INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REpORTS OF JUdgmENTS,
AdvISORy OpINIONS ANd ORdERS
CASE CONCERNINg AppLICATION
OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONvENTION
ON THE ELImINATION OF ALL FORmS
OF RACIAL dISCRImINATION
(gEORgIA v. RUSSIAN FEdERATION)
pRELImINARy OBJECTIONS
JUDGMENT OF 1 APRIL 2011
2011
COUR INTERNATIONALE dE JUSTICE
RECUEIL dES ARRÊTS,
AvIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORdONNANCES
AFFAIRE RELATIvE À L’AppLICATION
dE LA CONvENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’ÉLImINATION dE TOUTES LES FORmES
dE dISCRImINATION RACIALE
(gÉORgIE c. FÉdÉRATION dE RUSSIE)
ExCEpTIONS pRÉLImINAIRES
ARRÊT DU 1AVRIL 2011 Official citation:
Application of the International Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011, p. 70
mode officiel de citation:
Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination
de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédé▯ration de Russie),
exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011, p. 70
Sales number
ISSN 0074-4441 N ode vente: 1014
ISBN 978-92-1-071125-8 1 ApRIL 2011
JUdgmENT
AppLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL
CONvENTION ON THE ELImINATION OF ALL FORmS
OF RACIAL dISCRImINATION
(gEORgIA v. RUSSIAN FEdERATION)
pRELImINARy OBJECTIONS
AppLICATION dE LA CONvENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’ÉLImINATION dE TOUTES LES FORmES
dE dISCRImINATION RACIALE
(gÉORgIE c. FÉdÉRATION dE RUSSIE)
ExCEpTIONS pRÉLImINAIRES
er
1 AvRIL 2011
ARRÊT70
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraphs
Chronology of the procedure 1-19
I. Introduction 20-22
II. First preliminary Objection — Existence of a dispute 23-114
1. The meaning of “dispute” 26-30
2. The evidence about the existence of a dispute 31-39
3. Relevant agreements and Security Council resolutions 40-49
4. documents and statements from the period before CERd
entered into force between the parties on 2 July 1999 50-64
5. documents and statements from the period after CERd
entered into force between the parties and before August 200865-105
6. August 2008 106-113
7. Conclusion 114
III. Second preliminary Objection —p procedural Conditionsp
in Article 22 of CERd 115-184
1. Introduction 115-121
2. Whether Article 22 of CERd establishes procedural condi -
tions for the seisin of the Court 122-147
(a) Ordinary meaning of Article 22 of CERd 123-141
(b) Travaux préparatoires 142-147
3. Whether the conditions for the seisin of the Court under
Article 22 of CERd have been fulfilled 148-184
(a) The concept of negotiations 150-162
(b) Whether the parties have held negotiations on matters
concerning the interpretation or application of CERd 163-184
Iv. Third and Fourth preliminary Objectionsp 185
Lapse of the Court’s Ordper of 15 October 2008 186
Operative Clause 187
4 71
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
2011 yEAR 2011
1 April
general List
No. 140 1 April 2011
CASE CONCERNINg AppLICATION
OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONvENTION
ON THE ELImINATION OF ALL FORmS
OF RACIAL dISCRImINATION
(gEORgIA v. RUSSIAN FEdERATION)
pRELImINARy OBJECTIONS
Article 22 of CERD invoked by Georgia as a basis for the jurisdiction of the
Court — Four preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court raised▯ by the
Russian Federation.
*
First preliminary objection – Existence of a dispute.
Contention by the Russian Federation that there is no dispute between th▯e Par
ties with respect to the interpretation or application of CERD — Meaning of the
word “dispute” inArticle 22 of CERD — Evidence as to the existence of a “dispute”
— The Court limits itself to official documents and statem— Distinction
between documents and statements issued before and after CERD entered into
force between the Parties — Primary attention given by the Court to statements
made or endorsed by the Executives — Agreements and the Security Council reso
lutions relating to the situation in Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
Documents and statements from the period before CERD entered into force ▯
between the Parties — No legal significance given by the Court to these documents
and statements for the purposes of the case — No basis for a finding that there was
a dispute between the Parties about racial discrimination by J— Even if
there had been such a dispute prior to 2 July 1999, it could not have been a dispute
with respect to the interpretation or application of CERD.
572 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
Documents and statements from the period after CERD entered into force
between the Parties and before August 2008 — Reports made after 1999 to human
rights treaty monitoring committees — No allegations of non-compliance by the
Russian Federation with its obligations under CERD — Reports to the committees
not significant in determining the existence of a dispute — Documents and state -
ments issued by the Parties during this period — No legal significance for the
purposes of the case — No legal dispute between Georgia and the Russian Federa -
tion during that period with respect to the interpretation or applicatio▯n of CERD.
Events in August 2008 — Documents and statements issued in the period
between the beginning of armed hostilities and the filing of the Application —
Georgia’s claims expressly referred to alleged ethnic cleansing by Ru▯ssian forces —
Claims made against the Russian Federation directly and rejected by the ▯latter —
Existence of a dispute between the Parties about the Russian Federation’▯s
compliance with its obligations under CERD.
First preliminary objection dismissed.
*
Second preliminary objection — Procedural conditions in Article 22 of CERD.
Contention by the Russian Federation that two procedural preconditions in Arti-
cle 22 of CERD were not met — Question of whether Article 22 establishes pre -
conditions for the seisin of the Court — Ordinary meaning of Article 22 of
CERD — The Court’s Order on Provisional Measures without prejudice to t▯he
definitive decision as to its jurisdiction to deal with the merits — Functions of the
requirement for prior resort to negotiations — Reference in Article 22 of CERD to
“negotiation or [to] the procedures expressly provided for” in CER▯D — Words
“dispute . . . which is not settled” by the means of peaceful resolution specified ▯in
Article 22 must be given effect — Express choice of two modes of dispute settle -
ment, namely negotiations or resort to special procedures under CERD, su▯ggests
an affirmative duty to resort to them prior to the seisin of the Court — Use of
future perfect tense in the French version of the expression “which i▯s not settled”
reinforces the idea that an attempt to settle the dispute must have take▯n place
before referral to the Court can be pursued — Other three authentic texts of
CERD do not contradict this interpretation — Jurisprudence of the Court con -
cerning compromissory clauses comparable to Article 22 of CERD — Reference
to negotiations is interpreted as constituting a precondition to seisin — In their
ordinary meaning, the terms of Article 22 of CERD establish preconditions to the
seisin of the Court — No need to resort to supplementary means of interpreta -
tion — Extensive arguments made by the Parties relating to the travaux prépara -
toires of Article 22 — Resort by the Court to the travaux préparatoires in other
cases in order to confirm its interpretation of the relevant texts — Travaux
préparatoires do not suggest a different conclusion from that at which the Court
has already arrived through the main method of ordinary meaning interpre▯tation.
Question of whether the conditions for the seisin of the Court under Article 22
673 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
of CERD have been fulfilled — No claim from Georgia that, prior to seising the
Court, it used or attempted to use the procedures expressly provided for▯ in
CERD — Examination limited to the question of whether the precondition of ▯
negotiations was fulfilled — Concept of negotiations — Nature of the precondition
of negotiations — Distinction between negotiations and protests or disputations —
No need to reach an actual agreement between the Parties — In the absence of
evidence of a genuine attempt to negotiate, the precondition of negotiat▯ion is not
met — Where negotiations are attempted the precondition of negotiation is▯ met
only when there has been a failure of negotiations or when negotiations ▯have
become futile or deadlocked — General criteria provided by the jurisprudence of
the Court to ascertain whether negotiations have taken place — Negotiations must
relate to the subject-matter of the treaty containing the compromissory ▯clause.
Question of whether the Parties have held negotiations on matters concer▯ning
the interpretation or application of CERD — Only possible for the Parties to
negotiate in the period during which a dispute capable of falling under ▯CERD has
arisen between the Parties — Negotiations prior to this period are of no rele -
vance — Documents and statements submitted by Georgia as evidence of negoti▯a -
tions — Facts in the record show that Georgia did not attempt to negotiate ▯
CERD-related matters with the Russian Federation — Parties did not engage in
negotiations with respect to the Russian Federation’s compliance with▯ its substan -
tive obligations under CERD — As neither of the two modes of dispute settlement
constituting preconditions to the seisin of the Court was attempted by G▯eorgia, the
Court does not need to examine whether these two preconditions are cumul▯ative or
alternative.
Second preliminary objection of the Russian Federation upheld — Court not
required to consider other preliminary objections raised by the Russian Federa -
tion — Case cannot proceed to the merits phase.
*
Lapse of the Order of the Court of 15 October 2008 — Parties under a duty to
comply with their obligations under CERD.
JUdgmENT
Present : President Owada ; Vice-President Tomka ; Judges Koroma, Al-
Khasawneh, Simma, Abrahapm, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna,
Skotnikov, Cançado Trindapde, yusuf, greenwood, xue,
donoghue ; Judge ad hoc gaja; Registrar Couvreur.
In the case concerning application of the International Convention on thpe
Elimination of All Forms of Racial discrimination,
between
georgia,
774 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
represented by
ms Tina Burjaliani, First deputy-minister of Justice,
H.E. mr. Shota gvineria, Ambassador of georgia to the Kingdom of the
Netherlands,
as Agents ;
mr. payam Akhavan, LL.m., S.J.d. (Harvard), professor of International
Law, mcgill University, member of the Bar of New york,
as Co-Agent and Advocate ;
mr. James R. Crawford, S.C., LL.d., F.B.A., Whewell professor of Interna -
tional Law, University of Cambridge, member of the Institut de droit intpe-r
national, Barrister, matrix Chambers,
mr. philippe Sands, Q.C., professor of Law, University College London,
Barrister, matrix Chambers,
mr. paul S. Reichler, Foley Hoag LLp, Washington d.C., member of the
Bars of the United States Supreme Court and the district of Columbia,
as Advocates ;
ms Nino Kalandadze, deputy-minister for Foreign Affairs,
mr. giorgi mikeladze, Consul, Embassy of georgia in the Kingdom of the
Netherlands,
ms Khatuna Salukvadze, Head of the political department, ministry of
Foreign Affairs,
ms Nino Tsereteli, deputy Head of the department of State Representation
to International Human Rights Courts, ministry of Justice,
mr. Zachary douglas, Barrister, matrix Chambers, Lecturer, Faculty of
Law, University of Cambridge,
mr. Andrew B. Loewenstein, Foley Hoag LLp, member of the Bar of the
Commonwealth of massachusetts,
ms Clara E. Brillembourg, Foley Hoag LLp, member of the Bars of the dis -
trict of Columbia and New york,
ms Amy Senier, Foley Hoag LLp, member of the Bars of the Commonwealth
of massachusetts and New york,
as Advisers,
and
the Russian Federation,
represented by
H.E. mr. Kirill gevorgian, director, Legal department, ministry of Foreign
Affairs of the Russian Federation,
H.E. mr. Roman Kolodkin, Ambassador of the Russian Federation to the
Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Agents ;
mr. Alain pellet, professor at the University paris Ouest, Nanterre-
La défense, member and former Chairman of the International Law
Commission, associate member of the Institut de droit international,
mr. Andreas Zimmermann, dr. jur. (Heidelberg University), LL.m. (Har -
vard), professor of International Law at the University of potsdam, direc -
875 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
tor of the potsdam Center of Human Rights, member of the permanent
Court of Arbitration,
mr. Samuel Wordsworth, member of the English Bar, member of the paris
Bar, Essex Court Chambers,
as Counsel and Advocates ;
mr. Evgeny Raschevsky, Egorov puginsky Afanasiev & partners,
mr. m. Kulakhmetov, Adviser to the minister for Foreign Affairs of the Rus -
sian Federation,
mr. v. Korchmar, principal Counsellor, Fourth CIS department, ministry
of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
mr. grigory Lukyantsev, Senior Counsellor, permanent mission of the Rus -
sian Federation to the United Nations, New york,
mr. Ivan volodin, Acting Head of Section, Legal department, ministry of
Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
mr. maxim musikhin, Counsellor, Embassy of the Russian Federation in the
Kingdom of the Netherlands,
ms diana Taratukhina, Third Secretary, permanent mission of the Russian
Federation to the United Nations, New york,
mr. Arsen daduani, Third Secretary, Embassy of the Russian Federation in
the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
mr. Sergey Leonidchenko, Attaché, Legal department, ministry of Foreign
Affairs of the Russian Federation,
ms Svetlana Shatalova, Third Secretary, Embassy of the Russian Federation
in the United States of America,
ms daria golubkova, expert, ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian
Federation,
mr. m. Tkhostov, deputy Chief of Administration, government of North
Ossetia-Alania,
ms Amy Sander, member of the English Bar, Essex Court Chambers,
mr. Christian Tams, LL.m., ph.d. (Cambridge), professor of International
Law, University of glasgow,
ms Alina miron, Researcher, Centre for International Law (CEdIN), Uni -
versity paris Ouest, Nanterre-La défense,
ms Elena Krotova, Egorov puginsky Afanasiev & partners,
ms Anna Shumilova, Egorov puginsky Afanasiev & partners,
mr. Sergey Usoskin, Egorov puginsky Afanasiev & partners,
as Advisers,
The Court,
composed as above,
after deliberation,
delivers the following Judgment :
1. On 12 August 2008, the government of georgia filed in the Registry of the
Court an Application instituting proceedings against the Russian Federatpion in
respect of a dispute concerning “actions on and around the territory pof georgia”
976 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
in breach of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial discrimination (hereinafter “CERd”) of 21 december 1965.
In its Application, georgia, referring to Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Stat -
ute, relied on Article 22 of CERd to found the jurisdiction of the Court and
also reserved the right to invoke Article Ix of the Convention on the prevention
and punishment of the Crime of genocide of 9 december 1948 as an additional
basis for jurisdiction.
2. In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Application
was communicated forthwith to the government of the Russian Federation by
the Registrar ; and, in accordance with paragraph 3 of that Article, all States
entitled to appear before the Court were notified of the Application.
3. On 14 August 2008, georgia, referring to Article 41 of the Statute and to
Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court, filed in the Registry of the Court a
Request for the indication of provisional measures in order “to preseprve [its]
rights under CERd to protect its citizens against violent discriminatory acts by
Russian armed forces, acting in concert with separatist militia and forepign mer-
cenaries”. In accordance with Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the
Registry transmitted a certified copy of this Request forthwith to the Rpussian
government.
4. On 15 August 2008, the president, referring to Article 74, paragraph 4, of
the Rules of Court, addressed a communication to the two parties, urgently call-
ing upon them “to act in such a way as will enable any order the Courpt may take
on the request for provisional measures to have its appropriate effectps”.
5. On 25 August 2008, georgia, referring to “the rapidly changing circum -
stances in Abkhazia and South Ossetia”, filed in the Registry an “pAmended
Request for the Indication of provisional measures of protection” ; the Registry
immediately transmitted a certified copy of this Request to the Russian pgovern-
ment.
6. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of georgian national -
ity, georgia availed itself of its right under Article 31, paragraph 2, of the Stat -
ute and chose mr. giorgio gaja to sit as judge ad hoc in the case.
7. By an Order of 15 October 2008, the Court, after hearing the parties, indi -
cated certain provisional measures to both parties. The Court also directed each
party to inform it about compliance with the provisional measures.
8. By an Order of 2 december 2008, the president of the Court, taking
account of the agreement of the parties, fixed 2 September 2009 as the time-limit
for the filing of a memorial by georgia and 2 July 2010 as the time-limit for the
filing of a Counter-memorial by the Russian Federation. georgia’s memorial
was filed within the time-limit thus prescribed.
9. On 26 January 2009, the Agent of georgia submitted a “Report of geor -
gia to the Court in Compliance with paragraph 149 (d) of the Order of 15 Octo-
ber 2008”. On 8 July 2009, the Agent of the Russian Federation submitpted to
the Court a “Report of the Russian Federation on Compliance with the pprovi -
sional measures indicated by the Order of the Court of 15 October 2008”.
10. On 31 July 2009, in accordance with Article 43 of the Rules of Court, the
Registrar addressed the notification provided for in Article 63, paragraph 1, of
the Statute to all States parties to CERd ; on the same day, the Registrar also
sent to the Secretary-general of the United Nations the notification provided
for in Article 34, paragraph 3, of the Statute.
1077 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
11. On 1 december 2009, within the time-limit set by Article 79, paragraph 1,
of the Rules of Court, as amended on 5 december 2000, the Russian Federation
raised preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court. Consequepntly, by
an Order of 11 december 2009, the Court, noting that by virtue of Article 79,
paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court, the proceedings on the merits were sus -
pended, fixed 1 April 2010 as the time-limit for the presentation by georgia of a
written statement of its observations and submissions on the preliminaryp objec -
tions made by the Russian Federation. georgia filed such a statement within the
time-limit so prescribed, and the case thus became ready for hearing in respect
of the preliminary objections.
12. By a letter dated 1 April 2010, the Registrar, in accordance with Arti -
cle 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, transmitted to the United Nations
copies of the written pleadings filed in the case and asked the Secretarpy-general
of the United Nations to inform him whether or not the Organization intepnded
to present observations in writing within the meaning of the said provispion. The
Registrar further stated that, in view of the fact that the current phaspe of the
proceedings related to the question of jurisdiction, any written observaptions
should be limited to that question. In a letter dated 30 July 2010, the Senior
Legal Officer in charge of the Office of the Legal Counsel indicated tphat the
United Nations did not intend to submit any such observations.
13. pursuant to Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the Court,
after ascertaining the views of the parties, decided that copies of the pleadings
and documents annexed would be made accessible to the public on the opening
of the oral proceedings.
14. public hearings on the preliminary objections raised by the Russian Fed -
eration were held from monday 13 September to Friday 17 September 2010, at
which the Court heard the oral arguments and replies of :
For the Russian Federation : H.E. mr. Kirill gevorgian,
H.E. mr. Roman Kolodkin,
mr. Samuel Wordsworth,
mr. Alain pellet,
mr. Andreas Zimmermann.
For Georgia : ms Tina Burjaliani,
mr. paul S. Reichler,
mr. James R. Crawford,
mr. payam Akhavan,
mr. philippe Sands.
15. At the hearings, members of the Court put questions to the parties, to
which replies were given in writing, within the time-limit fixed by the president
in accordance with Article 61, paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court. In accor -
dance with Article 72 of the Rules of Court, each of the parties submitted com-
ments on the written replies provided by the other.
*
16. In the Application, the following requests were made by georgia :
“The Republic of georgia, on it own behalf and as parens patriae for its
citizens, respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that thpe
Russian Federation, through its State organs, State agents, and othep rersons
1178 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
and entities exercising governmental authority, and through the South Osp-se
tian and Abkhaz separatist forces and other agents acting on the instrucp -
tions of or under the direction and control of the Russian Federation, has
violated its obligations under CERd by :
(a) engaging in acts and practices of ‘racial discrimination against perspons,
groups of persons or institutions’ and failing ‘to ensure that allp public
authorities and public institutions, national and local, shall act in copn-
formity with this obligation’ contrary to Article 2 (l) (a) of CERd ;
(b) ‘sponsoring, defending and supporting racial discrimination’ contrpary
to Article 2 (l) (b) of CERd ;
(c) failing to ‘prohibit and bring to an end, by all appropriate means,
including legislation as required by circumstances, racial discrimina -
tion’ contrary to Article 2 (l) (d) of CERd ;
(d) failing to condemn ‘racial segregation’ and failing to ‘eradicate all prac-
tices of this nature’ in South Ossetia and Abkhazia, contrary to Arti -
cle 3 of CERd ;
(e) failing to ‘condemn all propaganda and all organizations . . . which
attempt to justify or promote racial hatred and discrimination in any
form’ and failing ‘to adopt immediate and positive measures designped
to eradicate all incitement to, or acts of, such discrimination’, conptrary
to Article 4 of CERd ;
(f) undermining the enjoyment of the enumerated fundamental human
rights in Article 5 by the ethnic georgian, greek and Jewish popula -
tions in South Ossetia and Abkhazia, contrary to Article 5 of CERd ;
(g) failing to provide ‘effective protection and remedies’ against apcts of
racial discrimination, contrary to Article 6 of CERd.
The Republic of georgia, on it own behalf and as parens patriae for its
citizens, respectfully requests the Court to order the Russian Federatiopn to
take all steps necessary to comply with its obligations under CERd, includ -
ing :
(a) immediately ceasing all military activities on the territory of the Repupb -
lic of georgia, including South Ossetia and Abkhazia, and immediate
withdrawing of all Russian military personnel from the same ;
(b) taking all necessary and appropriate measures to ensure the prompt
and effective return of Idps to South Ossetia and Abkhazia in condi -
tions of safety and security ;
(c) refraining from the unlawful appropriation of homes and property
belonging to Idps ;
(d) taking all necessary measures to ensure that the remaining ethnic geor -
gian populations of South Ossetia and the gali district are not subject
to discriminatory treatment including but not limited to protecting
them against pressures to assume Russian citizenship, and respect for
their right to receive education in their mother tongue ;
(e) paying full compensation for its role in supporting and failing to bringp
to an end the consequences of the ethnic cleansing that occurred in the p
1279 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
1991-1994 conflicts, and its subsequent refusal to allow the return of
Idps ;
(f) not to recognize in any manner whatsoever the de facto South Ossetian
and Abkhaz separatist authorities and the fait accompli created by
ethnic cleansing;
(g) not to take any measures that would discriminate against persons,
whether legal or natural, having georgian nationality or ethnicity
within its jurisdiction or control ;
(h) allow georgia to fulfil its obligations under CERd by withdrawing its
forces from South Ossetia and Abkhazia and allowing georgia to
restore its authority and jurisdiction over those regions ; and
(i) to pay full compensation to georgia for all injuries resulting from its
internationally wrongful acts.”
17. In the written proceedings on the merits, the following submissions werep
presented on behalf of the government of georgia in its memorial :
“On the basis of the evidence and legal argument presented in this Memo -
rial, georgia requests the Court to adjudge and declare :
1. that the Russian Federation, through its State organs, State agents and p
other persons and entities exercising governmental authority, and
through the de facto governmental authorities in South Ossetia and
Abkhazia and militias operating in those areas, is responsible for vio -
lations of Articles 2 (1) (a), 2 (1) (b), 2 (1) (d), 3 and 5 of the 1965
Convention by the following actions : (i) the ethnic cleansing of geor -
gians in South Ossetia ; (ii) the frustration of the right of return of
georgians to their homes in South Ossetia and Abkhazia ; and (iii) the
destruction of georgian culture and identity in South Ossetia and Abk -
hazia ;
2. that the Russian Federation is responsible for the violation of the
Court’s Order on provisional measures of 15 October 2008 by the fol -
lowing actions: (i) acts of discrimination, including by violence, against
georgians in South Ossetia and Abkhazia ; (ii) the frustration of the
right of return of georgians to their homes in South Ossetia and Abk -
hazia; (iii) the destruction of georgian culture and identity in South
Ossetia and Abkhazia; and (iv) the obstruction of access to humanitar -
ian assistance ;
3. that the Russian Federation is under an obligation to cease all actions p
in contravention of its obligations under Articles 2 (1) (a), 2 (1) (b),
2 (1) (d), 3 and 5 of the 1965 Convention and the Court’s Order on
provisional measures, including all acts of discrimination as well as all
support, defence, sponsorship of, or efforts to consolidate, such dis -
crimination, and to provide appropriate assurances and guarantees that
it will refrain from all such acts in the future ;
4. that the Russian Federation is under an obligation to re-establish
the situation that existed before its violations of Articles 2 (1) (a),
2 (1) (b), 2 (1) (d), 3 and 5 of the 1965 Convention, in particular
by taking prompt and effective measures to secure the return of the
internally displaced georgians to their homes in South Ossetia and
Abkhazia ;
1380 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
5. that the Russian Federation is under an obligation to compensate for
the damage caused by its violations of Articles 2 (1) (a), 2 (1) (b),
2 (1) (d), 3 and 5 of the 1965 Convention and of the Court’s Order on
provisional measures with such compensation to be quantified in a
separate phase of these proceedings.”
18. In the preliminary objections, the following submissions were presented p
on behalf of the government of the Russian Federation :
“For the reasons advanced above, the Russian Federation requests the
Court to adjudge and declare that it lacks jurisdiction over the claims
brought against the Russian Federation by georgia, referred to it by the
Application of georgia of 12 August 2008.”
In the written statement of its observations and submissions on the prelpimi -
nary objections, the following submissions were presented on behalf of tphe gov -
ernment of georgia :
“For these reasons georgia respectfully requests the Court :
1. to dismiss the preliminary objections presented by the Russian Federa -
tion ;
2. to hold that it has jurisdiction to hear the claims presented by georgia,
and that these claims are admissible.”
19. At the oral proceedings on the preliminary objections, the followingp sub -
missions were presented by the parties :
On behalf of the Government of the Russian Federation,
at the hearing of 15 September 2010 :
“The Russian Federation requests the Court to adjudge and declare thapt
it lacks jurisdiction over the claims brought against the Russian Federaption
by georgia, referred to it by the Application of georgia of 12 August 2008.”
On behalf of the Government of Georgia,
at the hearing of 17 September 2010 :
“georgia respectfully requests the Court :
1. to dismiss the preliminary objections presented by the Russian Feder -
ation ;
2. to hold that the Court has jurisdiction to hear the claims presented by p
georgia and that these claims are admissible.”
* * *
I. Introduction
20. It is recalled that in its Application, georgia relied on Article 22 of
CERd to found the jurisdiction of the Court (see paragraph 1 above).
Article 22 of CERd reads as follows :
1481 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
“Any dispute between two or more States parties with respect to
the interpretation or application of this Convention, which is not settlped
by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in this
Convention, shall, at the request of any of the parties to the dispute, p
be referred to the International Court of Justice for decision, unless
the disputants agree to another mode of settlement.”
CERd entered into force between the parties on 2 July 1999.
21. It is further recalled that in its Application, georgia also reserved the
right to invoke Article Ix of the Convention on the prevention and punish -
ment of the Crime of genocide of 9 december 1948 as an additional basis
for jurisdiction (see paragraph 1 above). georgia did not however subse -
quently invoke this Convention as a basis for the Court’s jurisdictiopn.
22. The Russian Federation has raised four preliminary objections to
the Court’s jurisdiction under Article 22 of CERd. According to the first
preliminary objection put forward by the Russian Federation, there was
no dispute between the parties regarding the interpretation or application
of CERd at the date georgia filed its Application. In its second prelimi -
nary objection, the Russian Federation argues that the procedural
requirements of Article 22 of CERd for recourse to the Court have not
been fulfilled. The Russian Federation contends in its third objection tphat
the alleged wrongful conduct took place outside its territory and there -
fore the Court lacks jurisdiction ratione loci to entertain the case. during
the oral proceedings, the Russian Federation stated that this objection p
did not possess an exclusively preliminary character. Finally, accordingp to
the Russian Federation’s fourth objection, any jurisdiction the Courtp
might have is limited ratione temporis to the events which occurred after
the entry into force of CERd as between the parties, that is, 2 July 1999.
II. First preliminary Objection — Existence of a dispute
23. The Russian Federation’s first preliminary objection is that “therpe
was no dispute between georgia and Russia with respect to the interpre -
tation or application of CERd concerning the situation in and around
Abkhazia and South Ossetia prior to 12 August 2008, i.e., the date geor -
gia submitted its application”. In brief, it presented two arguments in
support of that objection. First, if there was any dispute involving anyp
allegations of racial discrimination committed in the territory of Abkhap-
zia and South Ossetia, the parties to that dispute were georgia on the one
side and Abkhazia and South Ossetia on the other, but not the Russian
Federation. Secondly, even if there was a dispute between georgia and
the Russian Federation, any such dispute was not one related to the
application or interpretation of CERd.
1582 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
24. georgia, in response, contends that the record shows that, over a
period of more than a decade prior to the filing of its Application, it phas
consistently raised its serious concerns with the Russian Federation ovepr
unlawful acts of racial discrimination that are attributable to that Stapte,
making it clear that there exists a long-standing dispute between the two
States with regard to matters falling under CERd.
25. The parties, in elaborating their positions, addressed the legal
requirements for the existence of a dispute and the facts in the record pin
this case.
1. The Meaning of “Dispute”
26. On the law, the Russian Federation contends in the first place that
the word “dispute” in Article 22 of CERd has a special meaning which is
narrower than that to be found in general international law and accord -
ingly more difficult to satisfy. The Russian Federation submits that, upnder
CERd, States parties are not considered to be in “dispute” until a “pmat -
ter” between those parties has crystallized through a five-stage process
involving the procedures established under the Convention. This conten -
tion depends on the wording of Articles 11 to 16 of CERd and the dis -
tinctions they are said to make between “matter”, “complaints” and
“disputes”. Under Article 11, paragraph 1, of CERd, a State party which
considers that another State party is not giving effect to the provisipons of
the Convention “may bring the matter to the attention of the Committepe
[on the Elimination of Racial discrimination established by and elected
under the Convention]”. According to the Russian Federation, Article 11
sets out a procedure to be followed under CERd, including transmission
of “the matter” to the State party concerned, its making of written expla -
nations to the Committee clarifying the matter and the remedy, if any, ipt
has taken (para. 1). If the matter is not adjusted to the satisfaction of
both parties, either by bilateral negotiations or any other procedure
within six months either State has the right to refer the matter again tpo
the Committee (para. 2). The Committee is to deal with the matter after
it has ascertained that domestic remedies have been exhausted (para. 3).
It may “[i]n any matter referred to it” call upon the States conceprned to
supply any other relevant information (para. 4) and the States concerned
are entitled to representation in the proceedings of the Committee whilep
“the matter is under consideration” (para. 5).
27. The Russian Federation points out that it is only after those five
stages are completed that in Article 12 the word “dispute” (in the phrase
“parties to the dispute”) appears. In its submission :
“In contrast to Article 11, where the term ‘dispute’ is carefully
avoided, there are some six references to ‘States parties to the disppute’
1683 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
in Article 12. This cannot be inadvertent — the parties evidently
wished to distinguish between the communication and adjustment of
a non-crystallized matter, and the point at which that matter had been
escalated via a five-stage process such that it could then, but only then,
be properly characterized as a dispute.”
The same distinction, says the Russian Federation, between the non-
crystallized “matter” and the “dispute” is reflected in thpe relevant parts of
the Committee’s Rules of procedure. Article 16 also uses both terms in
establishing that the provisions of CERd “concerning the settlement of
disputes or complaints shall be applied without prejudice to other procep -
dures for settling disputes or complaints” laid down in other instrumpents.
The reference to “complaints” in that provision is explained, accoprding to
the Russian Federation, by the drafting history which shows that the
term “complaint” was the term originally used for “matter” in Article 11.
The wording, confirmed by the drafting history, in the Russian Federa -
tion’s submissions, leads to the conclusion that :
“as a matter of the interpretation of the word ‘dispute’ in Article 22
in its relevant context, a specific degree of crystallization is requirepd
for there to be a ‘dispute’ at all. And, even on georgia’s case on the
relevant facts, that degree of crystallization is manifestly absent.”p
*
28. georgia, in its submissions, rejects the argument that the term
“dispute” in Article 22 has a special meaning. It contends that the rele -
vant provisions of CERd, particularly Articles 12 and 13, use the terms
“matter”, “issue” and “dispute” without distinction orp any trace of any
special meaning. While in Article 12, paragraph 1, the term “dispute” (in
the phrase “parties to the dispute”) does appear early in the propvision, the
subject-matter of the process for amicable solution remains identified as
“the matter”. Further, although the word “dispute” is used in para -
graphs 2, 5, 6 and 7 of Article 12, once the process prescribed in that
provision is completed, Article 13, paragraph 1, which regulates the final
stage of the process, uses the terms “matter”, “issue” and “pdispute”.
moreover, the usage by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial
discrimination inArticle 72 of its Rules is not consistent on this matter,
whatever weight may be given to them in the interpretation of the
Convention.
* *
1784 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
29. The Court does not consider that the words “matter”, “complaintp”,
“dispute” and “issue” are used in Articles 11 to 16 in such a systematic
way that requires that a narrower interpretation than usual be given to p
the word “dispute” in Article 22. Further, the word “dispute” appears in
the first part of Article 22 in exactly the same way as it appears in several
other compromissory clauses adopted around the time CERd was being
prepared: “Any dispute between two or more States parties with respect
to the interpretation or application of this Convention . . .” (e.g., Optional
protocol of Signature to the Conventions on the Law of the Sea of 1958
concerning the Compulsory Settlement of disputes, Article 1 ; Single
Convention on Narcotic drugs of 1961, Article 48 ; Convention on the
Settlement of Investment disputes between States and Nationals of other
States of 1965, Article 64). That consistency of usage suggests that there
is no reason to depart from the generally understood meaning of “dis -
pute” in the compromissory clause contained in Article 22 of CERd.
Finally, the submissions made by the Russian Federation on this matter
did not in any event indicate the particular form that narrower interprepta -
tion was to take. Accordingly, the Court rejects this first contention opf the
Russian Federation and turns to the general meaning of the word “dis -
pute” when used in relation to the jurisdiction of the Court.
30. The Court recalls its established case law on that matter, beginning
with the frequently quoted statement by the permanent Court of Interna -
tional Justice in the Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions case in 1924 : “A
dispute is a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legpal
views or of interests between two persons.” (Judgment No. 2, 1924,
P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 11.) Whether there is a dispute in a given case
is a matter for “objective determination” by the Court (Interpretation of
Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, First Phase, Advi -
sory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74). “It must be shown that the
claim of one party is positively opposed by the other” (South West Africa
(Ethiopia v. South Africa ; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objec -
tions, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328) (and most recently Armed
Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application : 2002) (Demo -
cratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admissibility,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 40, para. 90). The Court’s determina -
tion must turn on an examination of the facts. The matter is one of sub -
stance, not of form. As the Court has recognized (for example, Land and
Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nige -
ria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 315,
para. 89), the existence of a dispute may be inferred from the failure of a
State to respond to a claim in circumstances where a response is called p
for. While the existence of a dispute and the undertaking of negotiations
are distinct as a matter of principle, the negotiations may help demon -
strate the existence of the dispute and delineate its subject-matter.
1885 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
The dispute must in principle exist at the time the Application is sub -
mitted to the Court (Questions of Interpretation and Application of the
1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie
(Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, pp. 25-26, paras. 42-44; Questions of Inter -
pretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from t▯he
Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of
America), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, pp. 130-
131, paras. 42-44) ; the parties were in agreement with this proposition.
Further, in terms of the subject-matter of the dispute, to return to the
terms of Article 22 of CERd, the dispute must be “with respect to the
interpretation or application of [the] Convention”. While it is not npeces -
sary that a State must expressly refer to a specific treaty in its exchapnges
with the other State to enable it later to invoke that instrument beforep the
Court (Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua
(Nicaragua v. United States of America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 428-429, para. 83), the exchanges must
refer to the subject-matter of the treaty with sufficient clarity to enable the
State against which a claim is made to identify that there is, or may bep, a
dispute with regard to that subject-matter. An express specification would
remove any doubt about one State’s understanding of the subject-matter
in issue and put the other on notice. The parties agree that that express
specification does not appear in this case.
2. The Evidence about the Existence of a Dispute
31. The Court now turns to the evidence submitted to it by the parties
to determine whether it demonstrates, as georgia contends, that at the
time it filed its Application, on 12 August 2008, it had a dispute with the
Russian Federation with respect to the interpretation or application of p
CERd. The Court needs to determine (1) whether the record shows a
disagreement on a point of law or fact between the two States; (2) whether
that disagreement is with respect to “the interpretation or applicatipon” of
CERd, as required by Article 22 of CERd ; and (3) whether that dis -
agreement existed as of the date of the Application. To that effect, ipt
needs to determine whether georgia made such a claim and whether the
Russian Federation positively opposed it with the result that there is ap
dispute between them in terms of Article 22 of CERd.
32. Before the Court considers the evidence bearing on the answers to
those issues, it observes that disputes undoubtedly did arise between
June 1992 and August 2008 in relation to events in Abkhazia and South
Ossetia. Those disputes involved a range of matters including the statusp
of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, outbreaks of armed conflict and alleged
breaches of international humanitarian law and of human rights, includ -
ing the rights of minorities. It is within that complex situation that tphe
dispute which georgia alleges to exist and which the Russian Federation
denies is to be identified. One situation may contain disputes which relate
1986 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
to more than one body of law and which are subject to different disputpe
settlement procedures (see, for example, United States Diplomatic and
Consular Staff in Tehran (United States of America v. Iran), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1980, pp. 19-20, paras. 36-37 ; Border and Transborder
Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, pp. 91-92, para. 54) ; the parties accepted
that proposition.
33. The parties referred the Court to many documents and statements
relating to events in Abkhazia and South Ossetia from 1990 to the time opf
the filing by georgia of its Application and beyond. In their submissions
they emphasized those with an official character. The Court will limit p
itself to official documents and statements.
34. The parties also distinguished between documents and statements
issued before 2 July 1999 when georgia became party to CERd, thus
establishing a treaty relationship between georgia and the Russian Fed -
eration under CERd, and the later documents and statements, and, in
respect of those later documents and statements, between those issued
before the armed conflict which began on the night of 7 to 8 August 2008
and those in the following days up to 12 August when the Application
was filed. georgia cited statements relating to events before 1999 “not as
a basis for georgia’s claims against Russia in this action, but as evidence
that the dispute with Russia over ethnic cleansing is long-standing and
legitimate and not of recent invention”. The Court will also make a dpis -
tinction between documents issued and statements made before and after
georgia became party to CERd.
35. The documents and statements also vary in their authors, their
intended, likely and actual recipients or audience, the occasion of theipr
delivery and their content. Some are issued by the Executive or members p
of the Executive of one party or the other — the president, the Foreign
minister, the Foreign ministry and other ministries — and others by par -
liament, particularly of georgia, and members of parliament. Some are
press statements or records of interviews, others are internal minutes opf
meetings prepared by one party. Some are directed to particular recipi -
ents, particularly by a member of the Executive (the president or Foreign
minister) to the counterpart of the other party or to an international
organization or official such as the United Nations Secretary-general or
the president of the Security Council. The other party may or may not be
a member of the organization or body. One particular category consists
of reports submitted to treaty monitoring bodies, such as the Human
Rights Committee, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial discrim -
ination, and the Committee against Torture. Another category is made
up of Security Council resolutions adopted between 1993 and April 2008
2087 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
relating to Abkhazia. Other documents record agreements between
various parties or are formal minutes of their meetings. The parties some-
times include the “Abkhaz side”, the “South Ossetian side”, pthe “North
Ossetian side”, in some cases with georgia alone and in the others with
georgia and Russia and both “Ossetian sides”. The reference to “pparties”
may sometimes be elaborated as “parties to the conflict” or “parties to
the agreement”. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
(OSCE) have also been signatories in appropriate cases, but are not
named as parties to the agreements.
36. The Russian Federation, in addressing the above matters, empha -
sized the need, if documents and statements were to be evidence of a disp-
pute between it and georgia, that they be presented by members of the
georgian Executive and in such a way that the document or statement
would, or would be expected to, come to the attention of the authorities
of the Russian Federation. It accordingly contended that statements and p
resolutions adopted by the georgian parliament or statements made by
parliamentary Officers were not relevant. georgia replied that a number
of those parliamentary resolutions were “adopted by the foreign ministry
and submitted to the United Nations as statements of the government’sp
position”.
37. The parties gave their main attention to the contents of the docu -
ments and statements and the Court will do likewise, while taking accounpt
of the various matters addressed in the previous two paragraphs. It
observes at this stage that a dispute is more likely to be evidenced by pa
direct clash of positions stated by the two parties about their respective
rights and obligations in respect of the elimination of racial discriminpa -
tion, in an exchange between them, but, as the Court has already noted, p
there are circumstances in which the existence of a dispute may be inferpred
from the failure to respond to a claim (see paragraph 30). Further, in
general, in international law and practice, it is the Executive of the Sptate
that represents the State in its international relations and speaks for pit at
the international level (Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo
(New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda),
Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 27,
paras. 46-47). Accordingly, primary attention will be given to statements
made or endorsed by the Executives of the two parties.
38. The parties in addressing the contents of the various documents
and statements considered (1) the alleged parties to the various disputes
or conflicts, (2) the various roles which the Russian Federation plapyed
and (3) the different subject-matter of the disputes. On the first, the Rus -
sian Federation contended that the principal relationships in issue werep
between georgia on the one side, and Abkhazia or South Ossetia on the
2188 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
other, while georgia submitted that the relationships were between it and
the Russian Federation. On the second matter, which is related to the
first, the Russian Federation emphasized that its role was as facilitatopr in
contacts and negotiations between georgia and the Abkhaz and South
Ossetian sides and as peacekeeper while georgia contended that the
Russian Federation had a more direct role, which included the facilitatipng
and tolerating of acts of racial discrimination by the separatists. And,p on
the third, the Russian Federation submitted that the primary dispute
which existed between georgia on one side and Abkhazia and South
Ossetia on the other was about the status of the regions. The primary
dispute that existed between georgia and the Russian Federation was
about the allegedly unlawful use of force by the Russian Federation aftepr
7 August 2008. georgia by contrast emphasized the references in the
statements to “ethnic cleansing” and to the obstacles in the way of the
return of refugees and internally displaced persons (Idps). The Court will
take account of those matters as it reviews the legal significance of
the documents and statements to which the parties gave their principal
attention.
39. Before it considers those documents and statements, the Court
addresses the agreements reached in the 1990s and the Security Council
resolutions adopted from the 1990s until early 2008. Those agreements
and resolutions provide an important part of the context in which the
statements the parties invoke were made. In particular they help define
the different roles which the Russian Federation was playing during thpat
period.
3. Relevant Agreements and Security Council Resolutions
40. So far as South Ossetia is concerned, georgia and the Russian
Federation on 24 June 1992 concluded an agreement on principles of
settlement of the georgian-Ossetian conflict (the Sochi Agreement). In
the preamble they declared that they were striving for the immediate cesp-
sation of the bloodshed and achieving a comprehensive settlement of the p
conflict between the Ossetians and georgians ; they were guided by the
desire to witness a speedy restoration of peace and stability in the regpion;
they reaffirmed their commitment to the principles of the United Nationps
Charter and the Helsinki Final Act ; and they acted in the spirit of respect
for human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as the rights of eth -
nic minorities. The agreement provided for a ceasefire and a withdrawal p
of armed formations (with particular contingents of the Russian Federa -
tion identified); and, to exercise control over the implementation of those
measures, a mixed control commission was to be established, consisting
of representatives of all parties involved in the conflict. It was to pwork in
close co-operation with the joint group of military observers already
agreed to. The parties were to start negotiating immediately on the eco -
nomic recovery of the regions located in the conflict zone, and the crpe -
ation of proper conditions for the return of refugees. The first decisiopn of
2289 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
the Joint Control Commission (JCC) adopted on 4 July 1992 was to
determine that the joint forces (later known as the Joint peacekeeping
Forces) would have 1,500 persons (500 from each of georgia, the Russian
Federation and the Ossetian side) with 900 in reserve. In a georgia-
Russian Federation protocol of Negotiations of 9 April 1993, the delega -
tions agreed, in the context of the georgian-Ossetian conflict, to render
support to the endeavours of the Conference on Security and Co-operation
in Europe (CSCE) aimed at facilitating a dialogue between the parties pto
the conflict in order to secure a peaceful and comprehensive settlemenpt
and to creating conditions for the return of refugees to the places of tpheir
permanent residence.
41. Two years later, on 31 October 1994, an Agreement on the Further
development of the georgian Ossetian peaceful Settlement process and
on the JCC was signed by the georgian party, the Russian Federation
party, the South-Ossetian party and the North-Ossetian party in the pres -
ence of the CSCE representatives. The Agreement distinguished between
“the parties” and the “parties in conflict”. The “partipes”, recognizing the
urgent need for a wholesale settlement of the georgian-Ossetian conflict,
agreed on the need to further develop the process of peaceful settlementp
of that conflict. They noted that the JCC had “largely fulfilled itps func -
tions of ensuring control of [the] ceasefire, withdrawing armed units anpd
maintaining safety measures, thus laying [the] foundation for the procesps
of political settlement” and they decided that the JCC would be a perpma -
nent body of the four parties involved in settling the conflict and mitigat -
ing its consequences. The “parties in conflict” reaffirmed theipr obligations
to resolve all differences through peaceful means. In december 1994 the
JCC stated that the Russian Federation battalion of the peacekeeping
forces was the guarantor of relative stability in the area.
42. In the course of 1997, 1998 and 1999, the JCC and bodies estab -
lished by it met and adopted decisions for the voluntary return of Idps
and refugees. Those meetings continued until at least 2004. The record of
the last in the case file, held on 16 April 2004, states that “the preliminary
stage [on certain matters] within the competence of the JCC has been
completed” and the JCC requests the governments of the Russian Fed -
eration and georgia to give instructions to appropriate ministries and
calls for regular meetings between the governments to discuss progress.
43. On 31 march 1999, the JCC stated its opinion that “the peace-
keeping forces keep on being a major sponsor of the peace and a calm
life”. It also noted the positive contribution of the OSCE mission in
georgia.
*
2390 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
44. So far as Abkhazia is concerned, the president of the Russian Fed-
eration and the Chairman of the State Council of the Republic of geor -
gia on 3 September 1992 signed the moscow Agreement. Their discussions,
they recorded, had involved “leaders of Abkhazia, the North Caucasus p
Republics, Regions and districts of the Russian Federation”. The agree -
ment provided for a ceasefire, confirmed the necessity of observing the
international norms in the sphere of human rights and minority rights,
the inadmissibility of discrimination, and provided that “[t]he Troops of
the Russian Federation, temporarily deployed on the territory of geor -
gia, including in Abkhazia, shall firmly observe neutrality”. A protopcol
of negotiations signed by georgia and the Russian Federation on
9 April 1993 provided for the functioning of the Commission for Control
and Inspection in Abkhazia, composed of representatives appointed by
the georgian authorities including those from Abkhazia and the authori -
ties of the Russian Federation. It was to guarantee compliance with the p
ceasefire and to perform other functions agreed by the parties representped
in the Commission. A special group was to address the return and accom -
modation of refugees and Idps and measures were to be taken to protect
the human rights of minorities (see paragraph 40).
45. On 9 July 1993, the Security Council requested the Secretary-
general to make the necessary preparations for a military observer mission
once the ceasefire between the government of georgia and the Abkhaz
authorities was implemented (Security Council resolution 849 (1993)).
The ceasefire agreement was signed on 27 July 1993 with the mediation of
the deputy Foreign minister of the Russian Federation in the role of
facilitator and the joint commission was established. The parties consid -
ered it necessary to invite international peacekeeping forces in the conpflict
zones; “[t]his task may be shared, subject to consultation with the Unitedp
Nations, by the Russian military contingent temporarily deployed in the
zone”. The United Nations Observer mission in georgia (UNOmIg)
was established by Security Council resolution 858 (1993) on 24 August
1993. On the outbreak of fighting in September, the Security Council, inp
the words of its president, “strongly condemn[ed] this grave violation by
the Abkhaz side of the . . . ceasefire agreement of 27 July 1993” (United
Nations doc. S/26463), and the representative of the Russian Federation
recorded the deep concern felt in the Russian Federation at the violatiopn
by the Abkhazian side of its ceasefire agreement (United Nations doc. S/
pv.3295). On 19 October 1993 the Council, expressed its deep concern at
the human suffering caused by conflict in the region and at reports of
“ethnic cleansing” and other serious violations of international humani -
tarian law, reaffirmed its strong condemnation of the grave violation by
the Abkhaz side of the ceasefire agreement and affirmed the right of repfu -
gees and displaced persons to return to their homes. It reiterated its spup -
port for the efforts of the Secretary-general and his Special Envoy, in
co-operation with the Chairman-in-Office of the CSCE and with the assis -
2491 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
tance of the government of the Russian Federation as a facilitator, to
carry forward the peace process with the aim of achieving an overall
political settlement (Security Council resolution 876 (1993)).
46. At the first round of negotiations between the georgian and
Abkhaz sides, held in geneva from 30 November to 1 december 1993,
under the aegis of the United Nations, with the Russian Federation as
facilitator and a representative of the CSCE, the parties committed themp -
selves not to use force or the threat of force during the peaceful settlpement
negotiations, stated that the maintenance of peace would be promoted by p
an increase in the number of international observers and by the use of
international peacekeeping forces, agreed to exchange prisoners of war, p
to find an urgent solution to the problem of refugees and displaced per -
sons, and to have a group of experts prepare a report on the status of
Abkhazia. On 4 April 1994 a Quadripartite Agreement on voluntary
Return of Refugees and displaced persons was signed by the Abkhaz and
georgian sides as “the parties”, as well as by the Russian Federation and
UNHCR. In that Agreement, the Russian Federation undertook certain
obligations relating to the return of refugees and displaced persons.
47. The geneva process continued for more than a decade and was
assisted by the group of Friends of the Secretary-general (France, ger -
many, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United
States). georgia and the Russian Federation again proposed that the
Security Council consider the question of a peacekeeping operation to bep
carried out by the United Nations or with its authorization, relying, ifp
necessary, on a Russian Federation military contingent (joint letter ofp
4 February 1994 (United Nations doc. S/1994/125) ; see also the geor -
gian/Abkhazian declaration of 4 April 1994). The Security Council did
not respond to that proposal and on 14 may 1994 the georgian side and
the Abkhaz side in the Agreement on a Ceasefire and Separation of
Forces agreed that “[t]he peacekeeping force of the Commonwealth of
Independent States and the military observers . . . shall be deployed in the
security zone to monitor compliance with this Agreement.” On
30 June 1994 the Security Council “[n]ote[d] with satisfaction the begin -
ning of Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) assistance in the
zone of conflict, in response to the request of the parties” (Secuprity Coun-
cil resolution 934 (1994) ; see also Security Council resolutions 901 (1994)
and 937 (1994)).
48. Over the following years, until 15 April 2008, the Security Council
adopted a series of resolutions regarding the situation in Abkhazia, geor -
gia, with recurring elements. It is convenient at this point to quote paps -
2592 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
sages addressing those recurring elements from resolutions adopted
in 1994 and 1996. In resolution 937 (1994), the Security Council :
“Reaffirming its commitment to the sovereignty and territorial
integrity of the Republic of georgia, and the right of all refugees and
displaced persons affected by the conflict to return to their homes pin
secure conditions, in accordance with international law and as set out
in the Quadripartite Agreement,
Stressing the crucial importance of progress in the negotiations
under the auspices of the United Nations and with the assistance of
the Russian Federation as facilitator and with the participation of
representatives of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe (CSCE) to reach a comprehensive political settlement of the
conflict, including on the political status of Abkhazia, respecting fuplly
the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of georgia,
based on the principles set out in its previous resolutions,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Calls upon the parties to intensify their efforts to achieve an early
and comprehensive political settlement under the auspices of the
United Nations with the assistance of the Russian Federation as
facilitator and with the participation of representatives of the
CSCE, and welcomes the wish of the parties to see the United
Nations continue to be actively involved in the pursuit of a polit -
ical settlement ;
3. Commends the efforts of the members of the CIS directed towards
the maintenance of a cease-fire in Abkhazia, Republic of georgia,
and the promotion of the return of refugees and displaced persons
to their homes in accordance with the Agreement signed in mos -
cow on 14 may 1994 in full co-operation with the United Nations
High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and in accordance
with the Quadripartite Agreement ;
4. Welcomes the contribution made by the Russian Federation, and
indications of further contributions from other members of the
CIS, of a peace-keeping force, in response to the request of the
parties, pursuant to the 14 may Agreement, in co-ordination with
UNOmIg . . . and in accordance with the established principles
and practices of the United Nations ;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. Reaffirms its support for the return of all refugees and displaced
persons to their homes in secure conditions, in accordance with
international law and as set out in the Quadripartite Agree -
ment . . .”
Similarly, in resolution 1036 (1996), the Security Council :
2693 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
“Stressing the need for the parties to intensify efforts, under the
auspices of the United Nations and with the assistance of the Russian
Federation as facilitator, to achieve an early and comprehensive
political settlement of the conflict, including on the political statups of
Abkhazia, fully respecting the sovereignty and territorial integrity
of georgia,
Reaffirming also the right of all refugees and displaced persons
affected by the conflict to return to their homes in secure conditions
in accordance with international law and as set out in the Quadripar -
tite Agreement of 14 April 1994,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Noting that the moscow Agreement of 14 may 1994 on a Cease-fire
and Separation of Forces (S/1994/583, Annex I) has generally been
respected by the parties with the assistance of the Commonwealth of
Independent States (CIS) peacekeeping forces and the United Nations
Observer mission in georgia (UNOmIg),
Expressing its satisfaction with the close co-operation and co-
ordination between UNOmIg and the CIS peace-keeping force in
the performance of their respective mandates and commending the
contribution both have made to stabilize the situation in the zone
of conflict,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Reaffirms its full support for the efforts of the Secretary-general
aimed at achieving a comprehensive political settlement of the
conflict, including on the political status of Abkhazia, respecting
fully the sovereignty and territorial integrity of georgia, as well as
for the efforts that are being undertaken by the Russian Federa -
tion in its capacity as facilitator to intensify the search for a peac-e
ful settlement of the conflict, and encourages the Secretary-general
to continue his efforts, with the assistance of the Russian Federa -
tion as facilitator, and with the support of the Organization for
Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), to that end ;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. Calls upon the parties to improve their co-operation with
UNOmIg and the CIS peace-keeping force in order to provide
a secure environment for the return of refugees and displaced
persons and also calls upon them to honour their commitments
with regard to the security and freedom of movement of all
United Nations and CIS personnel and with regard to UNOmIg
inspections of heavy weapons storage sites ;
9. Welcomes the additional measures implemented by UNOmIg
and the CIS peace-keeping force in the gali region aimed at
improving conditions for the safe and orderly return of refugees
and displaced persons, and all appropriate efforts in this regard.”p
2794 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
As appropriate, the Court refers back to these standard paragraphs and
highlights particular elements later in this part of the Judgment.
49. In September 2003 the Council of Heads of States of the CIS,
expressing its gravest concern over unsettled problems resulting from thpe
conflict in Abkhazia (georgia), decided to extend the term of stay and the
mandate of the collective peacekeeping forces until a conflicting partpy
requested that the operation should be discontinued, in which event the
withdrawal was to be effected within a month ; the concluding statement
on the meetings between president putin and president Shevardnadze,
held on 6 and 7 march 2003, was essentially to the same effect. It was
only after the armed conflict of August 2008 that georgia made such a
request, on 1 September 2008.
4. Documents and Statements from the Period before
CERD Entered into Force between the Parties on 2 July 1999
50. The Court recalls that it is examining the documents and state -
ments issued before 2 July 1999 and invoked by georgia in light of geor -
gia’s contention that its dispute with the Russian Federation “over ethnic
cleansing is long-standing and legitimate and not of recent invention”p
(paragraph 34 above). These earlier documents and statements may help
to put into context those documents or statements which were issued or
made after the entry into force of CERd between the parties.
51. The earliest document invoked by georgia as supporting its sub -
mission that it has a dispute with the Russian Federation about racial
discrimination is a letter of 2 October 1992 from the vice-Chairman of
the State Council of georgia to the president of the Security Council
(United Nations doc. S/24626). That letter and a related appeal to the
CSCE described aspects of the “large-scale offensive” in Abkhazia by
“Abkhaz separatists in conjunction with mercenary terrorists”, andp
continued that “[t]he conspiracy of the Abkhaz separatists and the repac -
tionary forces in Russia is quite apparent”. Both documents also claipmed
that the attackers were armed with “tanks and other modern weaponry, p
the kind the Russian army is currently equipped with”. The appeal addped
that the influx of organized armed groups from the territory of the
Russian Federation had increased, by land and sea routes, controlled by p
the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Contrary to the submission
made by georgia to the Court, the statements do not claim the Russian
Federation was facilitating ethnic cleansing. Accordingly, the Court doeps
not consider that they are evidence that the Russian Federation was par -
ticipating in support, sponsorship and defence of the discriminatory
activities of the separatist authorities in the early 1990s, as georgia has
alleged.
52. On 17 december 1992 the georgian parliament adopted a state -
ment which referred to “the mass shooting of civilian georgian popula-
2895 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
tion and the policy of ethnic cleansing” and to “armed Abkhaz sepapratists
together with Russian reactionary forces apparently follow[ing] a violenpt
way of disrupting georgia’s territorial integrity”. It continued by listing
alleged “immediate involvement of Russian armed forces in the conflpict
on the side of the extremist separatists”. The emphasis throughout is on
the alleged use by the Russian Federation of armed force and disruption p
of georgia’s territorial integrity and sovereignty. The georgian parlia -
ment does not claim that the Russian Federation had engaged in ethnic
cleansing. Accordingly, the Court cannot take the parliamentary state -
ment into account for the purposes of the present case.
53. In a Note verbale to the Secretary-general of 25 december 1992,
georgia forwarded a letter from Mr. Shevardnadze , Chairman of the
georgian parliament and Head of State, about “[t]he illegal penetration
of the georgian territory by foreign nationals fighting for the Abkhaz
military units against georgia . . . particularly disturbing is the participa-
tion of the Russian troops stationed in Abkhazia on the side of Abkhaz
extremists.” (United Nations doc. S/25026.) Again the emphasis was on
the alleged use of armed force and the violation of georgia’s territorial
integrity as well as on the peaceful settlement of what was referred to pas
“the Abkhaz problem”. While the letter referred to the bombing of civil -
ian targets by “the reactionary forces ensconced within the politicalp cir -
cles of the Russian Federation”, the letter distinguishes these forceps and
circles from the government of the Russian Federation. Further, it does
not mention racial discrimination. For those reasons, the Court does notp
consider that this letter demonstrates the existence of a dispute betweepn
the two parties about racial discrimination.
54. On 1 April 1993 the parliament of georgia, in an appeal to the
United Nations, the CSCE and international human rights organizations,
stated that a “policy of ethnic cleansing is being implemented in a part of
the georgian territory, Abkhazia, that is controlled by the separatist
group of gudauta, by means of Russian troops”. This “policy” it evalu -
ated as a continuation of aggression, aimed at georgia’s territorial integ -
rity and independence. The georgian parliament added that “Russia . . .
bears full responsibility for the . . . policy”. The georgian parliament on
the same day issued a decree to the same effect and called on the Council
of National Security and defence of georgia to take all measures neces -
sary to ensure the return of Idps to their homes. There is no evidence
that this statement and decree were endorsed by the georgian Executive.
The Court accordingly cannot give them any legal significance for the
purposes of the present case.
55. On 27 April 1993 the georgian parliament, in a decree on the
withdrawal of Russian military Units from the conflict zone in Abkhazia,
expressed its belief “that the root cause of the tragic events in Abkphazia,
2996 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
georgia is the Russian Federation’s attempt to annex, in fact, a part pof
the territory of georgia” and decreed that “[t]he Head of State of geor -
gia shall appeal to the president of the Russian Federation to withdraw
the Russian troops from Abkhazia”. It recited that “[g]enocide andp ethnic
cleansing of the georgian population is taking place in the territory under
the control of the Russian troops and Abkhaz separatists”. The recitapl to
the decree alleged that the Russian Federation had violated the moscow
Agreement of 3 September 1992 (see paragraph 44 above). On the record
before the Court, the georgian government did not make the appeal
which the parliament had decreed. What the record does show is that
Russian Federation armed forces remained in georgia under the various
agreements reached in the early 1990s until the time of the armed conflpict
in August 2008 (paragraph 49 above). Taking account of the parliamen -
tary character of the decree, the fact that it was not followed up by the
georgian Executive, and its emphasis on withdrawal of the troops rather
than on ethnic cleansing, the Court cannot give it any legal significance
for the purposes of the present case.
56. On 20 September 1993, president Shevardnadze in a letter for -
warded to the president of the Security Council wrote from “besieged
Sukhumi”. He said that “[t]his land has been a cradle to both georgians
and Abkhaz” but that the moscow Agreement of 3 September 1992 “was
trampled by the boots of the mercenaries”. He did not doubt the sinceprity
of the efforts of the president of the Russian Federation to promote a
settlement to the conflict ; “in this, however, he is impeded by the same
force which is trying to crush us”. He continued :
“That notwithstanding, I appeal once again to Boris Nikolaevich
yeltsin, to the United Nations Security Council and mr. Boutros-ghali,
to the entire progressive and democratic Russian nation and to all the
peoples of the world : do not allow this monstrous crime to be com -
mitted, halt the execution of a small country and save my homeland
and my people from perishing in the fires of imperial reaction. The
world must not condone the annihilation of one of its most ancient
nations, the creator of a great culture and heir to exalted spiritual
traditions.” (United Nations doc. S/26472.)
given that appeal and the reference in the letter to Abkhazia being “tphe
fuse with which [the Abkhaz separatists] intend to blow up not only She -
vardnadze’s georgia but also yeltsin’s Russia”, the Court does not
consider that this letter can be read as georgia making a claim regarding
racial discrimination against the government of the Russian Federation.
57. In a letter of 12 October 1993, the georgian president requested a
meeting of the Security Council. The letter began with a reference to thpe
“savage massacre of the civilian population [by the gudauta armed
3097 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
groups]”. It declared the belief of the georgian Republic that the facts
about ethnic cleansing and genocide of the peaceful population in Abkha-
zia required a severe condemnation by the Council. “If we take into
consideration multiple statements by Abkhaz separatists, we need to
acknowledge that there is a serious threat placed upon the territorial
integrity of the georgian Republic.” He expected the Council to use its
authority “to coerce Abkhaz leaders to cease their abominable violatipons
of human dignity and the heartless slaughter of these persecuted ethnic p
georgians”, and expressed the hope that the Council would instruct allp
United Nations members to desist in their support of Abkhaz separatists.p
The only reference to the Russian Federation was to the fact that the
gudauta side was “equipped with state-of-the-art weapons, currently at
the disposal of the Russian military forces” (United Nations doc. S/26576).
given that the only reference to the Russian Federation in the letter wasp
an incidental one, and that the letter emphasized the responsibility of
Abkhaz separatists, the Court does not consider that the letter makes a p
relevant claim against the Russian Federation.
58. On 12 October 1994, the georgian parliament in a statement about
the situation in the georgian-Abkhaz conflict zone said it had become
“extremely tense again”. The statement made various allegations agpainst
“the Abkhaz separatists”, in particular relating to their impedingp the
return of thousands of refugees. All the “facts ha[d] taken place in pthe
‘security zone’, which must be controlled by the peacekeepers of tphe Rus -
sian Federation”. The statement concludes by rejecting any separationp of
Abkhazia from georgia and calling on the international organizations
involved in the peace process and the Russian Federation for the releasep
of kidnapped people and the suppression of any attempt of disrupting thep
peace process. The Court is unable to see any claim against the Russian p
Federation of a breach of its obligations relating to the elimination ofp
racial discrimination in that parliamentary statement.
59. The georgian parliament on 17 April 1996 adopted a resolution on
measures for the settlement of the conflict in Abkhazia. It stated thapt
“separatist forces”, using the most severe methods, through ethnicp cleans -
ing and genocide, had separated Abkhazia from georgia for the time
being. It continued :
“despite long-standing negotiations between the sides participating
in the conflict of Abkhazia under the auspices of the UN and medi -
ated by Russia, the intransigent stand of separatists obstructed com -
promise on the questions of the repatriation of hundreds of thousands
of refugees and the determination of the status of Abkhazia within
the territory of georgia. The separatist regime uses every means to
strengthen its military potential, to set up independent state structureps
and attributes, to distort history, and to spread misanthropic racist
3198 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
ideology. The CIS Heads of States decisions taken in Almaty, minsk
and moscow are not implemented. The separatists with the support
of external forces purposefully and unilaterally violate these agree -
ments. peacekeeping forces, designated by Russia in agreement with
the CIS and the UN, to this day are unable to fulfill their function.
They failed to secure the safety of the population, to prevent ethnic
cleansing and genocide of the georgian population, to render a real
assistance to return refugees and internally displaced people to their
homes.”
The parliamentary resolution referred to the Russian Federation “as an
interested side”, along with the United Nations, and not as a particippant
in the conflict. The only other references to the Russian Federation wpere
to the mandate and to the withdrawal of the peacekeeping forces :
“As the Russian peacekeeping forces under the CIS mandate can -
not provide the safe return of internally displaced persons and refu -
gees and the protection of their lives and dignity, and in the event thapt
the current mandate is retained and georgian proposals are not con -
sidered in a new mandate, then the peacekeeping operations shall be
considered as having no prospects and peacekeeping forces shall be
withdrawn within two month’s time.”
Again there is no claim regarding the Russian Federation’s compliancep
with its obligations relating to the elimination of racial discrimination.
Rather, the claim is that the peacekeeping forces are unable to fulfil tpheir
functions. Accordingly, the Court sees this parliamentary resolution as
having no legal significance for the purposes of the present case.
60. On 30 may 1997 the georgian parliament issued a “decree on the
Further presence of Armed Forces of the Russian Federation deployed
in the Zone of Abkhaz Conflict under the Auspices of the Commonwealth p
of Independent States”. Like the decree described in paragraph 55, it
dealt with the withdrawal of the Russian Federation troops, but only in p
certain circumstances. It notes in its first sentence that “no tangibple prog-
ress has been achieved, either in terms of return of refugees and Idps to
their homes or in terms of restoration of jurisdiction of georgia in
Abkhazia”. The peacekeeping forces, it continued, “carr[ied] out the
function of border forces, thereby substantially supporting and strengthp -
ening the separatist regime of Abkhazia, which . . . opposes . . . step by
step return of refugees and Idps to their homes”. But those parliamen -
tary statements provide arguments for the proposed actions relating to
the withdrawal of troops and do not expressly allege breaches by the Rus -
3299 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
sian Federation. In the opinion of the Court, they provide no basis for p
finding that a dispute exists between the two parties concerning the Rus -
sian Federation’s compliance with its obligations owed to georgia relat -
ing to the elimination of racial discrimination.
61. The georgian parliament on 27 may 1998 made a statement that :
“The recent tragedy in gali district once again demonstrated that the
Abkhaz separatists continue the implementation of the policy of genocidep
and ethnic cleansing in the territory occupied by them.” It continuedp with
references to “the Abkhaz separatists” and the “armed separatispts”, and
stated that
“[t]he Russian peacekeeping forces, deployed in the region under the p
auspices of the Commonwealth of Independent States, did nothing to
confront the actions of the Abkhaz side. Instead, in a number of cases, p
they assisted separatists in conducting punitive operations against the p
peaceful population.
The conduct of peacekeepers during the 20-26 may events in gali
district, amounted to a gross violation of bilateral and multilateral
agreements, total ignorance of decisions by the Council of CIS Heads
of States and of the UN Security Council.
The parliament of georgia declares that together with the separa -
tist leaders, the CIS peacekeeping forces are to a large extent respon -
sible for the tragedy in gali district, as they in fact facilitated raids
against the peaceful population and destruction of villages in their
entirety.”
