Judgment of 19 June 2012

Document Number
103-20120619-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE
AHMADOU SADIO DIALLO

(RÉPUBLIQUE DE GUINÉE c. RÉPUBLIQUE
DÉMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO)

INDEMNISATION DUE PAR LA RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRATIQUE
DU CONGO À LA RÉPUBLIQUE DE GUINÉE

ARRÊT DU 19 JUIN 2012

2012

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING
AHMADOU SADIO DIALLO

(REPUBLIC OF GUINEA v. DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO)

COMPENSATION OWED BY THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
OF THE CONGO TO THE REPUBLIC OF GUINEA

JUDGMENT OF 19 JUNE 2012

6 CIJ1032.indb 1 26/11/13 09:37 Mode officiel de citation :
Ahmadou Sadio Diallo
(République de Guinée c. République démocratique du Congo)▯,
indemnisation, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012, p. 324

Official citation :

Ahmadou Sadio Diallo
(Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo),
Compensation, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 324

o
N de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number 1032
ISBN 978-92-1-071146-3

6 CIJ1032.indb 2 26/11/13 09:37 19 JUIN 2012

ARRÊT

AHMADOU SADIO DIALLO

(RÉPUBLIQUE DE GUINÉE c. RÉPUBLIQUE

DÉMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO)

INDEMNISATION DUE PAR LA RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRATIQUE

DU CONGO À LA RÉPUBLIQUE DE GUINÉE

AHMADOU SADIO DIALLO

(REPUBLIC OF GUINEA v. DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO)

COMPENSATION OWED BY THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
OF THE CONGO TO THE REPUBLIC OF GUINEA

19 JUNE 2012

JUDGMENT

6 CIJ1032.indb 3 26/11/13 09:37 324

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraphs

Chronology of the Procedurge 1-10

I. Introductory Observations 11-17

II. Heads of Damage in respegct of which Compensatigon Is
requested 18-55

A. Claim for compensation for non-material injury suffered by
Mr. Diallo 18-25
B. Claim for compensation for material injury suffered by

Mr. Diallo 26-55

1. Alleged loss of Mr. Diallo’s personal property (includ
ing assets in bank accounts) 27-36
2. Alleged loss of remuneration during Mr. Diallo’s

unlawful detentions and following his unlawful expul -
sion 37-50
3. Alleged deprivation of potential earnings 51-55

III. Total Sum Awarded and Posgt-Judgment Interest 56-57

IV. Procedural Costs 58-60

Operative Clause 61

4

6 CIJ1032.indb 5 26/11/13 09:37 325

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2012 2012

19 June
General List
19 June 2012 No. 103

CASE CONCERNING

AHMADOU SADIO DIALLO

(REPUBLIC OF GUINEA v. DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO)

compensation owed by thge democratic republicg

of the congo to the repubglic of guinea

Introductory observations.
Object of the present proceedings pursuant to Court’s Judgment of 30 Novem
ber 2010 — Determination of amount of compensation — Injury resulting from
unlawful detentions and expulsion of Mr. Diallo — Guinea’s exercise of diplomatic
protection — General rules governing compensation — Establishment of injury
and causal nexus between the wrongful acts and that injury — Valuation of the

injury — General rule that it is for the party which alleges a particular fact t▯o
prove existence of that fact — That rule to be applied flexibly in this case as
Respondent may be in a better position to establish certain facts — Evidence
adduced by Guinea as starting point of the Court’s inquiry — Assessment in light
of evidence introduced by the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) — Allow
ance for the difficulty in providing certain evidence because of abruptn▯ess of

Mr. Diallo’s expulsion — The Court’s inquiry limited to the injury resulting from
the breach of Mr. Diallo’s rights as an individual.

*

Claim for compensation for non‑material injury suffered by Mr. Diallo.
Non‑material injury may take various forms — Establishment of non‑material
injury even without specific evidence — Non‑material injury of Mr. Diallo as an
inevitable consequence of the wrongful acts of the DRC already ascertain▯ed by the
Court in its Judgment on the merits — Reasonable to conclude that the wrongful

conduct of the DRC caused Mr. Diallo significant psychological suffering and loss
of reputation — Number of days for which Mr. Diallo was detained, as well as fact
that he was not mistreated, taken into acco— Context in which the wrongful

5

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detentions and expulsion occurred, as well as their arbitrary nature, as▯ factors
aggravating Mr. Diallo’s non‑material injury — Importance of equitable consider ‑
ations in the quantification of compensation for non‑material injury — US$85,000
in compensation awarded.

*
Claim for compensation for material injury suffered by Mr. Diallo.
Alleged loss of personal property.
Property of the two companies not taken into account given the Court’▯s prior

decision that claims related thereto were inadmissible — Personal property located
in Mr. Diallo’s apartment appearing on an inventory prepared 12 days after his
expulsion — Failure of Guinea to prove extent of loss of Mr. Diallo’s personal
property listed on inventory and extent to which any such loss was cause▯d by the
unlawful conduct of the DRC — Lack of any evidence regarding value of items on
inventory — Mr. Diallo nevertheless required to transport his personal property to

Guinea or to arrange for its disposition in the DRC — US$10,000 awarded based
on equitable considerations.

High‑value items not specified on the inventory — No evidence put forward by
Guinea that Mr. Diallo owned these items at the time of his expulsion ; that they
were in his apartment if he did own them ; or that they were lost as a result of
Mr. Diallo’s treatment by the DRC — No compensation awarded.

Assets alleged to have been contained in bank accounts — No information pro‑
vided by Guinea about total sum held in bank accounts, the amount of any▯ particu ‑
lar account or the name(s) of bank(s) in which account(s) were hel▯d — No evi ‑
dence put forward by Guinea demonstrating that the unlawful detentions and
expulsion of Mr. Diallo caused the loss of any assets held in bank accounts — No

compensation awarded.
Alleged loss of remuneration during Mr. Diallo’s unlawful detentions and fol ‑
lowing his expulsion.
Cognizable character, as a component of compensation, of claim for incom▯e lost
as a result of unlawful detention — Estimation may be appropriate where amount
of lost income cannot be calculated precisely — No evidence however offered by

Guinea to support the claim that Mr. Diallo was earning US$25,000 per month as
gérant of Africom‑Zaire and Africontainers‑Zaire — Evidence, on the contrary,
that neither of the companies was conducting business during the years i▯mmedi ‑
ately prior to Mr. Diallo’s detentions — Failure of Guinea to prove how Mr. Dial ‑
lo’s unlawful detentions would have caused him to lose any remunerati▯on he could
have been receiving — Guinea’s claim for loss of remuneration during period of

Mr. Diallo’s detention rejected — Reasons for rejecting claim equally applicable
to Guinea’s highly speculative claim relating to the period following▯ Mr. Diallo’s
expulsion — No compensation awarded.

Alleged deprivation of potential earnings.
Guinea’s claim concerning “potential earnings” as beyond the sc▯ope of the pro ‑
ceedings, given the Court’s prior decision on the inadmissibility of ▯Guinea’s claims

relating to the injuries alleged to have been caused to the companies — No com‑
pensation awarded.

*

6

6 CIJ1032.indb 9 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 327

Total sum awarded and post‑judgment interest.
The total sum awarded to Guinea is US$95,000 to be paid by 31 August 2012 —
Should payment be delayed, post‑judgment interest on the principal sum d▯ue to
accrue as from 1 September 2012 at an annual rate of 6 per cent — Sum awarded
to Guinea in the exercise of diplomatic protection of Mr. Diallo intended to pro

vide reparation for the latter’s injury.

*

Procedural costs.
Article 64 of the Statute of the Court as implying that there may be circums
tances which would make it appropriate for the Court to allocate costs i▯n favour of

one of the parties — No such circumstances exist in the present case.

JUDGMENT

Present : President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda-Amor ; Judges Owada,
Abraham, Keith, Bennouna,g Skotnikov, CançadT orindade, Yusuf,
Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde ; Judges ad hoc
Mahiou, Mampuya ;Registrar Couvreur.

In the case concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo,

between

the Republic of Guinea,
represented by

Mr. Mohamed Camara, First Counsellor for Political Affairs, Embassy of
Guinea in the Benelux countries and in the European Union,

as Agent ;
Mr. Hassane II Diallo, Counsellor and chargé de mission at the Ministry of

Justice,
as Co-Agent,

and

the Democratic Republic of the Congo,

represented by
H.E. Mr. Henri Mova Sakanyi, Ambassador of the Democratic Republic of

the Congo to the Kingdom of Belgium, the Kingdom of the Netherlands
and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg,
as Agent ;

7

6 CIJ1032.indb 11 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 328

Mr. Tshibangu Kalala, Professor of International Law at the University of
Kinshasa, member of the Kinshasa and Brussels Bars, and member of the
Congolese Parliament,

as Co-Agent,

The Court,

composed as above,
after deliberation,

delivers the following Judgment :

1. On 28 December 1998, the Government of the Republic of Guinea (here -
inafter “Guinea”) filed in the Registry of the Court an Applicatiogn instituting
proceedings against the Democratic Republic of the Congo (hereinafter tghe

“DRC”, named Zaire between 1971 and 1997) in respect of a disputeg concerning
“serious violations of international law” alleged to have been comgmitted upon
the person of Mr. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo, a Guinean national.
In the Application, Guinea maintained that :

“Mr. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo, a businessman of Guinean nationality, was
unjustly imprisoned by the authorities of the Democratic Republic of theg

Congo, after being resident in that State for thirty-two (32) years, despoiled
of his sizable investments, businesses, movable and immovable property agnd
bank accounts, and then expelled.”

Guinea added :

“[t]his expulsion came at a time when Mr. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo was pur -
suing recovery of substantial debts owed to his businesses [Africom-Zaire
and Africontainers-Zaire] by the [Congolese] State and by oil companies
established in its territory and of which the State is a shareholder”g.

According to Guinea, Mr. Diallo’s arrests, detentions and expulsion consti -
tuted, inter alia, violations of

“the principle that aliens should be treated in accordance with ‘ag minimum
standard of civilization’, [of] the obligation to respect the freedomg and prop

erty of aliens, [and of] the right of aliens accused of an offence to ga fair trial
on adversarial principles by an impartial court”.

To found the jurisdiction of the Court, Guinea invoked in the Applicatiogn the
declarations whereby the two States have recognized the compulsory jurisgdic -
tion of the Court under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court.
2. On 3 October 2002, the DRC raised preliminary objections in respect of

the admissibility of Guinea’s Application. In its Judgment of 24 May 2007 on
these preliminary objections, the Court declared the Application of the gRepublic
of Guinea to be admissible “in so far as it concerns protection of Mrg. Diallo’s
rights as an individual” and “in so far as it concerns protection gof [his] direct
rights as associé in Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire”. However, the

Court declared the Application of the Republic of Guinea to be inadmissigble “in
so far as it concerns protection of Mr. Diallo in respect of alleged violations of
rights of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire” (Ahmadou Sadio Diallo

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6 CIJ1032.indb 13 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 329

(Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo), Preliminary Objec ‑
tions, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), pp. 617-618, para. 98, subpara. 3 (a),
(b), and (c) of the operative part).
3. In its Judgment of 30 November 2010 on the merits, the Court found
that, in respect of the circumstances in which Mr. Diallo had been expelled on

31 January 1996, the DRC had violated Article 13 of the International Cove -
nant on Civil and Political Rights (hereinafter the “Covenant”) gand Article 12,
paragraph 4, of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (hereinafter g
the “African Charter”) (Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Demo ‑

cratic Republic of the Congo), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010 (II),
p. 692, para. 165, subpara. (2) of the operative part). The Court also found that,
in respect of the circumstances in which Mr. Diallo had been arrested and
detained in 1995-1996 with a view to his expulsion, the DRC had violated Arti -
cle 9, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the Covenant and Article 6 of the African Charter

(ibid., p. 692, para. 165, subpara. (3) of the operative part).
4. The Court further decided that

“the Democratic Republic of the Congo [was] under obligation to make g
appropriate reparation, in the form of compensation, to the Republic of
Guinea for the injurious consequences of the violations of internationalg
obligations referred to in subparagraphs (2) and (3) [of the operative part]”
(ibid., p. 693, para. 165, subpara. (7) of the operative part),

namely the unlawful arrests, detentions and expulsion of Mr. Diallo.
5. In addition, the Court found that the DRC had violated Mr. Diallo’s

rights under Article 36, paragraph 1 (b), of the Vienna Convention on Consular
Relations (ibid., p. 692, para. 165, subpara. (4) of the operative part). It did not
however order the DRC to pay compensation for this violation (ibid., p. 693,
para. 165, subpara. (7) of the operative part).
6. In the same Judgment, the Court rejected all other submissions by Guineag

relating to the arrests and detentions of Mr. Diallo, including the contention
that he was subjected to treatment prohibited by Article 10, paragraph 1, of the
Covenant during his detentions (ibid., subpara. (5) of the operative part). Fur-
thermore, the Court found that the DRC had not violated Mr. Diallo’s direct
rights as an associé in the companies Africom - Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire

(ibid., subpara. (6) of the operative part).
7. Finally, the Court decided, with respect to the question of compensation
owed by the DRC to Guinea, that “failing agreement between the Partiegs on this
matter within six months from the date of [the said] Judgment, [this] question . . .
shall be settled by the Court” (ibid., subpara. (8) of the operative part). Consider-

ing itself to have been “sufficiently informed of the facts of the . . . case”, the
Court found that “a single exchange of written pleadings by the Partiges would
then be sufficient in order for it to decide on the amount of compensation” (ibid,
p. 692, para. 164).
8. The time-limit of six months thus fixed by the Court having expired on

30 May 2011 without an agreement being reached between the Parties on the
question of compensation due to Guinea, the President of the Court held ga
meeting with the representatives of the Parties on 14 September 2011 in order to
ascertain their views on the time-limits to be fixed for the filing of the two plead -

ings envisaged by the Court.
9. By an Order of 20 September 2011, the Court fixed 6 December 2011 and
21 February 2012 as the respective time-limits for the filing of the Memorial of
Guinea and the Counter-Memorial of the DRC on the question of compensa -

9

6 CIJ1032.indb 15 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 330

tion due to Guinea. The Memorial and the Counter-Memorial were duly filed
within the time-limits thus prescribed.
10. In the written proceedings relating to compensation, the following sub -
missions were presented by the Parties :

On behalf of the Government of Guinea,

in the Memorial :
“In compensation for the damage suffered by Mr. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo

as a result of his arbitrary detentions and expulsion, the Republic of Gguinea
begs the Court to order the Democratic Republic of the Congo to pay it
(on behalf of its national) the following sums :

— US$250,000 for mental and moral damage, including injury to his
reputation ;
— US$6,430,148 for loss of earnings during his detention and following

his expulsion ;
— US$550,000 for other material damage ; and

— US$4,360,000 for loss of potential earnings ;

amounting to a total of eleven million five hundred and ninety thousand
one hundred and forty-eight American dollars (US$11,590,148), not includ -
ing statutory default interest.

Furthermore, as a result of having been forced to institute the present g
proceedings, the Guinean State has incurred unrecoverable costs which itg
should not, in equity, be required to bear and which are assessed at
US$500,000. The Republic of Guinea also begs the Court to order the DRC g
to pay it that sum.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo should also be ordered to pay all
the costs.”
On behalf of the Government of the DRC,

in the Counter-Memorial :

“Having regard to all of the arguments of fact and law set out above,g the
Democratic Republic of the Congo asks the Court to adjudge and declare
that :

(1) compensation in an amount of US$30,000 is due to Guinea to make
good the non-pecuniary injury suffered by Mr. Diallo as a result of his

wrongful detentions and expulsion in 1995-1996 ;
(2) no default interest is due on the amount of compensation as fixed
above ;
(3) the DRC shall have a time-limit of six months from the date of the
Court’s judgment in which to pay to Guinea the above amount of com -

pensation ;
(4) no compensation is due in respect of the other material damage claimed
by Guinea ;
(5) each Party shall bear its own costs of the proceedings, including costs g
and fees of its counsel, advocates, advisers, assistants and others.”g

* * *

10

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I. Introductory Observatiogns

11. It falls to the Court at this stage of the proceedings to determine
the amount of compensation to be awarded to Guinea as a consequence
of the unlawful arrests, detentions and expulsion of Mr. Diallo by the
DRC, pursuant to the findings of the Court set out in its Judgment of
30 November 2010 and recalled above. In that Judgment, the Court indi -

cated that the amount of compensation was to be based on “the injury g
flowing from the wrongful detentions and expulsion of Mr. Diallo in
1995-96, including the resulting loss of his personal belongings”
(I.C.J. Reports 2010 (II), p. 691, para. 163).
12. The Court begins by recalling certain of the facts on which it based
its Judgment of 30 November 2010. Mr. Diallo was continuously detained

for 66 days, from 5 November 1995 until 10 January 1996 (ibid., p. 662,
para. 59), and was detained for a second time between 25 and 31 Janu -
ary 1996 (ibid., p. 662, para. 60), that is, for a total of 72 days. The Court
also observed that Guinea failed to demonstrate that Mr. Diallo was sub -
jected to inhuman or degrading treatment during his detentions (ibid.,

p. 671, paras. 88-89). In addition, the Court found that Mr. Diallo was
expelled by the DRC on 31 January 1996 and that he received notice of
his expulsion on the same day (ibid., p. 659, para. 50, and p. 668, para. 78).

13. The Court turns to the question of compensation for the violations

of Mr. Diallo’s human rights established in its Judgment of 30 Novem -
ber 2010. It recalls that it has fixed an amount of compensation once, in
the Corfu Channel case ((United Kingdom v. Albania), Assessment of
Amount of Compensation, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 244). In the
present case, Guinea is exercising diplomatic protection with respect tog
one of its nationals, Mr. Diallo, and is seeking compensation for the

injury caused to him. As the Permanent Court of International Justice
stated in the Factory of Chorzów case (Merits, Judgment No. 13, 1928,
P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 17, pp. 27-28), “[i]t is a principle of international
law that the reparation of a wrong may consist in an indemnity corre -
sponding to the damage which the nationals of the injured State have

suffered as a result of the act which is contrary to international lawg”. The
Court has taken into account the practice in other international courts,g
tribunals and commissions (such as the International Tribunal for the
Law of the Sea, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), the
Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR), the Iran-United

States Claims Tribunal, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission, and
the United Nations Compensation Commission), which have applied gen -
eral principles governing compensation when fixing its amount, including g
in respect of injury resulting from unlawful detention and expulsion.

14. Guinea seeks compensation under four heads of damage :
non-material injury (referred to by Guinea as “mental and moral dam -

11

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age”); and three heads of material damage : alleged loss of personal prop-
erty; alleged loss of professional remuneration (referred to by Guinea as

“loss of earnings”) during Mr. Diallo’s detentions and after his expul -
sion; and alleged deprivation of “potential earnings”. As to each head of
damage, the Court will consider whether an injury is established. It wilgl
then “ascertain whether, and to what extent, the injury asserted by tghe
Applicant is the consequence of wrongful conduct by the Respondent”, g

taking into account “whether there is a sufficiently direct and certain
causal nexus between the wrongful act . . . and the injury suffered by the
Applicant” (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punish ‑
ment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and
Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I), pp. 233-234, para. 462).
If the existence of injury and causation is established, the Court will gthen

determine the valuation.

15. The assessment of compensation owed to Guinea in this case will
require the Court to weigh the Parties’ factual contentions. The Courgt
recalled in its Judgment of 30 November 2010 that, as a general rule, it is

for the party which alleges a particular fact in support of its claims tgo
prove the existence of that fact (I.C.J. Reports 2010 (II), p. 660, para. 54 ;
see also Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the for ‑
mer Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2011 (II), p. 668, para. 72; Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v.

Uruguay), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010 (I), p. 71, para. 162). The Court
also recognized that this general rule would have to be applied flexibgly in
this case and, in particular, that the Respondent may be in a better posi -
tion to establish certain facts (I.C.J. Reports 2010 (II), pp. 660-661,
paras. 54-56).
16. In the present stage of the proceedings, the Court once again will be

guided by the approach summarized in the preceding paragraph. Thus, the
starting point in the Court’s inquiry will be the evidence adduced byg
Guinea to support its claim under each head of damage, which the Court
will assess in light of evidence introduced by the DRC. The Court also
recognizes that the abruptness of Mr. Diallo’s expulsion may have dimin -

ished the ability of Mr. Diallo and Guinea to locate certain documents,
calling for some flexibility by the Court in considering the record begfore it.

17. Before turning to the various heads of damage, the Court also
recalls that the scope of the present proceedings is determined in imporg -

tant respects by the Court’s Judgments of 24 May 2007 and of 30 Novem-
ber 2010. Having declared Guinea’s Application inadmissible as to allegedg
violations of the rights of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire
(I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 616, para. 94), the Court will not take
account of any claim for injury sustained by the two companies, rather
than by Mr. Diallo himself. Moreover, the Court will award no compen -

sation in respect of Guinea’s claim that the DRC violated Mr. Diallo’s
direct rights as an associé in Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire,

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because the Court found that there was no such violation in its Judgmentg

of 30 November 2010 (I.C.J. Reports 2010 (II), p. 690, para. 157, and
pp. 690-691, para. 159). The Court’s inquiry will be limited to the injury
resulting from the breach of Mr. Diallo’s rights as an individual, that is,
“the injury flowing from the wrongful detentions and expulsion of
Mr. Diallo in 1995-1996, including the resulting loss of his personal

belongings” (ibid., p. 691, para. 163).

