 56 de
son Règlement.
14. Conformémentau paragraphe 2 de l'article 53du Règlement, laCour a
décidé de rendre accessiblesau public, à l'ouverture de la procédure orale,les
exceptions préliminairesdu Nigériaet l'exposé écrictontenant les observations
et conclusions du Cameroun sur ces exceptions, ainsi que les documents qui
étaient joints à ces pièces.time-limits for the filing of the Memorial of Cameroon and the Counter-
Memorial of Nigeria.
6. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 3,of the Statute, al1States entitled to
appear before the Court were notified of the Application.
7. Cameroon duly filed its Memorial within the time-limit prescribed in the
Court's Order dated 16June 1994.
8. Within the time-limit fixedfor the filingof its Counter-Memorial, Nigeria
filed preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court and the admissi-
bility of the Application. Accordingly, by an Order dated 10January 1996,the
President of the Court, noting that, under Article 79,paragraph 3, ofthe Rules
of Court, the proceedings on the merits were suspended, fixed 15May 1996as
the time-limit within which Cameroon might present a written statement of its
observations and submissionson the preliminary objections.
Cameroon filed such a statement within the time-limit so prescribed, and the
case became ready for hearing in respect of the preliminary objections.
9. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of
the Parties, each Party exercisedits right under Article 31, paragraph 3, of the
Statute of the Court to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case: Cameroon
chose Mr. Kéba Mbaye and Nigeria choseMr. Bola Ajibola.
10. By a letter dated 10 February 1996 and received in the Registry on
12 February 1996,Cameroon submitted a request for the indication of provi-
sional measures under Article 41 of the Statute. By an Order dated 15 March
1996,the Court, after hearing the Parties, indicated certain provisional meas-
ures.
11. By various communications, Cameroon stressed the importance of a
speedy disposa1of the case; it also filed, under cover of a letter dated 9 April
1997, a document with annexes entitled "Memorandum of the Republic of
Cameroon on Procedure". Nigeria made known its viewson the latter commu-
nication in a letter dated 13 May 1997.
12. By a letter dated 2 February 1998,Nigeria sought to introduce a volume
of documents entitled "Supplemental Documents (Lake Chad Basin Com-
mission Proceedings)". By a letter dated 16 February 1998, the Agent of
Cameroon indicated that Cameroon did not oppose their introduction. The
Court admitted the said documents pursuant to Article 56, paragraph 1,
of the Rules of Court.
13. By a letter dated 11 February 1998,the Agent of Cameroon sought to
introduce certain "new documents relating to events occurring since the filing
of the Memorial" of Cameroon, and "moreover requested the Court to con-
sider the annexes to the [Memorandum of April19971asan integral part of the
proceedings". Having considered the views expressed by Nigeria in its above-
mentioned letter of 13May 1997 (seeparagraph 11above) and in its letter of
24 February 1998, the Court admitted the documents pursuant to the provi-
sions of Article 56 of its Rules.
14. In accordance with Article 53, paragraph 2, of its Rules, the Court
decided to make accessibleto the public, on the opening of the oral proceed-
ings, the preliminaryobjections of Nigeria and the written statement containing
the observations and submissions of Cameroon on the objections, as wellas the
documents annexed to those pleadings.28 1 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
15. Des audiencespubliques ont été tenuesentre le 2 et le 11mars 1998,au
cours desquelles ont étéentendus en leurs plaidoiries et réponses:
Pour le Nigévia: S. Exc. l'honorable Alhaji Abdullahi Ibrahim,
M. Richard Akinjide,
M. Ian Brownlie,
sir Arthur Watts,
M. James Crawford.
Pour le Cameroun: S. Exc. M. Laurent Esso,
M. Douala Moutomé,
M. Maurice Kamto,
M. Peter Ntamark,
M. Joseph-Marie Bipoun Woum,
M. Alain Pellet,
M. Michel Aurillac,
M. Jean-Pierre Cot,
M. Keith Highet,
M. Malcolm N. Shaw,
M. Bruno Simma,
sir Ian Sinclair,
M. Christian Tomuschat.
A l'audience, un membre de la Cour a poséaux Parties une question à
laquelle il a été répondpar écrit, après la clôturede la procédure orale.
16. Dans la requêtel,es demandesci-aprèsont été formulée psar le Cameroun:
«Sur la base de l'exposédes faits et des moyensjuridiques qui précèdent,
la Républiquedu Cameroun, tout en se réservantle droit de compléter,
d'amender ou de modifier la présente requête pendant la suitede la pro-
cédure et de présenter à la Cour une demande en indication de mesures
conservatoires si celles-cise révélaiet écessaires,prie la Cour de dire et
juger :
a) que la souverainetésur la presqu'île de Bakassi estcamerounaise, en
vertu du droit international, et que cette presqu'île fait partie inté-
grante du territoire de la Républiquedu Cameroun;
b) que la République fédérald eu Nigéria avioléet viole le principe fon-
damental du respect des frontières héritées de la colonisation(uti
possidetisjuris) ;
c) que, en utilisant la force contre la République du Cameroun, la
République fédérale du Nigéria a violéet viole ses obligations en
vertu du droit international conventionnel et coutumier;
d) que la République fédérale du Nigéria,en occupant militairement la
presqu'île camerounaise de Bakassi, a violéet viole les obligations
qui lui incombent en vertu du droit conventionnel et coutumier;
e) que, vu ces violations des obligations juridiques susvisées,la Répu-
blique fédéraledu Nigéria ale devoir exprèsde mettre fin à sa pré-
sence militaire sur le territoire camerounais, et d'évacuer sans délai
et sans condition ses troupes de la presqu'île camerounaise de
Bakassi; 15. Public sittings were held between 2 March and 11March 1998,at which
the Court heard the oral arguments and replies of:
For Nigeria: H.E. the Honourable Alhaji Abdullahi Ibrahim,
Mr. Richard Akinjide,
Mr. Ian Brownlie,
Sir Arthur Watts,
Mr. James Crawford.
For Cameroon: H.E. Mr. Laurent Esso,
Mr. Douala Moutomé,
Mr. Maurice Kamto,
Mr. Peter Ntamark,
Mr. Joseph-Marie Bipoun Woum,
Mr. Alain Pellet,
Mr. Michel Aurillac,
Mr. Jean-Pierre Cot,
Mr. Keith Highet,
Mr. Malcolm N. Shaw,
Mr. Bruno Simma,
Sir Ian Sinclair,
Mr. Christian Tomuschat.
At the hearings, a Member of the Court put a question to the Parties, who
answered in writing after the close of the oral proceedings.
16. In its Application, Cameroon made the following requests :
"On the basis of the foregoing statement of facts and legal grounds, the
Republic of Cameroon, while reserving for itself the right to complement,
amend or modify the present Application in the course of the proceedings
and to submit to the Court a request for the indication of provisional
measuresshould they prove to be necessary,asks the Court to adjudge and
declare:
that sovereignty over the Peninsula of Bakassi is Cameroonian, by
(a) virtue of international law, and that that Peninsula is an integral
part of the territory of Cameroon;
(b) that the Federal Republic of Nigeria has violated and isviolatingthe
fundamental principle of respect for frontiers inherited from coloni-
zation (uti possidetisjuris);
(c) that by using force against the Republic of Cameroon, the Federal
Republic of Nigeria has violated and is violating its obligations
under international treaty law and customary law;
(d) that the Federal Republic of Nigeria, by militarily occupying the
Cameroonian Peninsula of Bakassi,has violated and is violating the
obligations incumbent upon it by virtue of treaty law and customary
law ;
(e) that in view ofthese breaches of legal obligation, mentioned above,
the Federal Republic of Nigeria has the express duty of putting an
end to its military presence in Cameroonian territory, and effecting
an immediate and unconditional withdrawal of its troops from the
Cameroonian Peninsula of Bakassi;282 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
e') que la responsabilitéde la Républiquefédéraledu Nigéria est engagée
par les faits internationalement illicitesexposéssub litterae a), b), c),
d) et e) ci-dessus;
e") qu'en conséquence uneréparation d'un montant à déterminer par
la Cour est due par la Républiquefédérale du Nigéria à la République
du Cameroun pour les préjudices matérielset moraux subis par
celle-ci, la République du Cameroun se réservant d'introduire de-
vant la Cour une évaluationprécise des dommagesprovoquéspar la
Républiquefédéraledu Nigéria.
f) Afin d'éviterla survenance de tout différendentre les deux Etats rela-
tivement à leur frontièremaritime, la Républiquedu Cameroun prie la
Cour de procéderau prolongement du tracéde sa frontière maritime
avec la République fédéraledu Nigériajusqu'à la limite des zones
maritimes que le droit international place sous leur juridiction respec-
tive.>)
17. Dans la requête additionnelle,les demandes ci-aprèsont été formulées
par le Cameroun:
((Surla base de l'exposé desfaits et des moyensjuridiques qui précèdent
et sous toutes les réserves formuléesau paragraphe 20 de sa requêtedu
29 mars 1994,la Républiquedu Cameroun prie la Cour de dire et juger:
a) que la souverainetésur la parcelle litigieusedans la zone du lac Tchad
est camerounaise en vertu du droit international. et aue cette arc elle
fait partie intégrantedu territoire de la ~é~ubliquedu cameroun;
b) que la Républiquefédéraledu Nigériaa violéet viole le principe fon-
damental du respect des frontièreshéritées de la colonisation (utipos-
sidetisjuris) ainsi que ses engagementsjuridiques récents relativement
à la démarcationdes frontièresdans le lac Tchad;
c) que la Républiquefédérale du Nigéria,en occupant avec l'appui deses
forces de sécurité des parcellesu territoire camerounais dans la zone
du lac Tchad, a violéet viole sesobligations en vertu du droit conven-
tionnel et coutumier ;
d) que, vu les obligations juridiques susvisées,la Républiquefédéraledu
Nigériaa le devoir exprès d'évacuer sans déla eit sans conditions ses
troupes du territoire camerounais dans la zone du Iac Tchad;
e) que la responsabilitéde la Républiquefédérale du Nigéria est engagée
par les faits internationalement illicites exposés aux sous-para-
graphes a), b), c) et d) ci-dessus;
e') qu'en conséquenceune réparation d'unmontant à déterminerpar la
Cour est due par la Républiquefédéraledu Nigériaà la République
du Cameroun pour les préjudices matériels etmoraux subis par
celle-ci, la République du Cameroun se réservant d'introduire de-
vant la Cour une évaluationprécise des dommagesprovoquéspar la
Républiquefédéraledu Nigéria.
f) Que vu les incursions répétées depsopulations et des forces armées
nigérianes enterritoire camerounais tout le long de la frontière entre
les deux pays, les incidents graves et répétéqsui s'ensuivent,et l'atti-
tude instable et réversiblede la Républiquefédéraledu Nigéria relati-
vement aux instruments juridiques définissantla frontière entre les (e') that the internationally unlawful acts referred to under
(a), (b), (c), (d) and (e) above involvethe responsibility of the Fed-
eral Republic of Nigeria;
(e") that, consequently, and on account of the material and non-material
damage inflicted upon the Republic of Cameroon, reparation in an
amount to be determined by the Court is due from the Federal
Republic of Nigeria to the Republic of Cameroon, which reserves
the introduction before the Court of [proceedings for] a precise
assessmentof the damage caused by the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
(fl In order to prevent any dispute arising betweenthe two States con-
cerningtheir maritimeboundary, the Republic of Cameroon requests
the Court to proceed to prolong the course of its maritime boundary
with the Federal Republic of Nigeria up to the limit of the maritime
zones which international law places under their respectivejurisdic-
tions."
17. In its Additional Application, Cameroon made the following requests:
"On the basis of the foregoing statement of facts and legalgrounds, and
subject to the reservations expressed inparagraph 20 of its Application of
29 March 1994,the Republic of Cameroon asks the Court to adjudge and
declare :
(a) that sovereignty overthe disputed parce1in the area of Lake Chad is
Cameroonian, by virtue of international law, and that that parce1is
an integral part of the territory of Cameroon;
(b) that the Federal Republic of Nigeria has violated and isviolating the
fundamental principle of respect for frontiers inherited from coloni-
zation (uti possidetisjuris), and its recent legal cornmitments con-
cerning the demarcation of frontiers in Lake Chad;
(c) that the Federal Republic of Nigeria, by occupying, withthe support
of its security forces, parcelsof Cameroonian territory in the area of
Lake Chad, has violated and is violating its obligations under treaty
law and customary law;
that in viewof these legal obligations, mentioned above, the Federal
(d)
Republic of Nigeria has the express duty of effecting an immediate
and unconditional withdrawal of its troops from Cameroonian ter-
ritory in the area of Lake Chad;
(e) that the internationally unlawful acts referred to under (a),(b), (c)
and (d) above involve the responsibility of the Federal Republic of
Nigeria ;
(e') that consequently, and on account of the material and non-material
damage inflictedupon the Republic of Cameroon, reparation in an
amount to be determined by the Court is due from the Federal
Republic of Nigeria to the Republic of Cameroon, which reserves
the introduction before the Court of [proceedings for] a precise
assessmentof the damage caused by the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
That in view of the repeated incursions of Nigerian groups and
(f) armed forces into Cameroonian territory, al1 along the frontier
between the two countries, the consequent grave and repeated inci-
dents, and the vacillating and contradictory attitude of the Federal
Republic of Nigeria in regard to the legal instruments defining the283 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
deux pays et au tracé exactde cette frontière, la Républiquedu Came-
roun prie respectueusement la Cour de bien vouloir préciser définiti-
vement la frontièreentre elle et la République fédérald eu Nigériadu
lac Tchad à la mer. ))
18. Dans la procédure écrite,les conclusions ci-aprèsont étéprésentéespar
les Parties:
Au nom du Gouvernementdu Cameroun,
dans le mémoire:
«La Républiquedu Cameroun a l'honneur de conclure à ce qu'il plaise
à la Cour internationale de Justice de dire et juger:
a) Que la frontière lacustre et terrestre entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria
suit le tracésuivant:
du point de longitude 14" 04' 59" 9999 à l'est de Greenwich et de
latitude de 13"050'00" 0001,nord, elle passe ensuite par le point
situéà 14' 12' 11" 7 de longitude est et 12' 32' 17" 4 de latitude
nord ;
de ce point, elle suit le tracé fixépar la déclaration franco-bri-
tannique du 10juillet 1919, tel que précisépar les alinéas 3 à 60
de la déclaration Thomson-Marchand confirmée par l'échange
de lettres du 9 janvier 1931, jusqu'au «pic assez proéminent))
décritpar cette dernière disposition et connu sous le nom usuel
de «mont Kombon));
du mont Kombon, la frontière se dirige ensuite vers la «borne
64)) visée au paragraphe 12 de l'accord germano-britannique
d'Obokum du 12 avril 1913et suit, dans ce secteur, le tracé décrit
à la section 6 (1) du Nigeria (Protectorate and Cameroons)
Orderin Councilbritannique du 2 août 1946;
de la «borne 64))elle suit le tracé décritpar les paragraphes 13 à
21 de l'accord d'Obokum du 12 avril 1913jusqu'à la borne 114
sur la Cross River;
de ce point, jusqu'à l'intersection de la ligne droite joignant
Bakassi Point à King Point et du centre du chenal navigable de
I'Akwayafé,la frontière est déterminéepar les paragraphes 16 à
21 de l'accord germano-britannique du 11mars 1913.
b) Que, dèslors, notamment, la souveraineté sur la presqu'île de Bakassi
d'une part et sur la parcelle litigieuse occupéepar le Nigériadans la
zone du lac Tchad d'autre part, en particulier sur Darak et sa région,
est camerounaise.
c) Que la limite des zones maritimes relevant respectivement de la
République du Cameroun et de la République fédérale du Nigéria
suit le tracésuivant:
- de l'intersection de la ligne droite joignant Bakassi Point à King
Point et du centre du chenal navigable de 1'Akwayaféjusqu'au
«point 12», cettelimite est déterminéepar la «ligne de compromis))
reportée sur lacarte de l'amirauté britanniqueno 3343par les chefs
d'Etat des deux pays le4 avril 1971(déclarationde Yaoundé)et, de
ce «point 12)) jusqu'au «point GD par la déclaration signéeà
Maroua le le'juin 1975; frontier between the two countries and the exact course of that
frontier, the Republic of Cameroon respectfully asks the Court to
specify definitivelythe frontier between Cameroon and the Federal
Republic of Nigeria from Lake Chad to the sea."
18. In the written proceedings, the Parties presented the following submis-
sions :
On behalf of the Governmentof Cameroon,
in the Memorial:
"The Republic of Cameroon has the honour to request that the Court
be pleased to adjudge and declare:
(a) That the lake and land boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria
takes the following course :
- from the point at longitude 14"04' 59"9999E of Greenwich and
latitude 13"05'00"OOOlN, it then runs through the point located
at longitude 14"12'1l"7E and latitude 12"32'17"4N;
- thence it follows the course fixed by the Franco-British Declara-
tion of 10 July 1919, as specified in paragraphs 3 to 60 of the
Thomson-Marchand Declaration, confirmed by the Exchange of
Letters of 9 January 1931, as far as the 'very prominent peak'
described in the latter provision and called by the usual name of
'Mount Kombon';
- from Mount Kombon the boundary then runs to 'Pillar 64'men-
tioned in paragraph 12of the Anglo-German Agreement of Obo-
kum of 12 April 1913 and follows, in that sector, the course
described in Section 6 (1) of the British Nigeria (Protectorate
and Cameroons) Order in Council of 2 August 1946;
- from Pillar 64 it follows the course described in paragraphs 13to
21 of the Obokum Agreement of 12 April 1913 as far as Pillar
114on the Cross River;
- thence, as far as the intersection of the straight line joining
Bakassi Point to King Point and the centre of the navigable
channel of the Akwayafe, the boundary is determined by para-
graphs 16 to 21 of the Anglo-German Agreement of 11 March
1913.
(b) That notably, therefore, sovereignty over the Peninsula of Bakassi
and over the disputed parce1occupied by Nigeria in the area of Lake
Chad, in particular over Darak and its region, is Cameroonian.
That the boundary of the maritime zones appertaining respectively
to the Republic of Cameroon and to the Federal Republic of Nigeria
follows the following course:
- from the intersection of the straight linejoining Bakassi Point to
King Point and the centre of the navigable channel of the
Akwayafe to 'point 12', that boundary is determined by the
'compromise line' entered on British Admiralty Chart No. 3343
by the Heads of State of the two countries on 4 April 1971
(Yaoundé Declaration)and, from that 'point 12'to 'point G', by
the Declaration signed at Maroua on 1 June 1975;284 FRONTIERE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
- du point G, cette limite s'infléchitensuite vers le sud-ouest dans la
direction indiquéepar les points G, H, 1, J, K représentéssur le
croquis figurant à la page 556du présentmémoireet qui répondà
l'exigenced'une solution équitable,jusqu'à la limite extérieuredes
zonesmaritimes que le droit international place sous lajuridiction
respective des deux Parties.
d) Qu'en contestant les tracésde la frontière définie ci-dessussub litte-
rue a) et c) la République fédérald eu Nigériaa violéet viole le prin-
cipe fondamental du respect des frontières héritées de la colonisation
(uti possidetis juris) ainsi que ses engagements juridiques relative-
ment à la démarcation des frontières dans le lac Tchad et à la déli-
mitation terrestre et maritime.
e) Qu'en utilisant la force contre la Républiquedu Cameroun, et, en par-
ticulier, en occupant militairement des parcelles du territoire camerou-
nais dans la zone du lac Tchad et la péninsulecamerounaisede Bakassi,
en procédant à des incursions répétées t,nt civilesque militaires, tout
le long de la frontière entre les deux pays, la République fédérald eu
Nigériaa violéet viole ses obligations en vertu du droit international
conventionnel et coutumier.
f) Que la République fédérald eu Nigériaa le devoir exprès demettre fin
à sa présencetant civileque militaire sur le territoire camerounais et, en
particulier, d'évacuer sans délai et sans conditionsses troupes de la
zone occupéedu lac Tchad et de la péninsule camerounaisede Bakassi
et de s'abstenir de tels faits à l'avenir.
g) Que la responsabilité de la République fédéraldeu Nigéria est engagée
par les faits internationalement illicites exposés ci-dessuset précisés
dans le corps du présent mémoire.
h) Qu'en conséquenceune réparationest due par la République fédérale
du Nigéria àla Républiquedu Cameroun pour les préjudicesmatériels
et moraux subis par celle-ciselon des modalités à fixer par la Cour.
La Républiquedu Cameroun a en outre l'honneur de prier la Cour de
bien vouloir l'autoriser à présenterune évaluationdu montant de l'indem-
nité qui luiest due en réparation des préjudices qu'ellea subis en consé-
quence des faits internationalement illicites attribuables à la République
fédéraledu Nigéria,dans une phase ultérieure de la procédure.
Lesprésentesconclusionssont soumisessous réservede tous élémentd se
fait et de droit et de toutes preuves qui viendraient à être soumis ultérieu-
rement;la Républiquedu Cameroun se réserve ledroit de lescompléterou
de les amender le cas échéant, conformément aux dispositiond su Statut et
du Règlement de la Cour.»
Au nom du Gouvernementdu Nigéria,
dans les exceptionspréliminaires :
Premièreexception préliminaire:
«1) que le Cameroun, en déposant sa requête du 29mars 1994,a violéson
obligation d'agir de bonne foi, a abusédu systèmeinstituépar lepara-
graphe 2 de l'article 36du Statut, et n'a pas tenu compte de la condi-
tion de réciprocitéprévup ear leparagraphe 2 de l'article36du Statut, - from point G that boundary then swings south-westward in the
direction which is indicated by points G, H, 1, J and K repre-
sented on the sketch-map on page 556of this Memorial and meets
the requirement for an equitable solution, up to the outer limit of
the maritime zones which international law places under the
respectivejurisdictions of the two Parties.
(d) That by contesting the courses of the boundary defined above under
(a) and (c), the Federal Republic of Nigeria has violated and is vio-
lating the fundamental principle of respect for frontiers inherited
from colonization (uti possidetis juris) and its legal commitments
concerning the demarcation of frontiers in Lake Chad and land and
maritime delimitation.
(e) That by using force against the Republic of Cameroon and, in par-
ticular, by militarily occupying parcels of Cameroonian territory in
the area of Lake Chad and the Cameroonian Peninsula of Bakassi,
and by making repeated incursions, both civilian and military, al1
along the boundary between the two countries, the Federal Republic
of Nigeria has violated and is violating its obligations under interna-
tional treaty law and customary law.
(f) That the Federal Republic of Nigeria has the express duty of putting
an end to its civilian and military presence in Cameroonian territory
and, in particular, of effecting an irnmediate and unconditional with-
drawal of its troops from the occupied area of Lake Chad and from
the Cameroonian Peninsula of Bakassi and of refraining from such
acts in the future.
(g) That the internationally wrongfulacts referred to above and described
in detail in the body of this Memorial involvethe responsibility of the
Federal Republic of Nigeria.
(h) That, consequently, and on account of the material and non-
material damage inflicted upon the Republic of Cameroon, repara-
tion in a form to be determined by the Court is due from the Federal
Republic of Nigeria to the Republic of Cameroon.
The Republic of Cameroon further has the honour to request the Court
to permit it to present an assessment of the amount of compensation due
to it as reparation for the damage it has suffered as a result of the inter-
nationally wrongful acts attributable to the Federal Republic of Nigeria,
at a subsequent stage of the proceedings.
These submissions are lodged subject to any points of fact and law and
any evidencethat may subsequently be lodged; the Republic of Cameroon
reservesthe right to complete or amend them, as necessary, in accordance
with the Statute and the Rules of Court."
On behalf of the Government of Nigeria,
in the preliminary objections:
First preliminary objection:
"(1) that Cameroon, by lodging the Application on 29 March 1994,vio-
lated its obligations to act in good faith, acted in abuse of the system
established by Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, and dis-
regarded the requirement of reciprocity established by Article 36, ainsi que des termes de la déclaration du Nigéria du 3 septembre
1965;
2) qu'en conséquenceles conditions nécessairespour autoriser le Came-
roun à invoquer sa déclaration en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l'ar-
ticle 36 comme fondement de la compétence de la Cour n'étaient pas
remplies lorsque la requêtea été soumise;
3) que, partant, la Cour n'est pas compétente pour connaître de la
requête.»
Deuxième exceptionpréliminaire:
«Pendant une périoded'au moins vingt-quatre ans avant le dépôtde la
requête,les Parties ont, au cours des contacts et des entretiens qu'ellesont
eus régulièrement, accepté l'obligatiode réglertoutes les questions fron-
talièresau moyen des mécanismesbilatéraux existants :
1) Cet ensemble de comportements communs constitue un accord impli-
cite de recourir exclusivement aux mécanismesbilatéraux existants et
de ne pas invoquer la compétencede la Cour.
2) A titre subsidiaire,dans ces circonstances,la Républiquedu Cameroun
est privéede son droit à invoquer la compétence de la Cour. »
Troisième exceptionpréliminaire:
«Sans préjugerde ce qui sera décidéau sujet de la deuxièmeexception
préliminaire,le règlement desdifférends frontaliersdans la régiondu lac
Tchad relèvede la compétenceexclusivede la commissiondu bassin du lac
Tchad et que, dans ce contexte, les procéduresde règlement prévuesdans
le cadre de la commission sont obligatoires pour les Parties.
Le recours aux procédures derèglement desdifférendsde lacommission
du bassin du lac Tchad impliquait nécessairement,pour ce qui a trait aux
relations mutuelles entre le Nigéria etle Cameroun, que ne soit pas invo-
quéela compétencede laCour en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 en
ce qui concerne les questions relevant de la compétenceexclusive de la
commission. »
Quatrièmeexceptionpréliminaire:
«La Cour ne devrait pas détermineren l'espècel'emplacement de la fron-
tièredans le lac Tchad dans la mesure où cette frontière constitue le tri-
point dans le lac ou est constituéepar celui-ci.»
Cinquièmeexceptionpréliminaire:
«1) Le Nigéria considère qu'iln'existe pas de différend concernant la
délimitationde la frontière en tant que telle sur toute sa longueur entre le
tripoint du lac Tchad et la mer, et notamment:
a) qu'iln'ya pas de différendconcernant la délimitation dela frontièreen
tant que telle dans le lac Tchad, sans préjuger de la question du titre
sur Darak et les îlesavoisinantes habitéespar des Nigérians;
b) qu'iln'ya pas de différendconcernant la délimitationde la frontièreen
tant que telle entre le tripoint du lac Tchad et le mont Kombon;
c) qu'iln'y a pas de différendconcernant la délimitation de la frontièreen
tant que telle entre la borne frontière4 sur la rivièreGamana et le
mont Kombon;
d) qu'iln'ya pas de différendconcernant la délimitationde la frontièreen
tant que telle entre la borne frontière4 sur la rivièreGamana et la
mer. paragraph 2, of the Statute and the terms of Nigeria's Declaration
of 3 September 1965;
(2) that consequently the conditions necessary to entitle Cameroon to
invoke its Declaration under Article 36, paragraph 2, as a basis for
the Court's jurisdiction did not exist when the Application was
lodged; and
(3) that accordingly, the Court is without jurisdiction to entertain the
Application."
Second preliminaryobjection:
"For a period of at least 24 years prior to the filing of the Application
the Parties have in their regular dealings accepted a duty to settle al1
boundary questions through the existing bilateral machinery.
(1) This course ofjoint conduct constitutes an implied agreement to resort
exclusivelyto the existing bilateral machinery and not to invoke the
jurisdiction of the Court.
(2) In the alternative, in the circumstances the Republic of Cameroon is
estopped from invoking the jurisdiction of the Court."
Thirdpreliminary objection:
"Without prejudice to the second preliminary objection, the settlement
of boundary disputes within the Lake Chad region is subject to the exclu-
sivecompetence of the Lake Chad Basin Commission, and in this context
the procedures of settlement within the Lake Chad Basin Commission are
obligatory for the Parties.
The operation of the dispute settlement procedures of the Lake Chad
Basin Commission involved the necessary implication, for the relations of
Nigeria and Cameroon interse, that the jurisdiction of the Court by virtue
of Article 36, paragraph 2, would not be invoked in relation to matters
within the exclusivecompetence of the Commission."
Fourthpreliminary objection:
"The Court should not in these proceedings determine the boundary in
Lake Chad to the extent that that boundary constitutes or is constituted
by the tripoint in the Lake."
Fifth preliminary objection:
"(1) In the submission of Nigeria there is no dispute concerning bound-
ary delimitation as such throughout the whole length of the boundary
from the tripoint in Lake Chad to the sea, and in particular:
(a) there is no dispute in respect of the boundary delimitation as such
within Lake Chad, subject to the question of title to Darak and adja-
cent islands inhabited by Nigerians;
(b) there is no dispute relating to the boundary delimitation as such from
the tripoint in Lake Chad to Mount Kombon;
(c) there is no dispute relating to the boundary delimitation as such
between Boundary Pillar 64 on the Gamana River and Mount Kom-
bon ; and
(d) there is no dispute relating to the boundary delimitation as such
between Pillar 64 on the Gamana River and the sea.286 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
2) La présente exception préliminaire est présenté saens préjugerde la
question du titre du Nigériasur la presqu'îlede Bakassi.»
Sixième exceptionpréliminaire:
«1) que la requête (etpour autant qu'ils sont pertinents l'amendement et
le mémoire) déposép ear le Cameroun ne satisfait pas aux critères
exigésquant à l'exposé des faitssur lesquels ellese fonde, notamment
en ce qui concerne les dates, les circonstances et les lieux précis des
prétendus incursionset incidents imputésà des organes de 1'Etatnigé-
rian;
2) que ces carences font qu'il est impossible
a) au Nigériade connaître, ainsi qu'ilen a le droit, les circonstances
qui, selonle Cameroun, sont à l'originede l'engagement de lares-
ponsabilitéinternationaledu Nigéria etdel'obligationderéparation
qui en découlepour lui;
b) à la Cour de procéderà un examen judiciaire équitable eteffectif
des questions de responsabilitéétatique etde réparationsoulevées
par le Cameroun et de se prononcer sur celles-ci;
3) et que, par conséquent,toutes les demandes concernant les questions
de responsabilitéétatique etderéparationprésentées par le Cameroun
dans ce contexte doivent êtredéclarées irrecevables.»