There is no evidence that this parliamentary statement, directed at “sepa -
ratists” and alleging violations of agreements which could not at thapt
time have included CERd, was known to the authorities of the Russian
Federation. Those authorities would, by contrast, have known that on
26 may 1998 georgia had written to the president of the Security Council
referring to “the recent tragic events that have taken place in the gali
region of Abkhazia, georgia”. That letter discussed the actions of “the
armed Abkhaz military units” and, referring to one situation, stated pthat
“the interference of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
peacekeepers averted the massacre of the georgian population” (United
Nations doc. S/1998/432). The letter continues that the CIS peacekeepers
“have so far been unable to prevent the carnage”, not that they wepre sup -
porting or participating in it.
62. On 16 June 1998, the georgian permanent mission again wrote to
the president of the Security Council expressing georgia’s “extreme
indignation in connection with the developments in the gali district . . .
where the ethnic cleansing of the georgian population is continuing
33100 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
openly”. All the actions described in the statement are attributed to
“so-called Abkhaz militia forces” and “Abkhaz separatist leaders”. pThe
statement concluded by expressing the government’s “confidence in the
ability of international political organizations, first of all, the Unitped
Nations and the Commonwealth of Independent States, to assess the situ-
ation that has come about and take urgent measures” (United Nations p
doc. S/1998/516). Again, the Court observes the lack of any allegation
directed at the Russian Federation regarding compliance with its internap -
tional obligations. On the contrary, georgia was looking to the Russian
Federation, in its role within the Security Council and the CIS, to addrpess
the situation. Accordingly, the Court cannot give any legal significancep to
this letter for the purposes of this case.
63. The Court has now reviewed the documents and statements which
georgia invokes to demonstrate that in the period before it became bound p
by CERd it had a dispute with the Russian Federation about racial dis -
crimination by the latter, especially Russian Federation forces, against
ethnic georgians. The Court concludes that none of the documents or
statements provides any basis for a finding that there was such a disputpe
by July 1999. The reasons appear in the foregoing paragraphs in respect
of each document or statement. They relate to the author of the statemenpt
or document, their intended or actual addressee, and their content.
Several of the documents and statements emanated from the georgian
parliament or parliamentary Officers and were neither endorsed nor acted
upon by the Executive. Finally, so far as the subject-matter of each
document or statement is concerned, it complains of actions by the
Abkhaz authorities, often referred to as “separatists”, rather thapn by the
Russian Federation; or the subject-matter of the complaints is the alleged
unlawful use of force, or the status of Abkhazia, rather than racial
discrimination; and, where there is a possibly relevant reference, usually
to the impeding of return of refugees and Idps, it is as an incidental ele -
ment in a larger claim — about the status of Abkhazia, the withdrawal of
the Russian Federation troops or the alleged unlawful use of force by
them.
64. It follows from this general finding of the Court and the specific
findings made in earlier paragraphs that georgia has not, in the Court’s
opinion, cited any document or statement made before it became party to p
CERd in July 1999 which provides support for its contention that “the
dispute with Russia over ethnic cleansing is long-standing and legitimate
and not of recent invention” (paragraph 34 above). The Court adds that
even if this were the case, such dispute, though about racial discriminap -
tion, could not have been a dispute with respect to the interpretation opr
application of CERd, the only kind of dispute in respect of which the
Court is given jurisdiction by Article 22 of that Convention.
34101 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
5. Documents and Statements from the Period after CERD
Entered into Force between the Parties and before August 2008
65. It is convenient first of all to consider as a group the reports made
after 1999 by the two parties to treaty monitoring committees. These
reports relate to CERd, the International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), the International Covenant on Civil and p
political Rights (ICCpR), and the Convention against Torture and other
Cruel, Inhuman or degrading Treatment or punishment (CAT). georgia
in its first report to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial dis -
crimination, submitted in 2000, said this :
“georgia unreservedly condemns any policy, ideology or practice
conducive to racial hatred or any form of ‘ethnic cleansing’ such pas that
practised in the Abkhaz region of georgia following the armed conflict
of 1992-1993. Hundreds of thousands of displaced persons, a large
majority of whom are women, elderly persons and children, lost their
homes and means of survival and became exiles in their own country.
Such has been the outcome of the policy pursued by the authorities of
the self-proclaimed ‘Republic of Abkhazia’, the aim of which has been
to ‘cleanse’ the region of georgians and — in many cases — represent -
atives of other nationalities as well. georgia firmly believes that a pol-
icy founded on racial hatred is a fundamental infringement of human
rights and should be unconditionally proscribed, condemned and elim -
inated.” (United Nations doc. CERd/C/369/Add.1.)
The Court observes that this passage — the only one invoked by geor -
gia — directs no criticism against the Russian Federation, nor was such
criticism made by the georgian representative before the Committee, by
any member of the Committee or by the Committee in its concluding
observations (United Nations docs. CERd/C/SR.1453, CERd/C/304/
Add.120, CERd/C/SR.1454). Indeed, the georgian representative before
the Committee said that her government was currently involved in nego -
tiations to resolve the complicated situation and that the Russian Federpa -
tion might have an important part to play in that regard.
66. georgia quotes this passage from its combined second and third
reports to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial discrimination
submitted on 21 July 2004 :
“Under this article of the Convention, it must be reiterated that,
owing to the continuing political crisis in Abkhazia and South Osse -
tia, during the reporting period georgia was not in a position to
protect citizens of these regions from criminal acts. In this connectionp,
it should be stressed that georgia does not absolve itself of responsi -
bility for the situation in this part of its territory, which includes ipts
responsibility to safeguard human rights and freedoms.” (United
Nations doc. CERd/C/461/Add.1.)
35102 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
Again, the Court observes that the passage directs no criticism against pthe
Russian Federation, nor did the georgian representative appearing before
the Committee or any member of the Committee or the Committee itself
(United Nations doc. CERd/C/SR.1706).
67. In reporting in 2006 to the Committee against Torture (United
Nations doc. CAT/C/SR.699), georgia stated that :
“A particular problem arose in Abkhazia, where Russian peace -
keepers were in some instances aiding or abetting criminal separatists
and were thereby, actively or by omission, contributing to human
rights violations in the region. most of the human rights violations in
the territory affected ethnic georgians, and the de facto authorities in
Abkhazia bore a heavy responsibility for such violations.”
Although there was some criticism of the Russian Federation here, this
did not amount to an allegation against the Russian Federation regardingp
the latter’s compliance with its obligations relating to the eliminatpion of
racial discrimination under CERd.
68. The Russian Federation in its submissions calls attention to the
fact that georgia, in reporting on its implementation of the two Interna -
tional Covenants on human rights, including in its report on the ICCpR
in 2006 (United Nations doc. CCpR/C/gEO/3), similarly directed no
criticism regarding racial discrimination against the Russian Federationp;
georgia did not contest this submission. The Russian Federation also
notes that under CERd, georgia had available to it the procedure for
State to State complaints provided in Articles 11 to 13.
69. The Court observes that a State may claim that another State is in
breach of its obligations under CERd without initiating that process. It
also observes that in general the process under which States report on ap
regular basis to the monitoring committees operates between the report -
ing State and the committee in question ; it is a process in which the State
reports on the steps which it has taken to implement the treaty. The prop -
cess is not designed to involve other States and their obligations. Takipng
account of those features and of the actual reports referred to in this pcase,
the discussions of and the observations on them, the Court does not con -
sider that in this particular case the reports to the committees are signifi -
cant in determining the existence of a dispute.
70. In respect of other post-July 1999 statements, georgia begins by
referring to a meeting on 14 September 2000 at which its Ambassador in
moscow observed to the deputy Chairperson of the State duma of the
Russian Federation that representatives of the legislative and executivep
bodies and other bodies of the Russian Federation had established activep
36103 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
contacts with the separatist régime of Abkhazia. The georgian notes of
that meeting, contrary to georgia’s submission to the Court, make no
reference to ethnic cleansing but do refer to the deadlock in negotiatiopns
caused by the Abkhazian separatist administration.
71. The next document invoked by georgia is a resolution adopted by
the georgian parliament in October 2001. This resolution begins with a
reference to the suffering arising “from the tragic results of sepapratism,
international terrorism and aggression”. It alleged that since the depploy -
ment of Russian Federation peacekeepers under the auspices of the CIS,
the policies of ethnic cleansing had not stopped. In this resolution, thpe
Russian Federation now appeared as a party involved in the conflict.
Since its peacekeeping forces had failed to carry out their mission, thep
parliament considered the further presence of the CIS collective peace -
keeping forces inexpedient and proposed to the president of georgia (1)
to implement the procedures for the withdrawal of those forces and (2)p to
appeal to the United Nations, the OSCE and governments of friendly
countries to deploy international peacekeeping forces in the conflict pzone.
The georgian government took no action at that time to have the peace -
keeping forces withdrawn and in terms of point (2), as noted above
(para. 47), it had, with the Russian Federation, earlier called for an inter -
national peacekeeping force possibly including a Russian Federation con-
tingent.
72. This parliamentary resolution is to be seen in the context of the
unanimous Security Council resolutions 1339 and 1364 adopted earlier in
2001, in January and July. Those Council resolutions again welcomed the p
important contributions that UNOmIg and the CIS peacekeeping forces
continued to make in stabilizing the situation in the zone of conflictp, and
strongly supporting the sustained efforts of the Secretary-general and his
Special Representative, with the assistance of the Russian Federation, in
its capacity as facilitator, as well as the group of Friends of the Secretary-
general and of the OSCE, to promote the stabilization of the situa -
tion and the achievement of a comprehensive settlement. A georgian
representative attended the January 2001 meeting of the Security Council.
In his speech he expressed georgia’s “appreciation to the Secretary-
general and his Special Representative for georgia . . . as well as the
group of Friends of the Secretary-general, for their tireless efforts in the
process of achieving a comprehensive settlement of the conflict in
Abkhazia, georgia”. He emphasized the upcoming meetings between
Abkhaz and georgian representatives and, while he was critical of one
paragraph of the draft resolution before the Council, he made no referenpce
at all to the paragraphs about CIS peacekeepers and the role of the Rus -
sian Federation as facilitator. Without further discussion, the resolution
was adopted (United Nations doc. S/pv.4269).
73. The Court, in assessing the October 2001 parliamentary resolution,
as with the other documents and statements invoked by the parties, must
37104 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
have regard, among other matters, to the distinct roles of the Russian
Federation, in the CIS peacekeeping forces, as facilitator and as one
of the Friends of the Secretary-general. In that context and given that
the parliamentary resolution had not been endorsed by the georgian
government, the Court cannot give it any legal significance for the pur -
poses of the present case.
74. Security Council resolution 1393 (2002), containing the standard
paragraphs, had been adopted on 31 January 2002, when the georgian
parliament on 20 march 2002 adopted a resolution which noted that its
October 2001 resolution had not been acted on and resolved that it was
necessary to implement its requirements. The new parliamentary resolu -
tion criticized the CIS peacekeeping forces: in reality, it said, they fulfilled
the functions of border guards between Abkhazia and the rest of georgia
and failed to perform the duties envisaged by their mandate of providingp
protection of the population and creation of conditions for the secure
return of Idps. Further, major violations of human rights and freedoms
on an ethnic basis had been carried out with the assistance of external p
military force. Once again, the georgian Executive did not act upon this
resolution, and it is to be seen in the context of the series of Securitpy
Council resolutions and the actions taken under, and by reference to,
them. Accordingly the Court gives the parliamentary resolution no legal
significance for the purposes of the present case.
75. In April 2002, the minister for Foreign Affairs of the Russian Fed -
eration in talks with the georgian Ambassador in moscow denied that
the Russian Federation had supplied arms and ammunition to Abkhazia.
It does not appear from the georgian record of the talks that any claims
which were made in those talks related to ethnic or racial discriminatiopn.
76. In January 2003 a delegation of the georgian parliament, led by its
speaker, had discussions in moscow with a group of Russian Federation
parliamentarians including the Chairperson of the Council of the Federa -
tion and the Chairperson of the State duma. In its submissions, georgia
called attention to a statement by the georgian side, when talking about
the CIS peacekeeping forces, suggesting the Russian Federation peace -
keepers move out of the gali district to facilitate the process of refugee
return which, it said, the Russian Federation side rejected. The georgian
record of the discussion continued in this way :
“While discussing the possibility of withdrawal of peacekeeping
forces from Abkhazia, the Russian side was expressing a clearly
negative attitude. However, it has been pointed out many times that
if there is relevant request from the georgian side, the Russian peace -
keeping forces will leave the territory of georgia. According to the
statement of Russia, if the ‘blue helmets’ are pulled out of Abkhapzia,
the UN observers will also leave the region. The Russian colleagues
38105 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
expressed doubt about how the georgian party would be able to
control the situation independently and avoid the threat of renewing
the hostilities.”
This is an exchange between parliamentarians and no claim of racial dis -
crimination against the Russian Federation appears in that exchange.
Accordingly, the Court can give it no legal significance for the purposeps
of the present case.
77. In January 2004, mikhail Saakashvili, shortly after his election as
president of georgia but before he assumed office, in a radio interview in
answering a question about Abkhazia, said :
“It is primarily the issue of our relations with Russia. The Russian p
generals are in command there, they have a military contingent there
which played a very negative role . . . [m]ost of the population there
is ethnically georgian or was ethnically georgian. Those people were
thrown out by Russian troops and local separatists and we need to
change the situation.”
georgia submits that this statement directly accused the Russian Federa -
tion and its forces of complicity in ethnic cleansing against ethnic geor -
gians in Abkhazia. While there may be some force in that contention, thep
president-elect immediately followed the passage emphasized by georgia
by saying that “primarily the way to change that [the situation in Abpkha -
zia] is peaceful talks, offering them [the people in Abkhazia] better palter -
natives in terms of georgian economic development, georgia’s integration
into Europe”. He said of Abkhazia “[b]asically that is a lawless pplace . . .
it’s really a black hole . . . Of course Russia doesn’t want to give up the
control over it so we have to talk to them and make them realise that
we’re an independent state . . . But on the other hand we want to be on
good terms with them.” The statement has to be seen in the immediate p
context of the wide-ranging and informal character of the interview and
in the broader context of the relationship between the two countries in p
relation to Abkhazia. Security Council resolution 1524 (2004) adopted
two weeks after the interview contained the standard paragraphs com -
monly included in Security Council resolutions, relating among other
things to the various roles of the Russian Federation (see paragraphs 48
and 71). Further, the record does not include any specific follow-up by
the new president or under his instructions to whatever claim might have
been made against the Russian Federation in the interview.
78. The next relevant document in the record is a letter of 26 July 2004
by president Saakashvili to president putin. It primarily concerns contin -
gents of “illegal armed formations” in South Ossetia, beyond the npum -
bers agreed in 2003 ; armed attacks ; the granting of Russian Federation
citizenship there ; criminal activity ; and the resulting need for political
39106 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
dialogue at a plenipotentiary level and an increased role for the OSCE. p
Regarding Abkhazia, the georgian president raised issues about the ter -
ritorial integrity of georgia. The president of the Russian Federation in
his reply proposed measures which should be taken with a view to the
stabilization of the situation and the creation of conditions for the
resumption of the political dialogue. The letters do not mention the retpurn
of refugees and Idps.
79. On 26 January 2005, the georgian permanent Representative to
the United Nations in a letter to the president of the Security Council
wrote about “the recent developments in the conflict-resolution process
in Abkhazia, georgia” (United Nations doc. S/2005/45), including the
“self-styled presidential elections” there, characterized as “illegal anpd ille
gitimate”; the fact that nearly 80 per cent of the current population has
Russian citizenship ; and the ignoring by the Russian Federation of the
basic visa régime. despite those developments, the Ambassador contin -
ued, the central authorities of georgia were ready to resume negotiations
with the Abkhaz side. The letter then referred to “refugees and Idps —
victims of ethnic cleansing — who already for longer than a decade are
waiting for their basic right — the right to live at home — to materialize”.
Referring to abductions which allegedly occurred on “election” dayp, the
letter claimed that “these excesses were committed in front of CIS pepace -
keepers, who did nothing to protect peaceful civilian people . . . I have to
state once more that the CIS peacekeeping force is rather far from beingp
impartial and is often backing Abkhaz separatist paramilitary structuresp.”
Two days later the Security Council at a meeting which had that letter
before it and which was attended by a georgian representative adopted,
without any debate (United Nations doc. S/pv.5116), a resolution which
included the standard references to the CIS peacekeeping forces and the p
Russian Federation’s role as a facilitator (resolution 1582 (2005)).
80. On 11 October 2005 the georgian parliament in a resolution
“condemn[ed] the recent developments in the conflict regions existipng on
the territory of georgia (Abkhazia, and the former South Ossetian
Autonomous district)”. The resolution assessed as “extremely negative”
the activity and the fulfilment of the current mandate by the peacekeepipng
forces in Abkhazia and the former South Ossetian Autonomous district
and it contemplated the cessation of those peacekeeping operations and
the denunciation of the relevant international agreements in certain cirp -
cumstances starting from February 2006 in South Ossetia and July in
Abkhazia.
81. This parliamentary resolution was referred to in a letter of 27 Octo -
ber 2005 by the permanent Representative of georgia to the president of
the Security Council. That letter did not contain any endorsement of the
parliamentary resolution. The permanent Representative’s letter men -
tioned one positive development (a 4 August 2005 meeting on security
40107 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
guarantees) which, he said, had been marred by a large-scale Abkhaz
military exercise in the zone of responsibility of the Russian Federatiopn
peacekeeping forces. The letter also mentioned the banning of instructiopn
in the georgian language in gali schools — a claim which, in the Court’s
assessment, is not directed at the Russian Federation. It was impossiblep,
the letter continued, to avoid commenting on the behaviour of the
facilitator — the Russian Federation — especially when several alarming
trends, which were listed, had taken place. Annexation was being car -
ried out against a small and friendly neighbouring country. The perma -
nent Representative, after referring to the parliamentary resolution, said
this :
“It seems that the Russian-led peacekeeping operation has, in fact,
exhausted its potential and the only effective way is to have a full-scale
international, I would underline — truly international — United
Nations-led peacekeeping operation.
The georgian leadership is firmly committed to a peaceful settle -
ment of the conflict on its territory, weighing ethnic inclusiveness apnd
integration, safeguarding human rights and freedoms. despite all of
the above-mentioned we still believe that there is no military solu -
tion — on the contrary, we are confident that it is counter-productive.
Our policy of proactive engagement has long-term goals to get
Abkhaz society out of isolation, to expose them to democratic values
and beliefs, recognizing fundamental human rights of internally dis -
placed persons and refugees, first of all the right to return to their
homes, regardless of their ethnicity, to establish an environment of
trust and mutual respect.” (United Nations doc. S/2005/678.)
The Court is unable to see in this letter any claim against the Russian p
Federation by the georgian government of breaches of obligations under
CERd.
82. On 9 November 2005 the georgian permanent Representative
transmitted the 11 October parliamentary resolution to the United
Nations Secretary-general. He asked that the resolution be circulated as
a general Assembly document under agenda items concerning the pre -
vention of armed conflict (item 12) and the review of peacekeeping
(item 32), but made no reference to other items on that session’s agenda,
including racial discrimination (item 69) and displaced persons (item 39)
(United Nations doc. A/60/552).
83. The official position of the georgian Executive in this period was
further illustrated in comments made by the georgian prime minister in
a december 2005 press conference, and which were subsequently circu -
lated at a meeting of the JCC. Here the prime minister described the
“extraordinarily constructive position of the Russian diplomacy in the
matter [of the peace process in South Ossetia]”, noted that “Russia is a
41108 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
guarantor of long-term peace in the Caucasus” and stated his belief that
“the recent steps of Russia will bring positive momentum into the relpa -
tions between the two countries”.
84. On 26 January 2006, the Security Council held a private meeting
on the situation in georgia. The Official Communiqué of the meeting
records only that a georgian representative, the Special Envoy of the
president of georgia, made a statement and that a representative of the
Russian Federation made a statement, without giving any indication of
the content of the statements (United Nations doc. S/pv.5358). georgia
includes in its pleadings a “statement by . . . [the] Special Representa -
tive . . .”. That statement is very critical of various actions of the Abkhaz
side. The statement contains this passage about the role of the Russian p
Federation :
“One of the members of the Security Council, member of the group
of Friends and the facilitator of the peace process — namely the Rus -
sian Federation —, suddenly has decided to disassociate itself from
supporting the basic principle — principle of territorial integrity of
georgia within its internationally recognized borders . . . That is why
for the first time in the history of Security Council deliberations we
have no draft resolution prepared by the group of Friends.
mr. president,
This change of position of one of the prominent members of p5
is not just a slight shift or correction. Renouncement of the principle
of determining the status of Abkhazia within the State of georgia
does mean the following : support of the secessionism as a phenome -
non; endorsement of ethnic cleansing of more than 300,000 citizens
of georgia ; questioning the basic principle of the modern world
architecture — the principle of territorial integrity and inviolability
of internationally recognized borders.
mr. president,
I am representing the people who were forcefully expelled from
their homes and are not allowed to return. I am representing the
people who count every day of their exile and who look with a hope
to this Council for its work and resolutions. I am representing the
community which follows very closely every move in the peace pro -
cess in Abkhazia, georgia.”
The Court observes that the reference to “ethnic cleansing” does npot
include an allegation that the Russian Federation participated in, or fapci -
litated, that action. After some delay, at the end of march 2006, the Secu-
rity Council, with a georgian representative present and without debate
(United Nations doc. S/pv.5405), adopted resolution 1666 (2006) inclu -
ding standard paragraphs about the CIS peacekeeping forces and the role p
42 109 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
of the Russian Federation as facilitator, as well as a reaffirmation ofp the
territorial integrity of georgia.
85. On 15 February 2006, in a resolution forwarded to the Secretary-
general by the georgian permanent Representative, the georgian
parliament in terms of its resolution of 11 October 2005 assessed
“extremely negatively” the fulfilment of the obligations by the pepacekeep -
ing forces in the former autonomous district of South Ossetia and assessped
the actions of the Russian Federation as an ongoing attempt at annexa -
tion of this region of georgia. It accordingly instructed the government
of georgia to start the implementation of the provisions of that earlier
resolution. Again, there is nothing in the record to show that the
georgian government took those steps. As with the October 2005 parlia -
mentary resolution (paragraph 82 above), the 16 February 2006 letter
of transmittal from the georgian permanent Representative to the
Secretary-general requested that the letter and the February 2006 parlia -
mentary resolution be circulated as a general Assembly document
under agenda items relating to armed conflict and peacekeeping, but not
racial discrimination or displaced persons (United Nations doc. A/60/685).
86. On 18 July 2006 the georgian parliament adopted a resolution in
terms of its resolutions of 11 October 2005 and 15 February 2006 about
both regions. It said that, unfortunately, no progress had been achieved
in terms of the settlement of the conflicts within the time frame defined by
those resolutions. It continued :
“Instead of demilitarization, the drastic increase of military poten -
tial of those armed forces under subordination of de facto authorities
of Abkhazia and the former Autonomous district of South Ossetia,
drastic activation of terrorist and subversive actions, complete col -
lapse of security guarantees for peaceful population, permanent
attempts to legalize the results of ethnic cleansing the fact of which
had been repeatedly recognized by the international community,
massive violation of fundamental human rights and ever-increasing
international criminal threats so characteristic of uncontrolled terri -
tories — this is a reality brought about as a result of peacekeeping
operations.”
The resolution then said that the rejection by the Russian Federation ofp a
peace plan “can be assessed as support for separatists and as a permapnent
attempt to annex georgia’s territory”. The parliament resolved to entrust
the government of georgia with the task of launching necessary proce -
dures to immediately suspend the so-called peacekeeping operations and
to have the armed forces of the Russian Federation withdrawn.
87. In this case the authorities of the Russian Federation were plainly
43110 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
aware of the georgian parliament’s action since on 19 July 2006, the
day after it was adopted, the permanent Representative of the Russian
Federation to the United Nations transmitted to the Secretary-
general a statement by their Foreign ministry critical of the resolution.
The statement includes the following passages :
“The Russian Federation regards the decision as a provocative
step designed to aggravate tension, destroy the existing format of
negotiations and shatter the framework of legal agreements for the
peaceful settlement of the georgian-Abkhaz and georgian-Ossetian
conflicts. The accusations that the decision makes against the Rus -
sian Federation constitute a disgraceful attempt to shift the blame
to others.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
It should not be forgotten that the format of the negotiation pro -
cess, which, besides the Russian Federation, involves the United
Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe,
the Commonwealth of Independent States and the member States of
the group of Friends of the Secretary-general on georgia, was
agreed upon by all parties to the conflicts. The irresponsible actionsp
of Tbilisi are capable of ruling out any possibility of peaceful settle-
ment of the conflicts.
The Russian Federation will take such measures as are necessary
to ensure compliance with existing international agreements, prevent
the destabilization of the situation in the region and protect the rightps
and interests of Russian citizens living there.” (United Nations
doc. S/2006/555.)
88. The permanent Representative of georgia transmitted the text of
the 18 July 2006 resolution of the georgian parliament to the Secretary-
general on 24 July 2006, again asking for it to be circulated to the
general Assembly under the same agenda items as for the parliamentary
resolutions of October 2005 and February 2006 (see paragraphs 82 and
85 above) (United Nations doc. A/60/954). According to the record, the
georgian government took no action in terms of the resolution.
89. The Court recalls georgia’s emphasis on those parliamentary reso-
lutions which were transmitted to the United Nations (paragraph 36
above), and sees it as significant that on all those occasions when thep
georgian government transmitted parliamentary resolutions to the
Secretary-general to be circulated as official United Nations documents,
that government did not refer to those agenda items which relate to the
subject-matter of CERd, such as racial discrimination, or, as the case
may be, refugees and Idps, or, indeed, human rights instruments more
generally.
44111 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
90. On 11 August and 4 September 2006, the georgian permanent
Representative transmitted to the Secretary-general and president of the
Security Council Foreign ministry statements about abuses of human
rights in Abkhazia (United Nations docs. A/60/976-S/2006/638, S/2006/709).
The primary allegations were against “the Abkhazian side”, but it pwas also
said that the Russian Federation (CIS) peacekeepers continued to “[pturn] a
blind eye to gross violation of . . . human rights”. The Foreign ministry
stated that the “existing situation . . . leads us to register once more the
incapability (or the absence of will) of the CIS peacekeeping forces tpo duly
perform their functions, which points yet again to the necessity of modipfy -
ing the existing format of peace operations . . .”. According to the 4 Sep -
tember statement of the ministry, the “Russian peacekeepers cannot . . .
ensure the protection of the safety, dignity and human rights of the peace -
ful population, including internally displaced persons and refugees, as p
prescribed by [four] Security Council resolutions”. This fact “propvide[d]
an added proof of the correctness of the georgian parliament’s decision
to withdraw Russian peacekeepers . . .”. The 11 August statement made
specific reference to three conventions but not to CERd and neither of
the two documents made direct claims against the Russian Federation of
racial discrimination.
91. In October the Security Council, with no reference to the two doc -
uments, adopted resolution 1716 (2006) with standard provisions about
the Russian Federation as a facilitator and the role of the CIS peacekeepp -
ing forces. Again, the georgian representative who was present made no
comment regarding the paragraphs in the draft resolution relating to thep
CIS peacekeepers and the role of the Russian Federation as facilitator, p
and the resolution was adopted without debate (United Nations doc. S/
pv.5549). In view of these considerations, the Court does not consider
that the Foreign ministry statements have any legal significance for the
purposes of the present case.
92. On 3 October 2006 the georgian permanent Representative to the
United Nations in a statement at a press conference said this :
“It is crystal clear that the Russian peacekeeping force is not an
impartial, nor international, contingent. It failed to carry out the main
responsibilities spelled out in its mandate — to create a favourable
security environment for the return of ethnically cleansed hundreds
of thousands of georgian citizens. It became the force that works to
artificially alienate the sides from one another.”
georgia in its submissions cites this statement as raising the dispute
again — the Court presumes that this means the dispute about racial dis -
45112 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
crimination by the Russian Federation — but the permanent Representa-
tive’s next sentence was this :
“The Russian political leader’s statements and actions once again p
make clear that what we are dealing with is not a fundamentally
ethnic conflict, but rather one stemming from Russia’s territorial
ambitions against my country.”
particularly taking into account this clarification by the permanent
Representative, the Court concludes that it cannot give any legal signifi -
cance to the statement made at the press conference for the purposes of p
the present case.
93. On 14 November 2006 president Saakashvili, in an address to the
European parliament, which as an organ of the European Union contains
no representatives from either georgia or the Russian Federation, said
that “over 300,000 georgians were ethnically cleansed from Abkhazia in
the early 1990s”. president Saakashvili noted that “the Russian adminis -
tration” had been accused of responsibility for these earlier events.p His
only reference, in a wide-ranging address, to disputes was in the context
of georgia’s “separatist problems”: “[o]ur disputes continue because they
are based on recidivist territorial claims . . .”. president Saakashvili’s
statement demonstrates that the primary dispute concerned territorial
claims and the references to ethnic cleansing by the Russian Federation p
were with respect to events which took place in the early 1990s. These
events were not current at the time of the president’s address, and
pre-dated georgia’s accession to CERd. As such the Court does not see
president Saakashvili’s statement as evidence of a dispute between thep
parties on matters under CERd. The Court takes the same view of the
press statement made by the georgian Foreign ministry on 22 decem -
ber 2006.
94. The president of georgia in his address of 26 September 2007 to
the general Assembly referred to the majority of residents of the two
regions as “prisoners of the morally repugnant politics of ethnic clepans -
ing, division, violence and indifference”. He continued :
“The story of Abkhazia, where up to 500,000 men, women, and
children were forced to flee in the 1990s, is of particular relevance —
one of the more abhorrent, horrible and yet forgotten ethnic cleans -
ings of the twentieth century. In the time since Russian peacekeepers
were deployed there, more than 2,000 georgians have perished and a
climate of fear has persisted.” (United Nations doc. A/62/pv.7.)
Near the end of his address, he stated that “[t]he only obstacle to tphe
integration of South Ossetia [into georgia] is a separatist regime that
46113 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
basically consists of elements from security services from neighbouring p
Russia that have no historical, ethnic or cultural links to the territorpy”. In
respect of Abkhazia he had earlier said that “these disputes are no lponger
about ethnic grievances”.
95. In September and October 2007, march and April 2008, the geor -
gian permanent Representative to the United Nations sent statements by
the georgian ministries of Foreign Affairs and Internal Affairs to the
Secretary-general and president of the Security Council (United Nations
docs. S/2007/535 ; S/2007/589 ; A/62/765-S/2008/197 ; A/62/810). The first,
third and fourth are concerned with the status of the regions, the actiopns
of separatists, and military activities. None make any reference to racipal
discrimination or ethnic cleansing (except for the last) or to the Ruspsian
Federation’s responsibility for such actions. The last does refer to ethnic
cleansing but only in the context of the Russian Federation “planningp
to recognize” the documents of authorities which were created through
ethnic cleansing. Its call on the Russian Federation to engage more
actively in the safe return of Idps cannot, in the Court’s opinion, be
understood as a claim against the Russian Federation regarding com-
pliance with its obligations under CERd, for instance a claim of imped -
ing return of Idps on racial grounds. Two other features of that document
might be noted : first, it alleges breaches by the Russian Federation of
three named conventions, but not CERd ; secondly, when georgia trans-
mitted this statement to the Secretary-general on 17 April 2008, it
requested that it be circulated as a general Assembly document under
an agenda item relating to protracted conflicts in the region and the
implications for international peace, security and development (United p
Nations doc. A/62/810).
The second statement contains this passage :
“The georgian side expresses its extreme concern about this fact
[the identity of a militant who had been killed], proving that separatispt
illegitimate armed forces are constantly receiving support from a
party which is supposed to be a facilitator of the conflict resolutionp
process. Regretfully, we have been witnessing such a pattern of behav -
iour for 14 years. At the same time high-ranking Russian officials
consider [sic] ordinary support and training to so-called anti-terrorist
units, which in reality by nature are illegitimate military formations
of the de facto Abkhaz regime, and are responsible for ethnic cleans -
ing that took place in Abkhazia, georgia.
The georgian government once again reminds all States of para -
graph 8 of Security Council resolution 876 (1993), in which the Coun-
cil called on all States to prevent the provision from their territoriesp
or by persons under their jurisdiction of all assistance, other than
humanitarian assistance.” (United Nations doc. S/2007/589.)
47114 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
Again the reference to ethnic cleansing is not stated as a claim againstp the
Russian Federation regarding compliance with its obligations under
CERd.
96. georgia referred the Court to six further statements made between
January 2006 and September 2007 by its Foreign ministry and by its
ministry for Conflict Resolution Issues. The complaints against the Rusp -
sian Federation are limited to the Russian peacekeepers’ “culpablep inac -
tion”, “criminal inaction” and “even encouragement” of thpe actions of
the separatist authorities, and are not related to racial discriminationp.
Accordingly, the Court gives the statements no legal significance for thpe
purposes of the present case. (See similarly the statement of 22 Novem -
ber 2007.)
97. On 19 April 2008 the georgian Foreign ministry in a press state -
ment referred to the “de facto annexation of georgia’s integral parts . . .
and neglect of human rights of an absolute majority of the regions’ popu -
lation — victims of ethnic cleansing”. The statement is primarily about
the status of the two regions and Russian Federation policies and prac -
tices relevant to those regions and makes no claim against the Russian
Federation about racial discrimination.
98. On 21 April 2008 the georgian president made a “special state -
ment” about “aggressive steps taken” by the Russian Air Force. pThe only
reference to racial discrimination was to past events which occurred
before CERd entered into force between the parties and related to the
1992-1993 Russian Federation bombing : “[e]thnic cleansing . . . took
place [at] that time and [a] new aggressive regime was established”.
99. On 12 may 2008 the president of georgia addressed representa -
tives of five European Union member States who were visiting georgia,
about what he referred to as the peace plan relating to Abkhazia, avoid -
ing conflict, securing territorial integrity and return of refugees, aplleged
breaches of norms of international conduct by the Russian Federation,
relating to incursions into georgian airspace, illegal movement of Rus -
sian Federation peacekeeping forces, the status of the regions and the
issuing by the Russian Federation of passports. The European Union, he
said, must state that it will never recognize any kind of breakaway of
georgian territory and will never recognize the results of ethnic cleansipng.
Again there is no claim against the Russian Federation of breaches of itps
obligations under CERd.
100. The final exchange between georgia and the Russian Federation
before armed conflict broke out in August 2008 consists of a letter of
24 June 2008 from president Saakashvili to president medvedev and
president medvedev’s reply of 1 July. The georgian president offered a
number of proposals for the president of the Russian Federation to con -
sider “directed at the substantial decrease of tension, restoration opf trust
48115 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
and assistance in peaceful settlement of the conflict in Abkhazia, geor -
gia”. Two of the proposals refer to refugees and Idps.
“Free Economic Zone will be created in the territory of gali and
Ochamchire districts of Abkhazia, where the population is practically
absent at present. mixed georgian-Abkhazian administrations and
mixed georgian-Abkhazian law enforcement organs will be created
in both districts. Safe and dignified return of refugees and Idps to
gali and Ochamchire districts will be organized. The georgian side
undertakes to provide social welfare fully for the population of these
districts.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The parties to the conflict could also conclude a separate agreement
about non-use of force and return of Idps and refugees to the entire
territory of Abkhazia, georgia.”
An additional proposal was for the continuation of the peacekeeping
operation of the CIS with a reviewed mandate. The georgian president
proposed that the Russian Federation be one of the guarantors of the
agreements which he was to negotiate in line with these proposals.
101. The president of the Russian Federation in his reply said that he
had attentively reviewed the proposals on the problems of regulation of p
the georgian-Abkhazian conflict, noting that “[m]ost of the elements can
be relevant at different stages of regulation” and that “[y]our pprincipal
partner must be Abkhazia” which would presume a full-scale negotiation
process. Having stated that “[u]nfortunately, the sides [to the conflpict] feel
deep mutual mistrust as of today”, the president of the Russian Federa -
tion continued :
“In this situation, frankly speaking it is difficult to imagine, forp
example, the creation of joint georgian-Abkhaz administration or
law-enforcement organs in any district of Abkhazia. It is also appar -
ently untimely to put the question of the return of refugees in such a
categorical manner. Abkhazs perceive this as a threat to their national p
survival in the current escalated situation and we have to understand
them.
Because of this, I propose to concentrate on the initial and most
important for today — the real measures directed towards decreasing
the tensions and restoration of trust that will allow resuming the pro -
cess of georgian-Abkhaz regulation which was ceased in July 2006.”
He then went on to address other matters in the georgian list, and con -
cluded with reference to two of them in this way :
“We are also ready to discuss your proposal regarding the creation
of a Russian-georgian intergovernmental commission on the issues
of economic rehabilitation of Abkhazia. As far as I understand that
49116 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
would mean the cancellation of the sanction introduced in Janu -
ary 1996 on the basis of the decision of the CIS Heads of States on
the Sanctions against Abkhazia. By the way, in terms of directions,
this would have been consonant with the measures taken by the Rus -
sian side within the framework of the April Order of the president of
the Russian Federation.
And of course we will welcome georgia to join the process of
preparation for the 2014 Olympic games in Sochi.
In sum, quite a specific and positive agenda of our joint actions is
emerging.”
102. georgia sees the response on the issue of the return of Idps as “a
categorical rejection” of their return, and evidence of a legal dispupte
between georgia and the Russian Federation “concerning the return of
ethnic georgians to the regions of georgia from which they had been
expelled because of their ethnicity”.
103. As the parties have said, this exchange is important, given its tim -
ing, the position and responsibility of the authors of the letters and tphe
contents of the letters. The Court finds that the letters do not evidence a
dispute between the parties about the obligations of the Russian Federa -
tion in respect of the impeding of the return of refugees and Idps for
reasons of racial discrimination : georgia is approaching the Russian
Federation as a facilitator, as a potential guarantor and in terms of itps
role in the CIS peacekeeping forces. The Abkhaz side (the other “party to
the conflict”) is the party which under the proposals would, with pgeorgia,
have the role of facilitating the return of the Idps and refugees. No pro -
posal was made by georgia to the Russian Federation for the latter to
take action with respect to the return of Idps and refugees.
104. The final document on which georgia relies, before those issued
at the time of the armed conflict in August 2008, is a press release of its
Foreign ministry issued on 17 July 2008. In answer to a question relating
to a statement by the Foreign minister of the Russian Federation about
the signing of a non-use of force agreement between georgia and Abkha -
zia and the return of refugees, the ministry said that the statement was
completely at variance with the mandate of the CIS collective peacekeep -
ing forces: they were to create conditions for the unconditional and digni-
fied return of refugees and Idps. moscow’s true design, it said, was :
“to legalize results of the ethnic cleansing instigated by itself and con-
ducted through Russian citizens in order to make easier annexation
of the integral part of georgia’s internationally recognized territory,
which the Russian Federation tries to achieve via military interven -
tion in Abkhazia, georgia. moscow’s insistence on the signing of
50117 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
another treaty on the non-use of force serves the same immoral goal
as well.”
The Court considers that the reference to ethnic cleansing may again be p
read as relating to the events of the early 1990s. This reference is to pbe
understood in the context of the principal theme of the press release, tphat
is, the concern of georgia in relation to the status of Abkhazia and the
territorial integrity of georgia. In light of the record it remains unclear
whether the press release came to the attention of the Russian Federatiopn.
In any case, the press release raised the issue of the proper fulfilmentp of
the mandate of the CIS peacekeeping force, and not the Russian Federa -
tion’s compliance with its obligations under CERd.
105. The Court, on the basis of its review of the documents and state -
ments issued by the parties and others between 1999 and July 2008 con -
cludes, for the reasons given in relation to each of them, that no legalp
dispute arose between georgia and the Russian Federation during that
period with respect to the Russian Federation’s compliance with its opbli-
gations under CERd.
6. August 2008
106. Armed hostilities began in South Ossetia during the night of 7 to
8 August 2008. According to the Report of the Independent International
Fact-Finding mission on the Conflict in georgia established by the Coun-
cil of the European Union, on that night :
“a sustained georgian artillery attack struck the town of Tskhinvali.
Other movements of the georgian armed forces targeting Tskhinvali
and the surrounding areas were under way, and soon the fighting
involved Russian, South Ossetian and Abkhaz military units and
armed elements. It did not take long, however, before the georgian
advance into South Ossetia was stopped. In a counter-movement,
Russian armed forces, covered by air strikes and by elements of its
Black Sea fleet, penetrated deep into georgia, cutting across the coun-
try’s main east-west road, reaching the port of poti and stopping short
of georgia’s capital city, Tbilisi. The confrontation developed into a
combined inter-state and intra-state conflict, opposing georgian and
Russian forces at one level of confrontation as well as South Ossetians p
together with Abkhaz fighters and the georgians at another.” (Report,
vol. 1, para. 2.)
107. The conflict continued for five days. On 12 August the president
of the French Republic (which held the rotating presidency of the Euro -
pean Union) took the initiative and, following discussions with the presi -
dent of the Russian Federation, proposed six principles “to bring aboput a
permanent ceasefire in the Ossetian-georgian zone of the conflict”. Fol -
51118 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
lowing negotiations, the plan was signed by Abkhazia and South Ossetia
on 14 August, by georgia on 15 August, and by the Russian Federation
on 16 August 2008. The agreed principles were :
(1) non-use of force ; (2) the absolute cessation of hostilities ; (3) free
access to humanitarian assistance ; (4) withdrawal of the georgian
armed forces to their permanent positions; (5) withdrawal of the Rus -
sian armed forces to the line where they were stationed prior to the
beginning of hostilities ; pending the establishment of international
mechanisms, the Russian peacekeeping forces will take additional
security measures; (6) an international debate on ways to ensure secu -
rity and stability in the region.
108. The first statement cited by georgia from this period is its presi -
dential decree on the declaration of a State of War and Full Scale mobi-
lization of 9 August 2008. The decree begins by referring to “[s]eparatists
[who] are engaged in massive violation of human rights and freedoms,
armed assaults on peaceful population and violence”. The Russian
Federation armed attack, it continues, provided “full support of the psepa -
ratist forces”. The Russian Federation “military aggression” repquired the
exercise of the right of self-defence as provided in Article 51 of the Char -
ter and other documents. The Court observes that this decree does not
allege that the Russian Federation was in breach of its obligations relapt -
ing to the elimination of racial discrimination. Its concern is with thep
allegedly unlawful use of armed force.
109. In a press conference with foreign journalists held on 9 August
2008, president Saakashvili made a statement which began with allega -
tions about “Russia . . . launch[ing] a full scale military invasion of
georgia”. The president said that he also had to indicate :
“that Russian troops, Russian tanks that moved in, into South Osse -
tia on their way expelled the whole ethnically georgian population of
South Ossetia. This morning they’ve committed the ethnic cleansing
in all areas they control in South Ossetia, they have expelled ethnic
georgians living there. Right now they are trying to set up the ethnic
cleansing of ethnic georgians from upper Abkhazia — Kodori
gorge.”
On the following day, 10 August 2008, the georgian representative, at
a meeting of the Security Council called at georgia’s request, in his initial
statement referred to “the process of exterminating the georgian popula -
tion”, but the first explicit reference to racial discrimination camep in the
initial statement by the representative of the Russian Federation :
“What legal terms can be used to describe what has been done by the
georgian leadership? Can we use ‘ethnic cleansing’, for example, whpen,
52119 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
over a number of days, nearly 30,000 of the 120,000 people of South
Ossetia have become refugees who have fled to Russia : more than a
quarter of the population. They went across the border from South
Ossetia to the North at great risk to their lives. Is that ethnic cleansping
or is it not?” (United Nations doc. S/pv.5953, 10 August 2008, p. 8.)
The georgian representative responded that “[w]e cannot [turn a blind
eye] now because that is exactly Russia’s intention : to erase georgian
statehood and to exterminate the georgian people” (ibid., p. 16). The
representative of the Russian Federation in the next statement in the
debate countered that “the intention of the Russian Federation in thpis
case is to ensure that the people of South Ossetia and Abkhazia not
fear for their lives or for their identity” (United Nations doc. S/pv.5953,
10 August 2008, p. 17). The Court observes that civilians in regions
directly affected by ongoing military conflict will in many cases trpy to
flee — in this case georgians to other areas of georgia and Ossetians to
the Russian Federation.
110. On 11 August 2008 the georgian ministry of Foreign Affairs
released a statement to the effect that :
“According to the reliable information held by the ministry of
Foreign Affairs of georgia, Russian servicemen and separatists carry
out mass arrests of peaceful civilians of georgian origin still remain -
ing on the territory of the Tskhinvali region and subsequently concen-
trate them on the territory of the village of Kurta.
georgia appeals to the International Red Cross and other human -
itarian and international organizations and the international commu-
nity as a whole to immediately take decisive and effective measures
for the evacuation of this population from the conflict zone.”
111. On that same day, 11 August, president Saakashvili in a CNN
interview stated the following :
“And what was left of upper Abkhazia has been bitterly attacked
for the last two days. And right now, as we speak, there is an
ethnic cleansing of the whole ethnic georgian population of Abkhazia
taking place by Russian troops. I directly accuse Russia of ethnic
cleansing there. And it’s happening now.
The other thing is that, if you go down to South Ossetia, where also
being held from half of the South Ossetia, which we always con -
trolled, they fully expelled a couple of days ago the whole georgian
population. Russian troops have moved first to occupy the town of
gori, which is around 40 kilometres from Tskhinvali, the original
capital of South Ossetia.”
112. On the following day, 12 August 2008, the Foreign minister of
the Russian Federation in a Joint press Conference with the minister for
53120 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
Foreign Affairs of Finland in his capacity as Chairman-in-Office of the
OSCE, said the following :
“A couple of days after [US Secretary of State] Rice had urgently
asked me not to use such expressions, mr. Saakashvili . . . claimed
hysterically that the Russian side wanted to annex the whole of
georgia and, in general, he did not feel shy of using the term ethnic
cleansings, although, true, it was Russia that he accused of carrying
out those ethnic cleansings.”
113. The Court observes that while the georgian claims of 9 to
12 August 2008 were primarily claims about the allegedly unlawful use of
force, they also expressly referred to alleged ethnic cleansing by Russipan
forces. These claims were made against the Russian Federation directly
and not against one or other of the parties to the earlier conflicts, pand
were rejected by the Russian Federation. The Court concludes that the
exchanges between the georgian and Russian representatives in the Secu-
rity Council on 10 August 2008, the claims made by the georgian presi -
dent on 9 and 11 August and the response on 12 August by the Russian
Foreign minister establish that by that day, the day on which georgia
submitted its Application, there was a dispute between georgia and the
Russian Federation about the latter’s compliance with its obligationsp
under CERd as invoked by georgia in this case.
7. Conclusion
114. The first preliminary objection of the Russian Federation is
accordingly dismissed.
III. Second preliminary Objection — procedural Conditionsp
in Article 22 of CERd
1. Introduction
115. The Court will now turn to consider the Russian Federation’s
second preliminary objection.
116. The essence of this objection is that Article 22 of CERd, the sole
jurisdictional basis invoked by georgia to found the Court’s jurisdiction,
contains two procedural preconditions, namely, negotiations and referralp
to procedures expressly provided for in CERd that must both be fulfilled
before recourse to the Court is had. The Russian Federation contends
that, in the present instance, neither precondition was met.
117. Article 22 reads :
“Any dispute between two or more States parties with respect to
the interpretation or application of this Convention, which is not set-
54121 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
tled by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in this p
Convention, shall, at the request of any of the parties to the dispute, p
be referred to the International Court of Justice for decision, unless
the disputants agree to another mode of settlement.”
118. There is much in this compromissory clause on which the two
parties hold different interpretations. First they disagree on the meanping
of the phrase “[a]ny dispute . . . which is not settled by negotiation or by
the procedures expressly provided for”. The Russian Federation maintapins
that the phrase imposes a precondition to the jurisdiction of the Court,p in
that it requires that an attempt must have been made to resolve the disppute
by the means specified in Article 22 and that that attempt must have failed
before the dispute can be referred to the Court.georgia on the other hand
interprets the phrase as imposing no affirmative obligation for the parties
to have attempted to resolve the dispute through negotiation or through
the procedures established by CERd. According to georgia, all that is
required is that, as a matter of fact, the dispute has not been so resolpved.
119. Secondly, the two parties also offer different interpretations of the
co-ordinate conjunction “or” in the phrase “[a]ny dispute . . . which is not
settled by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for”. The
Russian Federation maintains that the two preconditions are cumulative,
and that fulfilment of only one or the other would not therefore be suffip -
cient. georgia takes the opposite view arguing, as a matter of textual
exegesis, that the two preconditions — assuming them to be so — are
alternative.
120. Thirdly, assuming that negotiations are a precondition for the sei-
sin of the Court, the two parties disagree as to what constitutes negotia -
tions including the extent to which they must be pursued before it can bpe
concluded that the precondition under Article 22 of CERd has been ful -
filled. Additionally, they disagree as to the format of negotiations andp the
extent to which they should refer to the substantive obligations under
CERd.
121. The Court will begin by presenting the arguments of the parties
regarding the above-mentioned issues concerning the interpretation of
Article 22 of CERd. It will then give its interpretation of the Article
and determine whether the second preliminary objection of the Russian
Federation is well based in law and in fact.
2. Whether Article 22 of CERD Establishes Procedural Conditions
for the Seisin of the Court
122. The parties deploy a number of arguments in support of their
respective interpretations of Article 22 of CERd, relating to : (a) the
ordinary meaning of its terms in their context and in light of the objecpt
55122 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
and purpose of the Convention, invoking, in support of their respective p
positions, the Court’s jurisprudence dealing with compromissory clauspes
of a similar nature ; and (b) the travaux préparatoires of CERd.
(a) Ordinary meaning of Article 22 of CERD
123. Starting with the ordinary meaning of Article 22, the Russian
Federation argues that the present tense in the English expression “which
is not settled” is not used merely to describe a state of fact but repquires
that a previous attempt to settle the dispute has been made bona fide.
According to the Russian Federation, this is all the more evident in thep
French version (“qui n’aura pas été réglé”), wherpe the future perfect tense
signifies that a previous action (i.e., an attempt to settle the disputpe) must
have taken place before the next stage can be embarked upon (i.e., refepr -
ral to the Court). This is, in its view, the only possible common sense
interpretation of Article 22 confirmed by the textual analysis of other
authentic texts of CERd.
124. The Russian Federation further invokes the principle of effective -
ness of interpretation in order to reject georgia’s interpretation of the
phrase “which is not settled” in Article 22 as a mere observation of facts.
It points out that such interpretation not only runs against the ordinarpy
meaning of this provision, but also deprives it of any effect : it renders it
tautological and meaningless since it would merely state the obvious and
leave a key phrase of the provision without appropriate effet utile. To
underline this argument, the Russian Federation asks rhetorically what
would be the purpose of introducing the phrase “by negotiation or by pthe
procedures expressly provided for in this Convention” in Article 22 if no
logical and legal consequence is to be derived from it? In its view, this
phrase must add something to the word “dispute” : the only disputes
which fall within the ambit of the clause are those that cannot be settlped
by the means indicated therein. Consequently, according to the Russian
Federation, the right to have recourse to the Court, and reciprocally thpe
competence of the Court to entertain the claim, depend on attempts to
satisfy this condition and cannot arise unless and until such attempts
have been made and have failed.
125. In addition, the Russian Federation relies on the permanent
Court’s dictum in the Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions case : “before a
dispute can be made the subject of an action at law, its subject matter
should have been clearly defined by means of diplomatic negotiations”p
(Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 15). Taking this posi -
tion into account, it contends that the interpretation alleged by georgia
would be tantamount to imposing on the Court the heavy burden of deter -
mining a dispute the contours of which the parties have not determined.
*
56123 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
126. georgia adopts a different interpretation. Referring to the ordi -
nary meaning of the words in their context and in light of the object anpd
purpose of CERd, it maintains that Article 22 does not establish any
express obligation to negotiate nor does it establish any obligation to p
have recourse to the procedures provided for in Articles 11 and 12 of
CERd. It points out that none of these conditions or pre-conditions are
to be found in the actual text of Article 22 ; more specifically, Article 22
says nothing — expressly or implicitly — about any general duty to
attempt to settle the dispute before seising the Court.
127. georgia seeks support for this interpretation of Article 22 in the
Court’s Order of 15 October 2008 in the present case, where the Court
held that :
“the phrase ‘any dispute . . . which is not settled by negotiation or by
the procedure expressly provided for in this Convention’ does not, inp
its plain meaning, suggest that formal negotiations in the framework
of the Convention or recourse to the procedure referred to in Arti -
cle 22 thereof constitute preconditions to be fulfilled before the seisin
of the Court” (Application of the International Convention on the Elim -
ination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Fed-
eration), Provisional Measures, Order of 15 October 2008, I.C.J. Reports
2008, p. 388, para. 114).
Suggesting that what was “a plain meaning” then must be a “plaipn mean-
ing” now, georgia contends that the text of Article 22 does not support
the Russian Federation’s position that it contains preconditions to tphe
seisin of the Court.
128. georgia further maintains that the phrase “[a]ny dispute . . .
which is not settled” is merely a statement of fact. This assertion ips but -
tressed by the fact that the drafters of CERd refrained from using any
express language of priority or the phrase “cannot be settled” (aps has
been done in many other conventions), which in georgia’s view clearly
means something more than the phrase “is not settled”. It maintainps that
this was a deliberate choice of the drafters of CERd : if they had intended
to include the conditions that the Russian Federation now reads into thep
text they would have done so. Consequently, according to georgia, the
ordinary meaning of the terms of Article 22 of CERd can only be inter -
preted as expressing “an intention of the drafters” not to impose pany pre-
conditions to the seisin of the Court.
* *
129. Before providing its interpretation of Article 22 of CERd, the
Court wishes, as a preliminary matter, to make three observations.
First, the Court recalls that in its Order of 15 October 2008 it stated
that “the phrase ‘any dispute . . . which is not settled by negotiation . . .’
57124 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
does not, in its plain meaning, suggest that formal negotiations in the p
framework of the Convention . . . constitute preconditions to be fulfilled
before the seisin of the Court” (I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 388, para. 114).
However, the Court also observed that “Article 22 does suggest that some
attempt should have been made by the Claimant party to initiate, with the
Respondent party, discussions on issues that would fall under CERd”
(ibid.).
The Court further recalls that, in the same Order, it also indicated thapt
this provisional conclusion is without prejudice to the Court’s definpitive
decision on the question of whether it has jurisdiction to deal with thep
merits of the case, which is to be addressed after consideration of the p
written and oral pleadings of both parties. It stated that :
“the decision given in the present proceedings in no way prejudges
the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the merits
of the case or any questions relating to the admissibility of the Appli -
cation, or relating to the merits themselves” (ibid., para. 148 ; see also
Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (United Kingdom v. Iran), Preliminary Objec -
tion, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1952, pp. 102-103 ; Armed Activities on
the Territory of the Congo (New Application : 2002) (Democratic
Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Provisional Measures, Order of
10 July 2002, I.C.J. Reports 2002, p. 249, para. 90).
130. Secondly, the Court is called upon to determine whether a State
must resort to certain procedures before seising the Court. In this contpext,
it notes that the terms “condition”, “precondition”, “pripor condition”,
“condition precedent” are sometimes used as synonyms and sometimesp as
different from each other. There is in essence no difference betweenp those
expressions save for the fact that, when unqualified, the term “condition”
may encompass, in addition to prior conditions, other conditions to be
fulfilled concurrently with or subsequent to an event. To the extent thapt
the procedural requirements of Article 22 may be conditions, they must
be conditions precedent to the seisin of the Court even when the term isp
not qualified by a temporal element.
131. Thirdly, it is not unusual in compromissory clauses conferring
jurisdiction on the Court and other international jurisdictions to refer to
resort to negotiations. Such resort fulfils three distinct functions.
In the first place, it gives notice to the respondent State that a dispupte
exists and delimits the scope of the dispute and its subject-matter. The
permanent Court of International Justice was aware of this when it statedp
in the Mavrommatis case that “before a dispute can be made the subject
of an action in law, its subject-matter should have been clearly defined by
means of diplomatic negotiations” (Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions,
Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 15).
In the second place, it encourages the parties to attempt to settle theipr
dispute by mutual agreement, thus avoiding recourse to binding third-party
adjudication.
58125 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
In the third place, prior resort to negotiations or other methods of
peaceful dispute settlement performs an important function in indicating
the limit of consent given by States. The Court referred to this aspect p
reflecting the fundamental principle of consent in the Armed Activities
case in the following terms :
“[The Court’s] jurisdiction is based on the consent of the parties
and is confined to the extent accepted by them . . . When that consent
is expressed in a compromissory clause in an international agreement,
any conditions to which such consent is subject must be regarded as
constituting the limits thereon.” (Armed Activities on the Territory of
the Congo (New Application : 2002) (Democratic Republic of the
Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 39, para. 88 ; emphasis added.)
*
132. The Court will now proceed to examine the reference in Article 22
of CERd to “negotiation or [to] the procedures expressly provided for”
in CERd, with a view to ascertaining whether they constitute precondi -
tions to be met before the seisin of the Court.
133. Leaving aside the question of whether the two modes of peaceful
resolution are alternative or cumulative, the Court notes that Article 22
of CERd qualifies the right to submit “a dispute” to the jurisdiction of p
the Court by the words “which is not settled” by the means of peacpeful
resolution specified therein. Those words must be given effect.
In the Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District of Gex case, the per -
manent Court of International Justice had occasion to apply the
well-established principle in treaty interpretation that words ought to be
given appropriate effect. It stated that :
“in case of doubt the clauses of a special agreement by which a dispupte
is referred to the Court, must, if it does not involve doing violence top
their terms, be construed in a manner enabling the clauses themselves
to have appropriate effects” (Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the Dis -
trict of Gex, Order of 19 August 1929, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 22,
p. 13).
The International Court of Justice also emphasized the importance of thep
same principle in the Corfu Channel case, where it said :
“It would indeed be incompatible with the generally accepted
rules of interpretation to admit that a provision of this sort occurring
in a special agreement should be devoid of purport or effect.”
(Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania), Merits, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 24 ; see also Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya/Chad), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1994, p. 25, para. 51.)
59126 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
By interpreting Article 22 of CERd to mean, as georgia contends, that
all that is needed is that, as a matter of fact, the dispute had not beepn
resolved (through negotiations or through the procedures established byp
CERd), a key phrase of this provision would become devoid of any
effect.
134. moreover, it stands to reason that if, as a matter of fact, a dispute
had been settled, it is no longer a dispute. Therefore, if the phrase “pwhich
is not settled” is to be interpreted as requiring only that the dispupte
referred to the Court must in fact exist, that phrase would have no usefpul -
ness. Similarly, the express choice of two modes of dispute settlement, p
namely, negotiations or resort to the special procedures under CERd,
suggests an affirmative duty to resort to them prior to the seisin of tphe
Court. Their introduction into the text of Article 22 would otherwise be
meaningless and no legal consequences would be drawn from them con -
trary to the principle that words should be given appropriate effect wphen-
ever possible.
135. The Court also observes that, in its French version, the above-
mentioned expression employs the future perfect tense (“[t]out diffpéren.d..
qui n’aura pas été réglé par voie de négociation ou aup moyen des procé -
dures expressément prévues par la convention”), whereas the sipmple pres-
ent tense is used in the English version. The Court notes that the use opf
the future perfect tense further reinforces the idea that a previous actpion
(an attempt to settle the dispute) must have taken place before anothepr
action (referral to the Court) can be pursued. The other three authentpic
texts of CERd, namely the Chinese, the Russian and the Spanish texts,
do not contradict this interpretation.
136. The Court further recalls that, like its predecessor, the permanent
Court of International Justice, it has had to consider on several occasipons
whether the reference to negotiations in compromissory clauses estab -
lishes a precondition to the seisin of the Court.
As a preliminary matter, the Court notes that, though similar in char -
acter, compromissory clauses containing a reference to negotiation (andp
sometimes additional methods of dispute settlement) are not always uni -
form. Some contain a time-element for negotiations, the expiry of which
would trigger a duty to arbitrate or to have recourse to the Court. Fur -
thermore, the language used contains variations such as “is not settlped
by” or “cannot be settled by”. Sometimes, especially in older cpompromis -
sory clauses, the expression used is “which is not” or “cannot pbe adjusted
by negotiation” or “by diplomacy”.
The Court will now consider its jurisprudence concerning compromis -
sory clauses comparable to Article 22 of CERd. Both parties rely on this
jurisprudence as supportive of their respective interpretations of the oprdi -
nary meaning of Article 22.
137. In the Armed Activities case, the democratic Republic of the
Congo (dRC) invoked inter alia Article 29, paragraph 1, of the Conven -
60127 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
tion on the Elimination of All Forms of discrimination against Women
(CEdAW) which used the formula “which is not settled by negotiation”.p
The dRC denied that the compromissory clause in question contained
four preconditions. According to the dRC, the clause contained only two
conditions, namely that the dispute must involve the application or intepr-
pretation of the Convention and that it must have proved impossible to
organize arbitration (Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New
Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Juris -
diction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 37, para. 85).
The Court, noting that the dRC had made “numerous protests against
Rwanda’s actions in alleged violation of international human rights lpaw”,
went on to say : “[w]hatever may be the legal characterization of such
protests as regards the requirement of the existence of a dispute betweepn
the dRC and Rwanda for purposes of Article 29 of the Convention, that
Article requires also that any such dispute be the subject of negotiatiopns”
(ibid., pp. 40-41, para. 91).
138. In the same case, the Court, after having found that there was no
dispute within the ambit of Article 75 of the World Health Organization
(WHO) Constitution, went on to note, that :
“even if the dRC had demonstrated the existence of a question or
dispute falling within the scope of Article 75 of the WHO Constitu -
tion, it has in any event not proved that the other preconditions for
seisin of the Court established by that provision have been satisfied,
namely that it attempted to settle the question or dispute by negotia -
tion with Rwanda or that the World Health Assembly had been
unable to settle it” (ibid., p. 43, para. 100).
139. Similarly, in its Advisory Opinion on the Applicability of the Obli-
gation to Arbitrate under Section 21 of the United Nations Headquarters
Agreement of 26 June 1947, the Court was asked to determine whether the
United States was obliged to enter into arbitration procedure with the
United Nations under Section 21, paragraph (a), of the United Nations
Headquarters Agreement, which provides that
“[a]ny dispute between the United Nations and the United States
concerning the interpretation or application of this agreement . . .
which is not settled by negotiation or other agreed mode of settlement,
shall be referred for final decision to a tribunal of three arbitrators”p
(Applicability of the Obligation to Arbitrate under Section 21 of the
United Nations Headquarters Agreement of 26 June 1947, Advisory
Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 14, para. 7 ; emphasis added).
The Court noted that in order to be able to answer that question, it must,
upon determination that there exists a dispute between the United Nationps
and the United States concerning the interpretation or application of thpe
Headquarters Agreement, “satisfy itself that [that dispute] is one ‘pnot
61128 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
settled by negotiation or other agreed mode of settlement’” (I.C.J. Reports
1988, p. 27, para. 34).
140. The Court observes that in each of the above-mentioned cases
where the compromissory clause was comparable to that included in
CERd, the Court has interpreted the reference to negotiations as consti -
tuting a precondition to seisin.
141. Accordingly, the Court concludes that in their ordinary meaning,
the terms of Article 22 of CERd, namely “[a]ny dispute . . . which is not
settled by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in thpis
Convention”, establish preconditions to be fulfilled before the seisin of
the Court.
(b) Travaux préparatoires
142. In light of this conclusion, the Court need not resort to supple -
mentary means of interpretation such as the travaux préparatoires of
CERd and the circumstances of its conclusion, to determine the meaning
of Article 22.
However, the Court notes that both parties have made extensive argu -
ments relating to the travaux préparatoires, citing them in support of their
respective interpretations of the phrase “a dispute which is not set -
tled . . .”. given this and the further fact that in other cases, the Court
had resorted to the travaux préparatoires in order to confirm its reading
of the relevant texts (see, for example, Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya/Chad), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1994, p. 27, para. 55 ; Mari -
time Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain
(Qatar v. Bahrain), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1995, p. 21, para. 40 ; Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan
(Indonesia/Malaysia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2002, p. 653, para. 53),
the Court considers that in this case a presentation of the parties’ posi -
tions and an examination of the travaux préparatoires is warranted.
* *
143. The Russian Federation contends that the compromissory clause
contained in Article 22 was a result of a compromise reached during the
CERd negotiations between the supporters and the opponents of the
possibility of unilateral seisin of the Court. In its view, the discussipons in
the Third Committee of the United Nations general Assembly reveal that
even the supporters of the unilateral seisin acknowledged that recourse pto
the Court should be conditioned by previous attempts to settle the dis -
pute through other means. moreover, the Russian Federation asserts that
the compromissory clause was a stumbling block in the CERd negotia -
tions and was eventually accepted only due to the introduction of such
conditions designed to address the concerns that various States had in
submitting themselves to the jurisdiction of the Court. This was achievepd
through the adoption of “the Three-power” amendment proposed by
62129 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
ghana, mauritania and the philippines, which added after the phrase “is
not settled by negotiation” the reference to the “procedures expressly pro-
vided for in CERd”.
144. In the Russian Federation’s view, the discussions in the Third
Committee and the unanimous adoption of the “Three-power” amend -
ment confirm that the drafters considered the seisin of the Court as a lpast
resort, after the settlement procedures referred to in Article 22, including
negotiations, had been attempted and exhausted.
*
145. georgia, for its part, contends that the clause providing for the
Court’s jurisdiction and the clauses introducing the CERd conciliation
mechanism were considered as separate and distinct by the drafters
throughout the drafting process. According to georgia, the CERd
mechanism was thus intended to be applied without prejudice to other
procedures for the settlement of disputes.
146. moreover, georgia asserts that no statements were made during
the final discussions at the Third Committee to the effect that recourpse to
the Court was conditional upon previous attempts to settle the dispute
through the CERd conciliation machinery or through negotiation, or
that these two modes of dispute settlement were cumulative. In georgia’s
view, the reference to the CERd mechanism and to negotiations was
included in the compromissory clause in Article 22 merely to point out
the existence of a non-mandatory opportunity to resort to alternative
settlement procedures before seising the Court, and was not intended to p
establish preconditions to such seisin.
* *
147. The Court notes that at the time when CERd was being elabo -
rated, the idea of submitting to the compulsory settlement of disputes bpy
the Court was not readily acceptable to a number of States. Whilst Stateps
could make reservations to the compulsory dispute settlement provisions p
of the Convention, it is reasonable to assume that additional limitationps
to resort to judicial settlement in the form of prior negotiations and opther
settlement procedures without fixed time-limits were provided for with a
view to facilitating wider acceptance of CERd by States.
Beyond this general observation relating to the circumstances in which
CERd was elaborated, the Court notes that the usefulness of the travaux
préparatoires in shedding light on the meaning of Article 22 is limited by
the fact that there was very little discussion of the expression “a dpispute
which is not settled”.