II. Heads of Damage in respegct of which
Compensation Is Requestged

A. Claim for Compensation for Non‑Material Injury
Suffered by Mr. Diallo

18. “Mental and moral damage”, referred to by Guinea, or “non-pecu-
niary injury”, referred to by the DRC, covers harm other than materiagl
injury which is suffered by an injured entity or individual. Non-material

injury to a person which is cognizable under international law may take g
various forms. For instance, the umpire in the Lusitania cases before the
Mixed Claims Commission (United States/Germany) mentioned “mental
suffering, injury to [a claimant’s] feelings, humiliation, shame, dgegrada -

tion, loss of social position or injury to his credit or to his reputatigon”
(opinion in the Lusitania cases, 1 November 1923, United Nations,
Reports of International Arbitral Awards (RIAA), Vol. VII, p. 40). The
Inter-American Court of Human Rights observed in Gutiérrez‑Soler v.
Colombia that “[n]on pecuniary damage may include distress, suffering,

tampering with the victim’s core values, and changes of a non-pecuniagry
nature in the person’s everyday life” (judgment of 12 September 2005
(merits, reparations and costs), IACHR, Series C, No. 132, para. 82).

19. In the present case, Guinea contends that
“Mr. Diallo suffered moral and mental harm, including emotional

pain, suffering and shock, as well as the loss of his position in socigety
and injury to his reputation as a result of his arrests, detentions and
expulsion by the DRC.”

No specific evidence regarding this head of damage is submitted by
Guinea.
20. The DRC, for its part, does not contest the fact that Mr. Diallo suf -

fered “non-pecuniary injury”. However, the DRC requests the Court to
“take into account the specific circumstances of this case, the brevity

of the detention complained of, the absence of any mistreatment of

13

6 CIJ1032.indb 23 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 334

Mr. Diallo, [and] the fact that Mr. Diallo was expelled to his country
of origin, with which he had been able to maintain ongoing and

high-level contacts throughout his lengthy stay in the Congo”.

*

21. In the view of the Court, non-material injury can be established

even without specific evidence. In the case of Mr. Diallo, the fact that he
suffered non-material injury is an inevitable consequence of the wrongful
acts of the DRC already ascertained by the Court. In its Judgment on theg
merits, the Court found that Mr. Diallo had been arrested without being
informed of the reasons for his arrest and without being given the possig -
bility to seek a remedy (I.C.J. Reports 2010 (II), p. 666, para. 74, and

p. 670, para. 84) ; that he was detained for an unjustifiably long period
pending expulsion (ibid., pp. 668-669, para. 79) ; that he was made the
object of accusations that were not substantiated (ibid., p. 669, para. 82) ;
and that he was wrongfully expelled from the country where he had
resided for 32 years and where he had engaged in significant business

activities (ibid., pp. 666-667, paras. 73 and 74). Thus, it is reasonable to
conclude that the DRC’s wrongful conduct caused Mr. Diallo significant
psychological suffering and loss of reputation.
22. The Court has taken into account the number of days for which
Mr. Diallo was detained and its earlier conclusion that it had not been

demonstrated that Mr. Diallo was mistreated in violation of Article 10,
paragraph 1, of the Covenant (ibid., p. 671, para. 89).
23. The circumstances of the case point to the existence of certain fac -
tors which aggravate Mr. Diallo’s non-material injury. One is the context
in which the wrongful detentions and expulsion occurred. As the Court
noted in its Judgment on the merits,

“it is difficult not to discern a link between Mr. Diallo’s expulsion and

the fact that he had attempted to recover debts which he believed were
owed to his companies by, amongst others, the Zairean State or com -
panies in which the State holds a substantial portion of the capital”g
(I.C.J. Reports 2010 (II), p. 669, para. 82).

In addition, Mr. Diallo’s

“arrest and detention aimed at allowing such an expulsion measure,
one without any defensible basis, to be effected can only be characterg-
ized as arbitrary within the meaning of Article 9, paragraph 1, of
the Covenant and Article 6 of the African Charter” (ibid.).

24. Quantification of compensation for non-material injury necessarily
rests on equitable considerations. As the umpire noted in the Lusitania

cases, non-material injuries “are very real, and the mere fact that they are
difficult to measure or estimate by money standards makes them none theg

14

6 CIJ1032.indb 25 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 335

less real and affords no reason why the injured person should not be cgom -
pensated therefore as compensatory damages” (RIAA, Vol. VII, p. 40).

When considering compensation for material or non-material injury
caused by violations of the Covenant or the African Charter, respectively,
the Human Rights Committee and the African Commission on Human
and Peoples’ Rights recommended “adequate compensation” withoutg
specifying the sum to be paid (see, for example, A. v. Australia, HRC,

3 April 1997, communication No. 560/1993, United Nations doc. CCPR/
C/59/D/560/1993, para. 11 ; Kenneth Good v. Republic of Botswana,
ACHPR, 26 May 2010, communication No. 313/05, 28th Activity Report,
Ann. IV, p. 110, para. 244). Arbitral tribunals and regional human rights
courts have been more specific, given the power to assess compensation

granted by their respective constitutive instruments. Equitable consider -
ations have guided their quantification of compensation for non-material
harm. For instance, in Al‑Jedda v. United Kingdom, the Grand Chamber
of the European Court of Human Rights stated that, for determining
damage,

“[i]ts guiding principle is equity, which above all involves flexibility

and an objective consideration of what is just, fair and reasonable in
all the circumstances of the case, including not only the position of
the applicant but the overall context in which the breach occurred”
(application No. 27021/08, judgment of 7 July 2011, ECHR Reports
2011, para. 114).

Similarly, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has said that the
payment of a sum of money as compensation for non-pecuniary damages

may be determined by that court “in reasonable exercise of its judicigal
authority and on the basis of equity” (Cantoral Benavides v. Peru, judg -
ment of 3 December 2001 (reparations and costs), IACHR, Series C,
No. 88, para. 53).

*

25. With regard to the non-material injury suffered by Mr. Diallo, the
circumstances outlined in paragraphs 21 to 23 lead the Court to consider
that the amount of US$85,000 would provide appropriate compensation.
The sum is expressed in the currency to which both Parties referred in

their written pleadings on compensation.

B. Claim for Compensation for Material Injury

Suffered by Mr. Diallo

26. As previously noted (see paragraph 14), Guinea claims compensa -
tion for three heads of material damage. The Court will begin by addressg -

15

6 CIJ1032.indb 27 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 336

ing Guinea’s claim relating to the loss of Mr. Diallo’s personal property ;
it will then consider Guinea’s claims concerning loss of professionalg

remuneration during Mr. Diallo’s unlawful detentions and following his
unlawful expulsion from the DRC ; and, finally, it will turn to Guinea’s
claim in respect of “potential earnings”.

1. Alleged loss of Mr. Diallo’s personal property (including assets in bank
accounts)

27. Guinea claims that Mr. Diallo’s abrupt expulsion prevented him
from making arrangements for the transfer or disposal of personal prop -
erty that was in his apartment and also caused the loss of certain assets in

bank accounts. Guinea refers to an inventory of items in Mr. Diallo’s
apartment that was prepared 12 days after he was expelled, claiming that
the inventory understated his personal property because it failed to
include a number of high-value items that were in the apartment. It states
that all of these assets have been irretrievably lost and estimates the value

of lost tangible and intangible assets (including bank accounts) at
US$550,000.

28. The DRC contends that Guinea was responsible for having pro -
duced the inventory in question as evidence before the Court, only laterg
to declare it incomplete. Citing Guinea’s role in preparing the invengtory,

the DRC characterizes that inventory as “credible” and “seriousg”, and
contends that Guinea cannot now claim that Mr. Diallo owned addi -
tional assets not reflected in it. The DRC further asserts that it cangnot be
held responsible for the alleged loss of any property that was in the apgart-
ment because the DRC did not order Mr. Diallo’s eviction from the

apartment and because Mr. Diallo’s personal property was under the
control of officials from the Guinean embassy and of Mr. Diallo’s friends
and relatives. Further, the DRC states that Guinea has provided no evi -
dence regarding bank assets.

*

29. The Court here addresses Guinea’s claim for the loss of Mr. Dial -
lo’s personal property, without taking into account property of the tgwo
companies (to which Guinea also refers), given the Court’s prior degcision

that Guinea’s claims relating to the companies were inadmissible (sege
paragraph 17 above). The personal property at issue in Guinea’s claim
may be divided into three categories : furnishings of Mr. Diallo’s apart -
ment that appear on the above-referenced inventory ; certain high-value
items alleged to have been in Mr. Diallo’s apartment, which are not spec -
ified on that inventory ; and assets in bank accounts.

30. As to personal property that was located in Mr. Diallo’s apart -
ment, it appears that the inventory of the property in Mr. Diallo’s apart -

16

6 CIJ1032.indb 29 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 337

ment, which both Parties have submitted to the Court, was prepared
approximately 12 days after Mr. Diallo’s expulsion from the DRC. While

Guinea complains about omissions from the inventory (the high-value
items discussed below), both Parties appear to accept that the items thgat
are listed on the inventory were in the apartment at the time the inventgory
was prepared.
31. There is, however, uncertainty about what happened to the prop -

erty listed on the inventory. Guinea does not point to any evidence thatg
Mr. Diallo attempted to transport or to dispose of the property in the
apartment, and there is no evidence before the Court that the DRC
barred him from doing so. The DRC states that it did not take possession
of the apartment and that it did not evict Mr. Diallo from the apartment.
Mr. Diallo himself stated in 2008 that the company from which the apart -

ment was leased took possession of it soon after his expulsion and that,g
as a result, he had lost all of his personal effects. Therefore, takeng as a
whole, Guinea has failed to prove the extent of the loss of Mr. Diallo’s
personal property listed on the inventory and the extent to which any
such loss was caused by the DRC’s unlawful conduct.

32. Even assuming that it could be established that the personal prop -
erty on the inventory was lost and that any such loss was caused by the g
DRC’s unlawful conduct, Guinea offers no evidence regarding the valgue
of the items on the inventory (either with respect to individual items or in

the aggregate).
33. Despite the shortcomings in the evidence related to the property
listed on the inventory, the Court recalls that Mr. Diallo lived and worked
in the territory of the DRC for over thirty years, during which time he
surely accumulated personal property. Even assuming that the DRC is cor -
rect in its contention that Guinean officials and Mr. Diallo’s relatives were

in a position to dispose of that personal property after Mr. Diallo’s expul -
sion, the Court considers that, at a minimum, Mr. Diallo would have had
to transport his personal property to Guinea or to arrange for its dispogsi -
tion in the DRC. Thus, the Court is satisfied that the DRC’s unlawful gco -n
duct caused some material injury to Mr. Diallo with respect to personal

property that had been in the apartment in which he lived, although it
would not be reasonable to accept the very large sum claimed by Guinea
for this head of damage. In such a situation, the Court considers it appgro -
priate to award an amount of compensation based on equitable consider -
ations (see paragraph 36 below). Other courts, including the European

Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights,
have followed this approach where warranted (see, e.g., Lupsa v. Romania,
application No. 10337/04, judgment of 8 June 2006, ECHR Reports 2006-
VII, paras. 70-72; Chaparro Alvarez and Lapo Iñiguez v. Ecuador, judgment
of 21 November 2007 (preliminary objections, merits, reparations and
costs), IACHR, Series C, No. 170, paras. 240 and 242).

34. The Court next considers Guinea’s contention that Mr. Diallo’s
apartment contained certain high-value items not specified on the inven -

17

6 CIJ1032.indb 31 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 338

tory described above. Guinea mentions several items in its Memorial

(e.g., a diamond-studded watch and two paintings by a renowned artist),
but offers few details and provides no evidence to support the assertigon
that the items were located in Mr. Diallo’s apartment at the time of his
detentions and expulsion. There is no statement by Mr. Diallo describing
these goods. There are no records of purchase, even as to items allegedlgy

purchased from well-known establishments selling high-value luxury
items that can be expected to keep records of sales, and which are locatged
outside the territory of the DRC, thus making them accessible to
Mr. Diallo. Guinea has put forward no evidence whatsoever that
Mr. Diallo owned these items at the time of his expulsion, that they were

in his apartment if he did own them, or that they were lost as a result gof
his treatment by the DRC. For these reasons, the Court rejects Guinea’s
claims as to the loss of high-value items not specified on the inventory.

35. As to assets alleged to have been contained in bank accounts,
Guinea offers no details and no evidence to support its claim. There igs no
information about the total sum held in bank accounts, the amount of

any particular account or the name(s) of the bank(s) in which the
account(s) were held. Further, there is no evidence demonstrating thatg the
unlawful detentions and expulsion of Mr. Diallo caused the loss of any
assets held in bank accounts. For example, Guinea does not explain why
Mr. Diallo could not access any such accounts after leaving the DRC.

Thus, it has not been established that Mr. Diallo lost any assets held in
his bank accounts in the DRC or that the DRC’s unlawful acts caused
Mr. Diallo to lose any such financial assets. Accordingly, the Court rejects g
Guinea’s claim as to the loss of bank account assets.

*

36. The Court therefore awards no compensation in respect of the
high-value items and bank account assets described in paragraphs 34 and

35 above. However, in view of the Court’s conclusions above (see parga -
graph 33) regarding the personal property of Mr. Diallo and on the basis
of equitable considerations, the Court awards the sum of US$10,000
under this head of damage.

2. Alleged loss of remuneration during Mr. Diallo’s unlawful detentions and
following his unlawful expulsion

37. At the outset, the Court notes that, in its submissions at the con -
clusion of its Memorial, Guinea claims US$6,430,148 for Mr. Diallo’s

loss of earnings during his detentions and following his expulsion. How -

18

6 CIJ1032.indb 33 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 339

ever, Guinea makes reference elsewhere in its Memorial to a sum of
US$80,000 for Mr. Diallo’s loss of earnings during his detentions. As pre-

sented by Guinea, this claim for US$80,000, although not reflected as ga
separate submission, is clearly distinct from its claim for US$6,430,148g
which, in the reasoning of the Memorial, only concerns the alleged
“loss of earnings” following Mr. Diallo’s expulsion. The Court will inter -
pret Guinea’s submissions in light of the reasoning of its Memorial, as it

is entitled to do (see, e.g., Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 262, para. 29 ; Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v.
France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 466, para. 30). Therefore,
in the present Judgment, it will first consider the claim of US$80,000
for loss of professional remuneration during Mr. Diallo’s detentions
(see paragraphs 38-46) and then will examine the claim of US$6,430,148

for loss of professional remuneration following his expulsion (see para -
graphs 47-49).

38. Guinea asserts that, prior to his arrest on 5 November 1995,
Mr. Diallo received monthly remuneration of US$25,000 in his capacity
as gérant of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire. Based on that fig -

ure, Guinea estimates that Mr. Diallo suffered a loss totalling US$80,000
during the 72 days he was detained, an amount that, according to Guinea,
takes account of inflation. Guinea states that remuneration from the two
companies was Mr. Diallo’s “main source of income” and does not ask
the Court to award compensation in respect of any other income relating g
to the period of Mr. Diallo’s detentions. Guinea further asserts that

Mr. Diallo was unable to carry out his “normal management activities” g
while in detention and thus to ensure that his companies were being propg -
erly run.
39. In response, the DRC contends that Guinea has not produced any
documentary evidence to support the claim for loss of remuneration. The

DRC also takes the view that Guinea has failed to show that Mr. Diallo’s
detentions caused a loss of remuneration that he otherwise would have
received. In particular, the DRC asserts that Guinea has failed to explagin
why Mr. Diallo, as the sole gérant and associé of the two companies,
could not have directed that payments be made to him. According to the

DRC, no compensation for loss of remuneration during the period of
Mr. Diallo’s detention is warranted.

*

40. The Court observes that, in general, a claim for income lost as a

result of unlawful detention is cognizable as a component of compensa -
tion. This approach has been followed, for example, by the European

19

6 CIJ1032.indb 35 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 340

Court of Human Rights (see, e.g., Teixeira de Castro v. Portugal, applica-
tion No. 44/1997/828/1034, judgment of 9 June 1998, ECHR Reports

1998-IV, paras. 46-49), by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
(see, e.g., Suárez‑Rosero v. Ecuador, judgment of 20 January 1999 (repa -
rations and costs), IACHR, Series C, No. 44, para. 60), and by the Gov -
erning Council of the United Nations Compensation Commission (see
United Nations Compensation Commission Governing Council, Report

and Recommendations Made by the Panel of Commissioners concerning
the Fourteenth Instalment of “E3” Claims, United Nations doc. S/AC.
26/2000/19, 29 September 2000, para. 126). Moreover, if the amount
of the lost income cannot be calculated precisely, estimation may be
appropriate (see, e.g., Elci and Others v. Turkey, applications Nos. 23145/93
and 25091/94, judgment of 13 November 2003, ECHR, para. 721; Case of

the “Street Children” (Villagrán‑Morales et al.) v. Guatemala, judgment
of 26 May 2001 (reparations and costs), IACHR, Series C, No. 77,
para. 79). Thus, the Court must first consider whether Guinea has estab -
lished that Mr. Diallo was receiving remuneration prior to his detentions
and that such remuneration was in the amount of US$25,000 per month.

41. The claim that Mr. Diallo was earning US$25,000 per month as
gérant of the two companies is made for the first time in the present phase
of the proceedings, devoted to compensation. Guinea offers no evidenceg
to support the claim. There are no bank account or tax records. There arge

no accounting records of either company showing that it had made such
payments. It is plausible, of course, that Mr. Diallo’s abrupt expulsion
impeded or precluded his access to such records. That said, the absence g
of any evidence in support of the claim for loss of remuneration at issue
here stands in stark contrast to the evidence adduced by Guinea at an
earlier stage of this case in support of the claims relating to the two

companies, which included various documents from the records of the
companies.

42. Moreover, there is evidence suggesting that Mr. Diallo was not
receiving US$25,000 per month in remuneration from the two companies

prior to his detentions. First, the evidence regarding Africom-Zaire and
Africontainers-Zaire strongly indicates that neither of the companies
was conducting business — apart from the attempts to collect debts
allegedly owed to each company — during the years immediately prior to
Mr. Diallo’s detentions. In particular, the record indicates that the

operations of Africontainers-Zaire had, even according to Guinea, experi-
enced a serious decline by 1990. In addition, as the Court noted previ -
ously, the DRC asserted that Africom-Zaire had ceased all commercial
activities by the end of the 1980s and for that reason had been struck
from the Trade Register (I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 593, para. 22 ;
I.C.J. Reports 2010 (II), p. 677, para. 108) ; this assertion was not chal -

lenged by Guinea. It appears that disputes about the amounts payable by g
various entities to Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire continued into

20

6 CIJ1032.indb 37 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 341

the 1990s, in some cases even after Mr. Diallo’s expulsion in 1996. But
there is no evidence of operating activity that would have generated a

flow of income during the years just prior to Mr. Diallo’s detentions.

43. Secondly, in contrast to Guinea’s claim in the present phase of the
proceedings devoted to compensation that Mr. Diallo was receiving
monthly remuneration of US$25,000, Guinea told the Court, during the

preliminary objections phase, that Mr. Diallo was “already impoverished
in 1995”. This statement to the Court is consistent with the fact thagt, on
12 July 1995, Mr. Diallo obtained in the DRC, at his request, a “Certifi -
cate of Indigency” declaring him “temporarily destitute” and thgus permi-t
ting him to avoid payments that would otherwise have been required in
order to register a judgment in favour of one of the companies.

44. The Court therefore concludes that Guinea has failed to establish
that Mr. Diallo was receiving remuneration from Africom-Zaire and
Africontainers-Zaire on a monthly basis in the period immediately prior
to his detentions in 1995-1996 or that such remuneration was at the rate
of US$25,000 per month.

45. Guinea also does not explain to the satisfaction of the Court how
Mr. Diallo’s detentions caused an interruption in any remuneration that
Mr. Diallo might have been receiving in his capacity as gérant of the two
companies. If the companies were in fact in a position to pay Mr. Diallo
as of the time that he was detained, it is reasonable to expect that empgloy-

ees could have continued to make the necessary payments to the gérant
(their managing director and the owner of the companies). Moreover, asg
noted above (see paragraph 12), Mr. Diallo was detained from 5 Novem -
ber 1995 to 10 January 1996, then released and then detained again from
25 January 1996 to 31 January 1996. Thus, there was a period of two

weeks during which there was an opportunity for Mr. Diallo to make
arrangements to receive any remuneration that the companies allegedly
had failed to pay him during the initial 66-day period of detention.

*

46. Under these circumstances, Guinea has not proven to the satisfac -
tion of the Court that Mr. Diallo suffered a loss of professional remu -
neration as a result of his unlawful detentions.

* *

47. In addition to the claim for loss of remuneration during his unlaw -
ful detentions, Guinea asserts that the unlawful expulsion of Mr. Diallo
by the DRC deprived him of the ability to continue receiving remunera -
tion as the gérant of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire. Based on

its claim (described above) that Mr. Diallo received remuneration of
US$25,000 per month prior to his detentions in 1995-1996, Guinea asserts

21

6 CIJ1032.indb 39 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 342

that, during the period that has elapsed since Mr. Diallo’s expulsion on
31 January 1996, he has lost additional “professional income” in the

amount of US$4,755,500. Guinea further asserts that this amount should
be adjusted upward to account for inflation, such that its estimate of
Mr. Diallo’s loss of professional remuneration since his expulsion is
US$6,430,148.
48. The DRC reiterates its position regarding the claim for unpaid

remuneration from the period of Mr. Diallo’s detentions, in particular the
lack of evidence to support the claim that Mr. Diallo was receiving remu -
neration of US$25,000 per month prior to his detentions and expulsion.