Septième exceptionpréliminaire :
«Il n'existe pas de différend juridiqueconcernant la délimitation dela
frontière maritime entre les deux Parties, qui se prêteraitactuellement à
une décision dela Cour, pour les motifs suivants:
1) il n'estpas possible de déterminerla frontièremaritimeavant de sepro-
noncer sur le titre concernant la presqu'île de Bakassi;
2) dans l'éventualitéoù la question du titre concernant la presqu'île de
Bakassi serait réglée, lesemandes concernant les questions de délimi-
tation maritime ne seront pas recevables faute d'action suffisante des
Parties pour effectuer, sur un pied d'égalitéu,ne délimitation«par voie
d'accord conformémentau droit international. »
Huitième exceptionpréliminaire:
«La question de la délimitation maritime met nécessairementen causle es
droits et les intérêd'Etats tiers et la demande à ce sujet est irrecevable.»
ConclusionsJinales :
«Pour les motifs qu'elle a exposés,la Républiquefédéraledu Nigéria
prie la Cour de dire et juger:
qu'elle n'apas compétencepour connaître des demandes formuléesà
l'encontre de la Républiquefédérale du Nigériapar la Républiquedu
Cameroun ;
etlou
que les demandes formuléesà l'encontrede la Républiquefédérale du
Nigériapar la République du Cameroun sont irrecevables dans la
mesure précisée dans les présentes exceptions préliminaires»
Au nom du Gouvernement du Cameroun,
dans l'exposé écrictontenant ses observations et conclusions sur les exceptions
préliminaires: (2) This preliminary objection iswithout prejudice to the title of Nigeria
over the Bakassi Peninsula."
Sixth preliminary objection:
"(1) that the Application (and so far as relevant,Amendment and Memo-
rial) filed by Cameroon does not meet the required standard of
adequacy as to the facts on which it is based, including the dates,
circumstances and precise locations of the alleged incursions and
incidents by Nigerian State organs;
(2) that those deficienciesmake it impossible
(a) for Nigeria to have the knowledge to which it is entitled of
the circumstances which are said by Cameroon to result in
Nigeria's international responsibilityand consequential obliga-
tion to make reparation; and
(b) for the Court to carry out a fair and effectivejudicial examina-
tion of, or make a judicial determination on, the issuesof State
responsibility and reparation raised by Cameroon; and
(3) that accordingly al1the issues of State responsibility and reparation
raised by Cameroon in this context should be declared inadmis-
sible."
Seventh preliminary objection:
"There is no legal dispute concerning delimitation of the maritime
boundary between the two Parties which is at the present time appropriate
for resolution by the Court, for the following reasons:
(1) no determination of a maritime boundary is possible prior to the
determination of title in respect of the Bakassi Peninsula;
(2) at the juncture where there is a determination of the question of title
over the Bakassi Peninsula, the issuesof maritime delimitation willnot
be admissible in the absence of sufficientaction by the Parties, on a
footing of equality, to effect a delimitation 'byagreement on the basis
of international law'."
Eighth preliminary objection:
"The question of maritime delimitation necessarily involves the rights
and interests of third States and is inadmissible."
Concluding submissions:
"For the reasons advanced, the Federal Republic of Nigeria requests the
Court to adjudge and declare that:
it lacksjurisdiction over the claims brought against the Federal Repub-
lic of Nigeria by the Republic of Cameroon;
ancilor
the claimsbrought againstthe Federal Republic ofNigeria by the Repub-
lic of Cameroon are inadmissibleto the extent specified inthese prelimi-
nary objections."
On behayof the Government of Cameroon,
in the written statement containing its observations on the preliminary objec-
tions: «Pour les motifs exposés..., la Républiquedu Cameroun prie la Cour
internationale de Justice de bien vouloir:
1) rejeter les exceptions préliminaires soulevéepsar la Républiquefédérale
du Nigéria;
2) constater que, par ses déclarationsformelles, celle-cia acceptéla com-
pétencede la Cour;
3) dire etjuger:
- qu'ellea compétencepour se prononcer sur la requête formép ear
le Cameroun le 29 mars 1994et complétée par la requêteaddition-
nelle en date du 6juin 1994et
- que la requête ainsi consolidée est recevable;
4) compte dûment tenu de la nature particulièrede cette affaire, qui porte
sur un différend afférentà la souverainetéterritoriale du Cameroun et
crée des tensions gravesentre lesdeux pays, fixerdes délaispour la suite
de la procédure qui permettent l'examen au fond du litige à une date
aussi rapprochée quepossible.»
19. Dans la procédureorale, les conclusions ci-aprèsont été présentép ear
les Parties:
Au nom du Gouvernementdu Nigéria,
à l'audience du 9 mars 1998:
«[P]our les motifs qui ont été exposépsar écritou oralement, le Nigéria
conclut :
Première exception préliminaire
1.1.Que le Cameroun, en déposantsa requêtedu 29 mars 1994,a violé
son obligation d'agirde bonne foi, a abusédu systèmeinstituépar le para-
graphe 2 de l'article36du Statut et n'a pas tenu compte de la condition de
réciprocité prévup ear le paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut, ainsi que
des termes de la déclarationdu Nigériadu 3 septembre 1965;
1.2. Qu'en conséquence,les conditions nécessairespour autoriser le
Cameroun à invoquer sa déclaration en vertu du paragraphe 2 de Sar-
ticle 36comme fondement de la compétence dela Cour n'étaientpas rem-
plies lorsque la requêtea étésoumise;
1.3. Que, partant, la Cour n'est pas compétentepour connaître de la
requête.
Deuxième exception préliminaire
2.1. Que, pendant une périoded'au moins vingt-quatre ans avant le
dépôtde la requête,les Parties ont, au cours des contacts et des entretiens
qu'elles ont eus régulièrement, accepté l'obligation de réglertoutes les
questions frontalièresau moyen des mécanismes bilatéraux existants;
2.1.1. Que cet ensemble de comportements communs constitue un
accord implicite de recourir exclusivementaux mécanismes bila-
térauxexistants et de ne pas invoquer la compétencede la Cour;
2.1.2. Qu'à titre subsidiaire, dans ces circonstances, la Républiquedu
Cameroun est privée de sondroit àinvoquer la compétencede la
Cour.
Troisièmeexception préliminaire
3.1. Que, sans préjugerde ce qui sera décidéau sujet de la deuxième "For the reasons given . . ., the Republic of Cameroon requests the
International Court of Justice :
(1) to dismissthe preliminary objections raised by the Federal Republic of
Nigeria;
(2) to find that, by its forma1declarations, Nigeria has accepted the juris-
diction of the Court;
(3) to adjudge and declare:
- that it has jurisdiction to decide on the Application filed by Cam-
eroon on 29 March 1994as supplemented by the additional Appli-
cation of 6 June 1994;and
- that the Application, thus consolidated, is admissible;
(4) having due regard to the particular nature of the case, which relates to
a dispute concerning the territorial sovereignty of Cameroon and is
creating serious tensions between the two countries, to fix time-limits
for the further proceedings which will enable the Court to proceed to
the merits at the earliest possible time."
19. In the oral proceedings,the Parties presented the followingsubmissions:
On behalfof the Government of Nigeria,
at the hearing on 9 March 1998:
"[Flor the reasons that have been stated either in writing or orally,
Nigeria submits :
First preliminary objection
1.1. That Cameroon, by lodging the Application on 29 March 1994,
violated its obligations to act in good faith, acted in abuse of the system
established by Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, and disregarded the
requirement of reciprocity established by Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute and the terms of Nigeria's Declaration of 3 September 1965;
1.2. that consequently the conditions necessary to entitle Cameroon to
invoke its Declaration under Article 36, paragraph 2, as a basis for the
Court's jurisdiction did not exist when the Application was lodged;
1.3. that accordingly, the Court is without jurisdiction to entertain the
Application.
Second preliminary objection
2.1. That for a period of at least 24 yearsprior to the filingof the Appli-
cation, the Parties have in their regular dealings accepted a duty to settle
al1boundary questions through the existing bilateral machinery;
2.1.1. that this course ofjoint conduct constitutes an implied agreement
to resort exclusivelyto the existingbilateral machinery and not to
invoke the jurisdiction of the Court;
2.1.2. that in the alternative, in the circumstances the Republic of
Cameroon isestoppedfrom invokingthejurisdiction of the Court.
Thirdpreliminary objection
3.1. That without prejudice to the second preliminary objection, theexception préliminaire, le règlement des différends frontaliers dans la
régiondu lac Tchad relèvede la compétenceexclusivede la commission du
bassin du lac Tchad et que, dans ce contexte, les procédures derèglement
prévuesdans le cadre de la commission sont obligatoires pour les Parties;
3.2. Que le recours aux procédures de règlement des différends de la
commission du bassin du lac Tchad impliquait nécessairement,pour ce
qui a trait aux relations mutuelles entre le Nigéria etle Cameroun, que
ne soit pas invoquée la compétencede la Cour en vertu du paragraphe 2
de l'article 36 en ce qui concerne les questions relevant de la compétence
exclusivede la commission.
Quatrième exceptionpréliminaire
4.1. Que la Cour ne devrait pas détermineren l'espècel'emplacementde
la frontièredans le lacTchad dans la mesure ou cette frontière constitue le
tripoint dans le lac ou est constituéepar celui-ci.
Cinquièmeexceptionpréliminaire
5.1. Que, sans préjuger de la question du titre du Nigéria sur lapres-
qu'île de Bakassi,il n'existepas de différendconcernant la délimitationde
la frontière en tant que telle sur toute sa longueur entre le tripoint du lac
Tchad et la mer, et notamment:
a) qu'iln'ya pas de différendconcernant la délimitationde la frontièreen
tant que telle dans le lac Tchad, sans préjuger de la question du titre
sur Darak et les îlesavoisinantes habitéespar des Nigérians;
b) qu'iln'y a pas de différendconcernant la délimitation dela frontièreen
tant que telle entre leripoint du lac Tchad et le mont Kombon;
c) qu'iln'y a pas de différendconcernant la délimitation de la frontièreen
tant que telle entre la borne frontière 64 sur la rivièreGamana et le
mont Kombon;
d) qu'iln'ya pas de différendconcernant la délimitation de la frontièreen
tant que telle entre la borne frontière 64 sur la rivièreGamana et la
mer.
Sixième exceptionpréliminaire
6.1. Que la requête(et lespiècesultérieuresdans la mesure où ellespou-
vaient êtredéposées) introduite par le Cameroun ne satisfait pas aux cri-
tèresexigésquant àl'exposé desfaits sur lesquelsellese fonde, notamment
en ce qui concerne les dates, les circonstances et les lieux précis despré-
tendus incursions et incidents imputésà des organes de 1'Etatnigérian;
6.2. Que ces carences font qu'il est impossible
a) au Nigériade connaître, ainsi qu'il en a le droit, les circonstances qui,
selon le Cameroun, sont à l'origine de l'engagementde la responsabi-
lité internationale du Nigéria et de l'obligation de réparation quien
découlepour lui;
b) à la Cour de procéder à un examen judiciaire équitable eteffectif des
questions de responsabilité étatique et de réparationsoulevéespar le
Cameroun et de se prononcer sur celles-ci;
6.3. Que, par conséquent, toutesles demandes concernant les questions
de responsabilité étatique et deréparation présentéespar le Cameroun
dans ce contexte doivent êtredéclarées irrecevables;
6.4. Que, sans préjudicede ce qui précède,les allégations formuléespar
le Cameroun quant à la responsabilité étatiquedu Nigériaou à la répara-settlement of boundary disputes within the Lake Chad region is subject
to the exclusive competence of the Lake Chad Basin Commission, and
in this context the procedures of settlement within the Lake Chad Basin
Commission are obligatory for the Parties;
3.2. that the operation of the dispute settlementprocedures of the Lake
Chad Basin Commission involved the necessary implication, for the rela-
tions of Nigeria and Cameroon inter se, that thejurisdiction of the Court
by virtue of Article 36, paragraph2, would not be invoked in relation to
matters within the exclusivecompetence of the Commission.
Fourth preliminary objection
4.1. That the Court should not in these proceedings determine the
boundary in Lake Chad to the extent that that boundary constitutes or is
constituted by the tripoint in the Lake.
F$th preliminary objection
5.1. That, without prejudice to the title of Nigeria over the Bakassi
Peninsula, there is no dispute concerning boundary delimitation as such
throughout the whole length of the boundary from the tripoint in Lake
Chad to the sea, and in particular:
(a) there is no dispute in respect of the boundary delimitation as such
within Lake Chad, subject to the question of title to Darak and adja-
cent islands inhabited by Nigerians;
(b) there is no dispute relating to the boundary delimitation as such from
the tripoint in Lake Chad to Mount Kombon;
(c) there is no dispute relating to the boundary delimitation as such
between boundary pillar 64 on the Gamana River and Mount Kom-
bon; and
(d) there is no dispute relating to the boundary delimitation as such
between pillar 64 on the Gamana River and the sea.
Sixth preliminary objection
6.1. That the Application (and so far as permissible, subsequent plead-
ings) filed by Cameroon does not meet the required standard of adequacy
as to the facts on which it is based, includingthe dates, circumstancesand
precise locations of the alleged incursions and incidents by Nigerian State
organs;
6.2. that those deficienciesmake it impossible
) for Nigeria to have the knowledge to which it is entitled of the cir-
cumstances which are said by Cameroon to result in Nigeria's inter-
national responsibility and consequential obligation to make repara-
tion ; and
(b) for the Court to carry out a fair and effectivejudicial examination of,
or make a judicial determination on, the issuesof State responsibility
and reparation raised by Cameroon;
6.3. that accordingly al1the issuesof State responsibility and reparation
raised by Cameroon in this context should be declared inadmissible;
6.4. that, without prejudice to the foregoing, any allegations by Cam-
eroon as to State responsibility or reparation on the part of Nigeria in tion due par celui-ci à l'égarddes questions viséesà l'alinéaf) du para-
graphe 17 de la requête additionnelledu 6 juin 1994du Cameroun sont
irrecevables.
Septième exceptionpréliminaire
7.1. Qu'il n'existepas de différendjuridique concernant la délimitation
de la frontière maritimeentre lesdeux Parties, qui seprêterait actuellement
à une décisionde la Cour, pour les motifs suivants :
1) iln'estpas possiblede déterminerla frontière maritimeavant de se pro-
noncer sur le titre concernant la presqu'île de Bakassi;
2) en tout étatde cause, les demandes concernant les questions de délimi-
tation maritime sont irrecevables faute d'action suffisantedes Parties
pour effectuer,sur un pied d'égalité,une délimitation((parvoied'accord
conformémentau droit international)).
Huitième exceptionpréliminaire
8.1. Que la question de la délimitation maritime metnécessairement en
cause les droits et les intérêd'Etats tiers et que la demande à ce sujet est
irrecevableau-delà du point G.
Partant, le Nigéria prieofficiellementla Cour de dire et juger:
1) qu'elle n'a pas compétencepour connaître des demandes formulées à
l'encontre de la République fédérald eu Nigériapar la Républiquedu
Cameroun; etlou
2) que les demandes formulées à l'encontre de la République fédérald eu
Nigéria par la République du Cameroun sont irrecevables dans la
mesure précisée dans les présentes exceptionspréliminaires. ))
Au nom du Gouvernementdu Cameroun,
à l'audiencedu Il mars 1998 :
«Pour les motifs qui ont été développé dsans les piècesde procédure
écriteet lors de la procédure orale, la Républiquedu Cameroun prie la
Cour internationale de Justice de bien vouloir :
a) rejeter les exceptions préliminairessoulevéespar la Républiquefédé-
rale du Nigéria;
b) à titre tout à fait subsidiaire,joindre au fond, le cas échéant,cellesde
ces exceptionsqui ne lui paraîtraient pas présenterun caractèreexclu-
sivement préliminaire;
c) dire et juger: qu'elle a compétencepour se prononcer sur la requête
forméepar le Cameroun le 29 mars 1994et complétéepar la requête
additionnelle du 6 juin 1994,et que cette requêteainsi consolidée est
recevable;
d) compte dûment tenu de la nature particulièrede cette affaire, fixer des
délaispour la suite de la procédure qui permettent l'examen au fond
du litige à une date aussi rapprochée quepossible.»
20. La Cour examinera successivement les huit exceptions prélimi-
naires soulevées par le Nigéria. respect of matters referred to in paragraph 17 (f) of Cameroon's amend-
ing Application of 6 June 1994are inadmissible.
Seventh preliminary objection
7.1. That there is no legal dispute concerning delimitation of the mari-
time boundary between the two Parties which is at the present time appro-
priate for resolution by the Court, for the following reasons:
(1) no determination of a maritime boundary is possible prior to the
determination of title in respect of the Bakassi Peninsula;
(2) in any event, the issues of maritime delimitation are inadmissible in
the absence of sufficientaction by the Parties, on a footing of equality,
to effect a delimitation 'by agreement on the basis of international
law'.
Eighth preliminary objection
8.1. That the question of maritime delimitation necessarilyinvolvesthe
rights and interests of third States and is inadmissiblebeyond point G.
Accordingly,Nigeria formallyrequests the Court to adjudge and declare
that :
(1) it lacksjurisdiction over the claimsbrought against the Federal Repub-
lic of Nigeria by the Republic of Cameroon; andlor
(2) the claims brought against the Federal Republic of Nigeria by the
Republic of Cameroon are inadmissible to the extent specified inthe
preliminary objections."
On behalf of the Government ofCamevoon,
at the hearing on 11March 1998 :
"For the reasons developed in the written pleadings and in the oral pro-
ceedings, the Republic of Cameroon requests the International Court of
Justice:
(a) to dismiss the preliminary objections raised by the Federal Republic
of Nigeria;
(b) completely in the alternative, to join to the merits, as appropriate,
such of those objections as it may deem not to be of an exclusively
preliminary character ;
(c) to adjudge and declare: that it hasjurisdiction to decide on the Appli-
cation filed by Cameroon on 29 March 1994as supplemented by the
Additional Application of 6 June 1994; and that the Application,
thus consolidated, is admissible;
(d) having due regard to the particular nature of the case, to fix time-
limits for the further proceedings which will permit examination of
the merits of the dispute at the earliest possible time."
20. The Court will successively examine the eight preliminary objec-
tions raised by Nigeria.290 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
21. Selon la première exception, la Cour n'a pas compétencepour
connaître de la requête du Cameroun.
22. Dans cette perspective, le Nigériaexpose qu'il avait acceptélajuri-
diction obligatoire de la Cour par déclaration datée du 14 août 1965
remise au Secrétairegénéral desNations Unies le 3 septembre 1965. Le
Cameroun, quant à lui, a acceptécettejuridiction par déclarationremise
au Secrétairegénéralle 3 mars 1994. Ce dernier a transmis copie de la
déclaration camerounaise aux parties au Statut onze mois et demi plus
tard. Le Nigériaindique qu'il n'avait donc aucun moyen de savoir et ne
savait pas, à la date d'introduction de la requête, soitle 29 mars 1994,
que le Cameroun avait remis une déclaration. Le Cameroun aurait par
suite «agi prématurément)).En procédant de la sorte, le demandeur
«aurait violéson obligation d'agir de bonne foi», «abusé du système
instituépar l'article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut)) et méconnu«la condi-
tion de réciprocité))prévuepar cet article ainsi que par la déclaration
du Nigéria. LaCour ne serait par suitepas compétentepour connaître de
la requête.
23. Le Cameroun considèreau contraire que sa requêteremplit toutes
les conditions requises par le Statut. Il rappelle que, dans l'affaire du
Droit de passage surterritoire indien,la Cour a jugéque
«le Statut ne prescrit aucun délaientre le dépôtpar un Etat d'une
déclaration d'acceptation et d'une requête, et qule principede réci-
procitén'est pas affectépar un délai dansla réceptionpar lesParties
au Statut des copies de la déclaration))(Droit de passage surterri-
toire indien, exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1957,
p. 147).
Le Cameroun souligne qu'il n'existeaucune raison de revenir sur ce pré-
cédent,au risque d'ébranlerle systèmede la juridiction obligatoire repo-
sant sur la clause facultative.l ajoute que la déclaration camerounaise
étaiten vigueur dèsle 3 mars 1994,du fait qu'à cette date elle avait été
enregistréeconformément à l'article 102de la Charte des Nations Unies.
Le Cameroun expose qu'en tout état de cause le Nigérias'est comporté
depuis l'ouverture de l'instance de manière telle qu'il doit être regardé
comme ayant acceptéla compétence dela Cour.
24. Le Nigéria fait valoiren réponse que ((l'affairedu Droit depassage
sur territoireindienorrespondait àune première impression» ;quel'arrêt
rendu alors est dépassé;qu'il est resté isolé; quele droit international,
spécialementence qui concerne la bonne foi, a évolué depuislors et que,
conformément à l'article 59 du Statut, ledit arrêtnejouit de l'autorité de
la chosejugéeque pour lesparties en litigeet dans le cas qui a étdécidé.
Pour ces motifs, la solution retenue en 1957 ne devrait pas l'être en
l'espèce.Le Nigérias'oppose àl'argumentation tiréepar le Cameroun de
l'article 102 de la Charte.Il prétend aussi qu'en l'espèceil n'a jamais 21. The first objection contends that the Court has no jurisdiction to
entertain Cameroon's Application.
22. In this regard, Nigeria notes that it had accepted the Court's com-
pulsory jurisdiction by a declaration dated 14 August 1965, deposited
with the Secretary-General of the United Nations on 3 September 1965.
Cameroon had also accepted the Court's compulsory jurisdiction by a
declaration deposited with the Secretary-Generalon 3 March 1994.The
Secretary-General transmitted copies of the Cameroon Declaration to
the parties to the Statute eleven-and-a-half months later. Nigeria main-
tains, accordingly, that it had no way of knowing, and did not actually
know, on the date of the filing of the Application, i.e., 29 March 1994,
that Cameroon had deposited a declaration. Cameroon consequently is
alleged to have "acted prematurely". By proceeding in this way, the
Applicant "is allegedto have violated its obligation to act in good faith",
"abused the system instituted by Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute"
and disregarded "the condition of reciprocity" provided for by that
Article and by Nigeria's Declaration. The Court consequently does not
have jurisdiction to hear the Application.
23. In contrast, Cameroon contends that its Application fulfils al1the
conditions required by the Statute. It notes that in the case concerning
Right of Passage over Indian Territory, the Court held that
"the Statute does not prescribe any interval between the deposit by a
State of its Declaration of Acceptance and the filing of an Applica-
tion by that State, and that the principle of reciprocitynot affected
by any delay in the receipt of copiesof the Declaration by the Parties
to the Statute" (Right of Passage overIndian Territory, Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1957, p. 147).
Cameroon indicates that there is no reason not to follow this mecedent.
at the risk of undermining the system of compulsory jurisdidion pro:
vided by the Optional Clause. It adds that the Cameroonian Declaration
was in force as early as3 March 1994,as at that date it was registered in
accordance with Article 102 of the United Nations Charter. Cameroon
states that in any event Nigeria has acted, since the beginning of these
proceedings, in such a way that it should be regarded as having accepted
the jurisdiction of the Court.
24. Nigeria argues in reply that the"case concerningthe Right of Pas-
sage over Indian Territory, was a first impression", that the Judgment
given is outdated, and that it is an isolated one; that international law,
especiallyas it relates to good faith, has evolvedinceand that in accord-
ance with Article 59 of the Statute, that Judgment only has the force of
resjudicata as between the parties and in respect of that case. For these
reasons, the solution adopted in 1957 should not be adopted here.
Nigeria does not accept the reasoning of Cameroon based on Article 102
of the Charter. Nigeria also contends that there is no question of itsacceptéla compétencede la Cour et que de ce fait il n'ya pasforum pro-
rogatum.
Le Cameroun conteste chacun de ces argumL,ts.
25. La Cour observera en premier lieu que, selon le paragraphe 2 de
l'article 36 du Statut:
«Les Etats parties au présentStatut pourront, à n'importe quel
moment, déclarer reconnaître comme obligatoire de plein droit et
sans convention spéciale, à l'égard detout autre Etat acceptant la
mêmeobligation, la juridiction de la Cour sur tous les différends
d'ordre juridique»
ayant l'un des objets prévuspar cette disposition.
Le paragraphe 4 de l'article 36 préciseque:
«Ces déclarations serontremisesau Secrétairegénéral deN s ations
Unies qui en transmettra copie aux parties au présentStatut ainsi
qu'au Greffier de la Cour. »
Au vu de ces dispositions, la Cour, dans l'affaire du Droit depassage
sur territoire indien, a conclu que:
«par le dépôt de sa déclaration d'acceptation entre les mains du
Secrétaire général,1'Etat acceptant devient partie au systèmede la
disposition facultativeàl'égard detous autres Etats déclarants,avec
tous lesdroits et obligationsqui découlentde l'article36. Le rapport
contractuel entre les parties et la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour
qui en découlesont établis «de plein droit et sans convention spé-
ciale» du fait du dépôt de la déclaration ..C'est en effet ce jour-là
que le lien consensuel qui constitue la base de la disposition faculta-
tive prend naissance entre lesEtats intéressés.(Droit depassage sur
territoire indien, exceptionspréliminaires,arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1957,
p. 146.)
Les conclusions auxquellesla Cour était ainsiparvenueen 1957tradui-
sent l'essence mêmd ee la clausefacultatived'acceptation de lajuridiction
obligatoire. Tout Etat partie au Statut, en acceptant la juridiction de la
Cour conformémentau paragraphe 2 de l'article 36, accepte cettejuridic-
tion dans ses relations avec les Etats ayant antérieurement souscrit à la
mêmeclause. En mêmetemps, il fait une offre permanente aux autres
Etats parties au Statut n'ayant pas encoreremis de déclaration d'accepta-
tion. Le jour où l'un de ces Etats accepte cette offre en déposant à son
tour sa déclaration d'acceptation,le lien consensuel est établi et aucune
autre condition n'a besoind'êtreremplie. Dèslors, et comme la Cour l'a
déclaréen 1957 :
((tout Etat faisant une déclaration d'acceptation doit êtrecensétenir
compte du fait qu'en vertu du Statut il peut se trouver à tout
moment tenu des obligations découlant de la disposition facultative
vis-à-vis d'un nouveau signataire, par suite du dépôtde la déclara-
tion d'acceptation de ce dernier» (ibid., p. 146).having consented to the jurisdiction of the Court in the case and hence
there is noforum prorogatum.
Cameroon contests each of these arguments.
25. The Court observes initially that, in accordance with Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute:
"The States parties to the present Statute may at any time declare
that they recognize as compulsory ipsofacto and without special
agreement, in relation to any other State acceptingthe same obliga-
tion, the jurisdiction of the Court inal1legal disputes"
as specifiedin that clause.
Article 36, paragraph 4, provides:
"Such declarations shall be deposited with the Secretary-General
of the United Nations, who shall transmit copies thereof to the
parties to the Statute and to the Registrar of the Court."
In the case concerning Right of Passage overIndian Territory, the
Court concluded, in the light of these provisions, that:
"by the deposit of its Declaration of Acceptance with the Secretary-
General, the accepting State becomes a Party to the system of the
Optional Clause in relation to the other declarant States, with al1the
rights and obligations derivingfrom Article 36.The contractual rela-
tion between the Parties and the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court resulting therefrom are established, 'ipsofacto and without
special agreement', by the fact of the making of the Declaration .. .
For it is on that very day that the consensual bond, which is the
basis of the Optional Clause, comes into being between the States
concerned." (Right of Passage ovev Indian Territory, Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, 1C.J. Reports 1957, p. 146.)
The conclusions thus reached by the Court in 1957reflect the very
essence of the Optional Clause providing for acceptance of the Court's
compulsory jurisdiction. Any State party to the Statute, in adhering to
the jurisdiction of the Court in accordance with Article 36, paragraph 2,
acceptsjurisdiction in its relations with States previously having adhered
to that clause. At the same time, it makes a standing offer to the other
States party to the Statute which have not yet deposited a declaration of
acceptance.The day one of those States accepts that offer by depositing
in its turn its declaration of acceptance, the consensual bond is estab-
lished and no further condition needs to be fulfilled. Thus, as the Court
stated in 1957:
"every State which makes a Declaration of Acceptance must be
deemed to take into account the possibilitythat, under the Statute, it
may at any timefind itselfsubjectedto the obligations of the Optional
Clause in relation to a new Signatory as the result of the deposit by
that Signatory of a Declaration of Acceptance" (ibid.,p. 146).292 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
26. Par ailleurs, et comme la Cour l'a égalementdéclaré dansl'affaire
du Droit de passage surterritoire indien,1'Etatdéclarant
«n'a à s'occuper ni du devoir du Secrétairegénéral ni dela manière
dont ce devoir est rempli. L'effet juridique de la déclaration ne
dépend pas del'action ou de l'inaction ultérieuredu Secrétairegéné-
ral. Au surplus, contrairement à d'autres instruments, l'article 36
n'énonceaucune exigence supplémentaire,par exemple celleque la
communication du Secrétairegénéralait été reçue par les parties au
Statut, ou qu'un intervalledoit s'écouleraprèsle dépôt de la déclara-
tion, avant que celle-cine puisseprendre effet.Toute condition de ce
genre introduirait un élémendt'incertitude dans lejeu du systèmede
la disposition facultative. La Cour ne peut introduire dans la dispo-
sition facultative aucune condition de ce genre.)) (C.I.J. Recueil
1957, p. 146-147.)
27. La Cour rappellera en outre que, contrairement à ce que soutient
le Nigéria, cetarrêtn'estpas resté isolé.a étéréaffirmédans l'affaire du
Temple de PréahVihéar(exceptions préliminaires,arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil
1961, p. 31) et dans celle des Activités militaires et paramilitaires au
Nicaraguaet contrecelui-ci (Nicaragua c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique) (com-
C.I.J. Recueil 1984,p. 392).Dans cetteder-
pétenceet recevabilité,arrêt,
nièreaffaire, la Cour a soulignéque:
«en ce qui concerne l'exigencedu consentement comme fondement
de sa compétenceet plus particulièrement les formalitésexigibles
pour que ce consentement soit expriméconformément aux disposi-
tions de l'article 36,paragraphe 2, du Statut, la Cour s'estxpri-
mée,notamment dans l'affaire du Temple de PréahVihéar.Elle a
alors indiqué que «la seule formalité prescrite est la remise de
l'acceptation au Secrétairegénéral desNations Unies, conformé-
ment au paragraphe 4 de l'article 36 du Statut (C.I.J.ecueil 1961,
p. 31).» (C.I.J. Recueil 1984,p. 412, par. 45.)