63130 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
A notable exception and one to which some significance must be
attached is the statement by the ghanaian delegate, one of the sponsors
of the “Three-power” amendment on the basis of which the final wording
of Article 22 of CERd was agreed. He stated : “[T]he Three-power
amendment was self-explanatory. provision has been made in the draft
Convention for machinery which should be used in the settlement of dis -
putes before recourse was had to the International Court of Justice.”
(United Nations, Official Records of the General Assembly, Twentieth Ses -
sion, Third Committee, 1367th meeting, doc. A/C.3/SR.1367, 7 decem -
ber 1965, p. 485, para. 29; emphasis added.) It should be borne in mind
that this machinery encompassed negotiation which was already men -
tioned expressly in the text proposed by the Officers of the Third Com -
mittee (United Nations Economic and Social Council, draft International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial discrimination,
suggestions for final clauses submitted by Officers of the Third Commitp -
tee, United Nations doc. A/C.3/L.1237, 15 October 1965, Art. vIII).
The Court notes that whilst no firm inferences can be drawn from the
drafting history of CERd as to whether negotiations or the procedures
expressly provided for in the Convention were meant as preconditions forp
recourse to the Court, it is possible nevertheless to conclude that the
travaux préparatoires do not suggest a different conclusion from that at
which the Court has already arrived through the main method of ordi -
nary meaning interpretation.
3. Whether the Conditions for the Seisin of the Court
under Article 22 of CERD Have Been Fulfilled
148. Having thus interpreted Article 22 of CERd to the effect that it
imposes preconditions which must be satisfied before resorting to the
Court, the next question is whether these preconditions were complied wipth.
149. First of all, the Court notes that georgia did not claim that, prior
to seising the Court, it used or attempted to use the procedures expressply
provided for in CERd. The Court therefore limits its examination to the
question of whether the precondition of negotiations was fulfilled.
(a) The concept of negotiations
150. Regarding negotiations, the Russian Federation refers to several
factors that were taken into consideration by the Court in its jurispru -
dence when evaluating whether or not negotiations have been attempted
and have reached a deadlock, such as the duration of negotiations and
the authenticity of efforts to reach a negotiated conclusion. Based onp its
review of the Court’s case law in this regard, it concludes that whatpever
form they may take, substantially, negotiations are an exchange of points
of view on law and facts, of mutual compromises in order to reach an
64131 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
agreement. In this regard, it refers to the decision of the permanent Court
of International Justice in the Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District
of Gex case, in which the judicial settlement of international disputes was
considered to be “simply an alternative to the direct and friendly septtle -
ment of such disputes between the parties” (Order of 19 August 1929,
P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 22, p. 13). The Russian Federation further points
to the permanent Court’s Advisory Opinion on Railway Traffic between
Lithuania and Poland, where the obligation to negotiate was defined as an
obligation “not only to enter into negotiations but also to pursue thpem as
far as possible with a view to concluding agreements”, even if an oblpiga -
tion to negotiate does not imply an obligation to reach agreement (Advi -
sory Opinion, 1931, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 42, p. 116).
151. In addition, relying on the separate opinion of Judge Sir gerald
Fitzmaurice in the Northern Cameroons case, the Russian Federation
contends that the threshold to find the existence of negotiations is higph ;
that it excludes mere disputations, such as in the form of exchange of
arguments between States “across the floor of an international assepmbly,
or circulating statements of their complaints or contentions to its membper
States” (Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v. United Kingdom), Prelimi -
nary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1963, p. 123, separate opinion
of Judge Sir gerald Fitzmaurice). moreover, on the basis of Judge
Fitzmaurice’s opinion, the Russian Federation contends that a disputep
certainly cannot be considered as “settled by negotiation”, when tphere
was no attempt at “direct discussions between the parties” (ibid.). Fur -
thermore, the Russian Federation cites the Judgment in the Armed Activ -
ities case as supporting its contention that mere protests cannot amount
to negotiations (Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New
Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Juris -
diction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006, pp. 40-41,
para. 91).
*
152. For its part, georgia rejects the Russian Federation’s definition of
what constitutes negotiations (particularly its differentiation betwepen
“disputation” and “negotiation” and its contention that merep protests
cannot amount to negotiation), as unreasonably stringent and departing p
from the established jurisprudence of the Court. According to georgia,
the case law of this Court and of its predecessor, the permanent Court of
International Justice, demonstrates that the threshold for negotiations pis
low; that substance is more important than form ; that it is for the parties
to determine whether further negotiations are likely to be fruitful ; and
that no purpose is to be served in the pursuit of hopeless or futile negpo -
tiations. In short, as per georgia’s submissions, the determination of the
existence of negotiations is a relative and flexible one.
65132 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
153. In particular, georgia suggests that there is no requirement to fol-
low a specific procedure or format of negotiations. It further contends p
that even very brief informal discussions in either bilateral or multilapteral
settings involving, for example, a simple communication of protest to a p
silent or intractable party, would constitute negotiations. In sum, accoprd -
ing to georgia, any indirect exchange between the parties to a dispute
would constitute negotiations.
154. Furthermore, georgia contends that negotiations between the
parties in this case need not expressly refer to CERd or its substantive
provisions. Relying on the Court’s Judgment in the case concerning Mili -
tary and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v.
United States of America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 428-429, para. 83 and on its Order of 15 Octo -
ber 2008 in the present case, georgia concludes that the only requirement
is that the subject-matter of the dispute under CERd — i.e., racial dis -
crimination — must have been discussed.
155. Finally, georgia contends that the ordinary meaning of the phrase
“is not settled by negotiation”, as opposed to “cannot be settled by nego -
tiation”, only requires evidence that georgia has made an attempt at
negotiations and not that such negotiations have reached a deadlock
(emphasis added by georgia in its Written Statement).
* *
156. The Court must first address a series of issues involving the nature
of the precondition of negotiations, namely : assessing what constitutes
negotiations; considering their adequate form and substance ; and deter -
mining to what extent they should be pursued before it can be said that p
the precondition has been met.
157. In determining what constitutes negotiations, the Court observes
that negotiations are distinct from mere protests or disputations. Nego-
tiations entail more than the plain opposition of legal views or interespts
between two parties, or the existence of a series of accusations and rebput -
tals, or even the exchange of claims and directly opposed counter-claims.
As such, the concept of “negotiations” differs from the concept pof “dis -
pute”, and requires — at the very least — a genuine attempt by one of the
disputing parties to engage in discussions with the other disputing partpy,
with a view to resolving the dispute.
158. Clearly, evidence of such an attempt to negotiate — or of the con -
duct of negotiations — does not require the reaching of an actual agree -
ment between the disputing parties. In this regard, in its Advisory Opinpion
on Railway Traffic between Lithuania and Poland, the permanent Court
of International Justice characterized the obligation to negotiate as anp
obligation “not only to enter into negotiations, but also to pursue tphem as
far as possible, with a view to concluding agreements [even if] an obligpa -
66133 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
tion to negotiate does not imply an obligation to reach agreement . . .”
(Railway Traffic between Lithuania and Poland, Advisory Opinion, 1931,
P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 42, p. 116 ; see also North Sea Continental Shelf
(Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1969, p. 48, para. 87 ; Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uru -
guay), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010 (I), p. 68, para. 150).
159. manifestly, in the absence of evidence of a genuine attempt to
negotiate, the precondition of negotiation is not met. However, where
negotiations are attempted or have commenced, the jurisprudence of this p
Court and of the permanent Court of International Justice clearly reveals
that the precondition of negotiation is met only when there has been
a failure of negotiations, or when negotiations have become futile or
deadlocked (Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924,
P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 13 ; South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South
Africa ; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1962, pp. 345-346 ; United States Diplomatic and Consular
Staff in Tehran (United States of America v. Iran), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1980, p. 27, para. 51; Applicability of the Obligation to
Arbitrate under Section 21 of the United Nations Headquarters Agreement
of 26 June 1947, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 33, para. 55;
Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Conven -
tion arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jama -
hiriya v. United States of America), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 122, para. 20).
160. Furthermore, ascertainment of whether negotiations, as distinct
from mere protests or disputations, have taken place, and whether they
have failed or become futile or deadlocked, are essentially questions ofp
fact “for consideration in each case” (Mavrommatis Palestine Conces -
sions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 13). Notwith-
standing this observation, the jurisprudence of the Court has outlined
general criteria against which to ascertain whether negotiations have
taken place. In this regard, the Court has come to accept less formalismp
in what can be considered negotiations and has recognized “diplomacy pby
conference or parliamentary diplomacy” (South West Africa (Ethiopia v.
South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 346).
161. Concerning the substance of negotiations, the Court has accepted
that the absence of an express reference to the treaty in question does pnot
bar the invocation of the compromissory clause to establish jurisdictionp
(Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicara -
gua v. United States of America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judg -
ment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 428, para. 83). However, to meet the
precondition of negotiation in the compromissory clause of a treaty, these
negotiations must relate to the subject-matter of the treaty containing the
compromissory clause. In other words, the subject-matter of the negotia -
tions must relate to the subject-matter of the dispute which, in turn, must
concern the substantive obligations contained in the treaty in question.p
67134 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
162. In the present case, the Court is therefore assessing whether geor-
gia genuinely attempted to engage in negotiations with the Russian
Federation, with a view to resolving their dispute concerning the Russiapn
Federation’s compliance with its substantive obligations under CERd.
Should it find that georgia genuinely attempted to engage in such nego -
tiations with the Russian Federation, the Court would examine whether
georgia pursued these negotiations as far as possible with a view to set -
tling the dispute. To make this determination, the Court would ascertainp
whether the negotiations failed, became futile, or reached a deadlock
before georgia submitted its claim to the Court.
(b) Whether the Parties have held negotiations on matters concerning the
interpretation or application of CERD
163. Against the background of these criteria, the Court now turns to
the evidence submitted to it by the parties to determine whether this evi -
dence demonstrates, as stated by georgia, that at the time it filed its Appl-i
cation on 12 August 2008, there had been negotiations between itself and
the Russian Federation concerning the subject-matter of their legal dispute
under CERd, and that these negotiations had been unsuccessful.
* *
164. As previously noted (see paragraph 33), the parties referred the
Court to several documents and statements relating to events in Abkhazia
and South Ossetia from 1990 to the time of filing by georgia of its Appli -
cation. On the specific issue of the existence of negotiations on matters
falling under CERd, georgia submits evidence which in its view demon -
strates that negotiations involving delegations from georgia and the Rus-
sian Federation concerning the subject-matter of the present dispute have
progressed, unsuccessfully, in numerous fora, including but not limited p
to: (i) the United Nations geneva process and the Coordinating Council
for georgia and Abkhazia, and the group of Friends of georgia ; (ii) the
Joint Control Commission for the georgian-Ossetian Conflict Settle -
ment; (iii) the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ;
and (iv) the Council of the Heads of State of the Commonwealth of Inde -
pendent States.
georgia further alleges that the evidence which it submitted demon -
strates the existence and subsequent failure of high-level bilateral negotia-
tions between georgia and the Russian Federation relating to various
aspects of the present dispute.
165. Such negotiations are considered by georgia to have dealt with
specific matters falling under CERd, namely, the Russian Federation’s
direct participation in ethnic cleansing and other acts of discriminatiopn
against ethnic georgians in South Ossetia and Abkhazia ; the Russian
Federation’s prevention of ethnic georgian Idps from exercising their
right of return to their homes in South Ossetia and Abkhazia ; the Rus -
68135 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
sian Federation’s support, sponsorship and defence of discrimination p
against ethnic georgians by other parties ; and the Russian Federation’s
failure to prevent discrimination against ethnic georgians in areas under
its control.
*
166. For its part, the Russian Federation, in addressing the above
claims, essentially contends that the bilateral and multilateral contactps
between itself and georgia have not dealt with the question of racial dis -
crimination, and thus cannot constitute negotiations on matters falling p
under CERd. precisely, the Russian Federation, upon commenting on
the facts in the record, submits that, “[a]t no occasion in their bilpateral
relations did georgia articulate any claim of racial discrimination by
Russia, and georgia and Russia did not engage in negotiations in respect
of any such claim”. Similarly, the Russian Federation puts forth thatp the
contacts between georgia and the Russian Federation within the frame -
work of international organizations, or in other multilateral fora, callp for
the same conclusion as the one made in respect of bilateral negotiationsp,
namely that there have never been negotiations on the dispute alleged byp
georgia on the application of CERd.
* *
167. The Court recalls its conclusions regarding the Russian Federa -
tion’s first preliminary objection, as it is directly connected to the Russian
Federation’s second preliminary objection. After examination of the epvi-
dence submitted by the parties, the Court concluded that a dispute
between georgia and the Russian Federation falling within the ambit of
CERd arose only in the period immediately before the filing of the Appli-
cation. Specifically, the evidence put forth by georgia which pre-dates the
beginning of armed hostilities in South Ossetia during the night of 7 top
8 August 2008 failed to demonstrate the existence of a legal dispute
between georgia and the Russian Federation on matters falling under
CERd.
168. It stands to reason that it was only possible for the parties to be
negotiating the matters in dispute, namely, the Russian Federation’s pcom -
pliance with its obligations relating to the elimination of racial discrpimi -
nation, between 9 August 2008 and the date of the filing of the Application,
on 12 August 2008, i.e., the period during which the Court found that a
dispute capable of falling under CERd had arisen between the parties.
169. The Court’s task at this point is therefore twofold : first, to deter-
mine whether the facts in the record show that, during this circumscribepd
period, georgia and the Russian Federation engaged in negotiations with
respect to the matters in dispute concerning the interpretation or applipca-
tion of CERd ; and secondly, if the parties did engage in such negotia -
69136 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
tions, to determine whether those negotiations failed, therefore enabling
the Court to be seised of the dispute under Article 22.
170. Before the Court considers the evidence bearing on the answers to
those two questions, it observes that negotiations did take place betweepn
georgia and the Russian Federation before the start of the relevant dis -
pute. These negotiations involved several matters of importance to the
relationship between georgia and the Russian Federation, namely, the
status of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, the territorial integrity of georgia,
the threat or use of force, the alleged breaches of international humanip -
tarian law and of human rights law by Abkhaz or South Ossetian author-
ities and the role of the Russian Federation’s peacekeepers. However,p in
the absence of a dispute relating to matters falling under CERd prior to
9 August 2008, these negotiations cannot be said to have covered such
matters, and are thus of no relevance to the Court’s examination of tphe
Russian Federation’s second preliminary objection.
171. The Court begins its examination of the relevant evidence by
recalling georgia’s factual narrative of the alleged failed negotiations
which it contends took place between the night of 7 to 8 August and
12 August 2008. According to georgia, after 8 August 2008, when it
alleges the Russian Federation commenced its campaign of ethnic cleans -
ing against ethnic georgians in South Ossetia and Abkhazia, the former
urgently attempted to engage with the latter to bring the violence against
georgian civilians to a halt. With diplomatic relations suspended, geor -
gia claims it appealed to the Russian Federation for talks via the Unitepd
Nations. On 10 August 2008, georgia explains that it requested an emer -
gency session of the Security Council, during which it informed the Counp -
cil of the gross human rights violations then being perpetrated against
ethnic georgians by the Russian Federation’s armed forces that amounted
to a process of exterminating the georgian population. According to
georgia, the Russian Federation’s permanent Representative used the
Security Council session to acknowledge, and deny, the public address
president Saakashvili had made the previous day in which he explicitly
accused the Russian Federation of perpetrating ethnic cleansing. Finallyp,
georgia submits that the Russian Federation’s minister for Foreign
Affairs publicly made clear that further contact between georgia and the
Russian Federation were impossible.
172. georgia seeks to support this presentation of facts, which in its
view demonstrates how it attempted to negotiate with the Russian Fed -
eration, and how these attempts were unsuccessful, by submitting certainp
documents and statements to the Court. These documents and statements
are of relevance both to the first and the second preliminary objection p
raised by the Russian Federation and the Court has therefore already
addressed them in its consideration of the first preliminary objection (psee
paragraphs 109 to 113). The first statement cited by georgia from this
70 137 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
period is a press briefing dated 9 August 2008 from the Office of the
president of georgia. In this statement made during a meeting with
foreign journalists, president Saakashvili declared that :
“Russian troops, Russian tanks that moved in, into South Ossetia
on their way expelled the whole ethnically georgian population of
South Ossetia. This morning they’ve committed the ethnic cleansing
in all areas they control in South Ossetia, they have expelled ethnic
georgians living there. Right now they are trying to set up the ethnic
cleansing of ethnic georgians from upper Abkhazia — Kodori
gorge.”
173. The second document submitted by georgia as evidencing nego -
tiations during the relevant period is the procès-verbal of the Security
Council meeting convened upon georgia’s request (United Nations
doc. S/pv.5953, 10 August 2008), during which the georgian representa -
tive described at length the armed activities taking place on georgian ter -
ritory. Accusing the Russian Federation of misconduct, the georgian
representative declared that “[t]he process of exterminating the georgian
population and annihilating georgian statehood is in full swing”.
174. In his subsequent statement before the Security Council, the Rus -
sian Federation’s representative placed the blame on georgia for the out -
break of armed activities. In doing so, he accused georgian authorities of
ethnically cleansing a portion of its own population :
“So how can we describe this action by the georgian leadership? It
has been said that aggression is only when one party attacks another.
But if the aggression is carried out against your own people, is that
in any way better? What legal terms can be used to describe what has
been done by the georgian leadership? Can we use ‘ethnic cleansing’,
for example, when, over a number of days, nearly 30,000 of the
120,000 people of South Ossetia have become refugees who have fled
to Russia: more than a quarter of the population? They went across
the border from South Ossetia to the North at great risk to their lives.p
Is that ethnic cleansing or is it not? Should we describe that as geno -
cide or not? When out of that population of 120,000, 2,000 innocent
civilians die on the first day, is that genocide or is it not? How many p
people, how many civilians must die before we describe it as geno -
cide?”
175.during the same meeting, both georgia’s and the Russian
Federation’s representatives made additional comments to the Securityp
Council members. The georgian representative urged the members to take
action by declaring that “Russia’s intention [is] to erase georgian state -
hood and to exterminate the georgian people”. Responding to the geor -
gian representative’s allegation as to the Russian Federation’s intention,
the latter’s representative asserted that “the intention of the Rupssian
71138 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
Federation in this case is to ensure that the people of South Ossetia
and Abkhazia not fear for their lives or for their identity”.
176. Finally, georgia also submits the transcript of a press conference
held in moscow on 12 August 2008 — the date of georgia’s filing of its
Application — by the Russian Federation’s minister for Foreign Affairs
and the minister for Foreign Affairs of Finland and Chairman-in-Office
of the OSCE.
177. The Court takes note of certain significant elements of the content
of this press conference. First, the Russian Federation places the blamep
for the outbreak of armed activities on the present georgian leadership.
Secondly, the Russian Federation asserts that it has “no trust in
mikhail Nikolayevich Saakashvili,” and that “mov[ing] to mutually
respectful relations . . . is hardly possible with the present georgian lead -
ership”. Thirdly, the Russian Federation announces that its “approaches
toward the negotiation process will undergo substantial change”.
Fourthly, the Russian Federation proposes its view of the essential next
steps in the restoration of peace, including the cessation of armed actipvi -
ties, and the “signing of a legally binding agreement on the non-use of
force” between georgia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Fifthly, the Rus -
sian Federation has received confirmation from the Chairman-in-Office
of the OSCE that georgia is ready for the conclusion of such a pledge on
the non-use of force. Additionally, the Russian Federation’s Foreign
minister declared that :
“As a matter of fact, it will be no exaggeration to say that the talkp
is about ethnic cleansings, genocide and war crimes [committed by
georgia].
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mr. Saakashvili . . . claimed hysterically that the Russian side
wanted to annex the whole of georgia and, in general, he did not feel
shy of using the term ethnic cleansings, although, true, it was Russia
that he accused of carrying out those ethnic cleansings.”
178. The Court makes two observations on the basis of the Russian
Federation’s Foreign minister’s remarks. First, with regard to the
subject-matter of CERd, the Court notes that the topic of ethnic cleansing
had not become the subject of genuine negotiations or attempts at nego -
tiation between the parties. The Court is of the view that although the
claims and counter-claims concerning ethnic cleansing may evidence the
existence of a dispute as to the interpretation and application of CERd,
they do not constitute attempts at negotiations by either party.
179. Secondly, the Court observes that the issue of negotiations
between georgia and the Russian Federation is complex. On the one
hand, the Russian Federation’s Foreign minister manifested his discon -
tent with regard to president Saakashvili personally, and stated that he
“do[es] not think that Russia will have the mindset not only to negotpiate,
but even to speak with mr. Saakashvili” and that “mr. Saakashvili can
72139 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
no longer be our partner and it would be best if he left”. On the othper
hand, the Foreign minister did not make his desire to see president Saa -
kashvili “repent” for his “crime against our citizens” a “condition for
ending this stage of the military operation”, and for resuming talks on the
non-use of force. He further stated that :
“As to georgia, we have always treated and continue to treat the
georgian people with deep respect. We continue to want to live with
them in friendship and harmony and are convinced that the georgian
people will yet display their wisdom.”
180. Notwithstanding the tone of certain remarks made by the Foreign
minister of the Russian Federation about president Saakashvili, the
Court considers that overall the Russian Federation did not dismiss the p
possibility of future negotiations on the armed activities in which it wpas
engaged at the time, and on the restoration of peace between georgia,
Abkhazia and South Ossetia. However, the Court considers that the
subject-matter of such negotiations was not the compliance by the Russian
-
Federation with its obligations relating to the elimination of racial dips
crimination. Therefore, regardless of the Russian Federation’s ambigupous
and perhaps conflicting statements on the subject of negotiations withp
georgia as a whole, and president Saakashvili personally, these negotia -
tions did not pertain to CERd-related matters. As such, whether the
Russian Federation wanted to end or to continue negotiations with geor -
gia on the matter of the armed conflict is of no relevance for the Couprt
in the present case. Consequently, remarks by the president and by the
Foreign minister of the Russian Federation regarding the prospects of
talks with the georgian president did not terminate the possibility of
CERd-related negotiations, as those were never genuinely or specifically
attempted.
181. In sum, the Court is unable to consider these statements —
whether in the georgian presidential press briefing or at the Security
Council meeting — as genuine attempts by georgia to negotiate matters
falling under CERd. As outlined in detail with regard to the Russian
Federation’s first preliminary objection, the Court considers that thpese
accusations and replies by both parties on the issues of “extermination”
and “ethnic cleansing” attest to the existence of a dispute betweepn them
on a subject-matter capable of falling under CERd. However, they fail to
demonstrate an attempt at negotiating these matters.
182. The Court is thus also unable to agree with georgia’s submission
when it claims that “Russia’s refusal to negotiate with georgia in the
midst of its ethnic cleansing campaign, and two days prior to the filingp of
the Application is sufficient to vest the Court with jurisdiction underp Arti-
cle 22”. The Court concludes that the facts in the record show that,
between 9 August and 12 August 2008, georgia did not attempt to nego -
tiate CERd-related matters with the Russian Federation, and that,
73140 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
consequently, georgia and the Russian Federation did not engage in
negotiations with respect to the latter’s compliance with its substantive
obligations under CERd.
183. The Court has already observed (see paragraph 149) the fact that
georgia did not claim that, prior to the seisin of the Court, it used or p
attempted to use the other mode of dispute resolution contained at Arti -
cle 22, namely the procedures expressly provided for in CERd. Consider-
ing the Court’s conclusion, at paragraph 141, that under Article 22 of
CERd, negotiations and the procedures expressly provided for in CERd
constitute preconditions to the exercise of its jurisdiction, and considpering
the factual finding that neither of these two modes of dispute settlemenpt
was attempted by georgia, the Court does not need to examine whether
the two preconditions are cumulative or alternative.
184. The Court accordingly concludes that neither requirement con -
tained in Article 22 has been satisfied. Article 22 of CERd thus cannot
serve to found the Court’s jurisdiction in the present case. The secopnd
preliminary objection of the Russian Federation is therefore upheld.
Iv. Third and Fourth preliminary Objectionsp
185. Having upheld the second preliminary objection of the Russian
Federation, the Court finds that it is required neither to consider nor pto
rule on the other objections to its jurisdiction raised by the Respondenpt
and that the case cannot proceed to the merits phase.
*
* *
186. The Court in its Order of 15 October 2008 indicated certain pro -
visional measures. This Order ceases to be operative upon the delivery of
this Judgment. The parties are under a duty to comply with their obliga -
tions under CERd, of which they were reminded in that Order.
*
* *
187. For these reasons,
The Court,
(1) (a) By twelve votes to four,
Rejects the first preliminary objection raised by the Russian Federa -
tion ;
in favour : President Owada ; Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham,
Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, yusuf, greenwood,
donoghue ;Judge ad hoc gaja;
against : Vice-President Tomka ;Judges Koroma, Skotnikov, xue ;
74141 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
(b) By ten votes to six,
Upholds the second preliminary objection raised by the Russian Fed -
eration ;
in favour : Vice-President Tomka ; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Keith,
Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, yusuf, greenwood, xue ;
against : President Owada ; Judges Simma, Abraham, Cançado Trindade,
donoghue ; Judge ad hoc gaja ;
(2) By ten votes to six,
Finds that it has no jurisdiction to entertain the Application filed by
georgia on 12 August 2008.
in favour : Vice-President Tomka ; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Keith,
Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, yusuf, greenwood, xue ;
against : President Owada ; Judges Simma, Abraham, Cançado Trindade,
donoghue ; Judge ad hoc gaja.
done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the peace palace, The Hague, this first day of April, two thousand and
eleven, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of pthe
Court and the others transmitted to the government of georgia and the
government of the Russian Federation, respectively.
(Signed) Hisashi Owada,
president.
(Signed) philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.
president Owada and Judges Simma, Abraham, donoghue and Judge
ad hoc gaja append a joint dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the
Court ; president Owada appends a separate opinion to the Judgment of
the Court; vice-president Tomka appends a declaration to the Judgment
of the Court ; Judges Koroma, Simma and Abraham append separate
opinions to the Judgment of the Court ; Judge Skotnikov appends a
declaration to the Judgment of the Court ; Judge Cançado Trindade
appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court ;
Judges greenwood and donoghue append separate opinions to the
Judgment of the Court.
(Initialled) H.O.
(Initialled) ph.C.
75
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REpORTS OF JUdgmENTS,
AdvISORy OpINIONS ANd ORdERS
CASE CONCERNINg AppLICATION
OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONvENTION
ON THE ELImINATION OF ALL FORmS
OF RACIAL dISCRImINATION
(gEORgIA v. RUSSIAN FEdERATION)
pRELImINARy OBJECTIONS
JUDGMENT OF 1 APRIL 2011
2011
COUR INTERNATIONALE dE JUSTICE
RECUEIL dES ARRÊTS,
AvIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORdONNANCES
AFFAIRE RELATIvE À L’AppLICATION
dE LA CONvENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’ÉLImINATION dE TOUTES LES FORmES
dE dISCRImINATION RACIALE
(gÉORgIE c. FÉdÉRATION dE RUSSIE)
ExCEpTIONS pRÉLImINAIRES
ARRÊT DU 1AVRIL 2011 Official citation:
Application of the International Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011, p. 70
mode officiel de citation:
Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination
de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédé▯ration de Russie),
exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011, p. 70
Sales number
ISSN 0074-4441 N ode vente: 1014
ISBN 978-92-1-071125-8 1 ApRIL 2011
JUdgmENT
AppLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL
CONvENTION ON THE ELImINATION OF ALL FORmS
OF RACIAL dISCRImINATION
(gEORgIA v. RUSSIAN FEdERATION)
pRELImINARy OBJECTIONS
AppLICATION dE LA CONvENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’ÉLImINATION dE TOUTES LES FORmES
dE dISCRImINATION RACIALE
(gÉORgIE c. FÉdÉRATION dE RUSSIE)
ExCEpTIONS pRÉLImINAIRES
er
1 AvRIL 2011
ARRÊT70
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraphs
Chronology of the procedure 1-19
I. Introduction 20-22
II. First preliminary Objection — Existence of a dispute 23-114
1. The meaning of “dispute” 26-30
2. The evidence about the existence of a dispute 31-39
3. Relevant agreements and Security Council resolutions 40-49
4. documents and statements from the period before CERd
entered into force between the parties on 2 July 1999 50-64
5. documents and statements from the period after CERd
entered into force between the parties and before August 200865-105
6. August 2008 106-113
7. Conclusion 114
III. Second preliminary Objection —p procedural Conditionsp
in Article 22 of CERd 115-184
1. Introduction 115-121
2. Whether Article 22 of CERd establishes procedural condi -
tions for the seisin of the Court 122-147
(a) Ordinary meaning of Article 22 of CERd 123-141
(b) Travaux préparatoires 142-147
3. Whether the conditions for the seisin of the Court under
Article 22 of CERd have been fulfilled 148-184
(a) The concept of negotiations 150-162
(b) Whether the parties have held negotiations on matters
concerning the interpretation or application of CERd 163-184
Iv. Third and Fourth preliminary Objectionsp 185
Lapse of the Court’s Ordper of 15 October 2008 186
Operative Clause 187
4 70
TABLE dES mATIèRES
Paragraphes
Qualités 1-19
I. Introduction 20-22
II. première exceptionpréliminaire — l’exipstencd e’un différend 23-114
1. Le sens du mot « différend » 26-30
2. Les éléments de preuve relatifs à l’existence d’un diffpérend 31-39
3. Les accords pertinents et les résolutions du Conseil de
sécurité 40-49
4. Les documents et déclarations antérieurs au 2 juillet 1999,
date à laquelle la CIEdR est entrée en vigueur entre les
parties 50-64
5. Les documents et déclarations postérieurs à l’entrée en
vigueur de la CIEdR entre les parties et antérieurs au mois
d’août 2008 65-105
6. Le mois d’août 2008 106-113
7. Conclusion 114
III.deuxième exception prépliminaire — conditiopns procédu-
rales posées à l’artipcle22 de la CIEdR 115-184
1. Introduction 115-121
2. Le point de savoir si l’article 22 de la CIEdR établit des
conditionsprocédurales pour la saisine de la Cour 122-147
a) Le sens ordinaire de l’article 22 de la CIEdR 123-141
b) Les travaux préparatoires 142-147
3. Le point de savoir s’il a été satisfait aux conditions énoncées
à l’article 22 pour la saisine de la Cour 148-184
a) La notion de négociation 150-162
b) Le point de savoir si les parties ont mené des négocia -
tions sur des questions concernant l’interprétation ou
l’application de la CIEdR 163-184
Iv. Troisième et quatrièmpe exceptions préliminpaires 185
Caducité de l’ordonnapnce de la Cour du 15 octobre 2008 186
dispositif 187
4 71
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
2011 yEAR 2011
1 April
general List
No. 140 1 April 2011
CASE CONCERNINg AppLICATION
OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONvENTION
ON THE ELImINATION OF ALL FORmS
OF RACIAL dISCRImINATION
(gEORgIA v. RUSSIAN FEdERATION)
pRELImINARy OBJECTIONS
Article 22 of CERD invoked by Georgia as a basis for the jurisdiction of the
Court — Four preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court raised▯ by the
Russian Federation.
*
First preliminary objection – Existence of a dispute.
Contention by the Russian Federation that there is no dispute between th▯e Par
ties with respect to the interpretation or application of CERD — Meaning of the
word “dispute” inArticle 22 of CERD — Evidence as to the existence of a “dispute”
— The Court limits itself to official documents and statem— Distinction
between documents and statements issued before and after CERD entered into
force between the Parties — Primary attention given by the Court to statements
made or endorsed by the Executives — Agreements and the Security Council reso
lutions relating to the situation in Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
Documents and statements from the period before CERD entered into force ▯
between the Parties — No legal significance given by the Court to these documents
and statements for the purposes of the case — No basis for a finding that there was
a dispute between the Parties about racial discrimination by J— Even if
there had been such a dispute prior to 2 July 1999, it could not have been a dispute
with respect to the interpretation or application of CERD.
5 71
COUR INTERNATIONALE dE JUSTICE
ANNÉE 2011
er11
1 avril
1 avril 2011 Rôlo général
n 140
AFFAIRE RELATIvE À L’AppLICATION
dE LA CONvENTION INTERNATIONALE
SUR L’ÉLImINATION dE TOUTES LES FORmES
dE dISCRImINATION RACIALE
(gÉORgIE c. FÉdÉRATION dE RUSSIE)
ExCEpTIONS pRÉLImINAIRES
Article 22 de la CIEDR invoqué par la Géorgie comme base de compétence de▯
la Cour — Quatre exceptions préliminaires d’incompétence soulevée▯s par la Fédé
ration de Russie.
*
Première exception préliminaire — Existence d’un différend.
Affirmation de la Fédération de Russie selon laquelle il n’exis▯te entre les Parties
aucun différend touchant l’interprétation ou l’application de la CIEDR — Sens du
mot « différend» employé à l’article 22 de la CIEDR — Eléments de preuve rela
tifs à l’existence d’un « différend» — Examen de la Cour limité aux documents et
déclarations officiels — Distinction entre documents et déclarations antérieurs et
postérieurs à l’entrée en vigueur de la CIEDR entre les Part▯ies — Attention toute
particulière accordée par la Cour aux déclarations faites ou entérinées par le pou
voir exécutif — Accords et résolutions du Conseil de sécurité relatifs à▯ la situation
en Abkhazie et en Ossétie du Sud.
Documents et déclarations datant de la période antérieure à ▯l’entrée en vigueur
de la CIEDR entre les Parties — Absence de valeur juridique accordée par la Cour
à ces documents et déclarations aux fins de l’espèce — Absence d’élément permet
tant de conclure à l’existence, en juillet 1999, d’un différend entre les Parties por -
tant sur la discrimination raciale — Tout éventuel différend de cette nat-re anté
rieur au 2 juillet 1999 n’ayant, en tout état de cause, pu toucher l’interprét▯ation ou
l’application de la CIEDR.
572 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
Documents and statements from the period after CERD entered into force
between the Parties and before August 2008 — Reports made after 1999 to human
rights treaty monitoring committees — No allegations of non-compliance by the
Russian Federation with its obligations under CERD — Reports to the committees
not significant in determining the existence of a dispute — Documents and state -
ments issued by the Parties during this period — No legal significance for the
purposes of the case — No legal dispute between Georgia and the Russian Federa -
tion during that period with respect to the interpretation or applicatio▯n of CERD.
Events in August 2008 — Documents and statements issued in the period
between the beginning of armed hostilities and the filing of the Application —
Georgia’s claims expressly referred to alleged ethnic cleansing by Ru▯ssian forces —
Claims made against the Russian Federation directly and rejected by the ▯latter —
Existence of a dispute between the Parties about the Russian Federation’▯s
compliance with its obligations under CERD.
First preliminary objection dismissed.
*
Second preliminary objection — Procedural conditions in Article 22 of CERD.
Contention by the Russian Federation that two procedural preconditions in Arti-
cle 22 of CERD were not met — Question of whether Article 22 establishes pre -
conditions for the seisin of the Court — Ordinary meaning of Article 22 of
CERD — The Court’s Order on Provisional Measures without prejudice to t▯he
definitive decision as to its jurisdiction to deal with the merits — Functions of the
requirement for prior resort to negotiations — Reference in Article 22 of CERD to
“negotiation or [to] the procedures expressly provided for” in CER▯D — Words
“dispute . . . which is not settled” by the means of peaceful resolution specified ▯in
Article 22 must be given effect — Express choice of two modes of dispute settle -
ment, namely negotiations or resort to special procedures under CERD, su▯ggests
an affirmative duty to resort to them prior to the seisin of the Court — Use of
future perfect tense in the French version of the expression “which i▯s not settled”
reinforces the idea that an attempt to settle the dispute must have take▯n place
before referral to the Court can be pursued — Other three authentic texts of
CERD do not contradict this interpretation — Jurisprudence of the Court con -
cerning compromissory clauses comparable to Article 22 of CERD — Reference
to negotiations is interpreted as constituting a precondition to seisin — In their
ordinary meaning, the terms of Article 22 of CERD establish preconditions to the
seisin of the Court — No need to resort to supplementary means of interpreta -
tion — Extensive arguments made by the Parties relating to the travaux prépara -
toires of Article 22 — Resort by the Court to the travaux préparatoires in other
cases in order to confirm its interpretation of the relevant texts — Travaux
préparatoires do not suggest a different conclusion from that at which the Court
has already arrived through the main method of ordinary meaning interpre▯tation.
Question of whether the conditions for the seisin of the Court under Article 22
6 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 72
Documents et déclarations datant de la période postérieure à▯ l’entrée en vigueur
de la CIEDR entre les Parties et antérieure au mois d’août 2008 — Rapports pré -
sentés après 1999 aux organes de suivi des traités relatifs aux droits de l’hom▯me —
Aucune allégation de manquement de la Fédération de Russie à▯ ses obligations au
titre de la CIEDR — Rapports présentés aux comités étant dépourvus de pe▯rti -
nence aux fins de déterminer l’existence d’un différend — Documents et déclara -
tions des Parties datant de cette période — Absence de valeur juridique aux fins de
l’espèce — Absence, durant cette période, de différend d’ordre juridique entre la
Géorgie et la Fédération de Russie au sujet de l’interpré▯tation ou de l’application
de la CIEDR.
Evénements du mois d’août 2008 — Documents et déclarations datant de la
période allant du début des hostilités armées jusqu’au dé▯pôt de la requête — Réfé -
rence expresse dans les accusations formulées par la Géorgie à ▯un prétendu
nettoyage ethnique par les forces russes — Accusations portées directement à l’en -
contre de la Fédération de Russie et rejetées par celle-ci — Existence d’un diffé -
rend entre les Parties au sujet du respect par la Fédération de Russie de ses obliga -
tions au titre de la CIEDR.
Première exception préliminaire rejetée.
*
Deuxième exception préliminaire — Conditions procédurales posées à l’ar -
ticle 22 de la CIEDR.
Affirmation de la Fédération de Russie selon laquelle il n’a pa▯s été satisfait aux
deux conditions procédurales préalables énoncées à l’article 22 de la CIEDR —
Question de savoir si l’article 22 établit des conditions préalables à la saisine de la
Cour — Sens ordinaire de l’article 22 de la CIEDR — Ordonnance en indication
de mesures conservatoires ne préjugeant en rien la décision finale▯ de la Cour quant
à sa compétence pour connaître de l’affaire au fond — Fonctions de l’exigence d’un
recours préalable à des négociations — Référence faite dans l’article 22 de la
CIEDR à la « négociation ou [aux] procédures expressément prévues » par la
Convention — Nécessité de donner effet aux termes « différend … qui n’aura pas
été réglé » par les moyens de règlement pacifique énoncés à l’article 22 — Choix
exprès de deux modes de règlement des différends, à savoir d▯es négociations ou les
procédures spécialement prévues par la Convention, dénotant ▯une obligation posi -
tive de recourir à ces modes de règlement préalablement à la▯ saisine de la Cour —
Emploi du futur antérieur dans la version française de l’expres▯sion « which is not
settled » [«qui n’aura pas été réglé »] renforçant l’idée qu’il doit avoir été tenté de
régler le différend avant que la saisine de la Cour puisse être engagée — Interpré -
tation non infirmée par les trois autres textes de la Convention fais▯ant également
foi — Jurisprudence de la Cour relative à des clauses compromissoires ▯compa -
rables à l’article 22 de la CIEDR — Référence aux négociations interprétée
comme posant une condition préalable à la saisine de la Cour — Termes de l’ar -
ticle 22 de la CIEDR, pris dans leur sens ordinaire, établissant des conditio▯ns pré -
alables à la saisine de la Cour — Nul besoin de recourir à d’autres moyens d’inter -
prétation — Nombreux arguments présentés par les Parties relativement aux▯
travaux préparatoires de l’article 22 — Cour ayant, dans d’autres affaires, exa -
miné les travaux préparatoires pour confirmer son interprétatio▯n des textes perti -
nents — Travaux préparatoires ne suggérant pas une conclusion diffé▯rente de celle
à laquelle la Cour est parvenue par la méthode principale de l’▯interprétation selon
le sens ordinaire.
Point de savoir s’il a été satisfait aux conditions énoncé▯es à l’article 22 pour la
673 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
of CERD have been fulfilled — No claim from Georgia that, prior to seising the
Court, it used or attempted to use the procedures expressly provided for▯ in
CERD — Examination limited to the question of whether the precondition of ▯
negotiations was fulfilled — Concept of negotiations — Nature of the precondition
of negotiations — Distinction between negotiations and protests or disputations —
No need to reach an actual agreement between the Parties — In the absence of
evidence of a genuine attempt to negotiate, the precondition of negotiat▯ion is not
met — Where negotiations are attempted the precondition of negotiation is▯ met
only when there has been a failure of negotiations or when negotiations ▯have
become futile or deadlocked — General criteria provided by the jurisprudence of
the Court to ascertain whether negotiations have taken place — Negotiations must
relate to the subject-matter of the treaty containing the compromissory ▯clause.
Question of whether the Parties have held negotiations on matters concer▯ning
the interpretation or application of CERD — Only possible for the Parties to
negotiate in the period during which a dispute capable of falling under ▯CERD has
arisen between the Parties — Negotiations prior to this period are of no rele -
vance — Documents and statements submitted by Georgia as evidence of negoti▯a -
tions — Facts in the record show that Georgia did not attempt to negotiate ▯
CERD-related matters with the Russian Federation — Parties did not engage in
negotiations with respect to the Russian Federation’s compliance with▯ its substan -
tive obligations under CERD — As neither of the two modes of dispute settlement
constituting preconditions to the seisin of the Court was attempted by G▯eorgia, the
Court does not need to examine whether these two preconditions are cumul▯ative or
alternative.
Second preliminary objection of the Russian Federation upheld — Court not
required to consider other preliminary objections raised by the Russian Federa -
tion — Case cannot proceed to the merits phase.
*
Lapse of the Order of the Court of 15 October 2008 — Parties under a duty to
comply with their obligations under CERD.
JUdgmENT
Present : President Owada ; Vice-President Tomka ; Judges Koroma, Al-
Khasawneh, Simma, Abrahapm, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna,
Skotnikov, Cançado Trindapde, yusuf, greenwood, xue,
donoghue ; Judge ad hoc gaja; Registrar Couvreur.
In the case concerning application of the International Convention on thpe
Elimination of All Forms of Racial discrimination,
between
georgia,
7 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 73
saisine de la Cour — Géorgie n’ayant pas prétendu qu’avant de saisir la Cour▯, elle
avait eu recours, ou tenté d’avoir recours, aux procédures expressément prévues
par la CIEDR — Examen limité à la question de savoir s’il a été sat▯isfait à la
condition préalable de négociation — Notion de négociation — Nature de la condi-
tion préalable de négociation — Distinction entre négociations et protestations ou
contestations— Nul besoin qu’un accord soit effectivement conclu entre les Parties
au différend — Condition préalable de négociation ne pouvant être réal▯isée à
défaut d’élément démontrant qu’une véritable tentat▯ive de négocier a eu lieu — En
cas de tentative de négociation, condition préalable de négocia▯tion ne pouvant être
réalisée que si les négociations ont échoué, sont devenue▯s inutiles ou ont abouti à
une impasse — Critères généraux établis par la jurisprudence de la Cour à prendre
en considération pour déterminer si des négociations ont elieu — Négociations
devant porter sur l’objet de l’instrument contenant la clause comp▯romissoire.
Point de savoir si les Parties ont mené des négociations sur des q▯uestions concer-
nant l’interprétation ou l’application de la CIEDR — Parties n’ayant pu mener de
telles négociations que pendant la période au cours de laquelle un▯ différend suscep -
tible de relever de la CIEDR a surgi entre elles — Négociations antérieures à cette
période dénuées de pertinence — Documents et déclarations présentés par la Géor -
gie pour attester l’existence de négociations — Faits versés au dossier démontrant
que la Géorgie n’a pas tenté de négocier avec la Fédér▯ation de Russie sur des
questions ayant trait à la CIEDR — Parties n’ayant pas entamé de négociations
concernant le respect par la Fédération de Russie de ses obligatio▯ns de fond au titre
de la CIEDR — Géorgie n’ayant tenté de recourir à aucun des deux modes de ▯
règlement des différends qui constituent les conditions préalab▯les à la saisine de la
Cour, nul besoin pour celle-ci de rechercher si ces deux conditions sont cumulatives
ou alternatives.
Deuxième exception préliminaire de la Fédération de Russie retenue — Cour
n’ayant pas à se pencher sur les autres exceptions à sa compétence soulevées par la
Fédération de Russie — Cour ne pouvant connaître du fond de l’affaire.
*
Caducité de l’ordonnance du 15 octobre 2008 — Parties ayant le devoir de s’ac -
quitter de leurs obligations découlant de la CIEDR.
ARRÊT
Présents : mO. wada, président ; m. Tomka, vice-président ; mm. Koroma,
Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abrahapm, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor,
Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançapdo Trindade, yusuf, greenwood,
m mesxue, donoghue, juges ; m. gaja, juge adhoc ; m. Couvreur,
greffier.
En l’affaire relative à l’application de la convention internpationale sur l’élimi-
nation de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale,
entre
la géorgie,
774 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
represented by
ms Tina Burjaliani, First deputy-minister of Justice,
H.E. mr. Shota gvineria, Ambassador of georgia to the Kingdom of the
Netherlands,
as Agents ;
mr. payam Akhavan, LL.m., S.J.d. (Harvard), professor of International
Law, mcgill University, member of the Bar of New york,
as Co-Agent and Advocate ;
mr. James R. Crawford, S.C., LL.d., F.B.A., Whewell professor of Interna -
tional Law, University of Cambridge, member of the Institut de droit intpe-r
national, Barrister, matrix Chambers,
mr. philippe Sands, Q.C., professor of Law, University College London,
Barrister, matrix Chambers,
mr. paul S. Reichler, Foley Hoag LLp, Washington d.C., member of the
Bars of the United States Supreme Court and the district of Columbia,
as Advocates ;
ms Nino Kalandadze, deputy-minister for Foreign Affairs,
mr. giorgi mikeladze, Consul, Embassy of georgia in the Kingdom of the
Netherlands,
ms Khatuna Salukvadze, Head of the political department, ministry of
Foreign Affairs,
ms Nino Tsereteli, deputy Head of the department of State Representation
to International Human Rights Courts, ministry of Justice,
mr. Zachary douglas, Barrister, matrix Chambers, Lecturer, Faculty of
Law, University of Cambridge,
mr. Andrew B. Loewenstein, Foley Hoag LLp, member of the Bar of the
Commonwealth of massachusetts,
ms Clara E. Brillembourg, Foley Hoag LLp, member of the Bars of the dis -
trict of Columbia and New york,
ms Amy Senier, Foley Hoag LLp, member of the Bars of the Commonwealth
of massachusetts and New york,
as Advisers,
and
the Russian Federation,
represented by
H.E. mr. Kirill gevorgian, director, Legal department, ministry of Foreign
Affairs of the Russian Federation,
H.E. mr. Roman Kolodkin, Ambassador of the Russian Federation to the
Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Agents ;
mr. Alain pellet, professor at the University paris Ouest, Nanterre-
La défense, member and former Chairman of the International Law
Commission, associate member of the Institut de droit international,
mr. Andreas Zimmermann, dr. jur. (Heidelberg University), LL.m. (Har -
vard), professor of International Law at the University of potsdam, direc -
8 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 74
représentée par
m me Tina Burjaliani, premier vice-ministre de la justice,
S. Exc. m. Shota gvineria, ambassadeur de géorgie auprès du Royaume des
pays-Bas,
comme agents ;
m. payam Akhavan, LL.m., S.J.d. (Harvard), professeur de droit internatio
nal à l’Université mcgill, membre du barreau de New york,
comme coagent et avocat ;
m. James R. Crawford, S.C., LL.d., F.B.A., professeur de droit international
à l’Université de Cambridge, titulaire de la chaire Whewell, mepmbre de
l’Institut de droit international, avocat, matrix Chambers,
m. philippe Sands, Q.C., professeur de droit à l’University College de
Londres, avocat, matrix Chambers,
m. paul S. Reichler, cabinet Foley Hoag LLp, Washington, d.C., membre
des barreaux de la Cour suprême des Etats-Unis d’Amérique et du district
de Columbia,
comme avocats ;
m me Nino Kalandadze, vice-ministre des affaires étrangères,
m. giorgi mikeladze, consul à l’ambassade de géorgie au Royaume des
pays-Bas,
m me Khatuna Salukvadze, chef du département des affaires politiques au p
ministère des affaires étrangères,
m me Nino Tsereteli, chef adjoint chargé de la représentation de l’Eptat auprès
des juridictions internationales des droits de l’homme au ministèrpe de la
justice,
m. Zachary douglas, avocat, matrix Chambers, chargé de cours à la faculté
de droit de l’Université de Cambridge,
m. Andrew B. Loewenstein, cabinet Foley Hoag LLp, membre du barreau
du Commonwealth du massachusetts,
m me Clara E. Brillembourg, cabinet Foley Hoag LLp, membre des barreaux
du district de Columbia et de New york,
m me Amy Senier, cabinet Foley Hoag LLp, membre des barreaux du Com -
monwealth du massachusetts et de New york,
comme conseillers,
et
la Fédération de Russie,
représentée par
S. Exc. m. Kirill gevorgian, directeur du département des affaires juridiques
au ministère des affaires étrangères de la Fédération dpe Russie,
S. Exc. m. Roman Kolodkin, ambassadeur de la Fédération de Russie auprès
du Royaume des pays-Bas,
comme agents ;
m. Alain pellet, professeur à l’Université de paris Ouest, Nanterre-La
défense, membre et ancien président de la Commission du droit interpnatio
nal, membre associé de l’Institut de droit international,
m. Andreas Zimmermann, docteur en droit (Université de Heidelberg),
LL.m. (Harvard), professeur de droit international à l’Université de
875 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
tor of the potsdam Center of Human Rights, member of the permanent
Court of Arbitration,
mr. Samuel Wordsworth, member of the English Bar, member of the paris
Bar, Essex Court Chambers,
as Counsel and Advocates ;
mr. Evgeny Raschevsky, Egorov puginsky Afanasiev & partners,
mr. m. Kulakhmetov, Adviser to the minister for Foreign Affairs of the Rus -
sian Federation,
mr. v. Korchmar, principal Counsellor, Fourth CIS department, ministry
of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
mr. grigory Lukyantsev, Senior Counsellor, permanent mission of the Rus -
sian Federation to the United Nations, New york,
mr. Ivan volodin, Acting Head of Section, Legal department, ministry of
Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation,
mr. maxim musikhin, Counsellor, Embassy of the Russian Federation in the
Kingdom of the Netherlands,
ms diana Taratukhina, Third Secretary, permanent mission of the Russian
Federation to the United Nations, New york,
mr. Arsen daduani, Third Secretary, Embassy of the Russian Federation in
the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
mr. Sergey Leonidchenko, Attaché, Legal department, ministry of Foreign
Affairs of the Russian Federation,
ms Svetlana Shatalova, Third Secretary, Embassy of the Russian Federation
in the United States of America,
ms daria golubkova, expert, ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian
Federation,
mr. m. Tkhostov, deputy Chief of Administration, government of North
Ossetia-Alania,
ms Amy Sander, member of the English Bar, Essex Court Chambers,
mr. Christian Tams, LL.m., ph.d. (Cambridge), professor of International
Law, University of glasgow,
ms Alina miron, Researcher, Centre for International Law (CEdIN), Uni -
versity paris Ouest, Nanterre-La défense,
ms Elena Krotova, Egorov puginsky Afanasiev & partners,
ms Anna Shumilova, Egorov puginsky Afanasiev & partners,
mr. Sergey Usoskin, Egorov puginsky Afanasiev & partners,
as Advisers,
The Court,
composed as above,
after deliberation,
delivers the following Judgment :
1. On 12 August 2008, the government of georgia filed in the Registry of the
Court an Application instituting proceedings against the Russian Federatpion in
respect of a dispute concerning “actions on and around the territory pof georgia”
9 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 75
potsdam, directeur du centre des droits de l’homme de potsdam, membre
de la Cour permanente d’arbitrage,
m. Samuel Wordsworth, membre des barreaux d’Angleterre et de paris,
Essex Court Chambers,
comme conseils et avocats ;
m. Evgeny Raschevsky, cabinet Egorov puginsky Afanasiev & partners,
m. m. Kulakhmetov, conseiller du ministre des affaires étrangères de la Fédép
ration de Russie,
m. v. Korchmar, conseiller principal au quatrième département de la Com
munauté d’Etats indépendants du ministère des affaires éptrangères de la
Fédération de Russie,
m. grigory Lukyantsev, conseiller principal à la mission permanente de la
Fédération de Russie auprès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies à
New york,
m. Ivan volodin, chef de division par intérim du département des affairesp
juridiques au ministère des affaires étrangères de la Fédépration de Russie,
m. maxim musikhin, conseiller à l’ambassade de la Fédération de Russiep au
Royaume des pays-Bas,
me
m diana Taratukhina, troisième secrétaire à la mission permanente de lap
Fédération de Russie auprès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies à New
york,
m. Arsen daduani, troisième secrétaire à l’ambassade de la Fédérpation de
Russie au Royaume des pays-Bas,
m. Sergey Leonidchenko, attaché au département des affaires juridiques du p
ministère des affaires étrangères de la Fédération de Rpussie,
m me Svetlana Shatalova, attachée à l’ambassade de la Fédération de Russie
aux Etats-Unis d’Amérique,
me
m daria golubkova, expert au ministère des affaires étrangères de la Fpédé-
ration de Russie,
m. m. Tkhostov, chef adjoint de l’administration, gouvernement d’Ossétie du
Nord-Alanie,
m me Amy Sander, membre du barreau d’Angleterre, Essex Court Chambers,
m. Christian Tams, LL.m., docteur en droit (Université de Cambridge), pro
fesseur de droit international à l’Université de glasgow,
m me Alina miron, chercheur au centre de droit international de Nanterre
(CEdIN), Université de paris Ouest, Nanterre-La défense,
me
m me Elena Krotova, cabinet Egorov puginsky Afanasiev & partners,
m Anna Shumilova, cabinet Egorov puginsky Afanasiev & partners,
m. Sergey Usoskin, cabinet Egorov puginsky Afanasiev & partners,
comme conseillers,
La Cour,
ainsi composée,
après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
rend l’arrêt suivant :
1. Le 12 août 2008, le gouvernement de la géorgie a déposé au greffe de la
Cour une requête introductive d’instance contre la Fédératiopn de Russie au sujet
d’un différend relatif à des « actes commis sur le territoire de la géorgie et dans
976 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
in breach of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial discrimination (hereinafter “CERd”) of 21 december 1965.
In its Application, georgia, referring to Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Stat -
ute, relied on Article 22 of CERd to found the jurisdiction of the Court and
also reserved the right to invoke Article Ix of the Convention on the prevention
and punishment of the Crime of genocide of 9 december 1948 as an additional
basis for jurisdiction.
2. In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Application
was communicated forthwith to the government of the Russian Federation by
the Registrar ; and, in accordance with paragraph 3 of that Article, all States
entitled to appear before the Court were notified of the Application.
3. On 14 August 2008, georgia, referring to Article 41 of the Statute and to
Articles 73, 74 and 75 of the Rules of Court, filed in the Registry of the Court a
Request for the indication of provisional measures in order “to preseprve [its]
rights under CERd to protect its citizens against violent discriminatory acts by
Russian armed forces, acting in concert with separatist militia and forepign mer-
cenaries”. In accordance with Article 73, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the
Registry transmitted a certified copy of this Request forthwith to the Rpussian
government.
4. On 15 August 2008, the president, referring to Article 74, paragraph 4, of
the Rules of Court, addressed a communication to the two parties, urgently call-
ing upon them “to act in such a way as will enable any order the Courpt may take
on the request for provisional measures to have its appropriate effectps”.
5. On 25 August 2008, georgia, referring to “the rapidly changing circum -
stances in Abkhazia and South Ossetia”, filed in the Registry an “pAmended
Request for the Indication of provisional measures of protection” ; the Registry
immediately transmitted a certified copy of this Request to the Russian pgovern-
ment.
6. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of georgian national -
ity, georgia availed itself of its right under Article 31, paragraph 2, of the Stat -
ute and chose mr. giorgio gaja to sit as judge ad hoc in the case.
7. By an Order of 15 October 2008, the Court, after hearing the parties, indi -
cated certain provisional measures to both parties. The Court also directed each
party to inform it about compliance with the provisional measures.
8. By an Order of 2 december 2008, the president of the Court, taking
account of the agreement of the parties, fixed 2 September 2009 as the time-limit
for the filing of a memorial by georgia and 2 July 2010 as the time-limit for the
filing of a Counter-memorial by the Russian Federation. georgia’s memorial
was filed within the time-limit thus prescribed.
9. On 26 January 2009, the Agent of georgia submitted a “Report of geor -
gia to the Court in Compliance with paragraph 149 (d) of the Order of 15 Octo-
ber 2008”. On 8 July 2009, the Agent of the Russian Federation submitpted to
the Court a “Report of the Russian Federation on Compliance with the pprovi -
sional measures indicated by the Order of the Court of 15 October 2008”.
10. On 31 July 2009, in accordance with Article 43 of the Rules of Court, the
Registrar addressed the notification provided for in Article 63, paragraph 1, of
the Statute to all States parties to CERd ; on the same day, the Registrar also
sent to the Secretary-general of the United Nations the notification provided
for in Article 34, paragraph 3, of the Statute.
10 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 76
les environs » en violation de la convention internationale sur l’élimination dep
toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (ci-après la « CIEdR ») du
21 décembre 1965.
dans sa requête, la géorgie, se référant au paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 du
Statut, a invoqué, pour fonder la compétence de la Cour, l’article 22 de la
CIEdR et s’est réservé le droit d’invoquer, comme base additionnpelle de compé -
tence, l’article Ix de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime
de génocide du 9 décembre 1948.
2. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 du Statut, la requête a été
immédiatement communiquée au gouvernement de la Fédération de Russie par
le greffier ; conformément au paragraphe 3 de cet article, tous les Etats admis à
ester devant la Cour ont par ailleurs été informés de la requêpte.
3. Le 14 août 2008, la géorgie, se référant à l’article 41 du Statut et aux
articles 73, 74 et 75 du Règlement, a déposé augreffe de la Cour une demande en
indication de mesures conservatoires « à l’effet de sauvegarder les droits qu’[elle
tenait] de la [CIEdR] s’agissant de protéger ses ressortissants des violences à
caractère discriminatoire que leur inflige[aient] les forces armépes russes opérant de
concert avec des milices séparatistes et des mercenaires étrangers.»onformément
au paragraphe 2 de l’article 73 du Règlement, le greffe a immédiatement fait tenir
au gouvernement russe une copie certifiée conforme de cette demande.
4. Le 15 août 2008, le président, se référant au paragraphe 4 de l’article 74 du
Règlement, a adressé aux deux parties une communication, les invitant instam -
ment à « agir de manière que toute ordonnance de la Cour sur la demande en
indication de mesures conservatoires puisse avoir les effets voulus ».
5. Le 25 août 2008, la géorgie, invoquant « l’évolution rapide de la situation
en Abkhazie et en Ossétie du Sud », a soumis au greffe une « demande en indi-
cation de mesures conservatoires modifiée » ; le greffe a immédiatement fait
tenir au gouvernement russe une copie certifiée conforme de cette demande.
6. La Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de nationalité géorpgienne, la
géorgie s’est prévalue du droit que lui confère le paragraphep 2 de l’article 31 du
Statut et a désigné m. giorgio gaja pour siéger en qualité de juge ad hoc en l’affaire.
7. par ordonnance du 15 octobre 2008, la Cour, après avoir entendu les par-
ties, a indiqué certaines mesures conservatoires aux deux parties. Elle leur a
également demandé de la tenir informée de l’exécution de pces mesures.
8. par ordonnance du 2 décembre 2008, le président de la Cour, compte tenu
de l’accord des parties, a fixé au 2 septembre 2009 et au 2 juillet 2010, respecti -
vement, les dates d’expiration du délai pour le dépôt d’upn mémoire de la géor -
gie et d’un contre-mémoire de la Fédération de Russie. Le mémoire de la géor -
gie a été déposé dans le délai ainsi prescrit.
9. Le 26 janvier 2009, l’agent de la géorgie a remis un document intitulé
«Rapport soumis à la Cour par la géorgie en exécution de l’alinéa d du para -
graphe 149 de l’ordonnance du 15 octobre 2008 ». Le 8 juillet 2009, l’agent de la
Fédération de Russie a présenté à la Cour un document intpitulé «Rapport de la
Fédération de Russie sur la mise en œuvre des mesures conservatpoires indiquées
par la Cour dans son ordonnance du 15 octobre 2008 ».
10. Conformément à l’article 43 du Règlement, le greffier a adressé, le 31 juil -
let 2009, la notification prévue au paragraphe 1 de l’article 63 du Statut à tous
les Etats parties à la CIEdR ; le même jour, le greffier a en outre adressé au
Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies la notification prévue au
paragraphe 3 de l’article 34 du Statut.
1077 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
11. On 1 december 2009, within the time-limit set by Article 79, paragraph 1,
of the Rules of Court, as amended on 5 december 2000, the Russian Federation
raised preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court. Consequepntly, by
an Order of 11 december 2009, the Court, noting that by virtue of Article 79,
paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court, the proceedings on the merits were sus -
pended, fixed 1 April 2010 as the time-limit for the presentation by georgia of a
written statement of its observations and submissions on the preliminaryp objec -
tions made by the Russian Federation. georgia filed such a statement within the
time-limit so prescribed, and the case thus became ready for hearing in respect
of the preliminary objections.
12. By a letter dated 1 April 2010, the Registrar, in accordance with Arti -
cle 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, transmitted to the United Nations
copies of the written pleadings filed in the case and asked the Secretarpy-general
of the United Nations to inform him whether or not the Organization intepnded
to present observations in writing within the meaning of the said provispion. The
Registrar further stated that, in view of the fact that the current phaspe of the
proceedings related to the question of jurisdiction, any written observaptions
should be limited to that question. In a letter dated 30 July 2010, the Senior
Legal Officer in charge of the Office of the Legal Counsel indicated tphat the
United Nations did not intend to submit any such observations.
13. pursuant to Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the Court,
after ascertaining the views of the parties, decided that copies of the pleadings
and documents annexed would be made accessible to the public on the opening
of the oral proceedings.
14. public hearings on the preliminary objections raised by the Russian Fed -
eration were held from monday 13 September to Friday 17 September 2010, at
which the Court heard the oral arguments and replies of :
For the Russian Federation : H.E. mr. Kirill gevorgian,
H.E. mr. Roman Kolodkin,
mr. Samuel Wordsworth,
mr. Alain pellet,
mr. Andreas Zimmermann.
For Georgia : ms Tina Burjaliani,
mr. paul S. Reichler,
mr. James R. Crawford,
mr. payam Akhavan,
mr. philippe Sands.
15. At the hearings, members of the Court put questions to the parties, to
which replies were given in writing, within the time-limit fixed by the president
in accordance with Article 61, paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court. In accor -
dance with Article 72 of the Rules of Court, each of the parties submitted com-
ments on the written replies provided by the other.
*
16. In the Application, the following requests were made by georgia :
“The Republic of georgia, on it own behalf and as parens patriae for its
citizens, respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that thpe
Russian Federation, through its State organs, State agents, and othep rersons
11 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 77
er
11. Le 1 décembre 2009, dans le délai prescrit au premier paragraphe de l’ar-
ticle 79 du Règlement de la Cour, tel que modifié le 5 décembre 2000, la Fédéra -
tion de Russie a soulevé des exceptions préliminaires à la comppétence de la Cour.
En conséquence, par ordonnance du 11 décembre 2009, la Cour, constatant
qu’en vertu des dispositions du paragraphe 5 derl’article 79 du Règlement la pro -
cédure sur le fond était suspendue, a fixé au 1 avril 2010 la date d’expiration du
délai dans lequel la géorgie pourrait présenter un exposé écrit contenant ses
observations et conclusions sur les exceptions préliminaires soulevépes par la
Fédération de Russie. La géorgie a déposé un tel exposé dans le délai ainsi fixép,
et l’affaire s’est alors trouvée en erat pour ce qui est dpes exceptions préliminaires.
12. par une lettre en date du 1 avril 2010, le greffier a, conformément au
paragraphe 3 de l’article 69 du Règlement de la Cour, communiqué à l’Organi -
sation des Nations Unies la procédure écrite en l’affaire et demandé au Secrép -
taire général de lui indiquer si l’Organisation entendait prépsenter des observa -
tions écrites au sens de ladite disposition. Le greffier a en outre pprécisé que, la
procédure ne portant à ce stade que sur la compétence, les obseprvations écrites
devaient être limitées à cette question. par une lettre en date du 30 juillet 2010,
l’administrateur général chargé du bureau du conseiller juripdique a indiqué que
l’Organisation des Nations Unies n’avait pas l’intention de présenter de telles
observations.
13. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 53 du Règlement, la Cour,
après s’être renseignée auprès des parties, a décidé que des exemplaires des
pièces de procédure et documents annexés seraient rendus accesspibles au public
à l’ouverture de la procédure orale.
14. des audiences publiques sur les exceptions préliminaires soulevées ppar la
Fédération de Russie ont été tenues du lundi 13 septembre au vendredi 17 sep -
tembre 2010, au cours desquelles ont été entendus en leurs plaidoiries etp réponses :
Pour la Fédération de Russie : S. Exc. m. Kirill gevorgian,
S. Exc. m. Roman Kolodkin,
m. Samuel Wordsworth,
m. Alain pellet,
m. Andreas Zimmermann.
Pour la Géorgie : m me Tina Burjaliani,
m. paul S. Reichler,
m. James R. Crawford,
m. payam Akhavan,
m. philippe Sands.
15. A l’audience, des membres de la Cour ont posé aux parties des questions,
auxquelles celles-ci ont répondu par écrit dans le délai fixé par le présidpent,
conformément au paragraphe 4 de l’article 61 du Règlement de la Cour. En
application de l’article 72 du Règlement, chacune des parties a présenté des
observations sur les réponses écrites fournies par la partie adverse.
*
16. dans la requête, les demandes ci-après ont été formulées par la géorgie :
«La République de géorgie, en son nom propre et en qualité de
parens patriae de ses citoyens, prie respectueusement la Cour de dire et
juger que la Fédération de Russie, par l’intermédiaire de seps organes et
1178 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
and entities exercising governmental authority, and through the South Osp-se
tian and Abkhaz separatist forces and other agents acting on the instrucp -
tions of or under the direction and control of the Russian Federation, has
violated its obligations under CERd by :
(a) engaging in acts and practices of ‘racial discrimination against perspons,
groups of persons or institutions’ and failing ‘to ensure that allp public
authorities and public institutions, national and local, shall act in copn-
formity with this obligation’ contrary to Article 2 (l) (a) of CERd ;
(b) ‘sponsoring, defending and supporting racial discrimination’ contrpary
to Article 2 (l) (b) of CERd ;
(c) failing to ‘prohibit and bring to an end, by all appropriate means,
including legislation as required by circumstances, racial discrimina -
tion’ contrary to Article 2 (l) (d) of CERd ;
(d) failing to condemn ‘racial segregation’ and failing to ‘eradicate all prac-
tices of this nature’ in South Ossetia and Abkhazia, contrary to Arti -
cle 3 of CERd ;
(e) failing to ‘condemn all propaganda and all organizations . . . which
attempt to justify or promote racial hatred and discrimination in any
form’ and failing ‘to adopt immediate and positive measures designped
to eradicate all incitement to, or acts of, such discrimination’, conptrary
to Article 4 of CERd ;
(f) undermining the enjoyment of the enumerated fundamental human
rights in Article 5 by the ethnic georgian, greek and Jewish popula -
tions in South Ossetia and Abkhazia, contrary to Article 5 of CERd ;
(g) failing to provide ‘effective protection and remedies’ against apcts of
racial discrimination, contrary to Article 6 of CERd.