*

49. For the reasons indicated above, the Court has already rejected the
claim for loss of professional remuneration during the period of Mr. Dial -
lo’s detentions (see paragraphs 38-46). Those reasons also apply with
respect to Guinea’s claim relating to the period following Mr. Diallo’s

expulsion. Moreover, Guinea’s claim with respect to Mr. Diallo’s
post-expulsion remuneration is highly speculative and assumes that
Mr. Diallo would have continued to receive US$25,000 per month had he
not been unlawfully expelled. While an award of compensation relating to
loss of future earnings inevitably involves some uncertainty, such a clagim

cannot be purely speculative (cf. Khamidov v. Russia, application
No. 72118/01, judgment of 15 November 2007 (merits and just satisfac -
tion), ECHR, para. 197 ; Chaparro Alvarez and Lapo Iñiguez v. Ecuador,
judgment of 21 November 2007 (preliminary objections, merits, repara -
tions and costs), IACHR, Series C, No. 170, paras. 235-236; see also

Commentary to Article 36, Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for
Internationally Wrongful Acts, Yearbook of the International Law Com ‑
mission, 2001, Vol. II (2), pp. 104-105 (concerning “lost profits” claims)).
Thus, the Court concludes that no compensation can be awarded for
Guinea’s claim relating to unpaid remuneration following Mr. Diallo’s

expulsion.

* *

50. The Court therefore awards no compensation for remuneration

that Mr. Diallo allegedly lost during his detentions and following his
expulsion.

3. Alleged deprivation of potential earnings

51. Guinea makes an additional claim that it describes as relating

to Mr. Diallo’s “potential earnings”. Specifically, Guinea states that g
Mr. Diallo’s unlawful detentions and subsequent expulsion resulted in a

22

6 CIJ1032.indb 41 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 343

decline in the value of the two companies and the dispersal of their assgets.

Guinea also asserts that Mr. Diallo was unable to assign his holdings
(parts sociales) in these companies to third parties and that his loss of
potential earnings can be valued at 50 per cent of the “exchange value of
the holdings”, a sum that, according to Guinea, totals US$4,360,000.
52. The DRC points out that Guinea’s calculation of the alleged loss

to Mr. Diallo is based on assets belonging to the two companies, and not
assets that belong to Mr. Diallo in his individual capacity. Furthermore,
the DRC contends that Guinea provides no proof that the companies’
assets have, in fact, been lost or that specific assets of Africom-Zaire or
Africontainers-Zaire to which Guinea refers could not be sold on the

open market.

*

53. The Court considers that Guinea’s claim concerning “potential

earnings” amounts to a claim for a loss in the value of the companiesg
allegedly resulting from Mr. Diallo’s detentions and expulsion. Such a
claim is beyond the scope of these proceedings, given this Court’s prior
decision that Guinea’s claims relating to the injuries alleged to havge been
caused to the companies are inadmissible (I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II),

p. 617, para. 98, subpara. (1) (b) of the operative part).

*

54. For these reasons, the Court awards no compensation to Guinea in

respect of its claim relating to the “potential earnings” of Mr. Diallo.

* *

55. Having analysed the components of Guinea’s claim in respect of

material injury caused to Mr. Diallo as a result of the DRC’s unlawful
conduct, the Court awards compensation to Guinea in the amount of
US$10,000.

III. Total Sum Awarded and Posgt-Judgment Interest

56. The total sum awarded to Guinea is US$95,000 to be paid by
31 August 2012. The Court expects timely payment and has no reason to
assume that the DRC will not act accordingly. Nevertheless, considering g

that the award of post-judgment interest is consistent with the practice of
other international courts and tribunals (see, for example, The M/V
“Saiga” (No. 2) (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v. Guinea), judgment
of 1 July 1999, ITLOS, para. 175 ; Bámaca‑Velásquez v. Guatemala, judg -
ment of 22 February 2002 (reparations and costs), IACHR, Series C,

No. 91, para. 103 ; Papamichalopoulos and Others v. Greece (Article 50),

23

6 CIJ1032.indb 43 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 344

application No. 33808/02, judgment of 31 October 1995, ECHR, Series A,
No. 330-B, para. 39; Lordos and Others v. Turkey, application

No. 15973/90, judgment of 10 January 2012 (just satisfaction), ECHR,
para. 76 and dispositif, para. 1 (b)), the Court decides that, should pay -
ment be delayed, post-judgment interest on the principal sum due will
accrue as from 1 September 2012 at an annual rate of 6 per cent. This rate

has been fixed taking into account the prevailing interest rates on the
international market and the importance of prompt compliance.

57. The Court recalls that the sum awarded to Guinea in the exercise
of diplomatic protection of Mr. Diallo is intended to provide reparation

for the latter’s injury.

IV. Procedural Costs

58. Guinea requests the Court to award costs in its favour, in the
amount of US$500,000, because, “as a result of having been forced to g
institute the present proceedings, the Guinean State has incurred unre -
coverable costs which it should not, in equity, be required to bear”.g

59. The DRC asks the Court “to dismiss the request for the reimburse -
ment of costs submitted by Guinea and to leave each State to bear its owgn
costs of the proceedings, including the costs of its counsel, advocates gand
others”. The DRC contends that Guinea lost the major part of the case and
that, moreover, the amount claimed “represents an arbitrary, lump-sum

determination, unsupported by any serious and credible evidence”.

*

60. The Court recalls that Article 64 of the Statute provides that,
“[u]nless otherwise decided by the Court, each party shall bear its ogwn
costs”. While the general rule has so far always been followed by theg
Court, Article 64 implies that there may be circumstances which would

make it appropriate for the Court to allocate costs in favour of one of gthe
parties. However, the Court does not consider that any such circum -
stances exist in the present case. Accordingly, each Party shall bear itgs
own costs.

*
* *

61. For these reasons,

The Court,

(1) By fifteen votes to one,

24

6 CIJ1032.indb 45 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 345

Fixes the amount of compensation due from the Democratic Republic
of the Congo to the Republic of Guinea for the non-material injury suf -
fered by Mr. Diallo at US$85,000 ;

in favour : President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda-Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade,
Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde ; Judge ad hoc
Mahiou ;

against : Judge ad hoc Mampuya ;
(2) By fifteen votes to one,

Fixes the amount of compensation due from the Democratic Republic

of the Congo to the Republic of Guinea for the material injury sufferegd
by Mr. Diallo in relation to his personal property at US$10,000 ;
in favour : President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda-Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade,

Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde ; Judge ad hoc
Mahiou ;
against : Judge ad hoc Mampuya ;

(3) By fourteen votes to two,

Finds that no compensation is due from the Democratic Republic of
the Congo to the Republic of Guinea with regard to the claim concerning g
material injury allegedly suffered by Mr. Diallo as a result of a loss of
professional remuneration during his unlawful detentions and following

his unlawful expulsion ;
in favour : President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda-Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Green-

wood, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde ; Judge ad hoc Mampuya ;

against : Judge Yusuf ;Judge ad hoc Mahiou ;

(4) Unanimously,

Finds that no compensation is due from the Democratic Republic of
the Congo to the Republic of Guinea with regard to the claim concerning g
material injury allegedly suffered by Mr. Diallo as a result of a depriva -
tion of potential earnings ;

(5) Unanimously,

Decides that the total amount of compensation due under points 1 and
2 above shall be paid by 31 August 2012 and that, in case it has not been

paid by this date, interest on the principal sum due from the Democraticg
Republic of the Congo to the Republic of Guinea will accrue as from
1 September 2012 at an annual rate of 6 per cent ;

(6) By fifteen votes to one,

Rejects the claim of the Republic of Guinea concerning the costs
incurred in the proceedings.

25

6 CIJ1032.indb 47 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 346

in favour : President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda-Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade,
Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde ; Judge ad hoc
Mampuya ;
against : Judge ad hoc Mahiou.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this nineteenth day of June, two thousand

and twelve, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archivesg of
the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic
of Guinea and the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
respectively.

(Signed) Peter Tomka,
President.

(Signed) Philippe Couvreur,

Registrar.

Judge Cançado Trindade appends a separate opinion to the Judg -
ment of the Court ; Judges Yusuf and Greenwood append declarations
to the Judgment of the Court ; Judges ad hoc Mahiou and Mampuya

append separate opinions to the Judgment of the Court.

(Initialled) P.T.

(Initialled) Ph.C.

26

6 CIJ1032.indb 49 26/11/13 09:37

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE
AHMADOU SADIO DIALLO

(RÉPUBLIQUE DE GUINÉE c. RÉPUBLIQUE
DÉMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO)

INDEMNISATION DUE PAR LA RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRATIQUE
DU CONGO À LA RÉPUBLIQUE DE GUINÉE

ARRÊT DU 19 JUIN 2012

2012

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING
AHMADOU SADIO DIALLO

(REPUBLIC OF GUINEA v. DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO)

COMPENSATION OWED BY THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
OF THE CONGO TO THE REPUBLIC OF GUINEA

JUDGMENT OF 19 JUNE 2012

6 CIJ1032.indb 1 26/11/13 09:37 Mode officiel de citation :
Ahmadou Sadio Diallo
(République de Guinée c. République démocratique du Congo)▯,
indemnisation, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012, p. 324

Official citation :

Ahmadou Sadio Diallo
(Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo),
Compensation, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012, p. 324

o
N de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number 1032
ISBN 978-92-1-071146-3

6 CIJ1032.indb 2 26/11/13 09:37 19 JUIN 2012

ARRÊT

AHMADOU SADIO DIALLO

(RÉPUBLIQUE DE GUINÉE c. RÉPUBLIQUE

DÉMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO)

INDEMNISATION DUE PAR LA RÉPUBLIQUE DÉMOCRATIQUE

DU CONGO À LA RÉPUBLIQUE DE GUINÉE

AHMADOU SADIO DIALLO

(REPUBLIC OF GUINEA v. DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO)

COMPENSATION OWED BY THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC
OF THE CONGO TO THE REPUBLIC OF GUINEA

19 JUNE 2012

JUDGMENT

6 CIJ1032.indb 3 26/11/13 09:37 324

TABLE DES MATIÈRES

Paragraphes

Qualités 1-10

I. Remarques préliminaires 11-17

II. Les chefs de préjudiceg au titre desquels l’gindemnisation est
demandée 18-55

A. L’indemnité réclamée au titre du préjudice immatériel gsubi
par M. Diallo 18-25
B. L’indemnité réclamée au titre du préjudice matériel sugbi par

M. Diallo 26-55

1. Perte de biens personnels qu’aurait subie M. Diallo
(y compris ses avoirs en banque) 27-36
2. Perte de rémunération qu’aurait subie M. Diallo au

cours de ses détentions et à la suite de son expulsion
illicites 37-50
3. Privation alléguée de gains potentiels 51-55

III. Total de l’indemnité egt intérêts moratoiresg 56-57

IV. Frais de procédure 58-60

Dispositif 61

4

6 CIJ1032.indb 4 26/11/13 09:37 324

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraphs

Chronology of the Procedurge 1-10

I. Introductory Observations 11-17

II. Heads of Damage in respegct of which Compensatigon Is
requested 18-55

A. Claim for compensation for non-material injury suffered by
Mr. Diallo 18-25
B. Claim for compensation for material injury suffered by

Mr. Diallo 26-55

1. Alleged loss of Mr. Diallo’s personal property (includ
ing assets in bank accounts) 27-36
2. Alleged loss of remuneration during Mr. Diallo’s

unlawful detentions and following his unlawful expul -
sion 37-50
3. Alleged deprivation of potential earnings 51-55

III. Total Sum Awarded and Posgt-Judgment Interest 56-57

IV. Procedural Costs 58-60

Operative Clause 61

4

6 CIJ1032.indb 5 26/11/13 09:37 325

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

ANNÉE 2012
2012
19 juin
Rôle général
n 103 19 juin 2012

AFFAIRE

AHMADOU SADIO DIALLO

(RÉPUBLIQUE DE GUINÉE c. RÉPUBLIQUE
DÉMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO)

indemnisation due pagr la république démocrgatique
du congo à la républiquge de guinée

Remarques préliminaires.
Objet de la présente procédure au regard de l’arrêt de ▯ r du 30 novembre 2010
— Détermination du montant de l’indemnisation — Préjudice résultant des déten

tions et expulsion illicites de M. Diallo — Exercice par la Guinée de la protection
diplomatique — Règles générales en matière d’indemnisation — Etablissement du
préjudice et lien de causalité entre les actes illicite▯ et ledit préjudice —
Evaluation du préjudice — Règle générale selon laquelle il incombe à la partie qui
allègue un fait d’en démontrer l’existence — Application souple de cette règle en
l’espèce, le défendeur étant mieux à même d’établ▯ ir certains faits — Preuves four

nies par la Guinée servant de point de départ à l’examen de l▯ a Cour — Evaluation
à la lumière des éléments produits par la République▯ ocratique du Congo
(RDC) — Prise en compte de la difficulté de fournir certaines preuves du fait▯ du
caractère brusque de l’expulsion de M. Diallo — Examen de la Cour limité au pré
judice découlant de la violation des droits de M. Diallo en tant qu’individu.

*

Indemnité réclamée au titre du préjudice immatériel subi ▯par M. Diallo.

Préjudice immatériel pouvant prendre diverses formes — Préjudice immatériel
pouvant être établi même en l’absence d’éléments de▯ preuve prPréjudice imma‑
tériel subi par M.Diallo découlant inévitablement des faits illicites de la RDC dont la
Cour a déjà établi l’existence dans son arrêt sur leCour fondée à conclure que
le comportement illicite de la RDC a été pour M. Diallo une source d’importantes
souffrances psychologiques et a porté atteinte à sa réputation —Prise en considéra

tion du nombre de jours que M. Diallo a passés en détention et du fait qu’il n’a pas été▯

5

6 CIJ1032.indb 6 26/11/13 09:37 325

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2012 2012

19 June
General List
19 June 2012 No. 103

CASE CONCERNING

AHMADOU SADIO DIALLO

(REPUBLIC OF GUINEA v. DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO)

compensation owed by thge democratic republicg

of the congo to the repubglic of guinea

Introductory observations.
Object of the present proceedings pursuant to Court’s Judgment of 30 Novem
ber 2010 — Determination of amount of compensation — Injury resulting from
unlawful detentions and expulsion of Mr. Diallo — Guinea’s exercise of diplomatic
protection — General rules governing compensation — Establishment of injury
and causal nexus between the wrongful acts and that injury — Valuation of the

injury — General rule that it is for the party which alleges a particular fact t▯o
prove existence of that fact — That rule to be applied flexibly in this case as
Respondent may be in a better position to establish certain facts — Evidence
adduced by Guinea as starting point of the Court’s inquiry — Assessment in light
of evidence introduced by the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) — Allow
ance for the difficulty in providing certain evidence because of abruptn▯ess of

Mr. Diallo’s expulsion — The Court’s inquiry limited to the injury resulting from
the breach of Mr. Diallo’s rights as an individual.

*

Claim for compensation for non‑material injury suffered by Mr. Diallo.
Non‑material injury may take various forms — Establishment of non‑material
injury even without specific evidence — Non‑material injury of Mr. Diallo as an
inevitable consequence of the wrongful acts of the DRC already ascertain▯ed by the
Court in its Judgment on the merits — Reasonable to conclude that the wrongful

conduct of the DRC caused Mr. Diallo significant psychological suffering and loss
of reputation — Number of days for which Mr. Diallo was detained, as well as fact
that he was not mistreated, taken into acco— Context in which the wrongful

5

6 CIJ1032.indb 7 26/11/13 09:37 326 ahmadou sadio diallo (agrrêt)

soumis à de mauvais traitements —Contexte dans lequel les détentions et l’expulsion
illicites ont eu lieu ainsi que leur caractère arbitraire constituant▯ des facteurs qui
aggravent le préjudice immatériel infligé à M. Diallo — Importance des considéra‑
tions d’équité dans la détermination du montant de l’indem▯ nité due à raison du préj‑u
dice immatériel —Octroi d’une indemnité de 85000 dollars des Etats‑Unis.

*
Indemnité réclamée au titre du préjudice matériel subi pa▯r M. Diallo.
Perte alléguée de biens personnels.
Non‑prise en compte des biens des deux sociétés, la Cour ayant dé▯jà déclaré les

réclamations y afférentes irrecevables — Inventaire des biens personnels se trou ‑
vant dans l’appartement de M. Diallo dressé douze jours après l’expulsion — Gui ‑
née n’ayant pas réussi à établir l’étendue de la pe▯rte subie par M. Diallo en ce qui
concerne ses biens personnels répertoriés dans l’inventaire ni ▯la mesure dans
laquelle cette perte aurait été causée par le comportement illi▯cite de la RDC —
Absence d’éléments de preuve concernant la valeur des biens per▯sonnels invento ‑

riés — M. Diallo étant néanmoins tenu de déménager les biens en Guiné▯e ou de
prendre des mesures pour en disposer en RDC — Octroi d’une indemnité de
10 000 dollars des Etats‑Unis sur la base de considérations d’équité▯.
Objets de grande valeur ne figurant pas dans l’inventaire — Guinée n’ayant
présenté aucune preuve que M. Diallo possédait ces objets au moment de son
expulsion; que, à supposer que tel ait été le cas, ceux‑ci se trouvaient▯ dans son
appartement; ou qu’ils avaient été perdus en conséquence du traitement ▯infligé à

M. Diallo par la RDC — Aucune indemnisation à ce titre.
Sommes qui auraient été détenues sur des comptes en banque — Guinée n’ayant
donné aucune information sur le montant total des sommes ainsi dét▯enues ni sur le
solde de tel ou tel compte, non plus que sur le nom des établissement▯s bancaires
concernés — Aucun élément démontrant que les détentions et l’expulsi▯on illicites
de M. Diallo auraient provoqué la perte de sommes détenues sur des compt▯es ban ‑

caires — Aucune indemnisation à ce titre.
Perte de rémunération qu’aurait subie M. Diallo au cours de ses détentions et à
la suite de son expulsion illicites.
Cour pouvant connaître, dans le cadre de l’indemnisation, d’une▯ réclamation formée
au titre d’une perte de revenus subie par suite d’une détention illicite— Cour fondée
à procéder à une estimation si le montant de la perte de revenu▯ ne peut être chiffré

avec exactitude — Guinée n’ayant apporté aucune preuve montrant que M. Diallo
percevait, en tant que gérant d’Africom‑Zaïre et d’Africontai▯ ners‑Zaïre, une rémuné‑
ration mensuelle de 25000 dollars des Etats‑Unis —Eléments de preuve indiquant, au
contraire, que ni l’une ni l’autre de ces sociétés n’ét▯ ait active dans les années qui ont
immédiatement précédé les détentions —Guinée n’ayant pas réussi à prouver que les
détentions illicites de M. Diallo auraient entraîné la perte de la rémunération qu’il▯

aurait pu recevoir —Rejet de la demande de la Guinée au titre de la perte de rémunér‑▯ a
tion subie par M. Diallo pendant ses périodes de détention —Motifs de rejet de cette
demande valant aussi pour celle, en grande partie fondée sur des conje▯ ctures, ayant
trait à la période suivant l’expulsion de M. Diallo —Aucune indemnisation à ce titre.
Privation alléguée de gains potentiels.
Réclamation de la Guinée relative à des « gains potentiels » allant au‑delà de
l’objet de l’instance, la Cour ayant déjà déclaré irre▯cevables les demandes gui‑

néennes se rapportant aux préjudices qui auraient été causés aux sociétés —
Aucune indemnisation à ce titre.

*

6

6 CIJ1032.indb 8 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 326

detentions and expulsion occurred, as well as their arbitrary nature, as▯ factors
aggravating Mr. Diallo’s non‑material injury — Importance of equitable consider ‑
ations in the quantification of compensation for non‑material injury — US$85,000
in compensation awarded.

*
Claim for compensation for material injury suffered by Mr. Diallo.
Alleged loss of personal property.
Property of the two companies not taken into account given the Court’▯s prior

decision that claims related thereto were inadmissible — Personal property located
in Mr. Diallo’s apartment appearing on an inventory prepared 12 days after his
expulsion — Failure of Guinea to prove extent of loss of Mr. Diallo’s personal
property listed on inventory and extent to which any such loss was cause▯d by the
unlawful conduct of the DRC — Lack of any evidence regarding value of items on
inventory — Mr. Diallo nevertheless required to transport his personal property to

Guinea or to arrange for its disposition in the DRC — US$10,000 awarded based
on equitable considerations.

High‑value items not specified on the inventory — No evidence put forward by
Guinea that Mr. Diallo owned these items at the time of his expulsion ; that they
were in his apartment if he did own them ; or that they were lost as a result of
Mr. Diallo’s treatment by the DRC — No compensation awarded.