28. Le Nigéria conteste néanmoins cette solution en rappelant que,
conformément àl'article59du Statut, «[l]adécisionde la Cour n'est obli-
gatoire que pour les parties en litige et dans le cas qui a été décD).ès
lors les arrêtsrendus antérieurement, notamment dans l'affaire duDroit
de passage sur territoire indien,n'auraient ((manifestementpas d'effet
déterminant surla procédure actuelle)).
Il est vrai que, conformément à l'article 59, les arrêtsde la Cour ne
sont obligatoires que pour les parties en litige et dans le cas qui a été
décidé. Il ne saurait être question d'opposer au Nigéria les décisions
prises par la Cour dans des affairesantérieures.La question est en réalité
de savoir si, dans la présenteespèce,il existe pour la Cour des raisons
de s'écarter des motifs etdes conclusions adoptés dansces précédents. 26. Furthermore, and as the Court also declared in the case concern-
ing Right of Passage overZndian Territory, the State making the decla-
ration
"is not concerned with the duty of the Secretary-General or the man-
ner of its fulfilment. The legal effect of a Declaration does not
depend upon subsequentaction of the Secretary-General.Moreover,
unlike some other instruments, Article 36provides for no additional
requirement, for instance, that the information transmitted by the
Secretary-Generalmust reach the Parties to the Statute, or that some
period must elapse subsequent to the deposit of the Declaration
before it can become effective.Any such requirement would intro-
duce an element of uncertainty into the operation of the Optional
Clause system. The Court cannot read into the Optional Clauseany
requirement of that nature." (I.C.J. Reports 1957, pp. 146-147.)
27. The Court furthermore recalls that, contrary to what ismaintained
by Nigeria, this Judgment isnot an isolatedone. It has been reaffirmed in
the case concerningthe Temple of Preah Vihear(Preliminary Objections,
I.C.J. Reports 1961, p. 31), and in the case concerning Military and
Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United
States of America) (Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I. C.J.
Reports 1984, p. 392). In that latter case, the Court pointed out that:
"as regards the requirement of consent as a basis of itsjurisdiction,
and moreparticularlyasregardsthe formalitiesrequired for that con-
sent to be expressed in accordance with the provisions of Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Court has already made known its
view in, inter alia, the case concerningthe Temple of Preah Vihear.
On that occasion it stated: 'The only formality required is the
deposit of the acceptance with the Secretary-General of the United
Nations under paragraph 4 of Article 36 of the Statute.' (1.C.J.
Reports 1961, p. 31.)" (Z.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 412, para. 45.)
28. Nigeria nonetheless contests that conclusion pointing out that, in
accordance with Article 59of the Statute, "[tlhe decision of the Court has
no binding force except between the parties and in respect of that par-
ticular case". Thus, judgments given earlier, in particular in the case con-
cerning Right of Passage overIndian Territory, "clearly [have]no direct
compelling effect in the present case7'.
It is true that, in accordance with Article 59, the Court's judgments
bind only the parties to and in respect of a particular case. There can be
no question of holding Nigeria to decisions reached by the Court in pre-
vious cases. The real question is whether, in this case, there is cause not
to follow the reasoning and conclusions of earlier cases.293 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
29. Dans cette perspective,le Nigéria soutienttout d'abord que l'inter-
prétation donnéeen 1957 du paragraphe 4 de l'article 36 du Statut
devrait êtrerevue àla lumière del'évolutiondu droit des traités interve-
nue depuis lors. A cet égard,le Nigériase prévaut de l'article78 c) de la
convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités du 23 mai 1969. Cet ar-
ticle concerne les notifications et communications faites en vertu de la
convention. Il préciseque:
«Sauf dans les cas où le traité ou laprésenteconvention en dis-
pose autrement, une notification ou une communicationqui doit être
faite par un Etat en vertu de la présente convention:
.............................
c) si elle est transmise à un dépositaire, n'est considérée comme
ayant étéreçue par 1'Etatauquel elle est destinéequ'à partir du
moment où cet Etat aura reçu du dépositaire [lesinformations
requises].»
Selon le Nigéria, cetterègle«doit s'appliquer à la déclarationdu Came-
roun)). Au vu des dispositions de la convention de Vienne, la Cour
devrait, d'après le Nigéria,revenir sur la solution qu'elle avait adoptée
dans l'affaire du Droit de passage sur territoire indien. Le Cameroun
expose, quant à lui, que les déclarations d'acceptation de la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour «ne sont pas des traitésau sens de la convention
de Vienne)) et qu'«il n'était manifestement pasdans les intentions des
rédacteursde la convention ...d'alleà l'encontre delajurisprudence éta-
blie de la Cour en la matière)).Selon le Cameroun, cettejurisprudence
devrait être maintenue.
30. La Cour notera que le régimede remise et de transmission des
déclarations d'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire établi au para-
graphe 4 de l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour est distinct du régimeprévu
pour les traitéspar la convention de Vienne. Dèslors, les dispositionsde
cette convention ne sauraient éventuellementêtre appliquées auxdécla-
rations que par analogie (Activitésmilitaires et paramilitaires au Nicara-
gua et contre celui-ci (Nicaragua c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique),compétence
et recevabilité,arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 420, par. 63).
31. La Cour observera par ailleurs qu'en tout étatde cause les dispo-
sitions de la convention de Vienne n'ont pas la portéeque leur attribue
le Nigéria.L'article 78 de la convention n'a en effet pour objet que de
traiter des modalitésselon lesquellesles notifications et communications
doivent êtreeffectuées. Il ne gouverne pas les conditions dans lesquelles
s'exprime le consentement par un Etat à êtreliépar un traité et celles
dans lesquellesun traité entreen vigueur, ces questions étantréglées par
les articles 16et 24 de la convention. Aussi bien la Commission du droit
international, dans son rapport à l'Assembléegénéralesur le projet qui
devait devenir par la suitela conventionde Vienne,précisait-elleque, si le
futur article 78 comportait in limine une réserve explicite, c'état(avant
tout pour prévenirtoute erreur sur le rapport)) entre cet article et les
futurs articles 16et 24(Annuairede la Commission du droitinternational, 29. In this regard, Nigeria maintains first of al1that the interpretation
given in 1957to Article 36, paragraph 4, of the Statute should be recon-
sidered in the light of the evolution of the law of treaties which has
occurred since.ln that connection,Nigeria relies on Article 78 (c) of the
Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 23 May 1969. That
Article relates to the notifications and communications made under
that Convention. It provides that:
"Except as the treaty or the present Convention otherwise pro-
vide, any notification or communication to be made by any state
under the present Convention shall:
(c) if transmitted to a depositary, be considered as received by the
State for which it was intended only when the latter State has
been informed by the depositary."
According to Nigeria, that rule "must apply to Cameroon's Declara-
tion". In the light of the provisions of the Vienna Convention, Nigeria
contends that the Court should overturn the solution it adopted earlier in
the case concerning Right of Passage overIndian Territory. Cameroon
states, for its part, that the declarations of acceptance of the Court's
pulsory jurisdiction "are not treaties within the meaning of the Vienna
Convention" and "it was clearly no part of the intentions of the drafters
of the . . Convention . . to interfere with the settled jurisprudence of
the Court in this matter". Thisjurisprudence, Cameroon argues, should
be followed.
30. The Court notes that the régimefor depositing and transmitting
declarations of acceptance of compulsory jurisdiction laid down in
Article 36, paragraph 4, of the Statute of the Court is distinct from the
régimeenvisaged for treaties by the Vienna Convention. Thus the provi-
sions of that Convention may only be applied to declarations by analogy
(Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicara-
gua v. United States of America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judg-
ment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 420, para. 63).
31. The Court furthermore observes that in any event the provisions
of the Vienna Convention do not have the scope which Nigeria imputes
to them. Article 78 of the Convention is only designed to lay down the
modalities according to which notifications and communications should
be carried out. It does not govern the conditions in which a State
expresses its consent to be bound by a treaty and those under which a
treaty comes into force, those questions being governed by Articles 16
and 24 of the Convention.Indeed, the International Law Commission, in
its Report to the General Assembly on the draft which was subsequently
to become the Vienna Convention, specifiedthat if the future Article 78
included in limine an explicit reservation, that was "primarily in order to
prevent any misconception as to the relation" between that Article and
the future Articles 16 and 24 (Yearbook of the International Law Com- 1966, vol. II, p. 295). Elle ajoutait que de ce fait «les dispositions parti-
culièresde ces derniers articles prévalent)).
Or, selon l'article 16:
«A moins que le traitén'en dispose autrement, les instruments de
ratification, d'acceptation, d'approbation ou d'adhésion établissent
le consentement d'un Etat à êtreliépar un traitéau moment:
............................
b) de leur dépôt auprèsdu dépositaire.»
Le paragraphe 3 de l'article 24 dispose en outre que:
((Lorsque leconsentementd'un Etat à êtreliépar un traitéest éta-
blià une date postérieure àl'entrée en vigueurdudit traité,celui-ci,
à moins qu'il n'endispose autrement, entre en vigueur à l'égard de
cet Etat à cette date.))
Dans son rapport à l'Assemblée générale l, Commission du droit
international avait souligné que :
((Dans le cas du dépôt d'un instrument auprès d'un dépositaire, la
question sepose de savoir sic'est ledépôtlui-mêmequi établitlelien
juridique entre 1'Etat déposant et les autres Etats contractants ou
bien sile lienjuridique n'est créqu'au moment où ces dernierssont
informés du dépôtpar le dépositaire.)) (Annuaire de la Commission
du droit international,1966,vol. II, p. 219.)
Après avoir décritles avantages et les inconvénientsdes deux solutions,
elle avait conclu que:
((11ne fait pas de doute pour la Commission que la règle géné-
rale existanteest que c'est l'acte mêmedu dépôt quicréele lienjuri-
dique ..Telle a été l'opinion de laCour internationale de Justice
dans l'affaire du Droit de passage surterritoire indien (exceptions
préliminaires), où il s'agissait d'une situation analogue concernant
le dépôtde déclarations d'acceptationde la clausefacultativeen vertu
du paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour ...[Ainsi]la
règleexistante semble êtrebien établie.» (Ibid.)
Cette règlegénérale a trouvé sonexpression dans lesarticles 16et 24de
la conventiondeVienne: ledépôtdes instruments de ratification, d'accep-
tation, d'approbation ou d'adhésion établitle consentement d'un Etat à
êtreliépar un traité; ce dernier entre en vigueur à l'égard de cetEtat le
jour de ce dépôt.
Ainsi, les règlesadoptéesen ce domaine par la convention de Vienne
correspondent à la solution retenue par la Cour dans l'affaire du Droit de
passage surterritoire indien.Cette solution doit être maintenue.
32. Le Nigéria soulignecependant qu'en tout état de cause le Came-
roun ne pouvait déposerune requête devant laCour sans laisser s'écouler
un délairaisonnable «pour permettre au Secrétairegénéralde s'acquittermission, 1966, Vol. II, p. 271). It added that consequently "specificpro-
visions [of those latter Articles]will prevail".
According to Article 16 :
"Unless the treaty otherwise provides, instruments of ratification,
acceptance,approval or accessionestablishthe consent of a State to
be bound by a treaty upon:
.............................
(b) their deposit with the depositary."
Article 24 further provides in its paragraph 3 that:
"When the consent of a State to be bound by a treaty is estab-
lished on a date after the treaty has come into force,the treaty enters
into force for that State on that date, unlessthe treaty otherwise pro-
vides."
In its report to the General Assembly, the International Law Commis-
sion had pointed out that:
"In the case of the deposit of an instrument with a depositary, the
problem arises whether the deposit by itself establishes the legal
nexus between the depositing State and other contracting States or
whether the legal nexusarises only upon their being informed by the
depositary." (Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 1966,
Vol. II, p. 201.)
After describing the advantages and disadvantages of both solutions, it
concluded that :
"The Commission considered that the existing general rule clearly
is that the act of deposit by itself establishesthe legal nexus... This
was the view taken by the International Court of Justice in the Right
of Passage over Indian Territory (preliminaryobjections) case in the
analogous situation of the deposit of instruments of acceptance of
the optional clause under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute
of the Court . . .[Therefore] the existing rule appears to be well-
settled." (Zbid.)
This general rule is reflected in Articles 16and 24 of the Vienna Con-
vention: the deposit of instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval
or accessionto a treaty establishesthe consent of a State to be bound by
a treaty; the treaty enters into force as regards that State on the day of
the deposit.
Thus the rules adopted in this sphere by the Vienna Convention cor-
respond to the solution adopted by the Court in the case concerning
Right of Passage over Zndian Territory. That solution should be main-
tained.
32. Nigeriamaintains however that, in any event, Cameroon could not
filean application before the Court without allowing a reasonable period
to elapse "as would . . .have enabled the Secretary-General to take the295 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
de la tâche qu'ildevait remplir pour ce qui est de la déclarationdu Came-
roun du 3mars 1994~.Le respect d'un tel délais'imposeraitd'autant plus
que, selon le Nigéria, la Cour, dans son arrêtdu 26 novembre 1984rendu
en l'affaire des Activités militaires et paramilitaires au Nicaragua et
contre celui-ci, a exigéun délairaisonnable pour le retrait des déclara-
tions facultatives d'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire.
33. La Cour, dans l'arrêt ainsiévoqué,a constaté queles Etats-Unis
avaient remis en 1984 au Secrétaire général, trois joursavant le dépôt
d'une requêtepar le Nicaragua, une notificationlimitant la portée de leur
déclaration d'acceptation delajuridiction de la Cour. La Cour a constaté
que cette déclaration comportait une clause de préavis desixmois. Elle a
estiméque cette condition devait être respectéeen cas de retrait ou de
modificationde la déclaration eten a conclu que la notification de modi-
fication de 1984ne pouvait abolir avec effet immédiatl'obligation anté-
rieurement assuméepar les Etats-Unis (Activitésmilitaires et paramili-
taires au Nicaragua et contre celui-ci (Nicaragua c. Etats-Unis d'Amé-
rique), compétence etrecevabilité, C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 421, par. 65).
La Cour a notéen outre, àpropos de la déclarationdu Nicaragua dont
les Etats-Unis se prévalaientpar voie de réciprocité, qu'entout état de
cause
«le droit de mettre fin immédiatement à des déclarationsde durée
indéfinieest loin d'être établi.'exigencede bonne foi paraît imposer
de leur appliquer par analogie le traitement prévupar le droit des
traités, qui prescritun délairaisonnable pour le retrait ou la dénon-
ciation de traités ne renfermant aucune clause de durée))(ibid.,
p. 420, par. 63).
La Cour a ajouté: «la question de savoir quel délairaisonnable devrait
êtrerespectén'a pas à êtreapprofondie: il suffira d'observer qu'[un]laps
de temps [de trois jours] ne constitue pas un((délairaisonnable)) (ibid.).
34. La Cour estime que cette solution relative au retrait des déclara-
tions d'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire n'est pas transposable au
cas de la remise de ces déclarations. Eneffet, le retrait met fines liens
consensuels existants alors que la remise établit detels liens. Par suite, le
retrait a pour conséquence de priverpurement et simplement les autres
Etats ayant antérieurement acceptéla compétencede la Cour du droit
qu'ils avaient de saisir cette dernière d'un différendles opposant 1'Etat
ayant retiré sa déclaration. A l'inverse, la remise d'une déclarationne
prive cesmêmesEtats d'aucun droit acquis. A la suite d'une telle remise,
aucun délai n'estdès lors requis pour l'établissementd'un lien consen-
suel.
35. La Cour observera en outre qu'imposer l'écoulementd'un délai
raisonnable avant qu'une déclarationpuisse prendre effet serait intro-
duire un élémentd'incertitude dans lejeu du systèmede la clause facul-
tative. Ainsi qu'il a été rappeau paragraphe 26 ci-dessus,la Cour avait,action required of him in relation to Cameroon's Declaration of 3 March
1994".Compliancewith that time period is essential,the more so because,
according to Nigeria, the Court, in its Judgment of 26November 1984in
the case concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against
Nicaragua, required a reasonable time for the withdrawal of declarations
under the Optional Clause.
33. The Court, in the above Judgrnent, noted that the United States
had, in 1984,deposited with the Secretary-General,three days before the
filing of Nicaragua's Application, a notification limiting the scope of its
Declaration of acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction. The Court noted
that that Declaration contained a clause requiring six months' notice of
termination. It considered that that condition should be complied with in
cases of either termination or modification of the Declaration, and con-
cluded that the 1984notification of modification could not, with imme-
diate effect, override the obligation entered into by the United States
beforehand (Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicara-
gua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Jurisdiction and Admissi-
bility,1.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 421, para. 65).
The Court noted, moreover, in relation to Nicaragua's Declaration
upon which the United States was relying on the grounds of reciprocity,
that, in any event,
"the right of immediate termination of declarations with indefinite
duration is far from established. It appears from the requirements of
good faith that they should be treated, by analogy, according to the
law of treaties, which requires a reasonable time for withdrawal
from or termination of treaties that contain no provision regarding
the duration of their validity" (ibid., p. 420, para. 63).
The Court added: "the question of what reasonable period of notice
would legally berequired does not need to be further examined: it need
only be observed that [three days] would not amount to a 'reasonable
time' " fibid..
34. ~he court considers that the foregoingconclusion in respect of the
withdrawal of declarations under the Optional Clause isnot applicable to
the deposit of those declarations. Withdrawal ends existing consensual
bonds, while deposit establishes such bonds. The effect of withdrawal is
therefore purely and simply to deprive other States which have already
accepted the jurisdiction of the Court of the right they had to bring pro-
ceedingsbefore it against the withdrawing state.In contrast, the deposit
of a declaration does not deprive those States of any accrued right.
Accordingly no time period is required for the establishment of a consen-
sua1bond following such a deposit.
35. The Court notes moreover that to require a reasonable time to
elapse before a declaration can take effect would be to introduce an ele-
ment of uncertainty into the operation of the Optional Clause system.As
set out in paragraph 26 above, in the case concerning Right of Passage296 FRONTIERE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
dans l'affaire du Droit depassage sur territoire indien,estiméne pouvoir
créer unetelle incertitude. Les conclusions auxquelles elle était alorspar-
venue demeurent valables et s'imposentd'autant plus que l'augmentation
du nombre des Etats parties au Statut et l'intensification des relations
interétatiquesont depuis 1957multipliéles occasions de différendsjuri-
diques susceptibles d'être soumisà la Cour. Celle-ci ne saurait introduire
dans la clause facultative une condition supplémentairede délaiqui n'y
figure pas.
36. Le Nigériaexpose en deuxième lieuque le Cameroun a omis de
l'informer du fait qu'il entendait accepter la juridiction de la Cour, puis
du fait qu'il avait acceptécettejuridiction et enfin qu'il avait l'intention
de déposerune requête.Le Nigériasoutient en outre que le Cameroun
aurait mêmecontinué,au cours du premier trimestre 1994, à entretenir
avec lui des contacts bilatérauxsur les questions de frontières alors qu'il
s'apprêtaità s'adresserà la Cour. Un tel comportement, selon le Nigéria,
porterait atteinte au principe de la bonne foi quijouerait aujourd'hui un
rôle plus grand dans la jurisprudence de la Cour qu'autrefois; il ne sau-
rait êtreaccepté.
37. Le Cameroun, pour sa part, fait valoir qu'iln'avait aucune obliga-
tion d'informer à l'avancele Nigéria desesintentions ou de sesdécisions.
Il ajoute qu'en tout état de cause «le Nigéria n'anullement étépris par
surprise par le dépôt de la requête camerounaise,et ...connaissait par-
faitement l'intention du Cameroun en ce sens plusieurs semainesavant le
dépôt)).Le principe de la bonne foi n'aurait en rien étéméconnu.
38. La Cour observera que le principe de la bonne foi est un principe
bien établidu droit international. Il est énoncéau paragraphe 2 de l'ar-
ticle2 de la Charte desNations Unies; il a aussi étincorporé àl'article26
de la conventionde Vienne sur le droit des traitésdu 23mai 1969. Il a été
mentionné dèsle débutde ce siècledans la sentence arbitrale du 7 sep-
tembre 1910rendue en l'affaire des Pêcheries dela côte septentrionale de
l'Atlantique (Nations Unies, Recueil des sentences arbitrales, vol. XI,
p. 188).Il a en outre été consacré dans plusieurs arrêtsde la Cour per-
manente de Justice internationale (Usine de Chorzbw,fond, arrêtno 13,
1928, C.P.J. 1.sérieA no17,p. 30; Zones franches de la Haute-Savoie et
du Pays de Gex, ordonnancedu 6 décembre1930, C.P.J.I. sérieA no24,
p. 12,et 1932, C.P.J.I. sérieAIB no46, p. 167).Il a enfinété appliquépar
la présenteCour dès1952dans l'affaire relativeaux Droits des ressortis-
sants des Etats-Unis d'Amérique auMaroc (arrêt, C.I.J.Recueil 1952,
p. 212), puis dans l'affaire de la Compétenceen matière de pêcheries
(Républiquefédéraled'Allemagne c. Islande) (compétencede la Cour,
arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1973,p. 18)'dans cellesdes Essais nucléaires(C.I.J.
Recueil 1974,p. 268 et 473) et dans celledes Actions arméesfrontalières
et transfrontalières(Nicaragua c. Honduras) (compétenceet recevabilité,
arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1988,p. 105).over Indian Territory, the Court had considered that it could not create
such uncertainty. The conclusionsit had reached then remain valid and
apply al1the more since the growth in the number of States party to the
Statute and the intensification of inter-State relations since 1957 have
increased the possibilities of legal disputes capable of being submitted to
the Court. The Court cannot introduce into the Optional Clause an addi-
tional time requirement which is not there.
36. Nigeria's secondargument is that Cameroon omitted to inform it
that it intended to accept the jurisdiction of the Court, then that it had
accepted that jurisdiction and, lastly, that it intended to file an applica-
tion. Nigeria further argued that Cameroon even continued, during the
first three months of 1994, to maintain bilateral contacts with it on
boundary questions while preparing itself to address the Court. Such
conduct, Nigeria contends, infringes upon the principle of good faith
which today plays a larger role in the case-law of the Court than before,
and should-not be accepted.
37. Cameroon, for its part, argues that it had no obligation to inform
Nigeria in advance of its intentions, or of its decisions.It adds that in any
event "Nigeria was not at al1surprised by the filingof Cameroon's Appli-
cation and . . knew perfectly well what Cameroon's intentions were in
that regard several weeks before the filing". The principle of good faith
was not at al1disregarded.
38. The Court observes that the principle of good faith is a well-estab-
lished principle of international law. It is set forth in Article 2, para-
graph 2, of the Charter of the United Nations; it is also embodied in
Article 26 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 23 May
1969.It was mentioned as early as the beginning of this century in the
Arbitral Award of 7 September 1910in the North Atlantic Fisheriescase
(United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards, Vol. XI,
p. 188). It was moreover upheld in severaljudgments of the Permanent
Court of International Justice (Factory ut Chorzbw, Merits, Judgment
No. 13, 1928, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 17, p. 30; Free Zones of Upper
Savoy and the District of Gex, Order of 6 December 1930, P.C.I.J.,
Series A, No. 24, p. 12,and 1932, P.C.I.J., Series AIB, No. 46, p. 167).
Finally, it was applied by this Court as early as 1952in the case concern-
ing Rights of Nationals of the United States of America in Morocco
(Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1952, p. 212),then in the case concerning Fish-
eriesJurisdiction (Federal Republicof Germanyv. Iceland) (Jurisdiction
of the Court, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1973, p. 18), the Nuclear Tests
cases (I.C.J. Reports 1974, pp. 268 and 473), and the case concerning
Border and TransborderArmed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras) (Juris-
diction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 105). 39. La Cour notera par ailleurs que, si leprincipe de la bonne foi «est
l'un des principes de base qui président à la création et à l'exécution
d'obligations juridiques...,il n'est pas en soi une source d'obligation
quand il n'en existerait pas autrement)) (Actions armées frontalièreset
transfrontalières (Nicaragua c. Honduras), compétenceet recevabilité,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1988, p. 105,par. 94). Or, il n'existe en droit inter-
national aucune obligation spécifiquepour les Etats d'informer les autres
Etats parties au Statut qu'ilsont l'intention de souscrirea clause facul-
tative ou qu'ilsont souscrit ladite clause. En conséquence,le Cameroun
n'était pas tenu d'informerle Nigériaqu'il avait l'intention de souscrire
ou qu'il avait souscritàla clause facultative.
Par ailleurs:
«Un Etat qui accepte la compétence de la Cour doit prévoir
qu'une requêtepuisse être introduite contrelui devant la Cour par
un nouvel Etat déclarant le jour même où ce dernier déposeune
déclaration d'acceptation entre les mains du Secrétaire général.))
(Droit de passage sur territoire indien, exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1957, p. 146.)
De ce fait le Cameroun n'étaitpas davantage tenu d'informer le Nigéria
de son intention de saisir la Cour. En l'absence detelles obligationset de
toute atteinte aux droits correspondants du Nigéria,ce dernier n'est pas
fondé à se prévaloir du principede la bonne foi à l'appui de ses conclu-
sions.
40. En ce qui concerne les faits de l'espèce,sur lesquels les Parties ont
beaucoup insisté,la Cour, indépendamment de toute considération de
droit, ajoutera que le Nigéria n'était pasdans l'ignorance des intentions
du Cameroun. En effet. cedernier avait. le28février1994.saisileConseil
de sécuritédes incidentssurvenuspeu de temps auparavant dans la pres-
qu'île de Bakassi.En réponse,leNigéria avait,le4 mars 1994,expriméau
Conseil de sécurité sasurprise de constater que«le Gouvernement came-
rounais avait décidéd'internationaliser cette affaire en...c) engageant
une procédure auprès dela Cour internationale de Justice)).Certes, à la
date du 4 mars, le Cameroun avait remis sa déclaration d'acceptationde
la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour, mais n'avait pas encore saisi cette
dernière.La communication du Nigériaau Conseil de sécurité n'en mon-
trait pas moins que celui-cin'ignorait pas les intentions du Cameroun.
En outre, la Cour fera observer que, dès le4 mars 1994,le Journal des
Nations Unies,diffuséau siège à New York à l'intention des organes des
Nations Unies ainsi que des missions permanentes, faisait état de la
remise par le Cameroun au Secrétairegénérald'une ((déclarationrecon-
naissant comme obligatoire la juridiction de la Cour internationale de
Justice en application du paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut de la
Cour)) (Journal des Nations Unies, vendredi 4 mars 1994, no 1994143,
deuxièmepartie).
Enfin, le 11 mars 1994, lors de la session extraordinaire de l'organe
central du mécanismede l'organisation de l'unité africainepour la pré- 39. The Court furthermore notes that although the principle of good
faith is "one of the basic principles governingthe creation and perform-
ance of legal obligations... it is not in itself a source of obligation where
none would otherwise exist" (Border and Transborder Armed Actions
(Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 105,para. 94). There is no specificobligation in
international law for States to inform other States parties to theStatute
that they intend to subscribe or have subscribed to the Optional Clause.
Consequently, Cameroon was not bound to inform Nigeria that it
intended to subscribe or had subscribed to the Optional Clause.
Moreover :
"A State accepting the jurisdiction of the Court must expect that
an Application may be filed against it before the Court by a new
declarant State on the same day on which that State deposits with
the Secretary-General its Declaration of Acceptance." (Right of
Passage over Zndian Territory, Preliminary Objections,Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1957, p. 146.)
Thus, Cameroon was not bound to inform Nigeria of its intention to
bring proceedings before the Court. In the absence of any such obliga-
tions and of any infringement of Nigeria's corresponding rights, Nigeria
may not justifiably rely upon the principle of good faith in support of its
submissions.
40. On the facts of the matter, to which the Parties devoted consider-
able attention, and quite apart from legal considerations, the Court
would add that Nigeria was not unaware of Cameroon's intentions. On
28 February 1994,Cameroon had informed the Security Council of inci-
dents which had occurredshortly beforehand in the Bakassi Peninsula. In
response, on 4 March 1994,Nigeria apprised the Security Council of its
surprise in noting that "the Cameroon Government had decided to raise
the matter to an international level by . . .(c) bringing proceedings
before the International Court of Justice". Indeed on 4 March, Cam-
eroon had deposited its declaration of acceptance of the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court, but had not yet seisedthe Court. Nigeria's com-
munication to the Security Council nevertheless showed that it was not
uninformed of Cameroon's intentions.
Further the Court points out that, on 4 March 1994,the Journal of the
UnitedNations, issued at Headquarters in New York to United Nations
organs and to the permanent missions, reported that Cameroon had
deposited with the Secretary-General a "declaration recognizing as com-
pulsory the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice under
Article36,paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court" (Journalof the United
Nations, Friday 4 March 1994,No. 1994143(Part II)).
Lastly, on 11 March 1994,the bringing of the matter to the Security
Council and the International Court of Justice by Cameroon was men-vention, la gestion et le règlement des conflits, consacréeau conflit fron-
talier entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria,la saisinepar le Cameroun tant du
Conseil de sécuritéque dela Cour internationale de Justiceavait étéévo-
quée.
41. Le Nigériarappelle en troisième lieuque, par sa déclarationremise
le 3 septembre 1965,il avait reconnu
«comme obligatoire de plein droit et sans convention spéciale, à
l'égardde tout autre Etat acceptant la mêmeobligation, c'est-à-dire
sous la seulecondition de réciprocité,lajuridictionde la Cour inter-
nationale deJusticeconformément au paragraphe 2 de l'article 36du
Statut de laCour)).