The Republic of georgia, on it own behalf and as parens patriae for its
citizens, respectfully requests the Court to order the Russian Federatiopn to
take all steps necessary to comply with its obligations under CERd, includ -
ing :
(a) immediately ceasing all military activities on the territory of the Repupb -
lic of georgia, including South Ossetia and Abkhazia, and immediate
withdrawing of all Russian military personnel from the same ;
(b) taking all necessary and appropriate measures to ensure the prompt
and effective return of Idps to South Ossetia and Abkhazia in condi -
tions of safety and security ;
(c) refraining from the unlawful appropriation of homes and property
belonging to Idps ;
(d) taking all necessary measures to ensure that the remaining ethnic geor -
gian populations of South Ossetia and the gali district are not subject
to discriminatory treatment including but not limited to protecting
them against pressures to assume Russian citizenship, and respect for
their right to receive education in their mother tongue ;
(e) paying full compensation for its role in supporting and failing to bringp
to an end the consequences of the ethnic cleansing that occurred in the p
12 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 78
agents et d’autres personnes et entités exerçant une autorité gouvernemen -
tale, ainsi que par l’intermédiaire des forces séparatistes sud-ossètes et
abkhazes et d’autres agents opérant sur ses instructions ou sous spa direc -
tion et son contrôle, a violé les obligations que lui impose la CIpEdR:
a) en se livrant à des actes et pratiques de « discrimination raciale contre
des personnes, groupes de personnes ou institutions » et en ne faisant
pas «en sorte que toutes les autorités publiques et institutions publiquesp,
nationales et locales, se conforment à cette obligation », en violation de
l’alinéa a) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la Convention ;
b) en « encourageant, défendant ou appuyant la discrimination raciale », en
violation de l’alinéa b) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la Convention ;
c) en n’«interdisant pas, par tous les moyens appropriés, y compris, si les
circonstances l’exigent, des mesures législatives, … la discrimination
raciale … et en n’y mettant pas fin », en violation de l’alinéa d) du para -
graphe 1 de l’article 2 de la Convention ;
d) en ne condamnant pas la « ségrégation raciale » et en n’« éliminant
pas … toutes les pratiques de cette nature » en Ossétie du Sud et en
Abkhazie, en violation de l’article 3 de la Convention ;
e) en ne «condamnant pas toute propagande et toutes organisations … qui
prétendent justifier ou encourager toute forme de haine et de discrimpi -
nation raciales » et en n’« adoptant pas immédiatement des mesures
positives destinées à éliminer toute incitation à une telle discrimination »,
en violation de l’article 4 de la Convention ;
f) en portant atteinte à la jouissance, par les populations de souches gpéor -
gienne, grecque et juive d’Ossétie du Sud et d’Abkhazie, des drpoits de
l’homme fondamentaux énumérés à l’article 5 de la Convention, en vio -
lation de cet article 5 ;
g) en n’assurant pas « une protection et une voie de recours effectives »
contre les actes de discrimination raciale, en violation de l’article 6 de
la Convention.
La République de géorgie, en son nom propre et en qualité de
parens patriae de ses citoyens, prie respectueusement la Cour d’ordonner à
la Fédération de Russie de prendre toutes les mesures nécessairpes pour
s’acquitter des obligations que lui impose la CIEdR, notamment :
a) de cesser immédiatement toutes ses activités militaires sur le terpritoire
de la République de géorgie, y compris en Ossétie du Sud et en Abkha -
zie, et d’en retirer immédiatement tout son personnel militaire ;
b) de prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires et appropriées pour assuprer le
retour rapide, effectif et en toute sécurité en Ossétie du Supd et en Abkha -
zie des personnes déplacées ;
c) de s’abstenir de toute appropriation illicite d’habitations et de pbiens
appartenant à des personnes déplacées ;
d) de prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires pour que les populations gépor -
giennes de souche restées en Ossétie du Sud et dans le district dep gali
ne soient pas victimes de discrimination et, notamment, pour qu’ellesp
soient protégées des pressions visant à leur faire prendre la npationalité
russe et que leur droit à recevoir une éducation dans leur langue pmater -
nelle soit respecté ;
e) de réparer intégralement le préjudice qu’elle a causé en pappuyant le net -
toyage ethnique pratiqué lors des conflits de 1991-1994 et en ne mettant
1279 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
1991-1994 conflicts, and its subsequent refusal to allow the return of
Idps ;
(f) not to recognize in any manner whatsoever the de facto South Ossetian
and Abkhaz separatist authorities and the fait accompli created by
ethnic cleansing;
(g) not to take any measures that would discriminate against persons,
whether legal or natural, having georgian nationality or ethnicity
within its jurisdiction or control ;
(h) allow georgia to fulfil its obligations under CERd by withdrawing its
forces from South Ossetia and Abkhazia and allowing georgia to
restore its authority and jurisdiction over those regions ; and
(i) to pay full compensation to georgia for all injuries resulting from its
internationally wrongful acts.”
17. In the written proceedings on the merits, the following submissions werep
presented on behalf of the government of georgia in its memorial :
“On the basis of the evidence and legal argument presented in this Memo -
rial, georgia requests the Court to adjudge and declare :
1. that the Russian Federation, through its State organs, State agents and p
other persons and entities exercising governmental authority, and
through the de facto governmental authorities in South Ossetia and
Abkhazia and militias operating in those areas, is responsible for vio -
lations of Articles 2 (1) (a), 2 (1) (b), 2 (1) (d), 3 and 5 of the 1965
Convention by the following actions : (i) the ethnic cleansing of geor -
gians in South Ossetia ; (ii) the frustration of the right of return of
georgians to their homes in South Ossetia and Abkhazia ; and (iii) the
destruction of georgian culture and identity in South Ossetia and Abk -
hazia ;
2. that the Russian Federation is responsible for the violation of the
Court’s Order on provisional measures of 15 October 2008 by the fol -
lowing actions: (i) acts of discrimination, including by violence, against
georgians in South Ossetia and Abkhazia ; (ii) the frustration of the
right of return of georgians to their homes in South Ossetia and Abk -
hazia; (iii) the destruction of georgian culture and identity in South
Ossetia and Abkhazia; and (iv) the obstruction of access to humanitar -
ian assistance ;
3. that the Russian Federation is under an obligation to cease all actions p
in contravention of its obligations under Articles 2 (1) (a), 2 (1) (b),
2 (1) (d), 3 and 5 of the 1965 Convention and the Court’s Order on
provisional measures, including all acts of discrimination as well as all
support, defence, sponsorship of, or efforts to consolidate, such dis -
crimination, and to provide appropriate assurances and guarantees that
it will refrain from all such acts in the future ;
4. that the Russian Federation is under an obligation to re-establish
the situation that existed before its violations of Articles 2 (1) (a),
2 (1) (b), 2 (1) (d), 3 and 5 of the 1965 Convention, in particular
by taking prompt and effective measures to secure the return of the
internally displaced georgians to their homes in South Ossetia and
Abkhazia ;
13 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 79
pas fin à ses conséquences, et en refusant ultérieurement d’pautoriser le
retour des personnes déplacées ;
f) de ne pas reconnaître, de quelque façon que ce soit, les autoritéps sépa -
ratistes de facto sud-ossètes et abkhazes, ni le fait accompli créé par le
nettoyage ethnique ;
g) de ne prendre aucune mesure discriminatoire contre les personnes, phy -
siques ou morales, de nationalité ou de souche géorgiennes se troupvant
sous sa juridiction ou son autorité ;
h) de permettre à la géorgie d’exécuter les obligations que lui impose la
CIEdR en retirant ses forces d’Ossétie du Sud et d’Abkhazie et de pper -
mettre à la géorgie de rétablir son autorité et sa juridiction sur ces répgions ;
i) d’indemniser intégralement la géorgie pour tous les préjudices décou -
lant de ses faits internationalement illicites. »
17. Au cours de la procédure écrite sur le fond, les conclusions ci-après ont
été présentées au nom du gouvernement de la géorgie dans son mémoire :
«Sur la base des éléments de preuve et des arguments juridiques soupmis
dans le présent mémoire, la géorgie prie la Cour de dire et juger :
1. que la Fédération de Russie a, par l’intermédiaire de ses orpganes et
agents et d’autres personnes ou entités exerçant une autoritép gouverne -
mentale, ainsi que par l’intermédiaire des autorités gouvernemepntales
de facto d’Ossétie du Sud et d’Abkhazie et des milices opérant dans pces
régions, violé les dispositions des alinéas a), b) et d) du paragraphe 1
de l’article 2, de l’article 3 et de l’article 5 de la convention de 1965 par
les actions suivantes : i) nettoyage ethnique à l’encontre des géorgiens
d’Ossétie du Sud ; ii) déni du droit de retour des géorgiens en Ossétie
du Sud et en Abkhazie ; et iii) destruction de la culture et de l’identité
géorgiennes en Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie ;
2. que, par les actions ci-après, la Fédération de Russie a violé les prescrip -
tions de l’ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires qu’ap ren -
due la Cour le 15 octobre 2008 :i) actes de discrimination, y compris par
la violence, à l’encontre de géorgiens en Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie ;
ii) déni du droit de retour des géorgiens dans leurs foyers en Ossétie du
Sud et en Abkhazie ; iii) destruction de la culture et de l’identité géor -
giennes en Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie ; et iv) obstruction de l’accès
à l’aide humanitaire ;
3. que la Fédération de Russie a l’obligation de mettre un terme àp toutes
les actions commises en violation des obligations qui lui incombent en
vertu des alinéas a), b) et d) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2, de l’article 3
et de l’article 5 de la convention de 1965 et de l’ordonnance en indication
de mesures conservatoires rendue par la Cour, notamment à tous les
actes de discrimination et à toute action visant à défendre, enpcourager
ou appuyer une telle discrimination, ainsi qu’à tout effort visapnt à la
renforcer, et de fournir des assurances et des garanties appropriées p
qu’elle s’abstiendra à l’avenir de se livrer à tout acte pde cette nature ;
4. que la Fédération de Russie a l’obligation de rétablir la siptuation qui
prévalait avant la commission des violations des alinéas a), b) et d) du
paragraphe 1 de l’article 2, de l’article 3 et de l’article 5 de la convention
de 1965, notamment en prenant sans tarder des mesures efficaces pour
faire en sorte que les géorgiens déplacés dans leur propre pays puissent
regagner leurs foyers en Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie ;
1380 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
5. that the Russian Federation is under an obligation to compensate for
the damage caused by its violations of Articles 2 (1) (a), 2 (1) (b),
2 (1) (d), 3 and 5 of the 1965 Convention and of the Court’s Order on
provisional measures with such compensation to be quantified in a
separate phase of these proceedings.”
18. In the preliminary objections, the following submissions were presented p
on behalf of the government of the Russian Federation :
“For the reasons advanced above, the Russian Federation requests the
Court to adjudge and declare that it lacks jurisdiction over the claims
brought against the Russian Federation by georgia, referred to it by the
Application of georgia of 12 August 2008.”
In the written statement of its observations and submissions on the prelpimi -
nary objections, the following submissions were presented on behalf of tphe gov -
ernment of georgia :
“For these reasons georgia respectfully requests the Court :
1. to dismiss the preliminary objections presented by the Russian Federa -
tion ;
2. to hold that it has jurisdiction to hear the claims presented by georgia,
and that these claims are admissible.”
19. At the oral proceedings on the preliminary objections, the followingp sub -
missions were presented by the parties :
On behalf of the Government of the Russian Federation,
at the hearing of 15 September 2010 :
“The Russian Federation requests the Court to adjudge and declare thapt
it lacks jurisdiction over the claims brought against the Russian Federaption
by georgia, referred to it by the Application of georgia of 12 August 2008.”
On behalf of the Government of Georgia,
at the hearing of 17 September 2010 :
“georgia respectfully requests the Court :
1. to dismiss the preliminary objections presented by the Russian Feder -
ation ;
2. to hold that the Court has jurisdiction to hear the claims presented by p
georgia and that these claims are admissible.”
* * *
I. Introduction
20. It is recalled that in its Application, georgia relied on Article 22 of
CERd to found the jurisdiction of the Court (see paragraph 1 above).
Article 22 of CERd reads as follows :
14 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 80
5. que la Fédération de Russie a l’obligation de réparer le prépjudice causé
par ses violations des alinéas a), b) et d) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2,
de l’article 3 et de l’article 5 de la convention de 1965 ainsi que [des
prescriptions] de l’ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoireps
rendue par la Cour, le montant de cette réparation restant à étpablir au
cours d’une phase distincte de la présente instance. »
18. Les conclusions ci-après ont été présentées au nom du gouvernement de
la Fédération de Russie dans les exceptions préliminaires :
«pour les motifs exposés ci-dessus, la Fédération de Russie prie la Cour
de dire et juger qu’elle n’a pas compétence pour connaître dpes demandes
que la géorgie a formulées dans sa requête du 12 août 2008 contre la Fédé -
ration de Russie. »
Les conclusions ci-après ont été présentées au nom du gouvernement de la
géorgie dans les observations écrites sur les exceptions prélimipnaires:
«pour ces motifs, la géorgie prie la Cour
1. de rejeter les exceptions préliminaires soulevées par la Fédération de
Russie ;
2. de se déclarer compétente pour connaître des demandes présenptées par
la géorgie, et de dire que ces demandes sont recevables. »
19. dans la procédure orale sur les exceptions préliminaires, les conclusions
ci-après ont été présentées par les parties :
Au nom du Gouvernement de la Fédération de Russie,
à l’audience du 15 septembre 2010 :
«La Fédération de Russie prie la Cour de dire et juger qu’elle np’a pas
compétence pour connaître des demandes que la géorgie a formulées dans
sa requête du 12 août 2008 contre la Fédération de Russie. »
Au nom du Gouvernement de la Géorgie,
à l’audience du 17 septembre 2010 :
«La géorgie prie la Cour
1. de rejeter les exceptions préliminaires soulevées par la Fédéraption de
Russie ;
2. de se déclarer compétente pour connaître des demandes présenptées par
la géorgie, et de dire que ces demandes sont recevables. »
*
* *
I. Introduction
20. Il est rappelé que, dans sa requête, la géorgie a invoqué l’article 22
de la CIEdR pour fonder la compétence de la Cour (voir paragraphe 1
ci-dessus). Cet article se lit comme suit :
1481 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
“Any dispute between two or more States parties with respect to
the interpretation or application of this Convention, which is not settlped
by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in this
Convention, shall, at the request of any of the parties to the dispute, p
be referred to the International Court of Justice for decision, unless
the disputants agree to another mode of settlement.”
CERd entered into force between the parties on 2 July 1999.
21. It is further recalled that in its Application, georgia also reserved the
right to invoke Article Ix of the Convention on the prevention and punish -
ment of the Crime of genocide of 9 december 1948 as an additional basis
for jurisdiction (see paragraph 1 above). georgia did not however subse -
quently invoke this Convention as a basis for the Court’s jurisdictiopn.
22. The Russian Federation has raised four preliminary objections to
the Court’s jurisdiction under Article 22 of CERd. According to the first
preliminary objection put forward by the Russian Federation, there was
no dispute between the parties regarding the interpretation or application
of CERd at the date georgia filed its Application. In its second prelimi -
nary objection, the Russian Federation argues that the procedural
requirements of Article 22 of CERd for recourse to the Court have not
been fulfilled. The Russian Federation contends in its third objection tphat
the alleged wrongful conduct took place outside its territory and there -
fore the Court lacks jurisdiction ratione loci to entertain the case. during
the oral proceedings, the Russian Federation stated that this objection p
did not possess an exclusively preliminary character. Finally, accordingp to
the Russian Federation’s fourth objection, any jurisdiction the Courtp
might have is limited ratione temporis to the events which occurred after
the entry into force of CERd as between the parties, that is, 2 July 1999.
II. First preliminary Objection — Existence of a dispute
23. The Russian Federation’s first preliminary objection is that “therpe
was no dispute between georgia and Russia with respect to the interpre -
tation or application of CERd concerning the situation in and around
Abkhazia and South Ossetia prior to 12 August 2008, i.e., the date geor -
gia submitted its application”. In brief, it presented two arguments in
support of that objection. First, if there was any dispute involving anyp
allegations of racial discrimination committed in the territory of Abkhap-
zia and South Ossetia, the parties to that dispute were georgia on the one
side and Abkhazia and South Ossetia on the other, but not the Russian
Federation. Secondly, even if there was a dispute between georgia and
the Russian Federation, any such dispute was not one related to the
application or interpretation of CERd.
15 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 81
«Tout différend entre deux ou plusieurs Etats parties touchant
l’interprétation ou l’application de la présente Convention qui n’aura
pas été réglé par voie de négociation ou au moyen des propcédures
expressément prévues par ladite Convention sera porté, à la prequête
de toute partie au différend, devant la Cour internationale de Justpice
pour qu’elle statue à son sujet, à moins que les parties au diffpérend ne
conviennent d’un autre mode de règlement. »
La CIEdR est entrée en vigueur entre les parties le 2 juillet 1999.
21. Il est rappelé en outre que, dans sa requête, la géorgie s’est égale -
ment réservé le droit d’invoquer, comme base additionnelle de cpompétence,
l’article Ix de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de
génocide (voir paragraphe 1 ci-dessus). par la suite, la géorgie n’a cepen -
dant pas invoqué cette convention comme base de compétence de la Cpour.
22. La Fédération de Russie a soulevé quatre exceptions préliminpaires
à la compétence de la Cour fondée sur l’article 22 de la CIEdR. Selon la
première exception préliminaire, il n’existait pas de difféprend entre les
parties touchant l’interprétation ou l’application de la CIEdR à la date à
laquelle la géorgie a déposé sa requête. dans sa deuxième exception pré -
liminaire, la Fédération de Russie fait valoir que les exigences dpe procé -
dure relatives à la saisine de la Cour, posées à l’article 22 de la CIEdR,
n’ont pas été respectées. dans sa troisième exception préliminaire, elle
affirme que le comportement illicite qui lui est reproché s’est mpanifesté en
dehors de son territoire et que, partant, la Cour n’a pas compétenpce
ratione loci pour connaître de l’affaire. A l’audience, elle a précisép que
cette exception ne revêtait pas un caractère exclusivement prélpiminaire.
Enfin, selon la quatrième exception préliminaire de la Fédérpation de Rus-
sie, l’éventuelle compétence de la Cour est limitée ratione temporis aux
événements qui se sont produits après l’entrée en vigueurp de la CIEdR
entre les parties, soit le 2 juillet 1999.
II. première exception prépliminaire— l’existence d’un dipfférend
23. La première exception préliminaire de la Fédération de Russipe
consiste à dire que, « avant le 12 août 2008, date à laquelle la géorgie a
déposé sa requête, il n’existait entre les deux Etats aucun pdifférend tou -
chant l’interprétation ou l’application de la CIEdR, au regard de la situa-
tion qui régnait en Abkhazie, en Ossétie du Sud et dans les environs » .
pour résumer, la Fédération de Russie a présenté à l’pappui de cette excep -
tion les deux arguments suivants :premièrement, s’il existait un quelconque
différend portant sur des actes de discrimination raciale qui auraipent été
commis sur le territoire de l’Abkhazie et de l’Ossétie du Sud, ce différend
opposerait la géorgie, d’une part, à l’Abkhazie et à l’Ossétie du pSud, de
l’autre, et non à la Fédération de Russie ; deuxièmement, quand bien
même il existerait un différend entre la géorgie et la Fédération de Russie,
celui-ci ne saurait toucher l’application ou l’interprétation de la CpIEdR.
1582 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
24. georgia, in response, contends that the record shows that, over a
period of more than a decade prior to the filing of its Application, it phas
consistently raised its serious concerns with the Russian Federation ovepr
unlawful acts of racial discrimination that are attributable to that Stapte,
making it clear that there exists a long-standing dispute between the two
States with regard to matters falling under CERd.
25. The parties, in elaborating their positions, addressed the legal
requirements for the existence of a dispute and the facts in the record pin
this case.
1. The Meaning of “Dispute”
26. On the law, the Russian Federation contends in the first place that
the word “dispute” in Article 22 of CERd has a special meaning which is
narrower than that to be found in general international law and accord -
ingly more difficult to satisfy. The Russian Federation submits that, upnder
CERd, States parties are not considered to be in “dispute” until a “pmat -
ter” between those parties has crystallized through a five-stage process
involving the procedures established under the Convention. This conten -
tion depends on the wording of Articles 11 to 16 of CERd and the dis -
tinctions they are said to make between “matter”, “complaints” and
“disputes”. Under Article 11, paragraph 1, of CERd, a State party which
considers that another State party is not giving effect to the provisipons of
the Convention “may bring the matter to the attention of the Committepe
[on the Elimination of Racial discrimination established by and elected
under the Convention]”. According to the Russian Federation, Article 11
sets out a procedure to be followed under CERd, including transmission
of “the matter” to the State party concerned, its making of written expla -
nations to the Committee clarifying the matter and the remedy, if any, ipt
has taken (para. 1). If the matter is not adjusted to the satisfaction of
both parties, either by bilateral negotiations or any other procedure
within six months either State has the right to refer the matter again tpo
the Committee (para. 2). The Committee is to deal with the matter after
it has ascertained that domestic remedies have been exhausted (para. 3).
It may “[i]n any matter referred to it” call upon the States conceprned to
supply any other relevant information (para. 4) and the States concerned
are entitled to representation in the proceedings of the Committee whilep
“the matter is under consideration” (para. 5).
27. The Russian Federation points out that it is only after those five
stages are completed that in Article 12 the word “dispute” (in the phrase
“parties to the dispute”) appears. In its submission :
“In contrast to Article 11, where the term ‘dispute’ is carefully
avoided, there are some six references to ‘States parties to the disppute’
16 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 82
24. En réponse, la géorgie affirme qu’il ressort du dossier de l’affaire
que, pendant plus d’une dizaine d’années et jusqu’au dépôpt de sa requête,
elle n’a cessé de faire part à la Fédération de Russie dep sa vive préoccupa-
tion face aux actes illicites de discrimination raciale attribuables à cet
Etat, ce qui atteste clairement l’existence d’un différend dep longue date
entre les deux Etats au sujet de questions relevant de la CIEdR.
25. Les parties, en développant leurs positions respectives, ont examiné
les conditions juridiques requises pour qu’un différend existe apinsi que les
faits qui ressortent du dossier de l’affaire.
1. Le sens du mot « différend»
26. du point de vue du droit, la Fédération de Russie soutient pour
commencer que le mot « différend » employé à l’article 22 de la CIEdR
revêt un sens spécial plus étroit que celui qui lui est donnép en droit inter -
national général et que, partant, l’existence d’un tel diffpérend est plus dif-
ficile à établir. Elle affirme que, en vertu de la CIEdR, les Etats parties ne
sont pas censés avoir un «différend » tant qu’une «question » les opposant
n’a pas fait l’objet d’un processus de cristallisation en cinq pétapes faisant
intervenir les procédures prévues par la Convention. Cette affirmpation est
fondée sur le libellé des articles 11 à 16 de la CIEdR et sur les distinctions
qui y seraient établies entre les termes « question », «plaintes » et « diffé -
rends ». Aux termes du paragraphe 1 de l’article 11 de la CIEdR, un Etat
partie qui estime qu’un autre Etat partie n’applique pas les dispopsitions
de la Convention « peut appeler l’attention du Comité [pour l’élimination
de la discrimination raciale, créé par ladite Convention et dont lpes
membres sont élus en vertu de cet instrument] ». Selon la Fédération de
Russie, l’article 11 énonce la procédure à suivre en application de la
CIEdR, notamment la communication de « la question » à l’Etat partie
intéressé, qui soumet au Comité des explications écrites au psujet de cette
question et indique, le cas échéant, les mesures qu’il a prisesp (par. 1). Si,
dans un délai de six mois, la question n’est pas réglée à la satisfaction des
deux Etats, par voie de négociations bilatérales ou par toute autre procé -
dure, l’un comme l’autre ont le droit de la soumettre de nouveau apu
Comité (par. 2). Celui-ci examine la question après s’être assuré que les
recours internes ont été épuisés (par. 3). Il peut, « [d]ans toute affaire qui
lui est soumise », demander aux Etats en présence de lui fournir tout ren -
seignement complémentaire pertinent (par. 4). Enfin, les Etats intéressés
ont le droit de se faire représenter dans les travaux du Comité « pendant
toute la durée des débats » (par. 5).
27. La Fédération de Russie fait observer que ce n’est qu’une fopis ces
cinq étapes menées à leur terme qu’un « différend » au sens de l’article 12
(dans l’expression : « parties au différend ») se fait jour. La Fédération de
Russie relève que :
«[à] la différence de l’article 11, dans lequel le mot « différend» est
soigneusement évité, l’article 12 ne contient pas moins de six occur -
1683 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
in Article 12. This cannot be inadvertent — the parties evidently
wished to distinguish between the communication and adjustment of
a non-crystallized matter, and the point at which that matter had been
escalated via a five-stage process such that it could then, but only then,
be properly characterized as a dispute.”
The same distinction, says the Russian Federation, between the non-
crystallized “matter” and the “dispute” is reflected in thpe relevant parts of
the Committee’s Rules of procedure. Article 16 also uses both terms in
establishing that the provisions of CERd “concerning the settlement of
disputes or complaints shall be applied without prejudice to other procep -
dures for settling disputes or complaints” laid down in other instrumpents.
The reference to “complaints” in that provision is explained, accoprding to
the Russian Federation, by the drafting history which shows that the
term “complaint” was the term originally used for “matter” in Article 11.
The wording, confirmed by the drafting history, in the Russian Federa -
tion’s submissions, leads to the conclusion that :
“as a matter of the interpretation of the word ‘dispute’ in Article 22
in its relevant context, a specific degree of crystallization is requirepd
for there to be a ‘dispute’ at all. And, even on georgia’s case on the
relevant facts, that degree of crystallization is manifestly absent.”p
*
28. georgia, in its submissions, rejects the argument that the term
“dispute” in Article 22 has a special meaning. It contends that the rele -
vant provisions of CERd, particularly Articles 12 and 13, use the terms
“matter”, “issue” and “dispute” without distinction orp any trace of any
special meaning. While in Article 12, paragraph 1, the term “dispute” (in
the phrase “parties to the dispute”) does appear early in the propvision, the
subject-matter of the process for amicable solution remains identified as
“the matter”. Further, although the word “dispute” is used in para -
graphs 2, 5, 6 and 7 of Article 12, once the process prescribed in that
provision is completed, Article 13, paragraph 1, which regulates the final
stage of the process, uses the terms “matter”, “issue” and “pdispute”.
moreover, the usage by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial
discrimination inArticle 72 of its Rules is not consistent on this matter,
whatever weight may be given to them in the interpretation of the
Convention.
* *
17 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 83
rences de l’expression « Etats parties au différend ». Il ne peut s’agir
d’une erreur; les parties tenaient manifestement à faire la distinction
entre, d’une part, la transmission et le règlement d’une question non
cristallisée et, d’autre part, le stade auquel, après s’êptre … intensifiée
tout au long d’un processus en cinq étapes — et à ce moment-là seu -
lement —, cette question pouvait être véritablement qualifiée de dipf-
férend. »
Cette même distinction entre la « question» non cristallisée et le « diffé-
rend» se retrouve, selon la Fédération de Russie, dans les dispositpions
pertinentes du règlement intérieur du Comité. Elle est égalepment établie à
l’article 16 de la CIEdR, aux termes duquel les dispositions de celle-ci
«concernant les mesures à prendre pour régler un différend ou pliquider
une plainte s’appliquent sans préjudice des autres procédures dpe règle -
ment des différends ou de liquidation des plaintes » prévues dans d’autres
instruments. La Fédération de Russie précise que l’emploi du mot
«plaintes» dans cet article trouve son explication dans l’histoire rédacp -
tionnelle de la Convention, dont il ressort que ce terme était utilispé à l’or-i
gine à l’article 11, en lieu et place du mot «question». Selon elle, ce libellé,
tel que confirmé par l’histoire rédactionnelle, porte à concplure que:
«si l’on interprète le terme « différend » figurant à l’article 22 dans
son contexte pertinent, un certain degré de cristallisation est requips
pour qu’il puisse simplement y avoir un « différend ». Or, même en
tenant compte de l’argumentation de la géorgie sur les faits de l’es -
pèce, ce degré de cristallisation n’a manifestement pas étép atteint. »
*
28. La géorgie, quant à elle, rejette l’argument selon lequel le terme
«différend » employé à l’article 22 a un sens spécial. Elle soutient que,
dans les dispositions pertinentes de la CIEdR, et notamment dans les
articles 12 et 13, les termes « affaire », « question » et « différend » sont
employés sans distinction et sans la moindre indication qu’un sensp parti -
culier devrait leur être conféré. En ce qui concerne l’article 12, si le terme
«différend » (qui figure dans l’expression «parties au différend ») apparaît
dès le début du paragraphe 1, l’objet du processus de règlement amiable
continue d’être qualifié de « question ». de plus, bien que le terme « diffé -
rend » soit employé aux paragraphes 2, 5, 6 et 7 de l’article 12, il n’en
demeure pas moins que, une fois achevé le processus visé par cettep dispo -
sition, le paragraphe 1 de l’article 13 — qui régit la dernière étape du pro -
cessus — utilise les termes « question », «litige » et « différend ». Enfin, le
Comité pour l’élimination de la discrimination raciale n’a ppas fait preuve
de cohérence en la matière dans la formulation de l’article 72 de son règle -
ment intérieur, quel que soit le poids à accorder à celui-ci aux fins de
l’interprétation de la Convention.
* *
1784 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
29. The Court does not consider that the words “matter”, “complaintp”,
“dispute” and “issue” are used in Articles 11 to 16 in such a systematic
way that requires that a narrower interpretation than usual be given to p
the word “dispute” in Article 22. Further, the word “dispute” appears in
the first part of Article 22 in exactly the same way as it appears in several
other compromissory clauses adopted around the time CERd was being
prepared: “Any dispute between two or more States parties with respect
to the interpretation or application of this Convention . . .” (e.g., Optional
protocol of Signature to the Conventions on the Law of the Sea of 1958
concerning the Compulsory Settlement of disputes, Article 1 ; Single
Convention on Narcotic drugs of 1961, Article 48 ; Convention on the
Settlement of Investment disputes between States and Nationals of other
States of 1965, Article 64). That consistency of usage suggests that there
is no reason to depart from the generally understood meaning of “dis -
pute” in the compromissory clause contained in Article 22 of CERd.
Finally, the submissions made by the Russian Federation on this matter
did not in any event indicate the particular form that narrower interprepta -
tion was to take. Accordingly, the Court rejects this first contention opf the
Russian Federation and turns to the general meaning of the word “dis -
pute” when used in relation to the jurisdiction of the Court.
30. The Court recalls its established case law on that matter, beginning
with the frequently quoted statement by the permanent Court of Interna -
tional Justice in the Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions case in 1924 : “A
dispute is a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legpal
views or of interests between two persons.” (Judgment No. 2, 1924,
P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 11.) Whether there is a dispute in a given case
is a matter for “objective determination” by the Court (Interpretation of
Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, First Phase, Advi -
sory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74). “It must be shown that the
claim of one party is positively opposed by the other” (South West Africa
(Ethiopia v. South Africa ; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objec -
tions, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328) (and most recently Armed
Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application : 2002) (Demo -
cratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admissibility,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 40, para. 90). The Court’s determina -
tion must turn on an examination of the facts. The matter is one of sub -
stance, not of form. As the Court has recognized (for example, Land and
Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nige -
ria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 315,
para. 89), the existence of a dispute may be inferred from the failure of a
State to respond to a claim in circumstances where a response is called p
for. While the existence of a dispute and the undertaking of negotiations
are distinct as a matter of principle, the negotiations may help demon -
strate the existence of the dispute and delineate its subject-matter.
18 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 84
29. La Cour ne considère pas que les termes « question », «plainte »,
«différend » et «litige » sont employés aux articles 11 à 16 de la Conven -
tion d’une façon si méthodique qu’elle justifie une interpréptation plus
étroite qu’à l’accoutumée du terme « différend » à l’article 22. En outre, le
terme « différend » apparaît, au début de l’article 22 de la CIEdR, de la
même manière que dans les clauses compromissoires de plusieurs autres
conventions adoptées à l’époque de l’élaboration de lap CIEdR : « Tout
différend entre deux ou plusieurs Etats parties touchant l’interpprétation
ou l’application de la présente Convention… » (par exemple, l’article pre -
mier du protocole de signature facultative des conventions sur le droit de
la mer de 1958 concernant le règlement obligatoire des différends, l’ar
ticle 48 de la convention unique sur les stupéfiants de 1961 ou l’article 64
de la convention pour le règlement des différends relatifs aux ipnvestisse -
ments entre Etats et ressortissants d’autres Etats de 1965). Cette unifor -
mité d’usage laisse à penser qu’il n’y a pas de raison dep s’écarter du sens
généralement admis du terme « différend » dans la clause compromissoire
contenue dans l’article 22 de la CIEdR. Enfin, la Fédération de Russie
n’a, en tout état de cause, nullement précisé dans son argumpentation sur
ce point quelle devait être l’interprétation plus étroite dep ce terme. Aussi
la Cour écarte-t-elle ce premier argument de la Fédération de Russie et en
vient-elle à l’examen du sens général du mot « différend » lorsque celui-ci
est employé au regard de sa compétence.
30. La Cour rappelle sa jurisprudence constante sur cette question, à
commencer par le prononcé fréquemment cité de la Cour permanente de
Justice internationale en l’affaire des Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine
de 1924 : « Un différend est un désaccord sur un point de droit ou de fait,
une contradiction, une opposotion de thèses juridiques oo d’intéprêts entre
deux personnes. »(Arrêt n 2, 1924, C.P.J.I. série A n 2, p. 11.) La question
de savoir s’il existe un différend dans une affaire donnée pdemande à être
«établie objectivement » par la Cour (Interprétation des traités de paix
conclus avec la Bulgarie, la Hongrie et la Roumanie, première phase, a ▯ vis
consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1950, p. 74). Il convient de « démontrer que la
réclamation de l’une des parties se heurte à l’opposition mapnifeste de
l’autre »(Sud-Ouest africain (Ethiopie c. Afrique du Sud ;Libéria c. Afrique
du Sud), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1962,p. 328) (et, plus
récemment, Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (nouvelle requête :
2002) (République démocratique du Congo c. Rwanda), compétence et rece -
vabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2006,p. 40, par. 90). La Cour, pour se pronon-
cer, doit s’attacher aux faits. Il s’agit d’une question de fond, et non de
forme. Comme la Cour l’a reconnu (voir, par exemple, Frontière terrestre et
maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), exceptions
préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J.Recueil1998, p. 315, par.89), l’existence d’un dif -
férend peut être déduite de l’absence de réaction d’un Etat à une accusation
dans des circonstances où une telle réaction s’imposait. Bien qpue l’existence
d’un différend et la tenue de négociations soient par princippe deux choses
distinctes, les négociations peuvent aider à démontrer l’exipstence du diffé -
rend et à en circonscrire l’objet.
1885 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
The dispute must in principle exist at the time the Application is sub -
mitted to the Court (Questions of Interpretation and Application of the
1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie
(Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, pp. 25-26, paras. 42-44; Questions of Inter -
pretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from t▯he
Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of
America), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, pp. 130-
131, paras. 42-44) ; the parties were in agreement with this proposition.
Further, in terms of the subject-matter of the dispute, to return to the
terms of Article 22 of CERd, the dispute must be “with respect to the
interpretation or application of [the] Convention”. While it is not npeces -
sary that a State must expressly refer to a specific treaty in its exchapnges
with the other State to enable it later to invoke that instrument beforep the
Court (Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua
(Nicaragua v. United States of America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 428-429, para. 83), the exchanges must
refer to the subject-matter of the treaty with sufficient clarity to enable the
State against which a claim is made to identify that there is, or may bep, a
dispute with regard to that subject-matter. An express specification would
remove any doubt about one State’s understanding of the subject-matter
in issue and put the other on notice. The parties agree that that express
specification does not appear in this case.
2. The Evidence about the Existence of a Dispute
31. The Court now turns to the evidence submitted to it by the parties
to determine whether it demonstrates, as georgia contends, that at the
time it filed its Application, on 12 August 2008, it had a dispute with the
Russian Federation with respect to the interpretation or application of p
CERd. The Court needs to determine (1) whether the record shows a
disagreement on a point of law or fact between the two States; (2) whether
that disagreement is with respect to “the interpretation or applicatipon” of
CERd, as required by Article 22 of CERd ; and (3) whether that dis -
agreement existed as of the date of the Application. To that effect, ipt
needs to determine whether georgia made such a claim and whether the
Russian Federation positively opposed it with the result that there is ap
dispute between them in terms of Article 22 of CERd.
32. Before the Court considers the evidence bearing on the answers to
those issues, it observes that disputes undoubtedly did arise between
June 1992 and August 2008 in relation to events in Abkhazia and South
Ossetia. Those disputes involved a range of matters including the statusp
of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, outbreaks of armed conflict and alleged
breaches of international humanitarian law and of human rights, includ -
ing the rights of minorities. It is within that complex situation that tphe
dispute which georgia alleges to exist and which the Russian Federation
denies is to be identified. One situation may contain disputes which relate
19 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 85
En principe, le différend doit exister au moment où la requêtpe est sou -
mise à la Cour (Questions d’interprétation et d’application de la convention
de Montréal de 1971 résultant de l’incident aérien de Locker▯bie (Jamahi -
riya arabe libyenne c. Royaume-Uni), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 25-26, par. 42-44 ; Questions d’interprétation et
d’application de la convention de Montréal de 1971 résultant de l’incident
aérien de Lockerbie (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique),
exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 130-131, par. 42-44),
ce dont les parties conviennent. de plus, en ce qui concerne son objet, le
différend doit, pour reprendre les termes de l’article 22 de la CIEdR,
«touch[er] l’interprétation ou l’application de la … Convention ». S’il
n’est pas nécessaire qu’un Etat mentionne expressément, dansp ses échanges
avec l’autre Etat, un traité particulier pour être ensuite admips à invoquer
ledit traité devant la Cour (Activités militaires et paramilitaires au Nicara -
gua et contre celui-ci (Nicaragua c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), compétence et
recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 428-429, par. 83), il doit néan -
moins s’être référé assez clairement à l’objet du tpraité pour que l’Etat
contre lequel il formule un grief puisse savoir qu’un différend pexiste ou
peut exister à cet égard. Une référence expresse ôterait ptout doute quant
à ce qui, selon cet Etat, constitue l’objet du différend et ppermettrait d’en
informer l’autre Etat. Les parties conviennent qu’une telle référence n’a
pas été faite en la présente espèce.
2. Les éléments de preuve relatifs à l’existence d’un diffé▯rend
31. La Cour recherchera à présent si les éléments de preuve que plui ont
présentés les parties démontrent que, au moment du dépôt de la requête,
c’est-à-dire le 12 août 2008, un différend concernant l’interprétation ou
l’application de la CIEdR opposait la géorgie, comme celle-ci le soutient,
à la Fédération de Russie. Elle doit déterminer 1) si le dossier de l’affaire
révèle l’existence d’un désaccord sur un point de droit opu de fait entre les
deux Etats, 2) si ce désaccord touche «l’interprétation ou l’application »de
la CIEdR, comme l’exige l’article 22 de celle-ci, et 3) si ledit désaccord
existait à la date du dépôt de la requête. A cet effet, elple doit établir si la
géorgie a formulé une réclamation en ce sens et si celle-ci s’est heurtée à
l’opposition manifeste de la Fédération de Russie, de sorte qu’il existe un
différend au sens de l’article 22 de la CIEdR entre les deux Etats.
32. Avant de passer à l’examen des éléments de preuve qui peuvenpt lui
permettre de répondre à ces questions, la Cour fait observer que, pde toute
évidence, des différends ont effectivement surgi entre le moisp de juin 1992
et le mois d’août 2008 au sujet des événements en Abkhazie et en Ossétie
du Sud. Ces différends portaient sur une série de questions, parpmi les -
quelles le statut de l’Abkhazie et de l’Ossétie du Sud, le dépclenchement de
conflits armés ou des violations alléguées du droit internatiponal humani -
taire et du droit relatif aux droits de l’homme, y compris des droitsp des
minorités. C’est donc dans cette situation complexe qu’il convipent d’éta -
1986 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
to more than one body of law and which are subject to different disputpe
settlement procedures (see, for example, United States Diplomatic and
Consular Staff in Tehran (United States of America v. Iran), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1980, pp. 19-20, paras. 36-37 ; Border and Transborder
Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, pp. 91-92, para. 54) ; the parties accepted
that proposition.
33. The parties referred the Court to many documents and statements
relating to events in Abkhazia and South Ossetia from 1990 to the time opf
the filing by georgia of its Application and beyond. In their submissions
they emphasized those with an official character. The Court will limit p
itself to official documents and statements.
34. The parties also distinguished between documents and statements
issued before 2 July 1999 when georgia became party to CERd, thus
establishing a treaty relationship between georgia and the Russian Fed -
eration under CERd, and the later documents and statements, and, in
respect of those later documents and statements, between those issued
before the armed conflict which began on the night of 7 to 8 August 2008
and those in the following days up to 12 August when the Application
was filed. georgia cited statements relating to events before 1999 “not as
a basis for georgia’s claims against Russia in this action, but as evidence
that the dispute with Russia over ethnic cleansing is long-standing and
legitimate and not of recent invention”. The Court will also make a dpis -
tinction between documents issued and statements made before and after
georgia became party to CERd.
35. The documents and statements also vary in their authors, their
intended, likely and actual recipients or audience, the occasion of theipr
delivery and their content. Some are issued by the Executive or members p
of the Executive of one party or the other — the president, the Foreign
minister, the Foreign ministry and other ministries — and others by par -
liament, particularly of georgia, and members of parliament. Some are
press statements or records of interviews, others are internal minutes opf
meetings prepared by one party. Some are directed to particular recipi -
ents, particularly by a member of the Executive (the president or Foreign
minister) to the counterpart of the other party or to an international
organization or official such as the United Nations Secretary-general or
the president of the Security Council. The other party may or may not be
a member of the organization or body. One particular category consists
of reports submitted to treaty monitoring bodies, such as the Human
Rights Committee, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial discrim -
ination, and the Committee against Torture. Another category is made
up of Security Council resolutions adopted between 1993 and April 2008
20 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 86
blir si le différend allégué par la géorgie et nié par la Fédération de Rus -
sie existe. Une situation donnée peut englober des différends ayant trait à
plusieurs corpus juridiques et ne relevant pas des mêmes procédureps
de règlement (voir, par exemple, Personnel diplomatique et consulaire
des Etats-Unis à Téhéran (Etats-Unis d’Amérique c. Iran), arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 1980, p. 19-20, par. 36-37 ; Actions armées frontalières et trans -
frontalières (Nicaragua c. Honduras), compétence et recevabilité, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1988, p. 91-92, par. 54) ; les parties en conviennent.
33. Les parties ont renvoyé la Cour à de nombreux documents et décla -
rations relatifs à des événements qui se sont déroulés enp Abkhazie et en
Ossétie du Sud au cours de la période allant de 1990 à la date du dépôt de
la requête de la géorgie et au-delà. En exposant leur argumentation, elles
ont mis l’accent sur ceux de ces documents et déclarations qui revêtent un
caractère officiel. C’est à ces derniers que la Cour limitera pson examen.
34. Les parties ont également fait la distinction entre les documents et
déclarations antérieurs au 2 juillet 1999 — date à laquelle la géorgie est
devenue partie à la CIEdR, une relation conventionnelle s’étant ainsi ins -
taurée entre elle et la Fédération de Russie en vertu de cet inpstrument —
et les documents et déclarations ultérieurs, et, en ce qui concernpe ces
derniers, entre ceux qui précèdent le conflit armé qui a dépbuté dans la nuit
du 7 au 8 août 2008 et ceux qui sont datés des jours suivants, jusqu’au
12 août, date du dépôt de la requête. La géorgie a précisé que, si elle
avait cité certaines déclarations relatives à des événemepnts antérieurs
à 1999, ce n’était « pas pour étayer les arguments [qu’elle avait] avancés à
l’encontre de la Russie dans la présente affaire, mais pour dépmontrer que
le différend avec la Russie au sujet du nettoyage ethnique exist[aipt] depuis
longtemps, qu’il [était] fondé et qu’il n’[était] pas d’invention récente ». La
Cour distinguera, elle aussi, entre les documents et déclarations quip
remontent, respectivement, aux périodes antérieure et postérieupre à la
date à laquelle la géorgie est devenue partie à la CIEdR.
35. Ces documents et déclarations diffèrent également les uns desp autres
par leurs auteurs, les personnes auxquelles ils étaient destinés ept celles qu’ils
ont vraisemblablement ou effectivement touchées, les circonstances pdans les -
quelles ils ont été établis ou prononcés ainsi que leur contpenu. Certains é- ma
nent de l’exécutif ou de membres de l’exécutif de l’une opu l’autre partie
— le président, le ministre ou le ministère des affaires étrangères et d’autres
ministères —, d’autres du parlement, en particulier celui de la géorgie, et de
parlementaires. Certains sont des déclarations faites à la presse pou des pro -
pos tenus à l’occasion d’une interview, d’autres des procèps-verbaux internes
de réunions, dressés par l’une des parties. Certains ont des destinataires par -
ticuliers, notamment dans le cas où un membre de l’exécutif (lpe président ou
le ministre des affaires étrangères) s’adresse à son homoplogue de l’autre par -
tie, à une organisation internationale ou à un de ses responsablesp, tel que le
Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies ou le président du
Conseil de sécurité. Il se peut que l’autrepartie ne soit pas membre de l’or -
ganisation ou de l’organe en question. Les rapports présentés apux organes
de surveillance de l’application des traités, tels que le Comitép des droits de
2087 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
relating to Abkhazia. Other documents record agreements between
various parties or are formal minutes of their meetings. The parties some-
times include the “Abkhaz side”, the “South Ossetian side”, pthe “North
Ossetian side”, in some cases with georgia alone and in the others with
georgia and Russia and both “Ossetian sides”. The reference to “pparties”
may sometimes be elaborated as “parties to the conflict” or “parties to
the agreement”. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR) and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe
(OSCE) have also been signatories in appropriate cases, but are not
named as parties to the agreements.
36. The Russian Federation, in addressing the above matters, empha -
sized the need, if documents and statements were to be evidence of a disp-
pute between it and georgia, that they be presented by members of the
georgian Executive and in such a way that the document or statement
would, or would be expected to, come to the attention of the authorities
of the Russian Federation. It accordingly contended that statements and p
resolutions adopted by the georgian parliament or statements made by
parliamentary Officers were not relevant. georgia replied that a number
of those parliamentary resolutions were “adopted by the foreign ministry
and submitted to the United Nations as statements of the government’sp
position”.
37. The parties gave their main attention to the contents of the docu -
ments and statements and the Court will do likewise, while taking accounpt
of the various matters addressed in the previous two paragraphs. It
observes at this stage that a dispute is more likely to be evidenced by pa
direct clash of positions stated by the two parties about their respective
rights and obligations in respect of the elimination of racial discriminpa -
tion, in an exchange between them, but, as the Court has already noted, p
there are circumstances in which the existence of a dispute may be inferpred
from the failure to respond to a claim (see paragraph 30). Further, in
general, in international law and practice, it is the Executive of the Sptate
that represents the State in its international relations and speaks for pit at
the international level (Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo
(New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda),
Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 27,
paras. 46-47). Accordingly, primary attention will be given to statements
made or endorsed by the Executives of the two parties.
38. The parties in addressing the contents of the various documents
and statements considered (1) the alleged parties to the various disputes
or conflicts, (2) the various roles which the Russian Federation plapyed
and (3) the different subject-matter of the disputes. On the first, the Rus -
sian Federation contended that the principal relationships in issue werep
between georgia on the one side, and Abkhazia or South Ossetia on the
21 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 87
l’homme, le Comité pour l’élimination de la discrimination rpaciale et le
Comité contre la torture, forment une catégorie particulière, dpe même que
les résolutions concernant l’Abkhazie adoptées par le Conseil dpe sécurité
entre 1993 et le mois d’avril 2008. d’autres documents encore font état d’ac -
cords conclus entre différentes parties ou sont les procès-verbaux officiels des
réunions tenues entre elles, c’est-à-dire, dans certains cas, la « partie
abkhaze », la « partie sud-ossète », la « partie nord-ossète », face à la seule
géorgie, et, dans d’autres, lagéorgie, la Russie et les deux «parties ossètes .
Le terme «parties »désigne tantôt les parties au conflit, tantôt les parties àp
l’accord. Le cas échéant, le Haut Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les
réfugiés (HCR) et l’Organisation pour la sécurité et lap coopération en
Europe (OSCE) sont également signataires des accords en question, sans
toutefois y être mentionnés en tant que parties.
36. En traitant de ces questions, la Fédération de Russie a souligné
que, pour que des déclarations et documents puissent attester l’existence
d’un différend l’opposant à la géorgie, ils devaient non seulement émaner
de membres de l’exécutif géorgien, mais aussi avoir été pportés à la connais -
sance des autorités russes ou être censés l’avoir été.p Elle a donc soutenu
que les déclarations et résolutions adoptées par le parlement géorgien ou
les déclarations faites par des représentants de ce parlement étaient
dépourvues de pertinence. La géorgie a répondu qu’un certain nombre
de ces résolutions parlementaires avaient été « entérinées par le ministère
des affaires étrangères et soumises à l’Organisation des Nations Unies
pour affirmer la position du gouvernement ».
37. Les parties se sont principalement attachées au contenu de ces
documents et déclarations. La Cour fera de même lorsqu’elle prepndra en
considération les différents points examinés aux deux paragrapphes précé -
dents. A ce stade, elle fait observer qu’il serait plus aisé de démontrer
l’existence d’un différend entre les parties si un échange entre elles mettait
en évidence des positions diamétralement opposées à propos dpe leurs
droits et obligations respectifs en ce qui concerne l’élimination pde la dis -
crimination raciale, mais que, ainsi qu’elle l’a déjà indiqupé, l’existence
d’un différend peut, dans certaines circonstances, être dépduite de l’absence
de réaction à une accusation (voir paragraphe 30). par ailleurs, en droit
international comme dans la pratique, c’est en règle généralpe l’exécutif qui
représente l’Etat dans ses relations internationales et s’expripme en son
nom sur le plan international (Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo
(nouvelle requête : 2002) (République démocratique du Congo c. Rwanda),
compétence et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2006, p. 27, par. 46-47).
Une attention toute particulière sera donc accordée aux déclaraptions
faites ou entérinées par l’exécutif de chacune des parties.
38. S’agissant du contenu des documents et déclarations versés au dpossier,
les parties à la présente espèce ont présenté leurs argumentatpions respectives
sur 1) l’identité des parties aux divers différends ou conflits, 2p) les rôles divers
joués par la Fédération de Russie et 3) l’objet de chaque différend. pour
ce qui est de la première question, la Fédération de Russie avancep que les
relations en cause étaient principalement celles que la géorgie entretenait
2188 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
other, while georgia submitted that the relationships were between it and
the Russian Federation. On the second matter, which is related to the
first, the Russian Federation emphasized that its role was as facilitatopr in
contacts and negotiations between georgia and the Abkhaz and South
Ossetian sides and as peacekeeper while georgia contended that the
Russian Federation had a more direct role, which included the facilitatipng
and tolerating of acts of racial discrimination by the separatists. And,p on
the third, the Russian Federation submitted that the primary dispute
which existed between georgia on one side and Abkhazia and South
Ossetia on the other was about the status of the regions. The primary
dispute that existed between georgia and the Russian Federation was
about the allegedly unlawful use of force by the Russian Federation aftepr
7 August 2008. georgia by contrast emphasized the references in the
statements to “ethnic cleansing” and to the obstacles in the way of the
return of refugees and internally displaced persons (Idps). The Court will
take account of those matters as it reviews the legal significance of
the documents and statements to which the parties gave their principal
attention.
39. Before it considers those documents and statements, the Court
addresses the agreements reached in the 1990s and the Security Council
resolutions adopted from the 1990s until early 2008. Those agreements
and resolutions provide an important part of the context in which the
statements the parties invoke were made. In particular they help define
the different roles which the Russian Federation was playing during thpat
period.
3. Relevant Agreements and Security Council Resolutions
40. So far as South Ossetia is concerned, georgia and the Russian
Federation on 24 June 1992 concluded an agreement on principles of
settlement of the georgian-Ossetian conflict (the Sochi Agreement). In
the preamble they declared that they were striving for the immediate cesp-
sation of the bloodshed and achieving a comprehensive settlement of the p
conflict between the Ossetians and georgians ; they were guided by the
desire to witness a speedy restoration of peace and stability in the regpion;
they reaffirmed their commitment to the principles of the United Nationps
Charter and the Helsinki Final Act ; and they acted in the spirit of respect
for human rights and fundamental freedoms, as well as the rights of eth -
nic minorities. The agreement provided for a ceasefire and a withdrawal p
of armed formations (with particular contingents of the Russian Federa -
tion identified); and, to exercise control over the implementation of those
measures, a mixed control commission was to be established, consisting
of representatives of all parties involved in the conflict. It was to pwork in
close co-operation with the joint group of military observers already
agreed to. The parties were to start negotiating immediately on the eco -
nomic recovery of the regions located in the conflict zone, and the crpe -
ation of proper conditions for the return of refugees. The first decisiopn of
22 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 88
avec l’Abkhazie ou l’Ossétie du Sud, alors que, pour la géorgie, ce sont ses
propres relations avec la Fédération de Russie qui étaient au cpœur du pro -
blème. En ce qui concerne la deuxième question, qui n’est pas spans lien avec
la précédente, la Fédération de Russie affirme qu’elle ap joué un rôle de faci -
litateur des contacts et négociations entre la géorgie et les parties abkhaze
et sud-ossète et de garant du maintien de la paix, alors que la géorgie sou-
tient que son rôle était plus direct, et qu’elle a notamment fapcilité et toléré les
actes de discrimination raciale perpétrés par les séparatistes. Enfin, s’agissant
de la troisième question, la Fédération de Russie fait valoir qpue le différend
qui a opposé la géorgie, d’une part, à l’Abkhazie et à l’Ossétie du pSud,
d’autre part, portait principalement sur le statut de ces régions ;le différend
qui a opposé la géorgie à la Fédération de Russie portait, quant à lui, prpin -
cipalement sur l’emploi illicite de la force auquel celle-ci aurait eu recours
après le 7 août 2008. La géorgie, en revanche, met l’accent sur les références
faites dans les déclarations au «nettoyage ethnique »ainsi qu’aux entraves au
retour des réfugiés et des personnes déplacées. La Cour, en pcherchant à éta -
blir quelle valeur juridique accorder aux documents et déclarations apuxquels
les parties se sont principalement attachées, tiendra compte de ces questipons.
39. Avant d’en venir à l’examen de ces documents et déclarationsp, la
Cour s’intéressera aux accords conclus dans les années 1990 et aux résolu-
tions que le Conseil de sécurité a adoptées à partir de cettpe période jusqu’au
début de l’année 2008. Ces accords et résolutions forment une part impor-
tante du contexte dans lequel les déclarations invoquées par les parties ont
été faites. Ils permettent en particulier de mieux cerner les diffpérents rôles
joués par la Fédération de Russie au cours de la période conpsidérée.
3. Les accords pertinents et les résolutions du Conseil de sécurité▯
40. En ce qui concerne l’Ossétie du Sud, la géorgie et la Fédération de
Russie conclurent, le 24 juin 1992, un accord sur les principes du règle -
ment du conflit osséto-géorgien (l’accord de Sotchi). dans le préambule
de cet accord, elles déclaraient qu’elles s’efforçaient de parvenir à une ces -
sation immédiate de l’effusion de sang et à un règlement dp’ensemble du
conflit entre les Ossètes et les géorgiens, et étaient animées du désir de
voir rapidement rétablies la paix et la stabilité dans la régiopn. Elles réaf -
firmaient en outre leur attachement aux principes de la Charte des
Nations Unies et de l’acte final d’Helsinki, et déclaraient œuvrer dpans l’es -
prit du respect des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentaleps ainsi
que des droits des minorités ethniques. L’accord prévoyait un cessez-le-feu
et le retrait des formations armées (certains contingents de la Fépdération
de Russie étant expressément mentionnés), ainsi que la créaption d’une
commission de contrôle conjointe chargée de surveiller l’exécution de ces
mesures, composée de représentants de toutes les parties impliquépes dans
le conflit. Cette commission devait travailler en étroite collaboraption avec
le groupe conjoint d’observateurs militaires, dont la constitution avpait
déjà été convenue. Les parties devaient engager immédiatement des négo -
ciations sur le rétablissement économique des régions situéeps dans la zone
2289 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
the Joint Control Commission (JCC) adopted on 4 July 1992 was to
determine that the joint forces (later known as the Joint peacekeeping
Forces) would have 1,500 persons (500 from each of georgia, the Russian
Federation and the Ossetian side) with 900 in reserve. In a georgia-
Russian Federation protocol of Negotiations of 9 April 1993, the delega -
tions agreed, in the context of the georgian-Ossetian conflict, to render
support to the endeavours of the Conference on Security and Co-operation
in Europe (CSCE) aimed at facilitating a dialogue between the parties pto
the conflict in order to secure a peaceful and comprehensive settlemenpt
and to creating conditions for the return of refugees to the places of tpheir
permanent residence.
41. Two years later, on 31 October 1994, an Agreement on the Further
development of the georgian Ossetian peaceful Settlement process and
on the JCC was signed by the georgian party, the Russian Federation
party, the South-Ossetian party and the North-Ossetian party in the pres -
ence of the CSCE representatives. The Agreement distinguished between
“the parties” and the “parties in conflict”. The “partipes”, recognizing the
urgent need for a wholesale settlement of the georgian-Ossetian conflict,
agreed on the need to further develop the process of peaceful settlementp
of that conflict. They noted that the JCC had “largely fulfilled itps func -
tions of ensuring control of [the] ceasefire, withdrawing armed units anpd
maintaining safety measures, thus laying [the] foundation for the procesps
of political settlement” and they decided that the JCC would be a perpma -
nent body of the four parties involved in settling the conflict and mitigat -
ing its consequences. The “parties in conflict” reaffirmed theipr obligations
to resolve all differences through peaceful means. In december 1994 the
JCC stated that the Russian Federation battalion of the peacekeeping
forces was the guarantor of relative stability in the area.
42. In the course of 1997, 1998 and 1999, the JCC and bodies estab -
lished by it met and adopted decisions for the voluntary return of Idps
and refugees. Those meetings continued until at least 2004. The record of
the last in the case file, held on 16 April 2004, states that “the preliminary
stage [on certain matters] within the competence of the JCC has been
completed” and the JCC requests the governments of the Russian Fed -
eration and georgia to give instructions to appropriate ministries and
calls for regular meetings between the governments to discuss progress.
43. On 31 march 1999, the JCC stated its opinion that “the peace-
keeping forces keep on being a major sponsor of the peace and a calm
life”. It also noted the positive contribution of the OSCE mission in
georgia.
*
23 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 89
du conflit et sur la création de conditions propices au retour des préfugiés.
Aux termes de la première décision de la Commission de contrôlep
conjointe (CCC), adoptée le 4 juillet 1992, la force commune (qui devien -
drait la force commune de maintien de la paix) devait compter
mille cinq cents militaires d’active (la géorgie, la Fédération de Russie et
la partie ossète en fournissant chacune cinq cents) et neuf cents réser -
vistes. dans un protocole de négociations en date du 9 avril 1993, la
géorgie et la Fédération de Russie étaient convenues, en ce qpui concerne
le conflit osséto-géorgien, de soutenir les efforts déployés par la Confé -
rence sur la sécurité et la coopération en Europe (CSCE) en vpue de facili-
ter le dialogue entre les parties au conflit, de manière à en peprmettre un
règlement pacifique et global et de créer des conditions propres à assurer
le retour des réfugiés sur leur lieu de résidence permanente.
41. deux ans plus tard, le 31 octobre 1994, un accord relatif à la pour -
suite du processus de règlement du conflit entre la géorgie et l’Ossétie
et à la CCC fut signé par les parties géorgienne, russe, sud-ossète et nord-
ossète, en présence de représentants de la CSCE. Une distinctiopn y
était établie entre les « parties» et les « parties au conflit ». Les « parties»,
reconnaissant qu’il était urgent de parvenir à un règlement pglobal du
conflit osséto-géorgien, s’accordaient sur la nécessité de poursuivre le prpo -
cessus de règlement pacifique de ce conflit. Elles estimaient que lpa CCC
avait « en grande partie rempli ses fonctions consistant à assurer le
contrôle du cessez-le-feu, superviser le retrait des unités armées et appli -
quer des mesures de sécurité, jetant ainsi les bases du processus pde règle -
ment politique », et décidaient de transformer cette commission en un
organe permanent des quatre parties participant au règlement du conflpit
et à l’atténuation de ses conséquences. Les « parties au conflit », quant à
elles, réaffirmaient qu’elles étaient tenues de régler toutpes leurs dissensions
par des moyens pacifiques. dans une décision du mois de décembre 1994,
la CCC précisait que le bataillon russe de la force de maintien de lap paix
était le garant d’une stabilité relative dans la zone du conflpit.
42. Au cours des années 1997, 1998 et 1999, la CCC et les organes qu’elle
avait mis en place siégèrent et adoptèrent des décisions relpatives au retour
volontaire des personnes déplacées et des réfugiés. Ces répunions se poursui -
virent au moins jusqu’en 2004. dans le procès-verbal de la dernière d’entre
elles, tenue le 16avril 2004, qui est versé au dossier de l’affaire, il est indiqué
que « l’étape préliminaire [qui portait sur certains aspects] de la mpission
incombant à la CCC [était] achevé» e, et que celle-ci priait les gouvernements
de la Fédération de Russie et de la géorgie de donner des instructions aux
ministères concernés, et demandait que des réunions soient répgulièrement
organisées entre les gouvernements pour examiner les progrès accompplis.
43. Le 31 mars 1999, la CCC précisait que, selon elle, « la force de
maintien de la paix continu[ait] d’être un des principaux garants pde la
paix et de la tranquillité ». Elle prenait également note de la contribution
positive de la mission de l’OSCE en géorgie.
*
2390 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
44. So far as Abkhazia is concerned, the president of the Russian Fed-
eration and the Chairman of the State Council of the Republic of geor -
gia on 3 September 1992 signed the moscow Agreement. Their discussions,
they recorded, had involved “leaders of Abkhazia, the North Caucasus p
Republics, Regions and districts of the Russian Federation”. The agree -
ment provided for a ceasefire, confirmed the necessity of observing the
international norms in the sphere of human rights and minority rights,
the inadmissibility of discrimination, and provided that “[t]he Troops of
the Russian Federation, temporarily deployed on the territory of geor -
gia, including in Abkhazia, shall firmly observe neutrality”. A protopcol
of negotiations signed by georgia and the Russian Federation on
9 April 1993 provided for the functioning of the Commission for Control
and Inspection in Abkhazia, composed of representatives appointed by
the georgian authorities including those from Abkhazia and the authori -
ties of the Russian Federation. It was to guarantee compliance with the p
ceasefire and to perform other functions agreed by the parties representped
in the Commission. A special group was to address the return and accom -
modation of refugees and Idps and measures were to be taken to protect
the human rights of minorities (see paragraph 40).
45. On 9 July 1993, the Security Council requested the Secretary-
general to make the necessary preparations for a military observer mission
once the ceasefire between the government of georgia and the Abkhaz
authorities was implemented (Security Council resolution 849 (1993)).
The ceasefire agreement was signed on 27 July 1993 with the mediation of
the deputy Foreign minister of the Russian Federation in the role of
facilitator and the joint commission was established. The parties consid -
ered it necessary to invite international peacekeeping forces in the conpflict
zones; “[t]his task may be shared, subject to consultation with the Unitedp
Nations, by the Russian military contingent temporarily deployed in the
zone”. The United Nations Observer mission in georgia (UNOmIg)
was established by Security Council resolution 858 (1993) on 24 August
1993. On the outbreak of fighting in September, the Security Council, inp
the words of its president, “strongly condemn[ed] this grave violation by
the Abkhaz side of the . . . ceasefire agreement of 27 July 1993” (United
Nations doc. S/26463), and the representative of the Russian Federation
recorded the deep concern felt in the Russian Federation at the violatiopn
by the Abkhazian side of its ceasefire agreement (United Nations doc. S/
pv.3295). On 19 October 1993 the Council, expressed its deep concern at
the human suffering caused by conflict in the region and at reports of
“ethnic cleansing” and other serious violations of international humani -
tarian law, reaffirmed its strong condemnation of the grave violation by
the Abkhaz side of the ceasefire agreement and affirmed the right of repfu -
gees and displaced persons to return to their homes. It reiterated its spup -
port for the efforts of the Secretary-general and his Special Envoy, in
co-operation with the Chairman-in-Office of the CSCE and with the assis -
24 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 90
44. En ce qui concerne l’Abkhazie, le président de la Fédérationp de
Russie et le président du Conseil d’Etat de la République de géorgie
signèrent, le 3 septembre 1992, l’accord de moscou. Ils y faisaient état de
la participation « des dirigeants de l’Abkhazie, des républiques du
Nord Caucase, des régions et des districts de la Fédération de Russie » à
leurs discussions. L’accord prévoyait un cessez-le-feu, confirmait la néces -
sité de respecter les règles internationales dans le domaine des dproits de
l’homme et des droits des minorités, ainsi que le caractère inapdmissible des
discriminations, et disposait que «[l]es troupes de la Fédération de Russie,
provisoirement déployées sur le territoire de la géorgie, y compris en
Abkhazie, observer[ai]ent une stricte neutralité » . Un protocole de négo -
ciations signé le 9 avril 1993 par la géorgie et la Fédération de Russie
portait création d’une commission de contrôle et d’inspectiopn en Abkha -
zie, composée de représentants nommés par les autorités géporgiennes — y
compris celles d’Abkhazie — et les autorités de la Fédération de Russie.
