Judgment of 4 May 2011

Document Number
124-20110504-JUD-02-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REpORTS OF JUdgmENTS,
AdVISORY OpINIONS ANd ORdERS

TERRITORIAL ANd mARITImE
dISpUTE

(NICARAgUA v. COLOmBIA)

AppLICATION BY COSTA RICA
FOR pERmISSION TO INTERVENE

JUDGMENT OF 4 MAY 2011

2011

COUR INTERNATIONALE dE JUSTICE

RECUEIL dES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORdONNANCES

dIFFÉRENd
TERRITORIAL ET mARITImE

(NICARAgUA c. COLOmBIE)

REQUÊTE dU COSTA RICA
À FIN d’INTERVENTION

ARRÊT DU 4 MAI 2011

7 CIJ1019.indb 1 13/06/13 16:02 Official citation :
Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia),
Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2011, p. 348

mode officiel de citation :

Différend territorial et maritime (Nicaragua c. Colombie),
requête à fin d’intervention, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2011, p. 348

Sales number
ISSN 0074-4441 N ode vente: 1019
ISBN 978-92-1-071130-2

7 CIJ1019.indb 2 13/06/13 16:02 4 mAY 2011

JUdgmENT

TERRITORIAL ANd mARITImE
dISpUTE

(NICARAgUA v. COLOmBIA)

AppLICATION BY COSTA RICA
FOR pERmISSION TO INTERVENE

dIFFÉRENd

TERRITORIAL ET mARITImE

(NICARAgUA c. COLOmBIE)

REQUÊTE dU COSTA RICA
À FIN d’INTERVENTION

4 mAI 2011

ARRÊT

7 CIJ1019.indb 3 13/06/13 16:02 348

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraphs

Chronology of the procedure 1-20

I. The Legal Framework 21-51

1. The interest of a legal nature which may be affected 23-28
2. The precise object of the intervention 29-36
3. The basis and extent of the Court’s jurisdiction 37-43

4. The evidence in support of the request to intervene 44-51

II. Examination of Costa Ricsa’s Application for permission
to Intervene 52-90

The interest of a legal nature claimed by Costa Rica 53-90

Operative Clause 91

4

7 CIJ1019.indb 4 13/06/13 16:02 349

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2011
2011
4 may
general List 4 May 2011
No. 124

TERRITORIAL ANd mARITImE

dISpUTE

(NICARAgUA v. COLOmBIA)

AppLICATION BY COSTA RICA
FOR pERmISSION TO INTERVENE

Legal framework — Conditions for intervention under Article 62 of the Statute

and Article 81 of the Rules of Court.
Article 81, paragraph 2 (a), of the Rules of Court — Interest of a legal nature
which may be affected by the decision of the Court in the main proceedings — Dif
ference between right and interest of a legal nature in the context of Article 62 of
the Statute — Interest of a legal nature to be shown is not limited to the dispositif
alone of a Judgment but may also relate to the reasons which constitute ▯the neces

sary steps to the dispositif.
Article 81, paragraph 2 (b), of the Rules of Court — Precise object of interven
tion certainly consists in informing the Court of the interest of a lega▯l nature which
may be affected by the decision of the Court in the main proceedings, bu▯t also in
contributing to the protection of that inter— Proceedings on intervention are
not an occasion for the State seeking to intervene or for the Partieto discuss

questions of substance relating to the main proceedings.
Article 81, paragraph 2 (c), of the Rules of Court — Basis and extent of the
Court’s jurisdiction — Statute does not require, as a condition for intervention, the
existence of a basis of jurisdiction between the Parties to the main pro▯ceedings and
the State which is seeking to intervene as a non‑party.
Article 81, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court — Evidence in support of the

request to intervene — Documents annexed in support of the Application for per
mission to intervene.
Examination of Costa Rica’s Application for permission to intervene.
Whether Costa Rica has set out an interest of a legal nature in the cont▯ext of
Article 62 of the Statute — Costa Rica has claimed to have an interest of a legal
nature in the exercise of its sovereign rights and jurisdiction in maritime area in the

Caribbean Sea to which it is entitled under international law by virtue ▯of its coast

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facing on that sea — Although Nicaragua and Colombia differ in their assessment
as to the limits of the area in which Costa Rica may have a legal interest, they
recognize the existence of Costa Rica’s interest of a legal nature in at least some
areas claimed by the Parties to the main proceedings — The Court is not called

upon to examine the exact geographical parameters of the maritime area i▯n which
Costa Rica considers it has an interest of a legal nature — Costa Rica has indi ‑
cated the maritime area in which it considers it has an interest of a le▯gal nature
which may be affected by the decision of the Court in the main proceedin▯gs.
Whether Costa Rica has established that the interest of a legal nature w▯hich it

has set out is one which may be affected by the decision of the Court in the main
proceedings — Costa Rica has contended that the area in which it has an interest ▯
of a legal nature overlaps with the area in dispute between the Parties ▯to the main
proceedings, and that this is sufficient to demonstrate that the delimit▯ation decision
in those proceedings may affect its interest of a legal nature — Costa Rica has

further contended that the southern terminus of the boundary to be delim▯ited in the
main proceedings may affect its interest of a legal nature inasmuch as t▯hat south ‑
ern endpoint may be placed in its potential area of interest — To succeed with its
request, Costa Rica must show that its interest of a legal nature needs a protection
that is not provided by Article 59 of the Statute — Costa Rica has not demon ‑

strated that the interest of a legal nature which it has asserted is one▯ which may be
affected by the decision in the main proceedings because the Court, when▯ drawing
a line delimiting the maritime areas between the Parties to the main pro▯ceedings,
will, if necessary, end the line in question before it reaches an area i▯n which the
interests of a legal nature of third States may become involved.

JUdgmENT

Present : President Owada ; Vice‑President Tomka ; Judges Koroma, Al-
Khasawneh, Simma, Abrahasm, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna,
Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Xue, donoghue ; Judges
ad hoc Cot, gaja ; Registrar Couvreur.

In the case concerning the territorial and maritime dispute,

between

the Republic of Nicaragua,
represented by

H.E. mr. Carlos José Argüello gómez, Ambassador of the Republic of
Nicaragua to the Kingdom of the Netherlands,

as Agent and Counsel ;
mr. Alex Oude Elferink, deputy-director, Netherlands Institute for the Law
of the Sea, Utrecht University,

mr. Alain pellet, professor at the Université de paris Ouest, Nanterre-La
défense, member and former Chairman of the International Law Com -
mission, associate member of the Institut de droit international,

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mr. paul Reichler, Attorney-at-Law, Foley Hoag LLp, Washington d.C.,
member of the Bars of the United States Supreme Court and the district of
Columbia,
mr. Antonio Remiro Brotóns, professor of International Law, Universidad

Autónoma, madrid, member of the Institut de droit international,
as Counsel and Advocates ;

mr. Robin Cleverly, m.A., d.phil, C.geol, F.g.S., Law of the Sea Consult -
ant, Admiralty Consultancy Services,
mr. John Brown, Law of the Sea Consultant, Admiralty Consultancy Ser -
vices,

as Scientific and Technical Advisers ;
mr. César Vega masís, director of Juridical Affairs, Sovereignty and Terri -

tory, ministry of Foreign Affairs,
mr. Julio César Saborio, Juridical Adviser, ministry of Foreign Affairs,

mr. Walner molina pérez, Juridical Adviser, ministry of Foreign Affairs,

ms Tania Elena pacheco Blandino, Juridical Adviser, ministry of Foreign
Affairs,

as Counsel ;
ms Clara E. Brillembourg, Foley Hoag LLp, member of the Bars of the dis -
trict of Columbia and New York,

ms Carmen martinez Capdevila, doctor of public International Law, Uni -
versidad Autónoma, madrid,
ms Alina miron, Researcher, Nanterre Centre for International Law (CEdIN),
Université de paris Ouest, Nanterre-La défense,
mr. Edgardo Sobenes Obregon, First Secretary, Embassy of Nicaragua in the

Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Assistant Counsel,

and

the Republic of Colombia,
represented by

H.E. mr. Julio Londoño paredes, professor of International Relations, Uni -
versidad del Rosario, Bogotá,

as Agent ;
H.E. mr. guillermo Fernández de Soto, Chair of the Inter-American Juridi -
cal Committee, member of the permanent Court of Arbitration and for -

mer minister for Foreign Affairs,
as Co-Agent ;

mr. James Crawford, S.C., F.B.A., Whewell professor of International Law,
University of Cambridge, member of the Institut de droit international,
Barrister,
mr. Rodman R. Bundy, avocat à la cour d’appel de Paris, member of the
New York Bar, Eversheds LLp, paris,

mr. marcelo Kohen, professor of International Law at the graduate Insti -
tute of International and development Studies, geneva, associate member
of the Institut de droit international,

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as Counsel and Advocates ;
H.E. mr. Francisco José Lloreda mera, formerly Ambassador of the Repub -
lic of Colombia to the Kingdom of the Netherlands and permanent Repre-

sentative of Colombia to the OpCW, former minister of State,
mr. Eduardo Valencia-Ospina, member of the International Law Commis -
sion,
H.E. ms Sonia pereira portilla, Ambassador of the Republic of Colombia to

the Republic of Honduras,
mr. Andelfo garcía gonzález, professor of International Law, former dep-
uty minister for Foreign Affairs,
ms Victoria E. pauwels T., minister-Counsellor, ministry of Foreign Affairs,

mr. Julián guerrero Orozco, minister-Counsellor, Embassy of Colombia in
the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
ms Andrea Jiménez Herrera, Counsellor, ministry of Foreign Affairs,

as Legal Advisers ;

mr. Thomas Fogh, Cartographer, International mapping,
as Technical Adviser ;

on the Application for permission to intervene filed by the Republic osf Costa Rica,

represented by
H.E. mr. Edgar Ugalde Alvarez, Ambassador of the Republic of Costa Rica
to the Republic of Colombia,

as Agent ;

mr. Coalter g. Lathrop, Lecturing Fellow at duke University School of
Law, member of the North Carolina State Bar, Special Adviser to the min-
istry of Foreign Affairs of Costa Rica,
mr. Sergio Ugalde, member of the permanent Court of Arbitration, Senior

Adviser to the ministry of Foreign Affairs, member of the Costa Rican
Bar,
mr. Arnoldo Brenes, Senior Adviser to the ministry of Foreign Affairs, mem-
ber of the Costa Rican Bar,
mr. Carlos Vargas, director of the Legal department, ministry of Foreign

Affairs,
as Counsel and Advocates ;

H.E. mr. Jorge Urbina Ortega, Ambassador of the Republic of Costa Rica to
the Kingdom of the Netherlands,

mr. michael gilles, Special Adviser to the ministry of Foreign Affairs,
mr. Ricardo Otarola, minister and Consul general of Costa Rica to the
Republic of Colombia,
mr. Christian guillermet, Ambassador, deputy permanent Representative of
Costa Rica to the United Nations Office at geneva,

mr. gustavo Campos, Consul general of Costa Rica to the Kingdom of the
Netherlands,
ms Shara duncan, Counsellor at the Embassy of Costa Rica in the Kingdom
of the Netherlands,

mr. Leonardo Salazar, National geographic Institute of Costa Rica,
as Advisers,

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The Court,

composed as above,
after deliberation,

delivers the following Judgment :

1. On 6 december 2001, the Republic of Nicaragua (hereinafter “Nicara -
gua”) filed in the Registry of the Court an Application institutinsg proceedings

against the Republic of Colombia (hereinafter “Colombia”) in resspect of a dis -
pute consisting of a “group of related legal issues subsisting” bestween the two
States “concerning title to territory and maritime delimitation” isn the western
Caribbean.
As a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court, the Application invoked thse pro -

visions of Article XXXI of the American Treaty on pacific Settlement signed on
30 April 1948, officially designated, according to Article LX thereof, as the
“pact of Bogotá” (hereinafter referred to as such), as well as the declarations
made by the parties under Article 36 of the Statute of the permanent Court of

International Justice, which are deemed, for the period which they stills have to
run, to be acceptances of the compulsory jurisdiction of the present Cousrt pur -
suant to Article 36, paragraph 5, of its Statute.
2. pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Registrar immedi -
ately communicated the Application to the government of Colombia ; and, pur-

suant to paragraph 3 of that Article, all other States entitled to appear before
the Court were notified of the Application.
3. pursuant to the instructions of the Court under Article 43 of the Rules of
Court, the Registrar addressed to all States parties to the pact of Bogotá the

notifications provided for in Article 63, paragraph 1, of the Statute. In accor -
dance with the provisions of Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, the
Registrar moreover addressed to the Organization of American States (hesrein-
after the “OAS”) the notification provided for in Article 34, paragraph 3, of the

Statute. The Registrar subsequently transmitted to that organization copsies of
the pleadings filed in the case and asked its Secretary-general to inform him
whether or not it intended to present observations in writing within thes meaning
of Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court. The OAS indicated that it did
not intend to submit any such observations.

4. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of
either of the parties, each party proceeded to exercise its right conferred by Arti-
cle 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case.
Nicaragua first chose mr. mohammed Bedjaoui, who resigned on 2 may 2006,

and subsequently mr. giorgio gaja. Colombia first chose mr. Yves Fortier,
who resigned on 7 September 2010, and subsequently mr. Jean-pierre Cot.
5. By an Order of 26 February 2002, the Court fixed 28 April 2003 as the
time-limit for the filing of the memorial of Nicaragua and 28 June 2004 as the

time-limit for the filing of the Counter-memorial of Colombia. Nicaragua filed
its memorial within the time-limit thus prescribed.
6. On 21 July 2003, within the time-limit set by Article 79, paragraph 1, of
the Rules of Court, Colombia raised preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of
the Court. Consequently, by an Order of 24 September 2003, the Court, noting

that by virtue of Article 79, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court, the proceedings
on the merits were suspended, fixed 26 January 2004 as the time-limit for the
presentation by Nicaragua of a written statement of its observations ands

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submissions on the preliminary objections made by Colombia. Nicaragua fisled
such a statement within the time-limit thus prescribed, and the case thus became
ready for hearing in respect of the preliminary objections.

7. Between 2003 and 2006, referring to Article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules
of Court, the governments of Honduras, Jamaica, Chile, peru, Ecuador and
Venezuela asked to be furnished with copies of the pleadings and documensts
annexed in the case. Having ascertained the views of the parties pursuant to that

same provision, the Court decided to grant each of these requests. The Rsegistrar
duly communicated these decisions to the said governments and to the parties.

8. The Court held public hearings on the preliminary objections raised by
Colombia from 4 to 8 June 2007. In its Judgment of 13 december 2007, the

Court concluded that it had jurisdiction, under Article XXXI of the pact of
Bogotá, to adjudicate upon the dispute concerning sovereignty over thse mari -
time features claimed by the parties, other than the islands of San Andrés, prov-
idencia and Santa Catalina, and upon the dispute concerning the maritimes

delimitation between the parties.
9. By an Order of 11 February 2008, the president of the Court fixed
11 November 2008 as the new time-limit for the filing of Colombia’s Counter-
memorial. That pleading was duly filed within the time-limit thus prescribed.

10. On 22 September 2008, referring to Article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules
of Court, the government of the Republic of Costa Rica (hereinafter “Costa
Rica”) asked to be furnished with copies of the pleadings and documesnts
annexed in the case. Having ascertained the views of the parties pursuant to that

same provision, the Court decided to grant this request. The Registrar dsuly
communicated this decision to the Costa Rican government and to the parties.

11. By an Order of 18 december 2008, the Court directed Nicaragua to sub -

mit a Reply and Colombia to submit a Rejoinder and fixed 18 September 2009
and 18 June 2010 as the respective time-limits for the filing of those pleadings.
The Reply and the Rejoinder were duly filed within the time-limits thus pre -
scribed.
12. On 25 February 2010, Costa Rica filed an Application for permission to

intervene in the case pursuant to Article 62 of the Statute. In this Application, it
stated in particular that its intervention “would have the limited pusrpose of
informing the Court of the nature of Costa Rica’s legal rights and insterests and
of seeking to ensure that the Court’s decision regarding the maritimes boundary

between Nicaragua and Colombia does not affect those rights and interestss”. In
accordance with Article 83, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, certified copies
of Costa Rica’s Application were communicated forthwith to Nicaragua sand
Colombia, which were invited to furnish written observations on that Appslica -

tion.
13. On 26 may 2010, within the time-limit fixed for that purpose by the
Court, the governments of Nicaragua and Colombia submitted Written Obser -
vations on Costa Rica’s Application for permission to intervene. In ists observa-
tions, Nicaragua set forth the grounds on which, in particular, it considered that

this Application failed to comply with the Statute and the Rules of Court. For
its part, Colombia indicated in its observations the reasons for which ist had no
objection to the said Application. The Court having considered that Nicasragua

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had objected to the Application, the parties and the government of Costa Rica
were notified by letters from the Registrar dated 16 June 2010 that the Court
would hold hearings, in accordance with Article 84, paragraph 2, of the Rules of
Court, to hear the observations of Costa Rica, the State applying to intervene,
and those of the parties to the case.

14. After ascertaining the views of the parties, the Court decided that copies
of the Written Observations which they had furnished on Costa Rica’s sApplica -
tion for permission to intervene would be made accessible to the public son the
opening of the oral proceedings.
15. At the public hearings held on 11, 13, 14 and 15 October 2010 on whether
to grant Costa Rica’s Application for permission to intervene, the Cosurt heard

the oral arguments and replies of the following representatives :

For Costa Rica : H.E. mr. Edgar Ugalde Alvarez, Agent,
mr. Arnoldo Brenes,
mr. Carlos Vargas,
mr. Coalter g. Lathrop,

mr. Sergio Ugalde.
For Nicaragua : H.E. mr. Carlos José Argüello gómez, Agent,
mr. Antonio Remiro Brotóns,
mr. paul Reichler.

For Colombia : H.E. mr. Julio Londoño paredes, Agent,
mr. Rodman R. Bundy,
mr. James Crawford.

16. At the hearings, questions were put to the parties and to Costa Rica by
members of the Court, to which replies were given orally and in writing, sin

accordance with Article 61, paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court. The parties and
Costa Rica each submitted written comments on the written replies providsed by
the others after the closure of the oral proceedings.

*

17. In its Application for permission to intervene, the Costa Rican govern -
ment stated in conclusion that it

“respectfully requests [the Court’s] permission to intervene in thse present
proceedings between Nicaragua and Colombia for the object and purpose
stated in the present Application, and to participate in those proceedinsgs in
accordance with Article 85 of the Rules of Court” (para. 31).

In its Written Observations on Costa Rica’s Application for permissiosn to
intervene, Nicaragua submitted

“that the Application filed by Costa Rica requesting permission to sintervene
fails to comply with the Statute and the Rules of Court”,

and that it

“leaves it to the discretion of the Court to adjudge and determine whsether
Costa Rica has complied with the legal requirements necessary to base a
right to intervene in the present proceedings and, hence whether the reqsuest
of Costa Rica should be granted”.

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In its Written Observations on Costa Rica’s Application for permissiosn to
intervene, Colombia concluded as follows :

“the government of Colombia has no objection to the intervention of Costa
Rica.
Notwithstanding the fact that Colombia considers that Costa Rica has
satisfied the requirements of Article 62 of the Statute and Article 81 of the
Rules of Court, Colombia wishes to emphasize that it disagrees with certain
points raised in Costa Rica’s Application. Colombia reserves its posistion on

these points which it will explain at the appropriate stage of the proceed -
ings.”

18. At the oral proceedings, the following submissions were presented :

On behalf of the Government of Costa Rica,
at the hearing of 14 October 2010 :

“[The Court is] respectfully request[ed] . . . to grant the Republic of Costa
Rica the right to intervene, in order to inform the Court of its interessts of
a legal nature which might be affected by the decision in this case, accsording

to Article 62 of the Statute.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[Costa Rica] seek[s] the application of the provisions of Article 85 of the

Rules of Court, namely :
— paragraph 1 : ‘the intervening State shall be supplied with copies of

the pleadings and documents annexed and shall be entitled to submit
a written statement within a time-limit to be fixed by the Court’, sand
— paragraph 3: ‘The intervening State shall be entitled, in the course of
the oral proceedings, to submit its observations with respect to the
subject-matter of the intervention.’”

On behalf of the Government of Nicaragua,

at the hearing of 15 October 2010 :

“In accordance with Article 60 of the Rules of Court and having regard
to the Application for permission to intervene filed by the Republic osf Costa
Rica and oral pleadings, the Republic of Nicaragua respectfully submits s
that :

The Application filed by the Republic of Costa Rica fails to comply with
the requirements established by the Statute and the Rules of Court, namely,
Article 62, and paragraph 2, (a) and (b) of Article 81 respectively.”

On behalf of the Government of Colombia,

at the hearing of 15 October 2010 :
“In light of the considerations stated during these proceedings, [thes] gov-

ernment [of Colombia] wishes to reiterate what it stated in the Written s
Observations it submitted to the Court, to the effect that, in Colombia’ss
view, Costa Rica has satisfied the requirements of Article 62 of the Statute
and, consequently, that Colombia does not object to Costa Rica’s requsest
for permission to intervene in the present case as a non-party.”

* * *

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19. In its Application for permission to intervene dated 25 Febru -
ary 2010 (see paragraph 12 above), Costa Rica specified that it wished to

intervene in the case as a non-party State for the “purpose of informing
the Court of the nature of Costa Rica’s legal rights and interests and of
seeking to ensure that the Court’s decision regarding the maritime bound-
ary between Nicaragua and Colombia does not affect those rights and
interests”. Costa Rica also indicated that it had no intention of intervening

in those aspects of the proceedings that relate to the territorial dispuste.
20. Referring to Article 81 of the Rules of Court, Costa Rica set out in
its Application what it considers to be the interest of a legal nature wshich
may be affected by the Court’s decision on the delimitation between Nsica -
ragua and Colombia, the precise object of its intervention, and the basiss

of jurisdiction which is claimed to exist as between itself and the parties
to the main proceedings.