Le Nigériasoutient qu'à la date d'introduction de la requête du Came-
roun il ignorait que cedernier avait acceptélajuridiction obligatoire de la
Cour. Il n'aurait donc pu présenterune requête contrele Cameroun. Il y
avait dèslors absence de réciprocitéà cette date. La condition contenue
dans la déclaration du Nigériajouait; en conséquence,la Cour serait
incompétentepour connaître de la requête.
42. Le Cameroun conteste cette argumentation tant en fait qu'en
droit. Il souligne que la condition de réciprocitén'a jamais eu dans
l'esprit des Etats parties la clause facultative le sens que lui attribue
aujourd'hui le Nigéria;la Cour aurait donné à cette condition un sens
tout différent dans plusieurs de ses arrêts. L'interprétation fournie
aujourd'hui par le Nigériade sa propre déclaration serait une interpréta-
tion nouvelle à l'appui de laquelle n'est citéeaucune autorité. En défini-
tive, selon le Cameroun, la déclaration nigériane aurait eu seulement
pour objet de préciser qu'il a «une seule et unique condition au carac-
tère obligatoirede la compétencede la Cour: que le Cameroun accepte la
mêmeobligation que le Nigéria, c'est-à-direqu'il acceptela compétence
de la Cour. C'est lecas.»
43. La Cour a eu à de nombreuses reprises à s'interroger sur le sens
qu'il convient de donner à la condition de réciprocitépour l'application
du paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut. Dès 1952,elle a jugédans l'af-
faire de1'Anglo-IranianOil Co. que, lorsque des déclarations sont faites
sous condition de réciprocité, ((compétenceest conférée àla Cour seule-
ment dans la mesure où elles coïncident pour la lui conférer))(C.I. J.
Recueil 1952, p. 103).La Cour a appliquéde nouveau cette règledans
l'affairede Certainsemprunts norvégiens(C.I.J. Recueil1957,p. 23et 24)
et l'a préciséeans l'affaire del'lnterhandel où elle a jugéque:
«La réciprocitéen matière de déclarations portant acceptation
de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour permetàune partie d'invo-
quer une réserve à cette acceptation qu'elle n'a pas expriméedans
sa propre déclaration mais que l'autre partie a expriméedans la
sienne..La réciprocité perme t 1'Etatqui a acceptéleplus largementtioned at the extraordinary general meeting of the Central Organ of the
Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution of the
Organization of African Unity, devoted to the border conflict between
Cameroon and Nigeria.
41. Nigeria recalls in the third place that, by its Declaration deposited
on 3 September 1965,it had recognized
"as compulsory ipsofacto and without specialagreement, in relation
to any other State accepting the same obligation, that is to say, on
the sole condition of reciprocity, thejurisdiction of the International
Court of Justice in conformity with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute of the Court".
Nigeria maintains that on the date on which Cameroon's Application
was filed, it did not know that Cameroon had accepted the Court's com-
pulsory jurisdiction. Accordingly it could not have brought an applica-
tion against Cameroon. There was an absence of reciprocityon that date.
The condition contained in the Nigerian Declaration was operative; con-
sequently,the Court does not have jurisdiction to hear the Application.
42. Cameroon disputesthis argument in fact as wellas in law. It states
that, in the minds of the States party to the Optional Clause, the condi-
tion of reciprocity never possessed the meaning which Nigeria now
ascribes to it; the Court had ascribed a completelydifferentmeaning to it
in a number of itsjudgments. The interpretation now provided by Nigeria
of its own declaration was a new interpretation for which no authority
was cited in support. In sum, the purpose of the Nigerian Declaration,
according to Cameroon, was only to emphasize that there is "a sole and
unique condition to the compulsory character of the Court's jurisdiction
in this case, i.e., that Cameroon should accept the same obligation as
Nigeria, or in other words that it should accept the jurisdiction of the
Court. This Cameroon does."
43. The Court has on numerous occasions had to consider what mean-
ing it is appropriate to give to the condition of reciprocity in the imple-
mentation of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute. As early as 1952,it
held in the caseconcerning Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. that, when declarations
are made on condition of reciprocity, "jurisdiction is conferred on the
Court only to the extent to which the two Declarations coincide in con-
ferring it" (I.C.J. Reports 1952, p. 103). The Court applied that rule
again in the case of Certain Norwegian Loans (I.C.J. Reports 1957,
pp. 23 and 24) and clarified it in the Interhandel case where it held that:
"Reciprocity in the case of Declarations acceptingthe compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court enables a Party to invoke a reservation to
that acceptance which it has not expressed in its own Declaration
but which the other Party has expressed in its Declaration. . .Reci-
procity enables the State which has made the wider acceptance of the la juridiction de la Cour de se prévaloirdes réserves à cette accep-
tation énoncées par l'autre partie. La s'arrêtel'effetde réciprocité.)
(C.I.J. Recueil 1959,p. 23.)
En définitive,«[l]a notion de réciprocitéporte sur l'étendue et la subs-
tance des engagements, y compris lesréservesdont ils s'accompagnent, et
non sur les conditions formelles relatives à leur création,leur durée ou
leur dénonciation))(Activitésmilitaires et paramilitaires au Nicaragua et
contre celui-ci (Nicaragua c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique), compétence et
recevabilité,arrêt,C. I.J. Recueil 1984,p. 419, par. 62). Elle conduit seu-
lement la Cour à vérifier si,au moment du dépôt dela requête introduc-
tive d'instance, «les deux Etats ont accepté«la mêmeobligation)) par
rapport à l'objet du procès))(ibid., p. 420-421,par. 64).
Ainsi, dans une instance judiciaire, la notion de réciprocité,comme
celled'égalité,«ne sont pas des conceptionsabstraites. Elles doivent être
rattachées à des dispositions du Statut ou des déclarations» (Droit de
passage surterritoire indien,exceptionspréliminaires,arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil
1957, p. 145).Par voie de conséquence,«le principe de réciprocitén'est
pas affectépar un délaidans la réception par les parties au Statut des
copies de la déclaration))(ibid., p. 147).
Le Nigériaestime cependant que ce précédentn'est pas applicable en
l'espèce.11souligne que, s'ila dans sa déclarationde 1965reconnu lajuri-
diction de la Cour comme obligatoire a l'égard detout autre Etat accep-
tant la mêmeobligation, il a précisé cette phrase en y ajoutant les mots:
((c'est-à-diresous la seule condition de réciprocité)).«Ces mots supplé-
mentaires ont manifestement un sens et un effet ..celui de compléter la
((coïncidence))prévuepar le paragraphe 2 de l'article 36par l'élémend te
mutualité inhérentau concept de «réciprocité.»La condition nigériane
aurait en d'autres termes eu pour but ((d'atténuerles effets))de la déci-
sion prise dans l'affaireduDroit depassage sur territoire indienen créant
une égalité des risqueset en évitanttoute saisine de la Cour par surprise.
44. A l'appui de ce raisonnement, le Nigéria invoque la décisionren-
due dans l'affaire de I'Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., dans laquelle la Cour a
précisé qu'ellene saurait fonder son interprétation de la déclaration ira-
nienne reconnaissant la compétencede la Cour
«sur une interprétation purement grammaticale du texte. Elle doit
rechercher l'interprétationqui est en harmonie avecla manièrenatu-
relle et raisonnable de lire le texte, eu égarda l'intention du Gouver-
nement de l'Iranà l'époqueoù celui-cia acceptéla compétenceobli-
gatoirede laCour. »(Anglo-IranianOil Co., exceptionspréliminaires,
C.I.J. Recueil 1952, p. 104.)
La Cour en avait déduit qu'«il est peu probable que le Gouvernement de
l'Iran ait étédisposé,de sa propre initiative, à accepter de soumettre à
une cour internationale de justice les différendsrelatifs))(ibid., p. 105)
aux conventions capitulaires qu'il venaitde dénoncer. jurisdiction of the Court to rely upon the reservations to the accept-
ance laid down by the other Party. There the effect of reciprocity
ends." (I.C.J. Reports 1959,p. 23.)
In the final analysis,"[tlhe notion of reciprocity is concerned with the
scope and substance of the commitments entered into, including reserva-
tions, and not with the forma1conditions of their creation, duration or
extinction" (Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua
(Nicaragua v. United States of America), Jurisdiction andAdmissibility,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 419, para. 62). It simply requires that
the Court ascertain whether, at the time of filingthe Application institut-
ing proceedings "the two States accepted 'the same obligation' in relation
to the subject-matter of the proceedings" (ibid., pp. 420-421,para. 64).
Therefore, in legal proceedings, the notion of reciprocity, and that of
equality, "are not abstract conceptions. They must be related to some
provision of the Statute or of the Declarations" (Right of Passage over
Indian Territory, Preliminary Objections,Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1957,
p. 145). Consequently, "the principle of reciprocity is not affected by
any delay in the receipt of copies of the Declaration by the Parties to the
Statute" (ibid., p. 147).
Nigeria considers, however, that that precedent does not apply here. It
points out that, although in its 1965Declaration, it recognized the juris-
diction of the Court as compulsory in relation to any other State accept-
ing the same obligation, it was more explicit in adding the words "and
that is to Say, on the sole condition of reciprocity". "Those additional
words clearly have somemeaning and effect ... it isthe supplementing of
the 'coincidence'required by Article 36, paragraph 2, by the element of
mutuality inherent in the concept of 'reciprocity'." The Nigerian condi-
tion, in other words, sought "to mitigate the effects" of the Court's
earlierdecision in the case concerning Right of Passage over Indian Ter-
ritory by creating an equality of risk and precluding that proceedings be
brought before the Court by surprise.
44. In support of its position, Nigeria invokes the decision givenin the
case concerning Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., in which the Court stated that it
could not base its interpretation of the Iranian Declaration recognizing
the jurisdiction of the Court
"on a purely grammatical interpretation of the text. It must seek the
interpretation which is in harmony with a natural and reasonable
way of reading the text, having due regard to the intention of the
Government of Iran at the time when it accepted the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court." (Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Preliminary
Objection, I.C.J. Reports 1952,p. 104.)
The Court had concluded that "[ilt is unlikely that the Government of
Iran ... should have been willing,on its own initiative, to agree that dis-
putes relating" (ibid., p. 105) to the capitulations which it had just
denounced be submitted to an international court of justice.300 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
45. La Cour estime que la situation est en l'espècetoute différente.Le
Nigérian'apporte pas de preuve à l'appui de sa thèse selonlaquelle il
aurait entendu insérerdans sa déclarationdu 14août 1965une condition
de réciprocitéayant un sens différentde celui que la Cour avait donnéà
de telles clauses en 1957.Dans le but de se protéger contre le dépôt de
requêtespar surprise, le Nigériaaurait pu, en 1965,insérerdans sa décla-
ration une réserveanalogue à celle que le Royaume-Uni avait ajoutée à
sa propre déclarationen 1958.Une dizained'autres Etats ont procédéde
la sorte. Le Nigériane l'a pas faità l'époque.Il s'est borné,comme la
plupart des Etats ayant souscrit la clause facultativà,rappeler que les
engagements qu'il prenait l'étaient, conformémentau paragraphe 2 de
l'article 36du Statut, l'égardde tout autre Etat acceptant la mêmeobli-
gation. A la lumièrede cette pratique, le membre de phrase additionnel
((c'est-à-dire sous la seule condition de réciprocité))doit êconsidéré
comme explicatif et ne posant aucune condition supplémentaire. Une
telle interprétationest en harmonie avec la manière naturelle et raison-
nable de lire letexte)) (Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., exceptions préliminaires,
C.I.J. Recueil 1952, p. 104)et la condition de réciprocitédu Nigériane
saurait être regardéecomme une réserve ratione temporis.
46. La Cour aboutit dèslors à la conclusion que la manière dont la
requête camerounaise a été présentée n'apas étécontraire à l'article 36
du Statut. Le dépôt de cetterequête n'a pas davantageétéopéré en viola-
tion d'un droit que le Nigéria tiendrait du Statut ou de sa déclaration
telle qu'en vigueurà la date d'introduction de la requête du Cameroun.
47. La première exceptionpréliminairedu Nigériadoit en conséquence
êtrerejetée. LaCour n'aura par suite pas à examiner l'argumentation
tiréepar le Cameroun de l'article 102de la Charte, ni lesconclusions sub-
sidiaires du Cameroun fondéessur le forum prorogatum. La Cour est en
tout étatde cause compétentepour connaître de la requêtedu Cameroun.
48. Le Nigériasoulève une deuxième exceptionpréliminaireen expo-
sant que, pendant
«au moins vingt-quatre ans avant le dépôt de la requêtel,es Parties
ont, au cours des contacts et des entretiens qu'elles ont eus réguliè-
rement, acceptél'obligation de réglertoutes lesquestionsfrontalières
au moyen des mécanismesbilatéraux existants)).
SelonleNigéria, un accordimpliciteserait ainsiintervenu en vue derecou-
rir exclusivementàcesmécanismeset de ne pas invoquer la compétencede 45. The Court considers that the situation in this case is very different.
Nigeria does not offer evidencein support of its argument that it intended
to insert into its Declaration of 14August 1965a condition of reciprocity
with a different meaning from the one which the Court had drawn from
such clausesin 1957.In order to protect itselfagainst the filingof surprise
applications, in 1965,Nigeria could have inserted in its Declaration an
analogous reservation to that which the United Kingdom added to its
own Declaration in 1958.Ten or so other States proceeded in this way.
Nigeria did not do so at that time. Like the majority of States which sub-
scribe to theOptional Clause, it merely specifiedthat the commitments it
was entering into, in accordance with Article 36,paragraph 2, of the Stat-
ute, were reciprocal in relation to any other State accepting the same
obligation. In the light of this practice, the additional phrase of the sen-
tence, "that is to Say,on the solecondition of reciprocity" must be under-
stood as explanatory and not adding any further condition. This inter-
pretation is "in harmony with a natural and reasonable way of reading
the text" (Anglo-Iranian Oil Co., Preliminary Objection, I.C.J. Reports
1952, p. 104)and Nigeria's condition of reciprocitycannot be treated as
a reservation ratione temporis.
46. The Court therefore concludes that the manner in which Cam-
eroon's Application was filed was not contrary to Article 36 of the Stat-
ute. Nor was it made in violation of a right which Nigeria may claim
under the Statute, or by virtue of its Declaration, as it was in forceon the
date of the filing of Cameroon's Application.
47. Nigeria's first preliminary objection is accordingly rejected. The
Court is therefore not called upon to examine the reasoning put forward
by Cameroon under Article 102 of the Charter, nor Cameroon's alterna-
tive submissions based on forum prorogatum. In any event, the Court has
jurisdiction to pass upon Cameroon's Application.
48. Nigeria raises a second preliminary objection stating that
"for a period of at least 24years prior to the filingof the Application
the Parties have in their regular dealings accepted a duty to settlel1
boundary questions through the existing bilateral machinery".
According to Nigeria, an implicit agreement is thus said to have been
reached with a view to resorting exclusivelyto such machinery and tola Courinternationale de Justice.A titre subsidiaire,leNigériasoutient que
la conduite du Cameroun a créé une situation d'estoppelqui lui interdirait
de s'adresser la Cour. Le Nigériainvoqueenfinleprincipede la bonne foi
et la règlepacta sunt servandà l'appui de son argumentation.
49. Le Cameroun expose que les organes bilatéraux qui ont traitéde
diverses difficultésfrontalières apparues entre les deux pays n'ont eu
qu'une existenceintermittente et qu'aucun mécanismeinstitutionnel per-
manent n'a été mis sur pied.l souligneen outre qu'aucun accord explicite
ou impliciten'estintervenuentre lesPartiespour conférer une compétence
exclusiveà de tels organes. Enfin, selon le Cameroun, les conditions fixées
par lajurisprudence de la Cour pour qu'existeune situation d'estoppelne
seraient pas réunies enl'espèce.Dèslors, il n'yaurait pas lieuapplica-
tion du principe de la bonne foi et de la règlepactant servanda.
50. L'exception nigériane comporte ainsi deux branches. Mais avant
de se prononcer en droit en les examinant successivement,la Cour rap-
pellera les faits pertinents en la matière.
51. Le premier contact bilatéralrapporté au dossier concerneun litige
de caractère localdans lesdistrictsdeanare (Nigéria)et Budam (Came-
roun). Ce litige donna lieu en 1965 à des ((pourparlers exploratoires))
concernant la démarcation de la frontière dans ce secteur. Celle-ciayant
étéopérée par lesautorités allemandeet britannique au débutdu siècle,il
fut convenude rechercher lesbornes existantesen vue d'identifierla fron-
tière et de procéder à sa démarcation non seulement entre Danare et
Budam, mais sur un tronçon d'environ 20milles,des chutesd'eau d'Obo-
kum à Bashu (bornes no" 14 à 105).Les bornes existantesfurent retrou-
vées,mais par la suite aucun des travaux envisagésne fut effectué.
52. Cinq ans plus tard,à la suited'incidents survenusdans la régionde
la Cross River et de la presqu'île de Bakassi, les deux gouvernements
décidèrentde constituerune commission mixte sur les frontières. Lors de
la premièreréunion de cettecommission, les délégué dsu Cameroun et du
Nigéria approuvèrentle 14août 1970une déclaration recommandant la
délimitationde la frontière en trois étapes:
«a) la délimitation de la frontière maritime;
6) la délimitation de la frontière terrestre, telle que définiepar le
protocole anglo-allemand signé à Obokum le 12avril 1913et
confirmépar l'accord anglo-allemand de Londres concernant:
1) le tracéde la frontière entre le Nigériaet le Cameroun de
Yola à la mer; 2) la réglementation de la navigation sur la
Cross River et l'échange delettresentre les Gouvernementsbri-
tannique et allemand du 6juillet 1914;
c) la délimitationdu reste de la frontière terrestre*.
La déclarationprécisaiten outre les bases sur lesquellesla délimitation
maritime devait êtreopérée.Elle recommandait que le travail de démar-
cation entaméen 1965fût poursuivi. Enfin, ellepréconisaitqu'à la fin de
chacune des étapes un traité séparé fût signépar les deux pays afin derefraining from relying on the jurisdiction of the International Court of
Justice. In the alternative, Nigeria claims that by its conduct Cameroon is
estopped from turning to the Court. Finally, Nigeria invokesthe principle
of good faith and the rulepacta sunt servandain support of this argument.
49. Cameroon maintains that the bilateral bodies which dealt with
various boundary difficultiesthat had emerged between the two countries
had only been temporary and that no permanent institutional machinery
had been set up. It contends that no explicit or implicit agreement had
been established between the Parties with a view to vesting exclusive
jurisdiction insuch bodies. Finally, according to Cameroon, the condi-
tions laid down in the Court's case-lawfor the application of estoppel to
arise were not fulfilled here. Therefore, there was no occasion to apply
the principle of good faith and the rule pacta sunt sevvanda.
50. Nigeria's objection thus consists of two branches. But before mak-
ing a legal determination considering them in turn, the Court willreview
the relevant facts.
51. The first bilateral contact referred to in the pleadings concerns a
local dispute in the districts ofnare (Nigeria) and Budam (Cameroon).
This dispute gave rise in 1965 to "exploratory talks" concerning the
demarcation of the boundary in this sector. That course having been
determined by the German and British authorities at the beginning of the
century, it was agreed to locate existing boundary pillars with a view to
identifying the boundary and proceeding with its demarcation not only
between Danare and Budam, but also on a stretch of some 20miles from
Obokum Falls to Bashu (boundary pillars Nos. 114to 105).The existing
pillars were identified but none of the work planned was subsequently
carried out.
52. Five years later, in response to incidents that occurred in the Cross
River region and the Bakassi Peninsula, the two Governments decided to
set up a Joint Boundary Commission. At the first meeting of that Com-
mission, the delegates from Cameroon and Nigeria approved, on
14August 1970,a declaration recommending that the delimitation of the
boundary be carried out in three stages:
"(a) the delimitation of the maritime boundary ;
(b) the delimitation of the land boundary as definedin the Anglo-
German Protocol signed at Obokum on 12 April 1913 and
confirmed by the London Anglo-German agreement 'respect-
ing (1) the settlement of Frontier between Nigeria and Cam-
eroon from Yola to the sea; and (2) the Regulation of naviga-
tion on the Cross River', and the exchange of letters between
the British and German Governments on 6 July 1914;
(c) the delimitation of the rest of the land boundary".
The declaration further specifiedthe bases on which the delimitation of
the maritime boundary was to be carried out. It recommended that the
demarcation work commenced in 1965 be resumed. Finally, it recom-
mended that, on completion of each of these stages, a separate treaty bedonner une portée légale à la frontière ainsi délimitet fixéesur le ter-
rain.
Un comité techniquemixte fut ensuite créé en vue de mettre en Œuvre
la déclaration conjointe. Comme convenu, il commença ses travaux par
la délimitation maritime. Les négociations se poursuivirent à divers
niveaux à ce sujet pendant prèsde cinq ans. Elles se conclurent le 4 avril
1971en ce qui concerne la frontière maritimeàl'embouchure de la Cross
River, puis aboutirent lele' juin 1975à Maroua à une déclaration des
deux chefs d'Etat concernant le tracéde la frontièremaritimedepuiscette
embouchure jusqu'à un point dénommé «GD situéselon les Parties à
environ 17milles marins des côtes.
53. Au cours des années qui suivirent,les contacts entre les deux pays
sur les questions de frontières devinrent moins fréquents. Tout au plus
peut-on noter la tenue de deux commissions mixtes. La première, en
1978,réunitlesdeux ministres des affairesétrangères.Ceux-ciexposèrent
leurs points de vue sur certains problèmes frontaliers sans entamer de
négociation et la réunionn'aboutit à aucun procès-verbalcommun. La
seconde, en 1987,réunitles ministreschargésdu plan dans les deux pays
et n'aborda pas les questions frontalières.
54. Les négociationssur ces questions, interrompues après 1975, ne
reprirent entre les deux Etats que seize ans plus tard, lorsque les deux
ministres des affaires étrangères adoptèrentle 29 août 1991un commu-
niqué conjointselon lequel:
«Au sujet des problèmesfrontaliers, les deux parties sont conve-
nues de faire examiner en détailtous lesaspectsde la question par les
experts de la commission nationale des frontièresdu Nigériaet par
les experts de la République du Cameroun lors d'une réunion qui
aura lieuàAbuja en octobre 1991et dont l'objectif sera deformuler
des recommandations visant à résoudrepacifiquement lesproblèmes
de nature frontalière.
En fait, une première réunion de ces experts avait eu lieu en même
temps que celledes ministres des affairesétrangèresen août 1991.Elle fut
suivie d'une deuxièmeréunion à Abuja en décembre1991, puis d'une
troisièmeà Yaoundéen août 1993.Ces réunions ne permirent d'aboutir à
aucun accord, notamment en ce qui concernela déclaration de Maroua,
considérée comme obligatoire par le Cameroun, mais non par le Nigéria.
55. En définitive,la Cour constate que les négociations entreles deux
Etats concernantla délimitation oula démarcationde leur frontièreontété
menéesdans des cadres variés àdes niveauxdivers: chefsd'Etat, ministres
des affaires étrangères, experts.Elles ont été activesdurant la période
allant de 1970à 1975,puis ellesont été interrompuesjusqu'en 1991.
56. Abordant les questions de droit, la Cour traitera maintenant de la
première branche de l'exception nigériane. Ellerappellera tout d'abordsigned by the two countries to giveeffect to the boundary so demarcated
and surveyed.
A Joint Technical Committee was then set up for the purpose of imple-
menting the joint declaration. As agreed, it began its work with the
delimitation of the maritime boundary. Negotiations went on at various
levels on this matter for almost five years. They concluded on 4 April
1971as regards the maritime boundary at the mouth of the Cross River,
then led on 1June 1975to a declaration in Maroua by the two Heads of
State concerningthe course of the maritime boundary from the mouth of
the Cross River to a point denominated "G" situated, according to the
Parties, some 17nautical miles from the Coast.
53. Over the following years, contacts between the two countries on
these boundary issues became less frequent. At most, it may be noted
that two Joint Committee meetings were held. The first, in 1978, was
attended by the two Foreign Ministers. They set forth their points of view
on a number of boundary problems without undertaking negotiations
and the meeting did not result in anyjoint minutes. The second meeting,
held in 1987,brought together the Ministers responsible for planning in
the two countries and did not broach boundary matters.
54. The negotiations on these issues, which were interrupted after
1975,were only resumed between the two States 16years later when, on
29 August 1991,the two Foreign Ministers adopted a joint communiqué
stating:
"On border issues, the two sides agreed to examine in detail al1
aspects of the matter by the experts of the National Boundary Com-
mission of Nigeria and the experts of the Republic of Cameroon at a
meeting to be convened at Abuja in October 1991 with a view to
making appropriate recommendations for a peaceful resolution of
outstanding border issues."
Indeed, a first meeting ofthese experts took place at the same time as
that of the Foreign Ministers in August 1991.It was followed by a second
meeting at Abuja in December 1991, then by a third at Yaoundé
in August 1993.No agreement could be reached at these meetings,in par-
ticular as regards the Maroua Declaration, which wasconsidered binding
by Cameroon but not by Nigeria.
55. In sum, the Court notes that the negotiations between the two
States concerning the delimitation or the demarcation of the boundary
were carried out in various frameworks and at various levels: Heads of
State, Foreign Ministers,experts.The negotiations wereactive during the
period 1970to 1975and then were interrupted until 1991.
56. Turning to legal considerations, the Court will now consider the
first branch of the Nigerian objection. It recalls first that, "Negotiation que «[l]a négociation etle règlement judiciaire sont l'une et l'autre cités
comme moyens de règlement pacifique desdifférends à l'article 33 de la
Charte des Nations Unies)) (Plateau continental de la mer Egée, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1978, p. 12, par. 29). Il n'existe ni dans la Charte, ni
ailleurs en droit international, de règlegénérale selonlaquelle l'épuise-
ment des négociationsdiplomatiques serait un préalable à la saisine de la
Cour. Un tel préalable n'avait pasété incorporé dansle Statut de la Cour
permanente de Justice internationale, contrairement à ce qu'avait pro-
poséle Comitéconsultatifdejuristes en 1920(Comitéconsultatifdejuris-
tes, Procès-verbaux desséancesdu Comité(16juin-24 juillet 1920) avec
annexes, p. 679, 725-726).Il ne figurepas davantage à l'article 36du Sta-
tut de la présenteCour.
Un préalable dece type peut être incorporé etest souvent inséré dans
les clauses compromissoiresfigurant dans les traités. Il peut également
figurer dans un compromis, les signataires se réservant alorsde ne saisir
la Cour qu'une fois écoulé uncertain délai (voirpar exemple Différend
frontalier (Jamahiriya arabe IibyennelTchad), arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1994,
p. 9). Enfin, les Etats demeurent libres d'insérerdans leur déclaration
facultative d'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour une
réserveexcluantde la compétence decette dernièreles différendsau sujet
desquelsles parties en cause seraient convenues ou conviendraientd'avoir
recours à un autre mode de règlement pacifique. Au cas particulier,
aucune réservede ce type n'avait cependant été inséré deans les déclara-
tions du Nigéria ou du Cameroun à la date d'introduction de la requête.
Par ailleurs, le fait que les deux Etats aient, dans les circonstances rap-
peléesaux paragraphes 54 et 55 ci-dessus, tenté, lorsde contacts bilaté-
raux, de résoudre certaines des questions frontalières les opposant,
n'impliquait pas que l'un ou l'autre ait exclu la possibilité deporter tout
différendfrontalier le concernant dans d'autres enceintes et notamment
devant la Cour internationale de Justice. Dans sa première branche,
l'exception du Nigériane saurait en conséquenceêtreaccueillie.
57. Passant à la secondebranche de l'exception,la Cour examinera si
les conditions fixéespar la jurisprudence pour qu'existe une situation
d'estoLLelsont réunies enl'es~èce.
L'existenced'unetellesituation supposeraitque leCameroun aitadopté
un comportement ou fait des déclarations qui auraient attesté d'une
manière claire et constante qu'il avait acceptéde régler ledifférend de
frontièressoumisaujourd'hui à la Cour par des voies exclusivementbila-
térales.Elleimpliquerait en outre que le Nigéria,sefondant sur cetteatti-
tude, ait modifiésa position à son détriment ou ait subi un préjudice
quelconque (Plateau continental de lamer du Nord, arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil
1969, p. 26, par. 30; Différend frontalier, terrestre,insulaireet maritime
(El SalvadorlHonduras), requête afin d'intervention, arrêt, .I.J. Recueil
1990, p. 118,par. 63).
Ces conditions ne sont pas remplies en l'espèce.En effet, comme il a
étéprécisé au paragraphe 56 ci-dessus,le Cameroun n'a pas reconnu un
caractèreexclusif aux négociationsmenéesavec le Nigéria,pas plus queand judicial settlement are enumeratedtogether in Article 33 of the Char-
ter of the United Nations as means for the peaceful settlement of dis-
putes" (Aegean Sea Continental ShelJ: Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1978,
p. 12,para. 29). Neither in the Charter nor otherwise in international law
is any general rule to be found to the effect that the exhaustion of diplo-
matic negotiations constitutes a precondition for a matter to be referred
to the Court. No such precondition was embodied in the Statute of the
Permanent Court of International Justice, contrary to a proposa1 by the
Advisory Committee of Jurists in 1920(Advisory Committee of Jurists,
Procès-verbaux of the Proceedings of the Committee (16 June-24 July
1920) with Annexes, pp. 679, 725-726).Nor is it to be found in Article 36
of the Statute of this Court.
A precondition of this type may be embodied and is often included in
compromissory clauses of treaties. It may also be included in a special
agreement whose signatories then reserve the right to seisethe Court only
after a certain lapse of time (cf. Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jama-
hiriyalchad), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1994,p. 9). Finally,States remain
free to insert into their optional declaration accepting the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court a reservation excluding from the latter those dis-
putes for which the parties involvedhave agreed or subsequently agree to
resort to an alternative method of peaceful settlement. In this case, how-
ever, no reservation of this type was included in the Declarations of
Nigeria or Cameroon on the date of the filing of the Application.
Moreover, the fact that the two States have attempted, in the circum-
stances set out in paragraphs 54 and 55 above, to solve some of the
boundary issues dividing them during bilateral contacts, did not imply
that either one had excluded the possibility of bringingany boundary dis-
pute concerning it before other fora, and in particular the International
Court of Justice. The first branch of Nigeria's objection accordingly is
not accepted.