Assets alleged to have been contained in bank accounts — No information pro‑
vided by Guinea about total sum held in bank accounts, the amount of any▯ particu ‑
lar account or the name(s) of bank(s) in which account(s) were hel▯d — No evi ‑
dence put forward by Guinea demonstrating that the unlawful detentions and
expulsion of Mr. Diallo caused the loss of any assets held in bank accounts — No

compensation awarded.
Alleged loss of remuneration during Mr. Diallo’s unlawful detentions and fol ‑
lowing his expulsion.
Cognizable character, as a component of compensation, of claim for incom▯e lost
as a result of unlawful detention — Estimation may be appropriate where amount
of lost income cannot be calculated precisely — No evidence however offered by

Guinea to support the claim that Mr. Diallo was earning US$25,000 per month as
gérant of Africom‑Zaire and Africontainers‑Zaire — Evidence, on the contrary,
that neither of the companies was conducting business during the years i▯mmedi ‑
ately prior to Mr. Diallo’s detentions — Failure of Guinea to prove how Mr. Dial ‑
lo’s unlawful detentions would have caused him to lose any remunerati▯on he could
have been receiving — Guinea’s claim for loss of remuneration during period of

Mr. Diallo’s detention rejected — Reasons for rejecting claim equally applicable
to Guinea’s highly speculative claim relating to the period following▯ Mr. Diallo’s
expulsion — No compensation awarded.

Alleged deprivation of potential earnings.
Guinea’s claim concerning “potential earnings” as beyond the sc▯ope of the pro ‑
ceedings, given the Court’s prior decision on the inadmissibility of ▯Guinea’s claims

relating to the injuries alleged to have been caused to the companies — No com‑
pensation awarded.

*

6

6 CIJ1032.indb 9 26/11/13 09:37 327 ahmadou sadio diallo (agrrêt)

Total de l’indemnité et intérêts moratoires.
Indemnité à verser à la Guinée s’élevant à un total▯ de 95 000 dollars des
Etats‑Unis, payable le 31 août 2012 au plus tard — En cas de paiement tardif,
intérêts moratoires sur la somme principale due à courir, à ▯compter du 1ersep‑

tembre 2012, au taux annuel de 6 pour cent — Indemnité accordée à la Guinée,
dans l’exercice par celle‑ci de sa protection diplomatique à l’▯égard de M. Diallo,
étant destinée à réparer le préjudice subi par ce dernier▯.

*

Frais de procédure.
Libellé de l’article 64 du Statut de la Cour laissant entendre que certaines cir

constances pourraient justifier l’adjudication de frais en faveur de ▯l’une ou l’autre
des parties — Absence de telles circonstances en l’espèce.

ARRÊT

Présents : M. Tomka, président ; M.Sepúlveda-Amor, vice‑président ;
MM. Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennougna, Skotnikov, Cançado
mes
Trmedade, Yusuf, Greenwood, M Xue, Donoghue, M. Gaja,
M Sebutinde, juges ; MM. Mahiou, Mampuya, juges adhoc ;
M. Couvreur,greffier.

En l’affaire Ahmadou Sadio Diallo,
entre

la République de Guinée,

représentée par

M. Mohamed Camara, premier conseiller chargé des questions politiques à
l’ambassade de Guinée auprès des pays du Benelux et de l’Unigon euro -
péenne,

comme agent ;
M. Hassane II Diallo, conseiller et chargé de mission au ministère de la jus-
tice,

comme coagent,

et

la République démocratique du Congo,
représentée par

S. Exc. M. Henri Mova Sakanyi, ambassadeur de la République démocra -
tique du Congo auprès du Royaume de Belgique, du Royaume des

Pays-Bas et du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg,
comme agent ;

7

6 CIJ1032.indb 10 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 327

Total sum awarded and post‑judgment interest.
The total sum awarded to Guinea is US$95,000 to be paid by 31 August 2012 —
Should payment be delayed, post‑judgment interest on the principal sum d▯ue to
accrue as from 1 September 2012 at an annual rate of 6 per cent — Sum awarded
to Guinea in the exercise of diplomatic protection of Mr. Diallo intended to pro

vide reparation for the latter’s injury.

*

Procedural costs.
Article 64 of the Statute of the Court as implying that there may be circums
tances which would make it appropriate for the Court to allocate costs i▯n favour of

one of the parties — No such circumstances exist in the present case.

JUDGMENT

Present : President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda-Amor ; Judges Owada,
Abraham, Keith, Bennouna,g Skotnikov, CançadT orindade, Yusuf,
Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde ; Judges ad hoc
Mahiou, Mampuya ;Registrar Couvreur.

In the case concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo,

between

the Republic of Guinea,
represented by

Mr. Mohamed Camara, First Counsellor for Political Affairs, Embassy of
Guinea in the Benelux countries and in the European Union,

as Agent ;
Mr. Hassane II Diallo, Counsellor and chargé de mission at the Ministry of

Justice,
as Co-Agent,

and

the Democratic Republic of the Congo,

represented by
H.E. Mr. Henri Mova Sakanyi, Ambassador of the Democratic Republic of

the Congo to the Kingdom of Belgium, the Kingdom of the Netherlands
and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg,
as Agent ;

7

6 CIJ1032.indb 11 26/11/13 09:37 328 ahmadou sadio diallo (agrrêt)

M. Tshibangu Kalala, professeur de droit international à l’Université de
Kinshasa, avocat aux barreaux de Kinshasa et de Bruxelles, député gau Par -
lement congolais,

comme coagent,

La Cour,

ainsi composée,
après délibéré en chambre du conseil,

rend l’arrêt suivant :

1. Le 28 décembre 1998, le Gouvernement de la République de Guinée
(dénommée ci-après la « Guinée») a déposé au Greffe de la Cour une requête
introductive d’instance contre la République démocratique du Cogngo (ci-après

la «RDC», dénommée Zaïre entre 1971 et 1997) au sujet d’un différend relatif à
de «graves violations du droit international» alléguées avoir été commises sur la
personne de M. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo, ressortissant guinéen.
Dans la requête, la Guinée soutenait que

«M. Diallo Ahmadou Sadio, homme d’affaires de nationalité guinéenne,
a[vait] été, après trente-deux (32) ans passés en République démocratique

du Congo, injustement incarcéré par les autorités de cet Etat, gspolié de ses
importants investissements, entreprises et avoirs mobiliers, immobiliersg et
bancaires, puis expulsé. »

La Guinée y ajoutait que

«[c]ette expulsion [était] intervenue à un moment où M. Ahmadou Sadio
Diallo poursuivait le recouvrement d’importantes créances détengues par
ses entreprises [Africom-Zaïre et Africontainers-Zaïre] sur l’Etat [congolais]
et les sociétés pétrolières qu’il abrit[ait] et dont il [gétait] actionnaire».

Selon la Guinée, les arrestations, les détentions et l’expulsiogn de M. Diallo
constituaient, entre autres, des violations

«[du] principe du traitement des étrangers selon « le standard minimum
de civilisation », [de] l’obligation de respect de la liberté et de la propriégté

des étrangers, [et de] la reconnaissance aux étrangers incriminégs du droit
à un jugement équitable et contradictoire rendu par une juridiction
impartiale».

Dans sa requête, la Guinée invoquait, pour fonder la compétence de la Cour,
les déclarations d’acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de ceglle-ci faites par
les deux Etats au titre du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour.
2. Le 3 octobre 2002, la RDC a soulevé des exceptions préliminaires portant

sur la recevabilité de la requête de la Guinée. Dans son arrêgt du 24 mai 2007 sur
lesdites exceptions, la Cour a déclaré la requête de la Répugblique de Guinée
recevable, d’une part, « en ce qu’elle a[vait] trait à la protection des droits de
M. Diallo en tant qu’individu » et, d’autre part, « en ce qu’elle a[vait] trait à la
protection des droits propres de [celui-ci] en tant qu’associé des sociétés

Africom-Zaïre et Africontainers-Zaïre ». En revanche, la Cour a déclaré la
requête de la République de Guinée irrecevable « en ce qu’elle a[vait] trait à la
protection de M. Diallo pour les atteintes alléguées aux droits des sociétés g

8

6 CIJ1032.indb 12 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 328

Mr. Tshibangu Kalala, Professor of International Law at the University of
Kinshasa, member of the Kinshasa and Brussels Bars, and member of the
Congolese Parliament,

as Co-Agent,

The Court,

composed as above,
after deliberation,

delivers the following Judgment :

1. On 28 December 1998, the Government of the Republic of Guinea (here -
inafter “Guinea”) filed in the Registry of the Court an Applicatiogn instituting
proceedings against the Democratic Republic of the Congo (hereinafter tghe

“DRC”, named Zaire between 1971 and 1997) in respect of a disputeg concerning
“serious violations of international law” alleged to have been comgmitted upon
the person of Mr. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo, a Guinean national.
In the Application, Guinea maintained that :

“Mr. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo, a businessman of Guinean nationality, was
unjustly imprisoned by the authorities of the Democratic Republic of theg

Congo, after being resident in that State for thirty-two (32) years, despoiled
of his sizable investments, businesses, movable and immovable property agnd
bank accounts, and then expelled.”

Guinea added :

“[t]his expulsion came at a time when Mr. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo was pur -
suing recovery of substantial debts owed to his businesses [Africom-Zaire
and Africontainers-Zaire] by the [Congolese] State and by oil companies
established in its territory and of which the State is a shareholder”g.

According to Guinea, Mr. Diallo’s arrests, detentions and expulsion consti -
tuted, inter alia, violations of

“the principle that aliens should be treated in accordance with ‘ag minimum
standard of civilization’, [of] the obligation to respect the freedomg and prop

erty of aliens, [and of] the right of aliens accused of an offence to ga fair trial
on adversarial principles by an impartial court”.

To found the jurisdiction of the Court, Guinea invoked in the Applicatiogn the
declarations whereby the two States have recognized the compulsory jurisgdic -
tion of the Court under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court.
2. On 3 October 2002, the DRC raised preliminary objections in respect of

the admissibility of Guinea’s Application. In its Judgment of 24 May 2007 on
these preliminary objections, the Court declared the Application of the gRepublic
of Guinea to be admissible “in so far as it concerns protection of Mrg. Diallo’s
rights as an individual” and “in so far as it concerns protection gof [his] direct
rights as associé in Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire”. However, the

Court declared the Application of the Republic of Guinea to be inadmissigble “in
so far as it concerns protection of Mr. Diallo in respect of alleged violations of
rights of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire” (Ahmadou Sadio Diallo

8

6 CIJ1032.indb 13 26/11/13 09:37 329 ahmadou sadio diallo (agrrêt)

Africom-Zaïre et Africontainers-Zaïre » (Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (République de
Guinée c. République démocratique du Congo, exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, ▯
C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II), p. 617-618, par. 98, point 3 a), b) et c) du dispositif).
3. Dans son arrêt sur le fond du 30 novembre 2010, la Cour a jugé que, eu
égard aux conditions dans lesquelles M. Diallo avait été expulsé le 31 jan-

vier 1996, la RDC avait violé l’article 13 du Pacte international relatif aux droits
civils et politiques (ci-après le « Pacte»), ainsi que le paragraphe 4 de l’article 12
de la Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples (ci-après la « Charte
africaine ») (Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (République de Guinée c. République démo ‑

cratique du Congo), fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2010 (II), p. 692, par. 165, point 2
du dispositif). Elle a également jugé que, eu égard aux conditgions dans lesquelles
M. Diallo avait été arrêté et détenu en 1995-1996 en vue de son expulsion, la
RDC avait violé les paragraphes 1 et 2 de l’article 9 du Pacte et l’article 6 de la
Charte africaine (ibid., p. 692, par. 165, point 3 du dispositif).

4. La Cour a dit en outre que

«la République démocratique du Congo a[vait] l’obligation de fournir une
réparation appropriée, sous la forme d’une indemnisation, à gla République
de Guinée pour les conséquences préjudiciables résultant des violations
d’obligations internationales visées aux points 2 et 3 [du dispositif] » (ibid.,
p. 693, par. 165, point 7 du dispositif),

à savoir les arrestations, les détentions et l’expulsion illicigtes de M. Diallo.
5. La Cour a de surcroît jugé que la RDC avait violé les droits quge M. Diallo

tenait de l’alinéa b) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 de la convention de Vienne
sur les relations consulaires (ibid., p. 692, par. 165, point 4 du dispositif), sans
toutefois prescrire le versement d’une indemnité à ce titre (ibid., p. 693, par. 165,
point 7 du dispositif).
6. Dans le même arrêt, la Cour a rejeté le surplus des conclusionsg de la Gui-

née relatives aux arrestations et aux détentions de M. Diallo, y compris l’alléga -
tion selon laquelle celui-ci avait été soumis, pendant ses détentions, à un traite -
ment prohibé par le paragraphe 1 de l’article 10 du Pacte (ibid., point 5 du
dispositif). De plus, elle a jugé que la RDC n’avait pas violég les droits propres
de M. Diallo en tant qu’associé des sociétés Africom-Zaïre et Africontainers-

Zaïre (ibid., point 6 du dispositif).
7. Enfin, la Cour a décidé, en ce qui concerne l’indemnisation due gà la Gui -
née par la RDC, que, « au cas où les Parties ne pourraient se mettre d’accord à
ce sujet dans les six mois à compter du[dit] arrêt, [cette] question … sera[it]
réglée par la Cour » (ibid., point 8 du dispositif). S’estimant « suffisamment

informée des faits de [l’]espèce », la Cour a précisé que, « dans ce cas, un seul
échange de pièces de procédure écrite lui serait suffisant gpour fixer [l]e montant
[de l’indemnité]» (ibid., p. 692, par. 164).

8. Le délai de six mois ainsi fixé par la Cour étant arrivé à échéance le g

30 mai 2011 sans que les Parties aient pu se mettre d’accord sur la questiong de
l’indemnisation due à la Guinée, le président de la Cour a tgenu une réunion avec
les représentants des Parties le 14 septembre 2011, aux fins de recueillir les vues
de celles-ci sur les délais à fixer pour le dépôt des deux pièces deg procédure écrite

prévues par la Cour.
9. Par ordonnance du 20 septembre 2011, la Cour a fixé au 6 décembre 2011
et au 21 février 2012, respectivement, les dates d’expiration des délais pour le
dépôt du mémoire de la Guinée et du contre-mémoire de la RDC sur la question

9

6 CIJ1032.indb 14 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 329

(Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo), Preliminary Objec ‑
tions, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), pp. 617-618, para. 98, subpara. 3 (a),
(b), and (c) of the operative part).
3. In its Judgment of 30 November 2010 on the merits, the Court found
that, in respect of the circumstances in which Mr. Diallo had been expelled on

31 January 1996, the DRC had violated Article 13 of the International Cove -
nant on Civil and Political Rights (hereinafter the “Covenant”) gand Article 12,
paragraph 4, of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (hereinafter g
the “African Charter”) (Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Demo ‑

cratic Republic of the Congo), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010 (II),
p. 692, para. 165, subpara. (2) of the operative part). The Court also found that,
in respect of the circumstances in which Mr. Diallo had been arrested and
detained in 1995-1996 with a view to his expulsion, the DRC had violated Arti -
cle 9, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the Covenant and Article 6 of the African Charter

(ibid., p. 692, para. 165, subpara. (3) of the operative part).
4. The Court further decided that

“the Democratic Republic of the Congo [was] under obligation to make g
appropriate reparation, in the form of compensation, to the Republic of
Guinea for the injurious consequences of the violations of internationalg
obligations referred to in subparagraphs (2) and (3) [of the operative part]”
(ibid., p. 693, para. 165, subpara. (7) of the operative part),

namely the unlawful arrests, detentions and expulsion of Mr. Diallo.
5. In addition, the Court found that the DRC had violated Mr. Diallo’s

rights under Article 36, paragraph 1 (b), of the Vienna Convention on Consular
Relations (ibid., p. 692, para. 165, subpara. (4) of the operative part). It did not
however order the DRC to pay compensation for this violation (ibid., p. 693,
para. 165, subpara. (7) of the operative part).
6. In the same Judgment, the Court rejected all other submissions by Guineag

relating to the arrests and detentions of Mr. Diallo, including the contention
that he was subjected to treatment prohibited by Article 10, paragraph 1, of the
Covenant during his detentions (ibid., subpara. (5) of the operative part). Fur-
thermore, the Court found that the DRC had not violated Mr. Diallo’s direct
rights as an associé in the companies Africom - Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire

(ibid., subpara. (6) of the operative part).
7. Finally, the Court decided, with respect to the question of compensation
owed by the DRC to Guinea, that “failing agreement between the Partiegs on this
matter within six months from the date of [the said] Judgment, [this] question . . .
shall be settled by the Court” (ibid., subpara. (8) of the operative part). Consider-

ing itself to have been “sufficiently informed of the facts of the . . . case”, the
Court found that “a single exchange of written pleadings by the Partiges would
then be sufficient in order for it to decide on the amount of compensation” (ibid,
p. 692, para. 164).
8. The time-limit of six months thus fixed by the Court having expired on

30 May 2011 without an agreement being reached between the Parties on the
question of compensation due to Guinea, the President of the Court held ga
meeting with the representatives of the Parties on 14 September 2011 in order to
ascertain their views on the time-limits to be fixed for the filing of the two plead -

ings envisaged by the Court.
9. By an Order of 20 September 2011, the Court fixed 6 December 2011 and
21 February 2012 as the respective time-limits for the filing of the Memorial of
Guinea and the Counter-Memorial of the DRC on the question of compensa -

9

6 CIJ1032.indb 15 26/11/13 09:37 330 ahmadou sadio diallo (agrrêt)

de l’indemnisation due à la Guinée. Le mémoire et le contre-mémoire ont été
dûment déposés dans les délais ainsi prescrits.
10. Au cours de la procédure écrite relative à l’indemnisation, gles conclusions
ci-après ont été présentées par les Parties :

Au nom du Gouvernement de la Guinée,

dans le mémoire :
«Pour la réparation des préjudices subis par M. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo à la

suite de ses détentions et de son expulsion arbitraires, la Républgique de Guinée
sollicite qu’il plaise à la Cour [de] condamner la République dgémocratique du
Congo à lui payer (pour le compte de son ressortissant) les sommes gci-ap:rès

— 250 000 dollars des Etats-Unis au titre du préjudice moral et psycho -
logique, y compris l’atteinte à la réputation ;
— 6 430 148 dollars des Etats-Unis au titre de la perte de revenus pen -

dant les détentions et après l’expulsion ;
— 550 000 dollars des Etats-Unis au titre des autres dommages maté -
riels ; et
— 4 360 000 dollars américains au titre de la perte potentielle de gain ;

soit au total la somme de onze millions cinq cent quatre-vingt-dix mille cent
quarante-huit (11 590 148) dollars des Etats-Unis, outre les intérêts légaux
moratoires.

Par ailleurs, le fait d’avoir contraint l’Etat guinéen à enggager la présente
procédure l’a exposé à des frais irrépétibles qu’ilg serait inéquitable de lais
ser à sa charge et qui sont évalués à la somme de 500 000 dollars des Etats-
Unis. La République de Guinée sollicite également qu’il plaigse à la Cour
[de] condamner la RDC à lui payer cette somme.

Il convient, en outre, de condamner la République démocratique du g
Congo aux entiers dépens. »

Au nom du Gouvernement de la RDC,
dans le contre-mémoire :

«Eu égard à tous les arguments de fait et de droit exposés ci-dessus, la
République démocratique du Congo prie la Cour de dire et de juger gque:

1) l’indemnité d’un montant de 30 000 dollars des Etats-Unis est due à la
Guinée pour réparer le préjudice immatériel subi par M. Diallo à la suite

de ses détentions et expulsion illicites en 1995-1996 ;
2) aucun intérêt moratoire n’est dû sur le montant de l’indegmnité fixé
ci-dessus ;
3) la RDC dispose d’un délai de six mois à compter du prononcé de l’arrêt
de la Cour pour verser à la Guinée l’indemnité fixée ci-dessus ;

4) aucune indemnité n’est due pour les autres dommages matériels allégués
par la Guinée ;
5) chacune des Parties supporte ses propres frais de procédure, y inclusg les
frais et honoraires de ses conseils, avocats, conseillers, assistants etgtres.

* * *

10

6 CIJ1032.indb 16 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 330

tion due to Guinea. The Memorial and the Counter-Memorial were duly filed
within the time-limits thus prescribed.
10. In the written proceedings relating to compensation, the following sub -
missions were presented by the Parties :

On behalf of the Government of Guinea,

in the Memorial :
“In compensation for the damage suffered by Mr. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo

as a result of his arbitrary detentions and expulsion, the Republic of Gguinea
begs the Court to order the Democratic Republic of the Congo to pay it
(on behalf of its national) the following sums :

— US$250,000 for mental and moral damage, including injury to his
reputation ;
— US$6,430,148 for loss of earnings during his detention and following

his expulsion ;
— US$550,000 for other material damage ; and

— US$4,360,000 for loss of potential earnings ;

amounting to a total of eleven million five hundred and ninety thousand
one hundred and forty-eight American dollars (US$11,590,148), not includ -
ing statutory default interest.