I. The Legal Framework

21. The legal framework of Costa Rica’s request to intervene is set out
in Article 62 of the Statute and Article 81 of the Rules of Court.
Under Article 62 of the Statute :

“1. Should a State consider that it has an interest of a legal nature
which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may submit a
request to the Court to be permitted to intervene.
2. It shall be for the Court to decide upon this request.”

Under Article 81 of the Rules of Court :
“1. An application for permission to intervene under the terms of

Article 62 of the Statute, signed in the manner provided for in Arti -
cle 38, paragraph 3, of these Rules, shall be filed as soon as possible,
and not later than the closure of the written proceedings. In excep -
tional circumstances, an application submitted at a later stage may
however be admitted.

2. The application shall state the name of an agent. It shall specify
the case to which it relates, and shall set out :
(a) the interest of a legal nature which the State applying to intervene
considers may be affected by the decision in that case ;

(b) the precise object of the intervention ;
(c) any basis of jurisdiction which is claimed to exist as between the
State applying to intervene and the parties to the case.
3. The application shall contain a list of the documents in support,

which documents shall be attached.”
22. Intervention being a procedure incidental to the main proceedings
before the Court, it is, according to the Statute and the Rules of Courts, for

the State seeking to intervene to set out the interest of a legal natures which
it considers may be affected by the decision in that dispute, the precisse

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object it is pursuing by means of the request, as well as any basis of jsuris-
diction which is claimed to exist as between it and the parties. The Cousrt

will examine in turn these constituent elements of the request for permis -
sion to intervene, as well as the evidence in support of that request.

* *

1. The Interest of a Legal Nature which May Be Affected

23. The Court observes that, as provided for in the Statute and the
Rules of Court, the State seeking to intervene shall set out its own intserest
of a legal nature in the main proceedings, and a link between that intersest
and the decision that might be taken by the Court at the end of those
proceedings. In the words of the Statute, this is “an interest of a lsegal

nature which may be affected by the decision in the case” (expresseds more
explicitly in the English text than in the French “un intérêt ds’ordre
juridique . . . pour lui en cause” ; see Article 62 of the Statute).

24. The finding by the Court of the existence of these elements is there-

fore a necessary condition to permit the requesting State to intervene, s
within the limits that it considers appropriate :

“If a State can satisfy the Court that it has an interest of a legal snature
which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may be permitted
to intervene in respect of that interest.” (Land, Island and Maritime
Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras), Application for Permission to
Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, p. 116, para. 58.)

25. It is indeed for the Court, being responsible for the sound adminis -

tration of justice, to decide in accordance with Article 62, paragraph 2, of
the Statute on the request to intervene, and to determine the limits ands
scope of such intervention. Whatever the circumstances, however, the
condition laid down by Article 62, paragraph 1, shall be fulfilled.
26. The Court observes that, whereas the parties to the main proceed -

ings are asking it to recognize certain of their rights in the case at hsand, a
State seeking to intervene is, by contrast, contending, on the basis of sArti -
cle 62 of the Statute, that the decision on the merits could affect its intesr -
ests of a legal nature. The State seeking to intervene as a non-party
therefore does not have to establish that one of its rights may be affected ;
it is sufficient for that State to establish that its interest of a legsal nature

may be affected. Article 62 requires the interest relied upon by the State
seeking to intervene to be of a legal nature, in the sense that this intserest
has to be the object of a real and concrete claim of that State, based osn
law, as opposed to a claim of a purely political, economic or strategic s
nature. But this is not just any kind of interest of a legal nature ; it must

in addition be possible for it to be affected, in its content and scope,s by
the Court’s future decision in the main proceedings.

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Accordingly, an interest of a legal nature within the meaning of Arti -
cle 62 does not benefit from the same protection as an established right

and is not subject to the same requirements in terms of proof.
27. The decision of the Court granting permission to intervene can be
understood as a preventive one, since it is aimed at allowing the intervsen -
ing State to take part in the main proceedings in order to protect an inster-
est of a legal nature which risks being affected in those proceedings. Ass to

the link between the incidental proceedings and the main proceedings, thse
Court has previously stated that “the interest of a legal nature to bse
shown by a State seeking to intervene under Article 62 is not limited to
the dispositif alone of a judgment. It may also relate to the reasons which
constitute the necessary steps to the dispositif.” (Sovereignty over Pulau
Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia), Application for Permis▯ ‑

sion to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 596, para. 47.)
28. It is for the Court to assess the interest of a legal nature which may
be affected that is invoked by the State that wishes to intervene, on thse
basis of the facts specific to each case, and it can only do so “in concreto
and in relation to all the circumstances of a particular case” (Land, Island

and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras), Application for
Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, p. 118, para. 61).

2. The Precise Object of the Intervention

29. Under Article 81, paragraph 2 (b), of the Rules of Court, an appli -
cation for permission to intervene must set out “the precise object osf the

intervention”.
30. Costa Rica asserts that the purpose of it requesting permission to
intervene as a non-party is to protect the rights and interests of a legsal
nature of Costa Rica in the Caribbean Sea by all legal means available and,
therefore, to make use of the procedure established for this purpose by

Article 62 of the Statute of the Court. It thus seeks to inform the Court of
the nature of Costa Rica’s rights and interests of a legal nature that could
be affected by the Court’s maritime delimitation decision between Nicsara -
gua and Colombia. Costa Rica has pointed out that, in order to inform the
Court of its rights and interests of a legal nature and ensure that theys are

protected in the forthcoming judgment, it is not necessary “to establsish the
existence of a dispute or to resolve one with the parties to this case”.
31. Nicaragua asserts that Costa Rica has failed to identify the precise
object of its intervention, and that its “vague” object of informisng the
Court of its alleged rights and interests in order to ensure their protesction
is insufficient.

32. Colombia, on the other hand, considers that Costa Rica has satis -
fied the requirements of Article 62 of the Statute and Article 81 of the
Rules of Court.

*

15

7 CIJ1019.indb 26 13/06/13 16:02 360 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

33. In the opinion of the Court, the precise object of the request to
intervene certainly consists in informing the Court of the interest of as

legal nature which may be affected by its decision in the dispute betweesn
Nicaragua and Colombia, but the request is also aimed at protecting thats
interest. Indeed, if the Court acknowledges the existence of a Costa Ricsan
interest of a legal nature which may be affected and allows that State to

intervene, Costa Rica will be able to contribute to the protection of susch
an interest throughout the main proceedings.
34. The Court recalls that the Chamber formed to deal with the case
concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/
Honduras), when considering the request for permission to intervene sub -

mitted by Nicaragua in that case, stated that “[s]o far as the objects of
Nicaragua’s intervention is ‘to inform the Court of the nature of the legal
rights of Nicaragua which are in issue in the dispute’, it cannot be ssaid
that this object is not a proper one : it seems indeed to accord with the

function of intervention” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, p. 130, para. 90).
The Chamber also considered Nicaragua’s second purpose “of seekings to
ensure that the determinations of the Chamber did not trench upon the
legal rights and interests of the Republic of Nicaragua”, and concludsed
that, even though the expression “trench upon the legal rights and

interests” is not found in Article 62 of the Statute, “it is perfectly
proper, and indeed the purpose of intervention, for an intervener to
inform the Chamber of what it regards as its rights or interests, in ordser
to ensure that no legal interest may be ‘affected’ without the intservener
being heard” (ibid.).

35. The Court is of the view that the object of the intervention, as indi -
cated by Costa Rica, is in conformity with the requirements of the Statute
and the Rules of Court, since Costa Rica seeks to inform the Court of its
interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision in the s

case, in order to allow that interest to be protected.
36. The Court points out, moreover, that the written and oral proceed -
ings concerning the Application for permission to intervene must focus
on demonstrating the interest of a legal nature which may be affected ;
these proceedings are not an occasion for the State seeking to intervenes or

for the parties to discuss questions of substance relating to the main pro -
ceedings, which the Court cannot take into consideration during its
examination of whether to grant a request for permission to intervene.

3. The Basis and Extent of the Court’s Jurisdiction

37. As regards the basis of jurisdiction, Costa Rica, while informing
the Court that it has made a declaration under Article 36, paragraph 2, of
the Statute and is a party to the pact of Bogotá, specified that it is seeking
to intervene as a non-party State and that, accordingly, it has no need to

set out a basis of jurisdiction as between itself and the parties to the dis -
pute.

16

7 CIJ1019.indb 28 13/06/13 16:02 361 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

38. In this respect the Court observes that its Statute does not require,
as a condition for intervention, the existence of a basis of jurisdictiosn

between the parties to the proceedings and the State which is seeking tos
intervene as a non-party.
As the Chamber of the Court formed to deal with the case concerning
the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras)
stated :

“It . . . follows . . . from the juridical nature and from the purposes
of intervention that the existence of a valid link of jurisdiction betwesen

the would-be intervener and the parties is not a requirement for the
success of the application. On the contrary, the procedure of inter -
vention is to ensure that a State with possibly affected interests may
be permitted to intervene even though there is no jurisdictional link
and it therefore cannot become a party.” (Land, Island and Maritime
Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras), Application for Permission

to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, p. 135, para. 100.)
39. By contrast, such a basis of jurisdiction is required if the State seek -

ing to intervene intends to become itself a party to the case (see Sovereignty
over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia), Application▯ for
Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 589, para. 35).
40. Nicaragua did not contest, on jurisdictional grounds, the right of
Costa Rica to seek protection of its interest on the basis of Article 62 of

the Statute. It has merely recalled that “the relative effect of the Court’s
decision which, according to Article 59 of the Statute, ‘has no binding
force except between the parties and in respect of that particular case’s, is
that it helps to protect third States’ interests of all kinds”. Ins addition,
Nicaragua has pointed out that Costa Rica has the choice to institute
principal proceedings, which would enable it to ensure the recognition osf

its legal interests going beyond their mere protection.
41. As regards the relative effect of the Court’s decision in a case whicsh
is brought before it, the Court has previously observed that “the prostec -
tion afforded by Article 59 of the Statute may not always be sufficient”
(Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Camer ‑

oon v. Nigeria : Equatorial Guinea intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2002, p. 421, para. 238).
42. As for the possibility available to a State of bringing principal pro -
ceedings before the Court, that in no way removes its right under Arti -
cle 62 of the Statute to apply to the Court for permission to intervene.

Where the Court permits intervention, it may limit the scope thereof
and allow intervention for only one aspect of the subject-matter of the
Application which is before it. As the Chamber of the Court formed to
deal with the case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dis ‑
pute (El Salvador/Honduras) noted : “[t]he scope of the intervention in
this particular case, in relation to the scope of the case as a whole, nseces -

sarily involves limitations of the right of the intervener to be heard”s
(Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990,p. 136, para. 103; see also ibid., para. 104).

17

7 CIJ1019.indb 30 13/06/13 16:02 362 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

43. Thus, Article 85, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court provides that,
if an application is granted, “[t]he intervening State shall be entitsled, in

the course of the oral proceedings, to submit its observations with respsect
to the subject-matter of the intervention”. Clearly, this applies to the
subject-matter as defined by the Court, for the purposes of its decision
permitting intervention.

4. The Evidence in Support of the Request to Intervene

44. Article 81, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court provides that “[t]he
application shall contain a list of the documents in support, which docus -
ments shall be attached”.
45. In its Written Observations on Costa Rica’s Application for per -
mission to intervene, Nicaragua points out that Costa Rica

“did not attach documents or any clear elements of proof of its con -
tentions. This lack of supporting documentation, or even illustra -
tions, makes it even more difficult to determine exactly what are the

legal interests claimed by Costa Rica.”
46. Costa Rica, for its part, states that the attachment of documents to
an Application for permission to intervene is not an obligation and thats,

in any event, it is a matter for it to choose the evidence in support ofs its
Application.
moreover, Costa Rica distinguishes between two stages of the proceed-
ings in terms of the standard of proof which is required of it : submission
of the Application for permission to intervene and, once that Applicatiosn
has been granted by the Court, participation in the oral proceedings on s

the merits of the case. According to Costa Rica, it is not obliged, at tshe
current stage of the proceedings, to set forth in full every argument thsat
will be made in the subsequent stage. It is thus sufficient for it to dsemon -
strate the existence of a legal interest that may be affected by the decision
of the Court, without going any further.

Accordingly, Costa Rica argues that it is not its purpose to inform the s
Court, at this stage, of the full extent of its interest, which will occsur in
the second stage of the intervention proceedings, when it will inform thse
Court on the subject in detail and in full. In any event, for Costa Ricas, the
initial stage cannot be a substitute for the second stage in providing tshe
Court with information.

47. Nicaragua, by contrast, takes the view that Costa Rica has informed
the Court, at this stage of the proceedings, of the content and scope ofs
what it considers to be its interests of a legal nature which may be affsected
by the decision in the dispute brought before the Court, and that it hass
thereby accomplished the mission which it had set for itself.

*

48. The Court recalls that, since the State seeking to intervene bears
the burden of proving the interest of a legal nature which it considers smay

18

7 CIJ1019.indb 32 13/06/13 16:02 363 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

be affected, it is for that State to decide which documents, including isllus-
trations, are to be attached to its application. Article 81, paragraph 3, of

the Rules of Court only obliges the State in question, should it decide sto
attach documents to its application, to provide a list thereof (see Sover ‑
eignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia), Appl▯i ‑
cation for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 587,
para. 29).

49. The evidence required from the State seeking to intervene cannot
be described as restricted or summary at this stage of the proceedings, s
because, essentially, the State must establish the existence of an intersest of
a legal nature which may be affected by the decision of the Court. Sinces
the object of its intervention is to inform the Court of that legal intesrest

and to ensure it is protected, Costa Rica must convince the Court, at thsis
stage, of the existence of such an interest ; once that interest has been
recognized by the Court, it will be for Costa Rica to ensure, by particispat -
ing in the proceedings on the merits, that such interest is protected ins the
judgment which is subsequently delivered.

50. Consequently, it is for the State seeking to intervene to produce all
the evidence it has available in order to secure the decision of the Court
on this point.
51. This does not prevent the Court, if it rejects the application for
permission to intervene, from taking note of the information provided to

it at this stage of the proceedings. As the Court has already stated, “s[it]
will, in its future judgment in the case, take account, as a fact, of thse
existence of other States having claims in the region” (Continental Shelf
(Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Application for Permission to Interven▯e,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 26, para. 43).

II. Examination of Costa Ricsa’s Application for
permission to Intervenes

52. The Court recalls that, in its Application, Costa Rica requests the

Court’s permission to intervene as a non-party (see paragraph 37 above)
and maintains that its Application satisfies the requirements of Article 62
of the Statute and of Article 81 of the Rules of Court.

* *

The Interest of a Legal Nature Claimed by Costa Rica

53. The Court will now turn to consider whether Costa Rica has suffi -
ciently set out an “interest of a legal nature” which may be affecsted by the
decision of the Court in the main proceedings. The Court will examine
both of the elements, namely the existence of an interest of a legal natsure

on the part of Costa Rica and the effects that the Court’s eventual dsecision
on the merits might have on this interest, in order for the request for sinter-

19

7 CIJ1019.indb 34 13/06/13 16:02 364 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

vention to succeed (see Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jama ‑
hiriya), Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports

1981, p. 19, para. 33).
54. In its Application, Costa Rica states that its :

“interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision of
the Court is Costa Rica’s interest in the exercise of its sovereign rsights
and jurisdiction in the maritime area in the Caribbean Sea to which
it is entitled under international law by virtue of its coast facing on s
that sea”.

It takes the view that the arguments developed by Nicaragua and Colom -
bia in their delimitation dispute affect its legal interest, which it wishes to
assert before the Court. According to Costa Rica, such interest is estabs -

lished in reference to the “hypothetical delimitation scenario betweesn
Costa Rica and Nicaragua” and, consequently, if it does not intervene,
“the delimitation decision in this case may affect the legal interests of
Costa Rica”.

55. Costa Rica has indicated that the area in question is bounded in
the north by a putative equidistance line with Nicaragua and in the easts
by a line that is 200 nautical miles from Costa Rica’s coast, which was
identified as the “minimum area of interest” of Costa Rica.
At the hearings, the geographical scope of Costa Rica’s claimed inter -

est was clearly depicted through several illustrations, in many of whichs
the area in dispute in the main proceedings and the “minimum area of s
interest” of Costa Rica were shown in distinctive colours, used as refer -
ences in later submissions (see sketch-map, p. 366). Costa Rica has
explained that

“[the] set, in light red, is the part of the Caribbean Sea in disputes
between the parties in this case, and is the very subject-matter of the

delimitation case between Nicaragua and Colombia . . . The other set,
in blue, is the part of the Caribbean Sea in which Costa Rica has an
interest of a legal nature. It is bounded by an agreed boundary with
panama, a notional boundary with Nicaragua and the outer limits of
Costa Rica’s EEZ entitlement. The purple or the dark blue area is the

intersection of the two sets. It represents the area in dispute in this s
case in which Costa Rica has a legal interest.”

56. The Court notes that Costa Rica initially claimed to have an inter -
est in ensuring that its rights and interests under the 1977 Facio-Fernández
Treaty with Colombia, which it signed but did not ratify, are not affectsed
by the Court’s decision. However, in response to a question put by a s
member of the Court, it acknowledged that neither the assumptions

underlying the 1977 Treaty, referred to in its Application and oral sub -
missions, nor the “1977 agreement itself constitute an interest of a legal

20

7 CIJ1019.indb 36 13/06/13 16:02 365 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

nature that may be affected by the decision in this case per se”. Costa Rica
clarified therein that it

“has not asked the Court to adjudicate the legal merits of the notionss

underpinning the 1977 agreement. Instead, Costa Rica has simply
brought to the Court’s attention the implications for the geographic s
scope of Costa Rica’s legal interest, should the Court’s decision affect
its neighbourly relationships in the vicinity of the 1977 agreement. . . .”
(See sketch-map, p. 366.)

Finally, Costa Rica states that “it does not seek any particular outcsome
from this case in relation to this Treaty”.

57. Costa Rica contends that its interest is of a legal nature because it
is manifest in its Constitution, its domestic laws and regulations, and sthe
international agreements it has concluded.
58. For its part, Nicaragua asserts that the mere fact that Costa Rica

and Nicaragua are neighbours and the absence of a lateral maritime
delimitation line are not enough to justify the existence of a relevant s
interest for intervening in the delimitation between the opposite coastss of
Nicaragua and Colombia. For Nicaragua,

“[s]imply voicing a legal claim is not enough for that application tos
be granted. It is necessary, absolutely necessary, that this claim,
proper, real and present, should be affected by the decision which the

Court will one day deliver to settle the dispute before it . . . To some
extent it is speculation, but speculation based on plausible argu -
ments.”

59. Concerning Costa Rica’s “minimum area of interest”, Nicaragua
claims that “Costa Rica’s legal interests are confined to a smaller area”,
which must be bounded by the lines agreed in the treaties with Colombia s
and panama (see sketch-map, p. 366). Although Nicaragua recognizes
that Costa Rica is not formally bound by the 1977 Treaty, in the absence

of its ratification, it asserts that Costa Rica is bound, by its consistent
conduct for over 30 years, to its obligations under the treaty ; conse-
quently, Costa Rica’s interests stop at that treaty line.

60. Nicaragua emphasizes that “the Statute requires the existence of an

interest of a legal nature, which excludes interests of all other kinds,s
whether political, economic, geostrategic or simply material, unless thesy
are connected with a legal interest”. Nicaragua concludes that Costa Rica
“has not . . . managed to show the existence of a direct, concrete and pres -
ent legal interest of its own, which is a necessary premise of any intersven-
tion. It has not managed to show that this exists in the context of the s

dispute between Nicaragua and Colombia”, but has rather shown that its
has

21

7 CIJ1019.indb 38 13/06/13 16:02 366 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

Area in which Costa Rica claims to have Area in dispute in the main proceedings
according to Costa Rica
an interest of a legal nature which
Minimum area of interest according to Costa Rica
may be affected by the Court's decision
Area in which Costa Rica claims to have
This sketch-map has been prepared for illustrative purposes only, an interest of a legal nature which may
on the basis of a map presented by Costa Rica be affected by the Court's decision

Mercator Projection (15°N) Maritime features
WGS 84
Delimitation line as established by the 1980
Treaty between Costa Rica and Panama

Delimitation line in the 1977 Treaty between
Colombia and Costa Rica (not in force)
CARIBBEAN SEA
HONDURAS
i
b
l
C
b gu
edr ra
NICARAGUA imd ia
c o y
r e d
d s ie
uni cay
b i r el
i nd s
ri boni
a e i
M ii
ar
M

C
O
S
TA
R
C COLOMBIA

A

PANAMA

22

7 CIJ1019.indb 40 13/06/13 16:02 367 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

“legal interests in the delimitation with its neighbour Nicaragua . . .
[and] that it is presenting itself as a party — not to the dispute between

Nicaragua and Colombia — but to a dispute between itself and Nica -
ragua regarding the maritime delimitation between the two countries”.