57. Turning to the second branch of the objection, the Court will
examine whether the conditions laid down in its jurisprudence for an
estoppel to exist are present in the instant case.
An estoppel would only arise if by its acts or declarations Cameroon
had consistently made it fully clear thatit had agreed to settle the bound-
ary dispute submitted to the Court by bilateral avenues alone. It would
further be necessary that, by relying on such an attitude, Nigeria had
changed position to its own detriment or had suffered some prejudice
(North Sea Continental ShelJ: Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 26,
para. 30; Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El SalvadorlHon-
duras), Application to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, p. 118,
para. 63).
These conditions are not fulfilledin this case. Indeed, as pointed out in
paragraph 56 above, Cameroon did not attribute an exclusive character
to the negotiations conducted with Nigeria, nor, as far as it appears, didle Nigériane semble l'avoir fait; en outre ce dernier n'établitpas avoir
modifiésa position à son détriment ou avoir subi un préjudicedu fait
qu'il aurait pu sans cela rechercher une solution aux problèmesde fron-
tières existant entre les deux Etats en recourantà d'autres procédures,
mais qu'il a étéempêché de le faire en se fondant sur la position préten-
dument adoptée par le Cameroun.
58. Enfin, la Cour n'est pas convaincue que le Nigériaaurait subi un
préjudicedu fait que le Cameroun a entamé une procédure devant la
Cour au lieu de poursuivre des négociationsqui, d'ailleurs, étaient dans
une impasse au moment du dépôtde la requête.
59. Dans ces conditions, le Cameroun, en saisissant la Cour, n'a pas
méconnu les règlesde droit invoquéespar le Nigéria à l'appui de sa
deuxièmeexception. Le Nigérian'estpar suitepas fondé à seprévaloirdu
principe de la bonne foi et de la règlepacta sunt servanda, principe et
règlequi ne concernent que l'exécutiond'obligations existantes. Dans sa
seconde branche, l'exception du Nigériane saurait êtreaccueillie.
60. La deuxièmeexception préliminairedoit ainsi êtrerejetéedans sa
totalité.
61. Dans sa troisième exception préliminaire,le Nigériasoutient que
«le règlementdes différendsfrontaliersdans la régiondu lacTchad relève
de la compétenceexclusivede la commission du bassin du lac Tchad».
62. A l'appui de cette argumentation, le Nigéria invoque à la fois les
textes conventionnels régissantle statut de la commission et la pratique
des Etats membres. Il expose que «les procédures de règlement par la
commission sont obligatoires pour les parties» et que le Cameroun ne
pouvait par suite saisir la Cour sur la base du paragraphe 2de l'article
du'Statut.
63. Le Cameroun, quant à lui, exposeà la Cour que:
((aucune disposition du statut de la commission du bassin du lac
Tchad n'établitau bénéfice de cette organisation internationale une
quelconque compétenceexclusiveenmatièrede délimitationde fron-
tières.
Il ajoute que l'on ne saurait déduire unetelle exclusivitédu comporte-
ment des Etats membres. Par voie de conséquence,il demande à la Cour
de rejeter la troisième exception préliminaire.
64. La Cour observera que le statut de la commission du bassin du lac
Tchad a été fixéen annexe àune convention du 22mai 1964signée à cetteNigeria. Furthermore, Nigeria does not show that it has changedits posi-
tion to its detriment or that it has sustained prejudice in that it could
otherwise have sought a solution to the border problems existing
between the two States by having recourse to other procedures, but was
precluded from doing so by reliance on the positions allegedly taken by
Cameroon.
58. Finally, the Court has not been persuaded that Nigeria has been
prejudiced as a result of Cameroon's having instituted proceedings before
the Court instead of pursuing negotiations which, moreover, were dead-
locked when the Application was filed.
59. This being so, in bringing proceedings before the Court, Cam-
eroon did not disregard the legal rules relied on by Nigeria in support of
its second objection. Consequently,Nigeria is not justified in relying on
the principle of good faith and the rule pacta sunt servanda, both of
which relate only to the fulfilment of existing obligations. The second
branch of Nigeria's objection is not accepted.
60. The second preliminary objection as a whole is thus rejected.
61. In its third preliminary objection, Nigeria contends that "the
settlement of boundary disputes within the Lake Chad region is subject
to the exclusivecompetence of the Lake Chad Basin Commission".
62. In support of this argument, Nigeria invokes the treaty texts gov-
erning the Statute of the Commission as well as the practice of member
States. It argues that "the procedures for settlement by the Commission
are binding upon the Parties" and that Cameroon was thus barred from
raising the matter before the Court on the basis of Article 36, para-
graph 2, of the Statute.
63. For its part, Cameroon submits to the Court that
"no provision of the Statute of the Lake Chad Basin Commission
establishes in favour of that international organization any exclusive
competence in relation to boundary delimitation".
It adds that no such exclusivejurisdiction can be inferred from the con-
duct of member States. It therefore calls upon the Court to reject the
third preliminary objection.
64. The Court observesthat the Statute of the Lake Chad Basin Com-
mission was annexed to an Agreement of 22 May 1964 signed on thatdate par le Cameroun, le Niger, le Nigériaet le Tchad. Cette conven-
tion, relativeà la mise en valeur du bassin du lac Tchad, a pour objet,
selon sonpréambule, «de formuler lesprincipes pour l'utilisation des res-
sources du bassin du lac Tchad àdes finséconomiques,y compris l'amé-
nagement des eaux)). L'article IV du statut développeces principes en
précisant que
«[l']exploitation du bassin et en particulier l'utilisation des eaux
superficielles et souterraines s'entend au sens le plus large, et se
réfèrenotamment aux besoins du développementdomestique,indus-
triel et agricole, et la collecte des produits de sa faune et de sa
flore.
Les Etats membres s'engagent en outre, selon l'article VI1 du statut, à
adopter «des règlementscommuns pour faciliter au maximum la naviga-
tion et le transport sur le lacet lesvoiesnavigables du bassin et en assurer
la sécuritéet le contrôle)).
La convention crée enson article premier la commission du bassin du
lac Tchad. Celle-ciest constituéededeux commissairespar Etat membre.
Conformémentau paragraphe 3 de l'article X du statut, les décisions de
la commission sont prises à l'unanimité.
Les attributions de la commission sont fixées à l'article IX du même
statut. Elle prépare notamment «des règlementscommuns,permettant la
pleine application des principes affirmésdans le présentstatut et dans la
convention à laquelle il est annexé,et en [assure] une application effec-
tive)).Elle exercediversescompétences envue de coordonner l'action des
Etats membres en ce qui concernel'utilisation des eaux du bassin. Parmi
ses attributions figure enfin, selon le paragraphe) de l'article IX, celle
((d'examinerles plaintes et de contribuerà la solution de différends)).
65. Les Etats membres ont en outre confié a la commission certaines
tâches qui n'avaient pas été initialementprévuespar les textes conven-
tionnels. A la suite d'incidents entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria survenus
en 1983 dans la régiondu lac Tchad, une réunion extraordinaire de la
commission fut convoquéedu21 au 23juillet 1983à Lagos sur l'initiative
des chefs d7Etat intéressés,en vue de confier à la commission le soin
de traiter certaines questions frontalières et de sécurité.Deux sous-com-
missions d'experts furent alors créées. Ellese réunirentdu 12au 16no-
vembre 1984.Un accord intervint immédiatement entre les experts pour
retenir «comme documents de travail ...traitant de la délimitationdes
frontièresdans le lac Tchad)) diverses conventions et accords bilatéraux
conclus entre l'Allemagne, la France et le Royaume-Uni entre 1906 et
1931.Les experts proposèrent en mêmetemps que la frontière ainsi déli-
mitéesoit démarquée aussi rapidement quepossible.
Cette démarcation fut opéréede 1988 à 1990 au cours de trois cam-
pagnes d'abornement lors desquelles furent poséessept bornes princi-
pales et soixante-huit bornes intermédiaires. Le rapport final de bornage
fut signépar lesdéléguésde qsuatre Etats intéressés. Puisl,e 23mars 1994,date by Cameroon, Chad, Niger and Nigeria. According to its preamble,
this convention concerning the development of the Lake Chad Basin is
designed "to formulate principles of the utilization of the resources of the
Basin for economic purposes, including the harnessing of the water".
Article IV of the Statute develops those principles by providing that
"[tlhe development of the said Basin and in particular the utilisation
of surface and ground waters shall be given its widest connotation
and refers in particular to domestic,industrial and agriculturalvel-
opment, the collection of the products of its fauna and flora".
In addition, under Article VI1of the Statute, member Statesundertake to
"establish common rules for the purpose of facilitatingnavigation on the
Lake and on the navigable waters in the Basin and to ensure the safety
and control of navigation".
Article1 of the Convention establishes the Lake Chad Basin Commis-
sion. The Commission comprises two commissioners per member State.
In accordance with Article X, paragraph 3, of the Statute, the decisions
of the Commission shall be by unanimous vote.
The functions of the Commission are laid down in Article IX of the
same Statute. They are interalia to prepare "general regulations which
will permit the full application of the principles setorth in the present
Convention and its annexed Statute, and to ensure their effectiveapplica-
tion". The Commission exercisesvarious powers with a view to co-ordi-
nating action by member States regarding the use of the waters of the
Basin. Finally,one of its responsibilitiesunder Article IX, paragraph(g),
is "to examine complaints and to promote the settlement of disputes and
the resolution of differences".
65. Member States have also entrusted to the Commission certain
tasks that had not originally been provided for in the treaty texts.
Further to incidents between Cameroon and Nineria in 1983in the Lake
Chad area, an extraordinary meeting of the mission was convened
from 21 to 23 July 1983in Lagos on the initiative of the Heads of State
concerned, in order to entrust to the Commission certain boundary and
security matters. Two sub-commissions of experts were then set up. They
met from 12 to 16 November 1984. An agreement was immediately
reached between the experts to adopt "as working documents" various
bilateral conventions and agreements concluded between Germany,
France and the United Kingdom between 1906and 1931 "on the delimi-
tation of Borders in the Lake Chad area". The experts proposed at the
same time that the boundary so delimited be demarcated as early as pos-
sible.
This demarcation was carried out from 1988to 1990in the course of
three boundary-marking operations involving the setting up of seven
main and 68 intermediary boundary pillars. The Final Report on
Beaconing wassignedby the delegatesof the four States concerned. Then,lors du huitième sommet d'Abuja de la commission du bassin du lac
Tchad, les chefs d'Etat et de gouvernement furent informés de ((l'achè-
vement des travaux de matérialisation des frontières sur le terrain)). Ils
décidèrent alors ((d'approuverle document technique de la démarcation
des frontières internationales des Etats membres dans le lac Tchad)),
étantentendu «que chaque pays adopte le document conformément à ses
propres lois)).La question de la ratificationde ce document a étévoquée
lors du neuvièmesommet des chefs d7Etatet de gouvernement de la com-
mission à N'Djamena, les 30 et 31 octobre 1996, en l'absence des chefs
d'Etat du Cameroun et du Nigéria, sans qu'aucun progrès soit constaté.
Depuis lors, le Cameroun a cependant déposé,le 22 décembre1997,un
instrument de ratification tandis que le Nigériane l'a pas fait.
66. A la lumière des textesconventionnelset de la pratique ainsi rap-
pelés,la Cour examinera les positions des Parties sur cette question. Le
Nigéria,pour sa part, soutient en premier lieu que«le rôle et le statut de
la commission))doivent être compris«dans le cadre du systèmedes orga-
nisations régionales))auquel se réfèrl'article 52de la Charte desNations
Unies. Il en conclut que «la commission exerceun pouvoir exclusifpour
les questions de sécuritéet d'ordre public dans larégiondu lac Tchad et
que ces questions incluentà juste titre les affaires de délimitationfronta-
lière.
Le Cameroun fait valoir, quant à lui, que la commission ne constitue
pas un accord ou organismerégional au sens de l'article 52 de la Charte,
en soulignant en particulier le fait que:
«il n'a jamais été question d'étendre cette catégorie aux organisa-
tions internationales régionales techniquesqui, comme la [commis-
sion], peuvent comprendre un mécanisme de règlement pacifique des
différends ou de promotion de ce règlement)).
67. La Cour rappellera que le paragraphe 1de l'article 52de la Charte
vise lesaccords ou les((organismesrégionauxdestinés àréglerlesaffaires
qui, touchant au maintien de la paix et de la sécuritéinternationales, se
prêtent à une action de caractère régional)).D'aprèsle paragraphe 2 du
mêmearticle,
«[l]es Membres des Nations Unies qui concluent ces accords ou
constituent cesorganismes doiventfaire tous leurseffortspour régler
d'une manière pacifique, par le moyens desdits accords ou orga-
nismes,lesdifférendsd'ordre local,avant de lessoumettre au Conseil
de sécurité.
Selon l'article 53, le Conseil de sécuritépeututiliser ces accords ou orga-
nismes «pour l'application des mesures coercitives prises sous son auto-
rité)).
Il ressort des textes conventionnelset de la pratique analysésaux para-on 23 March 1994,at the Eighth Summitof the Lake Chad Basin Com-
mission in Abuja, the Heads of State and Government were informed that
"the physical work in the field on the border demarcation exercisewas
fullycompleted". They then decided "to approve the technical document
on the demarcation of the international boundaries of member States in
Lake Chad", on the understanding "that each country should adopt the
document in accordancewith its national laws". The question of the ratifi-
cation of that documentcameup at the Ninth Summitof Heads of State of
the Commission held on 30 and 31 October 1996 in N'Djamena when
Heads of State ofCameroonand Nigeriawereabsent and whereno progress
was recorded. Since then, however, on 22 December 1997, Cameroon
depositedits instrument of ratification,whereas Nigeriahas not done so.
66. In the light of the treaty texts and the practicethus recalled, the
Court will consider the positions of the Parties on this matter. For its
part, Nigeria first ofl1contends that "the role and Statute of the Com-
mission" must be understood "in the framework of regional agencies"
referred to in Article 52 of the United Nations Charter. It accordingly
concludes that "the Commission has an exclusive power in relation to
issues of security and public order in the region of Lake Chad and that
these issuesappropriately encompass the business of boundary demarca-
tion".
Cameroon argues, for its part, that the Commission does not consti-
tute a regional arrangement or agencywithin the meaning of Article 52of
the Charter, pointing in particular to the fact that
"there has never been any question of extending this category to
internationalregional organizations of a technical nature which, like
the [Commission],can include a mechanism for the peaceful settle-
ment of disputes or for the promotion of that kind of settlement".
67. The Court notes that Article 52,paragraph 1,of the Charter refers
to "regional arrangements or agenciesfor dealing with such matters relat-
ing to the maintenance of international peace and security as are appro-
priate for regional action". According to paragraph 2 of that Article,
"[tlhe Members of the United Nations entering into such arrange-
ments or constitutingsuch agenciesshallmake everyeffort to achieve
pacific settlement of local disputes through such regional arrange-
ments or by such regional agencies before referring them to the
Security Council".
Under Article 53, the Security Council may use these arrangements or
agenciesfor "enforcement action under its authority".
From the treaty texts and the practice analysed at paragraphs 64 and307 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
graphes 64 et 65 ci-dessus que la commission du bassin du lac Tchad
constitue une organisation internationale exerçant ses compétencesdans
une zone géographique déterminéeq ; u'elle n'atoutefois pas pour fin de
réglerau niveau régionaldes affaires qui touchent au maintien de la paix
et de la sécuritéinternationales.Elle n'entre donc pas dans les prévisions
du chapitre VI11de la Charte.
68. Mais en serait-il autrement que l'argumentation du Nigéria n'en
devrait pas moins être écartée.A cet égard, laCour rappellera que, dans
l'affaire desActivitésmilitaires et paramilitaires au Nicaraguaet contre
celui-ci, elle avait estimé quele processus de Contadora ne pouvait être
((considérécomme constituant àproprement parler un ((accordrégional))
aux finsdu chapitre VI11de la Charte des Nations Unies». Mais elleavait
ajoutéqu'en tout état de cause
«la Cour n'est en mesured'admettre, ni qu'il existe une obligation
quelconque d'épuisement desprocéduresrégionales denégociation
préalableà sa saisine, ni que l'existencedu processus de Contadora
empêchela Cour en l'espèced'examiner la requête nicaraguayenne »
(Activitésmilitaires et pavamilitaires au Nicaraguaet contre celui-ci
(Nicaragua c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique),compétenceet recevabilité,
arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 440).
L'existence de procédures régionales denégociationne saurait, quelle
qu'en soit la nature, empêcherla Cour d'exercerlesfonctions qui lui sont
conférées par la Charte et le Statut.
69. Le Nigériainvoque par ailleursl'article95dela Charte desNations
Unies, selon lequel:
((Aucune disposition de la présente Charte n'empêche les
Membres de l'Organisation de confier la résolution de leurs diffé-
rends à d'autres tribunaux en vertu d'accords déjàexistants ou qui
pourront êtreconclus dans l'avenir.»
Selon le Nigéria, la commission du bassin du lac Tchad devrait être
regardéecomme un tribunal entrant dans les prévisions dece texte. Il en
résulterait que, si la Cour se prononçait sur ces conclusions du Came-
roun, elle((porterait atteinte au principed'autonomie juridictionnelle))et
((exerceraitalors un rôle de juridiction d'appel)).
La Cour estime que la commission du bassin du lac Tchad ne saurait
être regardée comme un tribunal. Elle ne rend ni sentence arbitrale, ni
jugement et de ce fait n'est ni un organe arbitral ni un organe judiciaire.
Par suite, l'argumentation du Nigériasur ce point doit être écartée.
70. Le Nigéria soutient en outre que la convention du 22 mai 1964,
confirméepar la pratique des Etats membres de la commission, donne
compétenceexclusive a cette dernière pour le règlement des différends
frontaliers.Il en déduit que la Cour ne saurait connaître des conclusions
du Cameroun tendant à ce qu'elledéterminedans ce secteur la frontière
entre les deux pays.65 above, it emerges that the Lake Chad Basin Commission is an inter-
national organization exercisingits powers within a specific geographical
area; that it does not however have as its purpose the settlement at a
regional level of matters relating to the maintenance of international
peace and security and thus does not fa11under Chapter VI11 of the
Charter.
68. However, even wereit otherwise, Nigeria's argument should none-
theless be set aside. In this connection, the Court notes that, in the case
concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicara-
gua, it did not consider that the Contadora process could "properly be
regarded as a 'regionalarrangement' for the purposes of Chapter VI11of
the United Nations Charter". But it added that, in any event,
"the Court isunable to accepteither that there is any requirement of
prior exhaustion of regional negotiating processes as a precondition
to seisingthe Court; or that the existence of the Contadora process
constitutes in this case an obstacle to the examination by the Court
of the Nicaraguan Application" (Military and Paramilitary Activi-
ties in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of
America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I. C.J. Reports
1984, p. 440).
Whatever their nature, the existence of procedures for regional negotia-
tion cannot prevent the Court from exercising the functions conferred
upon it by the Charter and the Statute.
69. Nigeria further invokes Article 95 of the United Nations Charter
according to which:
"Nothing in the present Charter shall prevent Members of the
United Nations from entrusting the solution of their differences to
other tribunals by virtue of agreementsalready in existenceor which
may be concluded in the future."
According to Nigeria, the Lake Chad Basin Commission should be seen
as a tribunal falling under the provisions of this text. This would mean
that, if the Court were to pronounce on this submission of Cameroon it
"would be in breach of the principle of the autonomy of jurisdictional
competence" and "would be exercisingan appellate jurisdiction".
The Court considers that the Lake Chad Basin Commission cannot be
seenas a tribunal. It renders neither arbitral awards nor judgments and is
therefore neither an arbitral nor a judicial body. Accordingly, this con-
tention of Nigeria must also be set aside.
70. Nigeria further maintains that the Convention of 22 May 1964,
confirmed by the practice of the member States of the Commission,
attributes to that Commission an exclusivecompetencefor the settlement
of boundary disputes. It concludes from this that the Court cannot enter-
tain Cameroon's submissions requesting it to determine the boundary
between the two countries in this sector.308 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
La Cour ne saurait accueillir cette argumentation. Elle notera tout
d'abord qu'aucune disposition de la convention ne donne compétenceet
à fortiori compétenceexclusive à la commission en matière de règlement
des différends frontaliers. Une telle compétencene saurait notamment
être déduitedu paragraphe g) de l'article IX de la convention (voir para-
graphe 64 ci-dessus).
La Cour relèverapar ailleurs que les Etats membres de la commission
ont par la suite chargé cette dernière de procéderà la démarcation des
frontièresdans la régionsur la base des accords et traités figurantdans le
rapport des expertsde novembre 1984(voir paragraphe 65 ci-dessus).De
cefait, et comme le souligneleNigéria,«la question de la démarcation de
frontière relève manifestement de la compétence de la commission)).
Cette démarcation était conçuepar les Etats intéresséscomme une opéra-
tion matérielleàréalisersur le terrain sous l'autoritéde la commission en
vue d'éviterle renouvellement des incidents survenus en 1983.
Mais la commission n'a jamais reçu compétence,et à fortiori compé-
tence exclusive,pour se prononcer sur le différendterritorial qui oppose
actuellement le Cameroun et le Nigéria devant laCour, différendqui au
surplus n'était pas encorenéen 1983.En conséquence,l'argumentation
du Nigériadoit être écartée.
71. Le Nigéria expose égalemenq tue, de 1983à 1994,«le Cameroun a
clairementet constamment montré son acceptation du régimede recours
exclusifà la commission du bassin du lac Tchad)); puis il aurait fait appel
à la Cour, contrairement aux engagements pris. Cette manière d'agir
aurait étépréjudiciableau Nigéria, ainsiprivé desprocéduresde ((consul-
tation)), de ((négociation))qu'offrait lacommission. La requête camerou-
naise serait frappéed'estoppel.
La Cour observera que les conditions fixéespar sajurisprudence pour
qu'existe une situation d'estoppel, telles que rappeléesau paragraphe 57
ci-dessus,ne sont pas remplies en l'espèce.En effet, le Cameroun n'a pas
acceptéla compétence dela commission pour réglerle différend defron-
tières soumis actuellement à la Cour. L'argumentation exposéedoit, là
encore, être écartée.
72. A titre subsidiaire, le Nigéria exposeenfin que, compte tenu de la
démarcationen cours au seinde la commission du bassin du lacTchad, la
Cour ((devrait, pour des raisons d'opportunité judiciaire, imposer des
limitesàl'exercicede sa fonction judiciaire dans la présenteaffaire))et se
refuserà statuer au fond sur la requêtedu Cameroun, comme ellel'a fait
en 1963dans l'affaire du Cameroun septentrional.
Dans cette affaire, la Cour avait relevéque l'Assemblée générale des
Nations Unies avait mis fin à l'accord de tutelle en ce qui concerne le
Cameroun septentrional par sa résolution1608(XV); elle avait notéque
le différendentre les parties(relatià l'interprétation eà l'application
[decet accord concernait dèslors un traité] quin'[était] plusen vigueur));
elle avait ajoutéqu'«il n'y [avait] plus aucune possibilitéque ce traité
fasse à l'avenir l'objet d'un acte d'interprétation ou d'application The Court cannot subscribe to that reasoning. It notes first of al1that
no provision in the Convention ascribesjurisdiction and afortiori exclu-
sivejurisdiction to the Commission as regards the settlement of boundary
disputes. In particular, such a jurisdiction cannot be deduced from
Article IX, paragraph (g), of the Convention (seeparagraph 64 above).
The Court further notes that the member States of the Commission
subsequentlycharged it with carrying out the demarcation of boundaries
in the region on the basis of the agreements and treaties referred to in the
experts' report of November 1984 (see paragraph 65 above). Thus, as
pointed out by Nigeria, "the question of boundary demarcation was
clearly within the competence of the [Commission]". This demarcation
was designed by the States concerned as a physical operation to be car-
ried out in the fieldunder the authority of the Commission with a viewto
avoiding the reoccurrence of the incidents that had arisen in 1983.
But the Commission has never been given jurisdiction, and afortiori
exclusive jurisdiction, to rule on the territorial dispute now involving
Cameroon and Nigeria before the Court, a dispute which moreover did
not as yet exist in 1983. Consequently, Nigeria's argument must be dis-
missed.
71. Nigeria also argues that, from 1983 to 1994, "Cameroon had
clearly and consistently evinced acceptance of the régimeof exclusive
recourse to the Lake Chad Basin Commission" ;Cameroon then appealed
to the Court contrary to the commitments it had entered into. This
course ofconduct, it wasargued, had been prejudicial to Nigeria, deprived
as it was of the "consultation" and "negotiation" procedures afforded by
the Commission.Nigeria claims that Cameroon is estopped from making
its Application.
The Court points out that the conditions laid down in its case-law for
an estoppel to arise, as set out in paragraph57 above, are not fulfilledin
this case. Indeed, Cameroon has not accepted that the Commission has
jurisdiction to settle the boundary dispute now submitted to the Court.
This argument must also be set aside.
72. In the alternative, Nigeria finally argues that, on account of the
demarcation under way in the Lake Chad Basin Commission, the Court
"cannot rule out the consideration of the need for judicial restraint on
grounds of judicial propriety" and should decline to rule on the merits
of Cameroon's Application, as it did in 1963 in the case concerning
Northern Cameroons.
In that case, the Court had noted that the United Nations General
Assembly had terminated the trusteeship agreement in respect of the
Northern Cameroon by resolution 1608 (XV); it observed that the dis-
pute between the parties "about the interpretation and application [of
that agreement therefore concerned a treaty] no longer in force" ;it went
on to say that "there can be no opportunity for a future act of interpreta-
tion or application of that treaty in accordance with any judgment theconforme à un jugement rendu par la Cour». Elle en avait conclu que
toute décision judiciaireserait dèslors«sans objet)) et qu'il ne servirait
«à rien d'entreprendre l'examen de l'affaire au fond». Relevant que les
limites qui sont cellesde sa fonction judiciairee lui permett[ai]ent pas
d'accueillir..les demandes [du Cameroun, elle avait estiméne pouvoir]
statuer au fond sur [ces] demande[s]» (Cameroun septentrional, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1963, p. 37-38).
La Cour estime que la situation en l'espèceest toute différente. En
effet, alors que le Cameroun ne contestait pas en 1963la validitéde la
résolution de l'Assembléegénéralemettant fin à la tutelle, le Nigéria,
dans la présenteaffaire, ne considèrepas le document technique sur la
démarcationdes frontières approuvé lorsdu sommet d'Abuja de la com-
mission du bassin du lac Tchad comme un document réglant de manière
définitiveles problèmes de frontières dans cette région. Le Nigéria a
réservé saposition devant la Cour en ce qui concerne lecaractèrecontrai-
gnant de ce document. Il soutient que ce dernier doit êtreratifiéet rap-
pelle qu'ilne l'a pasratifié.Il a enfin précisél,ors du neuvièmesommet de
la commission à N'Djamena en 1996,qu'il ne «peut mêmepas engager
le processus de ratification si la question n'est pas retirée dela Cour».
Le Cameroun, de son côté, estime que le Nigériaest dans l'obligation
d'acheverle processus d'approbation du document en cause et que, même
en l'absence d'une telle action, la frontière entre les deux pays dans ce
secteur«est définiejuridiquement »,((matérialiséesurleterrain »et ((inter-
nationalement reconnue ».
La Cour n'a pas à ce stade à prendre partie sur ces thèsesadverses. Il
lui suffira de constater que le Nigériane saurait souteniàla fois que la
procédure de démarcation engagéeau sein de la commission du lac
Tchad n'est pas parvenue à son terme et que cette procédure a en même
temps rendu sans objet les conclusions du Cameroun. Il n'y a dèslors
aucune raison d'opportunité judiciaire qui puisse amener la Cour à se
refuserà statuer au fond sur ces conclusions.
73. II résultede ce qui précèdeque la troisième exception préliminaire
du Nigéria doit êtrerejetée.
74. La Cour abordera maintenant la quatrièmeexception préliminaire
soulevéepar le Nigéria.Selon cette exception:
«La Cour ne devrait pas détermineren l'espècel'emplacement de
la frontière dans le lac Tchad dans la mesure où cette frontière cons-
titue leripoint dans le lac ou est constituéepar celui-ci.»
75. Le Nigéria soutient que la localisation du tripoint dans le lac
Tchad affecte directement un Etat tiers, la République du Tchad, et queCourt might render". It had concluded that any adjudication would thus
be "devoid of purpose" and that no purpose "would be servedby under-
taking an examination of the merits in the case". Observing that the
limits of its judicial function "do not permit it to entertain the claims
submitted to it [by Cameroon, it had considered itself unable to] adju-
dicate upon the merits of [those] claim[s]" (Northern Cameroons, Judg-
ment, 1C.J. Reports 1963, pp. 37-38).
The Court considers that the situation in the present case is entirely
different.Indeed, whereas in 1963Cameroon did not challenge the valid-
ity of the General Assembly resolution terminating the trusteeship,
Nigeria, in the present case, does not regard the technical document on
the demarcation of the boundaries, approved at the Abuja Summit of the
Lake Chad Basin Commission,as a document definitivelysettling bound-
ary problems in that region. Nigeria reserved its position before the
Court as regards the binding character of that document. It contends that
the document requires ratification and recalls that it has not ratified it.
Lastly,it specifiedat the Ninth Summit of the Commission at N'Djamena
in 1996that "Nigeria could not even start processing ratification unless
the issue was out of Court".
Cameroon for its part considers that Nigeria is obliged to complete the
process of approval of the document concerned and, that, even in the
absence of so doing, the boundary between the two countries in this sec-
tor is "legally defined", "marked out on the ground" and "internationally
recognized".
It is not for the Court at this stage toule upon these opposing argu-
ments. It need only note that Nigeria cannot assert both that the demar-
cation procedure initiated within the Lake Chad Commission was not
completed and that, at the same time, that procedure rendered Cam-
eroon's submissions moot. There is thus no reason of judicial propriety
which should make the Court decline to rule on the merits of those sub-
missions.
73. In the light of the above considerations, Nigeria's third prelimi-
nary objection must be rejected.