Furthermore, as a result of having been forced to institute the present g
proceedings, the Guinean State has incurred unrecoverable costs which itg
should not, in equity, be required to bear and which are assessed at
US$500,000. The Republic of Guinea also begs the Court to order the DRC g
to pay it that sum.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo should also be ordered to pay all
the costs.”
On behalf of the Government of the DRC,

in the Counter-Memorial :

“Having regard to all of the arguments of fact and law set out above,g the
Democratic Republic of the Congo asks the Court to adjudge and declare
that :

(1) compensation in an amount of US$30,000 is due to Guinea to make
good the non-pecuniary injury suffered by Mr. Diallo as a result of his

wrongful detentions and expulsion in 1995-1996 ;
(2) no default interest is due on the amount of compensation as fixed
above ;
(3) the DRC shall have a time-limit of six months from the date of the
Court’s judgment in which to pay to Guinea the above amount of com -

pensation ;
(4) no compensation is due in respect of the other material damage claimed
by Guinea ;
(5) each Party shall bear its own costs of the proceedings, including costs g
and fees of its counsel, advocates, advisers, assistants and others.”g

* * *

10

6 CIJ1032.indb 17 26/11/13 09:37 331 ahmadou sadio diallo (agrrêt)

I. Remarques préliminaigres

11. Il revient à la Cour, à ce stade de la procédure, de détermigner le
montant de l’indemnité devant être accordée à la Guinége du fait des arres -
tations, des détentions et de l’expulsion illicites de M. Diallo par la RDC,
conformément aux conclusions formulées par la Cour dans son arrêgt du

30 novembre 2010 et rappelées ci-dessus. Dans cet arrêt, la Cour a précisé
que le montant de l’indemnité devait être établi « à raison du dommage
résultant des détentions et de l’expulsion illicites de M. Diallo en 1995-
1996, y compris la perte de ses effets personnels qui en a[vait] dégcoulé »
(C.I.J. Recueil 2010 (II), p. 691, par. 163).

12. La Cour rappellera tout d’abord certains des faits sur lesquels
repose son arrêt du 30 novembre 2010. M. Diallo a été détenu du
5 novembre 1995 au 10 janvier 1996, soit soixante-six jours sans interrup -
tion (ibid., p. 662, par. 59), puis de nouveau entre le 25 et le 31 jan-
vier 1996 (ibid., p. 662, par. 60), soit un total de soixante-douze jours. La

Cour a noté à cet égard que la Guinée n’avait pas démogntré que M. Diallo
aurait été soumis à des traitements inhumains ou dégradants glors de ses
détentions (ibid., p. 671, par. 88-89). Elle a par ailleurs constaté que
M. Diallo avait été expulsé par la RDC le 31 janvier 1996 et qu’il avait
reçu le même jour notification de la mesure d’expulsion dont il gfaisait

l’objet (ibid., p. 659, par. 50, et p. 668, par. 78).
13. La Cour se penchera maintenant sur la question de l’indemnisation
due au titre des violations des droits de l’homme subies par M. Diallo,
dont elle a constaté l’existence dans son arrêt du 30 novembre 2010. Elle
rappelle qu’elle a eu l’occasion de fixer le montant d’une indemgnité dans

une affaire, celle du Détroit de Corfou (Royaume‑Uni c. Albanie, fixation
du montant des réparations, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1949, p. 244). En l’espèce,
la Guinée exerce sa protection diplomatique en faveur de l’un de sges res -
sortissants, M. Diallo, et réclame une indemnisation au titre du préjudice
causé à celui-ci. Comme la Cour permanente de Justice internationagle l’a
o
déclaré dans l’affoire de l’Usine de Chorzów (fond, arrêt n 13, 1928,
C.P.J.I. série A n 17, p. 27-28), « [i]l est un principe de droit international
que la réparation d’un tort peut consister en une indemnité corgrespon -
dant au dommage que les ressortissants de l’Etat lésé ont subi gpar suite de
l’acte contraire au droit international ». La Cour tient compte de la pra -

tique d’autres juridictions et commissions internationales (telles que le
Tribunal international du droit de la mer, la Cour européenne des droits
de l’homme (CEDH), la Cour interaméricaine des droits de l’hogmme
(CIADH), le Tribunal des réclamations Etats-Unis/Iran, la Commission
des réclamations entre l’Erythrée et l’Ethiopie et la Commisgsion d’indem -

nisation des Nations Unies), qui ont appliqué les principes généraux
régissant l’indemnisation lorsqu’elles ont été appeléegs à fixer le montant
d’une indemnité, notamment à raison du préjudice découlangt d’une déten -
tion ou d’une expulsion illicites.
14. La Guinée demande à être indemnisée pour quatre chefs de prégju -

dice: un chef de préjudice immatériel (qu’elle a appelé « préjudice moral

11

6 CIJ1032.indb 18 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 331

I. Introductory Observatiogns

11. It falls to the Court at this stage of the proceedings to determine
the amount of compensation to be awarded to Guinea as a consequence
of the unlawful arrests, detentions and expulsion of Mr. Diallo by the
DRC, pursuant to the findings of the Court set out in its Judgment of
30 November 2010 and recalled above. In that Judgment, the Court indi -

cated that the amount of compensation was to be based on “the injury g
flowing from the wrongful detentions and expulsion of Mr. Diallo in
1995-96, including the resulting loss of his personal belongings”
(I.C.J. Reports 2010 (II), p. 691, para. 163).
12. The Court begins by recalling certain of the facts on which it based
its Judgment of 30 November 2010. Mr. Diallo was continuously detained

for 66 days, from 5 November 1995 until 10 January 1996 (ibid., p. 662,
para. 59), and was detained for a second time between 25 and 31 Janu -
ary 1996 (ibid., p. 662, para. 60), that is, for a total of 72 days. The Court
also observed that Guinea failed to demonstrate that Mr. Diallo was sub -
jected to inhuman or degrading treatment during his detentions (ibid.,

p. 671, paras. 88-89). In addition, the Court found that Mr. Diallo was
expelled by the DRC on 31 January 1996 and that he received notice of
his expulsion on the same day (ibid., p. 659, para. 50, and p. 668, para. 78).

13. The Court turns to the question of compensation for the violations

of Mr. Diallo’s human rights established in its Judgment of 30 Novem -
ber 2010. It recalls that it has fixed an amount of compensation once, in
the Corfu Channel case ((United Kingdom v. Albania), Assessment of
Amount of Compensation, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 244). In the
present case, Guinea is exercising diplomatic protection with respect tog
one of its nationals, Mr. Diallo, and is seeking compensation for the

injury caused to him. As the Permanent Court of International Justice
stated in the Factory of Chorzów case (Merits, Judgment No. 13, 1928,
P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 17, pp. 27-28), “[i]t is a principle of international
law that the reparation of a wrong may consist in an indemnity corre -
sponding to the damage which the nationals of the injured State have

suffered as a result of the act which is contrary to international lawg”. The
Court has taken into account the practice in other international courts,g
tribunals and commissions (such as the International Tribunal for the
Law of the Sea, the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), the
Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR), the Iran-United

States Claims Tribunal, the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission, and
the United Nations Compensation Commission), which have applied gen -
eral principles governing compensation when fixing its amount, including g
in respect of injury resulting from unlawful detention and expulsion.

14. Guinea seeks compensation under four heads of damage :
non-material injury (referred to by Guinea as “mental and moral dam -

11

6 CIJ1032.indb 19 26/11/13 09:37 332 ahmadou sadio diallo (agrrêt)

et psychologique») et trois chefs de préjudice matériel, à savoir, respecti -
vement, la perte alléguée de biens personnels, la perte alléguége de rémun-é

ration professionnelle (qu’elle a appelée la « perte de revenus ») subie par
M. Diallo au cours de ses détentions et à la suite de son expulsion, get la
privation alléguée de « gains potentiels ». Pour chacun de ces chefs, la
Cour examinera si l’existence du préjudice est établie. Ensuiteg, elle
«rechercher[a] si et dans quelle mesure le dommage invoqué par le deman -

deur est la conséquence du comportement illicite du défendeur », en
analysant « s’il existe un lien de causalité suffisamment direct et certain
entre le fait illicite … et le préjudice subi par le demandeur » (Application
de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de g▯énocide
(Bosnie‑Herzégovine c. Serbie‑et‑Monténégro), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
2007 (I), p. 233-234, par. 462). Une fois que l’existence du préjudice et

le lien de causalité avec les faits illicites auront été établis, la Cour pro-
cédera à l’évaluation de ce préjudice.
15. Aux fins de déterminer le montant de l’indemnité due à la Guignée
en l’espèce, la Cour devra mettre en balance les faits alléguégs par les Par -
ties. Elle a rappelé dans son arrêt du 30 novembre 2010 que, en règle

générale, c’est à la partie qui allègue un fait à l’gappui de ses prétentions
qu’il appartient d’en démontrer l’existence (C.I.J. Recueil 2010 (II),
p. 660, par. 54 ; voir aussi Application de l’accord intérimaire du 13 sep ‑
tembre 1995 (ex‑République yougoslave de Macédoine c. Grèce), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (II), p. 668, par. 72; Usines de pâte à papier sur le

fleuve Uruguay (Argentine c. Uruguay), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2010 (I),
p. 71, par. 162). Elle a également reconnu qu’il lui faudrait, en l’espègce,
faire preuve de souplesse dans l’application de cette règle géngérale et,
notamment, que le défendeur pourrait être mieux à même d’gétablir cer -
tains faits (C.I.J. Recueil 2010 (II), p. 660-661, par. 54-56).
16. Au stade actuel de la procédure, la Cour adoptera de nouveau la

démarche indiquée au paragraphe précédent. Ainsi, elle commencera par
s’intéresser aux éléments de preuve présentés par la Gguinée à l’appui de
chacun des chefs de préjudice exposés dans sa demande, qu’elle gévaluera
ensuite à la lumière des éléments produits par la RDC. Elle gest en outre
bien consciente que le caractère brusque de l’expulsion dont M. Diallo a

fait l’objet a pu compromettre les chances de ce dernier et de la Guignée de
retrouver certains documents, d’où la nécessité pour elle deg faire preuve
de quelque souplesse dans son examen du dossier.
17. Avant d’aborder les différents chefs de préjudice, la Cour ragppelle
que les arrêts qu’elle a rendus le 24 mai 2007 et le 30 novembre 2010 cir -

conscrivent à d’importants égards la portée de la présentge procédure. Ainsi,
ayant jugé irrecevable la requête de la Guinée en ce qui concergne la préten -
due violation des droits des sociétés Africom-Zaïre et Africontainers-Zaïre
(C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II), p. 616, par. 94), la Cour ne tiendra pas compte de
celles de ses demandes qui concernent un préjudice subi non par M. Diallo
lui-même, mais par ces deux sociétés. En outre, elle n’accordera aucune

indemnité relativement à l’allégation de la Guinée selon laquelle la RDC
aurait violé les droits propres de M. Diallo en tant qu’associé de ces mêmes

12

6 CIJ1032.indb 20 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 332

age”); and three heads of material damage : alleged loss of personal prop-
erty; alleged loss of professional remuneration (referred to by Guinea as

“loss of earnings”) during Mr. Diallo’s detentions and after his expul -
sion; and alleged deprivation of “potential earnings”. As to each head of
damage, the Court will consider whether an injury is established. It wilgl
then “ascertain whether, and to what extent, the injury asserted by tghe
Applicant is the consequence of wrongful conduct by the Respondent”, g

taking into account “whether there is a sufficiently direct and certain
causal nexus between the wrongful act . . . and the injury suffered by the
Applicant” (Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punish ‑
ment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and
Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I), pp. 233-234, para. 462).
If the existence of injury and causation is established, the Court will gthen

determine the valuation.

15. The assessment of compensation owed to Guinea in this case will
require the Court to weigh the Parties’ factual contentions. The Courgt
recalled in its Judgment of 30 November 2010 that, as a general rule, it is

for the party which alleges a particular fact in support of its claims tgo
prove the existence of that fact (I.C.J. Reports 2010 (II), p. 660, para. 54 ;
see also Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the for ‑
mer Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2011 (II), p. 668, para. 72; Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v.

Uruguay), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010 (I), p. 71, para. 162). The Court
also recognized that this general rule would have to be applied flexibgly in
this case and, in particular, that the Respondent may be in a better posi -
tion to establish certain facts (I.C.J. Reports 2010 (II), pp. 660-661,
paras. 54-56).
16. In the present stage of the proceedings, the Court once again will be

guided by the approach summarized in the preceding paragraph. Thus, the
starting point in the Court’s inquiry will be the evidence adduced byg
Guinea to support its claim under each head of damage, which the Court
will assess in light of evidence introduced by the DRC. The Court also
recognizes that the abruptness of Mr. Diallo’s expulsion may have dimin -

ished the ability of Mr. Diallo and Guinea to locate certain documents,
calling for some flexibility by the Court in considering the record begfore it.

17. Before turning to the various heads of damage, the Court also
recalls that the scope of the present proceedings is determined in imporg -

tant respects by the Court’s Judgments of 24 May 2007 and of 30 Novem-
ber 2010. Having declared Guinea’s Application inadmissible as to allegedg
violations of the rights of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire
(I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 616, para. 94), the Court will not take
account of any claim for injury sustained by the two companies, rather
than by Mr. Diallo himself. Moreover, the Court will award no compen -

sation in respect of Guinea’s claim that the DRC violated Mr. Diallo’s
direct rights as an associé in Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire,

12

6 CIJ1032.indb 21 26/11/13 09:37 333 ahmadou sadio diallo (agrrêt)

sociétés, puisqu’elle a conclu dans son arrêt du 30 novembre 2010 qu’au -

cune violation de cette nature ne pouvait être retenue contre la RDC
(C.I.J. Recueil 2010 (II), p. 690, par. 157, et p. 690-691, par. 159). L’exa -
men de la Cour sera dès lors limité au préjudice découlant dge la violation
des droits de l’intéressé en tant qu’individu, c’est-à-dire à celui « résultant
des détentions et de l’expulsion illicites de M. Diallo en 1995-1996, y com -

pris la perte de ses effets personnels qui en a découlé » (ibid., p. 691,
par. 163).

II. Les chefs de préjudiceg au titre desquels
l’indemnisation est gdemandée

A. L’indemnité réclamée au titre du préjudice immatériel
subi par M. Diallo

18. Le « préjudice moral et psychologique », pour reprendre les termes
de la Guinée, ou le « préjudice immatériel », pour reprendre ceux de la
RDC, désigne le préjudice non matériel qui est subi par l’engtité ou la per -

sonne lésée. Le préjudice immatériel subi par une personne egt susceptible
d’être reconnu en droit international peut prendre diverses formesg. Par
exemple, dans les affaires Lusitania portées devant la Commission mixte
de réclamations (Etats-Unis/Allemagne), le surarbitre a mentionné les

«souffrances morales [du plaignant], l’atteinte à ses sentiments,g l’humilia -
tion, la honte, la dégradation, la perte de sa position sociale ou l’gatteinte
portée à son crédit ou à sa réputation » (décision dans les affaires Lusita ‑
nia, 1ernovembre 1923, Nations Unies, Recueil des sentences arbitrales
(RSA), vol. VII, p. 40 [traduction du Greffe]). La Cour interaméricaine

des droits de l’homme a quant à elle observé dans l’affairge Gutiérrez‑Soler
c. Colombie que « [l]e préjudice immatériel p[ouvait] comprendre la
détresse et la souffrance, l’atteinte aux valeurs fondamentales gde la vic -
time et les bouleversements de nature non pécuniaire provoqués dangs sa
vie quotidienne» (arrêt du 12 septembre 2005 (fond, réparations et frais),
o
CIADH, série C, n 132, par. 82 [traduction du Greffe]).
19. Dans la présente affaire, la Guinée soutient que
«Monsieur Diallo a subi un préjudice moral et psychologique, y

compris douleurs, souffrances et chocs émotionnels, ainsi que la
perte de sa position sociale et une atteinte à sa réputation du fagit des
arrestations et détentions et de l’expulsion dont il a été lg’objet de la
part de la RDC. »

La Guinée n’a produit aucun élément de preuve précis au sgujet de ce chef
de préjudice.
20. La RDC, pour sa part, ne conteste pas que M. Diallo ait subi un

«préjudice immatériel». Elle demande toutefois à la Cour de
«tenir compte des circonstances propres à cette affaire, du caractègre

court de la détention dénoncée, de l’absence de mauvais traigtements

13

6 CIJ1032.indb 22 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 333

because the Court found that there was no such violation in its Judgmentg

of 30 November 2010 (I.C.J. Reports 2010 (II), p. 690, para. 157, and
pp. 690-691, para. 159). The Court’s inquiry will be limited to the injury
resulting from the breach of Mr. Diallo’s rights as an individual, that is,
“the injury flowing from the wrongful detentions and expulsion of
Mr. Diallo in 1995-1996, including the resulting loss of his personal

belongings” (ibid., p. 691, para. 163).

II. Heads of Damage in respegct of which
Compensation Is Requestged

A. Claim for Compensation for Non‑Material Injury
Suffered by Mr. Diallo

18. “Mental and moral damage”, referred to by Guinea, or “non-pecu-
niary injury”, referred to by the DRC, covers harm other than materiagl
injury which is suffered by an injured entity or individual. Non-material

injury to a person which is cognizable under international law may take g
various forms. For instance, the umpire in the Lusitania cases before the
Mixed Claims Commission (United States/Germany) mentioned “mental
suffering, injury to [a claimant’s] feelings, humiliation, shame, dgegrada -

tion, loss of social position or injury to his credit or to his reputatigon”
(opinion in the Lusitania cases, 1 November 1923, United Nations,
Reports of International Arbitral Awards (RIAA), Vol. VII, p. 40). The
Inter-American Court of Human Rights observed in Gutiérrez‑Soler v.
Colombia that “[n]on pecuniary damage may include distress, suffering,

tampering with the victim’s core values, and changes of a non-pecuniagry
nature in the person’s everyday life” (judgment of 12 September 2005
(merits, reparations and costs), IACHR, Series C, No. 132, para. 82).

19. In the present case, Guinea contends that
“Mr. Diallo suffered moral and mental harm, including emotional

pain, suffering and shock, as well as the loss of his position in socigety
and injury to his reputation as a result of his arrests, detentions and
expulsion by the DRC.”

No specific evidence regarding this head of damage is submitted by
Guinea.
20. The DRC, for its part, does not contest the fact that Mr. Diallo suf -

fered “non-pecuniary injury”. However, the DRC requests the Court to
“take into account the specific circumstances of this case, the brevity

of the detention complained of, the absence of any mistreatment of

13

6 CIJ1032.indb 23 26/11/13 09:37 334 ahmadou sadio diallo (agrrêt)

à l’égard de M. Diallo [et] du fait que l’intéressé a été expulsé versg
son pays d’origine, avec lequel il a su garder des contacts permanents

et de haut niveau pendant son long séjour au Congo ».

*

21. De l’avis de la Cour, un préjudice immatériel peut être égtabli même

en l’absence d’éléments de preuve précis. Dans le cas de M. Diallo, le
préjudice immatériel subi découle inévitablement des faits igllicites de la
RDC dont la Cour a déjà établi l’existence. Dans son arrêgt sur le fond, la
Cour a conclu que M. Diallo avait été arrêté sans être informé des raisons g
de son arrestation et sans aucune possibilité de recours (C.I.J. Recueil
2010 (II), p. 666, par. 74, et p. 670, par. 84) ; qu’il avait été détenu pen -

dant une période exagérément longue en attendant son expulsion g(ibid.,
p. 668-669, par. 79) ; qu’il avait fait l’objet d’accusations sans preuves
(ibid., p. 669, par. 82) ; et qu’il avait été expulsé de manière illicite du pays g
où il résidait depuis trente-deux ans et où il exerçait des gactivités commer -
ciales importantes (ibid., p. 666-667, par. 73 et 74). Il est donc raisonnable

de conclure que le comportement illicite de la RDC a été pour M. Diallo
une source d’importantes souffrances psychologiques et qu’il a pgorté
atteinte à sa réputation.
22. La Cour tient compte du nombre de jours que M. Diallo a passés
en détention et de sa conclusion antérieure selon laquelle il n’a pas été

démontré que l’intéressé avait été soumis à des gmauvais traitements prohi -
bés par le paragraphe 1 de l’article 10 du Pacte (ibid., p. 671, par. 89).
23. L’examen des circonstances propres à l’affaire met par ailleurs en
évidence l’existence de certains facteurs qui aggravent le préjgudice imma -
tériel infligé à M. Diallo. L’un de ces facteurs est le contexte dans lequel
les détentions et l’expulsion illicites ont eu lieu. La Cour a en geffet observé,

dans son arrêt sur le fond, que
«il [était] difficile de ne pas percevoir un lien entre l’expulsiogn de

M. Diallo et le fait qu’il ait tenté d’obtenir le recouvrement desg
créances qu’il estimait être dues à ses sociétés par, gnotamment, l’Etat
zaïrois ou des entreprises dans lesquelles ce dernier dét[enait] ugne
part importante du capital» (C.I.J. Recueil 2010 (II), p. 669, par. 82),

et, en outre, que

«l’arrestation et la détention [de M. Diallo] visant à permettre l’exé -
cution d’une telle mesure d’expulsion, qui ne repos[ait] sur aucung
fondement défendable, ne p[ouvaient] qu’être qualifiées d’garbitraires
au sens de l’article 9, paragraphe 1, du Pacte et de l’article 6 de la
Charte africaine »(ibid.).

24. La détermination du montant de l’indemnité due à raison d’un pré -
judice immatériel repose nécessairement sur des considérations d’équité.