61. Colombia, for its part, shares Costa Rica’s conclusion that the lat -
ter has rights and interests of a legal nature which may be affected by sthe
decision in the main proceedings. Colombia contends that “[t]he legals
rights and interests of Costa Rica . . . include the legal rights and obliga -
tions that [the latter has] subscribed to in the delimitation agreementss

with Colombia”. Therefore, according to Colombia, Costa Rica has a
legal interest relating to the maritime areas delimited by the 1977 Treaty,
as well as in the delimitation of an eventual tripoint between Costa Rica,
Colombia and Nicaragua.
62. With reference to Costa Rica’s “minimum area of legal interest” as
depicted at the hearings, Colombia deems this claimed maritime area to

be “in acute tension with the long-standing position of Costa Rica as to
the maritime entitlements of Colombia’s islands”.
63. Colombia disputes Nicaragua’s assertion that Costa Rica has no
interest in areas going beyond the line of the 1977 Treaty. In Colombia’s
view, while Costa Rica’s claims are limited to the areas defined by the

treaty vis-à-vis Colombia, it is not limited to claiming only these areas
vis-à-vis Nicaragua. In its comments on Costa Rica’s response to a ques -
tion put to it by a member of the Court, Colombia reaffirms the validity
of the 1977 Treaty’s boundary lines, despite its non-ratification, since the
treaty “has been given effect for more than 30 years”.

64. Colombia concludes that : “Costa Rica has a legal interest as
against Nicaragua in relation to at least some areas claimed by the lattser
in these proceedings and going beyond those lines”.

*

65. The Court notes that, although Nicaragua and Colombia differ in
their assessment as to the limits of the area in which Costa Rica may have
a legal interest, they recognize the existence of Costa Rica’s interest of a
legal nature in at least some areas claimed by the parties to the main psro -

ceedings. The Court however is not called upon to examine the exact geo-
graphical parameters of the maritime area in which Costa Rica considers
it has an interest of a legal nature.
66. The Court recalls that the Chamber in the case concerning the Land,
Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras), when reject -

ing Nicaragua’s Application for permission to intervene with respect sto
any question of delimitation within the gulf of Fonseca, stated that
“the essential difficulty in which the Chamber finds itself, on thsis mat-

ter of a possible delimitation within the waters of the gulf, is that
Nicaragua did not in its Application indicate any maritime spaces in

23

7 CIJ1019.indb 42 13/06/13 16:02 368 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

which Nicaragua might have a legal interest which could be said to

be affected by a possible delimitation line between El Salvador and
Honduras” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, p. 125, para. 78).

In the present case, by contrast, Costa Rica has indicated the maritime
area in which it considers it has an interest of a legal nature which masy be
affected by the decision of the Court in the main proceedings (see paras -
graphs 54-55 above).

* *

67. The indication of this maritime area is however not sufficient in
itself for the Court to grant Costa Rica’s Application for permission to

intervene. Under Article 62 of the Statute, it is not sufficient for a State
applying to intervene to show that it has an interest of a legal nature s
which is the object of a claim based on law, in the maritime area in quess -
tion; it must also demonstrate that this interest may be affected by the
decision in the main proceedings, as the Court has pointed out in para -

graph 26 of this Judgment.
68. Costa Rica contends that it need only show that a delimitation
decision could affect its legal interest, and that such would be the case if
it is shown that there is any “overlap whatsoever between the area ins
which Costa Rica has a legal interest . . . and the area in dispute between

the parties to this case”. In Costa Rica’s view, there is a rather large over-
lap between these two areas, of approximately 30,000 km 2. Costa Rica
submits that this area of overlap, which was depicted in purple at the
hearings, is sufficient to demonstrate that the delimitation decision isn this

case may affect the legal interest of Costa Rica (see sketch-map, p. 366). It
also contends that Nicaragua has failed to clarify where the line repre -
senting the southern limit of its claims would be located, thus leaving s
Costa Rica in uncertainty. Specifically, Costa Rica asserts that even the
most northerly southern limit of the areas claimed by Nicaragua in its

written pleadings would encroach on Costa Rica’s entitlements.
69. Costa Rica further contends that the location of the southern ter -
minus of the boundary between Nicaragua and Colombia which, in its
view, will be decided by the Court may also affect its legal interest ins the

area, inasmuch as the southern endpoint may be placed in Costa Rica’s
potential area of interest.
70. Initially, Costa Rica argued that the relationship between its area
of interest and the 1977 Treaty’s line may be affected by the Court’s deci -
sion in the main proceedings. It claimed at the time that Nicaragua’ss

asserted boundary claims against Colombia, should they prevail, would
not only have the effect of eliminating Costa Rica’s boundary relation -
ships with Colombia in the Caribbean Sea, but would also affect the locas-
tion of Costa Rica’s tripoint with Colombia and Nicaragua. Under such
a ruling, Costa Rica contended, “the entire basis on which the 1977 line

was negotiated would be eliminated by creating a zone of non-Colombian

24

7 CIJ1019.indb 44 13/06/13 16:02 369 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

waters immediately north and east of the 1977 line, thus rendering the

agreement between Costa Rica and Colombia without purpose”.
Costa Rica asserted as well that Colombia has also made a boundary
claim in the case that could affect Costa Rica’s rights and interests in rela-
tion with the 1977 Treaty’s line. The boundary claimed by Colombia
against Nicaragua, in Costa Rica’s view, “is situated west of the line of

longitude agreed to separate Costa Rican and Colombian maritime areas
and, thereby, encompasses area that would go to Costa Rica under the
terms of their 1977 agreement”. If Colombia’s claims were to prevail, the
decision would affect Costa Rica’s rights under the 1977 Treaty, as well as

the location of Costa Rica’s tripoint with Colombia and Nicaragua.

71. However, in its response to a question put to it by a member of the
Court, Costa Rica has acknowledged that the 1977 Treaty does not itself

constitute an interest of a legal nature that may be affected by the decsi -
sion in this case and that it does not seek any particular outcome from s
this case in relation to this Treaty (see paragraph 56 above).

72. Accordingly, there is no need for the Court to consider Costa

Rica’s arguments contained in paragraph 70 above or the contentions set
forth by Nicaragua and Colombia in response to those arguments.
73. Finally, Costa Rica asserts that its interests could be affected even
if the Court places a directional arrow at the end of the boundary line s

between Nicaragua and Colombia that does not actually touch
Costa Rica’s potential interests. Costa Rica contends that the Court can -
not be sure to place such a directional arrow a safe distance away from s
Costa Rica’s area of interests without it providing “full information absout
the extent of [its] interests” to the Court by way of intervention.

74. Nicaragua, for its part, notes that since the parties do not seek
delimitation in Costa Rica’s area of interest, “Costa Rica’s interests will
not — cannot — be affected by the decision in this case”.

75. Nicaragua reiterates that “it does not seek from the Court any

delimitation in the area in which Costa Rica now considers itself to have
legal interests”. Nicaragua explains that Nicaragua’s boundary claims, if
adopted by the Court, would not impact this area because the enclaves
Nicaragua has placed around San Andrés or any other Colombian islandss

do not encroach on Costa Rica’s area of interest and the line claimeds by
Nicaragua does not impact the said area either. Nicaragua does not read s
Colombia’s written pleadings as calling for delimitation of, or withisn, the
areas in which Costa Rica has expressed an interest, either.

76. Nicaragua asserts that
“even if the Court were to take Costa Rica’s new definition of its legal

interest into consideration, the result would be the same . . . Even the

25

7 CIJ1019.indb 46 13/06/13 16:02 370 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

expanded area now claimed by Costa Rica as its area of legal interest
cannot be affected by the decision of the Court in this case, under any

circumstances, because the Court cannot and does not delimit in any
area claimed by a third State.”

77. Colombia disputes Costa Rica’s contention that Colombia’s own
claims in the case would affect Costa Rica’s interests. Colombia asserts
that its claims leave open the endpoints of the delimitation so as not tso
affect third-State interests.

78. Nicaragua contends that Costa Rica is protected by Article 59 of
the Statute and the practice of the Court in maritime delimitation casess in
that third States’ interests are left unaffected. Nicaragua has arguesd that
Costa Rica’s intervention should be disallowed because the interest of a
legal nature it claims to have would not be affected by the decision of sthe

Court.
79. Costa Rica considers this argument to be flawed for three reasons :

“[F]irst, Article 59 protection is, in practical terms, insufficient.
Second, the avenues suggested by Nicaragua do not provide the
Court with what it needs, namely, complete and correct information
about Costa Rica’s interests that may be affected by the decision of

the Court. And third, bringing new claims to protect legal interests,
that otherwise could be protected by means of Article 62, is inefficient,
unnecessary and only serves to compound the problem faced by the
Court in this case, which is, lack of information about the true extent s
of Costa Rica’s interests.”

Costa Rica relies in this regard on the Court’s finding in the case concesrn-

ing Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cam‑
eroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) (see paragraph 41 above).
80. Costa Rica argues that Article 59 does not offer sufficient protec -
tion in practical terms because

“[a] judgment by this Court, delimiting maritime areas between Nica-
ragua and Colombia, implies much more than the allocation of the
column of water and sea-bed to the parties. It entails title to maritime

areas, the right to exercise their sovereign rights and jurisdiction
under international law in those areas, the right to exclude others
from them and the right of enjoyment”

and may prompt States to “incorporate into their own legal framework s
that final and binding judgment”.
81. Although Nicaragua acknowledges that a judgment by the Court
may have legal consequences for third States, it nevertheless considers

that in order to be allowed to intervene, a State must establish that thse
decision by the Court will affect its legal interest, which Costa Rica has

26

7 CIJ1019.indb 48 13/06/13 16:02 371 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

failed to do. Nicaragua emphasizes that the test for intervention, as thse
Court stated when it ruled on Italy’s Application to intervene,

“is not whether the participation of Italy may be useful or even nec -

essary to the Court; it is whether, assuming Italy’s non-participation,
a legal interest of Italy is en cause, or is likely to be affected by the
decision” (Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Appli‑
cation for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984,

p. 25, para. 40).
82. Nicaragua asserts that the only effect of a Court judgment favour -

able to Nicaragua is that Costa Rica could attempt to claim a delimita -
tion vis-à-vis Nicaragua that would extend beyond the limits it accepted
with Colombia. If, in contrast, Colombia is favoured, the 1977 Treaty
would dictate the obligations of the parties in this respect.

83. In any event, according to Nicaragua, “Article 59, and the consis -
tent practice of the Court in avoiding running into third States’ intserests,
assure the relational nature of the delimitation in question in this casse”.

84. Colombia, for its part, contends that Article 62 co-exists in the

Statute with Articles 59 and 63 and that each of these provisions has its
own role to play. While Colombia agrees that Article 59 affords some
protection, it believes that States which comply with the requirements osf
Article 62 should be allowed to intervene.

*

85. The Court recalls that it has stated in the past that “in the case of
maritime delimitations where the maritime areas of several States are

involved, the protection afforded by Article 59 of the Statute may not
always be sufficient” (Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon
and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria : Equatorial Guinea intervening), Judg ‑
ment, I.C.J. Reports 2002, p. 421, para. 238).

At the same time, it is equally true, as the Chamber of the Court noted s
in its Judgment on the Application by Nicaragua for permission to inter -
vene in the case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dis ‑
pute (El Salvador/Honduras), that

“the taking into account of all the coasts and coastal relationships . . .
as a geographical fact for the purpose of effecting on eventual delim -
itation as between two riparian States . . . in no way signifies that by

such an operation itself the legal interest of a third . . . State . . . may
be affected” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, p. 124, para. 77).

Furthermore, in the case concerning Maritime Delimitation in the Black
Sea (Romania v. Ukraine), the Court, after noting that “the delimitation

27

7 CIJ1019.indb 50 13/06/13 16:02 372 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

[between Romania and Ukraine] will occur within the enclosed Black Sea, s
with Romania being both adjacent to, and opposite Ukraine, and with

Bulgaria and Turkey lying to the south” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009,
p. 100, para. 112), stated that “[i]t will stay north of any area where third
party interests could become involved” (ibid.).

86. It follows that a third State’s interest will, as a matter of principsle,

be protected by the Court, without it defining with specificity the geo -
graphical limits of an area where that interest may come into play (sees
also paragraph 65 above). The Court wishes to emphasize that this pro -
tection is to be accorded to any third State, whether intervening or not.
For instance, in its Judgment concerning the Land and Maritime Bound ‑
ary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria : Equatorial

Guinea intervening), the Court adopted the same position with regard to
Equatorial guinea, which had intervened as a non-party, and to Sao
Tome and principe, which had not (I.C.J.Reports 2002, p. 421, para.238).

87. The Court, in its above-mentioned Judgment, had occasion to indi -

cate the existence of a certain relationship between Articles 62 and 59 of
the Statute. Accordingly, to succeed with its request, Costa Rica must
show that its interest of a legal nature in the maritime area bordering sthe
area in dispute between Nicaragua and Colombia needs a protection that
is not provided by the relative effect of decisions of the Court under Asrti -

cle 59 of the Statute, i.e., Costa Rica must fulfil the requirement of Artsi -
cle 62, paragraph 1, by showing that an interest of a legal nature which it
has in the area “may be affected” by the decision in the case (see para -
graph 26 above).
88. The Court recalls in this connection that, in the present case,
Colombia has not requested that the Court fix the southern endpoint ofs

the maritime boundary that it has to determine. Indeed, as the Court
noted earlier (para. 77), Colombia asserts that its claims deliberately leave
open the endpoints of the delimitation so as not to affect third State’ss
interests. The Court further recalls that Nicaragua has agreed “that any
delimitation line established by the Court should stop well short of thes

area [in which, according to Costa Rica, it has an interest of a legal
nature,] and terminate [with] an arrow pointing in the direction of Costsa
Rica’s area”.
89. In the present case, Costa Rica’s interest of a legal nature may onlys
be affected if the maritime boundary that the Court has been asked to

draw between Nicaragua and Colombia were to be extended beyond a
certain latitude southwards. The Court, following its jurisprudence, whesn
drawing a line delimiting the maritime areas between the parties to the
main proceedings, will, if necessary, end the line in question before its
reaches an area in which the interests of a legal nature of third Statess may
be involved (see Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v.

Ukraine), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 100, para. 112).

28

7 CIJ1019.indb 52 13/06/13 16:02 373 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

90. In view of the above, the Court concludes that Costa Rica has not
demonstrated that it has an interest of a legal nature which may be
affected by the decision in the main proceedings.

*
* *

91. For these reasons,

The Court,

By nine votes to seven,

Finds that the Application for permission to intervene in the proceed -
ings filed by the Republic of Costa Rica under Article 62 of the Statute of
the Court cannot be granted.

in favour :President Owada ;Vice‑President Tomka ;Judges Koroma, Keith,
Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Xue ; Judge ad hoc Cot ;
against : Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Cançado Trindade,
Yusuf, donoghue ; Judge ad hoc gaja.

done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the peace palace, The Hague, this fourth day of may, two thousand and
eleven, in four copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of tshe
Court and the others transmitted to the government of the Republic of

Nicaragua, the government of the Republic of Colombia, and the gov -
ernment of the Republic of Costa Rica, respectively.

(Signed) Hisashi Owada,

president.

(Signed) philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.

Judges Al-Khasawneh and Abraham append dissenting opinions to

the Judgment of the Court ; Judge Keith appends a declaration to the
Judgment of the Court; Judges Cançado Trindade and Yusuf append a
joint dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court ; Judge donoghue
appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court ; Judge

ad hoc gaja appends a declaration to the Judgment of the Court.

(Initialled) H.O.

(Initialled) ph.C.

29

7 CIJ1019.indb 54 13/06/13 16:02

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REpORTS OF JUdgmENTS,
AdVISORY OpINIONS ANd ORdERS

TERRITORIAL ANd mARITImE
dISpUTE

(NICARAgUA v. COLOmBIA)

AppLICATION BY COSTA RICA
FOR pERmISSION TO INTERVENE

JUDGMENT OF 4 MAY 2011

2011

COUR INTERNATIONALE dE JUSTICE

RECUEIL dES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORdONNANCES

dIFFÉRENd
TERRITORIAL ET mARITImE

(NICARAgUA c. COLOmBIE)

REQUÊTE dU COSTA RICA
À FIN d’INTERVENTION

ARRÊT DU 4 MAI 2011

7 CIJ1019.indb 1 13/06/13 16:02 Official citation :
Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia),
Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2011, p. 348

mode officiel de citation :

Différend territorial et maritime (Nicaragua c. Colombie),
requête à fin d’intervention, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2011, p. 348

Sales number
ISSN 0074-4441 N ode vente: 1019
ISBN 978-92-1-071130-2

7 CIJ1019.indb 2 13/06/13 16:02 4 mAY 2011

JUdgmENT

TERRITORIAL ANd mARITImE
dISpUTE

(NICARAgUA v. COLOmBIA)

AppLICATION BY COSTA RICA
FOR pERmISSION TO INTERVENE

dIFFÉRENd

TERRITORIAL ET mARITImE

(NICARAgUA c. COLOmBIE)

REQUÊTE dU COSTA RICA
À FIN d’INTERVENTION

4 mAI 2011

ARRÊT

7 CIJ1019.indb 3 13/06/13 16:02 348

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraphs

Chronology of the procedure 1-20

I. The Legal Framework 21-51

1. The interest of a legal nature which may be affected 23-28
2. The precise object of the intervention 29-36
3. The basis and extent of the Court’s jurisdiction 37-43

4. The evidence in support of the request to intervene 44-51

II. Examination of Costa Ricsa’s Application for permission
to Intervene 52-90

The interest of a legal nature claimed by Costa Rica 53-90

Operative Clause 91

4

7 CIJ1019.indb 4 13/06/13 16:02 348

TABLE dES mATIèRES

Paragraphes

Qualités 1-20

I. Le cadre juridique 21-51

1. L’intérêt d’ordre juridique en cause 23-28
2. L’objet précis de l’intervention 29-36
3. Le fondement et l’étendue de la compétence de la Cour 37-43

4. Les moyens de preuve à l’appui de la demande d’intervention 44-51

II. Examen de la requête à sfin d’intervention dsu Costa Rica 52-90

L’intérêt d’ordre juridique revendiqué par le Costa Rica 53-90

dispositif 91

4

7 CIJ1019.indb 5 13/06/13 16:02 349

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2011
2011
4 may
general List 4 May 2011
No. 124

TERRITORIAL ANd mARITImE

dISpUTE

(NICARAgUA v. COLOmBIA)

AppLICATION BY COSTA RICA
FOR pERmISSION TO INTERVENE

Legal framework — Conditions for intervention under Article 62 of the Statute

and Article 81 of the Rules of Court.
Article 81, paragraph 2 (a), of the Rules of Court — Interest of a legal nature
which may be affected by the decision of the Court in the main proceedings — Dif
ference between right and interest of a legal nature in the context of Article 62 of
the Statute — Interest of a legal nature to be shown is not limited to the dispositif
alone of a Judgment but may also relate to the reasons which constitute ▯the neces

sary steps to the dispositif.
Article 81, paragraph 2 (b), of the Rules of Court — Precise object of interven
tion certainly consists in informing the Court of the interest of a lega▯l nature which
may be affected by the decision of the Court in the main proceedings, bu▯t also in
contributing to the protection of that inter— Proceedings on intervention are
not an occasion for the State seeking to intervene or for the Partieto discuss

questions of substance relating to the main proceedings.
Article 81, paragraph 2 (c), of the Rules of Court — Basis and extent of the
Court’s jurisdiction — Statute does not require, as a condition for intervention, the
existence of a basis of jurisdiction between the Parties to the main pro▯ceedings and
the State which is seeking to intervene as a non‑party.
Article 81, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court — Evidence in support of the

request to intervene — Documents annexed in support of the Application for per
mission to intervene.
Examination of Costa Rica’s Application for permission to intervene.
Whether Costa Rica has set out an interest of a legal nature in the cont▯ext of
Article 62 of the Statute — Costa Rica has claimed to have an interest of a legal
nature in the exercise of its sovereign rights and jurisdiction in maritime area in the

Caribbean Sea to which it is entitled under international law by virtue ▯of its coast

5

7 CIJ1019.indb 6 13/06/13 16:02 349

COUR INTERNATIONALE dE JUSTICE

ANNÉE 2011 2011
4 mai
Rôle général
4 mai 2011 n 124

dIFFÉRENd

TERRITORIAL ET mARITImE

(NICARAgUA c. COLOmBIE)

REQUÊTE dU COSTA RICA

À FIN d’INTERVENTION

Cadre juridique — Conditions de l’intervention en vertu de l’article 62 du Statut
de la Cour et de l’article 81 du Règlement.
Alinéa a) du paragraphe 2 de l’article 81 du Règlement — Intérêt d’ordre juri
dique susceptible d’être affecté par la décision de la Cour ▯dans la procédure princi ‑

pale — Différence entre droit et intérêt d’ordre juridique au sens ▯de l’article 62 du
Statut — Intérêt d’ordre juridique à démontrer n’étant pas l▯imité au seul dispositif
d’un arrêt, mais pouvant également concerner les motifs qui con▯stituent le support
nécessaire du dispositif.
Alinéa b) du paragraphe 2 de l’article 81 du Règlement — Objet précis de l’in

tervention consistant certainement à informer la Cour de l’inté▯rêt d’ordre juridique
susceptible d’être affecté par la décision de la Cour dans l▯a décision principale,
mais aussi à contribuer à la protection de cet intérêt — Procédures d’intervention
n’étant pas, pour l’Etat qui demande à intervenir ou pour le▯s Parties, l’occasion de
débattre de questions de fond relevant de la procédure principale.▯
Alinéa c) du paragraphe 2 de l’article 81 du Règlement — Fondement et étendue

de la compétence de la Cour — Statut n’imposant pas, comme condition de l’inter
vention, l’existence d’une base de compétence entre les parties à la procédure prin ‑
cipale et l’Etat cherchant à intervenir en tant que non‑partie.
Paragraphe 3 de l’article 81 du Règlement — Moyens de preuve à l’appui de la
demande d’intervention — Documents présentés en annexe à l’appui de la requête

à fin d’intervention.
Examen de la requête à fin d’intervention du Costa Rica.
Point de savoir si le Costa Rica a spécifié un intérêt d’ordre juridique au sens de
l’article 62 du Statut — Costa Rica ayant soutenu avoir un intérêt d’ordre ju▯ enque
ce qui concerne l’exercice de ses droits souverains et de sa juridicti▯ on dans l’espace
maritime de la mer des Caraïbes auquel lui donne droit, selon le droit▯ international, sa

5

7 CIJ1019.indb 7 13/06/13 16:02 350 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

facing on that sea — Although Nicaragua and Colombia differ in their assessment
as to the limits of the area in which Costa Rica may have a legal interest, they
recognize the existence of Costa Rica’s interest of a legal nature in at least some
areas claimed by the Parties to the main proceedings — The Court is not called

upon to examine the exact geographical parameters of the maritime area i▯n which
Costa Rica considers it has an interest of a legal nature — Costa Rica has indi ‑
cated the maritime area in which it considers it has an interest of a le▯gal nature
which may be affected by the decision of the Court in the main proceedin▯gs.
Whether Costa Rica has established that the interest of a legal nature w▯hich it

has set out is one which may be affected by the decision of the Court in the main
proceedings — Costa Rica has contended that the area in which it has an interest ▯
of a legal nature overlaps with the area in dispute between the Parties ▯to the main
proceedings, and that this is sufficient to demonstrate that the delimit▯ation decision
in those proceedings may affect its interest of a legal nature — Costa Rica has

further contended that the southern terminus of the boundary to be delim▯ited in the
main proceedings may affect its interest of a legal nature inasmuch as t▯hat south ‑
ern endpoint may be placed in its potential area of interest — To succeed with its
request, Costa Rica must show that its interest of a legal nature needs a protection
that is not provided by Article 59 of the Statute — Costa Rica has not demon ‑

strated that the interest of a legal nature which it has asserted is one▯ which may be
affected by the decision in the main proceedings because the Court, when▯ drawing
a line delimiting the maritime areas between the Parties to the main pro▯ceedings,
will, if necessary, end the line in question before it reaches an area i▯n which the
interests of a legal nature of third States may become involved.