74. The Court willnow turn to the fourth preliminaryobjection raised
by Nigeria. This objection contends that :
"The Court should not in these proceedings determinethe bound-
ary in Lake Chad to the extent that that boundary constitutes or is
constituted by the tripoint in the Lake."
75. Nigeria holds that the location of the tripoint within Lake Chad
directly affects a third State, the Republic of Chad, and that the Courtla Cour ne saurait dèslors déterminerl'emplacement de ce tripoint. Le
Nigériaprétend que sont inapplicables en l'espèceles conclusions aux-
quelles était parvenuela Chambre dans l'affaire du Différend frontalier
(Burkina FasolRépubliquedu Mali) selon lesquelles sa compétence
«ne setrouve pas limitéedu seulfait que le point terminal de la fron-
tièrese situe sur la frontière d'un Etat tiers non partie l'instance.
En effet les droits de'Etatvoisin, le Niger, sont sauvegardésen tout
étatde cause par le jeu de l'article 59 du Statut...)) (C.I.J.ecueil
1986, p. 577, par. 46.)
Il affirme que la présente affairese distingue de celle du Différend fron-
talier de 1986en ce que celle-ci avait été introduitepar un compromis
traduisant l'accord des Parties de faire procéder à la délimitation de
l'ensemblede la frontière.De plus, dans l'affaire du Différend frontalier,
le Niger avait étéconsidérécomme étantun Etat tiers «à part entière)),
alors qu'en l'espèceexiste la commission du bassin du lac Tchad au sein
de laquelle coopèrentles Etats riverains. Du fait de cettecoopération,les
accords frontaliers ou les autres accords conclus entre le Nigériaet le
Cameroun en ce qui concerne le lac Tchad ne seraient pas res inter alios
acta pour lesautres Etats membres de cette commission. Ni le Niger, ni le
Tchad ne seraient dèslors de simples tiercesparties en l'espèce.Selon le
Nigéria, «[l]erégimedu lac Tchad fait l'objet d'une coopération multila-
téraleet ne se prête pasà la bilatéralisation complète))quela Chambre a
adoptée dans l'affaire du DifSérendfrontalier.
Le Nigériafait aussi valoir que ce n'est pas simplement de manière
théorique ou fortuite quele Tchad, en sa qualité d'Etat tiers, est concerné
par la question des frontières;des incidents ont eu lieu entre le Nigériaet
le Tchad sur le lac Tchad et à son sujet. Enfin, le Nigériaconteste la dis-
tinction que la Chambre a opéréedans l'affaire du Différend frontalier
entre délimitationmaritimeet délimitationterrestre.«Des critèresd'équi-
distance, de proportionnalité et d'équité ...ont étéappliquéspour déli-
miter des frontièreslacustres,notamment cellesde grands lacs. »La posi-
tion du Nigéria esttelle qu'on serait fondéà en déduireque sa quatrième
exception préliminaireest dirigéenon seulement contre la compétence de
la Cour (par analogie avecle principeénoncédans l'affairede l'Ormoné-
taire pris à Rome en 1943, question préliminaire,arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil
1954, p. 19),mais encore contre la recevabilitéde la requête,étant donné
que cette exception est selon cet Etat fondéesur l'un et l'autre terrain.
76. Le Cameroun, pour sa part, soutient que la Cour doit exercer sa
compétencesur l'ensemble de la frontière qui fait l'objet du différend,
jusqu'au point terminal septentrional situé dans le lac Tchad; la qua-
trième exception préliminairedu Nigéria irait directement à l'encontre de
la jurisprudence constante en matière de tripoint. Le Cameroun rejette
tout particulièrementla thèsedu Nigériaselon laquelle il faut établirune
distinction entre la décisionrendue en l'affaire duDifférend frontalieret
la présenteespèce:l'absencedecompromiset partant ledéfautde consen-
tement du Nigéria pour ce qui est de l'introduction de l'instance ne sonttherefore cannot determine this tripoint. Nigeria maintains that the find-
ing of the Chamber in the case concerningthe Frontier Dispute(Burkina
FasolRepublic of Mali)
"that itsjurisdiction is not restricted simplybecause the end-point of
the frontier lies on the frontier of a third State not party to the pro-
ceedings. The rights of the neighbouring state, Niger, are in any
event safeguarded by the operation of Article 59 of the Statute .. ."
(I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 577, para. 46)
is not applicable in the present case. It says there is a differencecause
the 1986 Frontier Dispute case was instituted by Special Agreement,
which reflectedthe agreement of the Parties to have the entire boundary
delimited. In addition, in theFrontier Disputecase Niger was treated as
a wholly third party, while in the present case there is the Lake Chad
Basin Commission in which the States bordering Lake Chad CO-operate.
Because of that CO-operation,boundary or other agreements relating to
Lake Chad between Nigeria and Cameroon are not res inter alios acta
for the other member States of the Commission. Therefore,neither Niger
nor Chad are simplethird parties in this case. According to Nigeria, "the
régimeof Lake Chad is subject to multilateral CO-operation,and is not
susceptible to the thorough-going bilateralization" which the Chamber
adopted in the Frontier Disputecase.
Nigeria also allegesthat it is not the case that Chad as a third party is
merely theoretically or contingently involved in the question of bounda-
ries; there had been clashes between Nigeria and Chad in and in relation
to Lake Chad. Finally,Nigeria questionsthe distinction which the Cham-
ber in the Frontier Disputecase drew between maritime and land delimi-
tation. "Criteria of equidistance, proportionality and equity have been
applied to the delimitation of lacustrine boundaries, especially in large
lakes." Nigeria's position is such that it would warrant the conclusion
that itsfourth preliminary objection goes not only to the jurisdiction of
the Court (by analogy with the principle in the case of theonetary Gold
Removed from Rome in 1943, Preliminary Question, Judgment, I. C.J.
Reports 1954, p. 19),but also to the admissibility of the Application, as
the objection is in its view wellfounded on either basis.
76. Cameroon claims that the Court must exerciseitsjurisdiction over
the totality of the disputed boundary, as far as the northern end-point
within Lake Chad; Nigeria's fourth preliminary objection directly con-
flictswith consistent case-lawrelating to tripoints. Cameroon particularly
rejects the Nigerian argument which distinguishes the Frontier Dispute
decision from the present case: the absence of a special agreement, and
therefore the consent of Nigeria to the institution of the proceedings, is
irrelevant; Nigeria does not cite any precedent in which a differentiation
was made between "wholly third States" and States which would not be311 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
pas des éléments pertinents; le Nigéria n'invoqueaucun précédentoù ait
été opérée unedistinctionentre «Etats tierà part entière))et ceux qui ne
seraient pas de véritablesEtats tiers. Les accordsfrontaliers interse, con-
clus sans la participationd'Etats tiers, seraient fréquents,et l'article 59
suffiraitàprotégerles droits de ceux-ci. Le concept d'implication théo-
rique d'un Etat tiers dans une questionfrontalièreest, de l'avisdu Came-
roun, dénué depertinence. Rien ne vient étayerun tel concept, et ses
conséquencesne sont pas clairement expliquées.Le Cameroun conteste
enfin les efforts déployéspar le Nigéria pour écarter l'application de
l'arrêt rendu dansl'affaire duDifférend frontalierà la délimitationdes
frontièreslacustres.
77. Dans la mesure ou le Nigériaentend seprévaloirde la compétence
exclusivede la commission du bassin du lac Tchad en matièrede délimi-
tation des frontières dans le lac Tchad, la Cour notera qu'elle a déjà
répondu à ce moyen en examinant la troisième exception préliminaire.
Celle-cin'ayant pas été retenue,la Cour n'a pas à en traiteà nouveau.
78. La Cour observera en outre que les conclusions que le Cameroun
lui a soumisesdans la requêteadditionnelle(par.17),tellesque formulées
dans sonmémoire(mémoire du Cameroun,p. 669-671,par. 9),ne contien-
nent aucunedemande spécifiquetendant àce que soit déterminél'empla-
cement du tripoint Nigéria-Cameroun-Tchad dans le lac. La requête
additionnelle prie la Cour de ((préciserdéfinitivementla frontière entre
elle [laRépubliquedu Cameroun] et la Républiquefédéraledu Nigéria
du lac Tchad àla mer» (requête additionnelle,par. 17f)), tandis que le
mémoire prie laCour de dire et juger:
«que la frontièrelacustre et terrestreentre le Cameroun et leNigéria
suit le tracésuivant:
- du point de longitude 14"04'59"9999 à l'est deGreenwichet de
latitude de 13"05'00" 0001,nord, ellepasse ensuite par le point
situéà 14" 12'11"7 de longitude est et 12' 32' 17"4 de latitude
nord» (p. 669, par. 9.1a)).
Ces conclusions ont néanmoins uneincidence sur l'emplacement du tri-
point. Elles pourraient mener soià la confirmation de l'emplacementdu
tripoint tel qu'il a étéacceptéen pratique jusqu'à présent sur la base
d'actes et d'accords des anciennes puissances coloniales et des démarca-
tions opéréespar la commission (voir paragraphe 65ci-dessus), soitune
nouvelle déterminationde l'emplacement du tripoint, comme suite éven-
tuellement aux revendications que fait valoir le Nigériasur Darak et des
îles avoisinantes. Ces revendications ne sauraient êtreexaminéesau fond
par la Cour au présentstade de la procédure. Mais la Cour notera à ce
stade qu'elles sont dirigéescontre le Cameroun et qu'elle pourra, le
moment venu, prendre sa décision à cet égardsans se prononcer sur les
intérêts du Tchad,comme elle va le montrer ci-après.
79. La Cour abordera donc maintenant l'élémenc tléde la quatrième
exception préliminairedu Nigéria, àsavoir l'affirmation selon laquelle lareal third States. Inter se boundary agreements from which third States
are absent are frequent. Article 59 suffices as protection of the third
States' rights. The concept of theoretical involvement of a third State in a
boundary question is, in the view of Cameroon, not pertinent. There is
no support for this concept, the implications of which are not clearly
explained. Lastly Cameroon contests the efforts made by Nigeria to
exclude the applicability of the Frontier Dispute Judgment to delimita-
tion in lakes.
77. The Court notes that, to the extent that Nigeria's referenceto the
Lake Chad Basin Commission is to be understood as referring to an
exclusive competence of the Commission for boundary delimitation in
Lake Chad, this argument has been dealt with under the third prelimi-
nary objection. As the third preliminary objection has not been upheld,
the Court need not deal with this argument again.
78. The Court moreover notes that the submissions of Cameroon
addressed to it in the Additional Application (para. 17) and as formu-
lated in the Memorial of Cameroon (Memorial of Cameroon, pp. 669-
671, para. 9) do not contain a specificrequest to determine the localiza-
tion of the tripoint Nigeria-Cameroon-Chad in the Lake. The Additional
Applicationrequeststhe Court "to specifydefinitivelythefrontier between
Cameroon and the Federal Republic of Nigeria from Lake Chad to the
sea" (para. 17 (f) of the Additional Application), while the Memorial
requests the Court to adjudge and declare:
"that the lake and land boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria
takes the following course:
- from the point at longitude 14"04'59"9999E of Greenwich and
latitude13"05'00"0001N, it then runs through the point located
at longitude 14"12' 1l"7 E and latitude 12"32'17"4NW(p. 669,
para. 9.1 (a)).
These submissions neverthelessbear upon the localization of the tripoint.
They could lead either to a confirmation of the localization of the tripoint
as accepted in practice up to now on the basis of acts and agreements of
the former colonial powers and the demarcation carried out by the Com-
mission (see paragraph 65 above), or they could lead to a redetermina-
tion of the situation of the tripoint, possibly as a consequence of Niger-
ia's claimsto Darak and adjacent islands. Thus these claims cannot be
considered on the merits by the Court at this stage of the proceedings.
However, the Court notes, at the present stage, that they are directed
against Cameroon and that in due course the Court will be in a position
to take itsdecision in this regard without pronouncing on interests that
Chad may have, as the Court will demonstrate hereafter.
79. The Court therefore now turns to the crux of Nigeria's fourth pre-
liminary objection, namely the assertion that the legal interests of Chad312 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
détermination du tripoint porterait atteinte aux intérêtsjuridiques du
Tchad et que la Cour ne pourrait par suite procéder à cette détermina-
tion.
La Cour rappelle qu'elle a toujours reconnu comme un des principes
fondamentaux de son Statut qu'aucun différendentre Etats ne peut être
tranché sansle consentement de ces derniersà sa compétence(Or moné-
taireprisà Rome en 1943,arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1954, p. 32).Néanmoins,
la Cour a également soulignéqu'elle n'est pas nécessairement empêchée
de statuer lorsque la décision qu'illui est demandéde rendre est suscep-
tible d'avoir des incidences sur les intérêtjsuridiques d'un Etat qui n'est
pas partieà l'instance; et la Cour n'a refusé d'exerra compétenceque
lorsque lesintérêts'un Etat tiers ((constituentl'objetmêmede la déci-
sion àrendre sur le fond» (Certaines terràsphosphates à Nauru (Nauru
c. Australie), exceptionsprélimin aarirets.I.J. Recueil 1992, p. 261,
par. 55; Timor oriental (Portugal c. Australie), arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil
1995, p. 104-105,par. 34).
La Cour observera que lesconclusions que le Camerounlui a soumises
visent sa frontière avec le Nigéria et uniquement cette frontière. Ces
conclusions, que l'on se réfèrecellesqui figurent dans la requête addi-
tionnelle du Cameroun ou àcellesqui sont formuléesdans son mémoire,
ne visent nullement la frontière entre le Cameroun et la République du
Tchad. Certes, l'invitation faitela Cour de ((préciserdéfinitivemenlta
frontière entre elle [la République du Cameroun] et la Républiquefédé-
rale du Nigériadu lac Tchad à la mer» (requêteadditionnelle,par. 17f))
est susceptible d'affecter le tripoint, c'est-à-dire le point ou les frontières
du Cameroun, du Nigéria et du Tchad se rejoignent. Toutefois, la
demandetendant à ce que soit préciséla frontière entre le Cameroun et
le Nigériadu lac Tchad àla mer n'implique pas que le tripoint pourrait
s'écarterde la ligne constituant la frontière entre le Cameroun et le
Tchad. Ni le Cameroun ni le Nigériane contestent le tracéactuelde cette
frontièreau centre du lac, tel que décritdans le ((document technique de
la démarcation des frontières))mentionné au paragraphe 65 ci-dessus.
Les incidents survenus entre le Nigéria etle Tchad dans le lac, dont fait
étatle Nigéria,concernent celui-ciet le Tchad et non le Cameroun ou sa
frontière avec le Tchad. Procéder une nouvelle déterminationdu point
ou la frontièreentre le Cameroun et le Nigéria rejointcelleentre le Tchad
et le Cameroun ne pourrait conduire en l'espècequ'au déplacementdu
tripoint le long de la ligne de la frontière,dans le lac, entre le Tchad et le
Cameroun. Ainsi, les intérêtjsuridiques du Tchad, en tant qu7Etat tiers
non partie à l'instance, ne constituent pas l'objet de la décàsrendre
sur le fond de la requêtedu Cameroun; dès lors, l'absence du Tchad
n'empêchenullement la Cour de se prononcer sur le tracé dela frontière
entre le Cameroun et le Nigériadans le lac.
80. La Cour relèvera aussi que, dans l'affaire du Différend territo-
rial (Jamahiriya arabe IibyennelTchad), le tripoint ou la frontière entre
la Libye et le Tchad rejoint la frontière occidentale du Soudan, sur le
24" méridien estde Greenwich, a été détermins éans la participation duwould be affected by the determination of the tripoint, and that the
Court can therefore not proceed to that determination.
The Court recalls that it has always acknowledged as one of the fun-
damental principles of its Statute that no dispute between States can be
decidedwithout their consent to itsjurisdiction (Monetary GoldRemoved
from Rome in 1943, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 32.)Nevertheless,
the Court has also emphasized that it is not necessarily prevented from
adjudicating when the judgment it is asked to give might affect the legal
interests of a State which is not a party to the case; and the Court has
only declined to exercisejurisdiction when the interests of the third State
"constitute the very subject-matter of thejudgment to be rendered on the
merits" (Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia), Pre-
liminary Objections, Judgment, 1C.J. Reports 1992, p. 261, para. 55 ;
East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1995,
pp. 104-105,para. 34).
The Court observes that the submissions presented to it by Cameroon
refer to the frontier between Cameroon and Nigeria and to that frontier
alone. These submissions do not refer to the frontier between Cameroon
and the Republic of Chad either as contained in the Additional Applica-
tion of Cameroon or as formulated in the Memorial. Certainly, the
request to "specify definitivelythe frontier between Cameroon and the
Federal Republic of Nigeria from Lake Chad to the sea" (para. 17 (f) of
the Additional Application) may affect the tripoint, i.e., the point where
the frontiers of Cameroon, Chad and Nigeria meet. However, the request
to specify the frontier between Cameroon and Nigeria from Lake Chad
to the sea does not imply that the tripoint could be moved away from the
line constituting theCameroon-Chad boundary. Neither Cameroon nor
Nigeria contests the current course of that boundary in the centre of
Lake Chad as it is described in the "technical document on the demarca-
tion of the . ..boundaries" mentioned in paragraph 65 above. Incidents
between Nigeria and Chad in the Lake, as referred to by Nigeria, concern
Nigeria and Chad but not Cameroon or its boundary with Chad. Any
redefinition of the point where the frontier between Cameroon and
Nigeria meets the Chad-Cameroon frontier could in the circumstances
only lead to a moving of the tripoint along the line of the frontier in the
Lake between Chad and Cameroon. Thus, the legal interests of Chad
as a third State not party to the case do not constitute the very subject-
matter of the judgrnent to be rendered on the merits of Cameroon's
Application; and therefore, the absence of Chad does not prevent the
Court from proceeding to a specification of the border between
Cameroon and Nigeria in the Lake.
80. The Court notes also that, in the case concerning the Territorial
Dispute (Libyan Arab JamahiriyalChad), the tripoint where the bound-
ary between Libya and Chad meets the western boundary of the Sudan,
on the 24th meridian east of Greenwich, was determinedwithout involve-Soudan. Les points terminaux à l'est desprincipales lignesprises en con-
sidérationpar la Cour dans cette affaire, pour la délimitationde la fron-
tièreentre la Libye et le Tchad, étaient situés divers emplacements sur
la frontière occidentale du Soudan.
En outre, la Cour a, dans cette mêmeaffaire, fixé,en l'absence du
Niger, la frontière occidentale entre la Libye et le Tchad jusqu'au point
d'intersection du 15"méridienest et du 23"parallèlenord, point où, selon
le Tchad, se rejoindraient les frontières de la Libye, du Niger et du
Tchad.
81. Les faits de l'affaire duifférendfrontalier (Burkina FasolRépu-
blique du Mali) sont tout à fait différentsde ceux de la présenteespèce,
étantdonné quela section en cause de la frontière du Niger n'était pas
délimitée à l'époqueconsidéréeL . a détermination du tripoint dans cette
affaire concernait donc directement le Niger en tant qu'Etat tiers, ce qui
d'ailleursn'a pas empêché la Chambre de tracer la frontièreentre le Bur-
kina Faso et la République du Mali jusqu'à son point extrême. Laques-
tion de savoir s'il faudra effectivement déplacer l'emplacementdu tri-
point dans lelacTchadpar rapport à la position où ilsesitueactuellement
sera résoluelorsque la Cour aura rendu son arrêt surle fond. Ce dépla-
cement serait sans conséquencepour le Tchad.
82. Finalement, la Cour observera que, du fait que ni le Cameroun ni
le Nigériane contestent le tracéactuel de la frontière, au centre du lac
Tchad, entre le Cameroun et la République du Tchad (voir para-
graphe 79 ci-dessus), elle n'a pa- à supposer mêmeque cela fût pos-
sible au stade préliminaire actuel- à examiner l'argumentation présen-
téepar le Nigériaen ce qui concerne les principesjuridiques applicables
à la détermination des frontières lacustres, spécialementdans le cas de
grands lacs comme le lac Tchad.
83. La quatrième exception préliminairedoit donc êtrerejetée.
84. Dans sa cinquième exception préliminaire,le Nigériafait valoir
qu'il n'existepas de différendconcernant «la délimitationdela frontière
en tant que telle» sur toute sa longueur entre letripoint du lac Tchad et
la mer sous réserve,dans le lac Tchad, de la question du titre sur Darak
et sur des îles avoisinantes et sous réserve dela question du titre sur la
presqu'île de Bakassi.
85. Lors des plaidoiries, il est devenu clair que, outre les revendica-
tions sur Darak et Bakassi, le Nigéria etle Cameroun ont des préten-
tions contraires en ce qui concerne le village de Tipsan qui, selon l'une et
l'autre des Parties, serait situédeson côté dela frontière. Un membre de
la Cour a égalementdemandéaux Parties lors de la procédure orale si le
fait que le Nigériasoutient devant la Cour qu'il n'existepas de différendment of the Sudan. The eastern end-points of the principal lines taken
into consideration by the Court in that case for the delimitation of the
boundary between Libya and Chad were situated at various locations on
the western boundary of the Sudan.
Furthermore, in that case, the Court, in the absence of Niger, fixedthe
western boundary between Libya and Chad as far as the point of inter-
section of the 15th meridian east and the parallel 23" of latitude north, a
point at which, according to Chad, the frontiers of Chad, Libya and
Niger meet.
81. The factual situation underlying the case concerning the Frontier
Dispute (Burkina FasolRepublicof Mali) was quite different from the
present case in the sense that the relevant part of the boundary of Niger
at the time was not delimited; in that case the fixingof thetripoint there-
fore immediately involvedNiger as a third State, which, however, did not
prevent the Chamber from tracing the boundary between Burkina Faso
and the Republic of Mali to its furthest point. Whether the location of
the tripoint in Lake Chad has actually to be changed from its present
position will follow from the judgment on the merits of Cameroon's
Application. Such a change would have no consequence for Chad.
82. Finally the Court observes that, since neither Cameroon nor
Nigeria challenge the current course of the boundary, in the centre of
Lake Chad, between Cameroon and the Republic of Chad (see para-
graph 79 above), it does not have to address - even if that was possible
at the present preliminary stage - the argument presented by Nigeria
concerningthe legalprinciplesapplicable to the determination of bounda-
ries in lakes and especiallyin large lakes like Lake Chad.
83. The fourth preliminary objection is accordingly rejected.
84. In its fifth preliminary objection Nigeria alleges that there is no
disputeconcerning"boundary delimitationas such" throughout the whole
length of the boundary from the tripoint in Lake Chad to the sea, sub-
ject, within Lake Chad, to the question of the title over Darak and adja-
cent islands,and without prejudice to the title over the Bakassi Peninsula.
85. In the course of the oral proceedings, it became clear that in addi-
tion to Darak and Bakassi, there are competing claims of Nigeria and
Cameroon in respect of the village of Tipsan, which each Party claims to
be on its side of the boundary. Also, in the course of the oral proceed-
ings, a question was asked of the Parties by a Member of the Court as to
whether Nigeria's assertion that there is no dispute as regards the land314 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
en ce qui concernela frontière terrestre entre les deux Etats (sous réserve
des problèmes existants dans la presqu'île de Bakassi et la région de
Darak) signifie
«que, en dehors de ces deux secteurs, il y a accord du Nigéria avec
le Cameroun sur les coordonnées géographiques de cette frontière,
telles qu'ellesrésulteraientdes textes invoquéspar le Cameroun dans
sa requête et son mémoire)).
La réponse donnéepar le Nigéria à cette question sera examinéeci-après
(paragraphe 9 1).
86. Pour le Cameroun, sa frontière actuelleavec le Nigériaa été déli-
mitée avec précision par les anciennes puissances coloniales ainsi que par
des décisions dela Société des Nations et des actes de l'Organisation des
Nations Unies.
Ces délimitationsont étéconfirméesou complétéespar des accords
conclus directement entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria aprèsleur indépen-
dance. Le Cameroun demande àla Cour «de bien vouloir préciserdéfi-
nitivement la frontière entre elle et le Nigériadu lac Tchad à la mer»
(requête additionnelle,par. 17f)) le long d'une ligne dont les coordon-
néessont indiquéesdans le mémoiredu Cameroun.
Le fait que le Nigéria revendique des titres surla presqu'île de Bakassi
et Darak ainsi que sur des îles avoisinantes signifie,selon le Cameroun,
que le Nigériaconteste la validité deces instrumentsjuridiques et remet
ainsi en cause l'ensemble dela frontière qui est fondé surceux-ci.Pour le
Cameroun, la survenance le long de la frontièrede nombreux incidentset
incursions en est la confirmation. Les revendications du Nigéria sur la
presqu'île de Bakassi ainsi que sa position quant à la déclaration de
Maroua mettent également enquestion le fondementde la frontière mari-
time entre les deux pays. Selon le Cameroun, contrairement à ce
qu'affirmele Nigéria,un différend s'estélevé entre lesdeux Etats au sujet
de l'ensemble dela frontière.
87. La Cour rappellera que:
«au sens admis dans sa jurisprudence et celle de sa devancière un
différend est un désaccord sur un point de droit ou de fait, un
conflit, une opposition de thèsesjuridiques ou d'intérêts entredes
parties (voironcessions Mavrommatis enPalestine, arrên to2, 1924,
C.P.J.I. sérieA no 2, p. 11 ; Cameroun septentrional, arrêt, C.JI..
Recueil 1963, p. 27, et Applicabilité de l'obligation d'arbitrageen
vertu de lasection 21 de l'accorddu 26juin 1947 relatif ausiège de
1'Organisation des Nations Unies, avis consultat$ C.I.J. Recueil
1988,p. 27, par. 35)))(Timor oriental (Portugal c. Australie), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1995, p. 99-100,par. 22),
et que,
«[plour établirl'existenced'un différend:«Il faut démontrer que la
réclamation del'une desparties seheurte à l'opposition manifeste de
l'autre)) (Sud-Ouest africain, exceptions préliminaires,arrêt,C.I.J.boundary between the two States (subject to the existing problems in the
Bakassi Peninsula and the Darak region) signifies,
"that, these two sectors apart, there is agreement between Nigeria
and Cameroon on the geographicalCO-ordinatesof this boundary as
they result from the texts relied on by Cameroon in its Application
and its Memorial".
The reply givento this question by Nigeria willbe examined below (para-
graph 91).
86. For Cameroon its existing boundary with Nigeria was precisely
delimited by the former colonial powers and by decisions of the League
of Nations and acts of the United Nations.
These delimitations were confirmed or completed by agreementsmade
directly between Cameroon and Nigeria after their independence. Cam-
eroon requests that the Court "specify definitivelythe frontier between
Cameroon and Nigeria from Lake Chad to the sea" (Additional Applica-
tion, para. 17 (f)) along a line the CO-ordinatesof which are given in
Cameroon's Memorial.
The fact that Nigeria claims title to the Bakassi Peninsula and Darak,
and adjacent islands, means, in the view of Cameroon, that Nigeria con-
tests the validity of these legal instruments and thus calls into question
the entire boundary which is based on them. That, in the view of Cam-
eroon, is confirmed by the occurrence,along the boundary, of numerous
incidents and incursions. Nigeria's claimsto Bakassi as well as its posi-
tion regardingthe Maroua Declaration also throw into doubt the basis of
the maritime boundarv between the two countries. In Cameroon's view.
and contrary to whatd~igeria asserts, a dispute has arisen between thé
two States concerningthe whole of the boundary.
87. The Court recalls that,
"in the sense accepted in its jurisprudence and that of its predeces-
sor, a dispute is a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict
of legal views or interests between parties (seeavrommatis Pales-
tine Concessions,Judgment No. 2, 1924, P. C.I.J., Series A, No. 2,
p. 11; Northern Cameroons, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1963, p. 27;
and Applicability of the Obligation to Arbitrate under Section 21 of
the UnitedNations Headquarters Agreement of 26 June 1947, Advi-
sory Opinion, 1.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 27, para. 35)" (East Timor
(Portugal v. Australia), Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports 1995, pp. 99-100,
para. 22);
and that,
"[iln order to establish the existence of a dispute, 'It must be shown
that the claim of one party ispositivelyopposed by the other' (South
WestAfrica, Preliminary Objections,Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports 1962,315 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
Recueil 1962, p. 328); par ailleurs, ((l'existenced'un différendinter-
national demande à être établie objectivement)()Interprétationdes
traitésdepaix conclus avec la Bulgarie, laHongrie et la Roumanie,
premièrephase, avis consultatiJ;C.I.J. Recueil 1950, p. 74)))(C.I.J.
Recueil 1995, p. 100).
Sur la base de ces critères,il existe bel et bien des différends ence qui
concerne Darak et des îles avoisinantes,Tipsan ainsi que la presqu'île de
Bakassi. Ce dernier différendpourrait, comme il a été indiqué par le
Cameroun, avoir une influence sur la frontière maritime entre les deux
Parties.
88. Tous cesdifférendsconcernent la frontière entrele Cameroun et le
Nigéria.Etant donné toutefois la longueur totale de cette frontière qui
s'étendsur plus de 1600kilomètres,du lac Tchad jusqu'à la mer, on ne
saurait affirmer que cesdifférendspar eux-mêmes concernent une portion
siimportante de la frontière qu'il existeraitdecefait et nécessairementun
différendportant sur l'ensemblede celle-ci.
89. En outre, la Cour relèveraque le Nigériane conteste pas expres-
sément l'ensemble dela frontière. Mais un désaccord sur un point de
droit ou de fait, un conflit, une opposition de thèsesjuridiques ou d'inté-
rêts oule fait que la réclamation del'une desparties se heurteàl'opposi-
tion manifeste de l'autre ne doivent pas nécessairementêtreénoncés
expressis verbis. Pour déterminer l'existence d'un différend,il est pos-
sible, comme en d'autres domaines, d'établirpar inférence quelle esten
réalité la position ou l'attitude d'une partie.A cet égard, la Cour ne
trouve pas convaincantela thèsedu Cameroun selon laquelle la contesta-
tion par le Nigéria de lavalidité des titres existantssur Bakassi, Darak et
Tipsan met nécessairement en causela validité en tant que telle des
instruments sur lesquels repose le tracé de la totalité de la frontière
depuis le tripoint dans le lac Tchad jusqu'à la mer et prouve ainsi l'exis-
tence d'un différendconcernant l'ensemblede cette frontière.