Ainsi que l’a relevé le surarbitre dans les affaires Lusitania, les préjudices
immatériels «sont très réels ; le seul fait qu’ils sont difficiles à mesurer ou

14

6 CIJ1032.indb 24 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 334

Mr. Diallo, [and] the fact that Mr. Diallo was expelled to his country
of origin, with which he had been able to maintain ongoing and

high-level contacts throughout his lengthy stay in the Congo”.

*

21. In the view of the Court, non-material injury can be established

even without specific evidence. In the case of Mr. Diallo, the fact that he
suffered non-material injury is an inevitable consequence of the wrongful
acts of the DRC already ascertained by the Court. In its Judgment on theg
merits, the Court found that Mr. Diallo had been arrested without being
informed of the reasons for his arrest and without being given the possig -
bility to seek a remedy (I.C.J. Reports 2010 (II), p. 666, para. 74, and

p. 670, para. 84) ; that he was detained for an unjustifiably long period
pending expulsion (ibid., pp. 668-669, para. 79) ; that he was made the
object of accusations that were not substantiated (ibid., p. 669, para. 82) ;
and that he was wrongfully expelled from the country where he had
resided for 32 years and where he had engaged in significant business

activities (ibid., pp. 666-667, paras. 73 and 74). Thus, it is reasonable to
conclude that the DRC’s wrongful conduct caused Mr. Diallo significant
psychological suffering and loss of reputation.
22. The Court has taken into account the number of days for which
Mr. Diallo was detained and its earlier conclusion that it had not been

demonstrated that Mr. Diallo was mistreated in violation of Article 10,
paragraph 1, of the Covenant (ibid., p. 671, para. 89).
23. The circumstances of the case point to the existence of certain fac -
tors which aggravate Mr. Diallo’s non-material injury. One is the context
in which the wrongful detentions and expulsion occurred. As the Court
noted in its Judgment on the merits,

“it is difficult not to discern a link between Mr. Diallo’s expulsion and

the fact that he had attempted to recover debts which he believed were
owed to his companies by, amongst others, the Zairean State or com -
panies in which the State holds a substantial portion of the capital”g
(I.C.J. Reports 2010 (II), p. 669, para. 82).

In addition, Mr. Diallo’s

“arrest and detention aimed at allowing such an expulsion measure,
one without any defensible basis, to be effected can only be characterg-
ized as arbitrary within the meaning of Article 9, paragraph 1, of
the Covenant and Article 6 of the African Charter” (ibid.).

24. Quantification of compensation for non-material injury necessarily
rests on equitable considerations. As the umpire noted in the Lusitania

cases, non-material injuries “are very real, and the mere fact that they are
difficult to measure or estimate by money standards makes them none theg

14

6 CIJ1032.indb 25 26/11/13 09:37 335 ahmadou sadio diallo (agrrêt)

à estimer en valeurs monétaires ne les rend pas moins réels et gn’est pas
une raison qui puisse empêcher une victime d’être indemniséeg sous la
forme de dommages-intérêts » (RSA, vol. VII, p. 40 [traduction du
Greffe]). Saisis de demandes d’indemnisation au titre du préjudice matég-

riel ou immatériel causé par des violations du Pacte ou de la Chargte afri-
caine, respectivement, le Comité des droits de l’homme et la Commigssion
africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples ont recommandé le vger-
sement d’une « indemnisation adéquate », sans en préciser le montant

(voir, par exemple, A. c. Australie, CDH, 3 avril 1997, communication
n 560/1993, Nations Unies, doc. CCPR/C/59/D/560/1993, par. 11; Ken‑
neth Good c. République du Botswana, CADHP, 26 mai 2010, communica-
tion n 313/05, 28 eRapport d’activités, annexe IV, p. 112, par. 244).

Habilités à fixer l’indemnité par leurs actes constitutifs regspectifs, des tri-
bunaux arbitraux et des juridictions régionales garantes des droits dge
l’homme ont été plus précis, se fondant sur des considéragtions d’équité
pour chiffrer l’indemnité due au titre du préjudice immatégriel. Ainsi, dans
l’affaire Al‑Jedda c. Royaume‑Uni, la Grande Chambre de la Cour euro -

péenne des droits de l’homme a déclaré que, pour quantifier lge préjudice,
elle était

«guidée par le principe de l’équité, qui implique avant tout une cer -
taine souplesse et un examen objectif de ce qui est juste, équitable et
raisonnable compte tenu de l’ensemble des circonstances de l’affgaire,
c’est-à-dire non seulement de la situation du requérant, mais aussi du

contexte général dans lequel la violation a été commise » (requête
n 27021/08, arrêt du 7 juillet 2011, CEDH Recueil 2011, par. 114).

De même, la Cour interaméricaine des droits de l’homme a dit qug’elle
était habilitée, « dans l’exercice raisonnable de son pouvoir juridictionnel
et sur la base de l’équité», à déterminer le montant de l’indemnité à verser

au titre de dommages immatériels (Cantoral Benavides c. Pérou, aorêt du
3 décembre 2001 (réparation et frais), CIADH, série C, n 88, par. 53
[traduction du Greffe]).

*

25. En ce qui concerne le préjudice immatériel subi par M. Diallo, les
circonstances exposées aux paragraphes 21 à 23 amènent la Cour à consi -
dérer que la somme de 85 000 dollars des Etats-Unis constitue une indem-

nité appropriée. Cette somme est libellée dans la devise que legs deux
Parties ont utilisée dans leurs écritures relatives à la questigon de l’indem-
nisation.

B. L’indemnité réclamée au titre du préjudice matériel
subi par M. Diallo

26. Ainsi que mentionné précédemment (voir paragraphe 14), la
Guinée réclame une indemnisation au titre de trois chefs de préjudice

15

6 CIJ1032.indb 26 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 335

less real and affords no reason why the injured person should not be cgom -
pensated therefore as compensatory damages” (RIAA, Vol. VII, p. 40).

When considering compensation for material or non-material injury
caused by violations of the Covenant or the African Charter, respectively,
the Human Rights Committee and the African Commission on Human
and Peoples’ Rights recommended “adequate compensation” withoutg
specifying the sum to be paid (see, for example, A. v. Australia, HRC,

3 April 1997, communication No. 560/1993, United Nations doc. CCPR/
C/59/D/560/1993, para. 11 ; Kenneth Good v. Republic of Botswana,
ACHPR, 26 May 2010, communication No. 313/05, 28th Activity Report,
Ann. IV, p. 110, para. 244). Arbitral tribunals and regional human rights
courts have been more specific, given the power to assess compensation

granted by their respective constitutive instruments. Equitable consider -
ations have guided their quantification of compensation for non-material
harm. For instance, in Al‑Jedda v. United Kingdom, the Grand Chamber
of the European Court of Human Rights stated that, for determining
damage,

“[i]ts guiding principle is equity, which above all involves flexibility

and an objective consideration of what is just, fair and reasonable in
all the circumstances of the case, including not only the position of
the applicant but the overall context in which the breach occurred”
(application No. 27021/08, judgment of 7 July 2011, ECHR Reports
2011, para. 114).

Similarly, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has said that the
payment of a sum of money as compensation for non-pecuniary damages

may be determined by that court “in reasonable exercise of its judicigal
authority and on the basis of equity” (Cantoral Benavides v. Peru, judg -
ment of 3 December 2001 (reparations and costs), IACHR, Series C,
No. 88, para. 53).

*

25. With regard to the non-material injury suffered by Mr. Diallo, the
circumstances outlined in paragraphs 21 to 23 lead the Court to consider
that the amount of US$85,000 would provide appropriate compensation.
The sum is expressed in the currency to which both Parties referred in

their written pleadings on compensation.

B. Claim for Compensation for Material Injury

Suffered by Mr. Diallo

26. As previously noted (see paragraph 14), Guinea claims compensa -
tion for three heads of material damage. The Court will begin by addressg -

15

6 CIJ1032.indb 27 26/11/13 09:37 336 ahmadou sadio diallo (agrrêt)

matériel. La Cour examinera tout d’abord la demande de la Guinége affé-
rente à la perte des biens personnels de M. Diallo; elle se penchera ensuite

sur les demandes de la Guinée relatives à la perte de rémunégration profes -
sionnelle subie par l’intéressé au cours de ses détentions egt à la suite de
son expulsion illicites de la RDC ; elle traitera enfin de la demande de la
Guinée concernant des « gains potentiels».

1. Perte de biens personnels qu’aurait subie M. Diallo (y compris ses avoirs
en banque)

27. La Guinée soutient que M. Diallo a été expulsé de manière si brus -
que qu’il n’a pu organiser le transfert ou la cession des biens personnels se
trouvant dans son appartement et qu’il a, pour la même raison, pergdu

certains avoirs en banque. Se référant à un inventaire des biengs trouvés
dans l’appartement en question, dressé douze jours après cette gexpulsion,
la Guinée prétend que ce document sous-estime la valeur globale des
biens personnels de M. Diallo car plusieurs objets de grande valeur que
contenait l’appartement en ont été omis. Elle affirme que l’ensemble de

ces actifs sont irrémédiablement perdus et chiffre à 550 000 dollars des
Etats-Unis la perte de ce patrimoine matériel et immatériel (avoirs en
banque compris).
28. La RDC relève que l’inventaire en question a été produit parg la
Guinée, qui l’a déposé en tant qu’élément de preuveg devant la Cour, pour
ensuite le déclarer incomplet. Rappelant le rôle joué par la Guginée dans

l’élaboration du document, elle qualifie l’inventaire de preuve « crédible»
et «sérieuse», et affirme que la Guinée ne peut prétendre aujourd’hui qgue
M. Diallo possédait d’autres actifs qui n’y seraient pas répertgoriés. La
RDC fait en outre valoir qu’elle ne saurait être tenue pour respongsable de
la perte supposée des biens qui auraient pu se trouver dans l’appagrtement,

puisqu’elle n’a pas ordonné d’expulser M. Diallo de celui-ci et que les
biens personnels de l’intéressé étaient aux mains de reprégsentants de l’am -
bassade de Guinée et de proches de ce dernier. De plus, la RDC affirgme
que la Guinée n’a produit aucune preuve concernant les avoirs en bganque.

*

29. La Cour examinera ici la demande d’indemnisation formulée par la
Guinée au titre de la perte de biens personnels subie par M. Diallo, sans
tenir compte des biens des deux sociétés (auxquels la Guinée fgait égale -

ment référence), puisqu’elle a déjà déclaré irrecegvables les réclamations
afférentes à celles-ci (voir paragraphe 17 ci-dessus). Les biens person -
nels en cause se répartissent en trois catégories : le mobilier de l’apparte-
ment qui figurait dans l’inventaire susmentionné, certains objets de
grande valeur qui se seraient aussi trouvés dans l’appartement et ne sont
pas répertoriés dans cet inventaire, et les avoirs en banque.

30. S’agissant des biens personnels qui se trouvaient dans l’apparte -
ment de M. Diallo, il appert que l’inventaire soumis à la Cour par les

16

6 CIJ1032.indb 28 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 336

ing Guinea’s claim relating to the loss of Mr. Diallo’s personal property ;
it will then consider Guinea’s claims concerning loss of professionalg

remuneration during Mr. Diallo’s unlawful detentions and following his
unlawful expulsion from the DRC ; and, finally, it will turn to Guinea’s
claim in respect of “potential earnings”.

1. Alleged loss of Mr. Diallo’s personal property (including assets in bank
accounts)

27. Guinea claims that Mr. Diallo’s abrupt expulsion prevented him
from making arrangements for the transfer or disposal of personal prop -
erty that was in his apartment and also caused the loss of certain assets in

bank accounts. Guinea refers to an inventory of items in Mr. Diallo’s
apartment that was prepared 12 days after he was expelled, claiming that
the inventory understated his personal property because it failed to
include a number of high-value items that were in the apartment. It states
that all of these assets have been irretrievably lost and estimates the value

of lost tangible and intangible assets (including bank accounts) at
US$550,000.

28. The DRC contends that Guinea was responsible for having pro -
duced the inventory in question as evidence before the Court, only laterg
to declare it incomplete. Citing Guinea’s role in preparing the invengtory,

the DRC characterizes that inventory as “credible” and “seriousg”, and
contends that Guinea cannot now claim that Mr. Diallo owned addi -
tional assets not reflected in it. The DRC further asserts that it cangnot be
held responsible for the alleged loss of any property that was in the apgart-
ment because the DRC did not order Mr. Diallo’s eviction from the

apartment and because Mr. Diallo’s personal property was under the
control of officials from the Guinean embassy and of Mr. Diallo’s friends
and relatives. Further, the DRC states that Guinea has provided no evi -
dence regarding bank assets.

*

29. The Court here addresses Guinea’s claim for the loss of Mr. Dial -
lo’s personal property, without taking into account property of the tgwo
companies (to which Guinea also refers), given the Court’s prior degcision

that Guinea’s claims relating to the companies were inadmissible (sege
paragraph 17 above). The personal property at issue in Guinea’s claim
may be divided into three categories : furnishings of Mr. Diallo’s apart -
ment that appear on the above-referenced inventory ; certain high-value
items alleged to have been in Mr. Diallo’s apartment, which are not spec -
ified on that inventory ; and assets in bank accounts.

30. As to personal property that was located in Mr. Diallo’s apart -
ment, it appears that the inventory of the property in Mr. Diallo’s apart -

16

6 CIJ1032.indb 29 26/11/13 09:37 337 ahmadou sadio diallo (agrrêt)

deux Parties a été dressé environ douze jours après que l’intéressé eut été

expulsé de la RDC. Bien que la Guinée déplore certaines omissiogns (les
objets de grande valeur dont il sera question plus loin), les Parties
semblent s’accorder sur le fait que les biens répertoriés se trgouvaient effec-
tivement dans l’appartement au moment où l’inventaire a étég dressé.

31. Il existe toutefois des incertitudes quant au point de savoir ce qu’igl
est advenu des biens figurant dans l’inventaire. La Guinée n’avance
aucune preuve que M. Diallo aurait tenté de déménager les biens qui se
trouvaient dans son appartement ou de les céder à des tiers, et ilg n’a pas
davantage été démontré que la RDC l’en aurait empêché. La RDC affirme

qu’elle n’a pas pris possession de l’appartement ni n’en a egxpulsé
M. Diallo. Ce dernier avait lui-même déclaré en 2008 que l’organisme
bailleur avait repris son appartement peu après son expulsion, en congsé -
quence de quoi il avait perdu tous ses effets personnels. Dans l’engsemble,
la Guinée n’a donc pas réussi à établir l’étendue dge la perte subie par

M. Diallo en ce qui concerne ses biens personnels répertoriés dans l’gin -
ventaire ni la mesure dans laquelle cette perte aurait été causége par le
comportement illicite de la RDC.
32. Du reste, quand bien même il pourrait être établi que les biensg per -
sonnels inventoriés ont été perdus, et qu’ils l’ont étgé en conséquence du

comportement illicite de la RDC, la Guinée n’a produit aucun élément de
preuve permettant d’en déterminer la valeur (individuelle ou globgale).

33. Nonobstant les failles du dossier concernant les biens répertoriésg dans
l’inventaire, la Cour rappellera que M. Diallo a vécu et travaillé sur le terri

toire congolais pendant une trentaine d’années, au cours desquellegs il n’a pu
manquer d’accumuler des biens personnels. Même à supposer fondége l’affir -
mation de la RDC selon laquelle ces biens se seraient trouvés entre les maings
de représentants guinéens et de proches de M. Diallo après l’expulsion de ce
dernier, la Cour considère que, à tout le moins, l’intéresség aurait eu à les

déménager en Guinée ou à prendre des mesures pour pouvoir eng disposer en
RDC. Partant, elle ne doute pas que le comportement illicite de la RDC a
causé à M. Diallo un certain préjudice matériel s’agissant des biens persogn -
nels qui se trouvaient dans l’appartement qu’il occupait, encore qu’il ne
serait pas raisonnable de retenir le montant très important réclamgé par la

Guinée pour ce chef de préjudice. Dans ces conditions, elle estimeg approprié
d’accorder une indemnité qui sera calculée sur la base de considérations
d’équité (voir paragraphe 36 ci-après). D’autres juridictions, comme la Cour
européenne des droits de l’homme et la Cour interaméricaine des droits de
l’homme, ont procédé ainsi lorsque les circonstances le justifiagient (voir,
o
par exemple, Lupsa c. Roumanie, requête n 10337/04, arrêt du 8 juin 2006,
CEDH Recueil 2006-VII, par. 70-72 ; Chaparro Alvarez et Lapo Iñiguez
c. Equateur, arrêt du 21 novembre 2007 (exceptions préliminaires, fond,
réparations et frais), CIADH, série C, n o 170, par. 240 et 242).
34. La Cour en vient ensuite à l’allégation de la Guinée selon lgaquelle

l’appartement de M. Diallo contenait certains objets de grande valeur qui

17

6 CIJ1032.indb 30 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 337

ment, which both Parties have submitted to the Court, was prepared
approximately 12 days after Mr. Diallo’s expulsion from the DRC. While

Guinea complains about omissions from the inventory (the high-value
items discussed below), both Parties appear to accept that the items thgat
are listed on the inventory were in the apartment at the time the inventgory
was prepared.
31. There is, however, uncertainty about what happened to the prop -

erty listed on the inventory. Guinea does not point to any evidence thatg
Mr. Diallo attempted to transport or to dispose of the property in the
apartment, and there is no evidence before the Court that the DRC
barred him from doing so. The DRC states that it did not take possession
of the apartment and that it did not evict Mr. Diallo from the apartment.
Mr. Diallo himself stated in 2008 that the company from which the apart -

ment was leased took possession of it soon after his expulsion and that,g
as a result, he had lost all of his personal effects. Therefore, takeng as a
whole, Guinea has failed to prove the extent of the loss of Mr. Diallo’s
personal property listed on the inventory and the extent to which any
such loss was caused by the DRC’s unlawful conduct.

32. Even assuming that it could be established that the personal prop -
erty on the inventory was lost and that any such loss was caused by the g
DRC’s unlawful conduct, Guinea offers no evidence regarding the valgue
of the items on the inventory (either with respect to individual items or in

the aggregate).
33. Despite the shortcomings in the evidence related to the property
listed on the inventory, the Court recalls that Mr. Diallo lived and worked
in the territory of the DRC for over thirty years, during which time he
surely accumulated personal property. Even assuming that the DRC is cor -
rect in its contention that Guinean officials and Mr. Diallo’s relatives were

in a position to dispose of that personal property after Mr. Diallo’s expul -
sion, the Court considers that, at a minimum, Mr. Diallo would have had
to transport his personal property to Guinea or to arrange for its dispogsi -
tion in the DRC. Thus, the Court is satisfied that the DRC’s unlawful gco -n
duct caused some material injury to Mr. Diallo with respect to personal

property that had been in the apartment in which he lived, although it
would not be reasonable to accept the very large sum claimed by Guinea
for this head of damage. In such a situation, the Court considers it appgro -
priate to award an amount of compensation based on equitable consider -
ations (see paragraph 36 below). Other courts, including the European

Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights,
have followed this approach where warranted (see, e.g., Lupsa v. Romania,
application No. 10337/04, judgment of 8 June 2006, ECHR Reports 2006-
VII, paras. 70-72; Chaparro Alvarez and Lapo Iñiguez v. Ecuador, judgment
of 21 November 2007 (preliminary objections, merits, reparations and
costs), IACHR, Series C, No. 170, paras. 240 and 242).

34. The Court next considers Guinea’s contention that Mr. Diallo’s
apartment contained certain high-value items not specified on the inven -

17

6 CIJ1032.indb 31 26/11/13 09:37 338 ahmadou sadio diallo (agrrêt)

ne figuraient pas dans l’inventaire mentionné plus haut. La Guinége fait
état de plusieurs d’entre eux (dont une montre sertie de diamantsg et deux

toiles de maître) dans son mémoire, mais sans guère donner de détails ni
apporter la preuve que ces objets se trouvaient bien dans l’appartemegnt
de l’intéressé à l’époque de ses détentions et de sgon expulsion. Elle n’a
produit aucune déclaration dans laquelle M. Diallo aurait décrit les biens
en question. Elle n’a fourni aucune preuve d’achat, pas même pogur les

biens censés avoir été acquis auprès de maisons de renom spécialisées
dans la vente d’articles de grand luxe, dont il y a lieu de penser qug’elles
auraient gardé des traces de telles ventes et qui se trouvent en dehogrs du
territoire de la RDC, de sorte que M. Diallo aurait pu se mettre en contact
avec elles. La Guinée n’a présenté aucune preuve que M. Diallo possédait

ces articles au moment de son expulsion, que, à supposer que tel ait gété le
cas, ceux-ci se trouvaient dans son appartement, ou qu’ils ont été perdusg
en conséquence du traitement qui lui a été infligé par la gRDC. Pour ces
motifs, la Cour rejette les demandes formulées par la Guinée au tigtre de la
perte d’objets de grande valeur omis de l’inventaire.
35. Quant aux sommes que M. Diallo aurait détenues sur des comptes

en banque, la Guinée n’a fourni aucun détail ni aucune preuve àg l’appui
de ce qu’elle avance. Elle n’a donné aucune information sur le gmontant
total des sommes ainsi détenues ni sur le solde de tel ou tel compte, non
plus que sur le nom des établissements bancaires concernés. Elle ng’a en
outre avancé aucun élément démontrant que les détentions get l’expulsion

illicites de M. Diallo auraient provoqué la perte de tels avoirs, n’expli -
quant pas, notamment, ce qui aurait empêché l’intéressé d’avoir accès à
ses comptes bancaires après son départ de la RDC. Il n’a donc pgas été
établi que M. Diallo aurait perdu tout ou partie de ses avoirs en banque
en RDC ni que les actes illicites de cette dernière seraient la causeg d’une

telle perte. En conséquence, la Cour rejette la demande de la Guinége en ce
qui concerne la perte de sommes détenues sur des comptes en banque.