Cette commission devait garantir le respect du cessez-le-feu et s’acquitter
d’autres fonctions définies par les parties représentées en pson sein. par ail -
leurs, un groupe spécial était chargé d’examiner les questiopns liées au
retour et au logement des réfugiés et des personnes déplacéeps, et des
mesures devaient être prises pour protéger les droits de l’hommpe des mino -
rités (voir paragraphe 40).
45. Le 9 juillet 1993, le Conseil de sécurité demandait au Secrétaire
général de prendre les dispositions nécessaires en vue du dépploiement
d’une mission d’observateurs militaires, une fois que le cessez-le-feu entre
le gouvernement géorgien et les autorités abkhazes aurait été apppliqué
(résolution 849 (1993) du Conseil de sécurité). L’accord de cessez-le-feu
fut signé le 27 juillet 1993, grâce à la médiation du vice-ministre des
affaires étrangères de la Fédération de Russie agissant enp tant que facili -
tateur, et la commission conjointe fut établie. Les parties à cet paccord
jugeaient nécessaire de demander le déploiement d’une force intpernatio -
nale de maintien de la paix dans les zones de conflit, tout en précpisant
que, « [s]ous réserve de consultations avec l’Organisation des Nations
Unies, le contingent militaire russe temporairement déployé p[ouvapit]
participer à l’exécution de cette tâche ». La mission d’observation des
Nations Unies en géorgie (mONUg) fut créée le 24 août 1993 par la
résolution 858 (1993) du Conseil de sécurité. Lorsque les combats
reprirent, au mois de septembre, le Conseil de sécurité, par la voix de son
président, «condamn[a] énergiquement cette violation grave, par la partie
abkhaze, de l’accord de cessez-le-feu conclu … le 27 juillet 1993 »,
(Nations Unies, doc. S/26463), tandis que le représentant de la Fédération
de Russie indiquait que la violation de cet accord par la partie abkhazep
avait suscité une vive inquiétude dans son pays (Nations Unies, doc. S/
pv.3295). Le 19 octobre 1993, le Conseil de sécurité se déclarait profon -
dément préoccupé par les souffrances causées par le conflpit qui sévissait
dans la région ainsi que par les informations faisant état d’unp «nettoyage
ethnique » et d’autres violations graves du droit international humani -
taire, réaffirmait sa condamnation énergique de la grave violatiopn de l’ac-
2491 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
tance of the government of the Russian Federation as a facilitator, to
carry forward the peace process with the aim of achieving an overall
political settlement (Security Council resolution 876 (1993)).
46. At the first round of negotiations between the georgian and
Abkhaz sides, held in geneva from 30 November to 1 december 1993,
under the aegis of the United Nations, with the Russian Federation as
facilitator and a representative of the CSCE, the parties committed themp -
selves not to use force or the threat of force during the peaceful settlpement
negotiations, stated that the maintenance of peace would be promoted by p
an increase in the number of international observers and by the use of
international peacekeeping forces, agreed to exchange prisoners of war, p
to find an urgent solution to the problem of refugees and displaced per -
sons, and to have a group of experts prepare a report on the status of
Abkhazia. On 4 April 1994 a Quadripartite Agreement on voluntary
Return of Refugees and displaced persons was signed by the Abkhaz and
georgian sides as “the parties”, as well as by the Russian Federation and
UNHCR. In that Agreement, the Russian Federation undertook certain
obligations relating to the return of refugees and displaced persons.
47. The geneva process continued for more than a decade and was
assisted by the group of Friends of the Secretary-general (France, ger -
many, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United
States). georgia and the Russian Federation again proposed that the
Security Council consider the question of a peacekeeping operation to bep
carried out by the United Nations or with its authorization, relying, ifp
necessary, on a Russian Federation military contingent (joint letter ofp
4 February 1994 (United Nations doc. S/1994/125) ; see also the geor -
gian/Abkhazian declaration of 4 April 1994). The Security Council did
not respond to that proposal and on 14 may 1994 the georgian side and
the Abkhaz side in the Agreement on a Ceasefire and Separation of
Forces agreed that “[t]he peacekeeping force of the Commonwealth of
Independent States and the military observers . . . shall be deployed in the
security zone to monitor compliance with this Agreement.” On
30 June 1994 the Security Council “[n]ote[d] with satisfaction the begin -
ning of Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) assistance in the
zone of conflict, in response to the request of the parties” (Secuprity Coun-
cil resolution 934 (1994) ; see also Security Council resolutions 901 (1994)
and 937 (1994)).
48. Over the following years, until 15 April 2008, the Security Council
adopted a series of resolutions regarding the situation in Abkhazia, geor -
gia, with recurring elements. It is convenient at this point to quote paps -
25 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 91
cord de cessez-le-feu par la partie abkhaze et confirmait le droit des
réfugiés et des personnes déplacées de retourner dans leurs pfoyers. Il réi -
térait son soutien aux efforts menés par le Secrétaire génpéral et son envoyé
spécial, en coopération avec le président en exercice de la CSCpE et avec
l’assistance du gouvernement de la Fédération de Russie en tant que faci -
litateur, pour faire progresser le processus de paix et parvenir à unp règle-
ment politique global (résolution 876 (1993) du Conseil de sécurité).
46. Lors de la première série de négociations — tenue à genève du
30 novembre au 1 erdécembre 1993 sous les auspices des Nations Unies,
en présence de la Fédération de Russie en tant que facilitateur et d’un
représentant de la CSCE —, les parties géorgienne et abkhaze s’engagè -
rent à ne pas recourir ou menacer de recourir à la force tant que seraient
menées des négociations en vue d’un règlement pacifique, dépclarèrent que
le maintien de la paix serait favorisé par l’augmentation du nombrpe des
observateurs internationaux et la présence d’une force internationale de
maintien de la paix, et convinrent d’échanger les prisonniers de gpuerre et
de trouver d’urgence une solution au problème des réfugiés ept des per -
sonnes déplacées, ainsi que de charger un groupe d’experts de ppréparer un
rapport sur le statut de l’Abkhazie. Le 4 avril 1994, un accord quadripar -
tite sur le rapatriement librement consenti des réfugiés et des personnes
déplacées fut signé par l’Abkhazie et la géorgie en tant que « parties » à
l’accord, ainsi que par la Fédération de Russie et le HCR. Aux termes de
cet accord, la Fédération de Russie prenait certains engagements cponcer -
nant le retour des réfugiés et des personnes déplacées.
47. Le processus de genève se poursuivit pendant plus de dix ans, avec
le soutien du groupe des amis du Secrétaire général (composép de la
France, de l’Allemagne, de la Fédération de Russie, du Royaume-pUni et
des Etats-Unis d’Amérique). La géorgie et la Fédération de Russie pro -
posèrent de nouveau que le Conseil de sécurité examinât la qpuestion de la
mise en place par les Nations Unies, ou avec leur approbation, d’une opé -
ration de maintien de la paix s’appuyant, si nécessaire, sur un copntingent
militaire de la Fédération de Russie (lettre commune du 4 février 1994
(Nations Unies, doc. S/1994/125) ; voir également la déclaration
abkhaze-géorgienne du 4 avril 1994). Le Conseil de sécurité ne donna pas
suite à cette proposition et, le 14 mai 1994, la géorgie et l’Abkhazie
convinrent, dans l’accord de cessez-le-feu et de séparation des forces, que
«[l]es forces de rétablissement de la paix de la Communauté d’Etpats indé -
pendants et les observateurs militaires … ser[aie]nt stationnés dans la
zone de sécurité afin de veiller au respect du présent accord ». Le
30 juin 1994, le Conseil de sécurité « [n]ot[ait] avec satisfaction le com -
mencement de l’assistance apportée par la Communauté d’Etatsp indépen-
dants (CEI) dans la zone du conflit, en réponse à la demande dpes parties »
(résolution 934 (1994) du Conseil de sécurité ; voir également les résolu -
tions 901 (1994) et 937 (1994) du Conseil de sécurité).
48. dans les années qui suivirent — et jusqu’au 15 avril 2008 —, le
Conseil de sécurité adopta une série de résolutions concernant la situation
en Abkhazie (géorgie) et contenant des éléments récurrents. Il convient àp
2592 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
sages addressing those recurring elements from resolutions adopted
in 1994 and 1996. In resolution 937 (1994), the Security Council :
“Reaffirming its commitment to the sovereignty and territorial
integrity of the Republic of georgia, and the right of all refugees and
displaced persons affected by the conflict to return to their homes pin
secure conditions, in accordance with international law and as set out
in the Quadripartite Agreement,
Stressing the crucial importance of progress in the negotiations
under the auspices of the United Nations and with the assistance of
the Russian Federation as facilitator and with the participation of
representatives of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in
Europe (CSCE) to reach a comprehensive political settlement of the
conflict, including on the political status of Abkhazia, respecting fuplly
the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic of georgia,
based on the principles set out in its previous resolutions,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Calls upon the parties to intensify their efforts to achieve an early
and comprehensive political settlement under the auspices of the
United Nations with the assistance of the Russian Federation as
facilitator and with the participation of representatives of the
CSCE, and welcomes the wish of the parties to see the United
Nations continue to be actively involved in the pursuit of a polit -
ical settlement ;
3. Commends the efforts of the members of the CIS directed towards
the maintenance of a cease-fire in Abkhazia, Republic of georgia,
and the promotion of the return of refugees and displaced persons
to their homes in accordance with the Agreement signed in mos -
cow on 14 may 1994 in full co-operation with the United Nations
High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and in accordance
with the Quadripartite Agreement ;
4. Welcomes the contribution made by the Russian Federation, and
indications of further contributions from other members of the
CIS, of a peace-keeping force, in response to the request of the
parties, pursuant to the 14 may Agreement, in co-ordination with
UNOmIg . . . and in accordance with the established principles
and practices of the United Nations ;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. Reaffirms its support for the return of all refugees and displaced
persons to their homes in secure conditions, in accordance with
international law and as set out in the Quadripartite Agree -
ment . . .”
Similarly, in resolution 1036 (1996), the Security Council :
26 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 92
ce stade de citer des passages dans lesquels figurent ces élémentsp, tirés de
résolutions adoptées en 1994 et 1996. dans sa résolution 937 (1994), le
Conseil de sécurité,
«Réaffirmant son attachement à la souveraineté et à l’intégrité tepr-
ritoriale de la République de géorgie, et le droit de tous les réfugiés
et personnes déplacées touchés par le conflit de retourner enp toute
sécurité dans leurs foyers, conformément au droit international et
ainsi qu’il est énoncé dans l’Accord quadripartite,
Soulignant qu’il [était] d’une importance cruciale que des progrès
soient accomplis dans les négociations menées sous les auspices dep
l’Organisation des Nations Unies avec le concours de la Fédération
de Russie en tant que facilitateur et avec la participation de représen -
tants de la Conférence sur la sécurité et la coopération en pEurope
(CSCE) en vue de parvenir à un règlement politique global du conpflit,
y compris sur le statut politique de l’Abkhazie, respectant pleinemenpt
la souveraineté et l’intégrité territoriale de la Républipque de géorgie,
sur la base des principes énoncés dans ses résolutions antérpieures,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Demand[ait] aux parties d’intensifier leurs efforts en vue de par -
venir sans tarder à un règlement politique global sous les auspices
de l’Organisation des Nations Unies avec le concours de la Fédé -
ration de Russie en tant que facilitateur et avec la participation de
représentants de la CSCE, et se félicit[ait] que les parties tiennent
à ce que l’Organisation des Nations Unies continue de participer
activement à la recherche d’un règlement politique ;
3. Accueill[ait] positivement les efforts déployés par les membres de
la CEI en vue de maintenir un cessez-le-feu en Abkhazie (Répu -
blique de géorgie) et de faciliter le retour des réfugiés et des per -
sonnes déplacées dans leurs foyers conformément à l’Accorpd signé
à moscou le 14 mai 1994, avec la pleine coopération du Haut
Commissariat des Nations Unies pour les réfugiés (HCR) et
conformément à l’Accord quadripartite ;
4. Se félicit[ait] que la Fédération de Russie ait fourni une force de
maintien de la paix et que d’autres membres de la CEI aient indi -
qué qu’ils y apporteraient de nouvelles contributions, à la dempande
des parties en application de l’Accord du 14 mai, en coordination
avec la mONUg … et conformément aux principes et pratiques
établis des Nations Unies ;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9. Réaffirm[ait] son appui au retour de tous les réfugiés et personnes
déplacées dans leurs foyers en toute sécurité, conformément au
droit international et ainsi qu’il [était] énoncé dans l’pAccord qua -
dripartite… »
de même, dans sa résolution 1036 (1996), le Conseil de sécurité,
2693 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
“Stressing the need for the parties to intensify efforts, under the
auspices of the United Nations and with the assistance of the Russian
Federation as facilitator, to achieve an early and comprehensive
political settlement of the conflict, including on the political statups of
Abkhazia, fully respecting the sovereignty and territorial integrity
of georgia,
Reaffirming also the right of all refugees and displaced persons
affected by the conflict to return to their homes in secure conditions
in accordance with international law and as set out in the Quadripar -
tite Agreement of 14 April 1994,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Noting that the moscow Agreement of 14 may 1994 on a Cease-fire
and Separation of Forces (S/1994/583, Annex I) has generally been
respected by the parties with the assistance of the Commonwealth of
Independent States (CIS) peacekeeping forces and the United Nations
Observer mission in georgia (UNOmIg),
Expressing its satisfaction with the close co-operation and co-
ordination between UNOmIg and the CIS peace-keeping force in
the performance of their respective mandates and commending the
contribution both have made to stabilize the situation in the zone
of conflict,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Reaffirms its full support for the efforts of the Secretary-general
aimed at achieving a comprehensive political settlement of the
conflict, including on the political status of Abkhazia, respecting
fully the sovereignty and territorial integrity of georgia, as well as
for the efforts that are being undertaken by the Russian Federa -
tion in its capacity as facilitator to intensify the search for a peac-e
ful settlement of the conflict, and encourages the Secretary-general
to continue his efforts, with the assistance of the Russian Federa -
tion as facilitator, and with the support of the Organization for
Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), to that end ;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. Calls upon the parties to improve their co-operation with
UNOmIg and the CIS peace-keeping force in order to provide
a secure environment for the return of refugees and displaced
persons and also calls upon them to honour their commitments
with regard to the security and freedom of movement of all
United Nations and CIS personnel and with regard to UNOmIg
inspections of heavy weapons storage sites ;
9. Welcomes the additional measures implemented by UNOmIg
and the CIS peace-keeping force in the gali region aimed at
improving conditions for the safe and orderly return of refugees
and displaced persons, and all appropriate efforts in this regard.”p
27 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 93
«Soulignant que les parties [devaient] redoubler d’efforts, sous les
auspices de l’Organisation des Nations Unies et avec le concours de
la Fédération de Russie en qualité de facilitateur, pour trouver rapi -
dement une solution politique globale au conflit, portant notamment
sur le statut politique de l’Abkhazie, dans le plein respect de la sopu -
veraineté et de l’intégrité territoriale de la géorgie,
Réaffirmant aussi le droit de tous les réfugiés et personnes dépla -
cées touchés par le conflit de retourner en toute sécuritép dans leurs
foyers, conformément au droit international et comme le prévo[yait]
l’Accord quadripartite … signé le 14 avril 1994
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Constatant que les parties [avaient] respecté de façon générale l’apc -
cord de cessez-le-feu et de séparation des forces signé à moscou le
14 mai 1994 (S/1994/583, annexe I), aidées en cela par la force de
maintien de la paix de la Communauté d’Etats indépendants et lap
mission d’observation des Nations Unies en géorgie (mONUg),
Se déclarant satisfait de ce que la mONUg et la force de maintien
de la paix de la CEI accompliss[aient] leurs mandats respectifs en
coopération et en coordination étroites et saluant la contribution
qu’elles [avaient] l’une et l’autre apportée à la stabilipsation de la
situation dans la zone du conflit,
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. Réaffirm[ait] qu’il appu[yait] sans réserve les efforts déployés par
le Secrétaire général pour trouver une solution politique globaple
au conflit, portant notamment sur le statut politique de l’Abkha -
zie, dans le plein respect de la souveraineté et de l’intégritép terri -
toriale de la géorgie, ainsi que l’action que [menait] la Fédération
de Russie, en tant que facilitateur, pour activer la recherche d’un
règlement pacifique du conflit, et encourage[ait] le Secrétaire
général à poursuivre ses efforts en ce sens avec l’aide dep la Fédé -
ration de Russie comme facilitateur et avec le soutien de l’Orga -
nisation pour la sécurité et la coopération en Europe (OSCE) ;
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. Engage[ait] les parties à améliorer leur coopération avec la mONUg
et la force de maintien de la paix de la CEI afin de créer des condi -
tions de sécurité propices au retour des réfugiés et des personnes
déplacées, et les engage[ait] également à honorer les engagements
qu’elles [avaient] pris en ce qui concerne la sécurité et la lipberté de
mouvement de tout le personnel des NationsUnies et de la CEI, et
l’inspection par la mONUg des dépôts d’armes lourdes ;
9. Accueill[ait] favorablement les mesures supplémentaires mises en
œuvre par la mONUg et la force de maintien de la paix de la CEI
dans la région de gali pour mieux assurer le retour des réfugiés et
des personnes déplacées en toute sécurité et en bon ordre, apinsi
que toutes les initiatives prises à cette fin. »
2794 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
As appropriate, the Court refers back to these standard paragraphs and
highlights particular elements later in this part of the Judgment.
49. In September 2003 the Council of Heads of States of the CIS,
expressing its gravest concern over unsettled problems resulting from thpe
conflict in Abkhazia (georgia), decided to extend the term of stay and the
mandate of the collective peacekeeping forces until a conflicting partpy
requested that the operation should be discontinued, in which event the
withdrawal was to be effected within a month ; the concluding statement
on the meetings between president putin and president Shevardnadze,
held on 6 and 7 march 2003, was essentially to the same effect. It was
only after the armed conflict of August 2008 that georgia made such a
request, on 1 September 2008.
4. Documents and Statements from the Period before
CERD Entered into Force between the Parties on 2 July 1999
50. The Court recalls that it is examining the documents and state -
ments issued before 2 July 1999 and invoked by georgia in light of geor -
gia’s contention that its dispute with the Russian Federation “over ethnic
cleansing is long-standing and legitimate and not of recent invention”p
(paragraph 34 above). These earlier documents and statements may help
to put into context those documents or statements which were issued or
made after the entry into force of CERd between the parties.
51. The earliest document invoked by georgia as supporting its sub -
mission that it has a dispute with the Russian Federation about racial
discrimination is a letter of 2 October 1992 from the vice-Chairman of
the State Council of georgia to the president of the Security Council
(United Nations doc. S/24626). That letter and a related appeal to the
CSCE described aspects of the “large-scale offensive” in Abkhazia by
“Abkhaz separatists in conjunction with mercenary terrorists”, andp
continued that “[t]he conspiracy of the Abkhaz separatists and the repac -
tionary forces in Russia is quite apparent”. Both documents also claipmed
that the attackers were armed with “tanks and other modern weaponry, p
the kind the Russian army is currently equipped with”. The appeal addped
that the influx of organized armed groups from the territory of the
Russian Federation had increased, by land and sea routes, controlled by p
the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. Contrary to the submission
made by georgia to the Court, the statements do not claim the Russian
Federation was facilitating ethnic cleansing. Accordingly, the Court doeps
not consider that they are evidence that the Russian Federation was par -
ticipating in support, sponsorship and defence of the discriminatory
activities of the separatist authorities in the early 1990s, as georgia has
alleged.
52. On 17 december 1992 the georgian parliament adopted a state -
ment which referred to “the mass shooting of civilian georgian popula-
28 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 94
dans la suite de cette partie de l’arrêt, la Cour renverra selon qupe de
besoin à ces dispositions types et portera son attention sur certainsp de
leurs éléments.
49. En septembre 2003, le conseil des chefs d’Etat des pays membres de
la CEI, exprimant sa très vive inquiétude au sujet des problèmes résultant
du conflit en Abkhazie (géorgie) restés en suspens, décida de prolonger la
présence et le mandat de la force collective de maintien de la paix jpusqu’à
ce qu’une des parties au conflit demande à ce qu’il soit mis fin à l’opéra -
tion, auquel cas le retrait devait être effectué dans un délapi d’un mois ; la
déclaration finale faite à l’issue des réunions tenues les 6p et 7 mars 2003
entre les présidents poutine et Chevardnadze allait dans le même sens. Ce
n’est qu’après le conflit armé du mois d’août 2008, le 1 erseptembre, que
la géorgie formula une telle demande.
4. Les documents et déclarations antérieurs au 2 juillet 1999,
date à laquelle la CIEDR est entrée en vigueur entre les Parties
50. La Cour rappelle que, si elle examine les documents et déclarations
antérieurs au 2 juillet 1999 qui ont été cités par la géorgie, c’est en raison
de l’affirmation formulée par celle-ci selon laquelle le différend qui l’op -
pose à la Fédération de Russie « au sujet du nettoyage ethnique existe
depuis longtemps, est fondé et n’est pas d’invention récentep » (para -
graphe 34 ci-dessus). Ces documents et déclarations peuvent aider à
replacer dans leur contexte les documents ou déclarations postériepurs à
l’entrée en vigueur de la CIEdR entre les parties.
51. Le document le plus ancien qu’invoque la géorgie à l’appui de sa
thèse selon laquelle un différend portant sur la discrimination raciale l’op -
pose à la Russie est une lettre datée du 2 octobre 1992, adressée au pré -
sident du Conseil de sécurité par le vice-président du Conseil d’Etat de la
géorgie (Nations Unies, doc. S/24626). Cette lettre ainsi qu’un appel
connexe adressé à la CSCE relataient certains aspects de « l’offensive de
grande envergure »lancée en Abkhazie par «les séparatistes abkhazes, agis -
sant en collusion avec un grand nombre de terroristes mercenaires » , et
précisaient qu’«il y a[vait] manifestement complot des séparatistes abkhazes
et des forces réactionnaires de Russie » . Les deux documents indiquaient
aussi que les assaillants étaient armés de « chars lourds et d’autres armes
modernes, du type de celles dont l’armée russe est actuellement épquipée . »l
était ajouté dans l’appel que l’afflux de groupes armés porganisés depuis le
territoire de la Fédération de Russie, par les voies terrestre et pmaritime
contrôlées par les forces armées de celle-ci, s’était intensifié. Contrairement
à ce qu’a affirmé la géorgie devant la Cour, ces déclarations n’indiquent
pas que la Fédération de Russie facilitait le nettoyage ethnique. pLa Cour
n’estime donc pas qu’elles prouvent, comme l’avance la géorgie, que la
Fédération de Russie appuyait, encourageait et défendait les agissements
discriminatoires des autorités séparatistes au début des annépes 1990.
52. Le 17 décembre 1992, le parlement géorgien adopta une déclara -
tion faisant référence aux « très nombreux civils géorgiens tués par balles
2895 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
tion and the policy of ethnic cleansing” and to “armed Abkhaz sepapratists
together with Russian reactionary forces apparently follow[ing] a violenpt
way of disrupting georgia’s territorial integrity”. It continued by listing
alleged “immediate involvement of Russian armed forces in the conflpict
on the side of the extremist separatists”. The emphasis throughout is on
the alleged use by the Russian Federation of armed force and disruption p
of georgia’s territorial integrity and sovereignty. The georgian parlia -
ment does not claim that the Russian Federation had engaged in ethnic
cleansing. Accordingly, the Court cannot take the parliamentary state -
ment into account for the purposes of the present case.
53. In a Note verbale to the Secretary-general of 25 december 1992,
georgia forwarded a letter from Mr. Shevardnadze , Chairman of the
georgian parliament and Head of State, about “[t]he illegal penetration
of the georgian territory by foreign nationals fighting for the Abkhaz
military units against georgia . . . particularly disturbing is the participa-
tion of the Russian troops stationed in Abkhazia on the side of Abkhaz
extremists.” (United Nations doc. S/25026.) Again the emphasis was on
the alleged use of armed force and the violation of georgia’s territorial
integrity as well as on the peaceful settlement of what was referred to pas
“the Abkhaz problem”. While the letter referred to the bombing of civil -
ian targets by “the reactionary forces ensconced within the politicalp cir -
cles of the Russian Federation”, the letter distinguishes these forceps and
circles from the government of the Russian Federation. Further, it does
not mention racial discrimination. For those reasons, the Court does notp
consider that this letter demonstrates the existence of a dispute betweepn
the two parties about racial discrimination.
54. On 1 April 1993 the parliament of georgia, in an appeal to the
United Nations, the CSCE and international human rights organizations,
stated that a “policy of ethnic cleansing is being implemented in a part of
the georgian territory, Abkhazia, that is controlled by the separatist
group of gudauta, by means of Russian troops”. This “policy” it evalu -
ated as a continuation of aggression, aimed at georgia’s territorial integ -
rity and independence. The georgian parliament added that “Russia . . .
bears full responsibility for the . . . policy”. The georgian parliament on
the same day issued a decree to the same effect and called on the Council
of National Security and defence of georgia to take all measures neces -
sary to ensure the return of Idps to their homes. There is no evidence
that this statement and decree were endorsed by the georgian Executive.
The Court accordingly cannot give them any legal significance for the
purposes of the present case.
55. On 27 April 1993 the georgian parliament, in a decree on the
withdrawal of Russian military Units from the conflict zone in Abkhazia,
expressed its belief “that the root cause of the tragic events in Abkphazia,
29 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 95
et [à] la politique de nettoyage ethnique », ainsi qu’à « des séparatistes
abkhazes armés, soutenus par les forces réactionnaires russes [quip avaient]
apparemment emprunté la voie de la violence pour porter atteinte àp l’in -
tégrité du territoire géorgien ». La déclaration mentionnait ensuite « la
participation directe au conflit des forces armées russes, aux côptés des
séparatistes extrémistes ». Tout au long de cette déclaration, l’accent était
mis sur le prétendu emploi de la force armée par la Fédération de Russie
et sur la prétendue atteinte à l’intégrité territoriale ept à la souveraineté de
la géorgie. En revanche, le parlement géorgien n’y affirmait pas que la
Fédération de Russie se fût livrée au nettoyage ethnique. Lap Cour ne peut
donc tenir compte de cette déclaration aux fins de la présente esppèce.
53. Le 25 décembre 1992, la géorgie transmit au Secrétaire général,
sous le couvert d’une note verbale, une lettre de m. Chevardnadze,
président du parlement et chef d’Etat de la République de géorgie, dans
laquelle celui-ci mentionnait « [l’]entrée illégale sur le territoire géorgien
de ressortissants étrangers, qui se batt[aient] pour le compte des unpités mili-
taires abkhazes contre la géorgie »et la « participation au conflit des
troupes russes stationnées en Abkhazie aux côtés des extrémipstes abkhaze ,s »
jugée « particulièrement troublante »(Nations Unies, doc. S/25026). Là
encore, l’accent était mis sur le prétendu emploi de la force aprmée et sur
la violation de l’intégrité territoriale de la géorgie, ainsi que sur le règle -
ment pacifique de ce qui était présenté comme «le problème abkhaze ». Si,
dans cette lettre, il était fait état du bombardement d’objectipfs civils par
«les forces réactionnaires qu’abrit[ai]ent les milieux politiques rpusses »,
une distinction était cependant opérée entre ces forces et les pcercles gou -
vernementaux de la Fédération de Russie. de plus, la discrimination
raciale n’y était pas mentionnée. En conséquence, la Cour n’pestime pas
que cette lettre établisse l’existence d’un différend oppopsant les deux par -
ties au sujet de la discrimination raciale.
er
54. Le 1 avril 1993, dans un appel à l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
à la CSCE et aux organisations internationales de défense des droipts de
l’homme, le parlement géorgien déclarait qu’une « politique de nettoyage
ethnique [était] … mise en œuvre sur une partie du territoire géorgien,
l’Abkhazie, … contrôlée par un groupe séparatiste de goudaouta, aidé
des troupes russes ». Cette « politique » était considérée comme le prolon -
gement de l’agression contre l’intégrité territoriale et l’pindépendance de la
géorgie. Le parlement géorgien ajoutait que « [l]a Russie … port[ait] l’en -
tière responsabilité de la politique susmentionnée ». Le même jour, le par-
lement géorgien prenait un décret dans le même sens et appelaitp le conseil
pour la sécurité et la défense nationales de la géorgie à prendre toutes les
mesures nécessaires pour assurer le retour des personnes déplacépes. Rien
n’atteste que cette déclaration et ce décret aient été appprouvés par l’exécu -
tif géorgien. La Cour ne peut donc leur accorder aucune valeur juridipque
aux fins de la présente espèce.
55. Le 27 avril 1993, dans un décret sur le retrait des unités militaires
russes de la zone de conflit en Abkhazie, le parlement géorgien, se décla -
rant convaincu que « la cause première des événements tragiques en
2996 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
georgia is the Russian Federation’s attempt to annex, in fact, a part pof
the territory of georgia” and decreed that “[t]he Head of State of geor -
gia shall appeal to the president of the Russian Federation to withdraw
the Russian troops from Abkhazia”. It recited that “[g]enocide andp ethnic
cleansing of the georgian population is taking place in the territory under
the control of the Russian troops and Abkhaz separatists”. The recitapl to
the decree alleged that the Russian Federation had violated the moscow
Agreement of 3 September 1992 (see paragraph 44 above). On the record
before the Court, the georgian government did not make the appeal
which the parliament had decreed. What the record does show is that
Russian Federation armed forces remained in georgia under the various
agreements reached in the early 1990s until the time of the armed conflpict
in August 2008 (paragraph 49 above). Taking account of the parliamen -
tary character of the decree, the fact that it was not followed up by the
georgian Executive, and its emphasis on withdrawal of the troops rather
than on ethnic cleansing, the Court cannot give it any legal significance
for the purposes of the present case.
56. On 20 September 1993, president Shevardnadze in a letter for -
warded to the president of the Security Council wrote from “besieged
Sukhumi”. He said that “[t]his land has been a cradle to both georgians
and Abkhaz” but that the moscow Agreement of 3 September 1992 “was
trampled by the boots of the mercenaries”. He did not doubt the sinceprity
of the efforts of the president of the Russian Federation to promote a
settlement to the conflict ; “in this, however, he is impeded by the same
force which is trying to crush us”. He continued :
“That notwithstanding, I appeal once again to Boris Nikolaevich
yeltsin, to the United Nations Security Council and mr. Boutros-ghali,
to the entire progressive and democratic Russian nation and to all the
peoples of the world : do not allow this monstrous crime to be com -
mitted, halt the execution of a small country and save my homeland
and my people from perishing in the fires of imperial reaction. The
world must not condone the annihilation of one of its most ancient
nations, the creator of a great culture and heir to exalted spiritual
traditions.” (United Nations doc. S/26472.)
given that appeal and the reference in the letter to Abkhazia being “tphe
fuse with which [the Abkhaz separatists] intend to blow up not only She -
vardnadze’s georgia but also yeltsin’s Russia”, the Court does not
consider that this letter can be read as georgia making a claim regarding
racial discrimination against the government of the Russian Federation.
57. In a letter of 12 October 1993, the georgian president requested a
meeting of the Security Council. The letter began with a reference to thpe
“savage massacre of the civilian population [by the gudauta armed
30 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 96
Abkhazie (géorgie) [était] la tentative d’annexion, dans les faits, d’pune
partie du territoire de la géorgie par la Fédération de Russie », décidait
que « le chef de l’Etat géorgien … appelle[rait] le président de la Fédéra -
tion de Russie à retirer les troupes russes d’Abkhazie ». Le parlement
considérait qu’« un génocide et un nettoyage ethnique de la population
géorgienne [étaient en cours] sur le territoire contrôlé parp les troupes
russes et les séparatistes abkhazes ». Il considérait aussi que la Fédération
de Russie avait violé l’accord de moscou du 3 septembre 1992 (voir para -
graphe 44 ci-dessus). Ainsi qu’il ressort du dossier soumis à la Cour, le
gouvernement géorgien n’a pas donné suite à ce décret. Le pdossier montre
à l’inverse que les forces armées de la Fédération de Ruspsie restèrent en
géorgie en vertu des divers accords conclus au début des années 1990 et
ce, jusqu’au conflit armé d’août 2008 (paragraphe 49 ci-dessus). Etant
donné que ce décret était de nature parlementaire, que l’exépcutif géorgien
n’y a pas donné suite et qu’il mettait l’accent sur le retrapit des troupes et
non sur le nettoyage ethnique, la Cour ne peut y accorder aucune valeur p
juridique aux fins de la présente espèce.
56. Le 20 septembre 1993, dans une lettre transmise au président du
Conseil de sécurité, le président Chevardnadze lança un appel depuis
«Soukhoumi assiégée ». Il y écrivait que « [c]ette terre [était] le berceau à
la fois des géorgiens et des Abkhazes », mais que l’accord de moscou du
3 septembre 1992 « était foulé aux pieds par les mercenaires ». Le pré -
sident Chevardnadze ne mettait pas en doute la sincérité des efforts qupe
déployait le président de la Fédération de Russie pour promopuvoir un
règlement du conflit, précisant ce qui suit : « en cela il se heurte à la même
force qui essaie de nous écraser ». Le président Chevardnadze poursuivait
en ces termes :
«Quoi qu’il en soit, je lance un nouvel appel à Boris Nikolaye -
vitch Eltsine, au Conseil de sécurité de l’ONU et à m. Boutros-ghali,
à toute la [nation russe] progressiste et démocratique et à l’pensemble
de la communauté mondiale : ne permettez pas que ce crime mons -
trueux soit commis, arrêtez l’exécution d’un petit pays et spauvez ma
patrie et mon peuple de la mort sur le bûcher de la réaction impép -
riale. Le monde ne doit pas accepter l’annihilation d’une de ses
nations les plus anciennes, architecte d’une grande culture et hérpitière
de hautes traditions spirituelles. » (Nations Unies, doc. S/26472.)
de tels propos, et la comparaison qui est faite dans la lettre entre
l’ Abkhazie et «la mèche avec laquelle [les séparatistes abkhazes] veulent
faire sauter non seulement la géorgie de Chevardnadze, mais aussi la
Russie d’Eltsine », portent la Cour à considérer que ce document ne sau -
rait être interprété comme la formulation par la géorgie d’une accusation
de discrimination raciale contre le gouvernement de la Fédération de
Russie.
57. dans une lettre datée du 12 octobre 1993, le président géorgien
demanda la tenue d’une réunion du Conseil de sécurité. Aprèps avoir fait
état du « massacr[e] sauvag[e] [de] la population civile » par les groupes
3097 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
groups]”. It declared the belief of the georgian Republic that the facts
about ethnic cleansing and genocide of the peaceful population in Abkha-
zia required a severe condemnation by the Council. “If we take into
consideration multiple statements by Abkhaz separatists, we need to
acknowledge that there is a serious threat placed upon the territorial
integrity of the georgian Republic.” He expected the Council to use its
authority “to coerce Abkhaz leaders to cease their abominable violatipons
of human dignity and the heartless slaughter of these persecuted ethnic p
georgians”, and expressed the hope that the Council would instruct allp
United Nations members to desist in their support of Abkhaz separatists.p
The only reference to the Russian Federation was to the fact that the
gudauta side was “equipped with state-of-the-art weapons, currently at
the disposal of the Russian military forces” (United Nations doc. S/26576).
given that the only reference to the Russian Federation in the letter wasp
an incidental one, and that the letter emphasized the responsibility of
Abkhaz separatists, the Court does not consider that the letter makes a p
relevant claim against the Russian Federation.
58. On 12 October 1994, the georgian parliament in a statement about
the situation in the georgian-Abkhaz conflict zone said it had become
“extremely tense again”. The statement made various allegations agpainst
“the Abkhaz separatists”, in particular relating to their impedingp the
return of thousands of refugees. All the “facts ha[d] taken place in pthe
‘security zone’, which must be controlled by the peacekeepers of tphe Rus -
sian Federation”. The statement concludes by rejecting any separationp of
Abkhazia from georgia and calling on the international organizations
involved in the peace process and the Russian Federation for the releasep
of kidnapped people and the suppression of any attempt of disrupting thep
peace process. The Court is unable to see any claim against the Russian p
Federation of a breach of its obligations relating to the elimination ofp
racial discrimination in that parliamentary statement.
59. The georgian parliament on 17 April 1996 adopted a resolution on
measures for the settlement of the conflict in Abkhazia. It stated thapt
“separatist forces”, using the most severe methods, through ethnicp cleans -
ing and genocide, had separated Abkhazia from georgia for the time
being. It continued :
“despite long-standing negotiations between the sides participating
in the conflict of Abkhazia under the auspices of the UN and medi -
ated by Russia, the intransigent stand of separatists obstructed com -
promise on the questions of the repatriation of hundreds of thousands
of refugees and the determination of the status of Abkhazia within
the territory of georgia. The separatist regime uses every means to
strengthen its military potential, to set up independent state structureps
and attributes, to distort history, and to spread misanthropic racist
31 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 97
armés de goudaouta, il déclarait, au nom de la République de géorgie,
que le nettoyage ethnique et le génocide de la population pacifique dp’Ab-
khazie devaient être condamnés avec force par le Conseil. « Si nous en
croyons les multiples déclarations des séparatistes abkhazes, une plourde
menace pèse sur l’intégrité territoriale de la Républiquep de géorgie. » Le
président géorgien se disait convaincu que le Conseil de sécuripté userait de
son autorité «pour contraindre les dirigeants abkhazes à mettre fin à leurs
abominables atteintes à la dignité humaine et au massacre impitoyapble
des géorgiens de souche » et exprimait le vœu que le Conseil demande à
tous les Etats membres de l’Organisation des Nations Unies de cesser
d’apporter leur appui aux séparatistes abkhazes. La Fédératipon de Russie
n’était mentionnée qu’une fois, à propos de la partie de pgoudaouta qui
était équipée «des armes les plus modernes dont dispos[aient] … les forces
militaires russes » (Nations Unies, doc. S/26576). Etant donné que la seule
référence à la Fédération de Russie dans la lettre en quepstion était indi -
recte et que l’accent était mis sur la responsabilité des sépparatistes
abkhazes, la Cour estime que ce document ne contient pas de grief perti -
nent à l’encontre de la Fédération de Russie.
58. Le 12 octobre 1994, dans une déclaration sur la situation dans la
zone de conflit entre la géorgie et l’Abkhazie, le parlement géorgien affir -
mait que « les tensions [s’étaient] de nouveau exacerbées » . Cette déclara-
tion contenait plusieurs accusations portées contre « les séparatistes
abkhazes », ayant trait notamment au fait qu’ils empêchaient le retour de
milliers de réfugiés. Tous les «événements susmentionnés [s’étaient] dérou -
lés dans la « zone de sécurité », qui [devait] être contrôlée par la force de
maintien de la paix de la Fédération de Russie ». A la fin de sa déclaration,
le parlement rejetait toute séparation de l’Abkhazie d’avec la géorgie et
demandait aux organisations internationales engagées dans le processups de
paix et à la Fédération de Russie de faire en sorte que les perpsonnes enle -
vées soient libérées et que cesse toute tentative de perturbatipon du proces-
sus de paix. La Cour ne voit dans cette déclaration du parlement géorgien
aucun grief fait à la Fédération de Russie d’avoir violé ples obligations qui
lui incombent en matière d’élimination de la discrimination racpiale.
59. Le 17 avril 1996, le parlement géorgien adopta une résolution sur
les mesures de règlement du conflit en Abkhazie. Il y indiquait quep les
«forces séparatistes », recourant aux méthodes les plus extrêmes, à savoir
le nettoyage ethnique et le génocide, avaient pour l’heure sépapré l’Abkha -
zie de la géorgie. Le parlement poursuivait :
«malgré de longues négociations entre les parties au conflit en
Abkhazie, sous l’égide de l’Organisation des Nations Unies et avec
la médiation de la Russie, la position intransigeante des séparatipstes
a bloqué la voie du compromis sur les questions du rapatriement
de centaines de milliers de réfugiés et de la définition du statutp de
l’Abkhazie à l’intérieur du territoire de la géorgie. Le régime sépara -
tiste use de tous les moyens pour renforcer son potentiel militaire,
établir les structures et les attributs d’un Etat indépendant, pdéformer
3198 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
ideology. The CIS Heads of States decisions taken in Almaty, minsk
and moscow are not implemented. The separatists with the support
of external forces purposefully and unilaterally violate these agree -
ments. peacekeeping forces, designated by Russia in agreement with
the CIS and the UN, to this day are unable to fulfill their function.
They failed to secure the safety of the population, to prevent ethnic
cleansing and genocide of the georgian population, to render a real
assistance to return refugees and internally displaced people to their
homes.”
The parliamentary resolution referred to the Russian Federation “as an
interested side”, along with the United Nations, and not as a particippant
in the conflict. The only other references to the Russian Federation wpere
to the mandate and to the withdrawal of the peacekeeping forces :
“As the Russian peacekeeping forces under the CIS mandate can -
not provide the safe return of internally displaced persons and refu -
gees and the protection of their lives and dignity, and in the event thapt
the current mandate is retained and georgian proposals are not con -
sidered in a new mandate, then the peacekeeping operations shall be
considered as having no prospects and peacekeeping forces shall be
withdrawn within two month’s time.”
Again there is no claim regarding the Russian Federation’s compliancep
with its obligations relating to the elimination of racial discrimination.
Rather, the claim is that the peacekeeping forces are unable to fulfil tpheir
functions. Accordingly, the Court sees this parliamentary resolution as
having no legal significance for the purposes of the present case.
60. On 30 may 1997 the georgian parliament issued a “decree on the
Further presence of Armed Forces of the Russian Federation deployed
in the Zone of Abkhaz Conflict under the Auspices of the Commonwealth p
of Independent States”. Like the decree described in paragraph 55, it
dealt with the withdrawal of the Russian Federation troops, but only in p
certain circumstances. It notes in its first sentence that “no tangibple prog-
ress has been achieved, either in terms of return of refugees and Idps to
their homes or in terms of restoration of jurisdiction of georgia in
Abkhazia”. The peacekeeping forces, it continued, “carr[ied] out the
function of border forces, thereby substantially supporting and strengthp -
ening the separatist regime of Abkhazia, which . . . opposes . . . step by
step return of refugees and Idps to their homes”. But those parliamen -
tary statements provide arguments for the proposed actions relating to
the withdrawal of troops and do not expressly allege breaches by the Rus -
32 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 98
l’histoire et propager une idéologie raciste et haineuse. Les dépcisions
des chefs d’Etat de la CEI prises à Almaty, minsk et moscou ne sont
pas appliquées. Avec le soutien de forces extérieures, les sépapra -
tistes enfreignent ces accords de manière délibérée et unilaptérale. La
force de maintien de la paix, constituée par la Russie en accord
avec la CEI et l’Organisation des Nations Unies, n’est pas, à ce jour,
en mesure de remplir sa mission. Elle n’est pas parvenue à assurerp
la sécurité de la population, à empêcher le nettoyage ethnique pet
le génocide de la population géorgienne, à apporter une aide
réelle au retour dans leurs foyers des réfugiés et des personneps
déplacées. »
dans cette résolution du parlement géorgien, la Fédération de Russie
était présentée comme « une partie intéressée », au même titre que l’Orga -
nisation des Nations Unies, et non comme une partie au conflit. Les
seules autres références à la Fédération de Russie concernaient le mandat
et le retrait de la force de maintien de la paix :
«La force de maintien de la paix russe sous mandat de la CEI
n’étant pas en mesure d’assurer le retour en toute sécuritép des popu -
lations déplacées et des réfugiés, ni de protéger leur vipe et leur dignité,
il faudra considérer, dans l’hypothèse où le mandat actuel sperait
maintenu et où les propositions de la géorgie ne seraient pas prises
en compte dans le cadre d’un nouveau mandat, que les opérations dep
maintien de la paix n’ont aucune chance de réussir et retirer la fporce
de maintien de la paix dans un délai de deux mois. »
Là encore, aucun grief relatif au respect par la Fédération de pRussie
des obligations qui lui incombent en matière d’élimination de la dipscri-
mination raciale n’était formulé ; le parlement géorgien se plaignait de
ce que la force de maintien de la paix n’était pas en mesure de remplpir
sa mission. Aussi la Cour estime-t-elle que cette résolution parlemen -
taire est dépourvue de portée juridique aux fins de la présentep
espèce.
60. Le 30 mai 1997, le parlement géorgien prit un décret « sur la proro -
gation de la présence des forces armées de la Fédération de pRussie
déployées dans la zone du conflit abkhaze sous l’égide de pla Communauté
des Etats indépendants ». Comme celui qui a été mentionné au para -
graphe 55, ce décret envisageait le retrait des troupes russes mais, à la
différence de ce dernier, dans certaines circonstances uniquement. pdans la
première phrase, le parlement relevait qu’« aucune avancée concrète
n’a[vait] été réalisée, qu’il s’agisse du retour deps réfugiés et des personnes
déplacées ou du rétablissement de la souveraineté de la géorgie en
Abkhazie ». Selon lui, la force de maintien de la paix remplissait «la fonc -
tion de force de contrôle aux frontières, apportant ainsi un soutipen et un
renfort considérables au régime séparatiste d’Abkhazie … qui s’oppos[ait]
au retour progressif des réfugiés et des personnes déplacéesp ». Or, par de
telles déclarations, le parlement géorgien exposait les raisons de proposer
3299 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
sian Federation. In the opinion of the Court, they provide no basis for p
finding that a dispute exists between the two parties concerning the Rus -
sian Federation’s compliance with its obligations owed to georgia relat -
ing to the elimination of racial discrimination.
61. The georgian parliament on 27 may 1998 made a statement that :
“The recent tragedy in gali district once again demonstrated that the
Abkhaz separatists continue the implementation of the policy of genocidep
and ethnic cleansing in the territory occupied by them.” It continuedp with
references to “the Abkhaz separatists” and the “armed separatispts”, and
stated that
“[t]he Russian peacekeeping forces, deployed in the region under the p
auspices of the Commonwealth of Independent States, did nothing to
confront the actions of the Abkhaz side. Instead, in a number of cases, p
they assisted separatists in conducting punitive operations against the p
peaceful population.
The conduct of peacekeepers during the 20-26 may events in gali
district, amounted to a gross violation of bilateral and multilateral
agreements, total ignorance of decisions by the Council of CIS Heads
of States and of the UN Security Council.
The parliament of georgia declares that together with the separa -
tist leaders, the CIS peacekeeping forces are to a large extent respon -
sible for the tragedy in gali district, as they in fact facilitated raids
against the peaceful population and destruction of villages in their
entirety.”
There is no evidence that this parliamentary statement, directed at “sepa -
ratists” and alleging violations of agreements which could not at thapt
time have included CERd, was known to the authorities of the Russian
Federation. Those authorities would, by contrast, have known that on
26 may 1998 georgia had written to the president of the Security Council
referring to “the recent tragic events that have taken place in the gali
region of Abkhazia, georgia”. That letter discussed the actions of “the
armed Abkhaz military units” and, referring to one situation, stated pthat
“the interference of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
peacekeepers averted the massacre of the georgian population” (United
Nations doc. S/1998/432). The letter continues that the CIS peacekeepers
“have so far been unable to prevent the carnage”, not that they wepre sup -
porting or participating in it.
62. On 16 June 1998, the georgian permanent mission again wrote to
the president of the Security Council expressing georgia’s “extreme
indignation in connection with the developments in the gali district . . .
where the ethnic cleansing of the georgian population is continuing
33 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 99
des mesures relatives au retrait de troupes et ne formulait pas d’allpéga -
tions expresses de violations commises par la Fédération de Russie. de
l’avis de la Cour, ces déclarations ne permettent donc pas de conclure à
l’existence d’un différend opposant les deux parties au sujet du respect
par la Fédération de Russie de ses obligations envers la géorgie en
matière d’élimination de la discrimination raciale.
61. dans une déclaration faite le 27 mai 1998, le parlement géorgien
affirmait que « la tragédie survenue récemment dans le district de gali
a[vait] de nouveau démontré que les séparatistes [abkhazes] continu[aient]
de mettre en œuvre une politique de génocide et de nettoyage ethnipque sur
le territoire qu’ils occupaient ». Après avoir mentionné les « séparatistes
abkhazes » et les «séparatistes armés », le parlement affirmait :
«[l]a force russe de maintien de la paix, déployée dans la régiopn sous
l’égide de la Communauté d’Etats indépendants, n’a riepn tenté pour
s’opposer aux agissements de la partie abkhaze. Bien au contraire,
dans un certain nombre de cas, elle a aidé les séparatistes à mpener des
expéditions punitives contre la population pacifique.
Le comportement de la force de maintien de la paix pendant les
événements des 20-26 mai dans le district de gali constitue une vio -
lation flagrante des accords bilatéraux et multilatéraux et tradpuit un
mépris total des décisions du conseil des chefs d’Etat de la CEI et du
Conseil de sécurité de l’Organisation des Nations Unies.
Le parlement géorgien déclare que, au même titre que les diri -
geants séparatistes, la force de maintien de la paix est responsable
dans une large mesure de la tragédie du district de gali, car elle a en
réalité facilité les attaques contre la population pacifique etp la des -
truction totale des villages. »
Rien n’atteste que les autorités de la Fédération de Russie paient eu
connaissance de cette déclaration du parlement géorgien visant les « sépa -
ratistes » et contenant des allégations selon lesquelles des accords qui ne
pouvaient, à l’époque, inclure la CIEdR auraient été violés. Ces autorités
savaient en revanche que, le 26 mai 1998, le représentant permanent de la
géorgie avait adressé au président du Conseil de sécurité une lettre l’in -
formant « [d]es événements tragiques récemment survenus dans la régionp
de gali, en Abkhazie (géorgie) ». Cette lettre mentionnait les opérations
menées par les «unités [militaires] armées abkhazes », ainsi qu’un cas dans
lequel « l’intervention des forces de maintien de la paix de la Commu -
nauté d’Etats indépendants (CEI) a[vait] évité le massacre de la popula -
tion géorgienne » (Nations Unies, doc. S/1998/432). Il y était ensuite
précisé que les forces de maintien de la paix de la CEI « n’[avaient] pas été
en mesure, jusqu’à présent, d’empêcher le carnage », et non qu’elles l’ap -
puyaient ou y prenaient part.
62. Le 16 juin 1998, la mission permanente de la géorgie écrivit de nou -
veau au président du Conseil de sécurité pour lui faire part dep la profonde
indignation de la géorgie face à «l’évolution de la situation dans le district
de gali … où le nettoyage ethnique de la population géorgienne se pour -
33100 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
openly”. All the actions described in the statement are attributed to
“so-called Abkhaz militia forces” and “Abkhaz separatist leaders”. pThe
statement concluded by expressing the government’s “confidence in the
ability of international political organizations, first of all, the Unitped
Nations and the Commonwealth of Independent States, to assess the situ-
ation that has come about and take urgent measures” (United Nations p
doc. S/1998/516). Again, the Court observes the lack of any allegation
directed at the Russian Federation regarding compliance with its internap -
tional obligations. On the contrary, georgia was looking to the Russian
Federation, in its role within the Security Council and the CIS, to addrpess
the situation. Accordingly, the Court cannot give any legal significancep to
this letter for the purposes of this case.
63. The Court has now reviewed the documents and statements which
georgia invokes to demonstrate that in the period before it became bound p
by CERd it had a dispute with the Russian Federation about racial dis -
crimination by the latter, especially Russian Federation forces, against
ethnic georgians. The Court concludes that none of the documents or
statements provides any basis for a finding that there was such a disputpe
by July 1999. The reasons appear in the foregoing paragraphs in respect
of each document or statement. They relate to the author of the statemenpt
or document, their intended or actual addressee, and their content.
Several of the documents and statements emanated from the georgian
parliament or parliamentary Officers and were neither endorsed nor acted
upon by the Executive. Finally, so far as the subject-matter of each
document or statement is concerned, it complains of actions by the
Abkhaz authorities, often referred to as “separatists”, rather thapn by the
Russian Federation; or the subject-matter of the complaints is the alleged
unlawful use of force, or the status of Abkhazia, rather than racial
discrimination; and, where there is a possibly relevant reference, usually
to the impeding of return of refugees and Idps, it is as an incidental ele -
ment in a larger claim — about the status of Abkhazia, the withdrawal of
the Russian Federation troops or the alleged unlawful use of force by
them.
64. It follows from this general finding of the Court and the specific
findings made in earlier paragraphs that georgia has not, in the Court’s
opinion, cited any document or statement made before it became party to p
CERd in July 1999 which provides support for its contention that “the
dispute with Russia over ethnic cleansing is long-standing and legitimate
and not of recent invention” (paragraph 34 above). The Court adds that
even if this were the case, such dispute, though about racial discriminap -
tion, could not have been a dispute with respect to the interpretation opr
application of CERd, the only kind of dispute in respect of which the
Court is given jurisdiction by Article 22 of that Convention.
34 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 100
sui[vait] ouvertement ». Tous les actes mentionnés dans cette lettre étaient
attribués aux « prétendues milices abkhazes » et aux « dirigeants sépara-
tistes abkhazes ». En conclusion, il était indiqué que le gouvernement
géorgien était «convaincu que les organisations politiques internationales,
et en premier lieu l’Organisation des Nations Unies et la Communauté
d’Etats indépendants, saur[aient] évaluer la situation et prendpre d’urgence
les mesures qui s’impos[aient] »(Nations Unies, doc. S/1998/516). La Cour
relève une fois de plus l’absence de toute allégation à l’pencontre de la
Fédération de Russie concernant le non-respect de ses obligations interna -
tionales. Bien au contraire, la géorgie comptait sur la Fédération de
Russie, de par son rôle au sein du Conseil de sécurité et de lap CEI, pour
remédier à la situation. Aussi la Cour ne saurait-elle accorder aucune
valeur juridique à cette lettre aux fins de la présente espèce.p
63. Ayant examiné les documents et déclarations que la géorgie
invoque pour démontrer que, pendant la période où elle n’éptait pas encore
liée par la CIEdR, un différend l’opposait à la Fédération de Russie aup
sujet d’actes de discrimination raciale commis par celle-ci, et plus particu -
lièrement par ses forces armées, à l’encontre de géorgiens de souche, la
Cour conclut qu’aucun de ces documents ou déclarations ne permet dp’éta -
blir qu’un tel différend existait en juillet 1999. Les motifs de cette conclu -
sion sont donnés, pour chacun d’entre eux, dans les paragraphes qupi
précèdent. Ces motifs tiennent aux auteurs des déclarations ou pdocu -
ments, aux personnes auxquelles ils étaient destinés ou qui en ontp
effectivement eu connaissance et à leur contenu. plusieurs de ces docu -
ments et déclarations émanaient du parlement géorgien ou de représen -
tants du parlement ; l’exécutif ne les a pas entérinés et ne leur a pas donné p
suite. Enfin, sur le plan du contenu, ces documents ou déclarations
dénonçaient tous des actes commis par les autorités abkhazes, spouvent
qualifiées de « séparatistes », et non par la Fédération de Russie ; ou le
prétendu emploi illicite de la force, ou le statut de l’Abkhazie ept non la
discrimination raciale ; et, lorsque des faits invoqués — en général des
obstacles mis au retour des réfugiés et des personnes déplacépes — semblent
éventuellement pertinents, ils s’inscrivent de manière incidentpe dans le
cadre d’une revendication plus vaste, concernant le statut de l’Abkhazie,
le retrait des troupes russes ou le prétendu emploi illicite de la foprce par
celles-ci.
64. de l’avis de la Cour, il ressort de cette conclusion générale etp des
conclusions spécifiques tirées dans les paragraphes précédenpts que la
géorgie ne s’est référée à aucun document ou déclaraption antérieur à la
date à laquelle elle est devenue partie à la CIEdR (juillet 1999) et
attestant, comme elle l’affirme, que « le différend avec la Russie au sujet
du nettoyage ethnique existe depuis longtemps, qu’il est fondé, etp qu’il ne
s’agit pas d’une invention récente » (paragraphe 34 ci-dessus). La Cour
ajoute que, même si tel était le cas, ce différend, bien que pconcernant la
discrimination raciale, n’aurait pu toucher à l’interprétatipon ou à l’appli -
cation de la CIEdR ; cet instrument, en son article 22, ne donne compé -
tence à la Cour que pour connaître des différends qui le concpernent.
34101 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
5. Documents and Statements from the Period after CERD
Entered into Force between the Parties and before August 2008
65. It is convenient first of all to consider as a group the reports made
after 1999 by the two parties to treaty monitoring committees. These
reports relate to CERd, the International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), the International Covenant on Civil and p
political Rights (ICCpR), and the Convention against Torture and other
Cruel, Inhuman or degrading Treatment or punishment (CAT). georgia
in its first report to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial dis -
crimination, submitted in 2000, said this :
“georgia unreservedly condemns any policy, ideology or practice
conducive to racial hatred or any form of ‘ethnic cleansing’ such pas that
practised in the Abkhaz region of georgia following the armed conflict
of 1992-1993. Hundreds of thousands of displaced persons, a large
majority of whom are women, elderly persons and children, lost their
homes and means of survival and became exiles in their own country.
Such has been the outcome of the policy pursued by the authorities of
the self-proclaimed ‘Republic of Abkhazia’, the aim of which has been
to ‘cleanse’ the region of georgians and — in many cases — represent -
atives of other nationalities as well. georgia firmly believes that a pol-
icy founded on racial hatred is a fundamental infringement of human
rights and should be unconditionally proscribed, condemned and elim -
inated.” (United Nations doc. CERd/C/369/Add.1.)
The Court observes that this passage — the only one invoked by geor -
gia — directs no criticism against the Russian Federation, nor was such
criticism made by the georgian representative before the Committee, by
any member of the Committee or by the Committee in its concluding
observations (United Nations docs. CERd/C/SR.1453, CERd/C/304/
Add.120, CERd/C/SR.1454). Indeed, the georgian representative before
the Committee said that her government was currently involved in nego -
tiations to resolve the complicated situation and that the Russian Federpa -
tion might have an important part to play in that regard.
66. georgia quotes this passage from its combined second and third
reports to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial discrimination
submitted on 21 July 2004 :
“Under this article of the Convention, it must be reiterated that,
owing to the continuing political crisis in Abkhazia and South Osse -
tia, during the reporting period georgia was not in a position to
protect citizens of these regions from criminal acts. In this connectionp,
it should be stressed that georgia does not absolve itself of responsi -
bility for the situation in this part of its territory, which includes ipts
responsibility to safeguard human rights and freedoms.” (United
Nations doc. CERd/C/461/Add.1.)
35 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 101
5. Les documents et déclarations postérieurs à l’entrée en v▯igueur
de la CIEDR entre les Parties et antérieurs au mois d’août 2008
65. Il convient tout d’abord d’examiner dans leur ensemble les rap -
ports que les deux parties ont présentés après 1999 aux organes de suivi
des traités. Ces rapports ont trait à la CIEdR, au pacte international
relatif aux droits économiques, sociaux et culturels, au pacte internpational
relatif aux droits civils et politiques et à la convention contre la torture et
autres peines ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants. dans son
premier rapport au Comité pour l’élimination de la discrimination raciale,
présenté en 2000, la géorgie déclarait ce qui suit :
«La géorgie condamne sans réserve toute politique, idéologie ou
pratique de nature à favoriser la haine raciale ou toute forme «d’épu -
ration ethnique », comme cela est arrivé dans la partie abkhaze de la
géorgie à la suite du conflit armé de 1992-1993, au cours duquel des
centaines de milliers de personnes déplacées, pour la plupart des
femmes, des personnes âgées et des enfants, ont perdu leurs maisons et
leurs moyens de subsistance, devenant des exilés dans leur propre
pays. Tel fut le résultat de la politique appliquée par les autoriptés de la
prétendue «République d’Abkhazie », qui avait pour but de «chasser »
de la région les géorgiens — et, dans beaucoup de cas, les membres de
plusieurs autres nationalités. La géorgie est fermement convaincue
que toute politique fondée sur la haine raciale est une violation fonpda-
mentale des droits de l’homme et doit être interdite, condamnéep et é-li
minée sans condition. »(Nations Unies, doc. CERd/C/369/Add.1.)
La Cour fait observer que ce passage, le seul cité par la géorgie, ne
contient aucune critique à l’encontre de la Fédération de Rupssie, et qu’il
n’en fut pas davantage formulé par la représentante de la géorgie devant
le Comité, par un membre du Comité ou par le Comité lui-même dans
ses observations finales (Nations Unies, doc. CERd/C/SR.1453, doc.
CERd/C/304/Add.120, doc. CERd/C/SR.1454). La représentante de la
géorgie déclara même que son gouvernement essayait de régler cette
situation complexe par la négociation et que la Fédération de Russie
pourrait avoir un rôle important à jouer à cet égard.
66. La géorgie cite le passage ci-après, extrait des deuxième et troi -
sième rapports qu’elle présenta le 21 juillet 2004 au Comité pour l’élimi -
nation de la discrimination raciale :
«En ce qui concerne l’application de l’article visé de la Conven -
tion, il convient de noter que, vu l’absence de règlement politiqupe des
conflits touchant l’Abkhazie et l’Ossétie du Sud, le gouvernement
géorgien n’est toujours pas en mesure d’assurer la protection des
habitants de ces régions contre les actes criminels. Toutefois, il nep
renonce pas à assumer sa responsabilité en ce qui concerne la situa -
tion dans cette partie du territoire du pays, y compris pour les ques -
tions relatives à la protection des libertés et des droits de l’phomme. »
(Nations Unies, doc. CERd/C/461/Add.1.)
35102 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
Again, the Court observes that the passage directs no criticism against pthe
Russian Federation, nor did the georgian representative appearing before
the Committee or any member of the Committee or the Committee itself
(United Nations doc. CERd/C/SR.1706).
67. In reporting in 2006 to the Committee against Torture (United
Nations doc. CAT/C/SR.699), georgia stated that :
“A particular problem arose in Abkhazia, where Russian peace -
keepers were in some instances aiding or abetting criminal separatists
and were thereby, actively or by omission, contributing to human
rights violations in the region. most of the human rights violations in
the territory affected ethnic georgians, and the de facto authorities in
Abkhazia bore a heavy responsibility for such violations.”
Although there was some criticism of the Russian Federation here, this
did not amount to an allegation against the Russian Federation regardingp
the latter’s compliance with its obligations relating to the eliminatpion of
racial discrimination under CERd.
68. The Russian Federation in its submissions calls attention to the
fact that georgia, in reporting on its implementation of the two Interna -
tional Covenants on human rights, including in its report on the ICCpR
in 2006 (United Nations doc. CCpR/C/gEO/3), similarly directed no
criticism regarding racial discrimination against the Russian Federationp;
georgia did not contest this submission. The Russian Federation also
notes that under CERd, georgia had available to it the procedure for
State to State complaints provided in Articles 11 to 13.
69. The Court observes that a State may claim that another State is in
breach of its obligations under CERd without initiating that process. It
also observes that in general the process under which States report on ap
regular basis to the monitoring committees operates between the report -
ing State and the committee in question ; it is a process in which the State
reports on the steps which it has taken to implement the treaty. The prop -
cess is not designed to involve other States and their obligations. Takipng
account of those features and of the actual reports referred to in this pcase,
the discussions of and the observations on them, the Court does not con -
sider that in this particular case the reports to the committees are signifi -
cant in determining the existence of a dispute.
70. In respect of other post-July 1999 statements, georgia begins by
referring to a meeting on 14 September 2000 at which its Ambassador in
moscow observed to the deputy Chairperson of the State duma of the
Russian Federation that representatives of the legislative and executivep
bodies and other bodies of the Russian Federation had established activep
36 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 102
La Cour relève une fois de plus que ce passage ne contient pas de criptique
à l’encontre de la Fédération de Russie, et qu’il n’enp fut pas davantage
formulé par le représentant de la géorgie devant le Comité, par un
membre du Comité ou par le Comité lui-même (Nations Unies, doc.
CERd/C/SR.1706).
67. dans le rapport qu’elle présenta en 2006 au Comité contre la tor -
ture (Nations Unies, doc. CAT/C/SR.699), la géorgie déclarait ce qui
suit :
«Un problème particulier a surgi en Abkhazie, où la force russe de
maintien de la paix aidait et encourageait dans certains cas les sépa -
ratistes criminels et, ce faisant, contribuait directement ou par omis -
sion aux violations des droits de l’homme dans cette région. La
plupart des violations des droits de l’homme commises sur ce terri -
toire visaient les géorgiens de souche, et les autorités de facto en
Abkhazie portent une lourde responsabilité à cet égard. »
même si elle formulait certaines critiques à l’encontre de la Fépdération de
Russie, la géorgie n’alléguait pas que celle-ci n’avait pas respecté les obli -
gations que la CIEdR lui imposait en matière d’élimination de la discri -
mination raciale.
68. dans ses écritures, la Fédération de Russie appelle l’attentipon sur le
fait que la géorgie, dans les rapports qu’elle a présentés sur la mise enp
œuvre des deux pactes internationaux relatifs aux droits de l’hommpe, y
compris celui de 2006 concernant le pacte international relatif aux droits
civils et politiques (Nations Unies, doc. CCpR/C/gEO/3), n’a pas non
plus formulé à son encontre de critique concernant la discriminatipon
raciale ;la géorgie ne le conteste pas. La Fédération de Russie note aussi
que la géorgie pouvait se prévaloir de la procédure de plainte interépta -
tique instituée par les articles 11 à 13 de la CIEdR.
69. La Cour fait observer qu’un Etat peut faire grief à un autre Etat p
d’agir en violation des obligations que lui impose la CIEdR sans pour
autant engager la procédure susmentionnée. Elle relève aussi qupe, en
général, les mécanismes selon lesquels les Etats font régulipèrement rap -
port aux organes de surveillance s’appliquent entre l’Etat qui présente son
rapport et le comité compétent ; l’Etat intéressé rend compte des mesures
qu’il a prises pour mettre en œuvre le traité. Ce type de mépcanisme n’est
pas conçu pour faire intervenir d’autres Etats et ne concerne pas pleurs
obligations. Au vu de ces éléments et des rapports auxquels il a épté fait
référence dans la présente affaire, ainsi que des discussionsp et observa -
tions que ces derniers ont suscitées, la Cour estime que, en l’esppèce, les
rapports présentés aux comités ne permettent pas de se prononcepr sur
l’existence d’un différend.
70. pour ce qui est des autres déclarations postérieures au mois de juipl -
let 1999, la géorgie commence par faire état d’une réunion, tenue le
14 septembre 2000, à laquelle son ambassadeur à moscou fit observer au
vice-président de la douma que des représentants des organes législatif et
exécutif et d’autres organes de la Fédération de Russie avaipent activement
36103 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
contacts with the separatist régime of Abkhazia. The georgian notes of
that meeting, contrary to georgia’s submission to the Court, make no
reference to ethnic cleansing but do refer to the deadlock in negotiatiopns
caused by the Abkhazian separatist administration.
71. The next document invoked by georgia is a resolution adopted by
the georgian parliament in October 2001. This resolution begins with a
reference to the suffering arising “from the tragic results of sepapratism,
international terrorism and aggression”. It alleged that since the depploy -
ment of Russian Federation peacekeepers under the auspices of the CIS,
the policies of ethnic cleansing had not stopped. In this resolution, thpe
Russian Federation now appeared as a party involved in the conflict.