JUdgmENT

Present : President Owada ; Vice‑President Tomka ; Judges Koroma, Al-
Khasawneh, Simma, Abrahasm, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna,
Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Xue, donoghue ; Judges
ad hoc Cot, gaja ; Registrar Couvreur.

In the case concerning the territorial and maritime dispute,

between

the Republic of Nicaragua,
represented by

H.E. mr. Carlos José Argüello gómez, Ambassador of the Republic of
Nicaragua to the Kingdom of the Netherlands,

as Agent and Counsel ;
mr. Alex Oude Elferink, deputy-director, Netherlands Institute for the Law
of the Sea, Utrecht University,

mr. Alain pellet, professor at the Université de paris Ouest, Nanterre-La
défense, member and former Chairman of the International Law Com -
mission, associate member of the Institut de droit international,

6

7 CIJ1019.indb 8 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 350

côte bordant cette mer — Nicaragua et Colombie reconnaissant, bien qu’ils diffèrent
dans leur évaluation des limites de la zone dans laquelle le Costa Rica peut avoir un
intérêt d’ordre juridique, que le Costa Rica possède un tel intérêt dans au moins cer‑
taines des zones qu’ils revendiquent dans le cadre de la procédure▯ principale — Cour

n’étant pas appelée à se pencher sur les limites géographi▯ ques exactes de la zone mari
time dans laquelle le Costa Rica estime avoir un intérêt d’ordre juridique — Costa Rica
ayant spécifié la zone maritime dans laquelle il estime avoir un i▯ térêt d’ordre juridique
susceptible d’être affecté par la décision de la Cour dans ▯ procédure principale.
Point de savoir si le Costa Rica a établi que l’intérêt d’ordre juridique qu’il a ▯

spécifié est susceptible d’être affecté par la décisio▯n de la Cour dans la procédure
principale — Costa Rica ayant soutenu qu’un chevauchement existe entre la zone
où il a un intérêt d’ordre juridique et la zone en litige en▯tre les Parties à la procé
dure principale, et que cela suffit à démontrer que la décision▯ portant délimitation
à rendre dans cette instance risque d’affecter son intérêt d▯’ordre juridique —

Costa Rica ayant en outre soutenu que l’emplacement du point terminal mé▯ridional
de la frontière à tracer dans la procédure principale risque d’▯affecter son intérêt
d’ordre juridique, en ce sens que ce point pourrait se situer dans sa▯ zone potentielle
d’intérêt — Costa Rica devant, pour qu’il soit fait droit à sa demande d’interven▯ ‑
tion, démontrer que son intérêt d’ordre juridique requiert u▯ne protection qui n’est

pas offerte par l’article 59 du Statut — Costa Rica n’ayant pas démontré que l’in ‑
térêt d’ordre juridique qu’il estime avoir est susceptible d▯’être affecté par la déc‑
sion de la Cour dans la procédure principale, puisque la Cour arrêtera selon que de
besoin, lorsqu’elle tracera une ligne délimitant les espaces marit▯imes entre les Par‑
ties à la procédure principale, la ligne en question avant qu’e▯lle n’atteigne la zone

où des intérêts d’ordre juridique d’Etats tiers peuvent ê▯tre en cause.

ARRÊT

Présents : m.Owada, président ; m. Tomka, vice‑président ; mm. Koroma, Al-
Khasawneh, Simma, Abrahasm, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna,
Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, m mesXue, donoghue,
juges ; mm. Cot, gaja, juges ad hoc ; m. Couvreur, greffier.

En l’affaire du différend territorial et maritime,

entre

la République du Nicaragua,
représentée par

S. Exc. m. Carlos José Argüello gómez, ambassadeur de la République du
Nicaragua auprès du Royaume des pays-Bas,

comme agent et conseil ;
m. Alex Oude Elferink, directeur adjoint de l’Institut néerlandais du droit de s
la mer de l’Université d’Utrecht,

m. Alain pellet, professeur à l’Université de paris Ouest, Nanterre-La
défense, membre et ancien président de la Commission du droit intersnatio -
nal, membre associé de l’Institut de droit international,

6

7 CIJ1019.indb 9 13/06/13 16:02 351 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

mr. paul Reichler, Attorney-at-Law, Foley Hoag LLp, Washington d.C.,
member of the Bars of the United States Supreme Court and the district of
Columbia,
mr. Antonio Remiro Brotóns, professor of International Law, Universidad

Autónoma, madrid, member of the Institut de droit international,
as Counsel and Advocates ;

mr. Robin Cleverly, m.A., d.phil, C.geol, F.g.S., Law of the Sea Consult -
ant, Admiralty Consultancy Services,
mr. John Brown, Law of the Sea Consultant, Admiralty Consultancy Ser -
vices,

as Scientific and Technical Advisers ;
mr. César Vega masís, director of Juridical Affairs, Sovereignty and Terri -

tory, ministry of Foreign Affairs,
mr. Julio César Saborio, Juridical Adviser, ministry of Foreign Affairs,

mr. Walner molina pérez, Juridical Adviser, ministry of Foreign Affairs,

ms Tania Elena pacheco Blandino, Juridical Adviser, ministry of Foreign
Affairs,

as Counsel ;
ms Clara E. Brillembourg, Foley Hoag LLp, member of the Bars of the dis -
trict of Columbia and New York,

ms Carmen martinez Capdevila, doctor of public International Law, Uni -
versidad Autónoma, madrid,
ms Alina miron, Researcher, Nanterre Centre for International Law (CEdIN),
Université de paris Ouest, Nanterre-La défense,
mr. Edgardo Sobenes Obregon, First Secretary, Embassy of Nicaragua in the

Kingdom of the Netherlands,
as Assistant Counsel,

and

the Republic of Colombia,
represented by

H.E. mr. Julio Londoño paredes, professor of International Relations, Uni -
versidad del Rosario, Bogotá,

as Agent ;
H.E. mr. guillermo Fernández de Soto, Chair of the Inter-American Juridi -
cal Committee, member of the permanent Court of Arbitration and for -

mer minister for Foreign Affairs,
as Co-Agent ;

mr. James Crawford, S.C., F.B.A., Whewell professor of International Law,
University of Cambridge, member of the Institut de droit international,
Barrister,
mr. Rodman R. Bundy, avocat à la cour d’appel de Paris, member of the
New York Bar, Eversheds LLp, paris,

mr. marcelo Kohen, professor of International Law at the graduate Insti -
tute of International and development Studies, geneva, associate member
of the Institut de droit international,

7

7 CIJ1019.indb 10 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 351

m. paul Reichler, avocat au cabinet Foley Hoag LLp, Washington, d.C.,
membre des barreaux de la Cour suprême des Etats-Unis d’Amérique et du
district de Columbia,
m. Antonio Remiro Brotóns, professeur de droit international à l’Universi -

dad Autónoma de madrid, membre de l’Institut de droit international,
comme conseils et avocats ;

m. Robin Cleverly, m.A., d.phil, C.geol, F.g.S., consultant en droit de la
mer, Admiralty Consultancy Services,
m. John Brown, consultant en droit de la mer, Admiralty Consultancy Ser -

vices,
comme conseillers scientifiques et techniques ;

m. César Vega masís, directeur des affaires juridiques, de la souveraineté et
du territoire au ministère des affaires étrangères,
m. Julio César Saborio, conseiller juridique au ministère des affaires étran
gères,

m. Walner molina pérez, conseiller juridique au ministère des affaires étran
gères,
m me Tania Elena pacheco Blandino, conseiller juridique au ministère des
affaires étrangères,

comme conseils ;
me
m Clara E. Brillembourg, cabinet Foley Hoag LLp, membre des barreaux
du district de Columbia et de New York,
m me Carmen martinez Capdevila, docteur en droit international public de
l’Universidad Autónoma de madrid,
m me Alina miron, chercheur au Centre de droit international de Nanterre

(CEdIN), Université de paris Ouest, Nanterre-La défense,
m. Edgardo Sobenes Obregon, premier secrétaire de l’ambassade du Nicara -
gua au Royaume des pays-Bas,

comme conseils adjoints,

et
la République de Colombie,

représentée par
S. Exc. m. Julio Londoño paredes, professeur de relations internationales à

l’Universidad del Rosario de Bogotá,
comme agent ;

S. Exc. m. guillermo Fernández de Soto, président du comité juridique inter-
américain, membre de la Cour permanente d’arbitrage, ancien ministsre
des affaires étrangères,

comme coagent ;
m. James Crawford, S.C., F.B.A., professeur de droit international à l’sUni

versité de Cambridge, titulaire de la chaire Whewell, membre de l’sInstitut
de droit international, avocat,
m. Rodman R. Bundy, avocat à la cour d’appel de paris, membre du barreau
de New York, cabinet Eversheds LLp, paris,
m. marcelo Kohen, professeur de droit international à l’Institut de hasutes

études internationales et du développement de genève, membre associé de
l’Institut de droit international,

7

7 CIJ1019.indb 11 13/06/13 16:02 352 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

as Counsel and Advocates ;
H.E. mr. Francisco José Lloreda mera, formerly Ambassador of the Repub -
lic of Colombia to the Kingdom of the Netherlands and permanent Repre-

sentative of Colombia to the OpCW, former minister of State,
mr. Eduardo Valencia-Ospina, member of the International Law Commis -
sion,
H.E. ms Sonia pereira portilla, Ambassador of the Republic of Colombia to

the Republic of Honduras,
mr. Andelfo garcía gonzález, professor of International Law, former dep-
uty minister for Foreign Affairs,
ms Victoria E. pauwels T., minister-Counsellor, ministry of Foreign Affairs,

mr. Julián guerrero Orozco, minister-Counsellor, Embassy of Colombia in
the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
ms Andrea Jiménez Herrera, Counsellor, ministry of Foreign Affairs,

as Legal Advisers ;

mr. Thomas Fogh, Cartographer, International mapping,
as Technical Adviser ;

on the Application for permission to intervene filed by the Republic osf Costa Rica,

represented by
H.E. mr. Edgar Ugalde Alvarez, Ambassador of the Republic of Costa Rica
to the Republic of Colombia,

as Agent ;

mr. Coalter g. Lathrop, Lecturing Fellow at duke University School of
Law, member of the North Carolina State Bar, Special Adviser to the min-
istry of Foreign Affairs of Costa Rica,
mr. Sergio Ugalde, member of the permanent Court of Arbitration, Senior

Adviser to the ministry of Foreign Affairs, member of the Costa Rican
Bar,
mr. Arnoldo Brenes, Senior Adviser to the ministry of Foreign Affairs, mem-
ber of the Costa Rican Bar,
mr. Carlos Vargas, director of the Legal department, ministry of Foreign

Affairs,
as Counsel and Advocates ;

H.E. mr. Jorge Urbina Ortega, Ambassador of the Republic of Costa Rica to
the Kingdom of the Netherlands,

mr. michael gilles, Special Adviser to the ministry of Foreign Affairs,
mr. Ricardo Otarola, minister and Consul general of Costa Rica to the
Republic of Colombia,
mr. Christian guillermet, Ambassador, deputy permanent Representative of
Costa Rica to the United Nations Office at geneva,

mr. gustavo Campos, Consul general of Costa Rica to the Kingdom of the
Netherlands,
ms Shara duncan, Counsellor at the Embassy of Costa Rica in the Kingdom
of the Netherlands,

mr. Leonardo Salazar, National geographic Institute of Costa Rica,
as Advisers,

8

7 CIJ1019.indb 12 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 352

comme conseils et avocats ;
S. Exc. m. Francisco José Lloreda mera, ancien ambassadeur de la Répu -

blique de Colombie auprès du Royaume des pays-Bas et représentant per -
manent de la Colombie auprès de l’OIAC, ancien ministre d’Etat,s
m. Eduardo Valencia-Ospina, membre de la Commission du droit internatio-
nal,
me
S. Exc. m Sonia pereira portilla, ambassadeur de la République de Colom -
bie auprès de la République du Honduras,
m. Andelfo garcía gonzález, professeur de droit international, ancien
ministre adjoint des affaires étrangères,
me
m Victoria E. pauwels T., ministre-conseiller au ministère des affaires
étrangères,
m. Julián guerrero Orozco, ministre-conseiller à l’ambassade de Colombie
au Royaume des pays-Bas,
m me Andrea Jiménez Herrera, conseiller au ministère des affaires étrangères,

comme conseillers juridiques ;

m. Thomas Fogh, cartographe, International mapping,

comme conseiller technique ;
sur la requête à fin d’intervention déposée par la Réspublique du Costa Rica,

représentée par

S. Exc. m. Edgar Ugalde Alvarez, ambassadeur de la République du Costa
Rica auprès de la République de Colombie,

comme agent ;
m. Coalter g. Lathrop, Lecturing Fellow à la faculté de droit de duke Uni-er
sity, membre du barreau de l’Etat de Caroline du Nord, conseiller spécial

auprès du ministère des affaires étrangères du Costa Rica,
m. Sergio Ugalde, membre de la Cour permanente d’arbitrage, conseiller prin-
cipal auprès du ministère des affaires étrangères, membre dus barreau du
Costa Rica,

m. Arnoldo Brenes, conseiller principal auprès du ministère des affaires -stran
gères, membre du barreau du Costa Rica,
m. Carlos Vargas, directeur du département juridique au ministère des affaires
étrangères,

comme conseils et avocats ;

S. Exc. m. Jorge Urbina Ortega, ambassadeur de la République du Costa Rica
auprès du Royaume des pays-Bas,
m. michael gilles, conseiller spécial auprès du ministère des affaires étrangsères,
m. Ricardo Otarola, ministre et consul général du Costa Rica en Républiques

de Colombie,
m. Christian guillermet, ambassadeur, représentant permanent adjoint du
Costa Rica auprès de l’Office des Nations Unies à genève,
m. gustavo Campos, consul général du Costa Rica au Royaume des pays-Bas,

me
m Shara duncan, conseiller à l’ambassade du Costa Rica au Royaume des
pays-Bas,
m. Leonardo Salazar, Institut géographique national du Costa Rica,

comme conseillers,

8

7 CIJ1019.indb 13 13/06/13 16:02 353 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

The Court,

composed as above,
after deliberation,

delivers the following Judgment :

1. On 6 december 2001, the Republic of Nicaragua (hereinafter “Nicara -
gua”) filed in the Registry of the Court an Application institutinsg proceedings

against the Republic of Colombia (hereinafter “Colombia”) in resspect of a dis -
pute consisting of a “group of related legal issues subsisting” bestween the two
States “concerning title to territory and maritime delimitation” isn the western
Caribbean.
As a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court, the Application invoked thse pro -

visions of Article XXXI of the American Treaty on pacific Settlement signed on
30 April 1948, officially designated, according to Article LX thereof, as the
“pact of Bogotá” (hereinafter referred to as such), as well as the declarations
made by the parties under Article 36 of the Statute of the permanent Court of

International Justice, which are deemed, for the period which they stills have to
run, to be acceptances of the compulsory jurisdiction of the present Cousrt pur -
suant to Article 36, paragraph 5, of its Statute.
2. pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Registrar immedi -
ately communicated the Application to the government of Colombia ; and, pur-

suant to paragraph 3 of that Article, all other States entitled to appear before
the Court were notified of the Application.
3. pursuant to the instructions of the Court under Article 43 of the Rules of
Court, the Registrar addressed to all States parties to the pact of Bogotá the

notifications provided for in Article 63, paragraph 1, of the Statute. In accor -
dance with the provisions of Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, the
Registrar moreover addressed to the Organization of American States (hesrein-
after the “OAS”) the notification provided for in Article 34, paragraph 3, of the

Statute. The Registrar subsequently transmitted to that organization copsies of
the pleadings filed in the case and asked its Secretary-general to inform him
whether or not it intended to present observations in writing within thes meaning
of Article 69, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court. The OAS indicated that it did
not intend to submit any such observations.

4. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of
either of the parties, each party proceeded to exercise its right conferred by Arti-
cle 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case.
Nicaragua first chose mr. mohammed Bedjaoui, who resigned on 2 may 2006,

and subsequently mr. giorgio gaja. Colombia first chose mr. Yves Fortier,
who resigned on 7 September 2010, and subsequently mr. Jean-pierre Cot.
5. By an Order of 26 February 2002, the Court fixed 28 April 2003 as the
time-limit for the filing of the memorial of Nicaragua and 28 June 2004 as the

time-limit for the filing of the Counter-memorial of Colombia. Nicaragua filed
its memorial within the time-limit thus prescribed.
6. On 21 July 2003, within the time-limit set by Article 79, paragraph 1, of
the Rules of Court, Colombia raised preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of
the Court. Consequently, by an Order of 24 September 2003, the Court, noting

that by virtue of Article 79, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court, the proceedings
on the merits were suspended, fixed 26 January 2004 as the time-limit for the
presentation by Nicaragua of a written statement of its observations ands

9

7 CIJ1019.indb 14 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 353

La Cour,

ainsi composée,
après délibéré en chambre du conseil,

rend l’arrêt suivant :

1. Le 6 décembre 2001, la République du Nicaragua (dénommée ci-après le
«Nicaragua») a déposé au greffe de la Cour une requête introductive d’instance

contre la République de Colombie (dénommée ci-après la « Colombie») au sujet
d’un différend portant sur un «ensemble de questions juridiques connexes … qui
demeurent en suspens » entre les deux Etats « en matière de titre territorial et de
délimitation maritime» dans les Caraïbes occidentales.
La requête invoquait, pour fonder la compétence de la Cour, les dispositions

de l’article XXXI du traité américain de règlement pacifique signé le 30 avril 1948,
dénommé officiellement, aux termes de son article LX, « pacte de Bogotá » (et
ci-après ainsi désigné), ainsi que les déclarations faites pars les parties en vertu de
l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale, considé -

rées, pour la durée restant à courir, comme comportant acceptatsion de la juri -
diction obligatoire de la présente Cour aux termes du paragraphe 5 de l’ar -
ticle 36 de son Statut.
2. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 du Statut, la requête a été
immédiatement communiquée au gouvernement de la Colombie par le greffier ;

conformément au paragraphe 3 de cet article, tous les autres Etats admis à ester
devant la Cour ont été informés de la requête.
3. Conformément aux instructions données par la Cour en vertu de l’sar -
ticle 43 de son Règlement, le greffier a adressé les notifications prsévues au para-

graphe 1 de l’article 63 du Statut à tous les Etats parties au pacte de Bogotá. En
application des dispositions du paragraphe 3 de l’article 69 du Règlement, le
greffier a en outre adressé la notification prévue au paragraphse 3 de l’article 34
du Statut à l’Organisation des Etats américains (dénommése ci-après l’« OEA»).

par la suite, le greffier a transmis des exemplaires des pièces de prsocédure dépo-
sées en l’affaire à cette organisation, et a demandé à sosn secrétaire général de lui
faire savoir si celle-ci entendait présenter des observations écrites au sens du
paragraphe 3 de l’article 69 du Règlement. L’OEA a indiqué qu’elle n’avait pas
l’intention de présenter de telles observations.