*

36. Par conséquent, la Cour n’accordera aucune indemnisation au titre
des pertes alléguées — objets de grande valeur et sommes détenues sur des
comptes en banque — dont il est question aux paragraphes 34 et 35
ci-dessus. En revanche, étant parvenue aux conclusions qui précèdent
(voir paragraphe 33) au sujet des biens personnels de M. Diallo, et sur la
base de considérations d’équité, la Cour décide d’attribuer la somme de

10 000 dollars des Etats-Unis au titre de ce chef de préjudice.

2. Perte de rémunération qu’aurait subie M. Diallo au cours de ses détentions
et à la suite de son expulsion illicites

37. La Cour observera à titre liminaire que, dans les conclusions qu’eglle

présente à la fin de son mémoire, la Guinée réclame 6 430 148 dollars des
Etats-Unis au titre de la perte de revenus subie par M. Diallo à la fois au

18

6 CIJ1032.indb 32 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 338

tory described above. Guinea mentions several items in its Memorial

(e.g., a diamond-studded watch and two paintings by a renowned artist),
but offers few details and provides no evidence to support the assertigon
that the items were located in Mr. Diallo’s apartment at the time of his
detentions and expulsion. There is no statement by Mr. Diallo describing
these goods. There are no records of purchase, even as to items allegedlgy

purchased from well-known establishments selling high-value luxury
items that can be expected to keep records of sales, and which are locatged
outside the territory of the DRC, thus making them accessible to
Mr. Diallo. Guinea has put forward no evidence whatsoever that
Mr. Diallo owned these items at the time of his expulsion, that they were

in his apartment if he did own them, or that they were lost as a result gof
his treatment by the DRC. For these reasons, the Court rejects Guinea’s
claims as to the loss of high-value items not specified on the inventory.

35. As to assets alleged to have been contained in bank accounts,
Guinea offers no details and no evidence to support its claim. There igs no
information about the total sum held in bank accounts, the amount of

any particular account or the name(s) of the bank(s) in which the
account(s) were held. Further, there is no evidence demonstrating thatg the
unlawful detentions and expulsion of Mr. Diallo caused the loss of any
assets held in bank accounts. For example, Guinea does not explain why
Mr. Diallo could not access any such accounts after leaving the DRC.

Thus, it has not been established that Mr. Diallo lost any assets held in
his bank accounts in the DRC or that the DRC’s unlawful acts caused
Mr. Diallo to lose any such financial assets. Accordingly, the Court rejects g
Guinea’s claim as to the loss of bank account assets.

*

36. The Court therefore awards no compensation in respect of the
high-value items and bank account assets described in paragraphs 34 and

35 above. However, in view of the Court’s conclusions above (see parga -
graph 33) regarding the personal property of Mr. Diallo and on the basis
of equitable considerations, the Court awards the sum of US$10,000
under this head of damage.

2. Alleged loss of remuneration during Mr. Diallo’s unlawful detentions and
following his unlawful expulsion

37. At the outset, the Court notes that, in its submissions at the con -
clusion of its Memorial, Guinea claims US$6,430,148 for Mr. Diallo’s

loss of earnings during his detentions and following his expulsion. How -

18

6 CIJ1032.indb 33 26/11/13 09:37 339 ahmadou sadio diallo (agrrêt)

cours de ses détentions et à la suite de son expulsion. Elle fait gtoutefois
référence, ailleurs dans son mémoire, à une somme de 80 000 dollars des

Etats-Unis, à laquelle elle chiffre la perte de revenus subie par M. Diallo
durant ses détentions. Telle qu’elle est présentée par la Guginée, cette
somme de 80 000 dollars des Etats-Unis, bien qu’elle ne fasse pas l’objet
d’une demande séparée dans ses conclusions, est nettement distigncte de
celle de 6 430 148 dollars des Etats-Unis qui, dans le raisonnement du

mémoire, ne concerne que la « perte de revenus » subie par M. Diallo à la
suite de son expulsion. La Cour, comme elle est en droit de le faire (vgoir,
par exemple, Essais nucléaires (Australie c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
1974, p. 262, par. 29 ; Essais nucléaires (Nouvelle‑Zélande c. France),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 466, par. 30), interprétera les conclusions de
la Guinée à la lumière du raisonnement développé par cellge-ci dans son

mémoire. Elle examinera donc d’abord dans le présent arrêt la demande
d’indemnisation d’un montant de 80 000 dollars des Etats-Unis formulée
au titre de la perte de rémunération professionnelle subie par M. Diallo
au cours de ses détentions (voir paragraphes 38-46) et se penchera ensuite
sur celle d’un montant de 6 430 148 dollars des Etats-Unis formulée au

titre de la perte de rémunération professionnelle subie par l’intéressé à la
suite de son expulsion (voir paragraphes 47-49).
38. La Guinée fait valoir que, avant son arrestation, le 5 novembre 1995,
M. Diallo percevait une rémunération mensuelle de 25 000 dollars des
Etats-Unis en sa qualité de gérant d’Africom-Zaïre et d’Africontainers-

Zaïre. Sur cette base, elle évalue à 80 000 dollars des Etats-Unis — chiffre
dont elle précise qu’il prend en compte l’inflation — le manque à gagner
subi au cours des soixante-douze jours de détention de l’intéressé.
Précisant que les rémunérations qu’il percevait de ces deux gsociétés étaient
«[s]es principaux revenus », elle ne réclame pas d’indemnité pour la perte
d’autres revenus subie par M. Diallo au cours de cette période. La Guinée

soutient par ailleurs que ce dernier s’est, pendant ses détentions, trouvé
dans l’impossibilité de « poursuivre normalement [sa] gérance » et, par -
tant, d’assurer le bon fonctionnement de ses entreprises.
39. En réponse, la RDC soutient que la Guinée n’a produit aucune
preuve écrite à l’appui de sa demande relative à une perte dge rémunéra -

tion. La Guinée n’aurait pas davantage établi que ses détentgions auraient
empêché M. Diallo de percevoir la rémunération qui, n’eût été cetgte cir -
constance, lui aurait été versée et, notamment, n’aurait pasg expliqué pou-r
quoi M. Diallo ne pouvait, en tant que seul gérant et associé des deux
sociétés, ordonner que lui soient versées les sommes en questiogn. Selon la

RDC, rien ne justifie donc d’accorder une indemnité pour la perte dge
rémunération qu’aurait subie M. Diallo pendant ses détentions.

*

40. La Cour fera observer que, de manière générale, lorsqu’elle est saisie

d’une demande d’indemnisation, elle peut connaître d’une régclamation for -
mée au titre d’une perte de revenus subie par suite d’une dégtention illicite.

19

6 CIJ1032.indb 34 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 339

ever, Guinea makes reference elsewhere in its Memorial to a sum of
US$80,000 for Mr. Diallo’s loss of earnings during his detentions. As pre-

sented by Guinea, this claim for US$80,000, although not reflected as ga
separate submission, is clearly distinct from its claim for US$6,430,148g
which, in the reasoning of the Memorial, only concerns the alleged
“loss of earnings” following Mr. Diallo’s expulsion. The Court will inter -
pret Guinea’s submissions in light of the reasoning of its Memorial, as it

is entitled to do (see, e.g., Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 262, para. 29 ; Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v.
France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 466, para. 30). Therefore,
in the present Judgment, it will first consider the claim of US$80,000
for loss of professional remuneration during Mr. Diallo’s detentions
(see paragraphs 38-46) and then will examine the claim of US$6,430,148

for loss of professional remuneration following his expulsion (see para -
graphs 47-49).

38. Guinea asserts that, prior to his arrest on 5 November 1995,
Mr. Diallo received monthly remuneration of US$25,000 in his capacity
as gérant of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire. Based on that fig -

ure, Guinea estimates that Mr. Diallo suffered a loss totalling US$80,000
during the 72 days he was detained, an amount that, according to Guinea,
takes account of inflation. Guinea states that remuneration from the two
companies was Mr. Diallo’s “main source of income” and does not ask
the Court to award compensation in respect of any other income relating g
to the period of Mr. Diallo’s detentions. Guinea further asserts that

Mr. Diallo was unable to carry out his “normal management activities” g
while in detention and thus to ensure that his companies were being propg -
erly run.
39. In response, the DRC contends that Guinea has not produced any
documentary evidence to support the claim for loss of remuneration. The

DRC also takes the view that Guinea has failed to show that Mr. Diallo’s
detentions caused a loss of remuneration that he otherwise would have
received. In particular, the DRC asserts that Guinea has failed to explagin
why Mr. Diallo, as the sole gérant and associé of the two companies,
could not have directed that payments be made to him. According to the

DRC, no compensation for loss of remuneration during the period of
Mr. Diallo’s detention is warranted.

*

40. The Court observes that, in general, a claim for income lost as a

result of unlawful detention is cognizable as a component of compensa -
tion. This approach has been followed, for example, by the European

19

6 CIJ1032.indb 35 26/11/13 09:37 340 ahmadou sadio diallo (agrrêt)

Telle a notamment été l’approche suivie par la Cour européengne des droits
de l’homme (voir, par exemple, Teixeira de Castro c. Portugal, requête
n 44/1997/828/1034, arrêt du 9 juin 1998, CEDH Recueil 1998-IV,
par. 46-49), la Cour interaméricaine des droits de l’homme (voir, par
exemple, Suárez‑Rosero c. Equateur, arrêt du 20 janvier 1999 (réparations
o
et frais), CIADH, série C, n 44, par. 60), ainsi que le conseil d’administra-
tion de la Commission d’indemnisation des Nations Unies (voir conseigl
d’administration de la Commission d’indemnisation des Nations Unies,
Rapport et recommandations du comité de commissaires concernant la qua ▯ ‑
torzième tranche des réclamations de la catégorie « E3», Nations Unies,

doc. S/AC.26/2000/19, 29 septembre 2000, par. 126). Par ailleurs, il peut y
avoir lieu de procéder à une estimation si le montant de la perte gde revenus
ne peut être chiffré avec exactitude (voir, par exemple, Elci et autres c. Tur ‑
quie, requêtes n 23145/93 et 25091/94, arrêt du 13 novembre 2003, CEDH,

par. 721 ;Affaire des enfants des rues (Villagrán‑Morales et autres) c. Guao ‑
temala, arrêt du 26 mai 2001 (réparations et frais), CIADH, série C, n 77,
par. 79). La Cour doit donc d’abord se demander si la Guinée a étabgli que
M. Diallo percevait une rémunération avant ses détentions, et que gcette
rémunération se chiffrait à 25000 dollars des Etats-Unis par mois.

41. C’est dans la présente phase de la procédure, consacrée à l’indem-
nisation, qu’il a été allégué pour la première fois quge M. Diallo percevait,
en tant que gérant des deux sociétés, une rémunération megnsuelle de
25 000 dollars des Etats-Unis. Or, la Guinée n’en apporte aucune preuve.

Elle ne produit aucun relevé bancaire ni aucune déclaration fiscaleg. Elle ne
produit pas davantage de pièces comptables attestant qu’une telle gsomme
aurait été versée par l’une ou l’autre des sociétésg. Il est certes plausible que
la brusque expulsion de M. Diallo l’ait placé dans l’incapacité d’accéder à
de telles pièces. Mais l’absence de tout élément de preuve à l’appui de la

demande au titre d’une perte de rémunération dont il est ici qugestion
tranche avec les nombreuses preuves produites par la Guinée lors d’gune
précédente phase de l’affaire à l’appui des demandes seg rapportant aux
deux sociétés: divers documents comptables avaient alors été présentés.
42. En outre, certains éléments tendent à montrer que M. Diallo ne

touchait pas, avant ses détentions, une rémunération mensuelle gd’un
montant de 25 000 dollars des Etats-Unis. Premièrement, les documents
relatifs à Africom-Zaïre ou à Africontainers-Zaïre indiquent clairement
que ni l’une ni l’autre de ces sociétés n’était active — en dehors de tenta -

tives de recouvrer les créances qui leur auraient été dues — dans les
années qui ont immédiatement précédé les détentions. Aginsi, de l’aveu
même de la Guinée, les activités d’Africontainers-Zaïre avaient fortement
décliné dès 1990. De plus, comme la Cour l’a relevé antérieurement, la
RDC a affirmé qu’Africom-Zaïre avait cessé toute activitég commerciale

dès la fin des années 1980 et avait, pour cette raison, été radiée du registre
du commerce (C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II), p. 593, par. 22 ; C.I.J. Recueil
2010 (II), p. 677, par. 108); cette affirmation n’a pas été contestée par la
Guinée. Si les litiges relatifs aux montants dus par divers organismes et
sociétés à Africom-Zaïre et à Africontainers-Zaïre se sont apparemment

20

6 CIJ1032.indb 36 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 340

Court of Human Rights (see, e.g., Teixeira de Castro v. Portugal, applica-
tion No. 44/1997/828/1034, judgment of 9 June 1998, ECHR Reports

1998-IV, paras. 46-49), by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
(see, e.g., Suárez‑Rosero v. Ecuador, judgment of 20 January 1999 (repa -
rations and costs), IACHR, Series C, No. 44, para. 60), and by the Gov -
erning Council of the United Nations Compensation Commission (see
United Nations Compensation Commission Governing Council, Report

and Recommendations Made by the Panel of Commissioners concerning
the Fourteenth Instalment of “E3” Claims, United Nations doc. S/AC.
26/2000/19, 29 September 2000, para. 126). Moreover, if the amount
of the lost income cannot be calculated precisely, estimation may be
appropriate (see, e.g., Elci and Others v. Turkey, applications Nos. 23145/93
and 25091/94, judgment of 13 November 2003, ECHR, para. 721; Case of

the “Street Children” (Villagrán‑Morales et al.) v. Guatemala, judgment
of 26 May 2001 (reparations and costs), IACHR, Series C, No. 77,
para. 79). Thus, the Court must first consider whether Guinea has estab -
lished that Mr. Diallo was receiving remuneration prior to his detentions
and that such remuneration was in the amount of US$25,000 per month.

41. The claim that Mr. Diallo was earning US$25,000 per month as
gérant of the two companies is made for the first time in the present phase
of the proceedings, devoted to compensation. Guinea offers no evidenceg
to support the claim. There are no bank account or tax records. There arge

no accounting records of either company showing that it had made such
payments. It is plausible, of course, that Mr. Diallo’s abrupt expulsion
impeded or precluded his access to such records. That said, the absence g
of any evidence in support of the claim for loss of remuneration at issue
here stands in stark contrast to the evidence adduced by Guinea at an
earlier stage of this case in support of the claims relating to the two

companies, which included various documents from the records of the
companies.

42. Moreover, there is evidence suggesting that Mr. Diallo was not
receiving US$25,000 per month in remuneration from the two companies

prior to his detentions. First, the evidence regarding Africom-Zaire and
Africontainers-Zaire strongly indicates that neither of the companies
was conducting business — apart from the attempts to collect debts
allegedly owed to each company — during the years immediately prior to
Mr. Diallo’s detentions. In particular, the record indicates that the

operations of Africontainers-Zaire had, even according to Guinea, experi-
enced a serious decline by 1990. In addition, as the Court noted previ -
ously, the DRC asserted that Africom-Zaire had ceased all commercial
activities by the end of the 1980s and for that reason had been struck
from the Trade Register (I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 593, para. 22 ;
I.C.J. Reports 2010 (II), p. 677, para. 108) ; this assertion was not chal -

lenged by Guinea. It appears that disputes about the amounts payable by g
various entities to Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire continued into

20

6 CIJ1032.indb 37 26/11/13 09:37 341 ahmadou sadio diallo (agrrêt)

poursuivis dans les années 1990 et, dans certains cas, même après l’expul -
sion de M. Diallo en 1996, il n’existe en revanche aucune preuve d’activi -

tés d’exploitation qui auraient constitué une source de revenusg dans les
années qui ont immédiatement précédé les détentions deg M. Diallo.
43. Deuxièmement, si, dans cette phase de la procédure consacrée à
l’indemnisation, la Guinée a affirmé que M. Diallo percevait une rémuné -
ration mensuelle de 25 000 dollars des Etats-Unis, elle avait avancé

devant la Cour, au stade des exceptions préliminaires, que l’intégressé était
«déjà dans le dénuement en 1995 ». Cette affirmation cadre du reste avec
le fait que, le 12 juillet 1995, M. Diallo s’était vu délivrer par les autorités
congolaises, à sa demande, un « certificat d’indigence» dans lequel il était
déclaré « indigent temporaire » et qui lui a permis d’éviter d’acquitter les
frais d’enregistrement du jugement rendu en faveur de l’une des sogciétés.

44. La Cour conclut donc que la Guinée n’a pas établi que M. Diallo
percevait d’Africom-Zaïre et d’Africontainers-Zaïre une rémunération
mensuelle dans la période qui a précédé immédiatement sesg détentions,
en 1995-1996, ni que cette rémunération mensuelle s’élevait à 25 000 dol-
lars des Etats-Unis.

45. La Guinée n’explique pas davantage à la satisfaction de la Cour en
quoi les détentions de M. Diallo auraient provoqué l’interruption du ver -
sement de la rémunération que M. Diallo aurait pu recevoir en sa qualité
de gérant des deux sociétés. Si celles-ci étaient effectivement en mesure de
rémunérer M. Diallo au moment de son placement en détention, il est

raisonnable de penser que leurs employés auraient pu continuer d’egffec -
tuer les paiements dus au gérant (leur directeur général et leg propriétaire
des deux sociétés). En outre, ainsi que rappelé plus haut (vogir para -
graphe 12), M. Diallo, après une détention initiale du 5 novembre 1995
au 10 janvier 1996, a été libéré avant d’être remis en détention du 25 au

31 janvier 1996. Il a ainsi disposé d’un intervalle de deux semaines au
cours desquelles il lui était loisible de prendre des dispositions eng vue de
percevoir toute rémunération que les sociétés auraient manqué de lui ver -
ser au cours des soixante-six jours qu’avait duré sa détention initiale.

*

46. Dans ces circonstances, la Guinée n’a pas prouvé à la satisfgaction
de la Cour que M. Diallo aurait subi une perte de rémunération profes -
sionnelle à la suite de ses détentions illicites.

* *

47. En sus de la demande formulée au titre de la perte de rémunératgion
subie par M. Diallo pendant ses détentions illicites, la Guinée soutient
que son expulsion illicite par la RDC a placé l’intéressé dagns l’incapa-
cité de continuer de percevoir sa rémunération en tant que gérant

d’Africom-Zaïre et d’Africontainers-Zaïre. Ayant affirmé (ainsi qu’exposé
ci-dessus) que M. Diallo percevait 25 000 dollars des Etats-Unis par mois

21

6 CIJ1032.indb 38 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 341

the 1990s, in some cases even after Mr. Diallo’s expulsion in 1996. But
there is no evidence of operating activity that would have generated a

flow of income during the years just prior to Mr. Diallo’s detentions.

43. Secondly, in contrast to Guinea’s claim in the present phase of the
proceedings devoted to compensation that Mr. Diallo was receiving
monthly remuneration of US$25,000, Guinea told the Court, during the

preliminary objections phase, that Mr. Diallo was “already impoverished
in 1995”. This statement to the Court is consistent with the fact thagt, on
12 July 1995, Mr. Diallo obtained in the DRC, at his request, a “Certifi -
cate of Indigency” declaring him “temporarily destitute” and thgus permi-t
ting him to avoid payments that would otherwise have been required in
order to register a judgment in favour of one of the companies.

44. The Court therefore concludes that Guinea has failed to establish
that Mr. Diallo was receiving remuneration from Africom-Zaire and
Africontainers-Zaire on a monthly basis in the period immediately prior
to his detentions in 1995-1996 or that such remuneration was at the rate
of US$25,000 per month.

45. Guinea also does not explain to the satisfaction of the Court how
Mr. Diallo’s detentions caused an interruption in any remuneration that
Mr. Diallo might have been receiving in his capacity as gérant of the two
companies. If the companies were in fact in a position to pay Mr. Diallo
as of the time that he was detained, it is reasonable to expect that empgloy-

ees could have continued to make the necessary payments to the gérant
(their managing director and the owner of the companies). Moreover, asg
noted above (see paragraph 12), Mr. Diallo was detained from 5 Novem -
ber 1995 to 10 January 1996, then released and then detained again from
25 January 1996 to 31 January 1996. Thus, there was a period of two

weeks during which there was an opportunity for Mr. Diallo to make
arrangements to receive any remuneration that the companies allegedly
had failed to pay him during the initial 66-day period of detention.

*

46. Under these circumstances, Guinea has not proven to the satisfac -
tion of the Court that Mr. Diallo suffered a loss of professional remu -
neration as a result of his unlawful detentions.