Since its peacekeeping forces had failed to carry out their mission, thep
parliament considered the further presence of the CIS collective peace -
keeping forces inexpedient and proposed to the president of georgia (1)
to implement the procedures for the withdrawal of those forces and (2)p to
appeal to the United Nations, the OSCE and governments of friendly
countries to deploy international peacekeeping forces in the conflict pzone.
The georgian government took no action at that time to have the peace -
keeping forces withdrawn and in terms of point (2), as noted above
(para. 47), it had, with the Russian Federation, earlier called for an inter -
national peacekeeping force possibly including a Russian Federation con-
tingent.
72. This parliamentary resolution is to be seen in the context of the
unanimous Security Council resolutions 1339 and 1364 adopted earlier in
2001, in January and July. Those Council resolutions again welcomed the p
important contributions that UNOmIg and the CIS peacekeeping forces
continued to make in stabilizing the situation in the zone of conflictp, and
strongly supporting the sustained efforts of the Secretary-general and his
Special Representative, with the assistance of the Russian Federation, in
its capacity as facilitator, as well as the group of Friends of the Secretary-
general and of the OSCE, to promote the stabilization of the situa -
tion and the achievement of a comprehensive settlement. A georgian
representative attended the January 2001 meeting of the Security Council.
In his speech he expressed georgia’s “appreciation to the Secretary-
general and his Special Representative for georgia . . . as well as the
group of Friends of the Secretary-general, for their tireless efforts in the
process of achieving a comprehensive settlement of the conflict in
Abkhazia, georgia”. He emphasized the upcoming meetings between
Abkhaz and georgian representatives and, while he was critical of one
paragraph of the draft resolution before the Council, he made no referenpce
at all to the paragraphs about CIS peacekeepers and the role of the Rus -
sian Federation as facilitator. Without further discussion, the resolution
was adopted (United Nations doc. S/pv.4269).
73. The Court, in assessing the October 2001 parliamentary resolution,
as with the other documents and statements invoked by the parties, must
37 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 103
établi des contacts avec le régime séparatiste abkhaze. Les notpes de la
géorgie sur cette réunion, contrairement à ses écritures, ne pfont pas réfé-
rence au nettoyage ethnique mais mentionnent effectivement une impassep
dans les négociations, due à l’administration séparatiste abpkhaze.
71. La géorgie en vient ensuite à la résolution adoptée par son parle -
ment en octobre 2001. Cette résolution commence par une évocation des
souffrances dues aux « conséquences tragiques du séparatisme, du terro -
risme international et de l’agression ». Le parlement y affirmait que la
politique de nettoyage ethnique n’avait pas cessé depuis le dépploiement de
la force russe de maintien de la paix sous l’égide de la CEI. dans cette
résolution, la Fédération de Russie apparaissait désormais cpomme une
partie au conflit. La force russe de maintien de la paix n’ayant paps accom -
pli sa mission, le parlement géorgien jugeait inopportun le maintien de la
force collective de maintien de la paix placée sous l’égide de pla CEI et
proposait au président géorgien 1) de mettre en œuvre les procédures pré -
vues pour le retrait de cette force et 2) d’appeler les Nations Unies,
l’OSCE et les gouvernements des pays amis à déployer une force interna -
tionale de maintien de la paix dans la zone de conflit. Le gouvernement
géorgien ne prit aucune mesure à l’époque pour assurer le reptrait de la
force de maintien de la paix et, pour ce qui est du point 2), comme indi -
qué plus haut (par. 47), il avait déjà demandé, avec la Fédération de
Russie, la création d’une force internationale de maintien de la ppaix com -
prenant éventuellement un contingent russe.
72. Cette résolution du parlement géorgien doit être examinée à la
lumière des résolutions 1339 et 1364 que le Conseil de sécurité avait adop -
tées à l’unanimité en janvier et en juillet 2001. dans ces résolutions, le
Conseil s’était une nouvelle fois félicité du rôle importpant que la mONUg
et la force de maintien de la paix de la CEI continuaient de jouer dans pla
stabilisation de la situation dans la zone du conflit, et avait réspolument
appuyé les efforts incessants déployés par le Secrétaire gpénéral et son
représentant spécial, avec l’aide de la Fédération de Ruspsie, en sa qualité
de facilitateur, du groupe des amis du Secrétaire général et dep l’OSCE, à
cette même fin et en vue de parvenir à un règlement politique dp’ensemble.
Un représentant géorgien avait été invité à participerp à la réunion du
Conseil de sécurité de janvier 2001. Au cours de son intervention, il avait
«remerci[é] le Secrétaire général et son représentant spépcial en géorgie …
ainsi que le groupe des amis du Secrétaire général, des efforpts inlassables
qu’ils déplo[ya]ient pour parvenir à un règlement global du pconflit en
Abkhazie (géorgie) ». Il avait souligné l’importance des réunions prévues
entre les représentants abkhazes et géorgiens et, bien qu’ayantp critiqué un
paragraphe particulier du projet de résolution examiné par le Conspeil,
n’avait nullement mentionné les paragraphes concernant la force dep
maintien de la paix de la CEI ou le rôle de la Fédération de Rupssie en tant
que facilitateur. La résolution avait été adoptée sans autrep discussion
(Nations Unies, doc. S/pv.4269).
73. Aux fins d’apprécier la résolution du parlement géorgien d’oc -
tobre 2001, la Cour doit notamment, comme en ce qui concerne les autres
37104 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
have regard, among other matters, to the distinct roles of the Russian
Federation, in the CIS peacekeeping forces, as facilitator and as one
of the Friends of the Secretary-general. In that context and given that
the parliamentary resolution had not been endorsed by the georgian
government, the Court cannot give it any legal significance for the pur -
poses of the present case.
74. Security Council resolution 1393 (2002), containing the standard
paragraphs, had been adopted on 31 January 2002, when the georgian
parliament on 20 march 2002 adopted a resolution which noted that its
October 2001 resolution had not been acted on and resolved that it was
necessary to implement its requirements. The new parliamentary resolu -
tion criticized the CIS peacekeeping forces: in reality, it said, they fulfilled
the functions of border guards between Abkhazia and the rest of georgia
and failed to perform the duties envisaged by their mandate of providingp
protection of the population and creation of conditions for the secure
return of Idps. Further, major violations of human rights and freedoms
on an ethnic basis had been carried out with the assistance of external p
military force. Once again, the georgian Executive did not act upon this
resolution, and it is to be seen in the context of the series of Securitpy
Council resolutions and the actions taken under, and by reference to,
them. Accordingly the Court gives the parliamentary resolution no legal
significance for the purposes of the present case.
75. In April 2002, the minister for Foreign Affairs of the Russian Fed -
eration in talks with the georgian Ambassador in moscow denied that
the Russian Federation had supplied arms and ammunition to Abkhazia.
It does not appear from the georgian record of the talks that any claims
which were made in those talks related to ethnic or racial discriminatiopn.
76. In January 2003 a delegation of the georgian parliament, led by its
speaker, had discussions in moscow with a group of Russian Federation
parliamentarians including the Chairperson of the Council of the Federa -
tion and the Chairperson of the State duma. In its submissions, georgia
called attention to a statement by the georgian side, when talking about
the CIS peacekeeping forces, suggesting the Russian Federation peace -
keepers move out of the gali district to facilitate the process of refugee
return which, it said, the Russian Federation side rejected. The georgian
record of the discussion continued in this way :
“While discussing the possibility of withdrawal of peacekeeping
forces from Abkhazia, the Russian side was expressing a clearly
negative attitude. However, it has been pointed out many times that
if there is relevant request from the georgian side, the Russian peace -
keeping forces will leave the territory of georgia. According to the
statement of Russia, if the ‘blue helmets’ are pulled out of Abkhapzia,
the UN observers will also leave the region. The Russian colleagues
38 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 104
documents et déclarations invoqués par les parties, tenir compte des dif -
férents rôles joués par la Fédération de Russie au sein dpe la force de main -
tien de la paix de la CEI, en tant que facilitateur et en tant que membrpe
du groupe des amis du Secrétaire général. dès lors, et étant donné que
cette résolution n’a pas été entérinée par le gouvernement géorgien, la
Cour ne saurait lui accorder aucune valeur juridique aux fins de la prép -
sente espèce.
74. Alors que, le 31 janvier 2002, le Conseil de sécurité avait adopté la
résolution 1393 (2002), qui contient elle aussi les dispositions habituelles,
le parlement géorgien adopta le 20 mars 2002 une résolution dans laquelle
il notait que sa résolution d’octobre 2001 était restée lettre morte et déci -
dait qu’elle devait être désormais suivie d’effet. Il critpiquait la force de
maintien de la paix de la CEI, qu’il accusait de jouer en réalitép le rôle de
garde-frontière entre l’Abkhazie et le reste de la géorgie et de ne pas s’ac -
quitter des tâches prévues par son mandat, à savoir protégerp la popula -
tion et créer des conditions propres à assurer le retour en toute psécurité
des personnes déplacées. Le parlement affirmait en outre que de graves
violations des droits de l’homme et des libertés avaient étép commises pour
des raisons ethniques avec l’aide de forces militaires extérieuresp. Là
encore, le gouvernement géorgien ne donna pas suite à cette résolution,
qui doit donc être replacée dans le contexte des résolutions du Conseil de
sécurité sur la question et des mesures prises à leur titre ou pen s’y référant.
En conséquence, la Cour n’accorde pas de valeur juridique à la présolution
du parlement aux fins de la présente espèce.
75. En avril 2002, au cours d’un entretien avec l’ambassadeur de
géorgie à moscou, le ministre des affaires étrangères de la Fédératiopn de
Russie nia que son pays eût approvisionné l’Abkhazie en armes ept muni -
tions. Il ne ressort pas du procès-verbal de cet entretien établi par la
géorgie qu’un quelconque grief ait été formulé relativemenpt à la discrimi -
nation ethnique ou raciale.
76. En janvier 2003, une délégation du parlement géorgien, conduite
par sa présidente, eut un échange de vues à moscou avec un groupe de
parlementaires russes, y compris le président du conseil de la Fédpération
de Russie et le président de la douma de la Fédération de Russie. dans
ses écritures, la géorgie a appelé l’attention sur le fait qu’elle proposa àp
cette occasion, au sujet de la force de maintien de la paix de la CEI, qpue
le contingent russe évacue le district de gali pour faciliter le retour des
réfugiés, ce que la partie russe refusa. voici ce qui est dit dans le pro -
cès-verbal établi par la géorgie :
«La discussion sur un retrait éventuel de la force de maintien de la
paix d’Abkhazie mécontenta manifestement la partie russe. Il fut
néanmoins indiqué à maintes reprises que, si la partie géorgpienne en
faisait la demande, la force russe de maintien de la paix quitterait le p
territoire géorgien. Selon la déclaration de la Russie, si les « casques
bleus » quittaient l’Abkhazie, les observateurs des Nations Unies leur
emboiteraient le pas. Les parlementaires russes déclarèrent douterp
38105 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
expressed doubt about how the georgian party would be able to
control the situation independently and avoid the threat of renewing
the hostilities.”
This is an exchange between parliamentarians and no claim of racial dis -
crimination against the Russian Federation appears in that exchange.
Accordingly, the Court can give it no legal significance for the purposeps
of the present case.
77. In January 2004, mikhail Saakashvili, shortly after his election as
president of georgia but before he assumed office, in a radio interview in
answering a question about Abkhazia, said :
“It is primarily the issue of our relations with Russia. The Russian p
generals are in command there, they have a military contingent there
which played a very negative role . . . [m]ost of the population there
is ethnically georgian or was ethnically georgian. Those people were
thrown out by Russian troops and local separatists and we need to
change the situation.”
georgia submits that this statement directly accused the Russian Federa -
tion and its forces of complicity in ethnic cleansing against ethnic geor -
gians in Abkhazia. While there may be some force in that contention, thep
president-elect immediately followed the passage emphasized by georgia
by saying that “primarily the way to change that [the situation in Abpkha -
zia] is peaceful talks, offering them [the people in Abkhazia] better palter -
natives in terms of georgian economic development, georgia’s integration
into Europe”. He said of Abkhazia “[b]asically that is a lawless pplace . . .
it’s really a black hole . . . Of course Russia doesn’t want to give up the
control over it so we have to talk to them and make them realise that
we’re an independent state . . . But on the other hand we want to be on
good terms with them.” The statement has to be seen in the immediate p
context of the wide-ranging and informal character of the interview and
in the broader context of the relationship between the two countries in p
relation to Abkhazia. Security Council resolution 1524 (2004) adopted
two weeks after the interview contained the standard paragraphs com -
monly included in Security Council resolutions, relating among other
things to the various roles of the Russian Federation (see paragraphs 48
and 71). Further, the record does not include any specific follow-up by
the new president or under his instructions to whatever claim might have
been made against the Russian Federation in the interview.
78. The next relevant document in the record is a letter of 26 July 2004
by president Saakashvili to president putin. It primarily concerns contin -
gents of “illegal armed formations” in South Ossetia, beyond the npum -
bers agreed in 2003 ; armed attacks ; the granting of Russian Federation
citizenship there ; criminal activity ; and the resulting need for political
39 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 105
que la partie géorgienne parvienne alors à maîtriser la situatipon et à
éviter la menace d’une reprise des hostilités. »
Il s’agit là d’un échange de vues entre parlementaires, et apucune allégation
de discrimination raciale contre la Fédération de Russie ne ressorpt de cet
échange. La Cour ne peut donc lui accorder de valeur juridique aux fipns
de la présente espèce.
77. En janvier 2004, peu après son élection à la présidence de la géor -
gie mais avant de prendre ses fonctions, mikhaïl Saakachvili déclara
ce qui suit dans une interview à la radio, en réponse à une question sur
l’Abkhazie :
«Il s’agit avant tout de nos relations avec la Russie. Les générpaux
russes commandent la région, ils y ont déployé un contingent mipli -
taire qui a joué un rôle néfaste… [L]a majorité de la poppulation est,
ou était, de souche géorgienne. Ces personnes ont été chassépes par les
soldats russes et les séparatistes locaux, et nous devons remédierp à
cette situation. »
La géorgie affirme que cette déclaration revient à accuser directement la
Fédération de Russie et ses forces armées de complicité dansp le nettoyage
ethnique à l’encontre des géorgiens de souche en Abkhazie. Cet argu -
ment n’est peut-être pas dénué de fondement mais, juste après ces propos
mis en exergue par la géorgie, le président élu indiqua : « la manière d’y
remédier [à la situation en Abkhazie] consiste avant tout à engpager des
pourparlers pacifiques afin de lui proposer [à la population abkhaze]p de
meilleures solutions du point de vue du développement économique de la
géorgie, de son intégration à l’Europe ». Au sujet de l’Abkhazie, il ajouta
qu’elle était, « [e]n substance, livrée à l’anarchie … un véritable trou
noir… Bien entendu, la Russie refuse de renoncer à sa domination, pc’est
pourquoi nous devons dialoguer avec elle et lui faire comprendre que
nous sommes un Etat indépendant… mais, d’un autre côté, nous voulons
être en bons termes avec elle. » Cette déclaration doit être replacée dans le
contexte immédiat d’une interview de caractère général etp informel et
dans celui, plus large, des relations entre les deux pays au sujet de l’pAb -
khazie. La résolution 1524 (2004) du Conseil de sécurité, adoptée deux
semaines après cet entretien, contenait les dispositions habituelles pconcer -
nant, notamment, les divers rôles joués par la Fédération dep Russie (voir
paragraphes 48 et 71). En outre, rien dans le dossier de l’affaire n’indique
que le nouveau président ait donné suite, ou fait donner suite, à une pquel -
conque réclamation qu’il aurait formulée contre la Fédération de Russie
pendant l’interview.
78. Le prochain document pertinent qui figure au dossier est une let -
tre du 26 juillet 2004 adressée au président poutine par le président
Saakachvili. Cette lettre concernait essentiellement des contingents de
«groupes armés illégaux » en Ossétie du Sud, supérieurs en nombre à ce
qui avait été convenu en 2003, des attaques armées, l’attribution de la
39106 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
dialogue at a plenipotentiary level and an increased role for the OSCE. p
Regarding Abkhazia, the georgian president raised issues about the ter -
ritorial integrity of georgia. The president of the Russian Federation in
his reply proposed measures which should be taken with a view to the
stabilization of the situation and the creation of conditions for the
resumption of the political dialogue. The letters do not mention the retpurn
of refugees and Idps.
79. On 26 January 2005, the georgian permanent Representative to
the United Nations in a letter to the president of the Security Council
wrote about “the recent developments in the conflict-resolution process
in Abkhazia, georgia” (United Nations doc. S/2005/45), including the
“self-styled presidential elections” there, characterized as “illegal anpd ille
gitimate”; the fact that nearly 80 per cent of the current population has
Russian citizenship ; and the ignoring by the Russian Federation of the
basic visa régime. despite those developments, the Ambassador contin -
ued, the central authorities of georgia were ready to resume negotiations
with the Abkhaz side. The letter then referred to “refugees and Idps —
victims of ethnic cleansing — who already for longer than a decade are
waiting for their basic right — the right to live at home — to materialize”.
Referring to abductions which allegedly occurred on “election” dayp, the
letter claimed that “these excesses were committed in front of CIS pepace -
keepers, who did nothing to protect peaceful civilian people . . . I have to
state once more that the CIS peacekeeping force is rather far from beingp
impartial and is often backing Abkhaz separatist paramilitary structuresp.”
Two days later the Security Council at a meeting which had that letter
before it and which was attended by a georgian representative adopted,
without any debate (United Nations doc. S/pv.5116), a resolution which
included the standard references to the CIS peacekeeping forces and the p
Russian Federation’s role as a facilitator (resolution 1582 (2005)).
80. On 11 October 2005 the georgian parliament in a resolution
“condemn[ed] the recent developments in the conflict regions existipng on
the territory of georgia (Abkhazia, and the former South Ossetian
Autonomous district)”. The resolution assessed as “extremely negative”
the activity and the fulfilment of the current mandate by the peacekeepipng
forces in Abkhazia and the former South Ossetian Autonomous district
and it contemplated the cessation of those peacekeeping operations and
the denunciation of the relevant international agreements in certain cirp -
cumstances starting from February 2006 in South Ossetia and July in
Abkhazia.
81. This parliamentary resolution was referred to in a letter of 27 Octo -
ber 2005 by the permanent Representative of georgia to the president of
the Security Council. That letter did not contain any endorsement of the
parliamentary resolution. The permanent Representative’s letter men -
tioned one positive development (a 4 August 2005 meeting on security
40 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 106
citoyenneté russe dans la région, la criminalité et, partant, lpa nécessité
d’établir le dialogue politique au niveau plénipotentiaire et dpe renforcer le
rôle de l’OSCE. Au sujet de l’Abkhazie, le président géorgien soulevait la
question de l’intégrité territoriale de la géorgie. dans sa réponse, le pré -
sident de la Fédération de Russie proposa des mesures visant à pstabiliser
la situation et à créer des conditions propices à la reprise dup dialogue
politique. Il n’était pas question dans ces lettres du retour des préfugiés et
des personnes déplacées.
79. dans une lettre datée du 26 janvier 2005, le représentant permanent
de la géorgie auprès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies informait le pré -
sident du Conseil de sécurité de « l’évolution récente du processus de réso-
lution du conflit en Abkhazie (géorgie) »(Nations Unies, doc. S/2005/45),
notamment des « prétendues élections présidentielles » qualifiées d’« illé -
gales et illégitimes »qui s’y étaient déroulées, du fait que près de 80 %de la
population de la région avait la citoyenneté russe et du méprisp de la Fédé -
ration de Russie pour les règles élémentaires du régime des pvisas. L’amba -s
sadeur ajoutait que, malgré tout, les autorités centrales de géorgie étaient
prêtes à reprendre les négociations avec la partie abkhaze. Il mentionnait
ensuite les « réfugiés et les déplacés — victimes du nettoyage ethnique —
qui, depuis déjà plus d’une décennie, attend[ai]ent qu’unp droit fondamen -
tal leur soit reconnu : celui de vivre chez eux ». A propos des enlèvements
qui auraient eu lieu le jour des « élections », il affirmait que « ces actes
[avaient] été commis devant les soldats de la paix de la CEI qui …
n’[avaient] rien fait pour protéger la population civile et pacifipque… [Il
réitérait] que [la force de maintien de la paix de la CEI] [étapit] loin d’être
impartiale et [qu’elle] sout[enait] souvent les structures paramilitapires sépa-
ratistes abkhazes. »deux jours plus tard, le Conseil de sécurité, qui avait
été saisi de cette lettre, adoptait sans aucun débat, en prépsence d’un repré -
sentant de la géorgie (Nations Unies, doc. S/pv.5116), une résolution
contenant les références habituelles à la force de maintien de pla paix de la
CEI et au rôle de facilitateur de la Fédération de Russie (résolution 1582
(2005)).
80. dans une résolution du 11 octobre 2005, le parlement géorgien
«dénon[çait] l’évolution récente dans les zones de conflpit sur le territoire
de la géorgie (Abkhazie et ancienne région autonome d’Ossétie du Spud) ».
L’action de la force de maintien de la paix en Abkhazie et dans l’pancienne
région autonome d’Ossétie du Sud ainsi que la manière dont cpette force
s’acquittait de son mandat étaient qualifiées d’« extrêmement négatives »,
et le parlement envisageait, dans certaines circonstances, la cessation de
ces opérations de maintien de la paix et la dénonciation des accorpds inter -
nationaux pertinents, à compter de février 2006 en Ossétie du Sud et du
mois de juillet en Abkhazie.
81. Le représentant permanent de la géorgie se référa à cette résolu -
tion dans une lettre en date du 27 octobre 2005, adressée au président du
Conseil de sécurité. La résolution du parlement n’y était pas entérinée par
l’exécutif géorgien. Le représentant permanent y faisait éptat d’un progrès
(une réunion du 4 août 2005 sur les garanties de sécurité) qui, selon lui,
40107 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
guarantees) which, he said, had been marred by a large-scale Abkhaz
military exercise in the zone of responsibility of the Russian Federatiopn
peacekeeping forces. The letter also mentioned the banning of instructiopn
in the georgian language in gali schools — a claim which, in the Court’s
assessment, is not directed at the Russian Federation. It was impossiblep,
the letter continued, to avoid commenting on the behaviour of the
facilitator — the Russian Federation — especially when several alarming
trends, which were listed, had taken place. Annexation was being car -
ried out against a small and friendly neighbouring country. The perma -
nent Representative, after referring to the parliamentary resolution, said
this :
“It seems that the Russian-led peacekeeping operation has, in fact,
exhausted its potential and the only effective way is to have a full-scale
international, I would underline — truly international — United
Nations-led peacekeeping operation.
The georgian leadership is firmly committed to a peaceful settle -
ment of the conflict on its territory, weighing ethnic inclusiveness apnd
integration, safeguarding human rights and freedoms. despite all of
the above-mentioned we still believe that there is no military solu -
tion — on the contrary, we are confident that it is counter-productive.
Our policy of proactive engagement has long-term goals to get
Abkhaz society out of isolation, to expose them to democratic values
and beliefs, recognizing fundamental human rights of internally dis -
placed persons and refugees, first of all the right to return to their
homes, regardless of their ethnicity, to establish an environment of
trust and mutual respect.” (United Nations doc. S/2005/678.)
The Court is unable to see in this letter any claim against the Russian p
Federation by the georgian government of breaches of obligations under
CERd.
82. On 9 November 2005 the georgian permanent Representative
transmitted the 11 October parliamentary resolution to the United
Nations Secretary-general. He asked that the resolution be circulated as
a general Assembly document under agenda items concerning the pre -
vention of armed conflict (item 12) and the review of peacekeeping
(item 32), but made no reference to other items on that session’s agenda,
including racial discrimination (item 69) and displaced persons (item 39)
(United Nations doc. A/60/552).
83. The official position of the georgian Executive in this period was
further illustrated in comments made by the georgian prime minister in
a december 2005 press conference, and which were subsequently circu -
lated at a meeting of the JCC. Here the prime minister described the
“extraordinarily constructive position of the Russian diplomacy in the
matter [of the peace process in South Ossetia]”, noted that “Russia is a
41 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 107
avait été compromis par les grandes manœuvres menées par lesp militaires
abkhazes dans la zone relevant de la responsabilité de la force russep de
maintien de la paix. La lettre mentionnait également l’interdictiopn de l’en -
seignement en géorgien dans les établissements scolaires de gali, grief
qui, selon la Cour, ne visait pas la Fédération de Russie. Toujourps selon
le représentant permanent, il était d’autant moins possible de passer sous
silence le comportement du facilitateur — la Fédération de Russie — que
plusieurs tendances alarmantes, dont la liste était dressée, s’étaient mani -
festées et qu’un petit pays qui entretenait de bonnes relations avpec ses
voisins était en cours d’annexion. Après s’être réfépré à la résolution du
parlement, le représentant permanent indiquait ce qui suit :
«Il semble que l’opération de maintien de la paix dirigée par lap
Russie ait atteint ses limites et que le seul moyen de régler le pro -
blème soit une opération de maintien de la paix à grande échelle,
réellement internationale, mais dirigée par les Nations Unies.
La direction géorgienne est fermement attachée à l’idée dp’un règle -
ment pacifique du conflit sur son territoire, en tenant compte de la
nécessité d’inclure et d’intégrer toutes les ethnies et dpe respecter les
droits de l’homme et les libertés civiles. malgré tout ce qui est relaté
plus haut, nous restons convaincus qu’il n’y a pas de solution milpi -
taire — au contraire, nous pensons qu’une telle solution est
contre-productive. Notre politique d’engagement actif a des objectifs
à long terme, qui sont de sortir la société abkhaze de son isolpement,
d’exposer les Abkhazes aux valeurs démocratiques et de faire respec -
ter les droits de l’homme des personnes déplacées et des réfpugiés,
mais avant tout leur droit à regagner leur foyer, quelle que soit leupr
appartenance ethnique, et d’établir un climat de confiance et de rpes -
pect mutuel. » (Nations Unies, doc. S/2005/678.)
La Cour ne peut discerner dans cette lettre aucune accusation, formulépe
par le gouvernement géorgien contre la Fédération de Russie, d’avoir
manqué à des obligations au titre de la CIEdR.
82. Le 9 novembre 2005, le représentant permanent de la géorgie
transmit la résolution de son parlement du 11 octobre au Secrétaire géné -
ral de l’Organisation des Nations Unies. Il le pria de la faire distribuer en
tant que document de l’Assemblée générale au titre des points de l’ordre
du jour concernant la prévention des conflits armés (point 12) et l’étude
d’ensemble des opérations de maintien de la paix (point 32), mais ne fit
pas référence aux autres points inscrits à l’ordre du jour dpe cette session,
parmi lesquels figuraient la discrimination raciale (point 69) et la question
des personnes déplacées (point 39) (Nations Unies, doc. A/60/552).
83. La position officielle de l’exécutif géorgien au cours de cette période
est également mise en lumière par les observations formulées par le pre -
mier ministre géorgien à l’occasion d’une conférence de ppresse en
décembre 2005, observations qui furent ensuite distribuées à une réunionp
de la CCC. Le premier ministre y faisait état de « la position extraordinai -
rement constructive de la diplomatie russe en la matière [le processups de
41108 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
guarantor of long-term peace in the Caucasus” and stated his belief that
“the recent steps of Russia will bring positive momentum into the relpa -
tions between the two countries”.
84. On 26 January 2006, the Security Council held a private meeting
on the situation in georgia. The Official Communiqué of the meeting
records only that a georgian representative, the Special Envoy of the
president of georgia, made a statement and that a representative of the
Russian Federation made a statement, without giving any indication of
the content of the statements (United Nations doc. S/pv.5358). georgia
includes in its pleadings a “statement by . . . [the] Special Representa -
tive . . .”. That statement is very critical of various actions of the Abkhaz
side. The statement contains this passage about the role of the Russian p
Federation :
“One of the members of the Security Council, member of the group
of Friends and the facilitator of the peace process — namely the Rus -
sian Federation —, suddenly has decided to disassociate itself from
supporting the basic principle — principle of territorial integrity of
georgia within its internationally recognized borders . . . That is why
for the first time in the history of Security Council deliberations we
have no draft resolution prepared by the group of Friends.
mr. president,
This change of position of one of the prominent members of p5
is not just a slight shift or correction. Renouncement of the principle
of determining the status of Abkhazia within the State of georgia
does mean the following : support of the secessionism as a phenome -
non; endorsement of ethnic cleansing of more than 300,000 citizens
of georgia ; questioning the basic principle of the modern world
architecture — the principle of territorial integrity and inviolability
of internationally recognized borders.
mr. president,
I am representing the people who were forcefully expelled from
their homes and are not allowed to return. I am representing the
people who count every day of their exile and who look with a hope
to this Council for its work and resolutions. I am representing the
community which follows very closely every move in the peace pro -
cess in Abkhazia, georgia.”
The Court observes that the reference to “ethnic cleansing” does npot
include an allegation that the Russian Federation participated in, or fapci -
litated, that action. After some delay, at the end of march 2006, the Secu-
rity Council, with a georgian representative present and without debate
(United Nations doc. S/pv.5405), adopted resolution 1666 (2006) inclu -
ding standard paragraphs about the CIS peacekeeping forces and the role p
42 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 108
paix en Ossétie du Sud] », relevait que la Russie était « le garant d’une
paix durable dans le Caucase » et indiquait que, selon lui, « les récentes
initiatives prises par la Russie imprime[raie]nt une dynamique positive p
aux relations entre les deux pays ».
84. Le 26 janvier 2006, le Conseil de sécurité tint une séance privée sur
la situation en géorgie. Le communiqué officiel de cette séance indique
seulement qu’un représentant de la géorgie, l’envoyé spécial du président
de la géorgie, fit une déclaration, et qu’un représentant de la Fédération
de Russie en fit également une, sans autres précisions (Nations Unies,
doc. S/pv.5358). La géorgie a intégré dans ses écritures une « déclaration
[du] représentant spécial… », très critique de la partie abkhaze à divers
égards et dans laquelle il est dit ce qui suit à propos du rôlep de la Fédéra-
tion de Russie :
«L’un des membres du Conseil de sécurité, membre du groupe des
amis du Secrétaire général et facilitateur du processus de paixp — à
savoir la Fédération de Russie —, a soudainement décidé de cesser de
soutenir le principe fondamental — celui de l’intégrité territoriale de la
géorgie à l’intérieur de ses frontières internationalement reconnues…
C’est la raison pour laquelle, pour la première fois dans l’histoire des
délibérations du Conseil de sécurité, nous n’avons pas dep projet de
résolution établi par le groupe des amis du Secrétaire général.
monsieur le président,
Ce changement de position de l’un des plus éminents membres
du p5 n’a rien d’un simple infléchissement ou d’une réorienptation
mineure. Renoncer au principe de la détermination du statut de
l’Abkhazie au sein de la géorgie équivaut bel et bien à soutenir le
sécessionnisme, à cautionner le nettoyage ethnique de plus de
300000 citoyens géorgiens et à remettre en cause le principe fonda -
mental de l’architecture du monde moderne, à savoir celui de l’pinté -
grité territoriale et de l’inviolabilité des frontières internationalement
reconnues.
monsieur le président,
Je représente les populations qui ont été expulsées de forcep et ne
sont pas autorisées à retourner chez elles. Je représente les ppopula -
tions qui comptent chaque jour passé en exil et placent tant d’esppoir
dans le travail et les résolutions de ce conseil. Je représente lap com -
munauté qui suit de très près chaque évolution du processus pde paix
en Abkhazie (géorgie). »
La Cour observe qu’il n’est pas allégué, dans la référpence au « nettoyage
ethnique », que la Fédération de Russie a participé à cette action ou pl’a
facilitée. Après quelque retard, à la fin du mois de mars 2006, le Conseil
de sécurité adopta, en présence d’un représentant de la géorgie et sans
débat (Nations Unies, doc. S/pv.5405), la résolution 1666 (2006), qui
reprenait les dispositions habituelles sur la force de maintien de la papix de
42 109 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
of the Russian Federation as facilitator, as well as a reaffirmation ofp the
territorial integrity of georgia.
85. On 15 February 2006, in a resolution forwarded to the Secretary-
general by the georgian permanent Representative, the georgian
parliament in terms of its resolution of 11 October 2005 assessed
“extremely negatively” the fulfilment of the obligations by the pepacekeep -
ing forces in the former autonomous district of South Ossetia and assessped
the actions of the Russian Federation as an ongoing attempt at annexa -
tion of this region of georgia. It accordingly instructed the government
of georgia to start the implementation of the provisions of that earlier
resolution. Again, there is nothing in the record to show that the
georgian government took those steps. As with the October 2005 parlia -
mentary resolution (paragraph 82 above), the 16 February 2006 letter
of transmittal from the georgian permanent Representative to the
Secretary-general requested that the letter and the February 2006 parlia -
mentary resolution be circulated as a general Assembly document
under agenda items relating to armed conflict and peacekeeping, but not
racial discrimination or displaced persons (United Nations doc. A/60/685).
86. On 18 July 2006 the georgian parliament adopted a resolution in
terms of its resolutions of 11 October 2005 and 15 February 2006 about
both regions. It said that, unfortunately, no progress had been achieved
in terms of the settlement of the conflicts within the time frame defined by
those resolutions. It continued :
“Instead of demilitarization, the drastic increase of military poten -
tial of those armed forces under subordination of de facto authorities
of Abkhazia and the former Autonomous district of South Ossetia,
drastic activation of terrorist and subversive actions, complete col -
lapse of security guarantees for peaceful population, permanent
attempts to legalize the results of ethnic cleansing the fact of which
had been repeatedly recognized by the international community,
massive violation of fundamental human rights and ever-increasing
international criminal threats so characteristic of uncontrolled terri -
tories — this is a reality brought about as a result of peacekeeping
operations.”
The resolution then said that the rejection by the Russian Federation ofp a
peace plan “can be assessed as support for separatists and as a permapnent
attempt to annex georgia’s territory”. The parliament resolved to entrust
the government of georgia with the task of launching necessary proce -
dures to immediately suspend the so-called peacekeeping operations and
to have the armed forces of the Russian Federation withdrawn.
87. In this case the authorities of the Russian Federation were plainly
43 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 109
la CEI et le rôle de la Fédération de Russie en tant que faciliptateur, tout
en réaffirmant l’intégrité territoriale de la géorgie.
85. Le 15 février 2006, dans une résolution communiquée au Secrétaire
général par le représentant permanent de la géorgie, le parlement géor -
gien qualifiait, comme dans sa résolution du 11 octobre 2005, d’«extrême-
ment négative » la manière dont la force de maintien de la paix déployée
dans l’ancien district autonome d’Ossétie du Sud s’était pacquittée de ses
obligations et voyait dans l’action de la Fédération de Russie pune tenta -
tive permanente d’annexion de cette région de géorgie. Aussi deman -
dait-il au gouvernement géorgien de commencer à mettre en œuvre les
dispositions de sa résolution antérieure. Là encore, rien dans ple dossier
n’indique que le gouvernement géorgien ait donné suite à cette demande.
Comme cela avait été fait pour la résolution du parlement d’octobre 2005
(paragraphe 82 ci-dessus), le représentant permanent de la géorgie pria le
Secrétaire général, dans la lettre du 16 février 2006 sous le couvert de
laquelle il lui transmettait la résolution du parlement de février 2006, de
faire distribuer celles-ci en tant que document de l’Assemblée générale et
au titre des points de l’ordre du jour concernant les conflits arméps et le
maintien de la paix, et non la discrimination raciale ou les personnes
déplacées (Nations Unies, doc. A/60/685).
86. Le 18 juillet 2006, le parlement géorgien adopta une résolution
concernant les deux régions, qui était libellée comme celles dup 11 octobre
2005 et du 15 février 2006. Il constatait que, malheureusement, aucun
progrès n’avait été réalisé dans le règlement des cponflits dans les délais
fixés par ces résolutions, ajoutant :
«Au lieu d’être démilitarisées, ces forces armées, subordopnnées
de fait aux autorités d’Abkhazie et de l’ancien district autonome p
d’Ossétie du Sud, ont augmenté considérablement leur potentiel
militaire, les activités terroristes et subversives se sont considéprable -
ment intensifiées, les garanties de sécurité pour la populationp ont
totalement disparu, on constate des tentatives permanentes de cher -
cher à légaliser les résultats du nettoyage ethnique reconnu copmme
tel à plusieurs reprises par la communauté internationale, et on
assiste à des violations massives des droits de l’homme fondamen -
taux et à l’apparition d’une menace criminelle internationale dpe
plus en plus importante, caractéristique des territoires qui échappent p
à tout contrôle. Tel est le résultat des opérations de maintien de la
paix. »
Le parlement affirmait ensuite que le rejet d’un plan de paix par la Fépdé -
ration de Russie « p[ouvait] être considéré comme un appui en faveur des
séparatistes et une tentative permanente d’annexion du territoire pde la
géorgie ». Il décidait de charger le gouvernement géorgien d’engager les
procédures nécessaires pour suspendre immédiatement les prétendues
opérations de maintien de la paix et assurer le retrait des forces arpmées de
la Fédération de Russie.
87. Cette fois, les autorités de la Fédération de Russie eurent parfaite -
43110 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
aware of the georgian parliament’s action since on 19 July 2006, the
day after it was adopted, the permanent Representative of the Russian
Federation to the United Nations transmitted to the Secretary-
general a statement by their Foreign ministry critical of the resolution.
The statement includes the following passages :
“The Russian Federation regards the decision as a provocative
step designed to aggravate tension, destroy the existing format of
negotiations and shatter the framework of legal agreements for the
peaceful settlement of the georgian-Abkhaz and georgian-Ossetian
conflicts. The accusations that the decision makes against the Rus -
sian Federation constitute a disgraceful attempt to shift the blame
to others.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
It should not be forgotten that the format of the negotiation pro -
cess, which, besides the Russian Federation, involves the United
Nations, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe,
the Commonwealth of Independent States and the member States of
the group of Friends of the Secretary-general on georgia, was
agreed upon by all parties to the conflicts. The irresponsible actionsp
of Tbilisi are capable of ruling out any possibility of peaceful settle-
ment of the conflicts.
The Russian Federation will take such measures as are necessary
to ensure compliance with existing international agreements, prevent
the destabilization of the situation in the region and protect the rightps
and interests of Russian citizens living there.” (United Nations
doc. S/2006/555.)
88. The permanent Representative of georgia transmitted the text of
the 18 July 2006 resolution of the georgian parliament to the Secretary-
general on 24 July 2006, again asking for it to be circulated to the
general Assembly under the same agenda items as for the parliamentary
resolutions of October 2005 and February 2006 (see paragraphs 82 and
85 above) (United Nations doc. A/60/954). According to the record, the
georgian government took no action in terms of the resolution.
89. The Court recalls georgia’s emphasis on those parliamentary reso-
lutions which were transmitted to the United Nations (paragraph 36
above), and sees it as significant that on all those occasions when thep
georgian government transmitted parliamentary resolutions to the
Secretary-general to be circulated as official United Nations documents,
that government did not refer to those agenda items which relate to the
subject-matter of CERd, such as racial discrimination, or, as the case
may be, refugees and Idps, or, indeed, human rights instruments more
generally.
44 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 110
ment connaissance des propositions du parlement géorgien puisque, le
19 juillet 2006, soit le lendemain de l’adoption de la résolution, le reprép -
sentant permanent de la Fédération de Russie auprès de l’Orgpanisation
des Nations Unies communiqua au Secrétaire général une déclaration du
ministère des affaires étrangères russe qui critiquait cette présolution. Elle
se lisait notamment comme suit :
«La Fédération de Russie considère cette décision comme une
provocation, qui vise à exacerber la tension, à éliminer les capdres de
la négociation et à saper la base juridique du règlement pacifipque des
conflits entre la géorgie, d’une part, et l’Abkhazie et l’Ossétie du
Sud, d’autre part. Les accusations qu’elle comporte à l’encontre de la
Russie traduisent une manœuvre indigne ayant pour but de rejeter la
faute sur autrui.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Il ne faut pas oublier que les cadres de négociation auxquels parti -
cipent, outre la Russie, l’Organisation des Nations Unies, l’Organpisa -
tion pour la sécurité et la coopération en Europe, la Communautpé
d’Etats indépendants et les pays membres du groupe des amis du
Secrétaire général, ont été établis avec l’accord dpe toutes les parties
aux conflits. Les agissements irresponsables de Tbilissi risquent de
porter irrémédiablement atteinte au règlement pacifique des diffpé -
rends.
La Fédération de Russie prendra toutes les dispositions nécessapires
pour faire appliquer les accords internationaux existants, éviter unep
déstabilisation de la région et défendre les droits et les intéprêts de ses
ressortissants dans la région. » (Nations Unies, doc. S/2006/555.)
88. Le 24 juillet 2006, le représentant permanent de la géorgie commu-
niqua le texte de la résolution du parlement géorgien en date du 18 juil -
let 2006 au Secrétaire général, priant de nouveau celui-ci de le faire
distribuer en tant que document de l’Assemblée générale et au titre des
mêmes points de l’ordre du jour que les résolutions du parlement d’oc -
tobre 2005 et de février 2006 (voir paragraphes 82 et 85 ci-dessus)
(Nations Unies, doc. A/60/954). Les éléments versés au dossier montrent
que le gouvernement géorgien ne prit aucune mesure pour donner suite à
la résolution du 18 juillet 2006.
89. La Cour rappelle que la géorgie a mis l’accent sur les résolutions
de son parlement qui furent communiquées à l’Organisation des
Nations Unies (paragraphe 36 ci-dessus) et considère comme significatif
le fait que, chaque fois que le gouvernement géorgien a transmis au
Secrétaire général des résolutions du parlement géorgien pour qu’elles
soient distribuées en tant que documents de l’Organisation des
Nations Unies, il ne s’est jamais référé à des points de l’ordpre du jour se
rapportant à l’objet de la CIEdR — comme la discrimination raciale ou,
le cas échéant, les réfugiés et les personnes déplacées — ni, plus générale -
ment, à des instruments relatifs aux droits de l’homme.
44111 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
90. On 11 August and 4 September 2006, the georgian permanent
Representative transmitted to the Secretary-general and president of the
Security Council Foreign ministry statements about abuses of human
rights in Abkhazia (United Nations docs. A/60/976-S/2006/638, S/2006/709).
The primary allegations were against “the Abkhazian side”, but it pwas also
said that the Russian Federation (CIS) peacekeepers continued to “[pturn] a
blind eye to gross violation of . . . human rights”. The Foreign ministry
stated that the “existing situation . . . leads us to register once more the
incapability (or the absence of will) of the CIS peacekeeping forces tpo duly
perform their functions, which points yet again to the necessity of modipfy -
ing the existing format of peace operations . . .”. According to the 4 Sep -
tember statement of the ministry, the “Russian peacekeepers cannot . . .
ensure the protection of the safety, dignity and human rights of the peace -
ful population, including internally displaced persons and refugees, as p
prescribed by [four] Security Council resolutions”. This fact “propvide[d]
an added proof of the correctness of the georgian parliament’s decision
to withdraw Russian peacekeepers . . .”. The 11 August statement made
specific reference to three conventions but not to CERd and neither of
the two documents made direct claims against the Russian Federation of
racial discrimination.
91. In October the Security Council, with no reference to the two doc -
uments, adopted resolution 1716 (2006) with standard provisions about
the Russian Federation as a facilitator and the role of the CIS peacekeepp -
ing forces. Again, the georgian representative who was present made no
comment regarding the paragraphs in the draft resolution relating to thep
CIS peacekeepers and the role of the Russian Federation as facilitator, p
and the resolution was adopted without debate (United Nations doc. S/
pv.5549). In view of these considerations, the Court does not consider
that the Foreign ministry statements have any legal significance for the
purposes of the present case.
92. On 3 October 2006 the georgian permanent Representative to the
United Nations in a statement at a press conference said this :
“It is crystal clear that the Russian peacekeeping force is not an
impartial, nor international, contingent. It failed to carry out the main
responsibilities spelled out in its mandate — to create a favourable
security environment for the return of ethnically cleansed hundreds
of thousands of georgian citizens. It became the force that works to
artificially alienate the sides from one another.”
georgia in its submissions cites this statement as raising the dispute
again — the Court presumes that this means the dispute about racial dis -
45 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 111
90. Le 11 août et le 4 septembre 2006, le représentant permanent de la
géorgie communiqua au Secrétaire général et au président du Conseil de
sécurité des déclarations du ministère des affaires étrpangères relatives
aux violations des droits de l’homme qui auraient été commises en
Abkhazie (Nations Unies, doc. A/60/976-S/2006/638, doc. S/2006/709). Ces
allégations visaient principalement la « partie abkhaze », mais il a égale -
ment été avancé que la force russe de maintien de la paix (CEI) conti -
nuait d’« ignorer les violations flagrantes … des droits de l’homme » . Le
ministère géorgien des affaires étrangères affirmait que « la situation
actuelle … [le] condui[sait] à dénoncer de nouveau l’incapacité (pou
l’absence de volonté) des forces de maintien de la paix de la CEIp à
s’acquitter comme il convient de leurs fonctions, ce qui montr[ait] upne fois
de plus qu’il [était] nécessaire de modifier le format actuel dpe l’opération de
maintien de la paix… ». dans sa déclaration du 4 septembre, le ministère
déclarait que «les soldats russes chargés du maintien de la paix … ne [pou -
vaient] assurer la protection, la dignité et les droits de l’hommep de la pop-u
lation pacifique, y compris des personnes déplacées et des réfupgiés, comme
demandé par les [quatre] résolutions du Conseil de sécurité » , ce qui
«constitu[ait] … une nouvelle preuve du bien-fondé de la décision prise
par le parlement géorgien pour le retrait de ces forces… » . La déclaration
du 11 août faisait expressément référence à trois conventions, mais paps à la
CIEdR, et aucun des deux documents ne contenait d’allégation de discrip -
mination raciale visant directement la Fédération de Russie.
91. En octobre, le Conseil de sécurité, sans se référer à cesp deux docu -
ments, adopta la résolution 1716 (2006), qui reprenait les dispositions
habituelles relatives au rôle de facilitateur de la Fédération pde Russie et à
la mission de la force de maintien de la paix de la CEI. Là encore, lpe
représentant de la géorgie, qui était présent, ne formula aucune observa -
tion sur les paragraphes du projet de résolution concernant la force pde
maintien de la paix de la CEI ou le rôle de la Fédération de Rupssie en tant
que facilitateur, et la résolution fut adoptée sans débat (Natpions Unies,
doc. S/pv.5549). dès lors, la Cour estime qu’aucune valeur juridique ne
peut être accordée, aux fins de la présente espèce, auxditesp déclarations du
ministère des affaires étrangères.
92. Le 3 octobre 2006, le représentant permanent de la géorgie auprès
de l’Organisation des Nations Unies déclara ce qui suit lors d’une confé -
rence de presse :
«Il est tout à fait clair que la force russe de maintien de la paix
n’est ni impartiale, ni internationale. Elle s’est montrée incappable de
mener à bien les principales tâches définies dans son mandat — créer
des conditions de sécurité favorables au retour de centaines de mil -
liers de ressortissants géorgiens victimes du nettoyage ethnique. Ellpe
est devenue la force qui s’emploie à dresser artificiellement les pparties
les unes contre les autres. »
dans ses écritures, la géorgie cite ce passage comme une nouvelle mise en
exergue du différend — il est permis à la Cour de supposer qu’elle veut
45112 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
crimination by the Russian Federation — but the permanent Representa-
tive’s next sentence was this :
“The Russian political leader’s statements and actions once again p
make clear that what we are dealing with is not a fundamentally
ethnic conflict, but rather one stemming from Russia’s territorial
ambitions against my country.”
particularly taking into account this clarification by the permanent
Representative, the Court concludes that it cannot give any legal signifi -
cance to the statement made at the press conference for the purposes of p
the present case.
93. On 14 November 2006 president Saakashvili, in an address to the
European parliament, which as an organ of the European Union contains
no representatives from either georgia or the Russian Federation, said
that “over 300,000 georgians were ethnically cleansed from Abkhazia in
the early 1990s”. president Saakashvili noted that “the Russian adminis -
tration” had been accused of responsibility for these earlier events.p His
only reference, in a wide-ranging address, to disputes was in the context
of georgia’s “separatist problems”: “[o]ur disputes continue because they
are based on recidivist territorial claims . . .”. president Saakashvili’s
statement demonstrates that the primary dispute concerned territorial
claims and the references to ethnic cleansing by the Russian Federation p
were with respect to events which took place in the early 1990s. These
events were not current at the time of the president’s address, and
pre-dated georgia’s accession to CERd. As such the Court does not see
president Saakashvili’s statement as evidence of a dispute between thep
parties on matters under CERd. The Court takes the same view of the
press statement made by the georgian Foreign ministry on 22 decem -
ber 2006.
94. The president of georgia in his address of 26 September 2007 to
the general Assembly referred to the majority of residents of the two
regions as “prisoners of the morally repugnant politics of ethnic clepans -
ing, division, violence and indifference”. He continued :
“The story of Abkhazia, where up to 500,000 men, women, and
children were forced to flee in the 1990s, is of particular relevance —
one of the more abhorrent, horrible and yet forgotten ethnic cleans -
ings of the twentieth century. In the time since Russian peacekeepers
were deployed there, more than 2,000 georgians have perished and a
climate of fear has persisted.” (United Nations doc. A/62/pv.7.)
Near the end of his address, he stated that “[t]he only obstacle to tphe
integration of South Ossetia [into georgia] is a separatist regime that
46 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 112
parler du différend relatif à la discrimination raciale dont la pFédération
de Russie se serait rendue coupable —, mais le représentant permanent
ajoute aussitôt :
«Les déclarations et actions du dirigeant politique russe prouvent
une fois de plus qu’il ne s’agit pas d’un conflit à dominapnte ethnique,
mais plutôt d’un conflit né des ambitions territoriales de lap Russie à
l’encontre de mon pays. »
La Cour conclut qu’il ne peut, aux fins de la présente espèce, pêtre accordé
aucune valeur juridique à la déclaration faite à l’occasion pde la conférence
de presse, surtout si l’on tient compte de cet éclaircissement appporté par
le représentant permanent.
93. dans un discours prononcé le 14 novembre 2006 devant le parle -
ment européen — qui, étant un organe de l’Union européenne, ne compte
aucun représentant de la géorgie ou de la Fédération de Russie —, le pré -
sident Saakachvili déclara que « plus de 300 000 géorgiens [avaient] fait
l’objet d’un nettoyage ethnique en Abkhazie au début des annépes 1990 ».
Il releva que «[l]’administration russe »avait été accusée d’être responsable
de ces événements. dans ce discours, où il abordait de nombreux sujets, il
ne fit cependant état de différends qu’à propos des « problèmes sépara -
tistes » en géorgie : « [n]os différends persistent parce qu’ils reposent sur
des revendications territoriales récurrentes… ». Il ressort donc de la décla -
ration du président Saakachvili que le différend portait avant tout sur des
revendications territoriales, les références à un nettoyage ethpnique perpé -
tré par la Fédération de Russie ayant trait à des événpements qui s’étaient
déroulés au début des années 1990. Or, ces événements n’étaient pas
contemporains du discours du président et étaient antérieurs àp l’adhésion
de la géorgie à la CIEdR. dès lors, la Cour ne considère pas que la
déclaration du président Saakachvili établisse l’existence d’un différend
entre les parties sur des questions se rapportant à cet instrument. Selon
elle, il en va de même de la déclaration faite à la presse le 2p2 décembre 2006
par le ministère géorgien des affaires étrangères.
94. dans l’allocution qu’il prononça le 26 septembre 2007 devant l’As -
semblée générale, le président de la géorgie déclara que la majorité des
habitants des deux régions étaient «prisonniers des politiques moralement
inqualifiables du nettoyage ethnique, de la division, de la violence et pde
l’indifférence ». Il poursuivit en ces termes :
«L’histoire de l’Abkhazie, où plus de 500 000 hommes, femmes et
enfants ont été contraints de fuir dans les années 90, est particulière -
ment frappante en cela qu’elle constitue l’un des nettoyages ethnipques
les plus terrifiants du xx esiècle, et pourtant oublié. depuis que
les soldats de la paix russes ont été déployés, plus de 2000 géorgiens
ont péri, et c’est un climat de peur qui y règne. » (Nations Unies,
doc. A/62/pv.7.)
peu avant la fin de son discours, le président affirma que «[l]e seul obstacle
à l’intégration de l’Ossétie du Sud au sein de la géorgie [était] un régime
46113 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
basically consists of elements from security services from neighbouring p
Russia that have no historical, ethnic or cultural links to the territorpy”. In
respect of Abkhazia he had earlier said that “these disputes are no lponger
about ethnic grievances”.
95. In September and October 2007, march and April 2008, the geor -
gian permanent Representative to the United Nations sent statements by
the georgian ministries of Foreign Affairs and Internal Affairs to the
Secretary-general and president of the Security Council (United Nations
docs. S/2007/535 ; S/2007/589 ; A/62/765-S/2008/197 ; A/62/810). The first,
third and fourth are concerned with the status of the regions, the actiopns
of separatists, and military activities. None make any reference to racipal
discrimination or ethnic cleansing (except for the last) or to the Ruspsian
Federation’s responsibility for such actions. The last does refer to ethnic
cleansing but only in the context of the Russian Federation “planningp
to recognize” the documents of authorities which were created through
ethnic cleansing. Its call on the Russian Federation to engage more
actively in the safe return of Idps cannot, in the Court’s opinion, be
understood as a claim against the Russian Federation regarding com-
pliance with its obligations under CERd, for instance a claim of imped -
ing return of Idps on racial grounds. Two other features of that document
might be noted : first, it alleges breaches by the Russian Federation of
three named conventions, but not CERd ; secondly, when georgia trans-
mitted this statement to the Secretary-general on 17 April 2008, it
requested that it be circulated as a general Assembly document under
an agenda item relating to protracted conflicts in the region and the
implications for international peace, security and development (United p
Nations doc. A/62/810).
The second statement contains this passage :
“The georgian side expresses its extreme concern about this fact
[the identity of a militant who had been killed], proving that separatispt
illegitimate armed forces are constantly receiving support from a
party which is supposed to be a facilitator of the conflict resolutionp
process. Regretfully, we have been witnessing such a pattern of behav -
iour for 14 years. At the same time high-ranking Russian officials
consider [sic] ordinary support and training to so-called anti-terrorist
units, which in reality by nature are illegitimate military formations
of the de facto Abkhaz regime, and are responsible for ethnic cleans -
ing that took place in Abkhazia, georgia.
The georgian government once again reminds all States of para -
graph 8 of Security Council resolution 876 (1993), in which the Coun-
cil called on all States to prevent the provision from their territoriesp
or by persons under their jurisdiction of all assistance, other than
humanitarian assistance.” (United Nations doc. S/2007/589.)
47 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 113
séparatiste consistant pour l’essentiel en éléments issus deps services de sécurité
de la Russie voisine, qui n’ont pas le moindre lien historique d’oprdre ethnique
ou culturel avec le territoire ». A propos de l’Abkhazie, il avait auparavant
déclaré que «[c]es différends ne [relevaient] plus de griefs ethniques.»
95. En septembre et octobre 2007, puis en mars et avril 2008, le représen -
tant permanent de la géorgie auprès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies
communiqua au Secrétaire général et au président du Conseil pde sécurité le
texte de déclarations émanant des ministères géorgiens des apffaires étrangères
et de l’intérieur (Nations Unies, doc. S/2007/535 ; S/2007/589; A/62/765-
S/2008/197; A/62/810). Les premier, troisième et quatrième documents
concernaient le statut des régions, les activités des séparatisptes et les opér-
tions militaires. Aucun ne faisait état de discrimination raciale ou de nepttoyage
ethnique (à l’exception du dernier), ou de la responsabilité pde la Fédération de
Russie dans de tels actes. Le dernier document faisait effectivement rpéférence
au nettoyage ethnique, mais uniquement pour préciser que la Fédépration de
Russie «entend[ait] reconnaître »la légitimité des documents établis par les
autorités mises en place au moyen du nettoyage ethnique. de l’avis de la Cour,
le fait qu’il y était demandé à la Fédération de Russipe de participer plus act-
vement au retour en toute sécurité des personnes déplacées npe saurait être
interprété comme une accusation, à l’encontre de celle-ci, d’avoir manqué à
ses obligations découlant de la CIEdR, en ayant par exemple empêché pour
des raisons raciales le retour des personnes déplacées. deux autres aspects de
ce document méritent de retenir l’attention :premièrement, la Fédération de
Russie y était accusée d’avoir violé troisconventions, qui étaient citées, mais
pas la CIEdR ;deuxièmement, lorsque la géorgie communiqua cette décla -
ration au Secrétaire général le 17 avril 2008, elle le pria de la faire distribuer en
tant que document de l’Assemblée générale au titre d’un ppoint de l’ordre du
jour concernant les conflits prolongés dans la région et leurs ipncidences sur la
paix, la sécurité et le développement (Nations Unies, doc. A/62/810).
La deuxième déclaration contient le passage suivant :
«La partie géorgienne est profondément préoccupée par ce fait
[l’identité d’un militant qui avait été tué], qui proupve que les forces
armées séparatistes illégales ne cessent de recevoir le soutienp d’une
partie censée participer au processus de règlement du conflit enp tant
que modérateur. Nous voyons malheureusement ce genre de com -
portement depuis 14 ans. Qui plus est, les hauts dirigeants russes
trouvent normal d’assurer appui et formation aux unités soi-disant
antiterroristes, qui sont en réalité foncièrement des formationps mili-
taires illégales du régime abkhaze de facto, responsables de l’épura -
tion ethnique menée en Abkhazie (géorgie).
Le gouvernement géorgien rappelle une fois de plus à tous les
Etats le paragraphe 8 de la résolution 876 (1993) du Conseil de sécu -
rité, par lequel le Conseil a demandé à tous les Etats d’emppêcher que
toute forme d’assistance autre qu’humanitaire ne soit apportée pà par -
tir de leur territoire ou par des personnes relevant de leur juridic -
tion. » (Nations Unies, doc. S/2007/589.)
47114 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
Again the reference to ethnic cleansing is not stated as a claim againstp the
Russian Federation regarding compliance with its obligations under
CERd.
96. georgia referred the Court to six further statements made between
January 2006 and September 2007 by its Foreign ministry and by its
ministry for Conflict Resolution Issues. The complaints against the Rusp -
sian Federation are limited to the Russian peacekeepers’ “culpablep inac -
tion”, “criminal inaction” and “even encouragement” of thpe actions of
the separatist authorities, and are not related to racial discriminationp.
Accordingly, the Court gives the statements no legal significance for thpe
purposes of the present case. (See similarly the statement of 22 Novem -
ber 2007.)
97. On 19 April 2008 the georgian Foreign ministry in a press state -
ment referred to the “de facto annexation of georgia’s integral parts . . .
and neglect of human rights of an absolute majority of the regions’ popu -
lation — victims of ethnic cleansing”. The statement is primarily about
the status of the two regions and Russian Federation policies and prac -
tices relevant to those regions and makes no claim against the Russian
Federation about racial discrimination.
98. On 21 April 2008 the georgian president made a “special state -
ment” about “aggressive steps taken” by the Russian Air Force. pThe only
reference to racial discrimination was to past events which occurred
before CERd entered into force between the parties and related to the
1992-1993 Russian Federation bombing : “[e]thnic cleansing . . . took
place [at] that time and [a] new aggressive regime was established”.
99. On 12 may 2008 the president of georgia addressed representa -
tives of five European Union member States who were visiting georgia,
about what he referred to as the peace plan relating to Abkhazia, avoid -
ing conflict, securing territorial integrity and return of refugees, aplleged
breaches of norms of international conduct by the Russian Federation,
relating to incursions into georgian airspace, illegal movement of Rus -
sian Federation peacekeeping forces, the status of the regions and the
issuing by the Russian Federation of passports. The European Union, he
said, must state that it will never recognize any kind of breakaway of
georgian territory and will never recognize the results of ethnic cleansipng.
Again there is no claim against the Russian Federation of breaches of itps
obligations under CERd.
100. The final exchange between georgia and the Russian Federation
before armed conflict broke out in August 2008 consists of a letter of
24 June 2008 from president Saakashvili to president medvedev and
president medvedev’s reply of 1 July. The georgian president offered a
number of proposals for the president of the Russian Federation to con -
sider “directed at the substantial decrease of tension, restoration opf trust
48 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 114
Encore une fois, la référence au nettoyage ethnique n’était ppas formulée
comme une accusation, contre la Fédération de Russie, de ne pas repspec-
ter ses obligations en vertu de la CIEdR.
96. La géorgie a présenté à la Cour six autres déclarations faites entre
janvier 2006 et septembre 2007 par son ministère des affaires étrangères et
son ministère chargé de la résolution des conflits. dans les griefs qu’ils y
formulent à l’encontre de la Fédération de Russie, les minisptères se
bornent à stigmatiser l’« inaction coupable » et l’« inaction criminelle » de
la force russe de maintien de la paix, « voire … les encouragements »
qu’elle aurait prodigués aux autorités séparatistes ; ces déclarations sont
sans rapport avec la discrimination raciale. dès lors, la Cour ne leur
accorde aucune valeur juridique aux fins de la présente espèce. (pvoir, de
même, la déclaration du 22 novembre 2007.)
97. Le 19 avril 2008, le ministère géorgien des affaires étrangères men -
tionna dans un communiqué de presse « l’annexion de facto de régions …
qui font partie intégrante de la géorgie et le mépris des droits de l’homme
d’une grande majorité de la population de ces régions, victimesp d’un net -
toyage ethnique ». Cette déclaration porte essentiellement sur le statut des
deux régions ainsi que sur les politiques et pratiques que la Fédépration de
Russie y mettait en œuvre ; elle ne contient aucune allégation de discrimi -
nation raciale visant la Fédération de Russie.
98. Le 21 avril 2008, le président de la géorgie fit une « déclaration
spéciale » sur l’« offensive lancée » par les forces aériennes de la Fédéra -
tion de Russie, dans laquelle il ne parla de discrimination raciale qu’pà
propos d’événements qui s’étaient déroulés avant l’pentrée en vigueur de
la CIEdR entre les parties et étaient liés au bombardement russe
de 1992-1993 : « [l]e territoire avait à l’époque fait l’objet d’un nettoypage
ethnique et un nouveau régime brutal avait été mis en place ».
99. Le 12 mai 2008, dans un discours aux représentants de cinq pays
membres de l’Union européenne qui s’étaient rendus en géorgie, le pré -
sident de la géorgie évoqua ce qu’il a appelé le plan de paix pour l’Abp -
khazie, ainsi que la nécessité d’éviter le conflit et de ppréserver l’intégrité
territoriale, le retour des réfugiés, la violation des normes devapnt régir le
comportement entre Etats dont la Fédération de Russie se serait repndue
coupable en se livrant à des incursions dans l’espace aérien de la géorgie,
le mouvement illicite de la force russe de maintien de la paix, le statupt des
régions et la délivrance de passeports par la Fédération de pRussie. Il
engagea l’Union européenne à déclarer qu’elle n’acceptperait jamais aucune
forme de sécession du territoire géorgien, ni les conséquences pdu net -
toyage ethnique. Là encore, il n’était pas allégué que lap Fédération de
Russie avait violé ses obligations en vertu de la CIEdR.
100. Le dernier échange entre la géorgie et la Fédération de Russie
avant le début du conflit armé en août 2008 est une lettre du 24 juin 2008
que le président Saakachvili adressa au président medvedev et la réponse
de ce dernier le 1 erjuillet. Le président de la géorgie invitait le président
de la Fédération de Russie à examiner un certain nombre de proppositions
«visant à réduire sensiblement les tensions, rétablir la confiance et contri -
48115 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
and assistance in peaceful settlement of the conflict in Abkhazia, geor -
gia”. Two of the proposals refer to refugees and Idps.
“Free Economic Zone will be created in the territory of gali and
Ochamchire districts of Abkhazia, where the population is practically
absent at present. mixed georgian-Abkhazian administrations and
mixed georgian-Abkhazian law enforcement organs will be created
in both districts. Safe and dignified return of refugees and Idps to
gali and Ochamchire districts will be organized. The georgian side
undertakes to provide social welfare fully for the population of these
districts.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The parties to the conflict could also conclude a separate agreement
about non-use of force and return of Idps and refugees to the entire
territory of Abkhazia, georgia.”
An additional proposal was for the continuation of the peacekeeping
operation of the CIS with a reviewed mandate. The georgian president
proposed that the Russian Federation be one of the guarantors of the
agreements which he was to negotiate in line with these proposals.
101. The president of the Russian Federation in his reply said that he
had attentively reviewed the proposals on the problems of regulation of p
the georgian-Abkhazian conflict, noting that “[m]ost of the elements can
be relevant at different stages of regulation” and that “[y]our pprincipal
partner must be Abkhazia” which would presume a full-scale negotiation
process. Having stated that “[u]nfortunately, the sides [to the conflpict] feel
deep mutual mistrust as of today”, the president of the Russian Federa -
tion continued :
“In this situation, frankly speaking it is difficult to imagine, forp
example, the creation of joint georgian-Abkhaz administration or
law-enforcement organs in any district of Abkhazia. It is also appar -
ently untimely to put the question of the return of refugees in such a
categorical manner. Abkhazs perceive this as a threat to their national p
survival in the current escalated situation and we have to understand
them.
Because of this, I propose to concentrate on the initial and most
important for today — the real measures directed towards decreasing
the tensions and restoration of trust that will allow resuming the pro -
cess of georgian-Abkhaz regulation which was ceased in July 2006.”
He then went on to address other matters in the georgian list, and con -
cluded with reference to two of them in this way :
“We are also ready to discuss your proposal regarding the creation
of a Russian-georgian intergovernmental commission on the issues
of economic rehabilitation of Abkhazia. As far as I understand that
49 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 115
buer au règlement pacifique du conflit en Abkhazie (géorgie) ». deux de
ces propositions avaient trait aux réfugiés et aux personnes dépplacées :
«Une zone franche sera créée sur le territoire des districts de gali
et d’Ochamchire en Abkhazie, pratiquement inhabités à l’heurpe
actuelle. des administrations et des forces de l’ordre conjointes
(géorgiennes et abkhazes) seront mises en place dans les deux dis -
tricts. Le retour dans la sécurité et la dignité des réfugiéps et des per -
sonnes déplacées dans les districts de gali et d’Ochamchire sera
organisé. La partie géorgienne s’engage à assurer pleinementp la pro -
tection sociale de la population de ces districts.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Les parties au conflit pourraient également conclure un accord dis -
tinct sur le non-recours à la force et le retour des personnes déplacées
et des réfugiés dans tout le territoire de l’Abkhazie (géorgie). »
Une autre proposition tendait à ce que l’opération de maintien pde la paix
menée sous l’égide de la CEI se poursuive avec un mandat revisép. Enfin,
le président géorgien invitait la Fédération de Russie à pêtre l’un des
garants des accords qu’il allait négocier dans l’esprit de ces ppropositions.