4. La Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de la nationalité des sparties,
chacune d’elles s’est prévalue du droit que lui confère le psaragraphe 3 de l’ar -
ticle 31 du Statut de procéder à la désignation d’un juge ad hoc pour siéger en
l’affaire. Le Nicaragua a d’abord désigné m. mohammed Bedjaoui, qui a démis-

sionné le 2 mai 2006, puis m. giorgio gaja. La Colombie a d’abord désigné
m. Yves Fortier, qui a démissionné le 7 septembre 2010, puis m. Jean-pierre Cot.
5. par ordonnance du 26 février 2002, la Cour a fixé au 28 avril 2003 la date
d’expiration du délai pour le dépôt du mémoire du Nicaragsua et au 28 juin 2004

la date d’expiration du délai pour le dépôt du contre-mémoire de la Colombie.
Le Nicaragua a déposé son mémoire dans le délai ainsi prescrsit.
6. Le 21 juillet 2003, dans le délai prescrit au paragraphe 1 de l’article 79 du
Règlement, la Colombie a soulevé des exceptions préliminaires à la compétence
de la Cour. En conséquence, par ordonnance du 24 septembre 2003, la Cour,

constatant qu’en vertu des dispositions du paragraphe 5 de l’article 79 du Règle-
ment la procédure sur le fond était suspendue, a fixé au 26 janvier 2004 la date
d’expiration du délai dans lequel le Nicaragua pourrait présentser un exposé écrit

9

7 CIJ1019.indb 15 13/06/13 16:02 354 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

submissions on the preliminary objections made by Colombia. Nicaragua fisled
such a statement within the time-limit thus prescribed, and the case thus became
ready for hearing in respect of the preliminary objections.

7. Between 2003 and 2006, referring to Article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules
of Court, the governments of Honduras, Jamaica, Chile, peru, Ecuador and
Venezuela asked to be furnished with copies of the pleadings and documensts
annexed in the case. Having ascertained the views of the parties pursuant to that

same provision, the Court decided to grant each of these requests. The Rsegistrar
duly communicated these decisions to the said governments and to the parties.

8. The Court held public hearings on the preliminary objections raised by
Colombia from 4 to 8 June 2007. In its Judgment of 13 december 2007, the

Court concluded that it had jurisdiction, under Article XXXI of the pact of
Bogotá, to adjudicate upon the dispute concerning sovereignty over thse mari -
time features claimed by the parties, other than the islands of San Andrés, prov-
idencia and Santa Catalina, and upon the dispute concerning the maritimes

delimitation between the parties.
9. By an Order of 11 February 2008, the president of the Court fixed
11 November 2008 as the new time-limit for the filing of Colombia’s Counter-
memorial. That pleading was duly filed within the time-limit thus prescribed.

10. On 22 September 2008, referring to Article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules
of Court, the government of the Republic of Costa Rica (hereinafter “Costa
Rica”) asked to be furnished with copies of the pleadings and documesnts
annexed in the case. Having ascertained the views of the parties pursuant to that

same provision, the Court decided to grant this request. The Registrar dsuly
communicated this decision to the Costa Rican government and to the parties.

11. By an Order of 18 december 2008, the Court directed Nicaragua to sub -

mit a Reply and Colombia to submit a Rejoinder and fixed 18 September 2009
and 18 June 2010 as the respective time-limits for the filing of those pleadings.
The Reply and the Rejoinder were duly filed within the time-limits thus pre -
scribed.
12. On 25 February 2010, Costa Rica filed an Application for permission to

intervene in the case pursuant to Article 62 of the Statute. In this Application, it
stated in particular that its intervention “would have the limited pusrpose of
informing the Court of the nature of Costa Rica’s legal rights and insterests and
of seeking to ensure that the Court’s decision regarding the maritimes boundary

between Nicaragua and Colombia does not affect those rights and interestss”. In
accordance with Article 83, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, certified copies
of Costa Rica’s Application were communicated forthwith to Nicaragua sand
Colombia, which were invited to furnish written observations on that Appslica -

tion.
13. On 26 may 2010, within the time-limit fixed for that purpose by the
Court, the governments of Nicaragua and Colombia submitted Written Obser -
vations on Costa Rica’s Application for permission to intervene. In ists observa-
tions, Nicaragua set forth the grounds on which, in particular, it considered that

this Application failed to comply with the Statute and the Rules of Court. For
its part, Colombia indicated in its observations the reasons for which ist had no
objection to the said Application. The Court having considered that Nicasragua

10

7 CIJ1019.indb 16 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 354

contenant ses observations et conclusions sur les exceptions préliminsaires sou-
levées par la Colombie. Le Nicaragua a déposé un tel exposé dans le délai
ainsi fixé, et l’affaire s’est ainsi trouvée en état pour ce squi est des exceptions
préliminaires.

7. Entre 2003 et 2006, les gouvernements du Honduras, de la Jamaïque, du
Chili, du pérou, de l’Equateur et du Venezuela, s’appuyant sur le paragrapshe 1
de l’article 53 du Règlement, ont demandé à avoir communication des piècess de
procédure et documents annexés produits en l’espèce. La Cours, s’étant rensei -

gnée auprès des parties conformément à cette même disposition, a fait droit às
chacune de ces demandes. Le greffier a dûment communiqué ces déscisions aux -
dits gouvernements et aux parties.
8. La Cour a tenu des audiences sur les exceptions préliminaires soulevéses
par la Colombie du 4 au 8 juin 2007. dans son arrêt du 13 décembre 2007, la

Cour a conclu qu’elle avait compétence, sur la base de l’articlse XXXI du pacte
de Bogotá, pour statuer sur le différend relatif à la souverainseté sur les forma -
tions maritimes revendiquées par les parties, autres que les îles de San Andrés,
providencia et Santa Catalina, ainsi que sur le différend relatif à la délimitation

maritime entre les parties.
9. par ordonnance du 11 février 2008, le président de la Cour a fixé au
11 novembre 2008 la date d’expiration du nouveau délai pour le dépôt du s
contre-mémoire de la Colombie. Cette pièce a été dûment dépossée dans le délai
ainsi prescrit.

10. Le 22 septembre 2008, le gouvernement de la République du Costa Rica
(dénommée ci-après le « Costa Rica »), s’appuyant sur le paragraphe 1 de l’ar -
ticle 53 du Règlement, a demandé à avoir communication des pièces sde procé -
dure et documents annexés produits en l’espèce. La Cour, s’éstant renseignée

auprès des parties conformément à cette même disposition, a fait droit à cette
demande. Le greffier a dûment communiqué cette décision au gouvernement
costa-ricien et aux parties.
11. par ordonnance du 18 décembre 2008, la Cour a prescrit la présentation

d’une réplique du Nicaragua et d’une duplique de la Colombie ets a fixé au
18 septembre 2009 et au 18 juin 2010, respectivement, les dates d’expiration des
délais pour le dépôt de ces pièces. La réplique et la dupslique ont été dûment
déposées dans les délais ainsi prescrits.
12. Le 25 février 2010, le Costa Rica a déposé une requête à fin d’intervention

dans l’affaire en vertu de l’article 62 du Statut. dans cette requête, il précisait
notamment que son intervention « aurait simplement pour objet d’informer la
Cour de la nature des droits et intérêts d’ordre juridique du Csosta Rica et de
s’assurer que la décision de la Cour relative à la frontières maritime entre le Nica-

ragua et la Colombie ne porte pas atteinte à ces droits et intérêts ». Conformé-
ment au paragraphe 1 de l’article 83 du Règlement, des copies certifiées
conformes de la requête du Costa Rica ont été immédiatement transmises au
Nicaragua et à la Colombie, qui ont été invités à présenter des observations

écrites sur cette requête.
13. Le 26 mai 2010, dans le délai fixé à cet effet par la Cour, les gouverne -
ments du Nicaragua et de la Colombie ont soumis des observations écrites sur
la requête du Costa Rica à fin d’intervention. dans ses observations, le Nicara -
gua exposait les raisons pour lesquelles, notamment, il considérait qsue cette

requête n’était pas conforme au Statut et au Règlement. pour sa part, la Colom-
bie, dans ses observations, indiquait les motifs pour lesquels elle ne fsaisait pas
objection à ladite requête. La Cour ayant considéré que le Nsicaragua avait fait

10

7 CIJ1019.indb 17 13/06/13 16:02 355 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

had objected to the Application, the parties and the government of Costa Rica
were notified by letters from the Registrar dated 16 June 2010 that the Court
would hold hearings, in accordance with Article 84, paragraph 2, of the Rules of
Court, to hear the observations of Costa Rica, the State applying to intervene,
and those of the parties to the case.

14. After ascertaining the views of the parties, the Court decided that copies
of the Written Observations which they had furnished on Costa Rica’s sApplica -
tion for permission to intervene would be made accessible to the public son the
opening of the oral proceedings.
15. At the public hearings held on 11, 13, 14 and 15 October 2010 on whether
to grant Costa Rica’s Application for permission to intervene, the Cosurt heard

the oral arguments and replies of the following representatives :

For Costa Rica : H.E. mr. Edgar Ugalde Alvarez, Agent,
mr. Arnoldo Brenes,
mr. Carlos Vargas,
mr. Coalter g. Lathrop,

mr. Sergio Ugalde.
For Nicaragua : H.E. mr. Carlos José Argüello gómez, Agent,
mr. Antonio Remiro Brotóns,
mr. paul Reichler.

For Colombia : H.E. mr. Julio Londoño paredes, Agent,
mr. Rodman R. Bundy,
mr. James Crawford.

16. At the hearings, questions were put to the parties and to Costa Rica by
members of the Court, to which replies were given orally and in writing, sin

accordance with Article 61, paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court. The parties and
Costa Rica each submitted written comments on the written replies providsed by
the others after the closure of the oral proceedings.

*

17. In its Application for permission to intervene, the Costa Rican govern -
ment stated in conclusion that it

“respectfully requests [the Court’s] permission to intervene in thse present
proceedings between Nicaragua and Colombia for the object and purpose
stated in the present Application, and to participate in those proceedinsgs in
accordance with Article 85 of the Rules of Court” (para. 31).

In its Written Observations on Costa Rica’s Application for permissiosn to
intervene, Nicaragua submitted

“that the Application filed by Costa Rica requesting permission to sintervene
fails to comply with the Statute and the Rules of Court”,

and that it

“leaves it to the discretion of the Court to adjudge and determine whsether
Costa Rica has complied with the legal requirements necessary to base a
right to intervene in the present proceedings and, hence whether the reqsuest
of Costa Rica should be granted”.

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7 CIJ1019.indb 18 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 355

objection à la requête, les parties et le gouvernement du Costa Rica ont été
avisés, par lettres du greffier en date du 16 juin 2010, que la Cour tiendrait
audience, conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 84 de son Règlement, pour
entendre les observations du Costa Rica, Etat demandant à intervenir, et celles
des parties à l’affaire.

14. La Cour, après s’être renseignée auprès des parties, a décidé que les
observations écrites qu’elles avaient présentées sur la requsête du Costa Rica à fin
d’intervention seraient rendues accessibles au public à l’ouverture de la procé -
dure orale.
15. Au cours d’audiences publiques tenues les 11, 13, 14 et 15 octobre 2010,
la Cour a entendu, au sujet de l’admission de la requête du Costa sRica à fin

d’intervention, les plaidoiries et réponses des représentants csi-après:

Pour le Costa Rica : S. Exc. m. Edgar Ugalde Alvarez, agent,
m. Arnoldo Brenes,
m. Carlos Vargas,
m. Coalter g. Lathrop,

m. Sergio Ugalde.
Pour le Nicaragua : S. Exc. m. Carlos José Argüello gómez, agent,
m. Antonio Remiro Brotóns,
m. paul Reichler.

Pour la Colombie : S. Exc. m. Julio Londoño paredes, agent,
m. Rodman R. Bundy,
m. James Crawford.

16. A l’audience, des questions ont été posées aux parties et au Costa Rica
par des membres de la Cour, questions auxquelles il a été réponsdu oralement

et par écrit conformément au paragraphe 4 de l’article 61 du Règlement. Les
parties et le Costa Rica ont chacun présenté par écrit des observations
sur les réponses écrites fournies par les autres après la clôture des la procédure
orale.

*

17. dans sa requête à fin d’intervention, le gouvernement costa-ricien a
déclaré en conclusion qu’il

«demande respectueusement [à la Cour] à être autorisé à instervenir dans la
présente instance entre le Nicaragua et la Colombie aux fins et pour l’objet
exposé dans la présente requête, et à participer à la proscédure conformé -
ment aux dispositions de l’article 85 du Règlement de la Cour » (par. 31).

dans ses observations écrites sur la demande à fin d’interventsion du Costa
Rica, le Nicaragua a conclu

«que la requête à fin d’intervention déposée par le Costa Rica n’est pas
conforme au Statut et au Règlement de la Cour »,

et qu’il

«laisse à l’appréciation de la Cour de dire et juger si le Costa Rica a satis-
fait aux critères juridiques nécessaires pour fonder un droit d’sintervenir en
l’espèce et, en conséquence, s’il doit être fait droit às sa demande ».

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7 CIJ1019.indb 19 13/06/13 16:02 356 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

In its Written Observations on Costa Rica’s Application for permissiosn to
intervene, Colombia concluded as follows :

“the government of Colombia has no objection to the intervention of Costa
Rica.
Notwithstanding the fact that Colombia considers that Costa Rica has
satisfied the requirements of Article 62 of the Statute and Article 81 of the
Rules of Court, Colombia wishes to emphasize that it disagrees with certain
points raised in Costa Rica’s Application. Colombia reserves its posistion on

these points which it will explain at the appropriate stage of the proceed -
ings.”

18. At the oral proceedings, the following submissions were presented :

On behalf of the Government of Costa Rica,
at the hearing of 14 October 2010 :

“[The Court is] respectfully request[ed] . . . to grant the Republic of Costa
Rica the right to intervene, in order to inform the Court of its interessts of
a legal nature which might be affected by the decision in this case, accsording

to Article 62 of the Statute.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[Costa Rica] seek[s] the application of the provisions of Article 85 of the

Rules of Court, namely :
— paragraph 1 : ‘the intervening State shall be supplied with copies of

the pleadings and documents annexed and shall be entitled to submit
a written statement within a time-limit to be fixed by the Court’, sand
— paragraph 3: ‘The intervening State shall be entitled, in the course of
the oral proceedings, to submit its observations with respect to the
subject-matter of the intervention.’”

On behalf of the Government of Nicaragua,

at the hearing of 15 October 2010 :

“In accordance with Article 60 of the Rules of Court and having regard
to the Application for permission to intervene filed by the Republic osf Costa
Rica and oral pleadings, the Republic of Nicaragua respectfully submits s
that :

The Application filed by the Republic of Costa Rica fails to comply with
the requirements established by the Statute and the Rules of Court, namely,
Article 62, and paragraph 2, (a) and (b) of Article 81 respectively.”

On behalf of the Government of Colombia,

at the hearing of 15 October 2010 :
“In light of the considerations stated during these proceedings, [thes] gov-

ernment [of Colombia] wishes to reiterate what it stated in the Written s
Observations it submitted to the Court, to the effect that, in Colombia’ss
view, Costa Rica has satisfied the requirements of Article 62 of the Statute
and, consequently, that Colombia does not object to Costa Rica’s requsest
for permission to intervene in the present case as a non-party.”

* * *

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7 CIJ1019.indb 20 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 356

dans ses observations écrites sur la demande à fin d’interventsion du Costa
Rica, la Colombie a conclu comme suit :

«le gouvernement colombien n’a aucune objection à l’intervention du s
Costa Rica.
Nonobstant le fait que la Colombie considère que le Costa Rica a satis -
fait aux exigences de l’article 62 du Statut et de l’article 81 du Règlement,
elle tient à souligner qu’elle est en désaccord avec certains psoints soulevés
dans la requête du Costa Rica. Elle réserve sa position sur ces points au

sujet desquels elle s’expliquera au stade approprié de la procésdure.»

18. dans la procédure orale, il a été conclu comme suit :

Au nom du Gouvernement du Costa Rica,
à l’audience du 14 octobre 2010 :

«[Il est] demand[é] respectueusement à la Cour d’octroyer le droit d’in -
tervenir à la République du Costa Rica, afin d’informer la Cosur sur ses
intérêts d’ordre juridique qui pourraient être affectés psar la décision dans

cette affaire, selon l’article 62 du Statut.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
[Le Costa Rica demande] l’application des dispositions de l’articlse 85 du

Règlement, à savoir :
— paragraphe 1 : « l’Etat intervenant reçoit copie des pièces de procé -

dure et des documents annexés et a le droit de présenter une déclara -
tion écrite dans un délai fixé par la Cour ».
— paragraphe 3: «L’Etat intervenant a le droit de présenter au cours de
la procédure orale des observations sur l’objet de l’interventison.»»

Au nom du Gouvernement du Nicaragua,

à l’audience du 15 octobre 2010 :

«En application de l’article 60 du Règlement de la Cour, et au vu de la
requête à fin d’intervention déposée par la Républiqsue du Costa Rica et
des éléments exposés à l’audience, la République du Niscaragua prie respec -
tueusement la Cour de dire et juger que :

La requête déposée par la République du Costa Rica ne satisfait pas aux
prescriptions énoncées à l’article 62 du Statut et aux alinéas a) et b) du
paragraphe 2 de l’article 81 du Règlement de la Cour. »

Au nom du Gouvernement de la Colombie,

à l’audience du 15 octobre 2010 :
«pour les raisons exposées au cours de cette procédure, [le] gouverne -

ment [de la Colombie] souhaite réitérer ce qu’il a exposé dasns ses observa -
tions écrites, à savoir que, de l’avis de la Colombie, le Costas Rica remplit
les conditions établies à l’article62 du Statut et que, par conséquent, la
Colombie ne s’oppose pas à la requête du Costa Rica à fin sd’intervention
comme non-partie dans la présente affaire. »

* * *

12

7 CIJ1019.indb 21 13/06/13 16:02 357 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

19. In its Application for permission to intervene dated 25 Febru -
ary 2010 (see paragraph 12 above), Costa Rica specified that it wished to

intervene in the case as a non-party State for the “purpose of informing
the Court of the nature of Costa Rica’s legal rights and interests and of
seeking to ensure that the Court’s decision regarding the maritime bound-
ary between Nicaragua and Colombia does not affect those rights and
interests”. Costa Rica also indicated that it had no intention of intervening

in those aspects of the proceedings that relate to the territorial dispuste.
20. Referring to Article 81 of the Rules of Court, Costa Rica set out in
its Application what it considers to be the interest of a legal nature wshich
may be affected by the Court’s decision on the delimitation between Nsica -
ragua and Colombia, the precise object of its intervention, and the basiss

of jurisdiction which is claimed to exist as between itself and the parties
to the main proceedings.

I. The Legal Framework

21. The legal framework of Costa Rica’s request to intervene is set out
in Article 62 of the Statute and Article 81 of the Rules of Court.
Under Article 62 of the Statute :

“1. Should a State consider that it has an interest of a legal nature
which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may submit a
request to the Court to be permitted to intervene.
2. It shall be for the Court to decide upon this request.”

Under Article 81 of the Rules of Court :
“1. An application for permission to intervene under the terms of

Article 62 of the Statute, signed in the manner provided for in Arti -
cle 38, paragraph 3, of these Rules, shall be filed as soon as possible,
and not later than the closure of the written proceedings. In excep -
tional circumstances, an application submitted at a later stage may
however be admitted.

2. The application shall state the name of an agent. It shall specify
the case to which it relates, and shall set out :
(a) the interest of a legal nature which the State applying to intervene
considers may be affected by the decision in that case ;

(b) the precise object of the intervention ;
(c) any basis of jurisdiction which is claimed to exist as between the
State applying to intervene and the parties to the case.
3. The application shall contain a list of the documents in support,

which documents shall be attached.”
22. Intervention being a procedure incidental to the main proceedings
before the Court, it is, according to the Statute and the Rules of Courts, for

the State seeking to intervene to set out the interest of a legal natures which
it considers may be affected by the decision in that dispute, the precisse

13

7 CIJ1019.indb 22 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 357

19. dans sa requête à fin d’intervention en date du 25 février 2010 (voir
paragraphe12 ci-dessus), le CostaRica a souligné qu’il souhaitait intervenir

à l’instance en tant qu’Etat non partie avec «pour objet d’informer la Cour
de la nature des droits et intérêts d’ordre juridique du Costa Rica et de
s’assurer que la décision de la Cour relative à la frontières maritime entre
le Nicaragua et la Colombie ne porte pas atteinte à ces droits et intésr» êt.sLe
Costa Rica a également précisé qu’il n’entrait pas dans ses vuess d’intervenir

à l’égard des aspects de la procédure qui touchent au diffésrend territorial.
20. Se référant à l’article 81 du Règlement, le Costa Rica a spécifié
dans sa requête ce qu’il estime être l’intérêt d’orsdre juridique qui est pour
lui en cause dans la décision de la Cour relative à la délimitastion entre le
Nicaragua et la Colombie, l’objet précis de son intervention, ainssi que la
base de compétence qui existerait entre lui-même et les parties à la procé -

dure principale.

I. Le cadre juridique

21. Le cadre juridique de la demande d’intervention du Costa Rica est
constitué par l’article 62 du Statut de la Cour et l’article 81 du Règlement.
Aux termes de l’article 62 du Statut :

«1. Lorsqu’un Etat estime que, dans un différend, un intérêt
d’ordre juridique est pour lui en cause, il peut adresser à la Cousr une
requête, à fin d’intervention.
2. La Cour décide. »

Aux termes de l’article 81 du Règlement :
«1. Une requête à fin d’intervention fondée sur l’article 62 du

Statut, qui doit être signée comme il est prévu à l’articsle 38, para -
graphe 3, du présent Règlement, est déposée le plus tôt possibles
avant la clôture de la procédure écrite. Toutefois, dans des cisrcons -
tances exceptionnelles, la Cour peut connaître d’une requête prsésen-
tée ultérieurement.