90. Il convient certainement dans ce contexte de tenir compte de la
survenance d'incidents frontaliers. Mais chaque incident frontalier
n'implique pas une remise en cause de la frontière. De plus, certains des
incidents dont le Cameroun fait étatsont survenus dans des zones diffi-
ciles d'accès.où la démarcation de la frontière est inexistante oumwé-
cise. Et chaque incursion ou incident signalépar le Cameroun n'est pas
nécessairementimputable à des personnes dont le comportement serait
susceptible d'engager la responsabilité du Nigéria. Même considérés
conjointement avec les différendsfrontaliers existants, les incidents et
incursions dont fait état le Cameroun n'établissent pas par eux-mêmes
l'existenced'un différendconcernant l'ensemble de la frontière entre le
Cameroun et le Nigéria.
91. La Cour relèvera cependant que le Nigéria s'est constamment
montré réservédans la manière de présentersa propre position sur ce
point. Bien qu'il ait étéau courant des préoccupations et des inquiétudes
du Cameroun, il a répétés,ans en dire davantage, qu'il n'existe pas de p. 328); and furtber, 'Whether there existsan international dispute is
a matter for objective determination' (Interpretation of Peace
Treaties withBulgaria, Hungary and Romania, First Phase,Advisory
Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74)" (I.C.J. Reports 1995, p. 100).
On the basis ofthese criteria, there can be no doubt about the existence
of disputes with respect to Darak and adjacent islands,Tipsan, as wellas
the Peninsula of Bakassi. This latter dispute, as indicated by Cameroon,
might have a bearing on the maritime boundary between the two Parties.
88. Al1 of these disputes concern the boundary between Cameroon
and Nigeria. However, given the great length of that boundary, which
runs over more than 1,600km from Lake Chad to the sea, it cannot be
said that these disputes in themselves concern so large a portion of the
boundary that they would necessarilyconstitute a dispute concerningthe
whole of the boundary.
89. Further, the Court notes that, with regard to the whole of the
boundary, there is no explicit challenge from Nigeria. However, a dis-
agreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal viewsor interests,
or the positive opposition of the claim of one party by the other need not
necessarily be stated expressis verbis. In the determination of the exist-
ence of a dispute, as in other matters, the position or the attitude of a
party can be established by inference, whatever the professed viewof that
party. In this respect the Court does not find persuasive the argument of
Cameroon that the challenge by Nigeria to the validity of the existing
titles to Bakassi, Darak and Tipsan, necessarily calls into question the
validity as such of the instruments on which the course of the entire
boundary from the tripoint in Lake Chad to the sea is based, and there-
fore proves the existenceof a dispute concerningthe whole of the bound-
ary.
90. The occurrence of boundary incidents certainly has to be taken
into account in this context. However, not every boundary incident
impliesa challengeto the boundary. Also,certain of the incidents referred
to by Cameroon took place in areas which are difficult to reach and
where the boundary demarcation may have been absent or imprecise.
And not every incursion or incident alleged by Cameroon is necessarily
attributableto persons for whosebehaviour Nigeria's responsibilitymight
be engaged. Even taken together with the existing boundary disputes,the
incidentsand incursionsreported by Cameroon do not establish by them-
selvesthe existence of a dispute concerning al1of the boundary between
Cameroon and Nigeria.
91. However,the Court notes that Nigeria has constantly been reserved
in the manner in which it has presented its own position on the matter.
Although Nigeria knew about Cameroon's preoccupation and concerns,
it has repeated, and has not gone beyond, the statement that there is no316 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
différendconcernant «la délimitationde la frontière en tant que telle)).
La mêmeprudencecaractérisela réponsedonnéepar leNigéria àla ques-
tion qu'un membre de la Cour a posée à l'audience (voirparagraphe 85
ci-dessus). La question étaitde savoir s'ily avait accord entre les Parties
sur lescoordonnéesgéographiquesde la frontière,tellesque revendiquées
par leCameroun sur la base des textes qu'ilinvoque. La réponseduigé-
ria se lit comme suit:
«La frontière terrestre entre le Nigéria etle Cameroun n'est pas
décrite par référenceà des coordonnées géographiques.Ce sont
plutôt les instruments pertinents (qui sont tous antérieurs'indé-
pendance du Nigériaet du Cameroun) ainsi que la pratique bien
établie,tant avant qu'après l'indépendance, quifixent la frontière
par référence à des caractéristiquesphysiques telles que ruisseaux,
rivières,montagnes et routes, comme c'était courammentle cas à
cetteépoque. Depuisl'indépendance,lesdeux Etats n'ont pas conclu
d'accord bilatéral quiconfirme expressémentou définissede toute
autre manière, par référence à des coordonnées géographiques, la
frontière préexistant l'indépendance.Le tracé de la frontière, qui
étaitbien établi avant l'indépendance etles procéduresde l'organi-
sation des Nations Unies qui s'y rapportent, a néanmoins continué
d'êtreaccepté enpratique depuis lors par le Nigéria et le Came-
roun. »
92. La Cour notera que, dans cette réponse, le Nigéria n'indique pas
s'il estou non d'accord avec le Cameroun sur le tracéde la frontière ou
sur sa base juridique, encore qu'il soit clairement en désaccord avecle
Cameroun en ce qui concerne Darak et des îles avoisinantes, Tipsan et
Bakassi. Le Nigériadéclare que lafrontière terrestre existante est décrite
par référencenon à des coordonnées géographiques,mais à des caracté-
ristiques physiques. S'agissant de la base juridique de la frontière, le
Nigériase réfère à des ((instruments pertinents)) sans préciserde quels
instruments il s'agit; il déclarecependantqu'ils étaient antérieursé-
pendance et que depuislors aucun accord bilatéral «qui confirme expres-
sémentou définissede toute autre manière,par référenceà des coordon-
néesgéographiques,la frontière préexistant à l'indépendance))n'a été
conclu entre les Parties. Une telle formulation semble suggérerque les
instruments existants appellent une confirmation. En outre, le Nigéria
évoquela ((pratique bien établietant avant qu'après l'indépendance))
comme une des basesjuridiques de la frontièredont le tracé,déclare-t-il,
a ((continuéd'êtreacceptéen pratique)); il n'indique pas cependant de
quelle pratique il s'agit.
93. La Cour est saisiede conclusions du Cameroun tendantà ceque sa
frontière avec le Nigériasoit préciséedéfinitivementdu lac Tchad à la
mer (voir paragraphe 86 ci-dessus).Le Nigériasoutient qu'il n'existepas
de différendconcernant la délimitationde cettefrontièreen tant que telle
sur toute sa longueur depuis leipoint du lac Tchad jusqu'à la mer (voir
paragraphe 84 ci-dessus) et que la demande du Cameroun aux fins dedispute concerning "boundary delimitation as such". Nigeria has shown
the same caution in replying to the question asked by a Member of the
Court in the oral proceedings (see paragraph 85 above). This question
was whether there is agreement between the Parties on the geographical
CO-ordinatesof the boundary as claimed by Cameroon on the basis of the
texts it relies upon. The reply given by Nigeria reads as follows:
"The land boundary between Nigeria and Cameroon is not
described by referenceto geographicalCO-ordinates.Rather, the rele-
vant instruments (al1of which pre-date the independence of Nigeria
and Cameroon) and well-establisbedpractice, both before and after
independence, fix the boundary by reference to physical features
such as streams, rivers, mountains and roads, as was common in
those days. Since independence, the two States have not concluded
any bilateral agreement expresslyconfirming or othenvise describing
the pre-independence boundary by reference to geographical co-
ordinates. Nevertheless, the course of the boundary, which waswell
established before independence and related United Nations pro-
cedures, has continued to be accepted in practice since then by
Nigeria and Cameroon."
92. The Court notes that, in this reply, Nigeria does not indicate
whether or not it agreeswith Cameroon on the course of the boundary or
on its legal basis, though clearly it does differ with Cameroon about
Darak and adjacent islands, Tipsan and Bakassi. Nigeria states that the
existing land boundary is not described by reference to geographical co-
ordinates but by reference to physical features. As to the legal basis on
which the boundary rests, Nigeria refers to "relevant instruments" with-
out specifying which these instruments are apart from saying that they
pre-date independence and that, since independence, no bilateral agree-
ments "expressly confirming or otherwise describing the pre-indepen-
dence boundary by reference to geographical CO-ordinates" have been
concluded between the Parties. That wording seems to suggest that the
existing instruments may require confirmation. Moreover, Nigeria refers
to "well-establishedpractice both before and after independence" as one
of the legal bases of the boundary whose course, it states,has continued
to be accepted in practice"; however, itdoes not indicate what that prac-
tice is.
93. The Court is seisedwith the submission of Cameroon which aims
at a definitive determination of its boundary with Nigeria from Lake
Chad to the sea (seeparagraph 86above). Nigeria maintains that there is
no disputeconcerningthe delimitation of that boundary as such through-
out its whole length from the tripoint in Lake Chad to the sea (seepara-
graph 84 above) and that Cameroon's request definitively to determinefixer définitivementla frontière n'est pas recevable en l'absence d'un tel
différend. Le Nigéria n'a cependant pas marqué son accord avec le
Cameroun sur le tracé de cette frontière ou sur sa base juridique (voir
paragraphe 92 ci-dessus)et il n'a pas fait connaître la Cour la position
qu'il adoptera ultérieurement sur les revendications du Cameroun. Le
Nigéria est endroit de ne pas avancer, au présent stade dela procédure,
des arguments qu'il considèrecomme relevant du fond, mais en pareille
circonstancela Cour se trouve dans une situation telle qu'elle nesaurait
se refuser à examiner les conclusions du Cameroun par le motif qu'il
n'existerait pas de différendentre les deux Etats. Du fait de la position
prise par le Nigéria, l'étendueexacte de ce différendne saurait être déter-
minée à l'heure actuelle; un différend n'en existepas moins entre lesdeux
Parties,à tout le moins en ce qui concerne les basesjuridiques de la fron-
tièreet il appartient la Cour d'en connaître.
94. La cinquième exceptionpréliminairesoulevéepar le Nigéria doit
donc êtrerejetée.
95. La Cour examinera maintenant la sixièmeexception préliminaire
soulevéepar le Nigéria,selon laquelle aucun élémentne permet au juge
de déciderque la responsabilitéinternationale du Nigériaest engagéeen
raison de prétendues incursions frontalières.
96. Selon le Nigéria,les conclusions du Cameroun ne satisfontpas aux
exigencesde l'article 38 du Règlement dela Cour et des principes géné-
raux du droit qui prescrivent que soient clairement présentéles faits sur
lesquels repose la requêtedu Cameroun, y compris les dates, les circons-
tances et les lieux précisdes incursions et incidents allégusur le terri-
toire camerounais. Le Nigéria soutientque les éléments que le Cameroun
a soumis à la Cour ne lui fournissentpas les informations dont il a besoin
et auxquelles il a droit aux fins de préparersa réponse.De même,selon le
Nigéria,lesélémentf sournis sont sifragmentaires qu'ilsne permettent pas
à la Cour de trancher équitablementet utilement, sur leplan judiciaire, les
questions de responsabilitéd'Etat et de réparationsoulevéespar le Came-
roun. Tout en reconnaissant qu'un Etat dispose d'une certaine latitude
pour développerultérieurementlecontenu desarequêteet de sonmémoire,
le Nigériaaffirme que le Cameroun doit pour l'essentiels'en tenir, dans
sesdéveloppements, à l'affairetelle qu'ellea été présendans la requête.
97. Le Cameroun souligne qu'ila clairementindiqué dans sesécritures
et plaidoiries que c'est seulementàtitre indicatif qu'il s'est réfécer-
tains faits pour établirla responsabilitédu Nigéria etqu'ilpourrait, le cas
échéant, développec res faits lors de la phase de l'examen au fond. Le
Cameroun renvoie aux prescriptions du paragraphe 2 de l'article 38 du
Règlement,qui fait mention d'un exposé«succinct» des faits. Il prétendthat boundary is not admissible in the absence of such a dispute. How-
ever, Nigeria has not indicated its agreement with Cameroon on the
course of that boundary or on its legal basis (see paragraph 92 above)
and it has not informed the Court of the position which it willtake in the
future on Cameroon's claims. Nigeria is entitled not to advance argu-
ments that it considers are for the merits at the present stage of thepro-
ceedings; in the circumstances however, the Court finds itself in a situa-
tion in which it cannot decline to examine the submission of Cameroon
on the ground that there is no dispute between the two States. Becauseof
Nigeria's position, the exact scope of this dispute cannot be determined
at present; a dispute nevertheless exists betweenthe two Parties, at least
as regards the legal bases of the boundary. It is for the Court to pass
upon this dispute.
94. The fifth preliminary objection raised by Nigeria is thus rejected.
95. The Court will now turn to Nigeria's sixth preliminary objection
which is to the effect that there is no basis for a judicial determination
that Nigeria bears international responsibility for alleged frontier incur-
sions.
96. Nigeria contends that the submissions of Cameroon do not meet
the standard required by Article 38 of the Rules of Court and general
principles of law regarding the adequate presentation of facts on which
Cameroon's request is based, includingdates, the circumstancesand pre-
cise locations of the alleged incursions and incidents into and on Cam-
eroonian territory. Nigeria maintains that what Cameroon has presented
to the Court does not giveNigeria the knowledge which it needs and to
which it is entitled in order to prepare its reply. Similarly, in Nigeria's
view,the material submitted is so sparse that it does not enable the Court
to carry out fair and effectivejudicial determination of, or make deter-
mination on, the issues of State responsibility and reparation raised by
Cameroon. While Nigeria acknowledgesthat a State has some latitude in
expanding later on what it has said in its Application and in its Memo-
rial, Cameroon is said to be essentiallyrestricted in its elaboration to the
case as presented in its Application.
97. Cameroon insiststhat it stated clearlyin its pleadings that the facts
referred to in order to establish Nigeria's responsibilitywere only of an
indicative nature and that it could, where necessary, amplify those facts
when it comes to the merits. Cameroon refers to the requirements estab-
lished in Article 38, paragraph 2, of the Rules and which cal1for a "suc-
cinct" presentation of the facts. It holds that parties are free to develop 318 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
qu'il est loisible aux parties de développerou de préciserau cours de la
procédureles faits de l'affaire tels que présentésdans la requête.
98. La décisionsur la sixièmeexceptionpréliminairedu Nigéria dépend
de la question de savoir si sont réuniesen l'espèce lconditionsque doit
remplir une requête,tellesqu'énoncées au paragraphe 2 de l'article 38du
Règlementde la Cour. Aux termes de ce paragraphe, la requête«indique
..la nature précise dela demande et contient un exposé succinct desfaits
et moyens sur lesquelscette demanderepose)).La Cour relèveque le mot
«succinct», au sens ordinaire de ce terme, ne signifie pas «complet»
et que, ni le contexte dans lequel ce terme est employéau paragraphe 2
de l'article 38 du Règlementde la Cour, ni l'objet etle but de cette dis-
position ne conduisent à une telle interprétation. Le paragraphe 2 de
l'article 38 n'exclut donc pas que l'exposé desfaits et des motifs sur les-
quels repose une demande soit complétéultérieurement.
99. 11ne découle pasdavantage du paragraphe 2 de l'article 38 que la
latitude dont dispose 1'Etatdemandeurpour développerce qu'il a exposé
dans sa requêtesoitstrictementlimitée,commele suggèrele Nigéria.Une
telle conclusion ne saurait êtretiréedu terme «succinct»; elle ne saurait
non plus êtretirée desprononcés de la Cour selon lesquels la date perti-
nente pour apprécier la recevabilitéd'une requêteest la date de son
dépôt;en effet, ces prononcésne seréfèrent pasau contenu des requêtes
(Questions d'interprétationet d'application dela convention de Montréal
de 1971 résultantde I'incident aérien de Lockerbie (Jamahiriya arabe
libyenne c. Royaume- Uni), exceptionspréliminaires,arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
1998, p. 26, par. 44, et Questions d'interprétation et d'application dela
convention de Montréalde 1971 résultantde l'incident aérien de Locker-
bie (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne c. Etats- Unis d'Amérique), exceptions
préliminaires,arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 130,par. 43). Une interpré-
tation aussi restrictive ne correspondrait pas davantage aux conclusions
de la Cour selon lesquelles
«si, en vertu de l'article 40 du Statut, l'objet d'un différendporté
devant la Cour doit êtreindiqué, l'article32,paragraphe 2, du Règle-
ment de la Cour [aujourd'hui l'article 38, paragraphe 21impose au
demandeur de se conformer ((autant que possible» à certaines pres-
criptions. Cette expression s'appliquenon seulement à la mention de
la disposition par laquelle le requérantprétend établir lacompétence
de la Cour mais aussià l'indicationprécisede l'objet dela demande et
à l'exposésuccinct des faits et desmotifs par lesquelsla demande est
prétenduejustifiée.(Camerounseptentrional(Camerounc.Royaume-
Uni), exceptionspréliminaires,arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1963, p. 28.)
La Cour rappellera égalementque, selon une pratique établie,les Etats
qui déposentune requête à la Cour seréservent le droitde présenter ulté-
rieurement des éléments de fait et de droit supplémentaires.Cette liberté
de présenterde tels éléments trouve sa limite dans l'exigenceque «le dif-
férendporté devant la Cour par requêtene se trouve pas transforméenthe facts of the case presented in the application or to render them more
precise in the course of the proceedings.
98. The decision on Nigeria's sixth preliminary objection hinges upon
the question of whether the requirements which an application must meet
and which are set out in Article 38, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court
are met in the present instance. The requirements set out in Article 38,
paragraph 2, are that the Application shall "specify the precise nature of
the claim, together with a succinct statement of the facts and grounds on
which the claim is based". The Court notes that "succinct", in the ordi-
nary meaning to be given to this term, does not mean "complete" and
neither the context in which the term is used in Article 38, paragraph 2,
of the Rules of Court nor the object and purpose of that provision indi-
cate that it should be interpreted in that way. Article 38, paragraph 2,
does therefore not preclude later additions to the statement of the facts
and grounds on which a claim is based.
99. Nor does Article 38, paragraph 2, provide that the latitude of an
applicant State, in developingwhat it has said in its application is strictly
limited, as suggestedby Nigeria. That conclusion cannot be inferred from
the term "succinct"; nor can it be drawn from the Court's pronounce-
ments on the importance of the point of time of the submission of the
application as the critical date for the determination of its admissibility;
these pronouncements do not refer to the content of applications (Ques-
tions of Znterpretation andApplication of the 1971 Montreal Convention
arisingfrom the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, Z.C.J. Reports
1998, p. 26, para. 44; and Questions of Znterpretation andApplication of
the 1971 Montreal Convention arisingfrom the Aerial Incident ut Locker-
bie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America), Preliminary
Objections,Judgment, Z.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 130,para. 43). Nor would
so narrow an interpretation correspond to the finding of the Court that,
"whilst under Article 40 of its Statute the subject of a dispute
brought before the Court shall be indicated, Article 32 (2) of the
Rules of Court [today Article 38, paragraph 21requires the Appli-
cant 'as far as possible'to do certain things. These words apply not
only to specifyingthe provision on which the Applicant founds the
jurisdiction of the Court, but also to stating the precise nature of
the claim and giving a succinct statement of the facts and grounds
on which the claim is based." (Northern Cameroons (Cameroon
v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, Z.C.J.
Reports 1963, p. 28.)
The Court also recalls that it has become an established practice for
States submitting an application to the Court to reserve the right to
present additional facts and legal considerations. The limit of the free-
dom to present such facts and considerations is "that the result is not to
transform the dispute brought before the Court by the application into319 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
un autre différenddont le caractère ne serait Das le même»(Activités
militaires et paramilitaires au Nicaragua et contre celui-ci (Nicaragua
c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique), compétence et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 1984, p. 427, par. 80). En l'espèce,le Cameroun n'a pas opéré
une telle transformation du différend.
100. En ce qui concerne le sensà donner au terme «succinct»,la Cour
se bornera à noter que dans la présenteaffaire la requêtedu Cameroun
contient un exposésuffisamment précisdes faits et moyens sur lesquels
s'appuieledemandeur. Cet exposéremplit lesconditions fixéespar lepara-
graphe 2 de l'article 38 du Statut et la requêteest par suite recevable.
Cette constatation ne préjugecependant en rien la question de savoir
si, compte tenu des élémentsfournis à la Cour, les faits alléguéspar le
demandeur sont ou non établis etsi les moyens invoquéspar lui sont ou
non fondés.Ces questions relèventdu fond et il ne saurait en êtrepréjugé
dans la présente phasede l'affaire.
101. La Cour ne saurait enfin accepter l'idée selonlaquelle le Nigéria
se trouverait dans l'impossibilitéde répondre utilement aux allégations
présentées ou qu'elle-même setrouverait en définitivedans l'impossibilité
de se prononcer équitablement et utilement à la lumièredes preuves et
moyens dont elle dispose du fait que, selon le Nigéria, la requêtedu
Cameroun ne serait pas suffisamment claire et complète et serait inadé-
quate. C'estau demandeur de subir lesconséquencesd'une requêtequi ne
contiendrait pas un exposésatisfaisant des faits et motifs sur lesquels
repose sa demande. Comme la Cour l'a dit dans l'affaire des Activités
militaires et paramilitaires au Nicaragua et contre celui-ci (Nicaragua
c. Etats-Unis d'Amérique) :
((c'estendéfinitiveau plaideur qui cherchàétablirun fait qu'incombe
la charge de la preuve; lorsque celle-cin'estpas produite, une conclu-
sion peut êtrerejetéedans l'arrêtcomme insuffisammentdémontrée,
mais ellene saurait êtredéclarée irrecevable limineparce qu'on pré-
voit que les preuves feront défaut))ibid., p. 437, par. 101).
102. En conséquence,la Cour rejette la sixièmeexception préliminaire
soulevéepar le Nigéria.
103. Dans sa septième exception préliminaire, le Nigéria a soutenu
qu'il n'existe pas de différendjuridique concernant la délimitationde la
frontière maritime entre les deux Parties, qui se prêteraitactuellementà
une décisionde la Cour.
104. Le Nigéria déclarequ'il en est ainsi pour deux motifsen premier
lieu, il n'est pas possible de déterminerla frontièremaritime avant de se
prononcer sur le titre concernantla presqu'îlede Bakassi. En second lieu,
dans l'éventualitéoù une décision serait prise sur la question du titreanother dispute which is different in character" (Military and Paramili-
tary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of
America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, IC. J. Reports 1984,
p. 427, para. 80).In this case, Cameroon has not so transformed the dis-
pute.
100. As regards the meaning to be given to the term "succinct", the
Court would simply note that Cameroon's Application contains a suffi-
cientlyprecisestatement of the facts and grounds on which the Applicant
bases its claim. That statement fulfils the conditions laid down in
Article 38, paragraph 2, and the Application is accordingly admissible.
This observation does not, however, prejudge the question whether,
taking account of the information submitted to the Court, the facts
allegedby the Applicant are established or not, and whether the grounds
it relies upon are founded or not. Those questions belong to the merits
and may not be prejudged in this phase of the proceedings.
101. Lastly, the Court cannot agree that the lack of sufficient clarity
and completeness in Cameroon's Application and its inadequate charac-
ter, as perceived by Nigeria, make it impossible for Nigeria to respond
effectively to the allegations which have been presented or makes it
impossible for the Court ultimately to make a fair and effective determi-
nation in the light of the arguments and the evidencethen before it. It is
the applicant which must bear the consequences of an application that
gives an inadequate rendering of the facts and grounds on which the
claim is based. As the Court has stated in the case concerning Military
and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua
v. United States of America) :
"[u]ltimately ... however, it is the litigant seekingto establish a fact
who bears the burden of provingit ;and in caseswhere evidence may
not be forthcoming, a submission may in thejudgment be rejected as
unproved, but is not to be ruled out as inadmissible in limine on the
basis of an anticipated lack of proof." (Zbid.,p. 437, para. 101.)
102. The Court consequently rejects the sixth preliminary objection
raised by Nigeria.
103. In its seventh preliminaryobjectionNigeria contends that there is
no legal dispute concerning delimitation of the maritime boundary
between the two Parties which is at the present time appropriate for reso-
lution by the Court.
104. Nigeria says that this is so for two reasons: in the first place, no
determination of a maritime boundary is possible prior to the determina-
tion of title in respect of the Bakassi Peninsula. Secondly, at thejuncture
when there is a determination of the question of title over the Bakassi320 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
concernant la presqu'île de Bakassi, les demandes concernant les ques-
tions de délimitation maritime n'en seraient pas moins irrecevables faute
d'action antérieure suffisante des Parties pour effectuer, sur un pied
d'égalité,une délimitation «par voie d'accord conformémentau droit
international)). De l'avisdu Nigéria,la Cour ne saurait êtrevalablement
saisie par voie de requête unilatérale d'unEtat de la délimitation d'une
zoneéconomiqueexclusiveou d'un plateau continental, si 1'Etaten cause
n'a fait aucune tentative pour parvenià un accord avec 1'Etatdéfendeur
au sujet de cette frontière, contrairement aux prescriptions des articles 74
et 83 de la convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer. Selon le
Nigéria, unetelle requête unilatéraleest irrecevable.
105. Le Cameroun estime que le premier moyen invoquépar le Nigé-
ria ne se rapporte ni la compétence dela Cour ni à la recevabilité dela
requête, maisconcernesimplement la méthodela plus indiquéepour exa-
miner l'affaire au fond, décisionqui relèvedu pouvoir discrétionnairede
la Cour. Quant au second moyen avancépar le Nigéria,le Cameroun
contesteque des négociationssoientune condition préalable à l'introduc-
tion d'une instance devant la Cour dans des affaires de délimitation. Le
Cameroun considèrele paragraphe 2 de l'article 74 et le paragraphe 2 de
l'article3de la convention desNations Unies sur ledroit de la mer, dont
les libelléssont identiques, non comme interdisant le recours au règle-
ment par tierce partie, mais comme rendant obligatoire un tel recours en
vue d'éviter desdélimitations unilatérales.
Le Cameroun indique, en tout état de cause, qu'il a suffisamment
négocié avec le Nigériaavant de saisir la Cour, et qu'il n'asaisi cette der-
nière que lorsqu'ilest devenu évidentque toute nouvellenégociationserait
vouée à l'échec.Sur ce point, il soutient que depuis l'occupation effective
de la presqu'île deBakassi par le Nigéria,toute négociationconcernant la
délimitationde la frontièremaritime est devenue impossible.
106. La Cour examinera tout d'abord lepremier moyen présenté par le
Nigéria. La Cour reconnaît qu'il serait difficile, sinon impossible, de
déterminer quelle est la délimitation de la frontière maritime entre les
Parties aussi longtemps que la question du titre concernant la presqu'île
de Bakassi n'aura pas étérégléeL. a Cour relèvera,toutefois,que, dans sa
requête,le Cameroun prie non seulement la Cour
«de procéderau prolongement du tracéde sa frontièremaritime avec
la Républiquefédéraledu Nigériajusqu'à la limite des zones mari-
times que le droit international place sous leurjuridiction respective))
(requêtedu Cameroun du29 mars 1994,p. 14,par. 20, alinéaf)),
mais aussi:
«de dire et juger:
a) que la souveraineté sur la presqu'île de Bakassi est camerou-
naise, en vertu du droit international, et que cette presqu'île fait
partie intégrante du territoire de la République du Cameroun))
(ibid pa.. 20).Peninsula, the issues of maritime delimitation will not be admissible in
the absence of prior sufficientaction by the Parties, on a footing of equal-
ity, to effect a delimitation "by agreement on the basis of international
law". In Nigeria's view, the Court cannot properly be seised by the
unilateral application of one State in relation to the delimitation of an
exclusiveeconomic zone or continental shelf boundary if that State has
made no attempt to reach agreement with the respondent State over that
boundary, contrary to the provisions of Articles 74 and 83 of the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Any such unilateral applica-
tion, in the view of Nigeria,is inadmissible.
105. Cameroon is of the view that the first argument invoked by
Nigeria concernsneither jurisdiction nor the admissibility of its Applica-
tion, but simply the method whereby the merits of the case are best
addressed, a decisionwhich falls within the discretion of the Court. As to
the second argument put forward by Nigeria, Cameroon denies that the
conduct of negotiations is a precondition for instituting proceedings
before the Court in cases of delimitation. Cameroon views the identical
paragraphs 2 of Articles 74 and 83 of the United Nations Convention on
the Law of the Sea not as barring recourse to third party settlement, but
as an obligation for such recourse in order to avoid unilateral
delimitations.
Cameroon says that, in any event, it had sufficientlynegotiated with
Nigeria before it seised the Court, and it seised the Court only when it
became clear that any new negotiation would be doomed to failure. In
this respect, itontends that since the actual occupation of the Bakassi
Peninsula by Nigeria, any negotiation on the delimitation of the maritime
boundary has become impossible.
106. The Court will initially address the first argument presented by
Nigeria. The Court accepts that it will be difficult if not impossible to
determinethe delimitation of the maritime boundary between the Parties
as long as the title over the Peninsula of Bakassi has not been deter-
mined. The Court notes, however, that Cameroon's Application not only
requests the Court
"to proceed to prolong the course of its maritime boundary with the
Federal Republic of Nigeria up to the limit of the maritime zones
which international law places under their respective jurisdictions"
(Application of Cameroon of 29 March 1994,p. 15, para. 20 (f)),
but also,
"to adjudge and declare:
(a) that sovereigntyover the Peninsula of Bakassi is Cameroonian,
by virtue of international law, and that that Peninsula is an
integral part of the territory of Cameroon" (ibid pa.a. 20).Les deux questio~isétantainsi soumises àla Cour, c'està ellequ'ilappar-
tient de réglerl'ordre dans lequel elle examinera ces questions, de telle
sorte qu'elle puisse traiter au fond chacune d'entre elles. C'est là une
question qui relèvedu pouvoir discrétionnaire de la Cour et qui ne sau-
rait fonder une exception préliminaire.Par voie de conséquence,lemoyen
doit être écarté.