101. dans sa réponse, le président de la Fédération de Russie disapit
avoir examiné avec attention les propositions relatives au règlement du
conflit entre la géorgie et l’Abkhazie, précisant : « La plupart des élé -
ments qu’elles contiennent peuvent s’avérer utiles à différentes étapes du
règlement » et « [v]otre partenaire principal doit être l’Abkhazie », ce qui
impliquerait l’ouverture d’un processus de négociation global. pAprès
avoir indiqué que, « [m]alheureusement, les parties nourriss[ai]ent actuel -
lement une profonde méfiance mutuelle », le président de la Fédération de
Russie ajoutait :
«dans un tel contexte, il est en toute franchise difficile d’imaginer,p
par exemple, la création d’administrations ou de forces de l’ordre
conjointes géorgiennes et abkhazes dans un district abkhaze. de
plus, il semble inopportun de poser la question du retour des réfugiéps
de manière aussi catégorique. Eu égard aux vives tensions actueplles,
les Abkhazes y voient une menace à leur survie nationale et nous
devons les comprendre.
pour cette raison, je propose de nous concentrer pour l’instant sur
les aspects initiaux et les plus importants, à savoir les mesures répelles
destinées à atténuer les tensions et à rétablir la confiapnce, ce qui per -
mettrait de reprendre le processus de règlement du conflit entre lap
géorgie et l’Abkhazie interrompu en juillet 2006. »
Il abordait ensuite d’autres questions soulevées par le présidepnt de la
géorgie et, à propos de deux d’entre elles, concluait en ces terpmes :
«par ailleurs, nous sommes prêts à discuter de vos propositions
concernant la création d’une commission intergouvernementale
russo-géorgienne sur le redressement économique de l’Abkhazie. Si
49116 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
would mean the cancellation of the sanction introduced in Janu -
ary 1996 on the basis of the decision of the CIS Heads of States on
the Sanctions against Abkhazia. By the way, in terms of directions,
this would have been consonant with the measures taken by the Rus -
sian side within the framework of the April Order of the president of
the Russian Federation.
And of course we will welcome georgia to join the process of
preparation for the 2014 Olympic games in Sochi.
In sum, quite a specific and positive agenda of our joint actions is
emerging.”
102. georgia sees the response on the issue of the return of Idps as “a
categorical rejection” of their return, and evidence of a legal dispupte
between georgia and the Russian Federation “concerning the return of
ethnic georgians to the regions of georgia from which they had been
expelled because of their ethnicity”.
103. As the parties have said, this exchange is important, given its tim -
ing, the position and responsibility of the authors of the letters and tphe
contents of the letters. The Court finds that the letters do not evidence a
dispute between the parties about the obligations of the Russian Federa -
tion in respect of the impeding of the return of refugees and Idps for
reasons of racial discrimination : georgia is approaching the Russian
Federation as a facilitator, as a potential guarantor and in terms of itps
role in the CIS peacekeeping forces. The Abkhaz side (the other “party to
the conflict”) is the party which under the proposals would, with pgeorgia,
have the role of facilitating the return of the Idps and refugees. No pro -
posal was made by georgia to the Russian Federation for the latter to
take action with respect to the return of Idps and refugees.
104. The final document on which georgia relies, before those issued
at the time of the armed conflict in August 2008, is a press release of its
Foreign ministry issued on 17 July 2008. In answer to a question relating
to a statement by the Foreign minister of the Russian Federation about
the signing of a non-use of force agreement between georgia and Abkha -
zia and the return of refugees, the ministry said that the statement was
completely at variance with the mandate of the CIS collective peacekeep -
ing forces: they were to create conditions for the unconditional and digni-
fied return of refugees and Idps. moscow’s true design, it said, was :
“to legalize results of the ethnic cleansing instigated by itself and con-
ducted through Russian citizens in order to make easier annexation
of the integral part of georgia’s internationally recognized territory,
which the Russian Federation tries to achieve via military interven -
tion in Abkhazia, georgia. moscow’s insistence on the signing of
50 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 116
j’ai bien compris, cela signifierait l’annulation de la sanction apdoptée
en janvier 1996 sur la base de la décision des chefs d’Etat des pays
membres de la CEI relative aux sanctions contre l’Abkhazie. Une
telle décision serait, en tout état de cause, conforme aux mesures
adoptées par la partie russe dans le cadre de l’ordonnance prise epn
avril par le président de la Fédération de Russie.
Et, bien entendu, nous inviterons la géorgie à rejoindre le proces -
sus de préparation des Jeux olympiques de 2014 à Sotchi.
En résumé, je me félicite de l’émergence d’un programme précis et
positif d’actions communes. »
102. La géorgie interprète la réponse apportée à la question du reptour
des personnes déplacées comme un « refus catégorique », et comme une
preuve de l’existence d’un différend d’ordre juridique l’popposant à la
Fédération de Russie « sur la question du retour des géorgiens de souche
dans les régions de géorgie dont ils avaient été expulsés en raison de leur
appartenance ethnique ».
103. Comme les parties l’ont dit, cet échange est important étant donné
la date à laquelle il a eu lieu, ainsi que les fonctions et responsabpilités des
auteurs des lettres et la teneur de celles-ci. La Cour conclut que ces lettres
n’apportent pas la preuve d’un différend entre les parties au sujet d’obli -
gations que la Fédération de Russie enfreindrait en empêchant lpe retour
des réfugiés et des personnes déplacées pour des motifs de dpiscrimination
raciale. La géorgie s’adressait à la Fédération de Russie en sa qualitpé de
facilitateur et de garant éventuel et en raison du rôle qu’elle jouait dans la
force de maintien de la paix de la CEI. La partie abkhaze (l’autre « partie
au conflit ») est celle qui, d’après ces propositions, aurait, avec la géorgie,
la mission de faciliter le retour des personnes déplacées et des rpéfugiés. La
géorgie n’invitait nullement la Fédération de Russie à prepndre des
mesures concernant le retour des personnes déplacées et des réfpugiés.
104. Le dernier document sur lequel s’appuie la géorgie, avant ceux
qui datent de la période du conflit armé d’août 2008, est un communiqué
de presse de son ministère des affaires étrangères du 17 juillet 2008. En
réponse à une question relative à une déclaration du ministrpe des affaires
étrangères de la Fédération de Russie sur la signature d’pun traité de
non-recours à la force entre la géorgie et l’Abkhazie et le retour des réfu -
giés, le ministère géorgien des affaires étrangères affiprmait que cette décla-
ration était en contradiction flagrante avec le mandat de la force pcollective
de maintien de la paix de la CEI, qui devait créer les conditions néces -
saires au retour des réfugiés et des personnes déplacées, sapns condition et
dans la dignité. Il présentait ainsi ce qui, selon lui, était lpe véritable des
sein de moscou :
«consacrer juridiquement les conséquences du nettoyage ethnique
perpétré par des citoyens russes à l’instigation de leur goupvernement
afin de faciliter l’annexion d’une partie intégrante du territopire inter-
nationalement reconnu de la géorgie, ce que la Fédération de Russie
tente de réaliser par l’intervention militaire en Abkhazie (géorgie).
50117 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
another treaty on the non-use of force serves the same immoral goal
as well.”
The Court considers that the reference to ethnic cleansing may again be p
read as relating to the events of the early 1990s. This reference is to pbe
understood in the context of the principal theme of the press release, tphat
is, the concern of georgia in relation to the status of Abkhazia and the
territorial integrity of georgia. In light of the record it remains unclear
whether the press release came to the attention of the Russian Federatiopn.
In any case, the press release raised the issue of the proper fulfilmentp of
the mandate of the CIS peacekeeping force, and not the Russian Federa -
tion’s compliance with its obligations under CERd.
105. The Court, on the basis of its review of the documents and state -
ments issued by the parties and others between 1999 and July 2008 con -
cludes, for the reasons given in relation to each of them, that no legalp
dispute arose between georgia and the Russian Federation during that
period with respect to the Russian Federation’s compliance with its opbli-
gations under CERd.
6. August 2008
106. Armed hostilities began in South Ossetia during the night of 7 to
8 August 2008. According to the Report of the Independent International
Fact-Finding mission on the Conflict in georgia established by the Coun-
cil of the European Union, on that night :
“a sustained georgian artillery attack struck the town of Tskhinvali.
Other movements of the georgian armed forces targeting Tskhinvali
and the surrounding areas were under way, and soon the fighting
involved Russian, South Ossetian and Abkhaz military units and
armed elements. It did not take long, however, before the georgian
advance into South Ossetia was stopped. In a counter-movement,
Russian armed forces, covered by air strikes and by elements of its
Black Sea fleet, penetrated deep into georgia, cutting across the coun-
try’s main east-west road, reaching the port of poti and stopping short
of georgia’s capital city, Tbilisi. The confrontation developed into a
combined inter-state and intra-state conflict, opposing georgian and
Russian forces at one level of confrontation as well as South Ossetians p
together with Abkhaz fighters and the georgians at another.” (Report,
vol. 1, para. 2.)
107. The conflict continued for five days. On 12 August the president
of the French Republic (which held the rotating presidency of the Euro -
pean Union) took the initiative and, following discussions with the presi -
dent of the Russian Federation, proposed six principles “to bring aboput a
permanent ceasefire in the Ossetian-georgian zone of the conflict”. Fol -
51 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 117
L’insistance de moscou pour que soit signé un autre traité sur le
non-recours à la force sert aux mêmes fins immorales. »
Selon la Cour, la référence au nettoyage ethnique peut, là encopre, être
considérée comme ayant trait aux événements du début des années 1990.
Il convient de la situer dans le contexte de ce communiqué de presse,p dont
le thème principal était la préoccupation de la géorgie à propos du statut
de l’Abkhazie et de l’intégrité territoriale de la géorgie. Au vu du dossier
de l’affaire, il n’est pas certain que la Fédération de Rupssie ait eu connais-
sance de ce communiqué. Celui-ci soulevait en tout cas la question de la
bonne exécution du mandat de la force de maintien de la paix de la CEI,
et non celle du respect par la Fédération de Russie de ses obligations au
titre de la CIEdR.
105. La Cour, ayant examiné les documents et déclarations des parties
et autres intervenants relatifs à la période allant de 1999 à juillet 2008,
conclut, pour les raisons indiquées à propos de chacun d’entre peux, qu’il
n’existait alors aucun différend d’ordre juridique entre la géorgie et la
Fédération de Russie au sujet du respect par celle-ci de ses obligations en
vertu de la CIEdR.
6. Le mois d’août 2008
106. Les hostilités armées commencèrent en Ossétie du Sud pendantp la
nuit du 7 au 8 août 2008. d’après le rapport de la mission d’enquête inter-
nationale indépendante sur le conflit en géorgie créée par le Conseil de
l’Union européenne, cette nuit-là,
«la géorgie lança une attaque à l’artillerie lourde sur la ville pde
Tskhinvali. d’autres mouvements des forces armées géorgiennes
visant Tskhinvali et les régions environnantes étaient en cours, ept des
unités militaires et éléments armés russes, sud-ossètes et abkhazes
prirent rapidement part aux combats. Toutefois, il ne fallut pas long-
temps pour que l’avancée des troupes géorgiennes en Ossétie pdu Sud
soit stoppée. dans une contre-offensive, les forces armées russes,
couvertes par des frappes aériennes et par des éléments de la flpotte
russe basée en mer Noire, pénétrèrent très avant en terriptoire géor -
gien, coupant la principale voie qui traverse le pays d’est en ouest,p
atteignant le port de poti et s’arrêtant à quelques kilomètres de la
capitale de la géorgie, Tbilissi. Les affrontements se transformèrent
en un conflit à la fois externe et interne opposant, d’une part,p les
forces géorgiennes aux forces russes et, d’autre part, les combattpants
sud-ossètes et abkhazes aux géorgiens. » (Rapport, vol. 1, par. 2.)
107. Le conflit se poursuivit pendant cinq jours. Le 12 août, le pré -
sident de la République française (qui assurait alors la présipdence tour -
nante de l’Union européenne) prit l’initiative et, à la suipte de discussions
avec le président de la Fédération de Russie, proposa six princpipes en
vue d’« obtenir un cessez-le-feu définitif dans la zone du conflit osséto-
51118 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
lowing negotiations, the plan was signed by Abkhazia and South Ossetia
on 14 August, by georgia on 15 August, and by the Russian Federation
on 16 August 2008. The agreed principles were :
(1) non-use of force ; (2) the absolute cessation of hostilities ; (3) free
access to humanitarian assistance ; (4) withdrawal of the georgian
armed forces to their permanent positions; (5) withdrawal of the Rus -
sian armed forces to the line where they were stationed prior to the
beginning of hostilities ; pending the establishment of international
mechanisms, the Russian peacekeeping forces will take additional
security measures; (6) an international debate on ways to ensure secu -
rity and stability in the region.
108. The first statement cited by georgia from this period is its presi -
dential decree on the declaration of a State of War and Full Scale mobi-
lization of 9 August 2008. The decree begins by referring to “[s]eparatists
[who] are engaged in massive violation of human rights and freedoms,
armed assaults on peaceful population and violence”. The Russian
Federation armed attack, it continues, provided “full support of the psepa -
ratist forces”. The Russian Federation “military aggression” repquired the
exercise of the right of self-defence as provided in Article 51 of the Char -
ter and other documents. The Court observes that this decree does not
allege that the Russian Federation was in breach of its obligations relapt -
ing to the elimination of racial discrimination. Its concern is with thep
allegedly unlawful use of armed force.
109. In a press conference with foreign journalists held on 9 August
2008, president Saakashvili made a statement which began with allega -
tions about “Russia . . . launch[ing] a full scale military invasion of
georgia”. The president said that he also had to indicate :
“that Russian troops, Russian tanks that moved in, into South Osse -
tia on their way expelled the whole ethnically georgian population of
South Ossetia. This morning they’ve committed the ethnic cleansing
in all areas they control in South Ossetia, they have expelled ethnic
georgians living there. Right now they are trying to set up the ethnic
cleansing of ethnic georgians from upper Abkhazia — Kodori
gorge.”
On the following day, 10 August 2008, the georgian representative, at
a meeting of the Security Council called at georgia’s request, in his initial
statement referred to “the process of exterminating the georgian popula -
tion”, but the first explicit reference to racial discrimination camep in the
initial statement by the representative of the Russian Federation :
“What legal terms can be used to describe what has been done by the
georgian leadership? Can we use ‘ethnic cleansing’, for example, whpen,
52 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 118
géorgien ». A la suite de négociations, le plan fut signé par l’Abkhazie pet
l’Ossétie du Sud le 14 août 2008, par la géorgie le 15 et par la Fédéra -
tion de Russie le 16. Les principes adoptés étaient les suivants :
1) non-recours à la force ;2) cessation définitive des hostilités ;3) libre
accès à l’aide humanitaire ; 4) retrait des forces géorgiennes dans
leurs lieux habituels de cantonnement ; 5) retrait des forces militaires
russes sur [leurs] lignes antérieures au déclenchement des hostiliptés ;
en attendant la création d’un mécanisme international, mise en pœuvre
par ces forces d[e] mesures de sécurité supplémentaires ; 6) ouverture
de discussions internationales sur les moyens d’assurer la sécuritpé et
la stabilité dans la région.
108. La première déclaration datant de cette période citée par lap géor -
gie est le décret présidentiel du 9 août 2008 sur la proclamation de l’état
de guerre et la mobilisation générale. Après avoir dénoncé « [l]es sépara -
tistes [qui] se livr[ai]ent à des violations massives des droits de lp’homme et
des libertés, à des attaques armées contre la population pacifipque et à des
violences », le président affirmait que, par son attaque armée, la Fédépra -
tion de Russie fournissait « un appui sans réserve … aux forces sépara -
tistes » et que son « agression militaire » exigeait l’exercice du droit de
légitime défense prévu à l’article 51 de la Charte et dans d’autres docu -
ments. La Cour observe que rien dans ce décret n’accuse la Fédération de
Russie d’avoir violé ses obligations en matière d’éliminaption de la discri -
mination raciale. Il y est question du recours prétendument illicite pà la
force armée.
109. dans une conférence de presse destinée aux journalistes étrangerps
organisée le 9 août 2008, le président Saakachvili fit une déclaration dans
laquelle il commençait par accuser « la Fédération de Russie … de s’être
livrée à une véritable invasion militaire de la géorgie ». Il tenait égale -
ment à préciser que,
«après être entrés en Ossétie du Sud, les soldats et les chars russes
[avaient] expulsé l’ensemble de la population de souche géorgienne
de la région. Ce matin, ils [avaient] procédé au nettoyage ethnique
de toutes les zones placées sous leur contrôle et [avaient] expulsép
les habitants de souche géorgienne. En ce moment même, ils orga -
nis[ai]ent le nettoyage ethnique des géorgiens de souche en Haute-
Abkhazie — dans les gorges de Kodori. »
Le lendemain, 10 août 2008, le représentant de la géorgie à une séance
du Conseil de sécurité convoquée à la demande de ce pays menptionna,
dans sa première déclaration, « [l]e processus d’extermination de la popu -
lation géorgienne », mais c’est dans la première déclaration du représen -
tant de la Fédération de Russie qu’il fut pour la première fpois expressément
question de discrimination raciale :
«Quels termes juridiques peut-on utiliser pour décrire ce qu’ont fait
les dirigeants géorgiens ?pouvons-nous parler de «nettoyage ethnique»,
52119 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
over a number of days, nearly 30,000 of the 120,000 people of South
Ossetia have become refugees who have fled to Russia : more than a
quarter of the population. They went across the border from South
Ossetia to the North at great risk to their lives. Is that ethnic cleansping
or is it not?” (United Nations doc. S/pv.5953, 10 August 2008, p. 8.)
The georgian representative responded that “[w]e cannot [turn a blind
eye] now because that is exactly Russia’s intention : to erase georgian
statehood and to exterminate the georgian people” (ibid., p. 16). The
representative of the Russian Federation in the next statement in the
debate countered that “the intention of the Russian Federation in thpis
case is to ensure that the people of South Ossetia and Abkhazia not
fear for their lives or for their identity” (United Nations doc. S/pv.5953,
10 August 2008, p. 17). The Court observes that civilians in regions
directly affected by ongoing military conflict will in many cases trpy to
flee — in this case georgians to other areas of georgia and Ossetians to
the Russian Federation.
110. On 11 August 2008 the georgian ministry of Foreign Affairs
released a statement to the effect that :
“According to the reliable information held by the ministry of
Foreign Affairs of georgia, Russian servicemen and separatists carry
out mass arrests of peaceful civilians of georgian origin still remain -
ing on the territory of the Tskhinvali region and subsequently concen-
trate them on the territory of the village of Kurta.
georgia appeals to the International Red Cross and other human -
itarian and international organizations and the international commu-
nity as a whole to immediately take decisive and effective measures
for the evacuation of this population from the conflict zone.”
111. On that same day, 11 August, president Saakashvili in a CNN
interview stated the following :
“And what was left of upper Abkhazia has been bitterly attacked
for the last two days. And right now, as we speak, there is an
ethnic cleansing of the whole ethnic georgian population of Abkhazia
taking place by Russian troops. I directly accuse Russia of ethnic
cleansing there. And it’s happening now.
The other thing is that, if you go down to South Ossetia, where also
being held from half of the South Ossetia, which we always con -
trolled, they fully expelled a couple of days ago the whole georgian
population. Russian troops have moved first to occupy the town of
gori, which is around 40 kilometres from Tskhinvali, the original
capital of South Ossetia.”
112. On the following day, 12 August 2008, the Foreign minister of
the Russian Federation in a Joint press Conference with the minister for
53 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 119
par exemple, quand quelques jours suffisent pour transformer en réfup -
giés près de 30 000 personnes, soit plus d’un quart des 100 000 per-
sonnes qui vivent en Ossétie du Sud ?Ces personnes ont quitté l’Ossétie
du Sud pour le nord au péril de leur vie. S’agit-il ou non de nettoyage
ethnique ? » (Nations Unies, doc. S/pv.5953, 10 août 2008, p. 8.)
Le représentant de la géorgie répondit : « Nous ne pouvons pas [fermer
les yeux] aujourd’hui, car c’est précisément l’intention pde la Russie :élimi-
ner l’Etat géorgien et exterminer sa population. » (Ibid., p. 17-18.) dans
une nouvelle intervention, le représentant de la Fédération de pRussie pré-
cisa que « les intentions de la Fédération de Russie dans cette situation
[étaient] de garantir que les peuples de l’Ossétie du Sud et dep l’Abkhazie
n’aur[aie]nt pas à craindre pour leur vie ou pour leur identité »
(Nations Unies, doc. S/pv.5953, 10 août 2008, p. 18). La Cour observe
que les populations civiles vivant dans des régions qui subissent directe -
ment les conséquences d’un conflit armé prolongé tentent spouvent de
fuir — en l’espèce les géorgiens vers d’autres zones de la géorgie et les
Ossètes vers la Fédération de Russie.
110. Le 11 août 2008, le ministère géorgien des affaires étrangères
publia le communiqué de presse suivant :
«Selon des informations fiables détenues par le ministère géorgipen
des affaires étrangères, des militaires russes et les séparatpistes pro -
cèdent à l’arrestation massive des civils pacifiques de souche pgéor -
gienne qui se trouvent encore sur le territoire de la région de
Tskhinvali pour les concentrer sur la commune du village de Kourta.
La géorgie demande à la Croix-Rouge internationale, aux autres
organismes humanitaires, aux organisations internationales et à la
communauté internationale dans son ensemble de prendre des
mesures immédiates, résolues et efficaces pour évacuer cette ppopula-
tion de la zone du conflit. »
111. Ce même jour, le 11 août, le président Saakachvili déclara ce qui
suit dans une interview diffusée sur CNN :
«Et ce qui restait de la Haute-Abkhazie est au cœur de combats
acharnés depuis deux jours. A l’heure où je vous parle, toute la popula -
tion abkhaze de souche géorgienne est victime d’un nettoyage ethnipque
mené par les troupes russes. J’accuse directement la Russie de netptoyage
ethnique dans cette zone. Et cela se passe en ce moment même.
pour ce qui est de l’Ossétie du Sud, la moitié de cette provincep, que
nous avons toujours contrôlée, ne nous est plus accessible et l’pinté -
gralité de la population géorgienne en a été expulsée il py a deux jours.
Les troupes russes ont occupé dans un premier temps la ville de gori,
située à une quarantaine de kilomètres de Tskhinvali, la capitale ori -
ginelle de l’Ossétie du Sud. »
112. Le lendemain, c’est-à-dire le 12 août 2008, à l’occasion d’une
conférence de presse conjointe avec le ministre finlandais des affapires
53120 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
Foreign Affairs of Finland in his capacity as Chairman-in-Office of the
OSCE, said the following :
“A couple of days after [US Secretary of State] Rice had urgently
asked me not to use such expressions, mr. Saakashvili . . . claimed
hysterically that the Russian side wanted to annex the whole of
georgia and, in general, he did not feel shy of using the term ethnic
cleansings, although, true, it was Russia that he accused of carrying
out those ethnic cleansings.”
113. The Court observes that while the georgian claims of 9 to
12 August 2008 were primarily claims about the allegedly unlawful use of
force, they also expressly referred to alleged ethnic cleansing by Russipan
forces. These claims were made against the Russian Federation directly
and not against one or other of the parties to the earlier conflicts, pand
were rejected by the Russian Federation. The Court concludes that the
exchanges between the georgian and Russian representatives in the Secu-
rity Council on 10 August 2008, the claims made by the georgian presi -
dent on 9 and 11 August and the response on 12 August by the Russian
Foreign minister establish that by that day, the day on which georgia
submitted its Application, there was a dispute between georgia and the
Russian Federation about the latter’s compliance with its obligationsp
under CERd as invoked by georgia in this case.
7. Conclusion
114. The first preliminary objection of the Russian Federation is
accordingly dismissed.
III. Second preliminary Objection — procedural Conditionsp
in Article 22 of CERd
1. Introduction
115. The Court will now turn to consider the Russian Federation’s
second preliminary objection.
116. The essence of this objection is that Article 22 of CERd, the sole
jurisdictional basis invoked by georgia to found the Court’s jurisdiction,
contains two procedural preconditions, namely, negotiations and referralp
to procedures expressly provided for in CERd that must both be fulfilled
before recourse to the Court is had. The Russian Federation contends
that, in the present instance, neither precondition was met.
117. Article 22 reads :
“Any dispute between two or more States parties with respect to
the interpretation or application of this Convention, which is not set-
54 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 120
étrangères en sa qualité de président en exercice de l’OSpCE, le ministre des
affaires étrangères de la Fédération de Russie fit la dépclaration suivante :
«deux jmers après que [la secrétaire d’Etat des Etats-Unis d’Amé -
rique] m Rice m’a exhorté à ne pas employer de telles expressions,
m. Saakachvili … a proféré des propos hystériques, accusant la par -
tie russe de chercher à annexer l’ensemble de la géorgie, sans hésiter
à employer le terme de nettoyage ethnique ; mais il est vrai que c’est
la Russie qu’il accusait de tels actes. »
113. La Cour observe que, si les griefs formulés par la géorgie entre
le 9 et le 12 août 2008 portaient essentiellement sur le prétendu recours
illicite à la force, ils se référaient aussi expressément àp un prétendu net -
toyage ethnique perpétré par les forces russes. Ces griefs visaienpt directe-
ment la Fédération de Russie et non telle ou telle autre partie aupx conflits
antérieurs, et ils furent rejetés par la Fédération de Russipe. La Cour en
conclut que les échanges qui eurent lieu le 10 août 2008 entre les représen-
tants de la géorgie et de la Fédération de Russie au Conseil de sécuritép,
les accusations formulées les 9 et 11 août par le président de la géorgie et
la réponse qui leur fut donnée le 12 août par le ministre russe des affaires
étrangères attestent que, ce jour-là, c’est-à-dire le jour où la géorgie
déposa sa requête, un différend relatif au respect par la Fépdération de
Russie de ses obligations en vertu de la CIEdR invoquées par la géorgie
existait entre ces deux Etats.
7. Conclusion
114. La première exception préliminaire soulevée par la Fédéraption de
Russie est donc rejetée.
III. deuxième exception prépliminaire — conditiopns procédurales
posées à l’article 22 de la CIEdR
1. Introduction
115. La Cour examinera à présent la deuxième exception préliminaipre
de la Fédération de Russie.
116. Cette exception consiste essentiellement à dire que l’article 22 de
la CIEdR, seule base sur laquelle la géorgie entend fonder la compé -
tence de la Cour, contient deux conditions procédurales préalablesp, à
savoir la tenue de négociations et le recours aux procédures expressément
prévues par la Convention, qui doivent l’une et l’autre êtrep remplies avant
que la Cour puisse être saisie. La Fédération de Russie affirmpe que, en
l’espèce, ni l’une ni l’autre n’étaient remplies.
117. L’article 22 est ainsi libellé :
«Tout différend entre deux ou plusieurs Etats parties touchant
l’interprétation ou l’application de la présente Convention qui n’aura
54121 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
tled by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in this p
Convention, shall, at the request of any of the parties to the dispute, p
be referred to the International Court of Justice for decision, unless
the disputants agree to another mode of settlement.”
118. There is much in this compromissory clause on which the two
parties hold different interpretations. First they disagree on the meanping
of the phrase “[a]ny dispute . . . which is not settled by negotiation or by
the procedures expressly provided for”. The Russian Federation maintapins
that the phrase imposes a precondition to the jurisdiction of the Court,p in
that it requires that an attempt must have been made to resolve the disppute
by the means specified in Article 22 and that that attempt must have failed
before the dispute can be referred to the Court.georgia on the other hand
interprets the phrase as imposing no affirmative obligation for the parties
to have attempted to resolve the dispute through negotiation or through
the procedures established by CERd. According to georgia, all that is
required is that, as a matter of fact, the dispute has not been so resolpved.
119. Secondly, the two parties also offer different interpretations of the
co-ordinate conjunction “or” in the phrase “[a]ny dispute . . . which is not
settled by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for”. The
Russian Federation maintains that the two preconditions are cumulative,
and that fulfilment of only one or the other would not therefore be suffip -
cient. georgia takes the opposite view arguing, as a matter of textual
exegesis, that the two preconditions — assuming them to be so — are
alternative.
120. Thirdly, assuming that negotiations are a precondition for the sei-
sin of the Court, the two parties disagree as to what constitutes negotia -
tions including the extent to which they must be pursued before it can bpe
concluded that the precondition under Article 22 of CERd has been ful -
filled. Additionally, they disagree as to the format of negotiations andp the
extent to which they should refer to the substantive obligations under
CERd.
121. The Court will begin by presenting the arguments of the parties
regarding the above-mentioned issues concerning the interpretation of
Article 22 of CERd. It will then give its interpretation of the Article
and determine whether the second preliminary objection of the Russian
Federation is well based in law and in fact.
2. Whether Article 22 of CERD Establishes Procedural Conditions
for the Seisin of the Court
122. The parties deploy a number of arguments in support of their
respective interpretations of Article 22 of CERd, relating to : (a) the
ordinary meaning of its terms in their context and in light of the objecpt
55 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 121
pas été réglé par voie de négociation ou au moyen des propcédures
expressément prévues par ladite Convention sera porté, à la prequête
de toute partie au différend, devant la Cour internationale de Justpice
pour qu’elle statue à son sujet, à moins que les parties au diffpérend ne
conviennent d’un autre mode de règlement. »
118. Les parties interprètent différemment nombre d’aspects de cette
clause compromissoire. premièrement, elles s’opposent sur le sens de la
formule «[t]out différend … qui n’aura pas été réglé par voie de négocia -
tion ou au moyen des procédures expressément prévues ». La Fédération
de Russie affirme que la compétence de la Cour est ainsi soumise àp une
condition préalable puisque sa saisine n’est possible que s’il pa été préala -
blement tenté de régler le différend par les moyens prévusp à l’article 22 et
que cette tentative n’a pas abouti. La géorgie considère quant à elle que
la formule susvisée n’impose pas aux parties l’obligation positive d’avoir
tenté de régler le différend par voie de négociation ou aup moyen des pro -
cédures prévues par la Convention. pour la géorgie, la seule exigence, en
fait, c’est que le différend n’ait pas été réglé pde la sorte.
119. deuxièmement, les parties font aussi des interprétations diffé -
rentes de la conjonction de coordination « ou» dans le membre de phrase
«[t]out différend … qui n’aura pas été réglé par voie de négociation pou au
moyen des procédures expressément prévues ». La Fédération de Russie
soutient que ces deux conditions préalables sont cumulatives et qu’pil ne
suffirait donc pas que l’une ou l’autre soit remplie. A l’opposé, la géorgie,
se fondant sur une interprétation littérale du texte, affirme quep les deux
conditions préalables — à supposer qu’elles soient effectivement des
conditions préalables — sont alternatives.
120. Troisièmement, dans l’hypothèse où la tenue de négociatiopns est
une condition préalable à la saisine de la Cour, les parties divergent sur ce
qui constitue des négociations, notamment sur le point jusqu’auquel
celles-ci doivent être menées avant qu’il soit possible de conclure qupe la
condition préalable posée à l’article 22 de la CIEdR est remplie. Elles
s’opposent en outre sur la forme que devraient prendre ces négociaptions
et sur la question de savoir dans quelle mesure celles-ci devraient se réfé -
rer spécifiquement aux obligations de fond découlant de la Conventpion.
121. La Cour commencera par présenter les arguments des parties
concernant les questions susmentionnées relatives à l’interprétation de
l’article 22 de la CIEdR. Elle donnera ensuite son interprétation de cet
article et déterminera alors si la deuxième exception préliminapire de la
Fédération de Russie est bien fondée en droit et en fait.
2. Le point de savoir si l’article 22 de la CIEDR
établit des conditions procédurales pour la saisine de la Cour
122. A l’appui de leurs interprétations respectives de l’article 22 de la
CIEdR, les parties avancent un certain nombre d’arguments qui ont
trait : a) au sens ordinaire des termes utilisés dans cet article, considéréps
55122 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
and purpose of the Convention, invoking, in support of their respective p
positions, the Court’s jurisprudence dealing with compromissory clauspes
of a similar nature ; and (b) the travaux préparatoires of CERd.
(a) Ordinary meaning of Article 22 of CERD
123. Starting with the ordinary meaning of Article 22, the Russian
Federation argues that the present tense in the English expression “which
is not settled” is not used merely to describe a state of fact but repquires
that a previous attempt to settle the dispute has been made bona fide.
According to the Russian Federation, this is all the more evident in thep
French version (“qui n’aura pas été réglé”), wherpe the future perfect tense
signifies that a previous action (i.e., an attempt to settle the disputpe) must
have taken place before the next stage can be embarked upon (i.e., refepr -
ral to the Court). This is, in its view, the only possible common sense
interpretation of Article 22 confirmed by the textual analysis of other
authentic texts of CERd.
124. The Russian Federation further invokes the principle of effective -
ness of interpretation in order to reject georgia’s interpretation of the
phrase “which is not settled” in Article 22 as a mere observation of facts.
It points out that such interpretation not only runs against the ordinarpy
meaning of this provision, but also deprives it of any effect : it renders it
tautological and meaningless since it would merely state the obvious and
leave a key phrase of the provision without appropriate effet utile. To
underline this argument, the Russian Federation asks rhetorically what
would be the purpose of introducing the phrase “by negotiation or by pthe
procedures expressly provided for in this Convention” in Article 22 if no
logical and legal consequence is to be derived from it? In its view, this
phrase must add something to the word “dispute” : the only disputes
which fall within the ambit of the clause are those that cannot be settlped
by the means indicated therein. Consequently, according to the Russian
Federation, the right to have recourse to the Court, and reciprocally thpe
competence of the Court to entertain the claim, depend on attempts to
satisfy this condition and cannot arise unless and until such attempts
have been made and have failed.
125. In addition, the Russian Federation relies on the permanent
Court’s dictum in the Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions case : “before a
dispute can be made the subject of an action at law, its subject matter
should have been clearly defined by means of diplomatic negotiations”p
(Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 15). Taking this posi -
tion into account, it contends that the interpretation alleged by georgia
would be tantamount to imposing on the Court the heavy burden of deter -
mining a dispute the contours of which the parties have not determined.
*
56 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 122
dans leur contexte et à la lumière de l’objet et du but de la Cponvention,
les parties invoquant, pour étayer leurs positions respectives à cet égard,
la jurisprudence de la Cour relative à des clauses compromissoires dep
nature comparable; et b) aux travaux préparatoires de la Convention.
a) Le sens ordinaire de l’article 22 de la CIEDR
123. Commençant par examiner le sens ordinaire de l’article 22, la
Fédération de Russie affirme que le temps présent utilisé dpans l’expression
anglaise «which is not settled » ne traduit pas un simple état de fait mais
implique que les parties doivent avoir préalablement tenté, de bonne foi,
de régler le différend. Selon la Fédération de Russie, celpa est d’autant plus
évident dans la version française (« qui n’aura pas été réglé »), où le futur
antérieur signifie qu’une action préalable (c’est-à-dire une tentative de
régler le différend) doit avoir lieu avant un passage à l’pétape suivante
(c’est-à-dire la saisine de la Cour). A son avis, telle est la seule interprépta
tion de bon sens possible de l’article 22, que confirme l’analyse textuelle
des autres textes authentiques de la CIEdR.
124. pour réfuter la lecture que fait la géorgie de l’expression « qui
n’aura pas été réglé » figurant à l’article 22 de la CIEdR, lecture selon
laquelle il s’agit là d’une simple constatation factuelle, la Fpédération de
Russie invoque en outre le principe de l’effet utile de l’interpprétation. Elle
relève qu’une telle lecture non seulement est contraire au sens orpdinaire de
la disposition considérée mais la prive aussi de tout effet : elle réduit l’ar -
ticle 22 à une tautologie et le vide de son sens, car elle revient à épnoncer
un truisme et ôte tout effet utile à une expression essentielle pde cette dis -
position. Afin de bien souligner l’importance de cet argument, la Fépdéra-
tion de Russie pose une question rhétorique: quel serait le but d’employer
dans l’article 22 la formule « par voie de négociation ou au moyen des
procédures expressément prévues par ladite Convention », si aucune
conséquence logique ou juridique ne pouvait en être tirée ? A son avis,
cette formule doit ajouter quelque chose au terme « différend»: les seuls
différends qui relèvent de cette clause sont ceux qui ne peuventp être réglés
par les moyens y indiqués. partant, la Fédération de Russie estime que le
droit de saisir la Cour et, par là même, la compétence de cellep-ci pour
connaître de la demande dépendent des tentatives qui ont étép faites pour
remplir cette condition et ne peuvent être invoqués que si de tellpes tenta -
tives ont été faites et ont échoué.
125. En outre, la Fédération de Russie invoque le dictum de la Cour
permanente en l’affaire des Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine :
«avant qu’un différend fasse l’objet d’un recours en justicpe, il importe que
son objet ait été nettement défini au moyen de pourparlers diploma -
tiques » (arrêt n 2, 1924, C.P.J.I. série A n 2, p. 15). Elle affirme que, dès
lors, «l’interprétation alléguée par la géorgie reviendrait à faire peser sur
la Cour la lourde charge de caractériser un différend dont les parties n’ont
pas indiqué les contours ».
*
56123 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
126. georgia adopts a different interpretation. Referring to the ordi -
nary meaning of the words in their context and in light of the object anpd
purpose of CERd, it maintains that Article 22 does not establish any
express obligation to negotiate nor does it establish any obligation to p
have recourse to the procedures provided for in Articles 11 and 12 of
CERd. It points out that none of these conditions or pre-conditions are
to be found in the actual text of Article 22 ; more specifically, Article 22
says nothing — expressly or implicitly — about any general duty to
attempt to settle the dispute before seising the Court.
127. georgia seeks support for this interpretation of Article 22 in the
Court’s Order of 15 October 2008 in the present case, where the Court
held that :
“the phrase ‘any dispute . . . which is not settled by negotiation or by
the procedure expressly provided for in this Convention’ does not, inp
its plain meaning, suggest that formal negotiations in the framework
of the Convention or recourse to the procedure referred to in Arti -
cle 22 thereof constitute preconditions to be fulfilled before the seisin
of the Court” (Application of the International Convention on the Elim -
ination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Fed-
eration), Provisional Measures, Order of 15 October 2008, I.C.J. Reports
2008, p. 388, para. 114).
Suggesting that what was “a plain meaning” then must be a “plaipn mean-
ing” now, georgia contends that the text of Article 22 does not support
the Russian Federation’s position that it contains preconditions to tphe
seisin of the Court.
128. georgia further maintains that the phrase “[a]ny dispute . . .
which is not settled” is merely a statement of fact. This assertion ips but -
tressed by the fact that the drafters of CERd refrained from using any
express language of priority or the phrase “cannot be settled” (aps has
been done in many other conventions), which in georgia’s view clearly
means something more than the phrase “is not settled”. It maintainps that
this was a deliberate choice of the drafters of CERd : if they had intended
to include the conditions that the Russian Federation now reads into thep
text they would have done so. Consequently, according to georgia, the
ordinary meaning of the terms of Article 22 of CERd can only be inter -
preted as expressing “an intention of the drafters” not to impose pany pre-
conditions to the seisin of the Court.
* *
129. Before providing its interpretation of Article 22 of CERd, the
Court wishes, as a preliminary matter, to make three observations.
First, the Court recalls that in its Order of 15 October 2008 it stated
that “the phrase ‘any dispute . . . which is not settled by negotiation . . .’
57 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 123
126. La géorgie fait une interprétation différente. Se fondant sur le p
sens ordinaire des termes employés, considérés dans leur contexpte et à la
lumière de l’objet et du but de la CIEdR, elle soutient que l’article 22
n’établit aucune obligation expresse de négocier et n’obligep pas non plus
à recourir aux procédures énoncées aux articles 11 et 12 de la Convention.
Elle fait valoir qu’aucune de ces conditions nécessaires ou prépalables ne se
retrouve dans le texte même de l’article 22 et, plus précisément, que cet
article ne mentionne — ni expressément, ni implicitement — aucune obli -
gation générale de tenter de régler le différend avant de psaisir la Cour.
127. A l’appui de cette interprétation de l’article 22, la géorgie invoque
l’ordonnance rendue en l’espèce le 15 octobre 2008 par la Cour, dans
laquelle celle-ci précisait :
«la formule « [t]out différend … qui n’aura pas été réglé par voie de
négociation ou au moyen des procédures expressément prévues » par
la Convention, prise dans son sens naturel, ne donne pas à penser
que la tenue de négociations formelles au titre de la Convention ou
le recours aux procédures visées à l’article 22 constituent des condi -
tions préalables auxquelles il doit être satisfait avant toute saipsine de
la Cour» (Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination
de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération
de Russie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 15 octobre 2008,
C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 388, par. 114).
Faisant valoir que ce qui était alors le « sens naturel » doit le rester
aujourd’hui, la géorgie soutient que le libellé de l’article 22 ne vient pas à
l’appui de la thèse de la Fédération de Russie, pour qui cetp article contient
des conditions préalables à la saisine de la Cour.
128. La géorgie affirme en outre que les termes : « [t]out différend …
qui n’aura pas été réglé » sont une simple constatation. Elle en veut pour
preuve que les rédacteurs de la CIEdR se sont abstenus d’introduire
expressément une idée de priorité et qu’ils n’ont pas empployé l’expression
«n’a pu être réglé » (qui figure dans de nombreuses autres conventions),
qui comporte clairement un élément de plus, estime-t-elle, que « n’aura
pas été réglé ». Elle soutient qu’il s’agissait là d’un choix délibépré des
rédacteurs de la Convention, qui, s’ils avaient voulu introduire dpans le
texte les conditions que la Fédération de Russie y lit aujourd’phui, l’au -
raient fait ». dès lors, selon la géorgie, le sens ordinaire des termes
employés à l’article 22 de la CIEdR ne peut que traduire, « de la part des
rédacteurs, une intention » de n’imposer aucune condition préalable à la
saisine de la Cour.
* *
129. Avant de livrer son interprétation de l’article 22 de la CIEdR, la
Cour tient à formuler trois observations liminaires.
premièrement, la Cour rappelle qu’elle a, dans son ordonnance du
15 octobre 2008, précisé que «la formule «[t]out différend … qui n’aura pas
57124 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
does not, in its plain meaning, suggest that formal negotiations in the p
framework of the Convention . . . constitute preconditions to be fulfilled
before the seisin of the Court” (I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 388, para. 114).
However, the Court also observed that “Article 22 does suggest that some
attempt should have been made by the Claimant party to initiate, with the
Respondent party, discussions on issues that would fall under CERd”
(ibid.).
The Court further recalls that, in the same Order, it also indicated thapt
this provisional conclusion is without prejudice to the Court’s definpitive
decision on the question of whether it has jurisdiction to deal with thep
merits of the case, which is to be addressed after consideration of the p
written and oral pleadings of both parties. It stated that :
“the decision given in the present proceedings in no way prejudges
the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal with the merits
of the case or any questions relating to the admissibility of the Appli -
cation, or relating to the merits themselves” (ibid., para. 148 ; see also
Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (United Kingdom v. Iran), Preliminary Objec -
tion, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1952, pp. 102-103 ; Armed Activities on
the Territory of the Congo (New Application : 2002) (Democratic
Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Provisional Measures, Order of
10 July 2002, I.C.J. Reports 2002, p. 249, para. 90).
130. Secondly, the Court is called upon to determine whether a State
must resort to certain procedures before seising the Court. In this contpext,
it notes that the terms “condition”, “precondition”, “pripor condition”,
“condition precedent” are sometimes used as synonyms and sometimesp as
different from each other. There is in essence no difference betweenp those
expressions save for the fact that, when unqualified, the term “condition”
may encompass, in addition to prior conditions, other conditions to be
fulfilled concurrently with or subsequent to an event. To the extent thapt
the procedural requirements of Article 22 may be conditions, they must
be conditions precedent to the seisin of the Court even when the term isp
not qualified by a temporal element.
131. Thirdly, it is not unusual in compromissory clauses conferring
jurisdiction on the Court and other international jurisdictions to refer to
resort to negotiations. Such resort fulfils three distinct functions.
In the first place, it gives notice to the respondent State that a dispupte
exists and delimits the scope of the dispute and its subject-matter. The
permanent Court of International Justice was aware of this when it statedp
in the Mavrommatis case that “before a dispute can be made the subject
of an action in law, its subject-matter should have been clearly defined by
means of diplomatic negotiations” (Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions,
Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 15).
In the second place, it encourages the parties to attempt to settle theipr
dispute by mutual agreement, thus avoiding recourse to binding third-party
adjudication.
58 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 124
été réglé par voie de négociation…», prise dans son sens naturel, ne donne
pas à penser que la tenue de négociations formelles au titre de lap Conven-
tion … constitu[e une] conditio[n] préalabl[e] [à laquelle] il doit pêtre satisfait
avant toute saisine de la Cour» (C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 388, par. 114). Tou -
tefois, elle a également relevé que « l’article 22 donne … à penser que la
partie demanderesse doit avoir tenté d’engager, avec la partie défenderesse,
des discussions sur des questions pouvant relever de la CIEdR» (ibid.).
La Cour rappelle en outre avoir précisé, dans la même ordonnancpe, que
cette conclusion provisoire ne préjugeait en rien sa décision finaple sur la
question de savoir si elle a compétence pour connaître de l’affpaire au
fond, question qu’il convient d’aborder après avoir examiné ples écritures
et les plaidoiries des deux parties. Elle a indiqué à cet égard que
«la décision rendue en la présente procédure ne préjuge en ripen la
question de la compétence de la Cour pour connaître du fond de
l’affaire, ni aucune question relative à la recevabilité de lpa requête ou
au fond lui-même » (ibid., p. 397, par. 148 ; voir également Anglo-
Iranian Oil Co. (Royaume-Uni c. Iran), exception préliminaire, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1952, p. 102-103 ; Activités armées sur le territoire du
Congo (nouvelle requête : 2002) (République démocratique du Congo
c. Rwanda), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 10 juillet 2002,
C.I.J. Recueil 2002, p. 249, par. 90).
130. deuxièmement, la Cour est priée d’établir si un Etat, avant dpe la
saisir, doit recourir à certaines procédures. A cet égard, ellep note que les
termes « condition» et « condition préalable » sont employés tantôt
comme des synonymes, tantôt comme des termes distincts. En substance,p
il n’y a pas de différence entre eux, si ce n’est que, lorsqu’il est employé
seul, le terme « condition» peut englober, outre les conditions préalables,
d’autres conditions qui doivent être réunies simultanément opu postérieu -
rement à tel ou tel fait. pour autant que les exigences procédurales énon -
cées à l’article 22 de la Convention constituent des conditions, elles
doivent être considérées comme préalables à la saisine de la Cour même
quand le terme « conditions» n’est pas assorti d’une limite temporelle.
131. Troisièmement, il n’est pas rare que les clauses compromissoires
conférant compétence à la Cour ou à d’autres juridictionsp internationales
mentionnent le recours à des négociations. Ce recours remplit troips fonc -
tions distinctes.
En premier lieu, il permet de notifier à l’Etat défendeur l’pexistence d’un
différend et d’en délimiter la portée et l’objet. Tel epst précisément ce que
la Cour permanente de Justice internationale avait à l’esprit lorspqu’elle a
déclaré, dans l’affaire Mavrommatis, que, « avant qu’un différend fasse
l’objet d’un recours en justice, il importe que son objet ait été nettement
défini au moyen de pourpaolers diplomatiques » (Concesoions Mavromma -
tis en Palestine, arrêt n 2, 1924, C.P.J.I. série A n 2, p. 15).
En deuxième lieu, il incite les parties à tenter de régler leurp différend à
l’amiable, évitant ainsi de s’en remettre au jugement contraignpant d’un
tiers.
58125 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
In the third place, prior resort to negotiations or other methods of
peaceful dispute settlement performs an important function in indicating
the limit of consent given by States. The Court referred to this aspect p
reflecting the fundamental principle of consent in the Armed Activities
case in the following terms :
“[The Court’s] jurisdiction is based on the consent of the parties
and is confined to the extent accepted by them . . . When that consent
is expressed in a compromissory clause in an international agreement,
any conditions to which such consent is subject must be regarded as
constituting the limits thereon.” (Armed Activities on the Territory of
the Congo (New Application : 2002) (Democratic Republic of the
Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 39, para. 88 ; emphasis added.)
*
132. The Court will now proceed to examine the reference in Article 22
of CERd to “negotiation or [to] the procedures expressly provided for”
in CERd, with a view to ascertaining whether they constitute precondi -
tions to be met before the seisin of the Court.
133. Leaving aside the question of whether the two modes of peaceful
resolution are alternative or cumulative, the Court notes that Article 22
of CERd qualifies the right to submit “a dispute” to the jurisdiction of p
the Court by the words “which is not settled” by the means of peacpeful
resolution specified therein. Those words must be given effect.
In the Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District of Gex case, the per -
manent Court of International Justice had occasion to apply the
well-established principle in treaty interpretation that words ought to be
given appropriate effect. It stated that :
“in case of doubt the clauses of a special agreement by which a dispupte
is referred to the Court, must, if it does not involve doing violence top
their terms, be construed in a manner enabling the clauses themselves
to have appropriate effects” (Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the Dis -
trict of Gex, Order of 19 August 1929, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 22,
p. 13).
The International Court of Justice also emphasized the importance of thep
same principle in the Corfu Channel case, where it said :
“It would indeed be incompatible with the generally accepted
rules of interpretation to admit that a provision of this sort occurring
in a special agreement should be devoid of purport or effect.”
(Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania), Merits, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 24 ; see also Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya/Chad), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1994, p. 25, para. 51.)
59 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 125
En troisième lieu, le recours préalable à des négociations ou à d’autres
modes de règlement pacifique des différends joue un rôle impoprtant en ce
qu’il indique les limites du consentement donné par les Etats. La pCour a
mentionné cet aspect du principe fondamental du consentement dans l’paf -
faire des Activités armées :
«[L]a compétence [de la Cour] repose sur le consentement des par -
ties, dans la seule mesure reconnue par celles-ci … lorsque ce consen-
tement est exprimé dans une clause compromissoire insérée dans pun
accord international, les conditions auxquelles il est éventuellement
soumis doivent être considérées comme en constituant les limite▯s. »
(Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (nouvelle requête : 2002)
(République démocratique du Congo c. Rwanda), compétence et rece -
vabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2006, p. 39, par. 88 ; les italiques sont de
la Cour.)
*
132. La Cour examinera à présent la référence faite à l’artpicle 22 de la
CIEdR à la «négociation ou [aux] procédures expressément prévues» par
la Convention, afin de déterminer si celles-ci constituent des conditions
préalables à sa saisine.
133. Laissant de côté la question de savoir si les deux modes de règple -
ment pacifique sont alternatifs ou cumulatifs, la Cour relève que l’par -
ticle 22 de la CIEdR limite les « différend[s]» qui pourront être soumis à
la Cour à ceux « qui n’aur[ont] pas été réglé[s] » par les moyens de règle -
ment pacifique précisés dans cet article. Il doit être donnép effet à ces
termes.
dans l’affaire des Zones franches de la Haute-Savoie et du Pays de Gex,
la Cour permanente de Justice internationale a eu l’occasion d’apppliquer
le principe bien établi d’interprétation des traités selon lpequel il faut
conférer aux mots un effet utile. Elle a ainsi indiqué que :
«dans le doute, les clauses d’un compromis par lequel la Cour est
saisie d’un différend doivent, si cela n’est pas faire violenpce à leurs
termes, être interprétées d’une manière permettant à cpes clauses de
déployer leurs effets utiles » (Zones franches de la Haute-Savoie et du
Pays de Gex, ordonnance du 19 août 1929, C.P.J.I. série A n o22,
p. 13).
La Cour internationale de Justice, elle aussi, a, dans l’affaire dup Détroit de
Corfou, souligné l’importance de ce principe :
«Il serait en effet contraire aux règles d’interprétation gépnéralement
reconnues de considérer qu’une disposition de ce genre, insérépe dans
un compromis, soit une disposition sans portée et sans effet.» (Détroit
de Corfou (Royaume-Uni c. Albanie), fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1949,
p. 24; voir également Différend territorial (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/
Tchad), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1994, p. 25, par. 51.)
59126 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
By interpreting Article 22 of CERd to mean, as georgia contends, that
all that is needed is that, as a matter of fact, the dispute had not beepn
resolved (through negotiations or through the procedures established byp
CERd), a key phrase of this provision would become devoid of any
effect.
134. moreover, it stands to reason that if, as a matter of fact, a dispute
had been settled, it is no longer a dispute. Therefore, if the phrase “pwhich
is not settled” is to be interpreted as requiring only that the dispupte
referred to the Court must in fact exist, that phrase would have no usefpul -
ness. Similarly, the express choice of two modes of dispute settlement, p
namely, negotiations or resort to the special procedures under CERd,
suggests an affirmative duty to resort to them prior to the seisin of tphe
Court. Their introduction into the text of Article 22 would otherwise be
meaningless and no legal consequences would be drawn from them con -
trary to the principle that words should be given appropriate effect wphen-
ever possible.
135. The Court also observes that, in its French version, the above-
mentioned expression employs the future perfect tense (“[t]out diffpéren.d..
qui n’aura pas été réglé par voie de négociation ou aup moyen des procé -
dures expressément prévues par la convention”), whereas the sipmple pres-
ent tense is used in the English version. The Court notes that the use opf
the future perfect tense further reinforces the idea that a previous actpion
(an attempt to settle the dispute) must have taken place before anothepr
action (referral to the Court) can be pursued. The other three authentpic
texts of CERd, namely the Chinese, the Russian and the Spanish texts,
do not contradict this interpretation.
136. The Court further recalls that, like its predecessor, the permanent
Court of International Justice, it has had to consider on several occasipons
whether the reference to negotiations in compromissory clauses estab -
lishes a precondition to the seisin of the Court.
As a preliminary matter, the Court notes that, though similar in char -
acter, compromissory clauses containing a reference to negotiation (andp
sometimes additional methods of dispute settlement) are not always uni -
form. Some contain a time-element for negotiations, the expiry of which
would trigger a duty to arbitrate or to have recourse to the Court. Fur -
thermore, the language used contains variations such as “is not settlped
by” or “cannot be settled by”. Sometimes, especially in older cpompromis -
sory clauses, the expression used is “which is not” or “cannot pbe adjusted
by negotiation” or “by diplomacy”.
The Court will now consider its jurisprudence concerning compromis -
sory clauses comparable to Article 22 of CERd. Both parties rely on this
jurisprudence as supportive of their respective interpretations of the oprdi -
nary meaning of Article 22.
137. In the Armed Activities case, the democratic Republic of the
Congo (dRC) invoked inter alia Article 29, paragraph 1, of the Conven -
60 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 126
Si l’on interprétait l’article 22 de la Convention comme signifiant, ainsi
que le soutient la géorgie, qu’il suffit, en fait, que le différend n’ait pasp été
résolu (par la négociation ou par les procédures prévues papr la Conven -
tion), cela reviendrait à priver d’effet un passage essentiel dpe cette dispo -
sition.
134. de plus, il va de soi que si, en fait, un différend a été réglé, il cesse
d’en être un. par conséquent, si les mots « qui n’aur[ont] pas été réglé[s] »
devaient être interprétés comme posant pour seule condition quep le diffé -
rend porté devant la Cour existe effectivement, ils n’auraient apucune utilité.
de même, le choix exprès de deux modes de règlement, à savoir des négo -
ciations ou les procédures spécialement prévues par la Conventipon, dénote
une obligation positive de recourir à ces modes de règlement prépalablement
à la saisine de la Cour. S’il en était autrement, leur présepnce dans le texte de
l’article 22 n’aurait pas de sens et aucune conséquence juridique ne pourraipt
en être tirée, contrairement au principe selon lequel, chaque foisp que pos -
sible, les mots doivent être interprétés de manière à avopir un effet utile.
135. La Cour relève aussi que, pour la formule susmentionnée, la ver -
sion française emploie le futur antérieur, tandis que la version anglaise
utilise l’indicatif présent (« [a]ny dispute … which is not settled by nego -
tiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in this Convention »).
Elle note que le futur antérieur renforce encore l’idée qu’upne action préa -
lable (une tentative de régler le différend) doit avoir étép accomplie avant
qu’une autre action (la saisine de la Cour) puisse être engagépe. Les trois
autres textes de la Convention faisant également foi, à savoir les versions
chinoise, espagnole et russe, n’infirment pas cette interprétationp.
136. La Cour relève en outre que, comme sa devancière, la Cour perma-
nente de Justice internationale, elle a dû se prononcer à plusieurps reprises
sur la question de savoir si la référence aux négociations contpenue dans des
clauses compromissoires établit une condition préalable à sa sapisine.
A titre préliminaire, elle fait observer que, bien que de nature analpogue,
les clauses compromissoires dans lesquelles il est fait une référepnce à des
négociations préalables (ainsi que, dans certains cas, au recoursp à d’autres
modes de règlement des différends) ne sont pas toujours identiqpues. Cer -
taines fixent un délai pour la tenue des négociations, dont l’epxpiration
entraînerait l’obligation de recourir à l’arbitrage ou de sapisir la Cour. Il
peut y avoir des variations dans les termes utilisés, telles que «pn’aura pas
été réglé par » ou « n’est pas susceptible d’être réglé par ». dans certains
cas, en particulier dans des clauses compromissoires plus anciennes, les
termes employés sont « qui n’a pas été » ou « qui ne peut pas être » réglé
par «voie de négociation » ou « par la voie diplomatique ».
La Cour examinera maintenant sa jurisprudence relative à des clauses p
compromissoires comparables à l’article 22 de la CIEdR. Les deux par -
ties invoquent cette jurisprudence à l’appui de leurs interprétpations res -
pectives du sens ordinaire de l’article 22.
137. dans l’affaire des Activités armées, la République démocratique
du Congo (RdC) a invoqué notamment le paragraphe 1 de l’article 29 de
60127 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
tion on the Elimination of All Forms of discrimination against Women
(CEdAW) which used the formula “which is not settled by negotiation”.p
The dRC denied that the compromissory clause in question contained
four preconditions. According to the dRC, the clause contained only two
conditions, namely that the dispute must involve the application or intepr-
pretation of the Convention and that it must have proved impossible to
organize arbitration (Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New
Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Juris -
diction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 37, para. 85).
The Court, noting that the dRC had made “numerous protests against
Rwanda’s actions in alleged violation of international human rights lpaw”,
went on to say : “[w]hatever may be the legal characterization of such
protests as regards the requirement of the existence of a dispute betweepn
the dRC and Rwanda for purposes of Article 29 of the Convention, that
Article requires also that any such dispute be the subject of negotiatiopns”
(ibid., pp. 40-41, para. 91).
138. In the same case, the Court, after having found that there was no
dispute within the ambit of Article 75 of the World Health Organization
(WHO) Constitution, went on to note, that :
“even if the dRC had demonstrated the existence of a question or
dispute falling within the scope of Article 75 of the WHO Constitu -
tion, it has in any event not proved that the other preconditions for
seisin of the Court established by that provision have been satisfied,
namely that it attempted to settle the question or dispute by negotia -
tion with Rwanda or that the World Health Assembly had been
unable to settle it” (ibid., p. 43, para. 100).
139. Similarly, in its Advisory Opinion on the Applicability of the Obli-
gation to Arbitrate under Section 21 of the United Nations Headquarters
Agreement of 26 June 1947, the Court was asked to determine whether the
United States was obliged to enter into arbitration procedure with the
United Nations under Section 21, paragraph (a), of the United Nations
Headquarters Agreement, which provides that
“[a]ny dispute between the United Nations and the United States
concerning the interpretation or application of this agreement . . .
which is not settled by negotiation or other agreed mode of settlement,
shall be referred for final decision to a tribunal of three arbitrators”p
(Applicability of the Obligation to Arbitrate under Section 21 of the
United Nations Headquarters Agreement of 26 June 1947, Advisory
Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 14, para. 7 ; emphasis added).
The Court noted that in order to be able to answer that question, it must,
upon determination that there exists a dispute between the United Nationps
and the United States concerning the interpretation or application of thpe
Headquarters Agreement, “satisfy itself that [that dispute] is one ‘pnot
61 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 127
la convention sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discriminaption à
l’égard des femmes, où figurent les termes « qui n’est pas réglé par voie de
négociation». Elle a contesté que la clause compromissoire en question
contienne quatre conditions préalables, soutenant qu’elle n’en prenfermait
que deux : le différend devait porter sur l’application ou l’interpréptation
de la Convention et il devait s’être révélé impossible d’porganiser un arbi -
trage (Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (nouvelle requête : 2002)
(République démocratique du Congo c. Rwanda), compétence et recevabi -
lité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2006, p. 37, par. 85). Notant que la RdC avait
«formulé de nombreuses protestations contre les agissements du Rwanda p
prétendument contraires au droit international des droits de l’hompme », la
Cour a ajouté que, « [q]uelle que puisse être la qualification juridique de
telles protestations au regard de l’exigence de l’existence d’upn différend
entre la RdC et le Rwanda aux fins de l’article 29 de la Convention, cet
article requiert également qu’un tel différend fasse l’objpet de négocia -
tions » (ibid., p. 40-41, par. 91).
138. dans la même affaire, la Cour, après avoir conclu à l’absenpce de
différend relevant de l’article 75 de la Constitution de l’Organisation
mondiale de la Santé (OmS), a ajouté :
«quand bien même elle aurait établi l’existence d’une questiopn ou
d’un différend entrant dans les prévisions de l’article 75 de la Consti -
tution de l’OmS, la RdC n’a en tout état de cause pas apporté la
preuve que les autres conditions préalables à la saisine de la Coupr,
fixées par cette disposition, aient été remplies, à savoir qpu’elle ait
tenté de régler ladite question ou ledit différend par voie dpe négocia -
tion avec le Rwanda ou que l’Assemblée mondiale de la Santé n’pait
pu résoudre cette question ou ce différend » (ibid., p. 43, par. 100).
139. de même, dans son avis consultatif sur l’Applicabilité de l’obliga -
tion d’arbitrage en vertu de la section 21 de l’accord du 26 juin 1947 relatif
au siège de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, la Cour devait déterminer si
les Etats-Unis étaient tenus de recourir à l’arbitrage avec l’Organisaption
des Nations Unies conformément à l’alinéa a) de la section 21 de l’accord
relatif au siège de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, disposant que
«[t]out différend entre l’Organisation des Nations Unies et les
Etats-Unis au sujet de l’interprétation ou de l’application du présent
accord … sera, s’il n’est pas réglé par voie de négociations ou par tout
autre mode de règlement…, soumis aux fins de décision définitive à
un tribunal composé de trois arbitres…» (Applicabilité de l’obligation
d’arbitrage en vertu de la section 21 de l’accord du 26 juin 1947 relatif
au siège de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, avis consultatif,
C.I.J. Recueil 1988, p. 14, par. 7 ; les italiques sont de la Cour).
La Cour a noté que, pour pouvoir répondre à cette question, il plui fallait,
après avoir déterminé qu’il existait un différend entrep l’Organisation des
Nations Unies et les Etats-Unis au sujet de l’interprétation ou de l’appli -
cation de l’accord de siège, « s’assurer [que le différend en cause] n’a[vait]
61128 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
settled by negotiation or other agreed mode of settlement’” (I.C.J. Reports
1988, p. 27, para. 34).
140. The Court observes that in each of the above-mentioned cases
where the compromissory clause was comparable to that included in
CERd, the Court has interpreted the reference to negotiations as consti -
tuting a precondition to seisin.
141. Accordingly, the Court concludes that in their ordinary meaning,
the terms of Article 22 of CERd, namely “[a]ny dispute . . . which is not
settled by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in thpis
Convention”, establish preconditions to be fulfilled before the seisin of
the Court.
(b) Travaux préparatoires
142. In light of this conclusion, the Court need not resort to supple -
mentary means of interpretation such as the travaux préparatoires of
CERd and the circumstances of its conclusion, to determine the meaning
of Article 22.
However, the Court notes that both parties have made extensive argu -
ments relating to the travaux préparatoires, citing them in support of their
respective interpretations of the phrase “a dispute which is not set -
tled . . .”. given this and the further fact that in other cases, the Court
had resorted to the travaux préparatoires in order to confirm its reading
of the relevant texts (see, for example, Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya/Chad), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1994, p. 27, para. 55 ; Mari -
time Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain
(Qatar v. Bahrain), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1995, p. 21, para. 40 ; Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan
(Indonesia/Malaysia), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2002, p. 653, para. 53),
the Court considers that in this case a presentation of the parties’ posi -
tions and an examination of the travaux préparatoires is warranted.
* *
143. The Russian Federation contends that the compromissory clause
contained in Article 22 was a result of a compromise reached during the
CERd negotiations between the supporters and the opponents of the
possibility of unilateral seisin of the Court. In its view, the discussipons in
the Third Committee of the United Nations general Assembly reveal that
even the supporters of the unilateral seisin acknowledged that recourse pto
the Court should be conditioned by previous attempts to settle the dis -
pute through other means. moreover, the Russian Federation asserts that
the compromissory clause was a stumbling block in the CERd negotia -
tions and was eventually accepted only due to the introduction of such
conditions designed to address the concerns that various States had in
submitting themselves to the jurisdiction of the Court. This was achievepd
through the adoption of “the Three-power” amendment proposed by
62 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 128
pu être « réglé par voie de négociations » ou par « tout autre mode de
règlement agréé par les parties »» (C.I.J. Recueil 1988, p. 27, par. 34).
140. La Cour relève que, dans chacune des affaires susmentionnées oùp
la clause compromissoire invoquée était comparable à celle que pcontient
la CIEdR, elle a toujours interprété la référence aux négociatiopns comme
posant une condition préalable à sa saisine.
141. La Cour estime donc que, pris dans leur sens ordinaire, les termes
de l’article 22, à savoir « [t]out différend … qui n’aura pas été réglé par
voie de négociation ou au moyen des procédures expressément prépvues
par ladite Convention», établissent des conditions préalables auxquelles il
doit être satisfait avant toute saisine de la Cour.
b) Les travaux préparatoires
142. A la lumière de cette conclusion, la Cour n’a pas besoin, pour
déterminer le sens de l’article 22, de recourir à d’autres moyens d’interpré-
tation, tels que les travaux préparatoires de la CIEdR ou les circons -
tances dans lesquelles celle-ci a été conclue.
La Cour relève cependant que les parties ont présenté de nombreux
arguments relatifs aux travaux préparatoires et les ont cités àp l’appui de
leurs interprétations respectives de la formule « tout différend … qui
n’aura pas été réglé ». dès lors, et étant donné qu’elle s’est, dans d’autres
affaires, penchée sur les travaux préparatoires pour confirmer spon interpré-
tation des textes pertinents (voir, par exemple, Différend territorial (Jama-
hiriya arabe libyenne/Tchad), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1994, p. 27, par. 55 ;
Délimitation maritime et questions territoriales entre Qatar et Bahre▯ïn
(Qatar c. Bahreïn), compétence et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1995,
p. 21, par. 40; Souveraineté sur Pulau Ligitan et Pulau Sipadan (Indonésie/
Malaisie), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2002, p. 653, par. 53), la Cour estime
qu’il convient, en l’espèce, d’exposer les vues des parties et d’examiner
ces travaux.