2. La requête indique le nom de l’agent. Elle précise l’affaire qu’elle
concerne et spécifie :
a) l’intérêt d’ordre juridique qui, selon l’Etat demandant às intervenir,
est pour lui en cause ;

b) l’objet précis de l’intervention ;
c) toute base de compétence qui, selon l’Etat demandant à intervenir,
existerait entre lui et les parties.
3. La requête contient un bordereau des documents à l’appui, qui

sont annexés. »
22. L’intervention étant une procédure incidente par rapport à la
procédure principale dont la Cour est saisie, il revient, selon le Stsatut et le

Règlement de la Cour, à l’Etat qui demande à intervenir d’sindiquer l’inté-
rêt d’ordre juridique qu’il estime être pour lui en cause dasns le différend,

13

7 CIJ1019.indb 23 13/06/13 16:02 358 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

object it is pursuing by means of the request, as well as any basis of jsuris-
diction which is claimed to exist as between it and the parties. The Cousrt

will examine in turn these constituent elements of the request for permis -
sion to intervene, as well as the evidence in support of that request.

* *

1. The Interest of a Legal Nature which May Be Affected

23. The Court observes that, as provided for in the Statute and the
Rules of Court, the State seeking to intervene shall set out its own intserest
of a legal nature in the main proceedings, and a link between that intersest
and the decision that might be taken by the Court at the end of those
proceedings. In the words of the Statute, this is “an interest of a lsegal

nature which may be affected by the decision in the case” (expresseds more
explicitly in the English text than in the French “un intérêt ds’ordre
juridique . . . pour lui en cause” ; see Article 62 of the Statute).

24. The finding by the Court of the existence of these elements is there-

fore a necessary condition to permit the requesting State to intervene, s
within the limits that it considers appropriate :

“If a State can satisfy the Court that it has an interest of a legal snature
which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may be permitted
to intervene in respect of that interest.” (Land, Island and Maritime
Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras), Application for Permission to
Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, p. 116, para. 58.)

25. It is indeed for the Court, being responsible for the sound adminis -

tration of justice, to decide in accordance with Article 62, paragraph 2, of
the Statute on the request to intervene, and to determine the limits ands
scope of such intervention. Whatever the circumstances, however, the
condition laid down by Article 62, paragraph 1, shall be fulfilled.
26. The Court observes that, whereas the parties to the main proceed -

ings are asking it to recognize certain of their rights in the case at hsand, a
State seeking to intervene is, by contrast, contending, on the basis of sArti -
cle 62 of the Statute, that the decision on the merits could affect its intesr -
ests of a legal nature. The State seeking to intervene as a non-party
therefore does not have to establish that one of its rights may be affected ;
it is sufficient for that State to establish that its interest of a legsal nature

may be affected. Article 62 requires the interest relied upon by the State
seeking to intervene to be of a legal nature, in the sense that this intserest
has to be the object of a real and concrete claim of that State, based osn
law, as opposed to a claim of a purely political, economic or strategic s
nature. But this is not just any kind of interest of a legal nature ; it must

in addition be possible for it to be affected, in its content and scope,s by
the Court’s future decision in the main proceedings.

14

7 CIJ1019.indb 24 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 358

l’objet précis qu’il poursuit au travers de cette demande, ainssi que toute
base de compétence qui existerait entre lui et les parties. La Cour esxami -

nera successivement ces éléments constitutifs de la demande d’interven -
tion ainsi que les moyens de preuve présentés à l’appui de cselle-ci.

* *

1. L’intérêt d’ordre juridique en cause

23. La Cour relève que, conformément au Statut et au Règlement,
l’Etat qui demande à intervenir doit faire état d’un intésrêt d’ordre juri -
dique propre dans la procédure principale et d’un lien entre cet intérêt et
la décision que la Cour pourrait être amenée à rendre à ls’issue de ladite
procédure. Il s’agit, aux termes du Statut, de l’«intérêt d’ordre juridique …

en cause » (voir article 62 du Statut) ; ou de ce que le texte en anglais
exprime de façon plus explicite comme «an interest of a legal nature which
may be affected by the decision in the case », soit, littéralement, «un intérêt
d’ordre juridique susceptible d’être affecté par la décission en l’espèce » .
24. La constatation par la Cour de l’existence de ces éléments reprsésente,

par conséquent, la condition nécessaire pour qu’elle puisse autsoriser l’Etat
qui en fait la demande à intervenir dans les limites qu’elle juge sappropriée :s

«Si un Etat réussit à établir de manière satisfaisante devants la
Cour qu’il a un intérêt d’ordre juridique susceptible d’êstre affecté par
la décision qui sera rendue en l’espèce, il peut être autorissé à inter-
venir pour les besoins de cet intérêt. » (Différend frontalier terrestre,
insulaire et maritime (El Salvador/Honduras), requête à fin d’interven‑

tion, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1990, p. 116, par. 58.)
25. Il revient en effet à la Cour, en charge de la bonne administration

de la justice, de se prononcer conformément aux termes du paragraphe 2
de l’article 62 du Statut sur la demande d’intervention et d’en déterminer
les limites et la portée. mais, en tout état de cause, il convient que la
condition posée par le paragraphe 1 de l’article 62 soit remplie.
26. La Cour observe que, alors que les parties à la procédure principasle la

prient de leur reconnaître certains droits dans l’espèce considérée, l’Etat qui
demande à intervenir fait en revanche valoir, en se fondant sur l’sarticle 62 du
Statut, que la décision sur le fond pourrait affecter ses intérêsts d’ordre juri -
dique. L’Etat qui cherche à intervenir en tant que non-partie n’a donc pas à
établir qu’un de ses droits serait susceptible d’être affectsé ; il est suffisant
pour cet Etat d’établir que son intérêt d’ordre juridique pourrait être affecté.

L’article 62 requiert que l’intérêt dont se prévaut l’Etat qui demasnde à inter -
venir soit d’ordre juridique, dans le sens où cet intérêt doit faire l’objet d’une
prétention concrète et réelle de cet Etat, fondée sur le drosit, par opposition
à une prétention de nature exclusivement politique, économique sou straté -
gique. mais il ne s’agit pas de n’importe quel intérêt d’ordre jusridique ;

encore faut-il qu’il soit susceptible d’être affecté, dans sson contenu et sa por -
tée, par la décision future de la Cour dans la procédure princispale.

14

7 CIJ1019.indb 25 13/06/13 16:02 359 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

Accordingly, an interest of a legal nature within the meaning of Arti -
cle 62 does not benefit from the same protection as an established right

and is not subject to the same requirements in terms of proof.
27. The decision of the Court granting permission to intervene can be
understood as a preventive one, since it is aimed at allowing the intervsen -
ing State to take part in the main proceedings in order to protect an inster-
est of a legal nature which risks being affected in those proceedings. Ass to

the link between the incidental proceedings and the main proceedings, thse
Court has previously stated that “the interest of a legal nature to bse
shown by a State seeking to intervene under Article 62 is not limited to
the dispositif alone of a judgment. It may also relate to the reasons which
constitute the necessary steps to the dispositif.” (Sovereignty over Pulau
Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia), Application for Permis▯ ‑

sion to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 596, para. 47.)
28. It is for the Court to assess the interest of a legal nature which may
be affected that is invoked by the State that wishes to intervene, on thse
basis of the facts specific to each case, and it can only do so “in concreto
and in relation to all the circumstances of a particular case” (Land, Island

and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras), Application for
Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, p. 118, para. 61).

2. The Precise Object of the Intervention

29. Under Article 81, paragraph 2 (b), of the Rules of Court, an appli -
cation for permission to intervene must set out “the precise object osf the

intervention”.
30. Costa Rica asserts that the purpose of it requesting permission to
intervene as a non-party is to protect the rights and interests of a legsal
nature of Costa Rica in the Caribbean Sea by all legal means available and,
therefore, to make use of the procedure established for this purpose by

Article 62 of the Statute of the Court. It thus seeks to inform the Court of
the nature of Costa Rica’s rights and interests of a legal nature that could
be affected by the Court’s maritime delimitation decision between Nicsara -
gua and Colombia. Costa Rica has pointed out that, in order to inform the
Court of its rights and interests of a legal nature and ensure that theys are

protected in the forthcoming judgment, it is not necessary “to establsish the
existence of a dispute or to resolve one with the parties to this case”.
31. Nicaragua asserts that Costa Rica has failed to identify the precise
object of its intervention, and that its “vague” object of informisng the
Court of its alleged rights and interests in order to ensure their protesction
is insufficient.

32. Colombia, on the other hand, considers that Costa Rica has satis -
fied the requirements of Article 62 of the Statute and Article 81 of the
Rules of Court.

*

15

7 CIJ1019.indb 26 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 359

dès lors, l’intérêt d’ordre juridique visé à l’article 62 ne bénéficie pas de
la même protection qu’un droit établi et n’est pas soumis ausx mêmes exi-

gences en matière de preuve.
27. La décision de la Cour autorisant l’intervention peut être conssidé -
rée comme préventive puisqu’elle a pour objectif de permettre às l’Etat
intervenant de participer à la procédure principale dans le but des protéger
un intérêt d’ordre juridique qui risque d’être affecté dans cette procédure.

Quant au lien entre la procédure incidente et la procédure principsale, la
Cour a déjà précisé que « l’intérêt d’ordre juridique qu’un Etat cherchant
à intervenir en vertu de l’article 62 doit démontrer n’est pas limité au seul
dispositif d’un arrêt. II peut également concerner les motifs qsui consti -
tuent le support nécessaire du dispositif. » (Souveraineté sur Pulau Ligitan
et Pulau Sipadan (Indonésie/Malaisie), requête à fin d’intervention, arrêt,

C.I.J. Recueil 2001, p. 596, par. 47.)
28. Il revient à la Cour d’apprécier l’intérêt juridique ssusceptible d’être
affecté, invoqué par l’Etat qui demande à intervenir, en fonsction des don -
nées propres à chaque affaire, et elle ne peut le faire « que concrètement et
que par rapport à toutes les circonstances de l’espèce » (Différend fronta ‑

lier terrestre, insulaire et maritime (El Salvador/Honduras), requête à fin
d’intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1990, p. 118, par. 61).

2. L’objet précis de l’intervention

29. Aux termes de l’alinéa b) du paragraphe 2 de l’article 81 du Règle -
ment, une requête à fin d’intervention doit spécifier « l’objet précis de l’in-

tervention » sollicitée.
30. Le Costa Rica précise que sa demande d’intervention en tant que
non-partie a pour objet de protéger ses droits et intérêts d’ordsre juridique
dans la mer des Caraïbes par tous les moyens juridiques disponibles est, par
conséquent, de faire usage de la procédure établie à cette fisn par l’article 62

du Statut de la Cour. Aussi souhaite-t-il porter à la connaissance de la
Cour la nature de ses droits et intérêts d’ordre juridique auxqsuels la déci -
sion relative à la délimitation maritime entre le Nicaragua et la sColombie
pourrait porter atteinte. pour informer la Cour de ses droits et intérêts
d’ordre juridique, et s’assurer qu’ils seront protégés dans l’arrêt futur,

point n’est besoin, a fait observer le Costa Rica, d’«établir l’existence d’un
différend ou [de] régler un différend avec les parties à la présente espèce ».
31. Le Nicaragua soutient que le Costa Rica n’a pas spécifié l’objet
précis de son intervention, et que l’invocation d’un objet «s vague» — à
savoir, porter à la connaissance de la Cour ses prétendus droits est intérêts
afin de les protéger — ne saurait suffire.

32. La Colombie estime, quant à elle, que la requête du Costa Rica
satisfait aux prescriptions énoncées à l’article 62 du Statut de la Cour et à
l’article 81 du Règlement.

*

15

7 CIJ1019.indb 27 13/06/13 16:02 360 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

33. In the opinion of the Court, the precise object of the request to
intervene certainly consists in informing the Court of the interest of as

legal nature which may be affected by its decision in the dispute betweesn
Nicaragua and Colombia, but the request is also aimed at protecting thats
interest. Indeed, if the Court acknowledges the existence of a Costa Ricsan
interest of a legal nature which may be affected and allows that State to

intervene, Costa Rica will be able to contribute to the protection of susch
an interest throughout the main proceedings.
34. The Court recalls that the Chamber formed to deal with the case
concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/
Honduras), when considering the request for permission to intervene sub -

mitted by Nicaragua in that case, stated that “[s]o far as the objects of
Nicaragua’s intervention is ‘to inform the Court of the nature of the legal
rights of Nicaragua which are in issue in the dispute’, it cannot be ssaid
that this object is not a proper one : it seems indeed to accord with the

function of intervention” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, p. 130, para. 90).
The Chamber also considered Nicaragua’s second purpose “of seekings to
ensure that the determinations of the Chamber did not trench upon the
legal rights and interests of the Republic of Nicaragua”, and concludsed
that, even though the expression “trench upon the legal rights and

interests” is not found in Article 62 of the Statute, “it is perfectly
proper, and indeed the purpose of intervention, for an intervener to
inform the Chamber of what it regards as its rights or interests, in ordser
to ensure that no legal interest may be ‘affected’ without the intservener
being heard” (ibid.).

35. The Court is of the view that the object of the intervention, as indi -
cated by Costa Rica, is in conformity with the requirements of the Statute
and the Rules of Court, since Costa Rica seeks to inform the Court of its
interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision in the s

case, in order to allow that interest to be protected.
36. The Court points out, moreover, that the written and oral proceed -
ings concerning the Application for permission to intervene must focus
on demonstrating the interest of a legal nature which may be affected ;
these proceedings are not an occasion for the State seeking to intervenes or

for the parties to discuss questions of substance relating to the main pro -
ceedings, which the Court cannot take into consideration during its
examination of whether to grant a request for permission to intervene.

3. The Basis and Extent of the Court’s Jurisdiction

37. As regards the basis of jurisdiction, Costa Rica, while informing
the Court that it has made a declaration under Article 36, paragraph 2, of
the Statute and is a party to the pact of Bogotá, specified that it is seeking
to intervene as a non-party State and that, accordingly, it has no need to

set out a basis of jurisdiction as between itself and the parties to the dis -
pute.

16

7 CIJ1019.indb 28 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 360

33. de l’avis de la Cour, l’objet précis de la demande d’intervenstion
consiste certainement à l’informer de l’intérêt d’ordrse juridique suscep -

tible d’être affecté par sa décision dans le différend qusi oppose le Nicara -
gua à la Colombie, mais cette demande tend également à la protesction de
cet intérêt. En effet, si la Cour reconnaît l’existence d’un intérêt d’ordre
juridique du Costa Rica susceptible d’être affecté et autorise cet Etat à

intervenir, celui-ci pourra contribuer à la protection de cet intérêt tout au
long de la procédure principale.
34. La Cour rappelle que la Chambre chargée de connaître de l’affaisre
du Différend frontalier terrestre, insulaire et maritime (El Salvador/Hon ‑
duras), ayant examiné la demande d’intervention présentée par le Nsicara-

gua dans ladite affaire, avait déclaré ce qui suit : « [d]ans la mesure où
l’intervention du Nicaragua a pour objet «d’informer la Cour de la nature
des droits du Nicaragua qui sont en cause dans le litige », on ne peut pas
dire que cet objet n’est pas approprié : il semble d’ailleurs conforme au

rôle de l’intervention » (arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1990, p. 130, par. 90). Ayant
également examiné le deuxième objet de la demande du Nicaragua,s ten -
dant à « garantir que les conclusions de la Chambre ne porte[raient] pas
atteinte [à ses] droits et intérêts », la Chambre avait conclu que, quand
bien même l’expression « port[er] atteinte aux droits et intérêts » ne figu -

rait pas à l’article 62 du Statut, il était « tout à fait approprié — et c’est
d’ailleurs le but de l’intervention — que l’intervenant l’informe de ce qu’il
considère comme ses droits ou intérêts, afin de veiller à sce qu’aucun inté -
rêt d’ordre juridique ne puisse être « affecté» sans que l’intervenant ait été
entendu » (ibid.).

35. La Cour estime que l’objet de l’intervention tel qu’indiqué spar le
Costa Rica satisfait aux prescriptions de son Statut et de son Règlement,
dans la mesure où il s’agit pour lui d’informer la Cour de son sintérêt juri -
dique susceptible d’être affecté par la décision en l’espèce, afin de lui per -

mettre de le protéger.
36. La Cour souligne en outre que les procédures écrite et orale rela -
tives à la requête à fin d’intervention doivent se concentsrer sur la preuve
de l’intérêt juridique en cause ; ces procédures ne sont pas, pour l’Etat qui
demande à intervenir et pour les parties, l’occasion de débattre de ques -

tions de fond relevant de la procédure principale, que la Cour ne peust, au
stade de l’examen de l’admission d’une requête à fin d’sintervention,
prendre en considération.

3. Le fondement et l’étendue de la compétence de la Cour

37. En ce qui concerne la base de compétence, le Costa Rica, tout en
informant la Cour qu’il a fait une déclaration en vertu du paragrasphe 2
de l’article 36 du Statut et qu’il est partie au pacte de Bogotá, a précisés
qu’il cherchait à intervenir en tant qu’Etat non partie et qu’il n’avait pas,

à ce titre, besoin de faire état d’une base de compétence enstre lui-même et
les parties au différend.

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7 CIJ1019.indb 29 13/06/13 16:02 361 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

38. In this respect the Court observes that its Statute does not require,
as a condition for intervention, the existence of a basis of jurisdictiosn

between the parties to the proceedings and the State which is seeking tos
intervene as a non-party.
As the Chamber of the Court formed to deal with the case concerning
the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras)
stated :

“It . . . follows . . . from the juridical nature and from the purposes
of intervention that the existence of a valid link of jurisdiction betwesen

the would-be intervener and the parties is not a requirement for the
success of the application. On the contrary, the procedure of inter -
vention is to ensure that a State with possibly affected interests may
be permitted to intervene even though there is no jurisdictional link
and it therefore cannot become a party.” (Land, Island and Maritime
Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras), Application for Permission

to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, p. 135, para. 100.)
39. By contrast, such a basis of jurisdiction is required if the State seek -

ing to intervene intends to become itself a party to the case (see Sovereignty
over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia), Application▯ for
Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 589, para. 35).
40. Nicaragua did not contest, on jurisdictional grounds, the right of
Costa Rica to seek protection of its interest on the basis of Article 62 of

the Statute. It has merely recalled that “the relative effect of the Court’s
decision which, according to Article 59 of the Statute, ‘has no binding
force except between the parties and in respect of that particular case’s, is
that it helps to protect third States’ interests of all kinds”. Ins addition,
Nicaragua has pointed out that Costa Rica has the choice to institute
principal proceedings, which would enable it to ensure the recognition osf

its legal interests going beyond their mere protection.
41. As regards the relative effect of the Court’s decision in a case whicsh
is brought before it, the Court has previously observed that “the prostec -
tion afforded by Article 59 of the Statute may not always be sufficient”
(Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Camer ‑

oon v. Nigeria : Equatorial Guinea intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2002, p. 421, para. 238).
42. As for the possibility available to a State of bringing principal pro -
ceedings before the Court, that in no way removes its right under Arti -
cle 62 of the Statute to apply to the Court for permission to intervene.

Where the Court permits intervention, it may limit the scope thereof
and allow intervention for only one aspect of the subject-matter of the
Application which is before it. As the Chamber of the Court formed to
deal with the case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dis ‑
pute (El Salvador/Honduras) noted : “[t]he scope of the intervention in
this particular case, in relation to the scope of the case as a whole, nseces -

sarily involves limitations of the right of the intervener to be heard”s
(Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990,p. 136, para. 103; see also ibid., para. 104).

17

7 CIJ1019.indb 30 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 361

38. La Cour relève à cet égard que le Statut n’impose pas, comme
condition de l’intervention, l’existence d’une base de compéstence entre les

parties à l’instance et l’Etat qui cherche à intervenir en tsant que non-
partie.
Ainsi que la Chambre de la Cour chargée de connaître de l’affaisre du
Différend frontalier terrestre, insulaire et maritime (El Salvador/Hondu ‑
ras) l’a souligné :

«Il découle … de la nature juridique et des buts de l’intervention
que l’existence d’un lien juridictionnel entre l’Etat qui demansde à

intervenir et les parties en cause n’est pas une condition du succèss de
sa requête. Au contraire, la procédure de l’intervention doit psermettre
que l’Etat dont les intérêts risquent d’être affectés spuisse être autorisé
à intervenir, alors même qu’il n’existe pas de lien juridictsionnel et qu’il
ne peut par conséquent pas devenir partie à l’instance. » (Différend
frontalier terrestre, insulaire et maritime (El Salvador/Honduras),

requête à fin d’intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1990,p. 135, par. 100.)
39. Une telle base de compétence est en revanche requise si l’Etat qui

demande à intervenir entend devenir lui-même partie au procès (voir Sou ‑
veraineté sur Pulau Ligitan et Pulau Sipadan (Indonésie/Malaisie)▯, requête
à fin d’intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2001, p. 589, par. 35).
40. Le Nicaragua n’a pas invoqué de motifs liés à la compétensce pour
contester le droit du Costa Rica de chercher à protéger ses intérêts sur

le fondement de l’article 62 du Statut. Il s’est contenté de rappeler que
«l’effet relatif de la décision de la Cour, qui, d’après l’sarticle 59 du Statut,
«n’est obligatoire que pour les parties en litige et dans le cas qui as été
décidé», contribue à protéger les intérêts de tout ordre des Etsats tiers». Il
a en outre rappelé la faculté qu’a le Costa Rica de saisir la Csour à titre
principal, ce qui lui permettrait d’assurer, au-delà de la protection de ses

intérêts juridiques, leur reconnaissance.
41. En ce qui concerne l’effet relatif de sa décision dans l’affairse dont
elle est saisie, la Cour a déjà souligné que « la protection offerte par l’ar -
ticle 59 du Statut peut ne pas être toujours suffisante » (Frontière terrestre
et maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria ; Guinée

équatoriale (intervenant)), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2002, p. 421, par. 238).