107. Quant au second moyen du Nigéria,la Cour notera tout d'abord
qu'alors que son premier moyen concernait la totalité de la frontièrema-
ritime, le second ne semble viserque la délimitation à partir du point G
vers le large. C'est ce qu'a reconnu un conseil du Nigériaet cela semble
correspondre au fait que de nombreusesnégociations ont eu lieu entre les
Parties de 1970 à 1975en ce qui concerne la frontière maritime àpartir
des atterrages de Bakassijusqu'au point G, négociationsquiont abouti à
la déclarationde Maroua sur laquelle les Parties sont en désaccord.
La Cour rappellera en outre que, lorsqu'elletraite des affairesqui sont
portées devantelle,elledoit s'entenir aux demandes précisesqui lui sont
soumises. Or, le Nigéria demandeici à la Cour de conclure que:
((dans l'éventualité où la question du titre concernantla presqu'île
de Bakassi serait régléel,es demandes concernant les questions de
délimitation maritimene seront pas recevablesfaute de mesures suf-
fisantes des Parties pour effectuer, sur un pied d'égalité, une délimi-
tation«par voie d'accord conformémentau droit international)).
Ainsi, ce qui est en litige entre les Parties et ce que la Cour doit trancher
dèsmaintenant est la question de savoir sil'absence alléguéde'efforts suf-
fisants pour négocier empêche la Cour de déclarer ou non recevable la
demande du Cameroun.
Une telle question revêtun caractère véritablementpréliminaireet doit
être tranchée conformémentaux dispositiond se l'article 79du Règlement
de la Cour.
108. A cet égard,le Cameroun et le Nigériase réfèrent à la convention
des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer à laquelle ils sont parties. L'ar-
ticle 74 de la convention, relatif la zone économiqueexclusive,et l'ar-
ticle 83,concernant leplateau continental, disposent en leur paragraphe 1,
en termes identiques,que la délimitation
((entre Etats dont les côtes sont adjacentes ou se font face est effec-
tuéepar voie d'accord conformémentau droit international tel qu'il
est viséà l'article 38 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice,
afin d'aboutirà une solution équitable)).
Ces paragraphes sont suivis de paragraphes 2 identiques qui se lisent
comme suit: ((S'ilsne parviennent pas àun accord dans un délairaison-
nable, les Etats concernésont recours aux procédures prévues à la par-
tieXV.»L'une decesprocéduresconsiste à soumettre l'affaireàla Cour
en vue de son règlementpar la voie contentieuse.
109. La Cour observeracependant qu'en l'espèce ellen'a pas étésaisie
sur la base du paragraphe 1de l'article6 du Statut et, par application deSince,therefore,both questions are before the Court, it becomes a matter
for the Court to arrange the order in which it addressesthe issuesin such
a way that it can deal substantively with each of them. That is a matter
which lieswithin the Court's discretion and which cannot be the basis of
a preliminary objection. This argument therefore has to be dismissed.
107. As to the second argument of Nigeria, the Court notes that, while
its first argument concerned the whole maritime boundary, the second
one seems only to concern the delimitation from point G seawards. That
was accepted by counsel for Nigeria and seemsto correspond to the fact
that there were extensive negotiations between the two Parties in the
period between 1970and 1975on the maritime boundary from the land-
fa11on Bakassi to point G, which resulted in the disputed Maroua Dec-
laration.
Moreover, the Court recalls that, in dealing with the cases brought
before it, it must adhere to the precise request submitted to it. Nigeria
here requests the Court to hold that,
"at the juncture where there is a determination of the question of
title over the Bakassi Peninsula, the issues of maritime delimitation
will not be admissible in the absence of sufficient action by the
Parties, on a footing of equality, to effect a delimitation 'by agree-
ment on the basis of international law"'.
What is therefore in dispute between the Parties and what the Court has
to decide now is whether the alleged absence of sufficienteffort at nego-
tiation constitutes an impediment for the Court to accept Cameroon's
claim as admissible or not.
This matter is of a genuinely preliminary character and has to be
decided under Article 79 of the Rules of Court.
108. In this connection, Cameroon and Nigeria refer to the United
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, to which they are parties.
Article 74 of the Convention, relating to the exclusive economic zone,
and Article 83, concerning the continental shelf, provide, in their first
identical paragraphs, that the delimitation
"between Stateswith opposite or adjacent coasts shall be effectedby
agreement on the basis of international law, as referred to in
Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, in
order to achieve an equitable solution".
These are followed by identical paragraphs 2 which provide that "If no
agreement can be reached within a reasonable period of time, the States
concerned shall resort to the procedures provided for in Part XV." One
of these procedures is the submission of the case to the Court for settle-
ment by contentious proceedings.
109. However, the Court notes that, in this case, it has not been seised
on the basis of Article 36, paragraph 1,of the Statute, and, in pursuance322 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
cet article, conformément à la partie XV de la convention des Nations
Unies sur le droit de la mer, relative au règlement des différends surgis-
sant entre les parties la convention à propos de l'interprétation ou de
l'application de cette dernière.Elle a étésaisiesur la base de déclarations
faites en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut, déclarationsqui
ne contiennent aucune condition relative àdes négociationspréalables à
mener dans un délairaisonnable.
Le second moyen du Nigériane peut donc être retenu.
110. En sus de ce qui a étavancé parles Parties, la question pourrait
se poser de savoir si, au-delà du point, le différendentre les Parties a
étédéfinide manière suffisamment précisepour que la Cour puisse en
être valablementsaisie. La Cour observeranon seulement que les Parties
n'ont pas soulevéce point, mais que le Cameroun et le Nigéria ont
entamédes négociationsen vue de la fixation de l'ensemble deleur fron-
tièremaritime. C'est au cours de ces négociations que la déclarationde
Maroua, relative au tracéde la frontière maritimejusqu'au pointG, avait
été arrêtée. Plaar suite, cette déclaration a étéconsidérée commobliga-
toire par le Cameroun, mais non par le Nigéria.Les Parties n'ont pas été
en mesure de se mettre d'accord sur la continuation des négociations au
delà du point G, comme le Cameroun le souhaite. Il en résultequ'ilexiste
à ce sujet un différendentre les Parties qui, en définitiveet compte tenu
des circonstances de l'espèce,est suffisamment précispour pouvoir être
porté devant laCour.
111. La Cour, par voie de conséquence, rejettela septième exception
préliminaire.
112. La Cour examinera maintenant la huitièmeet dernièreexception
préliminaireprésentéepar le Nigéria. Selon cette exception, le Nigéria
soutient, dans lecontextede la septièmeexception préliminaireet aux fins
de complétercelle-ci, que la question de la délimitation maritime met
nécessairement en cause les droits et intérêts d'Etats tiers et que la
demande correspondante est pour ce motif irrecevable.
1 13. LeNigériaévoquela configurationparticulière du golfedeGuinée
et sa forme concave, le fait que cinq Etats sont riverains de ce golfe et
qu'aucune délimitationn'a été effectuéepar voie d'accord entre ces Etatsof it, in accordance with Part XV of the United Nations Convention on
the Law of the Sea relating to the settlement of disputes arising between
the parties to the Convention with respect to its interpretation or applica-
tion. It has been seised on the basis of declarations made under
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, which declarations do not con-
tain any condition relating to prior negotiations to be conducted within
a reasonable time period.
The second argument of Nigeria cannot therefore be upheld.
110. In addition to what has been put forward by the Parties, the ques-
tion could arise whether, beyond point G, the dispute between the Parties
has been defined with sufficient precision for the Court to be validly
seised ofit. The Court observes not only that the Parties have not raised
this point, but Cameroon and Nigeria entered into negotiations with a
view to determining the whole of the maritime boundary. It was during
these negotiations that the Maroua Declaration relating to the course of
the maritime boundary up to point G was drawn up. This declaration
was subsequently held to be binding by Cameroon, but not by Nigeria.
The Parties have not been able to agree on the continuation of the nego-
tiations beyond point G, as Cameroon wishes. The result is that there is
a dispute on this subject between the Parties which, ultimately and bear-
ing in mind the circumstances of the case, is precise enough for it to be
brought before the Court.
111. The Court therefore rejects the seventh preliminary objection.
112. The Court will now deal with the eighth and last of the prelimi-
nary objections presented by Nigeria. With that objection Nigeria con-
tends, in the context of and supplementary to the seventh preliminary
objection, that the question of maritime delimitation necessarily involves
the rights and interests of third States and is to that extent inadmissible.
113. Nigeria refers to the particular concave configuration of the Gulf
of Guinea, to the fact that five States border the Gulf and that there are
no agreed delimitations between any two of those States in the disputed323 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
pris deux à deux dans la zone en litige. Dans ces conditions, la délimita-
tion des zones maritimes relevant de deux des Etats riverains du golfe
aura nécessairementdes incidencesdirectessur lesautres. Le Nigériasou-
tient aussi que la situation existant entre le Cameroun et le Nigériaest
différente decelle qui étaità la base de l'affaire du Différendfrontalier
(Burkina FasolRépubliquedu Mali) (arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1986, p. 554),
puisque cette affaire concernait une frontière terrestre pour la délimita-
tion de laquelle les principes applicables sont différentsde ceux qui gou-
vernent la délimitation de frontières maritimes. L'affaire du Plateau
continental (Jamahiriya arabe 1ibyenneIMalte) (requête à fin d'interven-
tion, arrêt,C.Z.J. Recueil 1984,p. 3) diffère ausside la présenteaffaireen
ce sens que leszones auxquelles avaient trait les revendicationsd'un Etat
tiers (l'Italie) étaient connues;enfin, dans l'affaire dueau continental
(TunisielJamahiriya arabe libyenne) (requête à fin d'intervention, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1981, p. 3), la Cour s'est bornée à énoncerdes principes
applicables à la délimitation du plateau continental dans un contexte
donnésans pour autant tracer une ligne particulière. Le Nigéria recon-
naît qu'en vertu de l'article 59 du Statut les Etats tiers ne sont pas for-
mellement liéspar les décisionsde la Cour; il soutient néanmoins que la
protection qu'offre l'article59 du Statut est insuffisante, du fait qu'en
dépitdes dispositions de cet article des décisionsde la Cour pourraient,
dans certaines situations particulières, avoir l'évidencedes effetsjuri-
diqueset pratiques directsà l'égardd'Etats tiers, ainsique sur le dévelop-
pement du droit international.
114. Le Cameroun soutient que la délimitation maritime qu'il priela
Cour de confirmer pour une partie et de déterminer pour une autre
concerne exclusivement les Parties au présent différend. Del'avis du
Cameroun, les intérêts de tous les autres Etats sont préservéspar l'ar-
ticle 59 du Statut et par le principe selon lequel toute délimitation entre
deux Etats est res inter alios acta. Se référantà la jurisprudence de la
Cour, le Cameroun soutient que la Cour n'a pas hésité àprocéder à des
délimitations maritimes dans des affaires dans lesquelles les droits des
Etats tiers étaientplus clairement en cause qu'ils ne le sont dans la pré-
sente espèce.Le Cameroun estime aussi que la pratique conventionnelle
des Etats confirme qu'une délimitationn'est nullement rendue impossible
par l'existence desintérêtsd'Etats voisins.
115. La Cour estime, comme les Parties, que le problèmedes droits et
des intérêtdses Etats tiers ne se pose en l'espècequ'en ce qui concerne le
prolongement, au-delà du point G, de la frontière maritime vers le large,
tel que le Cameroun le demande. Quant à la section de la frontière mari-
time allant du point G versla côtejusqu'aux atterrages de la presqu'île de
Bakassi, il est certain qu'un différend estnédu fait des revendications
contraires des Parties concernant Bakassi et du fait que la déclarationde
Maroua est considérée comme obligatoire par le Cameroun mais non par
le Nigéria.
Mais ce différendne met pas en cause lesdroits et intérêts'Etats tiers.
Cela tient au fait que l'emplacement géographique du point G est nette-area. In these circumstances, the delimitation of the maritime zones
appertaining to two of the States bordering the Gulf willnecessarily and
closely affect the others. Nigeria also holds that the situation between
Cameroon and Nigeria is distinct from that underlyingthe case concern-
ing the Frontier Dispute (Burkina FasolRepublic of Mali) (Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 554) as that case concerned a land boundary to
the delimitation of which apply principles that are different from those
applying to the delimitation of maritime boundaries. The case concerning
the Continental Shelj"(Libyan Arab JamahiriyalMalta) (Applicationfor
Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 3) was differ-
ent from the present case in the sense that the areas to which the claims
of the third State (Italy)related, were known; and in the case concerning
the Continental Shelj"(TunisialLibyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Applicationfor
Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1981, p. 3) the Court
was merely laying down principles applicable to the delimitation of the
continental shelfin a givencontext without actuallydrawingany particu-
lar line. Nigeria acknowledges that by virtue of Article 59 of the Statute,
third States are not formally bound by decisions of the Court; it main-
tains nevertheless that Article 59 of the Statute gives insufficient protec-
tion, since in specificsituations, in spite of that Article, decisions of the
Court may have clear and direct legal and practical effects on third
States, as well as on the development of international law.
114. Cameroon holds that themaritimedelimitation whichit is request-
ing the Court in part to confirm and in part to determine, concerns only
the Parties to the present dispute. In Cameroon's view,the interests of al1
other States are preserved by Article 59 of the Statute and by the prin-
ciple according to which any delimitation as between two States is res
inter alios acta. Referring to the jurisprudence of the Court, Cameroon
claims that the Court has not hesitated to proceed to maritime delimita-
tions in cases where the rights of third States were more clearly in issue
than they are in the present case. Cameroon also finds that practice of
State treaties confirms that a delimitation is in no way made impossible
by the existence of the interests of neighbouring States.
115. The Court notes, as do the Parties, that the problem of rights and
interests of third States arises only for the prolongation, as requested by
Cameroon, of the maritime boundary seawards beyond point G. As to
the stretch of the maritime boundary from point G inwards to the point
of landfall on the Bakassi Peninsula, certainly a dispute has arisen
because of the rival clairnsof the Parties to Bakassi and the fact that the
Maroua Declaration is considered binding by Cameroon but not by
Nigeria.
That dispute however does not concern the rights and interests of third
States. That is so because the geographicallocation of point G is clearly324 FRONTIÈRE TERRESTRE ET MARITIME (ARRÊT)
ment plus proche de la côte continentale du Nigéria etdu Cameroun que
ne l'estletripoint Cameroun-Nigéria-Guinéeéquatoriale.
116. Ce que la Cour doit examiner au titre de la huitième exception
préliminaireest donc de savoir si le fait de prolonger la frontière mari-
time au-delà du point G mettrait en cause les droits et intérêts d'Etats
tiers, et si cela aurait pour effet d'empêcherla Cour de procédeà un tel
prolongement. La Cour note que la situation géographique des territoires
des autres Etats riverains du golfe de Guinée, et en particulier de la
Guinée équatoriale et deSao Tomé-et-Principe, démontre qu'entoute
probabilitéle prolongement de la frontière maritime entre lesParties vers
le large au-delà du point G finira par atteindre les zones maritimes dans
lesquellesles droits et intérêdu Cameroun et du Nigéria chevaucheront
ceux d7Etatstiers. Ainsi, les droits et intérêtstats tiers seront, semble-
t-il, touchéssi la Cour fait droità la demande du Cameroun. La Cour
rappelle qu'elle a affirmé«que l'un des principes fondamentaux de son
Statut est qu'elle nepeut trancher un différendentre des Etats sans que
ceux-ciaient consenti à sajuridiction)) (Timor oriental (Portugal c. Aus-
tralie), arrêt,.I.J. Recueil 1995, p. 101,par. 26). Toutefois, elle a pré-
cisédans la même espèce ((qu'elle n'estpas nécessairement empêchée de
statuer lorsque l'arrêt qu'il lui est demandé de rendre est susceptible
d'avoir des incidences sur les intérêts juridiques d'unEtat qui n'est pas
partie àl'instance))(ibid., p. 104,par. 34).
De même,dans l'affaire de Certaines terres à phosphates à Nauru
(Nauru c. Australie), elle a suivi la mêmeligne de pensée:
«toute décisionde la Cour sur l'existenceou le contenu de la res-
ponsabilité que Nauru impute à l'Australie pourrait certes avoir des
incidencessur la situationjuridique des deux autres Etats concernés,
mais la Cour n'aura pas à se prononcer sur cette situationjuridique
pour prendre sa décisionsur les griefs formuléspar Nauru contre
l'Australie. Par voie de conséquence,la Cour ne peut refuser d'exer-
cer sa juridiction.)) (C.I.J.ueil 1992, p. 261-262,par. 55.)))
La Cour ne saurait donc, en la présenteespèce,prendre sa décisionsur la
huitième exceptionpréliminaireen la considérantsimplement comme une
question préliminaire.Pour pouvoir déterminerquel serait le tracé d'une
frontière maritime prolongée au-delà du point G, en quel lieu et dans
quelle mesure elle se heurterait aux revendications éventuellesd'autres
Etats, et commentl'arrêt dela Cour affecterait lesdroits et intérêts ces
Etats, il serait nécessaireque la Cour examine la demande du Cameroun
au fond. En mêmetemps, la Cour ne saurait exclure que l'arrêt demandé
par le Cameroun puisse avoir sur les droits et intérêtdes Etats tiers une
incidence telle que la Cour serait empêchée de rendre sa décisionen
l'absence de ces Etats, auquel cas la huitième exceptionpréliminairedu
Nigéria devrait être retenue,tout au moins en partie. La question de
savoir si ces Etats tiers décideront d'exercer leurs droits intervention
dans l'instance conformémentau Statut reste entière.
117. La Cour conclut que, par voie de conséquence,la huitième excep-closer to the NigerianlCameroonian mainland than is the location of the
tripoint Cameroon-Nigeria-Equatorial Guinea to the mainland.
116. What the Court has to examine under the eighth preliminary
objection is therefore whether prolongation of the maritime boundary
beyond point G would involve rights and interests of third States and
whether that would prevent it from proceeding to such prolongation. The
Court notes that the geographicallocation of the territories of the other
Statesbordering the Gulf of Guinea, and in particular Equatorial Guinea
and Sao Tome and Principe,demonstrates that it is evident that the pro-
longation of the maritimeboundary between the Parties seawards beyond
point G will eventually run into maritime zones where the rights and
interests of Cameroon and Nigeria will overlap those of third States. It
thus appears that rights and interests of third States willbecome involved
if the Court accedesto Cameroon's request. The Court recalls that it has
affirmed, "that one of the fundamental principles of its Statute is that it
cannot decide a dispute between States without the consent of those
States to itsjurisdiction" (East Timor (Portugal v. Australia), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1995,p. 101,para. 26). However, it stated in the same case
that, "it is not necessarily prevented from adjudicating when the judg-
ment it is asked to givemight affect the legal interests of a State which is
not a party to the case" (ibid., p. 104,para. 34).
Similarly, in the case concerning Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru
(Nauru v. Australia), it adopted the same approach:
"a finding by the Court regarding the existenceor the content of the
responsibility attributed to Australia by Nauru might well have
implications for the legal situation of the two other States con-
cerned,but no findingin respect of that legal situation will beneeded
as a basis for the Court's decision on Nauru's claims against Aus-
tralia. Accordingly, the Court cannot decline to exerciseitsjurisdic-
tion." (I.C.J. Reports 1992, pp. 261-262,para. 55.)
The Court cannot therefore, in the present case, give a decision on the
eighth preliminary objection as a preliminary matter. In order to deter-
mine where a prolonged maritime boundary beyond point G would run,
where and to what extent it would meet possible claims of other States,
and how itsjudgment would affect the rights and interests of these States,
the Court would of necessityhave to deal with the merits of Cameroon's
request. At the same time, the Court cannot rule out the possibility that
the impact of the judgment required by Cameroon on the rights and
interests of the third States could besuch that the Court would be pre-
vented from rendering it in the absence of these States, and that conse-
quently Nigeria's eighth preliminary objection would have to be upheld
at least in part. Whether such third States would choose to exercisetheir
rights to intervene inthese proceedings pursuant to the Statute remains
to be seen.
117. The Court concludes that therefore the eighth preliminary objec-tion préliminaire du Nigéria n'a pas, dans les circonstances de l'espèce,
un caractère exclusivement préliminaire.
118. Par ces motifs,
LACOUR,
1) a) Par quatorze voix contre trois,
Rejette la première exception préliminaire;
POURM: . Schwebel,président; MM. Oda,Bedjaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva,
Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer, Vereshchetin, Mme Higgins, MM. Parra-
Aranguren, Kooijmans, Rezek,juges; M. Mbaye,juge ad hoc;
CONTRE M: . Weeramantry, vice-président; M. Koroma, juge; M. Ajibola,
juge ad hoc;
b) Par seize voix contre une,
Rejette la deuxième exception préliminaire;
POUR: M. Schwebel, président; M. Weeramantry, vice-président;
MM. Oda, Bedjaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer,
Vereshchetin, MmeHiggins, MM. Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans, Rezek,
juges; MM. Mbaye, Ajibola,juges ad hoc;
CONTRE M:. Koroma, juge;
c) Par quinze voix contre deux,
Rejette la troisième exception préliminaire;
POUR: M. Schwebel, président; M. Weeramantry, vice-président;
MM. Oda, Bedjaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer,
Vereshchetin, MmeHiggins, MM. Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans, Rezek,
juges; M. Mbaye, juge ad hoc;
CONTRM E:. Koroma, juge; M. Ajibola,juge ad hoc;
d) Par treize voix contre quatre,
Rejette la quatrième exception préliminaire;
POURM: . Schwebel,président; M. Weeramantry, vice-président;MM. Bed-
jaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer, Vereshchetin,
MmeHiggins, MM. Kooijmans, Rezek,juges; M. Mbaye,juge ad hoc;
CONTRE M: M. Oda, Koroma, Parra-Aranguren, juges; M. Ajibola, juge ad
hoc;
e) Par treize voix contre quatre,
Rejette la cinquième exception préliminaire;
POURM: . Schwebel,président; M. Weeramantry, vice-président;MM. Bed-
jaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer, Mme Higgins,
MM. Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans, Rezek,juges; M. Mbaye,juge adhoc;
CONTRE:MM. Oda, Koroma,Vereshchetin, juges, M. Ajibola, juge ad hoc;tion of Nigeria does not possess, in the circumstances of the case, an
exclusively preliminary character.
118. For these reasons,
(1) (a) By fourteen votes to three,
Rejects the first preliminary objection;
IN FAVOUR :President Schwebel; Judges Oda, Bedjaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva,
Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer, Vereshchetin, Higgins, Parra-Aranguren,
Kooijmans, Rezek; Judge ad hoc Mbaye;
AGAINST :Vice-President Weeramantry; Judge Koroma ; Judge ad hoc Aji-
bola;
(b) By sixteen votes to one,
Rejects the second preliminary objection;
IN FAVOUR :President Schwebel; Vice-PresidentWeeramantry ; Judges Oda,
Bedjaoui,Guillaume,Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi,Fleischhauer,Vereshchetin,
Higgins,Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans, Rezek; Judges ad hoc Mbaye,Aji-
bola;
AGAINST :Judge Koroma ;
(c) By fifteen votes to two,
Rejects the third preliminary objection;
IN FAVOUR :President Schwebel; Vice-PresidentWeeramantry ; Judges Oda,
Bedjaoui,Guillaume,Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer,Vereshchetin,
Higgins,Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans, Rezek; Judge ad hoc Mbaye;
AGAINST :Judge Koroma; Judge ad hoc Ajibola;
(d) By thirteen votes to four,
Rejects the fourth preliminary objection;
IN FAVOUR : President Schwebel; Vice-PresidentWeeramantry; Judges Bed-
jaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer, Vereshchetin,
Higgins, Kooijmans, Rezek; Judge ad hoc Mbaye;
AGAINST: Judges Oda, Koroma, Parra-Aranguren; Judge ad hoc Ajibola;
(e) By thirteen votes to four,
Rejects the fifth preliminary objection;
IN FAVOUR :President Schwebel; Vice-PresidentWeeramantry; Judges Bed-
jaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi,Fleischhauer, Higgins, Parra-
Aranguren, Kooijmans, Rezek; Judge ad hoc Mbaye;
AGAINST: Judges Oda, Koroma, Vereshchetin;Judge ad hoc Ajibola; f) Par quinze voix contre deux,
Rejette la sixième exception préliminaire;
POUR: M. Schwebel, président; M. Weeramantry, vice-président;
MM. Oda, Bedjaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer,
Vereshchetin, MmeHiggins, MM. Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans, Rezek,
juges; M. Mbaye,juge ad hoc;
contre: M. Koroma, juge, M.jibola,juge ad hoc;
g) Par douze voix contre cinq,
Rejette la septième exception préliminaire;
POURM : . Schwebel,président; M.Weeramantry, vice-président;MM. Bed-
jaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer, Vereshchetin,
Parra-Aranguren, Rezek,juges; M. Mbaye,juge ad hoc;
CONTRE M:M. Oda, Koroma, MmeHiggins, M. Kooijmans, juges; M. Aji-
bola, juge ad hoc;
2) Par douze voix contre cinq,
Déclare que la huitième exception préliminaire n'a pas, dans les cir-
constances de l'espèce,un caractère exclusivement préliminaire;
POURM : . Schwebel,président;M. Weeramantry, vice-président;MM. Bed-
jaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer, Vereshchetin,
Parra-Aranguren, Rezek,juges; M. Mbaye,juge ad hoc;
CONTRM E:M. Oda, Koroma, MmeHiggins, M. Kooijmans, juges; M. Aji-
bola, juge ad hoc;
3) Par quatorze voix contre trois,
Dit qu'elle a compétence, sur la base du paragraphe 2 de l'a36idue
Statut, pourstatuer sur le différend;
POUR:M. Schwebel,président; MM. Oda, Bedjaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva,
Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer, Vereshchetin, Mme Higgins, MM. Parra-
Aranguren, Kooijmans, Rezek,juges; M. Mbaye,juge ad hoc;
CONTRE M: . Weeramantry, vice-président;M. Koroma, juge; M. Ajibola,
juge ad hoc;
4) Par quatorze voix contre trois,
Dit que la requête déposépar la République du Cameroun le 29 mars
1994, telle qu'amendée par la requête additionnelle du juin 1994, est
recevable.
POUR:M. Schwebel,président; MM. Oda, Bedjaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva,
Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer, Vereshchetin, Mme Higgins, MM. Parra-
Aranguren, Kooijmans, Rezek,juges; M. Mbaye,juge ad hoc;
CONTRE M: . Weeramantry, vice-président;M. Koroma, juge; M. Ajibola,
juge ad hoc.
Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de
la Paix, à La Haye, le onze juin mil neuf cent quatre-vingt-dix-hent, (f) By fifteen votes to two,
Rejects the sixth preliminary objection;
IN FAVOUR :President Schwebel ; Vice-PresidenWeeramantry ; JudgesOda,
Bedjaoui,Guillaume,Ranjeva,Herczegh, Shi,Fleischhauer,Vereshchetin,
Higgins,Parra-Aranguren, Kooijmans,Rezek ; Judgead hoc Mbaye ;
AGAINS Tudge Koroma; Judge ad hoc Ajibola;
(g) By twelve votes to five,
Rejects the seventh preliminary objection;
IN FAVOUR :President Schwebel ; Vice-PresidentWeeramantry ;Judges Bed-
jaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer, Vereshchetin,
Parra-Aranguren, Rezek; Judge ad hoc Mbaye;
AGAINS Tudges Oda, Koroma, Higgins,Kooijmans; Judge ad hoc Ajibola;
(2) By twelve votes to five,
Declares that the eighth preliminary objection does not have, in the
circumstances of the case, an exclusively preliminary character ;
IN FAVOUR Pr:esidentSchwebel; Vice-PresidentWeeramantry; Judges Bed-
jaoui, Guillaume, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer, Vereshchetin,
Parra-Aranguren, Rezek; Judge ad hoc Mbaye;
AGAINST: Judges Oda, Koroma, Higgins,Kooijmans; Judge ad hoc Ajibola;
(3) By fourteen votes to three,
Finds that, on the basis of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, it has
jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute;
IN FAVOUR :President Schwebel; JudgesOda, Bedjaoui,Guillaume,Ranjeva,
Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer, Vereshchetin, Higgins,Parra-Aranguren,
Kooijmans, Rezek; Judge ad hoc Mbaye;
AGAINST: Vice-PresidentWeeramantry; Judge Koroma; Judge ad hoc Aji-
bola;
(4) By fourteen votes to three,
Finds that the Application filed by the Republic of Cameroon on
29 March 1994, as amended by the Additional Application of 6 June
1994, is admissible.
IN FAVOUR :PresidentSchwebel ; JudgesOda, Bedjaoui,Guillaume,Ranjeva,
Herczegh, Shi, Fleischhauer, Vereshchetin, Higgins,Parra-Aranguren,
Kooijmans, Rezek; Judge ad hoc Mbaye;
AGAINST: Vice-PresidentWeeramantry ; Judge Koroma ; Judgead hoc Aji-
bola.
Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this eleventh day of June, one thousandtrois exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux archives de la Cour et
les autres seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de la Répu-
blique du Cameroun et au Gouvernement de la Républiquefédéraledu
Nigéria.
Le président,
(Signé) Stephen M. SCHWEBEL.
Le greffier,
(Signé) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA.
MM. ODA,VERESHCHETM INm,e HIGGINSM, M. PARRA-ARANGURE etN
KOOIJMANjS u,ges, joignentl'arrêtles exposés de leur opinion indivi-
duelle.
M. WEERAMANTR vic,e-président,M. KOROMj,ge, et, M. AJIBOLA,
jugead hoc,joignentà l'arrêtles exposés de leuropinion dissidente.
(Paraphé) S.M.S.
(Paraphé) E.V.O.nine hundred and ninety-eight, in three copies, one of which will be
placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the
Government of the Republic of Cameroon and the Government of the
Federal Republic of Nigeria, respectively.
(Signed) Stephen M. SCHWEBEL,
President.
(Signed) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA,
Registrar.
Judges ODA, VERESHCHETIN H,IGGINS,PARRA-ARANGUREa nd
KOOIJMAN append separate opinions to the Judgrnent of the Court.
Vice-President WEERAMANTRJY u, ge KOROMA and Judge ad hoc
AJIBOLAappend dissenting opinions to the Judgment of the Court.
(Znitialled) S.M.S.
(Znitialled) E.V.O.
Preliminary Objections
Judgment of 11 June 1998