* *
143. La Fédération de Russie soutient que la clause compromissoire
contenue dans l’article 22 est le résultat d’un compromis réalisé, durant la
négociation de la CIEdR, entre les Etats qui envisageaient favorablement
la possibilité d’une saisine unilatérale de la Cour et ceux quip s’y oppo -
saient. Selon elle, les discussions tenues au sein de la Troisième Copmmis-
sion de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies révèlent que même les
partisans de la saisine unilatérale admettaient que celle-ci devait être
subordonnée à des tentatives préalables de régler le difféprend par d’autres
moyens. de surcroît, la Fédération de Russie affirme que la clause com -
promissoire était une pierre d’achoppement lors de la négociation de la
CIEdR et qu’elle n’a finalement été acceptée que grâce àp l’introduction de
telles conditions, destinées à répondre aux préoccupations qpu’inspirait à
divers Etats la perspective de se soumettre à la juridiction de la Cour. C’est
62129 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
ghana, mauritania and the philippines, which added after the phrase “is
not settled by negotiation” the reference to the “procedures expressly pro-
vided for in CERd”.
144. In the Russian Federation’s view, the discussions in the Third
Committee and the unanimous adoption of the “Three-power” amend -
ment confirm that the drafters considered the seisin of the Court as a lpast
resort, after the settlement procedures referred to in Article 22, including
negotiations, had been attempted and exhausted.
*
145. georgia, for its part, contends that the clause providing for the
Court’s jurisdiction and the clauses introducing the CERd conciliation
mechanism were considered as separate and distinct by the drafters
throughout the drafting process. According to georgia, the CERd
mechanism was thus intended to be applied without prejudice to other
procedures for the settlement of disputes.
146. moreover, georgia asserts that no statements were made during
the final discussions at the Third Committee to the effect that recourpse to
the Court was conditional upon previous attempts to settle the dispute
through the CERd conciliation machinery or through negotiation, or
that these two modes of dispute settlement were cumulative. In georgia’s
view, the reference to the CERd mechanism and to negotiations was
included in the compromissory clause in Article 22 merely to point out
the existence of a non-mandatory opportunity to resort to alternative
settlement procedures before seising the Court, and was not intended to p
establish preconditions to such seisin.
* *
147. The Court notes that at the time when CERd was being elabo -
rated, the idea of submitting to the compulsory settlement of disputes bpy
the Court was not readily acceptable to a number of States. Whilst Stateps
could make reservations to the compulsory dispute settlement provisions p
of the Convention, it is reasonable to assume that additional limitationps
to resort to judicial settlement in the form of prior negotiations and opther
settlement procedures without fixed time-limits were provided for with a
view to facilitating wider acceptance of CERd by States.
Beyond this general observation relating to the circumstances in which
CERd was elaborated, the Court notes that the usefulness of the travaux
préparatoires in shedding light on the meaning of Article 22 is limited by
the fact that there was very little discussion of the expression “a dpispute
which is not settled”.
63 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 129
ainsi que fut adopté l’amendement dit « des trois puissances » — proposé
par le ghana, la mauritanie et les philippines —, par lequel a été ajoutée,
après la formule « qui n’aura pas été réglé par voie de négociation », la
référence aux «procédures expressément prévues par ladite Convention».
144. Selon la Fédération de Russie, la teneur des discussions au sein dpe
la Troisième Commission et l’adoption à l’unanimité de l’pamendement
des «trois puissances» confirment que, dans l’esprit des rédacteurs, la sai -
sine de la Cour constituait une ultime voie de recours, une fois explorépe et
épuisée celle des procédures de règlement mentionnées àp l’article 22, y
compris les négociations.
*
145. La géorgie, quant à elle, affirme que, tout au long du processus
de rédaction, la clause prévoyant la juridiction de la Cour et les clauses
établissant le mécanisme de conciliation de la CIEdR étaient considérées
comme séparées et distinctes par les rédacteurs. Selon elle, lepdit méca -
nisme était donc destiné à s’appliquer sans préjudice des autres procé -
dures de règlement des différends.
146. La géorgie affirme en outre que, au cours des discussions finales
au sein de la Troisième Commission, aucun participant ne déclara qpue la
saisine de la Cour devait être subordonnée à des tentatives prépalables de
règlement du différend au moyen du mécanisme de conciliation pprévu
dans la CIEdR ou par la négociation, ni que ces deux modes de règle -
ment étaient cumulatifs. Selon elle, la référence au mécanisme de la
CIEdR et aux négociations fut incluse dans la clause compromissoire de
l’article 22 à la seule fin de signaler une possibilité, et non une obligatipon,
de recourir à d’autres procédures de règlement avant de saisir la Cour, et
ne visait pas à établir des conditions préalables à une tellpe saisine.
* *
147. La Cour relève que, à l’époque où la CIEdR a été rédigée, l’idée
de consentir au règlement obligatoire des différends par la Courp n’était
pas facilement acceptable pour nombre d’Etats. Il est permis de pensepr
que, bien que les Etats puissent formuler des réserves aux dispositiopns de
la Convention prévoyant le règlement obligatoire des différenpds, des limi -
tations supplémentaires au recours au règlement judiciaire furent pprévues
— sous la forme de négociations préalables et d’autres procédupres de
règlement des différends non assorties de délais — dans le but de recueillir
une plus large adhésion.
Au-delà de cette observation générale relative aux circonstances dans
lesquelles fut élaborée la CIEdR, la Cour fait observer que les travaux
préparatoires n’éclairent guère le sens de l’article 22, étant donné que la
formule «un différend … qui n’aura pas été réglé » fut très peu débattue.
63130 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
A notable exception and one to which some significance must be
attached is the statement by the ghanaian delegate, one of the sponsors
of the “Three-power” amendment on the basis of which the final wording
of Article 22 of CERd was agreed. He stated : “[T]he Three-power
amendment was self-explanatory. provision has been made in the draft
Convention for machinery which should be used in the settlement of dis -
putes before recourse was had to the International Court of Justice.”
(United Nations, Official Records of the General Assembly, Twentieth Ses -
sion, Third Committee, 1367th meeting, doc. A/C.3/SR.1367, 7 decem -
ber 1965, p. 485, para. 29; emphasis added.) It should be borne in mind
that this machinery encompassed negotiation which was already men -
tioned expressly in the text proposed by the Officers of the Third Com -
mittee (United Nations Economic and Social Council, draft International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial discrimination,
suggestions for final clauses submitted by Officers of the Third Commitp -
tee, United Nations doc. A/C.3/L.1237, 15 October 1965, Art. vIII).
The Court notes that whilst no firm inferences can be drawn from the
drafting history of CERd as to whether negotiations or the procedures
expressly provided for in the Convention were meant as preconditions forp
recourse to the Court, it is possible nevertheless to conclude that the
travaux préparatoires do not suggest a different conclusion from that at
which the Court has already arrived through the main method of ordi -
nary meaning interpretation.
3. Whether the Conditions for the Seisin of the Court
under Article 22 of CERD Have Been Fulfilled
148. Having thus interpreted Article 22 of CERd to the effect that it
imposes preconditions which must be satisfied before resorting to the
Court, the next question is whether these preconditions were complied wipth.
149. First of all, the Court notes that georgia did not claim that, prior
to seising the Court, it used or attempted to use the procedures expressply
provided for in CERd. The Court therefore limits its examination to the
question of whether the precondition of negotiations was fulfilled.
(a) The concept of negotiations
150. Regarding negotiations, the Russian Federation refers to several
factors that were taken into consideration by the Court in its jurispru -
dence when evaluating whether or not negotiations have been attempted
and have reached a deadlock, such as the duration of negotiations and
the authenticity of efforts to reach a negotiated conclusion. Based onp its
review of the Court’s case law in this regard, it concludes that whatpever
form they may take, substantially, negotiations are an exchange of points
of view on law and facts, of mutual compromises in order to reach an
64 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 130
La déclaration du représentant du ghana, l’un des auteurs de l’amen -
dement des trois puissances qui a servi de base au libellé définitpif de l’ar -
ticle 22 de la CIEdR, constitue, à cet égard, une exception notable à
laquelle il convient d’accorder une certaine importance. voici ce qui y est
dit: «L’amendement des trois puissances s’explique de lui-même. Le pro -
jet de convention prévoit certains dispositifs qu’il convient d’utiliser pour le
règlement des différends avant de saisir la Cour internationale de Justice. »
(Documents officiels de l’Assemblée générale, vingtième se▯ssion, Troisième
Commission, compte rendu analytique de la 1367 eséance, Nations Unies,
doc. A/C.3/SR.1367, 7 décembre 1965, p. 485, par. 29; les italiques sont
de la Cour.) On rappellera que ces dispositifs incluent la négociatipon, qui
avait déjà été expressément mentionnée dans le texte pproposé par les
membres du bureau de la Troisième Commission (Conseil économique pet
social, projet de convention internationale sur l’élimination de tpoutes les
formes de discrimination raciale, suggestions relatives aux clauses finaples
présentées par le bureau de la Troisième Commission, Nations Unies,
doc. A/C.3/L.1237, 15 octobre 1965, art. vIII).
Selon la Cour, il est permis de penser que, s’ils ne permettent pas de
déterminer avec certitude que les négociations ou les procédures expressé -
ment prévues par la Convention étaient censées constituer des cponditions
préalables à sa saisine, les travaux préparatoires de la CIEdR ne sug -
gèrent cependant pas une conclusion différente de celle à laqpuelle elle est
parvenue par la méthode principale de l’interprétation selon lep sens ordi -
naire.
3. Le point de savoir s’il a été satisfait aux conditions
énoncées à l’article 22 pour la saisine de la Cour
148. La Cour ayant interprété l’article 22 de la CIEdR comme impo -
sant des conditions préalables à sa saisine, elle doit à prépsent se demander
s’il a été satisfait à ces conditions.
149. La Cour fait tout d’abord observer que la géorgie n’a pas pré -
tendu qu’avant de la saisir elle avait eu recours, ou tenté d’apvoir recours,
aux procédures expressément prévues par la CIEdR. Aussi limitera-t-elle
son examen à la question de savoir s’il a été satisfait àp la condition préa -
lable de négociation.
a) La notion de négociation
150. En ce qui concerne les négociations, la Fédération de Russie mepn-
tionne plusieurs facteurs dont la Cour a tenu compte dans sa jurispru -
dence pour déterminer si les parties à un différend avaient tpenté de mener
des négociations et si celles-ci avaient abouti à une impasse, tels que la
durée de ces négociations ou l’authenticité des efforts dépployés pour parve -
nir à une solution négociée. En se fondant sur son examen de lap jurispru-
dence de la Cour en la matière, elle conclut que, quelle qu’en soipt la forme,
les négociations sont essentiellement un échange de points de vue psur le
64131 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
agreement. In this regard, it refers to the decision of the permanent Court
of International Justice in the Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District
of Gex case, in which the judicial settlement of international disputes was
considered to be “simply an alternative to the direct and friendly septtle -
ment of such disputes between the parties” (Order of 19 August 1929,
P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 22, p. 13). The Russian Federation further points
to the permanent Court’s Advisory Opinion on Railway Traffic between
Lithuania and Poland, where the obligation to negotiate was defined as an
obligation “not only to enter into negotiations but also to pursue thpem as
far as possible with a view to concluding agreements”, even if an oblpiga -
tion to negotiate does not imply an obligation to reach agreement (Advi -
sory Opinion, 1931, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 42, p. 116).
151. In addition, relying on the separate opinion of Judge Sir gerald
Fitzmaurice in the Northern Cameroons case, the Russian Federation
contends that the threshold to find the existence of negotiations is higph ;
that it excludes mere disputations, such as in the form of exchange of
arguments between States “across the floor of an international assepmbly,
or circulating statements of their complaints or contentions to its membper
States” (Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v. United Kingdom), Prelimi -
nary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1963, p. 123, separate opinion
of Judge Sir gerald Fitzmaurice). moreover, on the basis of Judge
Fitzmaurice’s opinion, the Russian Federation contends that a disputep
certainly cannot be considered as “settled by negotiation”, when tphere
was no attempt at “direct discussions between the parties” (ibid.). Fur -
thermore, the Russian Federation cites the Judgment in the Armed Activ -
ities case as supporting its contention that mere protests cannot amount
to negotiations (Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New
Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Juris -
diction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006, pp. 40-41,
para. 91).
*
152. For its part, georgia rejects the Russian Federation’s definition of
what constitutes negotiations (particularly its differentiation betwepen
“disputation” and “negotiation” and its contention that merep protests
cannot amount to negotiation), as unreasonably stringent and departing p
from the established jurisprudence of the Court. According to georgia,
the case law of this Court and of its predecessor, the permanent Court of
International Justice, demonstrates that the threshold for negotiations pis
low; that substance is more important than form ; that it is for the parties
to determine whether further negotiations are likely to be fruitful ; and
that no purpose is to be served in the pursuit of hopeless or futile negpo -
tiations. In short, as per georgia’s submissions, the determination of the
existence of negotiations is a relative and flexible one.
65 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 131
droit et les faits, de concessions mutuelles en vue de parvenir à un paccord.
Sur ce point, la Fédération de Russie renvoie à la décision prendue en l’af-
faire des Zones franches de la Haute-Savoie et du Pays de Gex, dans laquelle
la Cour permanente de Justice internationale considérait que le rèpglement
judiciaire des conflits internationaux n’était « qu’un succédané au règle -
ment direct et amiable de ces confoits entre les parties » (ordonnance du
19 août 1929, C.P.J.I. série A n 22, p. 13). Elle se réfère également à l’avis
consultatif sur la question du Trafic ferroviaire entre la Lithuanie et la
Pologne, dans lequel la Cour permanente définissait l’obligation de négpo -
cier comme n’étant « pas seulement [l’obligation] d’entamer des négocia -
tions, mais encore [celle] de les poursuivre autant que possible, en vuep
d’arriver à des accords », même si l’obligation de négocier n’implique pas
celle de s’entendre (avis consultatif, 1931, C.P.J.I. série A/B n o42, p. 116).
151. En outre, se fondant sur l’opinion individuelle de sir gerald Fitz -
maurice en l’affaire du Cameroun septentrional, la Fédération de Russie
soutient que le seuil à partir duquel on peut conclure à l’exisptence de
négociations est élevé, ce qui exclut de simples controverses, pcomme par
exemple lorsque des Etats « se cherchent querelle au sein d’une assemblée
internationale ou distribuent aux Etats membres l’exposé de leurs griefs
ou de leurs thèses» (Cameroun septentrional (Cameroun c. Royaume-Uni),
exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1963, p. 123, opinion indivi -
duelle de m. le juge gerald Fitzmaurice). S’appuyant toujours sur cette
opinion du juge Fitzmaurice, la Fédération de Russie fait en outrep valoir
qu’un différend ne saurait être considéré comme « réglé par des négocia -
tions» s’il n’y a pas eu de tentative d’engager « des discussions directes
entre les parties » (ibid.). Enfin, la Fédération de Russie cite l’arrêt rendu
en l’affaire des Activités armées à l’appui de la thèse qu’elle avance, à
savoir que de simples protestations ne peuvent constituer des négocia -
tions (Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (nouvelle requête : 2002)
(République démocratique du Congo c. Rwanda), compétence et recevabi -
lité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2006, p. 40-41, par. 91).
*
152. La géorgie, quant à elle, juge excessivement stricte et non
conforme à la jurisprudence constante de la Cour la définition que la
Fédération de Russie donne de ce qui constitue des négociationsp (notam -
ment la distinction qu’elle établit entre « controverse» et « négociation»,
et son argument selon lequel de simples protestations ne peuvent consti -
tuer des négociations). A son avis, il ressort de la jurisprudence dpe la
Cour et de celle de sa devancière, la Cour permanente de Justice inteprna -
tionale, que le seuil à partir duquel il y a négociations est peu pélevé, que
le fond est plus important que la forme et qu’il incombe aux parties pde
déterminer si de nouvelles négociations sont de nature à porterp leurs fruits
et s’il serait inutile de poursuivre des négociations stériles pou vaines. En
bref, la géorgie conclut que l’établissement de l’existence de négopciations
est une opération relative et modulable.
65132 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
153. In particular, georgia suggests that there is no requirement to fol-
low a specific procedure or format of negotiations. It further contends p
that even very brief informal discussions in either bilateral or multilapteral
settings involving, for example, a simple communication of protest to a p
silent or intractable party, would constitute negotiations. In sum, accoprd -
ing to georgia, any indirect exchange between the parties to a dispute
would constitute negotiations.
154. Furthermore, georgia contends that negotiations between the
parties in this case need not expressly refer to CERd or its substantive
provisions. Relying on the Court’s Judgment in the case concerning Mili -
tary and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v.
United States of America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 428-429, para. 83 and on its Order of 15 Octo -
ber 2008 in the present case, georgia concludes that the only requirement
is that the subject-matter of the dispute under CERd — i.e., racial dis -
crimination — must have been discussed.
155. Finally, georgia contends that the ordinary meaning of the phrase
“is not settled by negotiation”, as opposed to “cannot be settled by nego -
tiation”, only requires evidence that georgia has made an attempt at
negotiations and not that such negotiations have reached a deadlock
(emphasis added by georgia in its Written Statement).
* *
156. The Court must first address a series of issues involving the nature
of the precondition of negotiations, namely : assessing what constitutes
negotiations; considering their adequate form and substance ; and deter -
mining to what extent they should be pursued before it can be said that p
the precondition has been met.
157. In determining what constitutes negotiations, the Court observes
that negotiations are distinct from mere protests or disputations. Nego-
tiations entail more than the plain opposition of legal views or interespts
between two parties, or the existence of a series of accusations and rebput -
tals, or even the exchange of claims and directly opposed counter-claims.
As such, the concept of “negotiations” differs from the concept pof “dis -
pute”, and requires — at the very least — a genuine attempt by one of the
disputing parties to engage in discussions with the other disputing partpy,
with a view to resolving the dispute.
158. Clearly, evidence of such an attempt to negotiate — or of the con -
duct of negotiations — does not require the reaching of an actual agree -
ment between the disputing parties. In this regard, in its Advisory Opinpion
on Railway Traffic between Lithuania and Poland, the permanent Court
of International Justice characterized the obligation to negotiate as anp
obligation “not only to enter into negotiations, but also to pursue tphem as
far as possible, with a view to concluding agreements [even if] an obligpa -
66 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 132
153. La géorgie avance, en particulier, qu’aucune procédure ou forme
particulière n’est exigée en ce qui concerne les négociationps, et que même
de très brèves discussions informelles tenues dans un cadre bilatépral ou
multilatéral et consistant simplement, par exemple, à communiquer pdes
protestations à une partie silencieuse ou inflexible seraient assimpilables à
des négociations. En somme, tout échange indirect entre les partieps à un
différend constituerait des négociations.
154. La géorgie affirme en outre que les négociations entre les parties
à la présente espèce ne doivent pas nécessairement se rapporter expressé -
ment à la CIEdR ou à ses dispositions de fond. Se fondant sur l’arrêt de
la Cour dans l’affaire des Activités militaires et paramilitaires au Nicara -
gua et contre celui-ci (Nicaragua c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), compétence et
recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 428-429, par. 83, et sur son
ordonnance du 15 octobre 2008 en la présente affaire, la géorgie conclut
que la seule obligation est celle d’avoir examiné l’objet du dipfférend dans la
perspective de la Convention, c’est-à-dire celle de la discrimination raciale.
155. Enfin, la géorgie affirme que, pris dans leur sens ordinaire, les
termes « n’aura pas été réglé par voie de négociation », par opposition à
«ne peut pas être réglé par voie de négociation », signifient seulement qu’il
lui incombe de prouver qu’elle a tenté d’engager des négociaptions, et non
que celles-ci ont abouti à une impasse (les italiques sont de la géorgie
dans ses observations écrites).
* *
156. La Cour doit tout d’abord répondre à une série de questions
concernant la nature de la condition préalable de négociation ; plus préci -
sément, il lui faut déterminer ce qui constitue des négociations, établir ce
dont elles doivent traiter au fond et sous quelle forme, et évaluer jusqu’à
quel point elles doivent être menées pour que ladite condition prépalable
soit considérée comme satisfaite.
157. En déterminant ce qui constitue des négociations, la Cour observe p
que celles-ci se distinguent de simples protestations ou contestations. Les
négociations ne se ramènent pas à une simple opposition entre les opi -
nions ou intérêts juridiques des deux parties, ou à l’existepnce d’une série
d’accusations et de réfutations, ni même à un échange de pgriefs et de
contre-griefs diamétralement opposés. En cela, la notion de « négocia -
tions» se distingue de celle de « différend» et implique, à tout le moins,
que l’une des parties tente vraiment d’ouvrir le débat avec l’pautre partie
en vue de régler le différend.
158. de toute évidence, il n’est cependant pas nécessaire qu’un acpcord
soit effectivement conclu entre les parties au différend pour propuver qu’il y
a eu tentative de négociations ou négociations. A cet égard, dans son avis
consultatif sur la question du Trafic ferroviaire entre la Lithuanie et la Po-
logne, la Cour permanente de Justice internationale a défini l’obligatipon de
négocier comme une obligation « [non] seulement d’entamer des négocia -
tions, mais encore de les poursuivre autant que possible, en vue d’arpriver à
66133 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
tion to negotiate does not imply an obligation to reach agreement . . .”
(Railway Traffic between Lithuania and Poland, Advisory Opinion, 1931,
P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 42, p. 116 ; see also North Sea Continental Shelf
(Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1969, p. 48, para. 87 ; Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uru -
guay), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010 (I), p. 68, para. 150).
159. manifestly, in the absence of evidence of a genuine attempt to
negotiate, the precondition of negotiation is not met. However, where
negotiations are attempted or have commenced, the jurisprudence of this p
Court and of the permanent Court of International Justice clearly reveals
that the precondition of negotiation is met only when there has been
a failure of negotiations, or when negotiations have become futile or
deadlocked (Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924,
P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 13 ; South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South
Africa ; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1962, pp. 345-346 ; United States Diplomatic and Consular
Staff in Tehran (United States of America v. Iran), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1980, p. 27, para. 51; Applicability of the Obligation to
Arbitrate under Section 21 of the United Nations Headquarters Agreement
of 26 June 1947, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1988, p. 33, para. 55;
Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Conven -
tion arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jama -
hiriya v. United States of America), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 122, para. 20).
160. Furthermore, ascertainment of whether negotiations, as distinct
from mere protests or disputations, have taken place, and whether they
have failed or become futile or deadlocked, are essentially questions ofp
fact “for consideration in each case” (Mavrommatis Palestine Conces -
sions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 13). Notwith-
standing this observation, the jurisprudence of the Court has outlined
general criteria against which to ascertain whether negotiations have
taken place. In this regard, the Court has come to accept less formalismp
in what can be considered negotiations and has recognized “diplomacy pby
conference or parliamentary diplomacy” (South West Africa (Ethiopia v.
South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 346).
161. Concerning the substance of negotiations, the Court has accepted
that the absence of an express reference to the treaty in question does pnot
bar the invocation of the compromissory clause to establish jurisdictionp
(Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicara -
gua v. United States of America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judg -
ment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 428, para. 83). However, to meet the
precondition of negotiation in the compromissory clause of a treaty, these
negotiations must relate to the subject-matter of the treaty containing the
compromissory clause. In other words, the subject-matter of the negotia -
tions must relate to the subject-matter of the dispute which, in turn, must
concern the substantive obligations contained in the treaty in question.p
67 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 133
des accords [même si] [une obligation] de négocier n’impliqu[aipt] pas [celle]
de s’entendre» (Trafic ferroviaire entre la Lithuanie et la Pologne, avis consu-
tatif, 1931, C.P.J.I.série A/B n 42, p. 116; voir égalementPlateau continen-
tal de la mer du Nord (République fédérale d’Allemagne/Pays- ▯ Bas), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1969, p. 48, par. 87; Usines de pâte à papier sur le fleuve Uru -
guay (Argentine c. Uruguay), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2010 (I), p. 68, par. 150).
159. manifestement, dès lors qu’aucun élément ne démontre qu’pune
véritable tentative de négocier a eu lieu, il ne saurait être satisfait à la
condition préalable de négociation. Néanmoins, lorsqu’il y a tentative ou
début de négociations, la jurisprudence de la présente Cour et pcelle de la
Cour permanente de Justice internationale indiquent clairement qu’il p
n’est satisfait à la condition préalable de tenir des négociations que
lorsque celles-ci ont échoué, sont devenues inutiles ou ont abouti à une
impasse (Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine, arrêt n o2, 1924, C.P.J.I.
o
série A n 2, p. 13; Sud-Ouest africain (Ethiopie c. Afrique du Sud ; Libéria
c. Afrique du Sud), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1962,
p. 345-346 ; Personnel diplomatique et consulaire des Etats-Unis à Téhéran
(Etats-Unis d’Amérique c. Iran), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1980, p. 27, par. 51 ;
Applicabilité de l’obligation d’arbitrage en vertu de la sectio▯n 21 de l’accord
du 26 juin 1947 relatif au siège de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, avis
consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1988, p. 33, par. 55 ; Questions d’interprétation
et d’application de la convention de Montréal de 1971 résultant de l’incident
aérien de Lockerbie (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique),
exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 122, par. 20).
160. de surcroît, déterminer si des négociations — et non de simples
protestations ou contestations — ont eu lieu et si elles ont échoué, sont
devenues inutiles ou ont abouti à une impasse est essentiellement unep
question de fait, « une question d’espèce » (Concessions Mavrommatis en
o o
Palestine, arrêt n 2, 1924, C.P.J.I. série A n 2, p. 13). Nonobstant cette
observation, la Cour a dégagé dans sa jurisprudence des critèreps généraux
à prendre en considération pour déterminer si des négociations ont eu
lieu. A cet égard, elle a finalement admis que des échanges moins pformels
puissent constituer des négociations et a reconnu « la diplomatie prati -
quée au sein des conférences ou diplomatie parlementaire » (Sud-Ouest
africain (Ethiopie c. Afrique du Sud ; Libéria c. Afrique du Sud), excep -
tions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 346).
161. S’agissant du fond des négociations, la Cour a admis quel’absence
de référence expresse à l’instrument pertinent n’interdisait pas d’en
invoquer la clause compromissoire pour fonder sa compétence (Activités
militaires et paramilitaires au Nicaragua et contre celui-ci (Nicaragua
c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), compétence et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
1984, p. 428, par. 83). Toutefois, pour que soit remplie la condition préa -
lable de négociation prévue par cette clause, ladite négociatiopn doit porter
sur l’objet de l’instrument qui la renferme. En d’autres termesp, elle doit
concerner l’objet du différend, qui doit lui-même se rapporter aux obliga -
tions de fond prévues par l’instrument en question.
67134 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
162. In the present case, the Court is therefore assessing whether geor-
gia genuinely attempted to engage in negotiations with the Russian
Federation, with a view to resolving their dispute concerning the Russiapn
Federation’s compliance with its substantive obligations under CERd.
Should it find that georgia genuinely attempted to engage in such nego -
tiations with the Russian Federation, the Court would examine whether
georgia pursued these negotiations as far as possible with a view to set -
tling the dispute. To make this determination, the Court would ascertainp
whether the negotiations failed, became futile, or reached a deadlock
before georgia submitted its claim to the Court.
(b) Whether the Parties have held negotiations on matters concerning the
interpretation or application of CERD
163. Against the background of these criteria, the Court now turns to
the evidence submitted to it by the parties to determine whether this evi -
dence demonstrates, as stated by georgia, that at the time it filed its Appl-i
cation on 12 August 2008, there had been negotiations between itself and
the Russian Federation concerning the subject-matter of their legal dispute
under CERd, and that these negotiations had been unsuccessful.
* *
164. As previously noted (see paragraph 33), the parties referred the
Court to several documents and statements relating to events in Abkhazia
and South Ossetia from 1990 to the time of filing by georgia of its Appli -
cation. On the specific issue of the existence of negotiations on matters
falling under CERd, georgia submits evidence which in its view demon -
strates that negotiations involving delegations from georgia and the Rus-
sian Federation concerning the subject-matter of the present dispute have
progressed, unsuccessfully, in numerous fora, including but not limited p
to: (i) the United Nations geneva process and the Coordinating Council
for georgia and Abkhazia, and the group of Friends of georgia ; (ii) the
Joint Control Commission for the georgian-Ossetian Conflict Settle -
ment; (iii) the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe ;
and (iv) the Council of the Heads of State of the Commonwealth of Inde -
pendent States.
georgia further alleges that the evidence which it submitted demon -
strates the existence and subsequent failure of high-level bilateral negotia-
tions between georgia and the Russian Federation relating to various
aspects of the present dispute.
165. Such negotiations are considered by georgia to have dealt with
specific matters falling under CERd, namely, the Russian Federation’s
direct participation in ethnic cleansing and other acts of discriminatiopn
against ethnic georgians in South Ossetia and Abkhazia ; the Russian
Federation’s prevention of ethnic georgian Idps from exercising their
right of return to their homes in South Ossetia and Abkhazia ; the Rus -
68 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 134
162. En la présente espèce, la Cour cherche donc à établir si la pgéorgie
a véritablement tenté d’engager des négociations avec la Fédération de
Russie dans le but de régler leur différend au sujet du respect ppar la Fédé-
ration de Russie des obligations de fond qui lui incombent en vertu de lpa
CIEdR. Si la Cour conclut que la géorgie a véritablement tenté d’enga -
ger de telles négociations avec la Fédération de Russie, elle spe penchera
sur la question de savoir si la géorgie les a poursuivies autant que pos -
sible dans le but de régler le différend. pour ce faire, elle recherchera si les
négociations ont échoué, sont devenues inutiles ou ont abouti àp une
impasse avant que la géorgie ne dépose sa requête devant la Cour.
b) Le point de savoir si les Parties ont mené des négociations sur de▯s ques-
tions concernant l’interprétation ou l’application de la CIEDR
163. Se fondant sur ces critères, la Cour examinera maintenant les élép-
ments de preuve qui lui ont été communiqués par les parties pour déter -
miner s’ils démontrent, comme l’affirme la géorgie, qu’au moment où
celle-ci a déposé sa requête, le 12 août 2008, des négociations avaient eu
lieu entre elle et la Fédération de Russie au sujet de leur diffpérend d’ordre
juridique relevant de la CIEdR et que ces négociations avaient échoué.
* *
164. Comme la Cour l’a précédemment indiqué (voir paragraphe 33), les
parties lui ont communiqué plusieurs documents et déclarations relaptifs aux
événements qui se sont déroulés en Abkhazie et en Ossétie du Sud entre 1990
et le moment où la géorgie a déposé sa requête. S’agissant de la question
précise de l’existence de négociations sur des questions relevant de la
CIEdR, la géorgie a versé au dossier des éléments qui, à son sens,
démontrent que des négociations portant sur l’objet du présepnt différend
furent menées en vain entre les délégations géorgienne et rupsse dans bien
des enceintes, dont les suivante: i) le processus de genève des Nations Unies
et le conseil de coordination pour la géorgie et l’Abkhazie, ainsi que le
groupe des amis du Secrétaire général pour la géorgie ; ii) la Commission
de contrôle conjointe pour le règlement du conflit osséto-géorgien; iii) l’Or-
ganisation pour la sécurité et la coopération en Europe ; et iv) le Conseil des
chefs d’Etat des pays membres de la Communauté d’Etats indéppendants.
La géorgie affirme en outre que les pièces qu’elle a présentépes
démontrent l’existence puis l’échec de négociations bilatérales de haut
niveau entre elle et la Fédération de Russie à propos de diversp aspects du
présent différend.
165. Selon la géorgie, ces négociations ont porté sur des questions pré-
cises relevant de la CIEdR et elle reprochait à la Fédération de Russie les
faits suivants : avoir participé directement au nettoyage ethnique et à
d’autres actes de discrimination contre des géorgiens de souche en
Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie ; avoir empêché les géorgiens de souche
déplacés dans leur propre pays d’exercer leur droit au retour epn Ossétie
68135 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
sian Federation’s support, sponsorship and defence of discrimination p
against ethnic georgians by other parties ; and the Russian Federation’s
failure to prevent discrimination against ethnic georgians in areas under
its control.
*
166. For its part, the Russian Federation, in addressing the above
claims, essentially contends that the bilateral and multilateral contactps
between itself and georgia have not dealt with the question of racial dis -
crimination, and thus cannot constitute negotiations on matters falling p
under CERd. precisely, the Russian Federation, upon commenting on
the facts in the record, submits that, “[a]t no occasion in their bilpateral
relations did georgia articulate any claim of racial discrimination by
Russia, and georgia and Russia did not engage in negotiations in respect
of any such claim”. Similarly, the Russian Federation puts forth thatp the
contacts between georgia and the Russian Federation within the frame -
work of international organizations, or in other multilateral fora, callp for
the same conclusion as the one made in respect of bilateral negotiationsp,
namely that there have never been negotiations on the dispute alleged byp
georgia on the application of CERd.
* *
167. The Court recalls its conclusions regarding the Russian Federa -
tion’s first preliminary objection, as it is directly connected to the Russian
Federation’s second preliminary objection. After examination of the epvi-
dence submitted by the parties, the Court concluded that a dispute
between georgia and the Russian Federation falling within the ambit of
CERd arose only in the period immediately before the filing of the Appli-
cation. Specifically, the evidence put forth by georgia which pre-dates the
beginning of armed hostilities in South Ossetia during the night of 7 top
8 August 2008 failed to demonstrate the existence of a legal dispute
between georgia and the Russian Federation on matters falling under
CERd.
168. It stands to reason that it was only possible for the parties to be
negotiating the matters in dispute, namely, the Russian Federation’s pcom -
pliance with its obligations relating to the elimination of racial discrpimi -
nation, between 9 August 2008 and the date of the filing of the Application,
on 12 August 2008, i.e., the period during which the Court found that a
dispute capable of falling under CERd had arisen between the parties.
169. The Court’s task at this point is therefore twofold : first, to deter-
mine whether the facts in the record show that, during this circumscribepd
period, georgia and the Russian Federation engaged in negotiations with
respect to the matters in dispute concerning the interpretation or applipca-
tion of CERd ; and secondly, if the parties did engage in such negotia -
69 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 135
du Sud et en Abkhazie ; avoir soutenu, cautionné et défendu la discrimi -
nation perpétrée par des tiers contre des géorgiens de souche ; et ne pas
avoir empêché la discrimination pratiquée à l’encontre des géorgiens de
souche vivant dans les zones qu’elle contrôlait.
*
166. dans sa réponse aux allégations qui précèdent, la Fédérpation de
Russie soutient en substance que les contacts qu’elle a eus avec la géorgie
aux niveaux bilatéral et multilatéral ne concernaient pas la questpion de la
discrimination raciale et ne peuvent dès lors constituer des négocpiations
sur des questions relevant de la CIEdR. plus précisément, à propos des
éléments de fait versés au dossier, elle relève que « [j]amais, dans le cadre
de ses relations bilatérales avec la Fédération de Russie, [la pgéorgie] n’a
formulé [de] plainte [pour discrimination raciale] à son encontre ; et [que]
jamais la géorgie et la Fédération de Russie n’ont mené de négocipations
à ce sujet ». de même, la Fédération de Russie affirme que les contacts
établis entre la géorgie et elle-même au sein d’organisations internatio -
nales ou d’autres enceintes multilatérales conduisent à la mêpme conclu -
sion que celle énoncée au sujet des négociations bilatéralesp, à savoir que
le différend allégué par la géorgie touchant l’application de la CIEdR
n’a jamais fait l’objet de négociations.
* *
167. La Cour rappelle les conclusions auxquelles elle est parvenue en ce
qui concerne la première exception préliminaire soulevée par lap Fédération
de Russie, étant donné que cette première exception est directepment liée à la
deuxième. Après avoir examiné les éléments de preuve commpuniqués par
les parties, la Cour a conclu qu’un différend relevant de la CIEdR n’avait
surgi entre la géorgie et la Fédération de Russie que dans la période ayant
immédiatement précédé le dépôt de la requête. En particulier, les pièces
versées au dossier par la géorgie, qui sont antérieures au commencement
des hostilités armées en Ossétie du Sud dans la nuit du 7 au 8 août 2008,
n’ont pas démontré l’existence d’un différend d’oprdre juridique entre la
géorgie et la Fédération de Russie sur des questions relevant de la CIEdR.
168. Il va de soi que les parties ne purent négocier sur les questions
litigieuses, à savoir le respect par la Fédération de Russie deps obligations
qui lui incombent en matière d’élimination de la discrimination raciale,
qu’entre le 9 août 2008 et la date du dépôt de la requête, le 12 août 2008,
soit la période au cours de laquelle la Cour a établi qu’un différend sus -
ceptible de relever de la CIEdR avait surgi entre les parties.
169. dès lors, une double mission incombe à la Cour à ce stade. Elle p
doit déterminer en premier lieu s’il ressort des éléments dep fait versés au
dossier que, pendant cette période limitée, la géorgie et la Fédération de
Russie entamèrent des négociations sur les questions en litige toupchant à
l’interprétation ou à l’application de la CIEdR et, dans l’affirmative, éta -
69136 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
tions, to determine whether those negotiations failed, therefore enabling
the Court to be seised of the dispute under Article 22.
170. Before the Court considers the evidence bearing on the answers to
those two questions, it observes that negotiations did take place betweepn
georgia and the Russian Federation before the start of the relevant dis -
pute. These negotiations involved several matters of importance to the
relationship between georgia and the Russian Federation, namely, the
status of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, the territorial integrity of georgia,
the threat or use of force, the alleged breaches of international humanip -
tarian law and of human rights law by Abkhaz or South Ossetian author-
ities and the role of the Russian Federation’s peacekeepers. However,p in
the absence of a dispute relating to matters falling under CERd prior to
9 August 2008, these negotiations cannot be said to have covered such
matters, and are thus of no relevance to the Court’s examination of tphe
Russian Federation’s second preliminary objection.
171. The Court begins its examination of the relevant evidence by
recalling georgia’s factual narrative of the alleged failed negotiations
which it contends took place between the night of 7 to 8 August and
12 August 2008. According to georgia, after 8 August 2008, when it
alleges the Russian Federation commenced its campaign of ethnic cleans -
ing against ethnic georgians in South Ossetia and Abkhazia, the former
urgently attempted to engage with the latter to bring the violence against
georgian civilians to a halt. With diplomatic relations suspended, geor -
gia claims it appealed to the Russian Federation for talks via the Unitepd
Nations. On 10 August 2008, georgia explains that it requested an emer -
gency session of the Security Council, during which it informed the Counp -
cil of the gross human rights violations then being perpetrated against
ethnic georgians by the Russian Federation’s armed forces that amounted
to a process of exterminating the georgian population. According to
georgia, the Russian Federation’s permanent Representative used the
Security Council session to acknowledge, and deny, the public address
president Saakashvili had made the previous day in which he explicitly
accused the Russian Federation of perpetrating ethnic cleansing. Finallyp,
georgia submits that the Russian Federation’s minister for Foreign
Affairs publicly made clear that further contact between georgia and the
Russian Federation were impossible.
172. georgia seeks to support this presentation of facts, which in its
view demonstrates how it attempted to negotiate with the Russian Fed -
eration, and how these attempts were unsuccessful, by submitting certainp
documents and statements to the Court. These documents and statements
are of relevance both to the first and the second preliminary objection p
raised by the Russian Federation and the Court has therefore already
addressed them in its consideration of the first preliminary objection (psee
paragraphs 109 to 113). The first statement cited by georgia from this
70 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 136
blir en second lieu si celles-ci échouèrent, ce qui permettrait sa saisine en
application de l’article 22.
170. Avant d’examiner les pièces permettant de répondre à ces deupx
questions, la Cour relève que des négociations eurent bien lieu enptre la
géorgie et la Fédération de Russie avant la naissance du difféprend. Ces
négociations portaient sur plusieurs questions importantes pour les rpela -
tions entre la géorgie et la Fédération de Russie, à savoir le statut de l’pO-s
sétie du Sud et de l’Abkhazie, l’intégrité territoriale de géorgie, la menace
du recours ou le recours à la force, les violations du droit internatpional
humanitaire et du droit relatif aux droits de l’homme dont les autoriptés
abkhazes et sud-ossètes se seraient rendues coupables et le rôle de la force
de maintien de la paix de la Fédération de Russie. Toutefois, en lp’absence
de différend sur des questions relevant de la CIEdR avant le 9 août 2008,
lesdites négociations ne sauraient être réputées avoir portép sur ces questions
et, dès lors, sont dénuées de pertinence pour l’examen de lap deuxième excep -
tion préliminaire de la Fédération de Russie auquel la Cour va pprocéder.
171. La Cour commence son examen des éléments de preuve présentés
en rappelant le récit que la géorgie a fait des prétendues négociations
avortées dont elle affirme qu’elles eurent lieu entre la nuit du p7 au 8 août
et le 12 août 2008. Selon la géorgie, après le 8 août 2008, date à laquelle
elle soutient que la Fédération de Russie lança sa campagne de pnettoyage
ethnique contre les géorgiens de souche en Ossétie du Sud et en Abkhazie,
elle tenta immédiatement d’obtenir de celle-ci la cessation des violences
perpétrées à l’encontre des civils géorgiens. Les négopciations diplomatiques
ayant été suspendues entre les deux pays, la géorgie affirme qu’elle appela
la Fédération de Russie à négocier par l’intermédiairep de l’Organisation
des Nations Unies. Elle précise que, le 10 août 2008, elle demanda au
Conseil de sécurité de se réunir d’urgence et qu’au coursp de cette séance
elle l’informa des violations flagrantes des droits de l’homme alors perpé -
trées à l’encontre des géorgiens de souche par les forces armées de la
Fédération de Russie, qui n’étaient rien de moins qu’un pprocessus d’exter -
mination de la population géorgienne. Selon la géorgie, le représentant
permanent de la Fédération de Russie profita de la séance du Copnseil pour
prendre acte de la déclaration publique faite la veille par le prépsident Saa -
kachvili, dans laquelle celui-ci accusait explicitement la Russie de s’être
livrée à un nettoyage ethnique, et pour rejeter cette accusation. pEnfin, la
géorgie affirme que le ministre des affaires étrangères de lap Fédération de
Russie déclara publiquement et sans détour que tout nouveau contact
entre la géorgie et la Fédération de Russie était impossible.
172. La géorgie cherche à étayer cette présentation des faits, qui
démontre à son sens qu’elle tenta de négocier avec la Fédpération de Rus -
sie et que ses tentatives furent infructueuses, en soumettant un certainp
nombre de documents et de déclarations à la Cour. Ceux-ci concernepnt
aussi bien la première que la deuxième des exceptions préliminapires soule -
vées par la Fédération de Russie et la Cour les a déjà expaminés dans la
partie consacrée à la première exception (voir paragraphes 109 à 113). La
première déclaration citée datant de cette période est une cponférence de
70 137 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
period is a press briefing dated 9 August 2008 from the Office of the
president of georgia. In this statement made during a meeting with
foreign journalists, president Saakashvili declared that :
“Russian troops, Russian tanks that moved in, into South Ossetia
on their way expelled the whole ethnically georgian population of
South Ossetia. This morning they’ve committed the ethnic cleansing
in all areas they control in South Ossetia, they have expelled ethnic
georgians living there. Right now they are trying to set up the ethnic
cleansing of ethnic georgians from upper Abkhazia — Kodori
gorge.”
173. The second document submitted by georgia as evidencing nego -
tiations during the relevant period is the procès-verbal of the Security
Council meeting convened upon georgia’s request (United Nations
doc. S/pv.5953, 10 August 2008), during which the georgian representa -
tive described at length the armed activities taking place on georgian ter -
ritory. Accusing the Russian Federation of misconduct, the georgian
representative declared that “[t]he process of exterminating the georgian
population and annihilating georgian statehood is in full swing”.
174. In his subsequent statement before the Security Council, the Rus -
sian Federation’s representative placed the blame on georgia for the out -
break of armed activities. In doing so, he accused georgian authorities of
ethnically cleansing a portion of its own population :
“So how can we describe this action by the georgian leadership? It
has been said that aggression is only when one party attacks another.
But if the aggression is carried out against your own people, is that
in any way better? What legal terms can be used to describe what has
been done by the georgian leadership? Can we use ‘ethnic cleansing’,
for example, when, over a number of days, nearly 30,000 of the
120,000 people of South Ossetia have become refugees who have fled
to Russia: more than a quarter of the population? They went across
the border from South Ossetia to the North at great risk to their lives.p
Is that ethnic cleansing or is it not? Should we describe that as geno -
cide or not? When out of that population of 120,000, 2,000 innocent
civilians die on the first day, is that genocide or is it not? How many p
people, how many civilians must die before we describe it as geno -
cide?”
175.during the same meeting, both georgia’s and the Russian
Federation’s representatives made additional comments to the Securityp
Council members. The georgian representative urged the members to take
action by declaring that “Russia’s intention [is] to erase georgian state -
hood and to exterminate the georgian people”. Responding to the geor -
gian representative’s allegation as to the Russian Federation’s intention,
the latter’s representative asserted that “the intention of the Rupssian
71 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 137
presse organisée par la présidence de la géorgie le 9 août 2008. devant un
parterre de journalistes étrangers, le président Saakachvili déclara ce qui
suit :
«A mesure qu’ils progress[aient] à travers l’Ossétie du Sud, les sol -
dats et les chars russes expuls[aient] toute la population de souche
géorgienne de la région. Ce matin, ils [ont] procédé au nettoyage
ethnique de toutes les zones placées sous leur contrôle et expulsép
les habitants de souche géorgienne. En ce moment même, ils tentent
d’organiser le nettoyage ethnique des géorgiens de souche en
Haute-Abkhazie et dans les gorges de Kodori. »
173. Le procès-verbal de la séance du Conseil de sécurité tenue à la
demande de la géorgie (Nations Unies, doc. S/pv.5953, 10 août 2008),
au cours de laquelle le représentant de la géorgie relata en détail les acti -
vités armées qui se déroulaient sur le territoire de son pays, pest le
deuxième document qu’a présenté la géorgie pour démontrer l’existence
de négociations au cours de la période considérée. Accusant pla Fédération
de Russie d’activités illicites, le représentant de la géorgie déclara que
«[l]e processus d’extermination de la population géorgienne et d’panéanti- s
sement de l’Etat géorgien bat[tait] son plein ».
174. dans la déclaration qu’il fit ensuite devant le Conseil de sécurpité,
le représentant de la Fédération de Russie accusa la géorgie d’être res -
ponsable du déclenchement des activités armées et les autoritéps géor -
giennes d’avoir, de ce fait, procédé au nettoyage ethnique d’pune partie de
leur propre population :
«Comment pouvons-nous donc qualifier ces agissements des diri -
geants géorgiens ? On dit qu’une agression se définit comme telle
lorsque seule une partie en attaque une autre, unilatéralement — mais
si l’agression est dirigée contre son propre peuple, est-ce mieux? Quels
termes juridiques peut-on utiliser pour décrire ce qu’ont fait les diri -
geants géorgiens ? pouvons-nous parler de nettoyage ethnique, par
exemple, quand quelques jours suffisent pour transformer en réfugiéps
près de 30 000 personnes, soit plus d’un quart des 120 000 personnes
qui vivent en Ossétie du Sud ? Ces personnes ont quitté l’Ossétie du
Sud pour le nord au péril de leur vie. S’agit-il ou non de nettoyage
ethnique? doit-on évoquer un génocide ? Lorsque, sur une popula -
tion de 120 000 personnes, 2000 civils meurent, s’agit-il ou non d’un
génocide? Combien de personnes, combien de civils doivent mourir
avant que nous ne parlions de génocide ?»
175. Au cours de la même séance, les représentants de la géorgie et de
la Fédération de Russie firent part d’autres observations aux membres du
Conseil de sécurité. Le représentant de la géorgie les pressa de prendre
des mesures en déclarant que « l’intention de la Russie [était d’]éliminer
l’Etat géorgien et [d’]exterminer sa population ». Le représentant de la
Fédération de Russie lui répondit que « les intentions de la Fédération de
Russie dans cette situation [étaient] de garantir que les peuples de pl’Ossé -
71138 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
Federation in this case is to ensure that the people of South Ossetia
and Abkhazia not fear for their lives or for their identity”.
176. Finally, georgia also submits the transcript of a press conference
held in moscow on 12 August 2008 — the date of georgia’s filing of its
Application — by the Russian Federation’s minister for Foreign Affairs
and the minister for Foreign Affairs of Finland and Chairman-in-Office
of the OSCE.
177. The Court takes note of certain significant elements of the content
of this press conference. First, the Russian Federation places the blamep
for the outbreak of armed activities on the present georgian leadership.
Secondly, the Russian Federation asserts that it has “no trust in
mikhail Nikolayevich Saakashvili,” and that “mov[ing] to mutually
respectful relations . . . is hardly possible with the present georgian lead -
ership”. Thirdly, the Russian Federation announces that its “approaches
toward the negotiation process will undergo substantial change”.
Fourthly, the Russian Federation proposes its view of the essential next
steps in the restoration of peace, including the cessation of armed actipvi -
ties, and the “signing of a legally binding agreement on the non-use of
force” between georgia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Fifthly, the Rus -
sian Federation has received confirmation from the Chairman-in-Office
of the OSCE that georgia is ready for the conclusion of such a pledge on
the non-use of force. Additionally, the Russian Federation’s Foreign
minister declared that :
“As a matter of fact, it will be no exaggeration to say that the talkp
is about ethnic cleansings, genocide and war crimes [committed by
georgia].
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mr. Saakashvili . . . claimed hysterically that the Russian side
wanted to annex the whole of georgia and, in general, he did not feel
shy of using the term ethnic cleansings, although, true, it was Russia
that he accused of carrying out those ethnic cleansings.”
178. The Court makes two observations on the basis of the Russian
Federation’s Foreign minister’s remarks. First, with regard to the
subject-matter of CERd, the Court notes that the topic of ethnic cleansing
had not become the subject of genuine negotiations or attempts at nego -
tiation between the parties. The Court is of the view that although the
claims and counter-claims concerning ethnic cleansing may evidence the
existence of a dispute as to the interpretation and application of CERd,
they do not constitute attempts at negotiations by either party.
179. Secondly, the Court observes that the issue of negotiations
between georgia and the Russian Federation is complex. On the one
hand, the Russian Federation’s Foreign minister manifested his discon -
tent with regard to president Saakashvili personally, and stated that he
“do[es] not think that Russia will have the mindset not only to negotpiate,
but even to speak with mr. Saakashvili” and that “mr. Saakashvili can
72 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 138
tie du Sud et de l’Abkhazie n’aur[aient] pas à craindre pour lepur vie ou
pour leur identité ».
176. Enfin, la géorgie présente la transcription d’une conférence de
presse tenue à moscou le 12 août 2008 — le jour où elle a déposé sa
requête — par le ministre des affaires étrangères de la Fédératpion de
Russie et le ministre des affaires étrangères de la Finlande et pprésident
en exercice de l’OSCE.
177. La Cour relève, dans le texte de cette conférence de presse, cer -
tains éléments importants. premièrement, la Fédération de Russie rendait
les autorités géorgiennes de l’époque responsables du décplenchement des
opérations armées. deuxièmement, elle affirmait n’avoir « aucune
confiance en mikhaïl Nikolaïevitch Saakachvili » et qu’« il n’é[tait] guère
possible d’entretenir des relations fondées sur le respect mutuel … avec les
autorités géorgiennes actuelles ». Troisièmement, la Fédération de Russie
annonçait que sa « politique à l’égard du processus de négociation sera[it]
sensiblement différente ». Quatrièmement, elle proposait sa vision des
mesures essentielles à prendre pour rétablir la paix, notamment lap cessa -
tion des activités armées et la « signature d’un accord juridiquement
contraignant sur le non-recours à la force » entre la géorgie, l’Abkhazie
et l’Ossétie du Sud. Cinquièmement, elle indiquait avoir reçpu confirma -
tion du président en exercice de l’OSCE que la géorgie était disposée à
conclure un tel accord. En outre, le ministre des affaires étrangèpres de la
Fédération de Russie déclara ce qui suit :
«En fait, il n’est pas exagéré de dire qu’il est question de net -
toyage ethnique, de génocide et de crimes de guerre [commis par la
géorgie].
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
m. Saakachvili … a proféré des propos hystériques, accusant la
partie russe de chercher à annexer l’ensemble de la géorgie, sans
hésiter à employer les termes de « nettoyage ethnique »; mais il est
vrai que c’était la Fédération de Russie qu’il accusait dpe tels actes.»
178. La Cour formule deux observations à la lumière des propos du
ministre des affaires étrangères de la Fédération de Russipe. premièrement,
pour ce qui est de la CIEdR, elle note que la question du nettoyage
ethnique n’était pas devenue l’objet de véritables négocipations ou tentatives
de négociations entre les parties. La Cour est d’avis que, si les allégations
de nettoyage ethnique et leurs démentis peuvent attester l’existenpce d’un
différend sur l’interprétation et l’application de la Convpention, elles ne
constituent des tentatives de négociations de la part ni de l’une pni de
l’autre des parties.
179. deuxièmement, la Cour observe que la question des négociations
entre la géorgie et la Fédération de Russie est complexe. d’un côté, le
ministre des affaires étrangères de cette dernière manifesta pson méconten -
tement à l’égard de m. Saakachvili personnellement, et indiqua « qu’à son
avis la Russie ne serait pas disposée à négocier, ni même paprler, avec
m. Saakachvili » et que, ce dernier « ne pouvant plus être [le] partenaire
72139 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
no longer be our partner and it would be best if he left”. On the othper
hand, the Foreign minister did not make his desire to see president Saa -
kashvili “repent” for his “crime against our citizens” a “condition for
ending this stage of the military operation”, and for resuming talks on the
non-use of force. He further stated that :
“As to georgia, we have always treated and continue to treat the
georgian people with deep respect. We continue to want to live with
them in friendship and harmony and are convinced that the georgian
people will yet display their wisdom.”
180. Notwithstanding the tone of certain remarks made by the Foreign
minister of the Russian Federation about president Saakashvili, the
Court considers that overall the Russian Federation did not dismiss the p
possibility of future negotiations on the armed activities in which it wpas
engaged at the time, and on the restoration of peace between georgia,
Abkhazia and South Ossetia. However, the Court considers that the
subject-matter of such negotiations was not the compliance by the Russian
-
Federation with its obligations relating to the elimination of racial dips
crimination. Therefore, regardless of the Russian Federation’s ambigupous
and perhaps conflicting statements on the subject of negotiations withp
georgia as a whole, and president Saakashvili personally, these negotia -
tions did not pertain to CERd-related matters. As such, whether the
Russian Federation wanted to end or to continue negotiations with geor -
gia on the matter of the armed conflict is of no relevance for the Couprt
in the present case. Consequently, remarks by the president and by the
Foreign minister of the Russian Federation regarding the prospects of
talks with the georgian president did not terminate the possibility of
CERd-related negotiations, as those were never genuinely or specifically
attempted.
181. In sum, the Court is unable to consider these statements —
whether in the georgian presidential press briefing or at the Security
Council meeting — as genuine attempts by georgia to negotiate matters
falling under CERd. As outlined in detail with regard to the Russian
Federation’s first preliminary objection, the Court considers that thpese
accusations and replies by both parties on the issues of “extermination”
and “ethnic cleansing” attest to the existence of a dispute betweepn them
on a subject-matter capable of falling under CERd. However, they fail to
demonstrate an attempt at negotiating these matters.
182. The Court is thus also unable to agree with georgia’s submission
when it claims that “Russia’s refusal to negotiate with georgia in the
midst of its ethnic cleansing campaign, and two days prior to the filingp of
the Application is sufficient to vest the Court with jurisdiction underp Arti-
cle 22”. The Court concludes that the facts in the record show that,
between 9 August and 12 August 2008, georgia did not attempt to nego -
tiate CERd-related matters with the Russian Federation, and that,
73 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 139
[de la Fédération de Russie], mieux valait qu’il s’en aille ». d’un autre
côté, il ne fit pas de son souhait de voir le président Saakachpvili « se repen-
tir» du « crime commis contre [les] citoyens [russes] » une « condition de
l’arrêt de la phase actuelle des opérations militaires » et de la reprise des
pourparlers sur le non-recours à la force, ajoutant :
«pour ce qui est de la géorgie, nous avons toujours traité et conti -
nuons de traiter le peuple géorgien avec un grand respect. Nous souh-api
tons toujours entretenir avec lui des relations amicales et harmonieusesp
et sommes convaincus qu’il fera malgré tout preuve de sagesse» .
180. Nonobstant le ton de certains propos tenus par le ministre des
affaires étrangères de la Fédération de Russie à l’égard du président Saa -
kachvili, la Cour est d’avis que, d’une manière générale,p la Fédération de
Russie n’excluait pas la possibilité de négociations futures supr les activités
armées auxquelles elle se livrait alors et sur le rétablissement dpe la paix
entre la géorgie, l’Abkhazie et l’Ossétie du Sud. Elle considère toputefois
que le respect par la Russie de ses obligations en matière d’élpimination de
la discrimination raciale n’était pas l’objet de telles négociations. En consé -
quence, indépendamment des déclarations ambiguës et peut-être contradi- c
toires de la Fédération de Russie sur la question des négociatipons avec la
géorgie en général, et avec le président Saakachvili en particulier, celles-ci
n’avaient pas trait à des questions relevant de la CIEdR. La Cour consi -
dère dans ces conditions que le point de savoir si la Fédératiopn de Russie
voulait l’arrêt ou la poursuite des négociations avec lagéorgie sur la ques -
tion du conflit armé est sans objet en la présente espèce. Leps propos du
président et du ministre des affaires étrangères de la Fédpération de Russie
concernant la perspective de pourparlers avec le président de la géorgie
n’éliminaient donc pas toute possibilité de négociations se prapportant à la
CIEdR, celles-ci n’ayant jamais été tentées réellement ou dans ce but
précis.
181. En bref, la Cour ne saurait considérer que ces déclarations — qu’il
s’agisse de la conférence de presse du président de la géorgie ou des décla -
rations faites au Conseil de sécurité — constituent de la part de la géorgie
de véritables tentatives de négociation sur des questions relevantp de la
CIEdR. Comme elle l’a expliqué de manière détaillée à proppos de la pre -
mière exception préliminaire soulevée par la Fédération dpe Russie, la Cour
estime que les accusations et réponses formulées par l’une et lp’autre des par -
ties sur les questions d’«extermination» et de «nettoyage ethnique» attestent
l’existence d’un différend sur des questions relevant de la Cponvention. Elles
ne prouvent cependant pas qu’il fut tenté de négocier sur ces qpuestions.
182. En conséquence, la Cour ne peut accueillir non plus les conclu -
sions de la géorgie selon lesquelles «le fait que la Russie a refusé de négo-
cier avec la géorgie pendant sa campagne de nettoyage ethnique, et
deux jours avant le dépôt de la requête, suffit à conférer copmpétence à la
Cour en vertu de l’article 22 ». Elle conclut que les éléments versés au
dossier montrent que, entre le 9 et le 12 août 2008, la géorgie ne tenta pas
de négocier avec la Fédération de Russie au sujet de questions ptouchant
73140 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
consequently, georgia and the Russian Federation did not engage in
negotiations with respect to the latter’s compliance with its substantive
obligations under CERd.
183. The Court has already observed (see paragraph 149) the fact that
georgia did not claim that, prior to the seisin of the Court, it used or p
attempted to use the other mode of dispute resolution contained at Arti -
cle 22, namely the procedures expressly provided for in CERd. Consider-
ing the Court’s conclusion, at paragraph 141, that under Article 22 of
CERd, negotiations and the procedures expressly provided for in CERd
constitute preconditions to the exercise of its jurisdiction, and considpering
the factual finding that neither of these two modes of dispute settlemenpt
was attempted by georgia, the Court does not need to examine whether
the two preconditions are cumulative or alternative.
184. The Court accordingly concludes that neither requirement con -
tained in Article 22 has been satisfied. Article 22 of CERd thus cannot
serve to found the Court’s jurisdiction in the present case. The secopnd
preliminary objection of the Russian Federation is therefore upheld.
Iv. Third and Fourth preliminary Objectionsp
185. Having upheld the second preliminary objection of the Russian
Federation, the Court finds that it is required neither to consider nor pto
rule on the other objections to its jurisdiction raised by the Respondenpt
and that the case cannot proceed to the merits phase.
*
* *
186. The Court in its Order of 15 October 2008 indicated certain pro -
visional measures. This Order ceases to be operative upon the delivery of
this Judgment. The parties are under a duty to comply with their obliga -
tions under CERd, of which they were reminded in that Order.
*
* *
187. For these reasons,
The Court,
(1) (a) By twelve votes to four,
Rejects the first preliminary objection raised by the Russian Federa -
tion ;
in favour : President Owada ; Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham,
Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, yusuf, greenwood,
donoghue ;Judge ad hoc gaja;
against : Vice-President Tomka ;Judges Koroma, Skotnikov, xue ;
74 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 140
la Convention et que, en conséquence, la géorgie et la Fédération de
Russie n’entamèrent pas de négociations portant sur le respect par cette
dernière de ses obligations de fond au titre de la CIEdR.
183. La Cour a déjà relevé (voir paragraphe 149) que la géorgie n’a
pas prétendu avoir eu recours ou tenté d’avoir recours, avant dpe la saisir,
à l’autre mode de règlement des différends visé à l’particle 22, à savoir les
procédures expressément prévues par la CIEdR. Considérant qu’elle a
conclu, au paragraphe 141, que l’article 22 de la Convention fait des
négociations et des procédures expressément prévues dans cetp instrument
des conditions préalables à l’exercice de sa compétence, et pconsidérant
qu’elle a établi que la géorgie n’a tenté d’avoir recours à aucun de ces
deux modes de règlement, la Cour n’a pas besoin de se demander si pces
deux conditions sont cumulatives ou alternatives.
184. La Cour conclut en conséquence qu’il n’a été satisfait àp aucune
des conditions énoncées à l’article 22 de la CIEdR, lequel ne saurait donc
fonder sa compétence en la présente espèce. En conséquence, pla deuxième
exception préliminaire de la Fédération de Russie est retenue.
Iv. Troisième et quatrièmpe exceptions préliminpaires
185. Ayant retenu la deuxième exception préliminaire de la Fédération
de Russie, la Cour conclut qu’elle n’a pas à se pencher ni àp se prononcer
sur les autres exceptions à sa compétence soulevées par le dépfendeur, et
qu’elle ne pourra pas connaître du fond de l’affaire.
* * *
186. La Cour a, dans son ordonnance du 15 octobre 2008, indiqué cer -
taines mesures conservatoires. Cette ordonnance cesse de produire ses
effets dès le prononcé du présent arrêt. Les parties ont le devoir de s’ac
quitter de leurs obligations découlant de la CIEdR, devoir que la Cour a
rappelé dans ladite ordonnance.
*
* *
187. par ces motifs,
La Cour,
1) a) par douze voix contre quatre,
Rejette la première exception préliminaire soulevée par la Fédérpation
de Russie ;
pour : m. Owada, président; mm. Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith,
Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, yusuf, greenwood,
m medonoghue, juges ; m. gaja, juge ad hoc ;
contre :m. Tomka, vice-président; mm. Koroma, Skotnikov, m mexue, juges ;
74141 convention on racialp discrimination (judgpment)
(b) By ten votes to six,
Upholds the second preliminary objection raised by the Russian Fed -
eration ;
in favour : Vice-President Tomka ; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Keith,
Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, yusuf, greenwood, xue ;
against : President Owada ; Judges Simma, Abraham, Cançado Trindade,
donoghue ; Judge ad hoc gaja ;
(2) By ten votes to six,
Finds that it has no jurisdiction to entertain the Application filed by
georgia on 12 August 2008.
in favour : Vice-President Tomka ; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Keith,
Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, yusuf, greenwood, xue ;
against : President Owada ; Judges Simma, Abraham, Cançado Trindade,
donoghue ; Judge ad hoc gaja.
done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the peace palace, The Hague, this first day of April, two thousand and
eleven, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of pthe
Court and the others transmitted to the government of georgia and the
government of the Russian Federation, respectively.
(Signed) Hisashi Owada,
president.
(Signed) philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.
president Owada and Judges Simma, Abraham, donoghue and Judge
ad hoc gaja append a joint dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the
Court ; president Owada appends a separate opinion to the Judgment of
the Court; vice-president Tomka appends a declaration to the Judgment
of the Court ; Judges Koroma, Simma and Abraham append separate
opinions to the Judgment of the Court ; Judge Skotnikov appends a
declaration to the Judgment of the Court ; Judge Cançado Trindade
appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court ;
Judges greenwood and donoghue append separate opinions to the
Judgment of the Court.
(Initialled) H.O.
(Initialled) ph.C.
75 convention sur la dispcrimination racialep (arrêt) 141
b) par dix voix contre six,
Retient la deuxième exception préliminaire soulevée par la Fédérpation
de Russie ;
pour : m. Tomka, vice-président; mm. Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Keith,
Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, yusuf, greenwood, m mexue,
juges ;
contre : m. Owada, président; mm. Simma, Abraham, Cançado Trindade,
me
m donoghue, juges ; m. gaja, juge ad hoc ;
2) par dix voix contre six,
Dit qu’elle n’a pas compétence pour connaître de la requête pdéposée
par la géorgie le 12 août 2008.
pour :m. Tomka, vice-président; mm. Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Keith, Sepúl-
veda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, yusuf, greenwood, mme xue, juges;
contrme: m. Owada, président; mm. Simma, Abraham, Cançado Trindade,
m donoghue, juges ; m. gaja, juge ad hoc.
Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au palais de la
paix, à La Haye, le premier avril deux mille onze, en trois exemplaires,
dont l’un sera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres serpont transmis
respectivement au gouvernement de la géorgie et au gouvernement de
la Fédération de Russie.
Le président,
(Signé) Hisashi Owada.
Le greffier,
(Signé) philippe Couvreur.
m. le juge Owada, président, mm. les juges Simma et Abraham,
m me la juge donoghue et m. le juge ad hoc gaja joignent à l’arrêt l’ex -
posé de leur opinion dissidente commune ; m. le juge Owada, président,
joint à l’arrêt l’exposé de son opinion individuellem. le juge Tomka,
vice-président, joint une déclaration à l’arrêtmm. les juges Koroma,
Simma et Abraham joignent à l’arrêt les exposés de leur opinion indivi -
duelle ; m. le juge Skotnikov joint une déclaration à l’arrêtm. le juge
Cançado Trindade joint à l’arrêt l’exposé de son opinion dissidente ;
m. le juge greenwood et m me la juge donoghue joignent à l’arrêt les
exposés de leur opinion individuelle.
(Paraphé) H.O.
(Paraphé) ph.C.
75
Preliminary objections
Judgment of 1 April 2011