42. Quant à la possibilité offerte à un Etat de saisir la Cour à titre prin-
cipal, elle n’enlève rien au droit que lui reconnaît l’articsle 62 du Statut de
demander à la Cour de l’autoriser à intervenir.

La Cour, lorsqu’elle autorise l’intervention, peut en circonscrires la por -
tée et l’accorder pour l’un des aspects seulement de l’objets de la requête
dont elle est saisie. Ainsi que la Chambre de la Cour chargée de connsaître
de l’affaire du Différend frontalier terrestre, insulaire et maritime (El Sal ‑
vador/Honduras) l’a souligné, « [l]a portée de l’intervention dans ce cas
particulier, par rapport à l’affaire dans son ensemble, implique nsécessaire -

ment que le droit de l’intervenant d’être entendu soit limités » (arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1990, p. 136, par. 103 ; voir également ibid., par. 104).

17

7 CIJ1019.indb 31 13/06/13 16:02 362 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

43. Thus, Article 85, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court provides that,
if an application is granted, “[t]he intervening State shall be entitsled, in

the course of the oral proceedings, to submit its observations with respsect
to the subject-matter of the intervention”. Clearly, this applies to the
subject-matter as defined by the Court, for the purposes of its decision
permitting intervention.

4. The Evidence in Support of the Request to Intervene

44. Article 81, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court provides that “[t]he
application shall contain a list of the documents in support, which docus -
ments shall be attached”.
45. In its Written Observations on Costa Rica’s Application for per -
mission to intervene, Nicaragua points out that Costa Rica

“did not attach documents or any clear elements of proof of its con -
tentions. This lack of supporting documentation, or even illustra -
tions, makes it even more difficult to determine exactly what are the

legal interests claimed by Costa Rica.”
46. Costa Rica, for its part, states that the attachment of documents to
an Application for permission to intervene is not an obligation and thats,

in any event, it is a matter for it to choose the evidence in support ofs its
Application.
moreover, Costa Rica distinguishes between two stages of the proceed-
ings in terms of the standard of proof which is required of it : submission
of the Application for permission to intervene and, once that Applicatiosn
has been granted by the Court, participation in the oral proceedings on s

the merits of the case. According to Costa Rica, it is not obliged, at tshe
current stage of the proceedings, to set forth in full every argument thsat
will be made in the subsequent stage. It is thus sufficient for it to dsemon -
strate the existence of a legal interest that may be affected by the decision
of the Court, without going any further.

Accordingly, Costa Rica argues that it is not its purpose to inform the s
Court, at this stage, of the full extent of its interest, which will occsur in
the second stage of the intervention proceedings, when it will inform thse
Court on the subject in detail and in full. In any event, for Costa Ricas, the
initial stage cannot be a substitute for the second stage in providing tshe
Court with information.

47. Nicaragua, by contrast, takes the view that Costa Rica has informed
the Court, at this stage of the proceedings, of the content and scope ofs
what it considers to be its interests of a legal nature which may be affsected
by the decision in the dispute brought before the Court, and that it hass
thereby accomplished the mission which it had set for itself.

*

48. The Court recalls that, since the State seeking to intervene bears
the burden of proving the interest of a legal nature which it considers smay

18

7 CIJ1019.indb 32 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 362

43. Ainsi, le paragraphe 3 de l’article 85 du Règlement précise que, si
la requête est admise, «[l]’Etat intervenant a le droit de présenter au cours

de la procédure orale des observations sur l’objet de l’intervesntion ». Il
s’agit, à l’évidence, de l’objet de l’intervention tels qu’identifié par la Cour
aux fins de sa décision autorisant celle-ci.

4. Les moyens de preuve à l’appui de la demande d’intervention

44. Le paragraphe 3 de l’article 81 du Règlement prévoit que « [l]a
requête contient un bordereau des documents à l’appui, qui sont annexés ».

45. dans ses observations écrites sur la demande à fin d’interventsion
du Costa Rica, le Nicaragua fait remarquer que cet Etat

«n’a joint ni document, ni élément de preuve à l’appui de sses affirma-
tions et que, sans pareils documents ni même illustrations, il est
encore plus difficile de déterminer exactement ce que sont les intésrêts

d’ordre juridique qu’il invoque ».
46. Le Costa Rica, en revanche, souligne que le fait d’annexer des
documents à la requête à fin d’intervention n’est pas usne obligation et

qu’il lui appartient, en tout état de cause, de choisir les moyenss de preuve
à l’appui de sa requête.
En outre, le Costa Rica distingue, en ce qui concerne le niveau de
preuve exigé, deux phases : celle de la présentation de la requête à fin d’in-
tervention et celle, une fois l’intervention autorisée par la Cours, de la par-
ticipation à la procédure orale sur le fond de l’affaire. Selons le Costa Rica,

il ne serait pas tenu, au stade actuel de la procédure, à l’expsosé de l’inté -
gralité de son argumentation, qu’il réserverait à la phase suivante. Il se
contenterait dès lors de prouver l’existence d’un intérêts juridique suscep -
tible d’être affecté par la décision de la Cour, sans aller sau-delà.

En conséquence, le Costa Rica affirme qu’il n’a pas pour objectif, à ce
stade, d’informer la Cour de toute l’étendue de cet intérêst, exercice qu’il
réserve pour la seconde étape de la procédure d’interventions, au cours de
laquelle il compte informer pleinement et avec précision la Cour às ce
sujet. En tout état de cause, pour le Costa Rica, la première étape ne peut
se substituer à la seconde dans l’information de la Cour.

47. Le Nicaragua, en revanche, considère que le Costa Rica a informé
la Cour, au cours de cette phase de la procédure, sur le contenu et lsa por-
tée de ce qu’il estime être ses intérêts d’ordre juridsique susceptibles d’être
affectés par la décision de la Cour dans le différend porté devant celle-ci
et qu’il a accompli, de la sorte, la mission qu’il s’était fisxée.

*

48. La Cour rappelle que, dans la mesure où l’Etat qui demande à inster -
venir supporte la charge de la preuve de l’intérêt d’ordre jsuridique suscep-

18

7 CIJ1019.indb 33 13/06/13 16:02 363 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

be affected, it is for that State to decide which documents, including isllus-
trations, are to be attached to its application. Article 81, paragraph 3, of

the Rules of Court only obliges the State in question, should it decide sto
attach documents to its application, to provide a list thereof (see Sover ‑
eignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia), Appl▯i ‑
cation for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 587,
para. 29).

49. The evidence required from the State seeking to intervene cannot
be described as restricted or summary at this stage of the proceedings, s
because, essentially, the State must establish the existence of an intersest of
a legal nature which may be affected by the decision of the Court. Sinces
the object of its intervention is to inform the Court of that legal intesrest

and to ensure it is protected, Costa Rica must convince the Court, at thsis
stage, of the existence of such an interest ; once that interest has been
recognized by the Court, it will be for Costa Rica to ensure, by particispat -
ing in the proceedings on the merits, that such interest is protected ins the
judgment which is subsequently delivered.

50. Consequently, it is for the State seeking to intervene to produce all
the evidence it has available in order to secure the decision of the Court
on this point.
51. This does not prevent the Court, if it rejects the application for
permission to intervene, from taking note of the information provided to

it at this stage of the proceedings. As the Court has already stated, “s[it]
will, in its future judgment in the case, take account, as a fact, of thse
existence of other States having claims in the region” (Continental Shelf
(Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Application for Permission to Interven▯e,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, p. 26, para. 43).

II. Examination of Costa Ricsa’s Application for
permission to Intervenes

52. The Court recalls that, in its Application, Costa Rica requests the

Court’s permission to intervene as a non-party (see paragraph 37 above)
and maintains that its Application satisfies the requirements of Article 62
of the Statute and of Article 81 of the Rules of Court.

* *

The Interest of a Legal Nature Claimed by Costa Rica

53. The Court will now turn to consider whether Costa Rica has suffi -
ciently set out an “interest of a legal nature” which may be affecsted by the
decision of the Court in the main proceedings. The Court will examine
both of the elements, namely the existence of an interest of a legal natsure

on the part of Costa Rica and the effects that the Court’s eventual dsecision
on the merits might have on this interest, in order for the request for sinter-

19

7 CIJ1019.indb 34 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 363

tible selon lui d’être affecté, il lui appartient de déciders des documents, y
compris les illustrations, qu’il échet d’annexer à sa requêste. Quant au para -

graphe 3 de l’article 81 du Règlement, il oblige seulement cet Etat, au cas
où il décide d’annexer des documents à sa requête, à esn fournir un borde-
reau (voir Souveraineté sur Pulau Ligitan et Pulau Sipadan (Indonésie/
Malaisie), requête à fin d’intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2001, p. 587,
par. 29).

49. La preuve exigée de l’Etat qui demande à intervenir ne peut êstre
qualifiée de restreinte ou sommaire à ce stade de la procédurse, car, pour
l’essentiel, l’Etat doit établir l’existence d’un intésrêt d’ordre juridique sus-
ceptible d’être affecté par la décision de la Cour. dans la mesure où l’ob -
jet de son intervention est d’informer la Cour de cet intérêt jsuridique et de

faire en sorte qu’il soit protégé, le Costa Rica doit convaincre la Cour, à
ce stade, de l’existence d’un tel intérêt et, celui-ci une fois reconnu par la
Cour, il lui revient, à la phase du fond, de veiller, en participant sà la pro -
cédure principale, à ce que l’intérêt en question soit prsotégé dans l’arrêt
qui sera rendu.

50. Il appartient en conséquence à l’Etat qui demande à intervensir de
produire tous les moyens de preuve à sa disposition pour emporter la s
décision de la Cour sur ce point.
51. Cela n’empêche pas la Cour, si elle rejette la requête à fisn d’inter -
vention, de prendre note de l’information qui lui a été fournie dans cette

phase de la procédure. En effet, comme elle a déjà eu l’occassion de le
souligner, « dans son arrêt futur, [elle] tiendra compte, comme d’un fait,
de l’existence d’autres Etats ayant des prétentions dans la résgion » (Pla‑
teau continental (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Malte), requête à fi▯n d’inter ‑
vention, C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 26, par. 43).

II. Examen de la requête à sfin d’intervention
du Costa Rica

52. La Cour rappellera que le Costa Rica, dans sa requête, la prie de

l’autoriser à intervenir en tant que non-partie (voir paragraphe 37 ci-
dessus) et qu’il soutient que sa requête satisfait aux prescriptions énoncées
tant à l’article 62 du Statut de la Cour qu’à l’article 81 de son Règlement.

* *

L’intérêt d’ordre juridique revendiqué par le Costa Rica

53. La Cour recherchera à présent si le Costa Rica a suffisamment spé -
cifié l’« intérêt d’ordre juridique » qui serait susceptible d’être affecté par
la décision à rendre dans la procédure principale. Elle examinesra les deux
éléments en question, à savoir l’existence d’un intérêt d’ordre juridique du

Costa Rica et l’effet que la décision relative au fond pourrait avoir sur cet
intérêt, afin de déterminer s’il peut être fait droit às la demande d’interven-

19

7 CIJ1019.indb 35 13/06/13 16:02 364 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

vention to succeed (see Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jama ‑
hiriya), Application for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports

1981, p. 19, para. 33).
54. In its Application, Costa Rica states that its :

“interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision of
the Court is Costa Rica’s interest in the exercise of its sovereign rsights
and jurisdiction in the maritime area in the Caribbean Sea to which
it is entitled under international law by virtue of its coast facing on s
that sea”.

It takes the view that the arguments developed by Nicaragua and Colom -
bia in their delimitation dispute affect its legal interest, which it wishes to
assert before the Court. According to Costa Rica, such interest is estabs -

lished in reference to the “hypothetical delimitation scenario betweesn
Costa Rica and Nicaragua” and, consequently, if it does not intervene,
“the delimitation decision in this case may affect the legal interests of
Costa Rica”.

55. Costa Rica has indicated that the area in question is bounded in
the north by a putative equidistance line with Nicaragua and in the easts
by a line that is 200 nautical miles from Costa Rica’s coast, which was
identified as the “minimum area of interest” of Costa Rica.
At the hearings, the geographical scope of Costa Rica’s claimed inter -

est was clearly depicted through several illustrations, in many of whichs
the area in dispute in the main proceedings and the “minimum area of s
interest” of Costa Rica were shown in distinctive colours, used as refer -
ences in later submissions (see sketch-map, p. 366). Costa Rica has
explained that

“[the] set, in light red, is the part of the Caribbean Sea in disputes
between the parties in this case, and is the very subject-matter of the

delimitation case between Nicaragua and Colombia . . . The other set,
in blue, is the part of the Caribbean Sea in which Costa Rica has an
interest of a legal nature. It is bounded by an agreed boundary with
panama, a notional boundary with Nicaragua and the outer limits of
Costa Rica’s EEZ entitlement. The purple or the dark blue area is the

intersection of the two sets. It represents the area in dispute in this s
case in which Costa Rica has a legal interest.”

56. The Court notes that Costa Rica initially claimed to have an inter -
est in ensuring that its rights and interests under the 1977 Facio-Fernández
Treaty with Colombia, which it signed but did not ratify, are not affectsed
by the Court’s decision. However, in response to a question put by a s
member of the Court, it acknowledged that neither the assumptions

underlying the 1977 Treaty, referred to in its Application and oral sub -
missions, nor the “1977 agreement itself constitute an interest of a legal

20

7 CIJ1019.indb 36 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 364

tion (voir Plateau continental (Tunisie/Jamahiriya arabe libyenne), requête
à fin d’intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1981, p. 19, par. 33).

54. dans sa requête, le Costa Rica indique que

«[l]’intérêt d’ordre juridique qui … est pour lui en cause concerne
l’exercice de ses droits souverains et de sa juridiction dans l’esspace
maritime de la mer des Caraïbes auquel lui donne droit, selon le droist
international, sa côte bordant cette mer ».

Le Costa Rica considère que les arguments développés par le Nicaragua
et la Colombie dans le cadre de leur différend en matière de déslimitation
portent atteinte à son intérêt d’ordre juridique, qu’il esntend faire valoir

devant la Cour. Un tel intérêt est déterminé par référsence, selon le
Costa Rica, au «scénario hypothétique de délimitation entre le Costa Rica
et le Nicaragua » et, dès lors, si le Costa Rica n’intervient pas, « la déci -
sion que la Cour rendra en l’espèce risque de porter atteinte às [son] intérêt
juridique ».

55. Le Costa Rica a précisé que la zone en question était délimitée, au
nord, par une ligne d’équidistance hypothétique avec le Nicaragsua et, à
l’est, par une ligne située à 200 milles marins au large de sa côte ; cette
zone est désignée comme la « zone minimum d’intérêt » du Costa Rica.
A l’audience, la portée géographique de l’intérêt revesndiqué par le

Costa Rica a été clairement représentée sur diverses illustrationss, nombre
d’entre elles figurant par des couleurs distinctes la zone en litigse dans
la procédure principale et la « zone minimum d’intérêt » du Costa Rica ;
ces illustrations ont par la suite été prises comme référencse dans ses
conclusions ultérieures (voir croquis, p. 366). Le Costa Rica a précisé
ce qui suit :

«est représentée, en rouge clair, la partie de la mer des Caraïbses que
les parties se disputent en l’espèce, et qui est au cœur même de scette

affaire de délimitation entre le Nicaragua et la Colombie … et, en
bleu, la partie de la mer des Caraïbes dans laquelle le Costa Rica a
un intérêt d’ordre juridique. Celle-ci est délimitée par une frontière
convenue avec le panama, par une frontière hypothétique avec le
Nicaragua et par les limites extérieures de la zone économique excslu -

sive à laquelle le CostaRica a droit. Le secteur en violet ou bleufoncé
montre le chevauchement des deux zones. Il représente la portion de
la zone litigieuse dans laquelle le Costa Rica a un intérêt juridique. »

56. La Cour relève que le Costa Rica a initialement prétendu avoir un
intérêt à ce que ses droits et intérêts découlant du traité Facio-Fernández
de 1977, qu’il a signé avec la Colombie — mais n’a pas ratifié —, ne soient
pas affectés par sa décision. Il a cependant admis, dans une réponse à une
question posée par un membre de la Cour, que ni les hypothèses surs les -

quelles reposerait selon lui le traité de 1977 — dont il a fait état dans sa
requête et à l’audience —, ni « l’accord de 1977 lui-même ne constitue[nt]

20

7 CIJ1019.indb 37 13/06/13 16:02 365 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

nature that may be affected by the decision in this case per se”. Costa Rica
clarified therein that it

“has not asked the Court to adjudicate the legal merits of the notionss

underpinning the 1977 agreement. Instead, Costa Rica has simply
brought to the Court’s attention the implications for the geographic s
scope of Costa Rica’s legal interest, should the Court’s decision affect
its neighbourly relationships in the vicinity of the 1977 agreement. . . .”
(See sketch-map, p. 366.)

Finally, Costa Rica states that “it does not seek any particular outcsome
from this case in relation to this Treaty”.

57. Costa Rica contends that its interest is of a legal nature because it
is manifest in its Constitution, its domestic laws and regulations, and sthe
international agreements it has concluded.
58. For its part, Nicaragua asserts that the mere fact that Costa Rica

and Nicaragua are neighbours and the absence of a lateral maritime
delimitation line are not enough to justify the existence of a relevant s
interest for intervening in the delimitation between the opposite coastss of
Nicaragua and Colombia. For Nicaragua,

“[s]imply voicing a legal claim is not enough for that application tos
be granted. It is necessary, absolutely necessary, that this claim,
proper, real and present, should be affected by the decision which the

Court will one day deliver to settle the dispute before it . . . To some
extent it is speculation, but speculation based on plausible argu -
ments.”

59. Concerning Costa Rica’s “minimum area of interest”, Nicaragua
claims that “Costa Rica’s legal interests are confined to a smaller area”,
which must be bounded by the lines agreed in the treaties with Colombia s
and panama (see sketch-map, p. 366). Although Nicaragua recognizes
that Costa Rica is not formally bound by the 1977 Treaty, in the absence

of its ratification, it asserts that Costa Rica is bound, by its consistent
conduct for over 30 years, to its obligations under the treaty ; conse-
quently, Costa Rica’s interests stop at that treaty line.