* *

47. In addition to the claim for loss of remuneration during his unlaw -
ful detentions, Guinea asserts that the unlawful expulsion of Mr. Diallo
by the DRC deprived him of the ability to continue receiving remunera -
tion as the gérant of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire. Based on

its claim (described above) that Mr. Diallo received remuneration of
US$25,000 per month prior to his detentions in 1995-1996, Guinea asserts

21

6 CIJ1032.indb 39 26/11/13 09:37 342 ahmadou sadio diallo (agrrêt)

avant ses détentions en 1995-1996, la Guinée chiffre à 4 755 500 dollars

des Etats-Unis la perte supplémentaire de « revenus professionnels » qu’il
aurait subie depuis son expulsion le 31 janvier 1996. Cette somme devant,
selon elle, être revue à la hausse pour tenir compte de l’inflgation, elle
estime en définitive à 6 430 148 dollars des Etats-Unis la perte de rémuné -
ration professionnelle subie par M. Diallo à la suite de son expulsion.

48. La RDC réaffirme sa position relative à la perte de rémunérgation
que M. Diallo aurait subie pendant ses détentions, mettant notamment en
avant l’absence de preuve que l’intéressé percevait effectgivement une
rémunération mensuelle de 25 000 dollars des Etats-Unis avant ses déten -
tions et son expulsion.

*

49. Pour les raisons exposées ci-dessus, la Cour a déjà rejeté la demande
formulée au titre de la perte de rémunération professionnelle qu’aurait subie

M. Diallo pendant ses périodes de détention (voir paragraphes 38-46). Ces
raisons valent tout autant pour la demande de la Guinée qui a trait àg la
période suivant l’expulsion de M.Diallo. En outre, la demande de la Guinée
au titre de la perte de rémunérations futures est en grande partieg fondée sur
des conjectures, partant notamment de la supposition que M. Diallo aurait

continué de percevoir cette somme mensuelle, n’eût été sogn expulsion illicite.
Or, si l’allocation d’indemnités pour perte de revenus futurs igmplique néces -
sairement un certain degré d’incertitude, une telle demande ne saugrait se faire
sur la base de pures spéculations (voir Khamidov c. Russie, requête n 72118/01,

arrêt du 15 novembre 2007 (au principal et satisfaction équitable), CEDH,
par. 197 ; Chaparro Alvarez et Lapo Iñiguez c. Equateur, arrêt du 21 no-
vembre 2007 (exceptions préliminaires, fond, réparations et frais), CIADH,
série C, n o 170, par. 235-236 ; voir aussi le commentaire de l’article 36
du «Projet d’articles sur la responsabilité de l’Etat pour fait interna-

tionalement illicite »,Annuaire de la Commission du droit international, 2001,
vol. II (deuxième partie), p. 111-112 (au sujet des réclamations pour «perte
de profits»)). Par conséquent, la Cour conclut qu’aucune indemnisation gne
saurait être allouée au titre des allégations de la Guinée qgui concernent la
rémunération que M. Diallo n’aurait pu percevoir à la suite de son expulsion.

* *

50. La Cour n’accorde en conséquence aucune indemnité au titre de la
perte de rémunération prétendument subie par M. Diallo au cours de ses

détentions et à la suite de son expulsion.

3. Privation alléguée de gains potentiels

51. La Guinée formule une autre demande au titre de ce qu’elle appelleg
les « gains potentiels » de M. Diallo. En particulier, elle affirme que les

deux sociétés ont périclité et que leurs actifs ont étég dispersés par suite des

22

6 CIJ1032.indb 40 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 342

that, during the period that has elapsed since Mr. Diallo’s expulsion on
31 January 1996, he has lost additional “professional income” in the

amount of US$4,755,500. Guinea further asserts that this amount should
be adjusted upward to account for inflation, such that its estimate of
Mr. Diallo’s loss of professional remuneration since his expulsion is
US$6,430,148.
48. The DRC reiterates its position regarding the claim for unpaid

remuneration from the period of Mr. Diallo’s detentions, in particular the
lack of evidence to support the claim that Mr. Diallo was receiving remu -
neration of US$25,000 per month prior to his detentions and expulsion.

*

49. For the reasons indicated above, the Court has already rejected the
claim for loss of professional remuneration during the period of Mr. Dial -
lo’s detentions (see paragraphs 38-46). Those reasons also apply with
respect to Guinea’s claim relating to the period following Mr. Diallo’s

expulsion. Moreover, Guinea’s claim with respect to Mr. Diallo’s
post-expulsion remuneration is highly speculative and assumes that
Mr. Diallo would have continued to receive US$25,000 per month had he
not been unlawfully expelled. While an award of compensation relating to
loss of future earnings inevitably involves some uncertainty, such a clagim

cannot be purely speculative (cf. Khamidov v. Russia, application
No. 72118/01, judgment of 15 November 2007 (merits and just satisfac -
tion), ECHR, para. 197 ; Chaparro Alvarez and Lapo Iñiguez v. Ecuador,
judgment of 21 November 2007 (preliminary objections, merits, repara -
tions and costs), IACHR, Series C, No. 170, paras. 235-236; see also

Commentary to Article 36, Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for
Internationally Wrongful Acts, Yearbook of the International Law Com ‑
mission, 2001, Vol. II (2), pp. 104-105 (concerning “lost profits” claims)).
Thus, the Court concludes that no compensation can be awarded for
Guinea’s claim relating to unpaid remuneration following Mr. Diallo’s

expulsion.

* *

50. The Court therefore awards no compensation for remuneration

that Mr. Diallo allegedly lost during his detentions and following his
expulsion.

3. Alleged deprivation of potential earnings

51. Guinea makes an additional claim that it describes as relating

to Mr. Diallo’s “potential earnings”. Specifically, Guinea states that g
Mr. Diallo’s unlawful detentions and subsequent expulsion resulted in a

22

6 CIJ1032.indb 41 26/11/13 09:37 343 ahmadou sadio diallo (agrrêt)

détentions puis de l’expulsion illicites de M. Diallo. Elle soutient égale -

ment que M. Diallo n’a pas été en mesure de céder à des tiers les pargts
sociales qu’il détenait dans ces sociétés, et que l’intéressé a subi une perte
de gains potentiels qu’elle évalue à 50 pour cent de « la valeur d’échange
des titres», pour un montant total de 4 360 000 dollars des Etats-Unis.
52. La RDC fait observer que les actifs sur lesquels se fonde la Guinée

pour calculer la perte qu’aurait subie M. Diallo appartiennent non pas à
celui-ci en sa qualité de personne privée, mais aux deux sociétés.g Elle sou -
tient en outre que la Guinée n’a pas apporté la preuve que ces gactifs
auraient effectivement été perdus ni que certains des biens d’gAfricom-Zaïre
ou d’Africontainers-Zaïre auxquels la Guinée a fait référence n’auraient

pu être mis en vente sur le marché.

*

53. La Cour estime que la demande de la Guinée relative à des « gains

potentiels» revient à réclamer une indemnisation à raison d’une pergte de
valeur des sociétés qui serait attribuable aux détentions et à l’expulsion de
M. Diallo. Or pareille réclamation va au-delà de l’objet de la présente
instance, la Cour ayant déjà déclaré irrecevables les demandges guinéennes
se rapportant aux préjudices qui auraient été causés aux socgiétés (C.I.J.

Recueil 2007 (II), p. 617, par. 98, point 1 b) du dispositif).

*

54. La Cour, en conséquence, n’allouera aucune indemnité à la Guginée

au titre de sa demande afférente à des « gains potentiels» de M. Diallo.

* *

55. Ayant examiné les composantes de sa demande relative au préju -

dice matériel subi par M. Diallo par suite du comportement illicite de la
RDC, la Cour décide d’allouer à la Guinée une indemnité dg’un montant
de 10 000 dollars des Etats-Unis.

III. Total de l’indemnité egt intérêts moratoiresg

56. L’indemnité à verser à la Guinée s’élève à ung total de 95 000 dol -
lars des Etats-Unis, payable le 31 août 2012 au plus tard. La Cour s’at -
tend à ce que le paiement soit effectué en temps voulu par la RDgC et n’a

aucune raison de supposer que celle-ci n’agira pas en conséquence. Néan -
moins, tenant compte du fait que l’octroi d’intérêts moratoires est
conforme à la pratique d’autres juridictions internationales (voigr, par
exemple, Navire « Saiga » (n o2) (Saint‑Vincent‑et‑les Grenadines c. Gui ‑
née), arrêt du 1 juillet 1999, TIDM, par. 175 ; Bámaca‑Velásquez c. Gua‑

temala, arrêt du 22 février 2002 (réparations et frais), CIADH, série C,

23

6 CIJ1032.indb 42 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 343

decline in the value of the two companies and the dispersal of their assgets.

Guinea also asserts that Mr. Diallo was unable to assign his holdings
(parts sociales) in these companies to third parties and that his loss of
potential earnings can be valued at 50 per cent of the “exchange value of
the holdings”, a sum that, according to Guinea, totals US$4,360,000.
52. The DRC points out that Guinea’s calculation of the alleged loss

to Mr. Diallo is based on assets belonging to the two companies, and not
assets that belong to Mr. Diallo in his individual capacity. Furthermore,
the DRC contends that Guinea provides no proof that the companies’
assets have, in fact, been lost or that specific assets of Africom-Zaire or
Africontainers-Zaire to which Guinea refers could not be sold on the

open market.

*

53. The Court considers that Guinea’s claim concerning “potential

earnings” amounts to a claim for a loss in the value of the companiesg
allegedly resulting from Mr. Diallo’s detentions and expulsion. Such a
claim is beyond the scope of these proceedings, given this Court’s prior
decision that Guinea’s claims relating to the injuries alleged to havge been
caused to the companies are inadmissible (I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II),

p. 617, para. 98, subpara. (1) (b) of the operative part).

*

54. For these reasons, the Court awards no compensation to Guinea in

respect of its claim relating to the “potential earnings” of Mr. Diallo.

* *

55. Having analysed the components of Guinea’s claim in respect of

material injury caused to Mr. Diallo as a result of the DRC’s unlawful
conduct, the Court awards compensation to Guinea in the amount of
US$10,000.

III. Total Sum Awarded and Posgt-Judgment Interest

56. The total sum awarded to Guinea is US$95,000 to be paid by
31 August 2012. The Court expects timely payment and has no reason to
assume that the DRC will not act accordingly. Nevertheless, considering g

that the award of post-judgment interest is consistent with the practice of
other international courts and tribunals (see, for example, The M/V
“Saiga” (No. 2) (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v. Guinea), judgment
of 1 July 1999, ITLOS, para. 175 ; Bámaca‑Velásquez v. Guatemala, judg -
ment of 22 February 2002 (reparations and costs), IACHR, Series C,

No. 91, para. 103 ; Papamichalopoulos and Others v. Greece (Article 50),

23

6 CIJ1032.indb 43 26/11/13 09:37 344 ahmadou sadio diallo (agrrêt)

o
n 91, par. 103; Papamichalopoulos et autres c. Grèce (article 50), requête
n 33808/02, arrêt du 31 octobre 1995, CEDH, série A, n 330-B, par. 39 ;
Lordos et autres c. Turquie, requête n 15973/90, arrêt du 10 janvier 2012
(satisfaction équitable), CEDH, par. 76 et point 1 b) du dispositif), la

Cour décide que, en cas de paiement tardif, des intérêts moratogires sur la
somme principale due courront, à compter du 1 septembre 2012, au taux
annuel de 6 pour cent. Ce taux est fixé eu égard aux taux en vigueur sur

les marchés internationaux et à l’importance qui s’attache àg la prompte
exécution du présent arrêt.
57. La Cour tient à rappeler que l’indemnité accordée à la Guginée,
dans l’exercice par celle-ci de sa protection diplomatique à l’égard de

M. Diallo, est destinée à réparer le préjudice subi par celui-ci.

IV. Frais de procédure

58. La Guinée demande à la Cour de lui adjuger des frais s’élevant
à 500 000 dollars des Etats-Unis, au motif que « le fait d[e l’]avoir
contraint[e] à engager la présente procédure l’a exposé[eg] à des frais irré-

pétibles qu’il serait inéquitable de laisser à sa charge ».
59. Pour sa part, la RDC prie la Cour « de rejeter la demande de
remboursement des frais introduite par la Guinée et de laisser chaqueg
Etat supporter ses propres frais de procédure, y inclus les frais et ghono -

raires de ses conseils, avocats et autres ». La RDC fait valoir que la
Guinée a perdu l’essentiel du procès et que, de surcroît, leg montant
réclamé « est fantaisiste, forfaitaire et ne repose sur aucune preuve
sérieuse et crédible ».

*

60. La Cour rappelle que, aux termes de l’article 64 du Statut, « [s]’il

n’en est autrement décidé par la Cour, chaque partie supporte sges frais de
procédure». Bien qu’elle ait, jusqu’à présent, toujours suivi cettge règle
générale, le libellé de l’article 64 laisse entendre que certaines circons -

tances pourraient justifier qu’elle adjuge des frais à l’une ou gl’autre des
parties. Cependant, elle ne considère pas que de telles circonstancesg
existent en l’espèce. En conséquence, chaque Partie supportera gses frais de
procédure.

*
* *

61. Par ces motifs,
La Cour,

1) Par quinze voix contre une,

24

6 CIJ1032.indb 44 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 344

application No. 33808/02, judgment of 31 October 1995, ECHR, Series A,
No. 330-B, para. 39; Lordos and Others v. Turkey, application

No. 15973/90, judgment of 10 January 2012 (just satisfaction), ECHR,
para. 76 and dispositif, para. 1 (b)), the Court decides that, should pay -
ment be delayed, post-judgment interest on the principal sum due will
accrue as from 1 September 2012 at an annual rate of 6 per cent. This rate

has been fixed taking into account the prevailing interest rates on the
international market and the importance of prompt compliance.

57. The Court recalls that the sum awarded to Guinea in the exercise
of diplomatic protection of Mr. Diallo is intended to provide reparation

for the latter’s injury.

IV. Procedural Costs

58. Guinea requests the Court to award costs in its favour, in the
amount of US$500,000, because, “as a result of having been forced to g
institute the present proceedings, the Guinean State has incurred unre -
coverable costs which it should not, in equity, be required to bear”.g

59. The DRC asks the Court “to dismiss the request for the reimburse -
ment of costs submitted by Guinea and to leave each State to bear its owgn
costs of the proceedings, including the costs of its counsel, advocates gand
others”. The DRC contends that Guinea lost the major part of the case and
that, moreover, the amount claimed “represents an arbitrary, lump-sum

determination, unsupported by any serious and credible evidence”.

*

60. The Court recalls that Article 64 of the Statute provides that,
“[u]nless otherwise decided by the Court, each party shall bear its ogwn
costs”. While the general rule has so far always been followed by theg
Court, Article 64 implies that there may be circumstances which would

make it appropriate for the Court to allocate costs in favour of one of gthe
parties. However, the Court does not consider that any such circum -
stances exist in the present case. Accordingly, each Party shall bear itgs
own costs.

*
* *

61. For these reasons,

The Court,

(1) By fifteen votes to one,

24

6 CIJ1032.indb 45 26/11/13 09:37 345 ahmadou sadio diallo (agrrêt)

Fixe à 85 000 dollars des Etats-Unis le montant de l’indemnité due par

la République démocratique du Congo à la République de Guinége pour
le préjudice immatériel subi par M. Diallo ;

pour : M.Tomka,président ; M.Sepúlveda-Amor, vice‑président ; MM.Owada,
Abraham, Keith,mesnnouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindame, Yusuf,
Greenwood, M Xue, Donoghue, M. Gaja, M Sebutinde, juges ;
M. Mahiou, juge ad hoc ;
contre: M. Mampuya, juge ad hoc ;

2) Par quinze voix contre une,

Fixe à 10 000 dollars des Etats-Unis le montant de l’indemnité due par la
République démocratique du Congo à la République de Guinége pour le pré -

judice matériel subi par M. Diallo en ce qui concerne ses biens personnels ;
pour : M.Tomka,président ; M.Sepúlveda-Amor, vice‑président ; MM.Owada,

Abraham, Keith,mesnnouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindame, Yusuf,
Greenwood, M Xue, Donoghue, M. Gaja, M Sebutinde, juges ;
M. Mahiou, juge ad hoc ;
contre: M. Mampuya, juge ad hoc ;

3) Par quatorze voix contre deux,

Dit qu’aucune indemnisation n’est due par la République démocragtique
du Congo à la République de Guinée pour le préjudice matégriel qu’aurait

subi M. Diallo du fait d’une perte de rémunération professionnelle au
cours de ses détentions et à la suite de son expulsion illicites ;

pour : M.Tomka,président ; M.Sepúlveda-Amor, vice‑président ; MM.Owada,
Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Greenwood,
M mesXue, Donoghue, M. Gaja, M me Sebutinde, juges ; M.Mampuya, juge
ad hoc ;

contre: M. Yusuf, juge ; M.Mahiou, juge ad hoc ;

4) A l’unanimité,

Dit qu’aucune indemnisation n’est due par la République démocragtique
du Congo à la République de Guinée pour le préjudice matégriel qu’aurait
subi M. Diallo du fait d’une privation de gains potentiels ;

5) A l’unanimité,

Dit que le montant intégral de l’indemnité due conformément auxg

points 1 et 2 ci-dessus devra avoir été acquitté au 31 août 2012 et que, en
cas de non-paiement à la date indiquée, des intérêts courront sur la sogmme
principale due par la République démocratique du Congo à la République
de Guinée, à compter du 1 erseptembre 2012, au taux annuel de 6 pour cent ;

6) Par quinze voix contre une,

Rejette la demande de la République de Guinée en ce qui concerne les

frais de procédure.

25

6 CIJ1032.indb 46 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 345

Fixes the amount of compensation due from the Democratic Republic
of the Congo to the Republic of Guinea for the non-material injury suf -
fered by Mr. Diallo at US$85,000 ;

in favour : President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda-Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade,
Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde ; Judge ad hoc
Mahiou ;

against : Judge ad hoc Mampuya ;
(2) By fifteen votes to one,

Fixes the amount of compensation due from the Democratic Republic

of the Congo to the Republic of Guinea for the material injury sufferegd
by Mr. Diallo in relation to his personal property at US$10,000 ;
in favour : President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda-Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade,

Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde ; Judge ad hoc
Mahiou ;
against : Judge ad hoc Mampuya ;

(3) By fourteen votes to two,

Finds that no compensation is due from the Democratic Republic of
the Congo to the Republic of Guinea with regard to the claim concerning g
material injury allegedly suffered by Mr. Diallo as a result of a loss of
professional remuneration during his unlawful detentions and following

his unlawful expulsion ;
in favour : President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda-Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Green-

wood, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde ; Judge ad hoc Mampuya ;

against : Judge Yusuf ;Judge ad hoc Mahiou ;

(4) Unanimously,

Finds that no compensation is due from the Democratic Republic of
the Congo to the Republic of Guinea with regard to the claim concerning g
material injury allegedly suffered by Mr. Diallo as a result of a depriva -
tion of potential earnings ;

(5) Unanimously,

Decides that the total amount of compensation due under points 1 and
2 above shall be paid by 31 August 2012 and that, in case it has not been

paid by this date, interest on the principal sum due from the Democraticg
Republic of the Congo to the Republic of Guinea will accrue as from
1 September 2012 at an annual rate of 6 per cent ;

(6) By fifteen votes to one,

Rejects the claim of the Republic of Guinea concerning the costs
incurred in the proceedings.

25

6 CIJ1032.indb 47 26/11/13 09:37 346 ahmadou sadio diallo (agrrêt)

pour : M.Tomka, président ; M.Sepúlveda-Amor, vice‑président ; MM.Owa-
da, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf,
Greenwood, M mes Xue, Donoghue, M. Gaja, M me Sebutinde, juges ;
M. Mampuya, juge ad hoc ;

contre: M. Mahiou, juge ad hoc.

Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de
la Paix, à La Haye, le dix-neuf juin deux mille douze, en trois exemplaires,
dont l’un sera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres sergont transmis
respectivement au Gouvernement de la République de Guinée et au Gogu -

vernement de la République démocratique du Congo.

Le président,

(Signé) Peter Tomka.

Le greffier,

(Signé) Philippe Couvreur.

M. le juge Cançado Trindade joint à l’arrêt l’exposé de son opinion
individuelle; MM. les juges Yusuf et Greenwood joignent des déclara -
tions à l’arrêt ; MM. les juges ad hoc Mahiou et Mampuya joignent à

l’arrêt les exposés de leur opinion individuelle.

(Paraphé) P.T.

(Paraphé) Ph.C.

26

6 CIJ1032.indb 48 26/11/13 09:37 ahmadou sadio diallo (jgudgment) 346

in favour : President Tomka ; Vice‑President Sepúlveda-Amor ; Judges
Owada, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade,
Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue, Donoghue, Gaja, Sebutinde ; Judge ad hoc
Mampuya ;
against : Judge ad hoc Mahiou.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this nineteenth day of June, two thousand

and twelve, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archivesg of
the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic
of Guinea and the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
respectively.

(Signed) Peter Tomka,
President.

(Signed) Philippe Couvreur,

Registrar.

Judge Cançado Trindade appends a separate opinion to the Judg -
ment of the Court ; Judges Yusuf and Greenwood append declarations
to the Judgment of the Court ; Judges ad hoc Mahiou and Mampuya

append separate opinions to the Judgment of the Court.

(Initialled) P.T.

(Initialled) Ph.C.

26

6 CIJ1032.indb 49 26/11/13 09:37

ICJ document subtitle

Compensation owed by the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the Republic of Guinea

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 19 June 2012

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