60. Nicaragua emphasizes that “the Statute requires the existence of an

interest of a legal nature, which excludes interests of all other kinds,s
whether political, economic, geostrategic or simply material, unless thesy
are connected with a legal interest”. Nicaragua concludes that Costa Rica
“has not . . . managed to show the existence of a direct, concrete and pres -
ent legal interest of its own, which is a necessary premise of any intersven-
tion. It has not managed to show that this exists in the context of the s

dispute between Nicaragua and Colombia”, but has rather shown that its
has

21

7 CIJ1019.indb 38 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 365

un intérêt d’ordre juridique auquel la décision de la Cour esn l’espèce ris-
que[rait], en tant que telle, de porter atteinte ». Le Costa Rica précise,

dans cette même réponse, qu’il
«n’a pas … demandé à la Cour de statuer sur le bien-fondé en droit

des éléments qui sous-tendent l’accord de 1977. Il a simplement
appelé l’attention de la Cour sur les conséquences, du point des vue
de la portée géographique de ses intérêts juridiques, que las décision
de celle-ci pourrait avoir en tant qu’elle influerait sur les relations
qu’il entretient avec ses voisins dans la zone concernée par l’saccord

de 1977.» (Voir croquis, p. 366.)
Enfin, le Costa Rica indique qu’il « ne cherche en aucune manière, par le
biais de la présente affaire, à ce que la Cour se prononce sur cets instru -

ment ».
57. Le Costa Rica soutient que son intérêt est d’ordre juridique en ce
qu’il ressort clairement de sa Constitution, de ses lois et règlemsents, ainsi
que des accords internationaux qu’il a conclus.
58. Le Nicaragua, pour sa part, avance que le simple fait que le

Costa Rica et lui-même soient voisins et l’absence entre eux de délimita -
tion maritime latérale ne suffisent pas à démontrer l’existsence d’un intérêt
pertinent aux fins d’intervenir dans le cadre de la délimitations entre les
côtes se faisant face du Nicaragua et de la Colombie. pour le Nicaragua,

«[e]xprimer une prétention juridique ne suffit pas pour accéder à la
requête à fin d’intervention. Il est nécessaire, absolumenst nécessaire,
que cette prétention, propre, réelle et actuelle, puisse être mise en

cause par la décision que la Cour rendra un jour pour trancher le
différend porté devant elle … Il s’agit dans une certaine mesure d’une
spéculation, mais construite sur la base d’arguments plausibles. »

59. En ce qui concerne la « zone minimum d’intérêt» du Costa Rica, le
Nicaragua soutient que «les intérêts juridiques du Costa Rica sont limités à
une zone plus petite», qui doit être circonscrite par les lignes convenues en
vertu des traités que celui-ci a conclus avec la Colombie et le panama (voir
croquis, p. 366). Bien que le Nicaragua reconnaisse que le Costa Rica

n’est pas formellement lié par le traité de 1977 puisqu’il ne l’a pas ratifié,
il soutient que, du fait du comportement constant qui a été le sien dsu-
rant plus de trente ans, il l’est par les obligations lui incombant en vertu de
ce traité et que ses intérêts s’arrêtent, dès lors, à sla ligne définie par celui-ci.
60. Le Nicaragua souligne que « le Statut requiert l’existence d’un in-

térêt d’ordre juridique, ce qui exclut les intérêts de tout autre ordsre, qu’ils
soient politiques, économiques, géostratégiques ou tout simplement ma-
tériels, sauf s’ils sont liés à un intérêt juridique ». Il conclut que le Costa
Rica n’a « pas réussi à démontrer l’existence d’un intérêt d’sordre juri-
dique propre, direct, concret et actuel, ce qui est une prémisse nécessasire
à toute intervention. Il n’a pas réussi à démontrer cette exisstence dans

le cadre du différend entre le Nicaragua et la Colombie ». Ce qu’il aurait
démontré, en revanche, c’est qu’il avait

21

7 CIJ1019.indb 39 13/06/13 16:02 366 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

Area in which Costa Rica claims to have Area in dispute in the main proceedings
according to Costa Rica
an interest of a legal nature which
Minimum area of interest according to Costa Rica
may be affected by the Court's decision
Area in which Costa Rica claims to have
This sketch-map has been prepared for illustrative purposes only, an interest of a legal nature which may
on the basis of a map presented by Costa Rica be affected by the Court's decision

Mercator Projection (15°N) Maritime features
WGS 84
Delimitation line as established by the 1980
Treaty between Costa Rica and Panama

Delimitation line in the 1977 Treaty between
Colombia and Costa Rica (not in force)
CARIBBEAN SEA
HONDURAS
i
b
l
C
b gu
edr ra
NICARAGUA imd ia
c o y
r e d
d s ie
uni cay
b i r el
i nd s
ri boni
a e i
M ii
ar
M

C
O
S
TA
R
C COLOMBIA

A

PANAMA

22

7 CIJ1019.indb 40 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 366

Zone dans laquelle le Costa Rica prétend Zone en litige dans l'instance principale
selon le Costa Rica
avoir un intérêt d'ordre juridique susceptible
d'être affecté par la décision de la Cour Zone minimum d'intérêt selon le Costa Rica
Zone dans laquelle le Costa Rica prétend avoir
un intérêt d'ordre juridique susceptible d'être
Ce croquis a été établi à seule fin d'illustration, affecté par la décision de la Cour
à partir d'une carte présentée par le Costa Rica
Projection de Mercator (15°N) Formations maritimes

WGS 84 Ligne de délimitation telle qu'établie par le
traité de 1980 entre le Costa Rica et le Panama

Ligne de délimitation telle que prévue dans le traité
de 1977 entre la Colombie et le Costa Rica
MER DES CARAÏBES (non entré en vigueur)
HONDURAS i
mb
o
C
rl u
p r
NICARAGUA éeue ic
i l eN
n u al
vead e
ers u e
i a dilq
r d vnrp
m er s
re tmas
t ai d
r e
F i
on
Fr
C
O
S T
A
CI
COLOMBIE
A

PANAMA

22

7 CIJ1019.indb 41 13/06/13 16:02 367 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

“legal interests in the delimitation with its neighbour Nicaragua . . .
[and] that it is presenting itself as a party — not to the dispute between

Nicaragua and Colombia — but to a dispute between itself and Nica -
ragua regarding the maritime delimitation between the two countries”.

61. Colombia, for its part, shares Costa Rica’s conclusion that the lat -
ter has rights and interests of a legal nature which may be affected by sthe
decision in the main proceedings. Colombia contends that “[t]he legals
rights and interests of Costa Rica . . . include the legal rights and obliga -
tions that [the latter has] subscribed to in the delimitation agreementss

with Colombia”. Therefore, according to Colombia, Costa Rica has a
legal interest relating to the maritime areas delimited by the 1977 Treaty,
as well as in the delimitation of an eventual tripoint between Costa Rica,
Colombia and Nicaragua.
62. With reference to Costa Rica’s “minimum area of legal interest” as
depicted at the hearings, Colombia deems this claimed maritime area to

be “in acute tension with the long-standing position of Costa Rica as to
the maritime entitlements of Colombia’s islands”.
63. Colombia disputes Nicaragua’s assertion that Costa Rica has no
interest in areas going beyond the line of the 1977 Treaty. In Colombia’s
view, while Costa Rica’s claims are limited to the areas defined by the

treaty vis-à-vis Colombia, it is not limited to claiming only these areas
vis-à-vis Nicaragua. In its comments on Costa Rica’s response to a ques -
tion put to it by a member of the Court, Colombia reaffirms the validity
of the 1977 Treaty’s boundary lines, despite its non-ratification, since the
treaty “has been given effect for more than 30 years”.

64. Colombia concludes that : “Costa Rica has a legal interest as
against Nicaragua in relation to at least some areas claimed by the lattser
in these proceedings and going beyond those lines”.

*

65. The Court notes that, although Nicaragua and Colombia differ in
their assessment as to the limits of the area in which Costa Rica may have
a legal interest, they recognize the existence of Costa Rica’s interest of a
legal nature in at least some areas claimed by the parties to the main psro -

ceedings. The Court however is not called upon to examine the exact geo-
graphical parameters of the maritime area in which Costa Rica considers
it has an interest of a legal nature.
66. The Court recalls that the Chamber in the case concerning the Land,
Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras), when reject -

ing Nicaragua’s Application for permission to intervene with respect sto
any question of delimitation within the gulf of Fonseca, stated that
“the essential difficulty in which the Chamber finds itself, on thsis mat-

ter of a possible delimitation within the waters of the gulf, is that
Nicaragua did not in its Application indicate any maritime spaces in

23

7 CIJ1019.indb 42 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 367

«des intérêts juridiques dans la délimitation avec le Nicaragua svoi -
sin … [et] qu’il se présente comme une partie, non pas au différend qsui

oppose le Nicaragua à la Colombie, mais à un différend entre lusi-même
et le Nicaragua concernant la délimitation maritime entre les deux p» a.ys

61. Quant à la Colombie, elle partage la conclusion du Costa Rica selon
laquelle celui-ci possède des droits et intérêts d’ordre juridique qui pours -
raientêtre affectés par la décision dans la procédure principale. La Colombie
soutient que, «[p]armi les droits et intérêts d’ordre juridique du Costa Rica …,
figurent les droits et obligations juridiques qu’i[l a] acceptéss aux termes des

accords de délimitation conclus avec [elle]». Elle considère dès lors que le
Costa Rica a un intérêt juridique à l’égard des zones maritimess délimitées
en vertu du traité de 1977, ainsi qu’en ce qui concerne la détermination
d’un futur point triple entre le Costa Rica, la Colombie et le Nicaragua.
62. S’agissant de la «zone minimum d’intérêt juridique» du Costa Rica
telle que présentée à l’audience, la Colombie estime qu’eslle est « en nette

contradiction avec la position de longue date du Costa Rica relativement
aux droits maritimes générés par les îles colombiennes ».
63. La Colombie conteste l’affirmation du Nicaragua selon laquelle le
Costa Rica n’aurait aucun intérêt dans des zones s’étendant au-delà de la
ligne établie par le traité de 1977. Selon elle, bien que les revendications

du Costa Rica soient à son égard limitées aux seules zones définiess par ce
traité, elles ne le sont pas à l’égard du Nicaragua. dans ses observations
sur la réponse écrite du Costa Rica à une question posée par un membre
de la Cour, la Colombie a réaffirmé la validité des lignes de sdélimitation
convenues dans le traité de 1977, puisque, bien que celui-ci n’ait pas été

ratifié, il lui « est donné effet depuis plus de trente ans ».
64. La Colombie conclut que «le Costa Rica a un intérêt d’ordre juridique
à opposer au Nicaragua en ce qui concerne certaines, au moins, des zosnes
revendiquées par celui-ci en l’espèce et s’étendant au-delà de [cette] lign»e.

*

65. La Cour relève que, bien que le Nicaragua et la Colombie diffèrents
dans leur évaluation des limites de la zone dans laquelle le Costa Rica peut
avoir un intérêt d’ordre juridique, ils reconnaissent que le Cossta Rica pos -
sède un tel intérêt dans au moins certaines des zones qu’ilss revendiquent

dans le cadre de la procédure principale. La Cour n’est toutefois pas appe -
lée à se pencher sur les limites géographiques exactes de la zone maritime
dans laquelle le Costa Rica estime avoir un intérêt d’ordre juridique.
66. La Cour rappellera que, en l’affaire du Différend frontalier terrestre,
insulaire et maritime (El Salvador/Honduras), lorsque la Chambre a rejeté

la demande d’intervention présentée par le Nicaragua sur toute squestion
de délimitation à l’intérieur du golfe de Fonseca, elle a désclaré que
«la principale difficulté que rencontre la Chambre à propos d’usne

éventuelle délimitation à l’intérieur des eaux du golfe tient à ce que le
Nicaragua n’a pas indiqué, dans sa requête, d’espaces maritismes où

23

7 CIJ1019.indb 43 13/06/13 16:02 368 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

which Nicaragua might have a legal interest which could be said to

be affected by a possible delimitation line between El Salvador and
Honduras” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, p. 125, para. 78).

In the present case, by contrast, Costa Rica has indicated the maritime
area in which it considers it has an interest of a legal nature which masy be
affected by the decision of the Court in the main proceedings (see paras -
graphs 54-55 above).

* *

67. The indication of this maritime area is however not sufficient in
itself for the Court to grant Costa Rica’s Application for permission to

intervene. Under Article 62 of the Statute, it is not sufficient for a State
applying to intervene to show that it has an interest of a legal nature s
which is the object of a claim based on law, in the maritime area in quess -
tion; it must also demonstrate that this interest may be affected by the
decision in the main proceedings, as the Court has pointed out in para -

graph 26 of this Judgment.
68. Costa Rica contends that it need only show that a delimitation
decision could affect its legal interest, and that such would be the case if
it is shown that there is any “overlap whatsoever between the area ins
which Costa Rica has a legal interest . . . and the area in dispute between

the parties to this case”. In Costa Rica’s view, there is a rather large over-
lap between these two areas, of approximately 30,000 km 2. Costa Rica
submits that this area of overlap, which was depicted in purple at the
hearings, is sufficient to demonstrate that the delimitation decision isn this

case may affect the legal interest of Costa Rica (see sketch-map, p. 366). It
also contends that Nicaragua has failed to clarify where the line repre -
senting the southern limit of its claims would be located, thus leaving s
Costa Rica in uncertainty. Specifically, Costa Rica asserts that even the
most northerly southern limit of the areas claimed by Nicaragua in its

written pleadings would encroach on Costa Rica’s entitlements.
69. Costa Rica further contends that the location of the southern ter -
minus of the boundary between Nicaragua and Colombia which, in its
view, will be decided by the Court may also affect its legal interest ins the

area, inasmuch as the southern endpoint may be placed in Costa Rica’s
potential area of interest.
70. Initially, Costa Rica argued that the relationship between its area
of interest and the 1977 Treaty’s line may be affected by the Court’s deci -
sion in the main proceedings. It claimed at the time that Nicaragua’ss

asserted boundary claims against Colombia, should they prevail, would
not only have the effect of eliminating Costa Rica’s boundary relation -
ships with Colombia in the Caribbean Sea, but would also affect the locas-
tion of Costa Rica’s tripoint with Colombia and Nicaragua. Under such
a ruling, Costa Rica contended, “the entire basis on which the 1977 line

was negotiated would be eliminated by creating a zone of non-Colombian

24

7 CIJ1019.indb 44 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 368

il pourrait avoir un intérêt juridique susceptible d’être cosnsidéré

comme affecté par une éventuelle ligne de délimitation entre Els Sal -
vador et le Honduras » (arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1990, p. 125, par. 78).

En la présente affaire, en revanche, le Costa Rica a spécifié la zone mari -
time dans laquelle il estime avoir un intérêt d’ordre juridiques susceptible
d’être affecté par la décision de la Cour dans la procédusre principale (voir
paragraphes 54-55 ci-dessus).

* *

67. L’indication de cette zone maritime n’est cependant pas suffisantse
en elle-même pour que la Cour admette la requête du Costa Rica à fin s

d’intervention. En vertu de l’article 62 du Statut, un Etat demandant à
intervenir ne peut se contenter de démontrer qu’il a un intérêst d’ordre
juridique faisant l’objet d’une prétention fondée sur le drosit, dans la zone
maritime concernée ; il doit également démontrer que cet intérêt est sus -
ceptible d’être affecté par la décision à rendre dans la sprocédure princi -

pale, ainsi que la Cour l’a souligné au paragraphe 26 du présent arrêt.
68. Le Costa Rica estime qu’il lui suffit de démontrer que la décision
portant délimitation risque d’affecter son intérêt d’ordrse juridique et que tel
serait le cas s’il était établi qu’existe un quelconque «schevauchement entre
la zone où il estime avoir un intérêt d’ordre juridique … et la zone en litige

entre les parties à la présente affaire». d’après le Costa Rica, le chevauche-
ment de ces deux zones est relativement important, représentant quelqsue
30 000 km . Cette zone de chevauchement, figurée en violet à l’audiences,
suffit, selon lui, à démontrer que la délimitation à intervenir en l’affaire

risque d’affecter son intérêt d’ordre juridique (voir croqusis, p. 366). Il avance
également que le Nicaragua n’a pas indiqué clairement où se ssituerait la
ligne représentant la limite méridionale de ses revendications, le laissant
ainsi dans l’incertitude. Le Costa Rica affirme en particulier que même la
plus septentrionale des limites méridionales des zones revendiquées par le

Nicaragua dans ses écritures empiéterait sur ses droits.
69. Le Costa Rica soutient en outre que l’emplacement du point termi -
nal méridional de la frontière entre le Nicaragua et la Colombie, point
que la Cour devra, selon lui, déterminer, risque également d’affsecter son

intérêt d’ordre juridique dans le secteur, en ce sens que ce posint pourrait
se situer dans sa zone potentielle d’intérêt.
70. Initialement, le Costa Rica soutenait que la relation existant entre la
zone dans laquelle il estime avoir un intérêt et la ligne découlant du traité
de 1977 était susceptible d’être affectée par la décision des la Cour dans la

procédure principale. Il avançait alors que, si la Cour devait faire droit aux
revendications frontalières du Nicaragua à l’égard de la Colsombie, cela aurait
non seulement pour effet d’éliminer toute frontière entre le Cossta Rica et la
Colombie dans la mer des Caraïbes, mais aussi une incidence sur l’emplace -
ment du point triple entre le Costa Rica, la Colombie et le Nicaragua. Isl

estimait que, si la Cour devait statuer en ce sens, «toute la base sur laquelle

24

7 CIJ1019.indb 45 13/06/13 16:02 369 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

waters immediately north and east of the 1977 line, thus rendering the

agreement between Costa Rica and Colombia without purpose”.
Costa Rica asserted as well that Colombia has also made a boundary
claim in the case that could affect Costa Rica’s rights and interests in rela-
tion with the 1977 Treaty’s line. The boundary claimed by Colombia
against Nicaragua, in Costa Rica’s view, “is situated west of the line of

longitude agreed to separate Costa Rican and Colombian maritime areas
and, thereby, encompasses area that would go to Costa Rica under the
terms of their 1977 agreement”. If Colombia’s claims were to prevail, the
decision would affect Costa Rica’s rights under the 1977 Treaty, as well as

the location of Costa Rica’s tripoint with Colombia and Nicaragua.

71. However, in its response to a question put to it by a member of the
Court, Costa Rica has acknowledged that the 1977 Treaty does not itself

constitute an interest of a legal nature that may be affected by the decsi -
sion in this case and that it does not seek any particular outcome from s
this case in relation to this Treaty (see paragraph 56 above).

72. Accordingly, there is no need for the Court to consider Costa

Rica’s arguments contained in paragraph 70 above or the contentions set
forth by Nicaragua and Colombia in response to those arguments.
73. Finally, Costa Rica asserts that its interests could be affected even
if the Court places a directional arrow at the end of the boundary line s

between Nicaragua and Colombia that does not actually touch
Costa Rica’s potential interests. Costa Rica contends that the Court can -
not be sure to place such a directional arrow a safe distance away from s
Costa Rica’s area of interests without it providing “full information absout
the extent of [its] interests” to the Court by way of intervention.

74. Nicaragua, for its part, notes that since the parties do not seek
delimitation in Costa Rica’s area of interest, “Costa Rica’s interests will
not — cannot — be affected by the decision in this case”.

75. Nicaragua reiterates that “it does not seek from the Court any

delimitation in the area in which Costa Rica now considers itself to have
legal interests”. Nicaragua explains that Nicaragua’s boundary claims, if
adopted by the Court, would not impact this area because the enclaves
Nicaragua has placed around San Andrés or any other Colombian islandss

do not encroach on Costa Rica’s area of interest and the line claimeds by
Nicaragua does not impact the said area either. Nicaragua does not read s
Colombia’s written pleadings as calling for delimitation of, or withisn, the
areas in which Costa Rica has expressed an interest, either.

76. Nicaragua asserts that
“even if the Court were to take Costa Rica’s new definition of its legal

interest into consideration, the result would be the same . . . Even the

25

7 CIJ1019.indb 46 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 369

la ligne de 1977 a été négociée pourrait être anéanties par la création d’une
zone d’eaux non colombiennes juste au nord et à l’est de cette sligne, ce qui

viderait de son sens l’accord conclu entre le Costa Rica et la Colombie ».
Le Costa Rica soutenait également que la ligne frontière revendiquée par la
Colombie en l’affaire risquait d’affecter ses droits et intérêsts liés à la dé-imita
tion effectuée par le traité de 1977. Selon lui, la frontière revendiquée par la
Colombie à l’égard du Nicaragua «passe à l’ouest du méridien choisi d’un

commun accord comme ligne de partage des zones maritimes du Costa Rica
et de la Colombie, et … englobe par conséquent une zone qui reviendrait au
CostaRica en vertu de l’accord de1977». S’il devait être fait droit aux reven -
dications de la Colombie, la décision de la Cour affecterait les droists que le
Costa Rica tient du traité de 1977, et aurait également une incidence sur l’em-

placement du point triple entre le Costa Rica, la Colombie et le Nicaragua.
71. Le Costa Rica a néanmoins reconnu, dans sa réponse à une ques -
tion que lui a posée un membre de la Cour, que le traité de 1977 ne consti-
tuait pas par lui-même un intérêt d’ordre juridique susceptible d’être
affecté par la décision de la Cour en l’affaire et qu’il ne scherchait en

aucune manière, par le biais de la présente procédure, à ce sque la Cour se
prononce relativement à cet instrument (voir paragraphe 56 ci-dessus).
72. point n’est dès lors besoin pour la Cour d’examiner les arguments
du Costa Rica rappelés au paragraphe 70 ci-dessus ni ceux présentés en
réponse par le Nicaragua ou la Colombie.

73. Enfin, le Costa Rica soutient que ses intérêts pourraient être affec -
tés même si la Cour plaçait une flèche à l’extrémsité de la frontière entre le
Nicaragua et la Colombie qui ne touche pas directement ses intérêtss
potentiels. Selon lui, il n’existe pas de certitude que la Cour soit sà même
de placer cette flèche à une distance suffisante de la zone oùs le Costa Rica

estime avoir un intérêt sans que celui-ci lui ait communiqué « toutes les
informations nécessaires sur l’étendue de [ses] intérêts ».
74. Le Nicaragua relève quant à lui que, les parties ne cherchant pas à
ce que la Cour opère une délimitation dans la zone où le Costa Rica
estime avoir des intérêts, ces intérêts « ne seront pas — et ne peuvent pas

être — affectés par la décision rendue en l’espèce ».
75. Le Nicaragua rappelle «qu’il ne sollicite pas de la Cour qu’elle opère
une délimitation à l’intérieur de la zone dans laquelle le Csosta Rica consi-
dère maintenant avoir des intérêts d’ordre juridique». Il explique que, si la
Cour devait faire droit à ses revendications frontalières, cela serait sans

incidence sur cette zone, les enclaves dont il a entouré San Andrés ou
d’autres îles colombiennes n’empiétant pas sur le secteur dasns lequel le
Costa Rica estime avoir un intérêt, et la ligne qu’il revendique n’sayant pas
davantage d’incidence sur ce secteur. Selon le Nicaragua, dans ses éscritures,
la Colombie ne prie pas, elle non plus, la Cour d’opérer une déslimitation

des zones où le Costa Rica dit avoir un intérêt, ni à l’intérieur de celles-ci.
76. Le Nicaragua soutient que,

«quand bien même la Cour tiendrait compte de la nouvelle définitison
que le Costa Rica donne de son intérêt juridique, le résultat serait iden-

25

7 CIJ1019.indb 47 13/06/13 16:02 370 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

expanded area now claimed by Costa Rica as its area of legal interest
cannot be affected by the decision of the Court in this case, under any

circumstances, because the Court cannot and does not delimit in any
area claimed by a third State.”

77. Colombia disputes Costa Rica’s contention that Colombia’s own
claims in the case would affect Costa Rica’s interests. Colombia asserts
that its claims leave open the endpoints of the delimitation so as not tso
affect third-State interests.

78. Nicaragua contends that Costa Rica is protected by Article 59 of
the Statute and the practice of the Court in maritime delimitation casess in
that third States’ interests are left unaffected. Nicaragua has arguesd that
Costa Rica’s intervention should be disallowed because the interest of a
legal nature it claims to have would not be affected by the decision of sthe

Court.
79. Costa Rica considers this argument to be flawed for three reasons :

“[F]irst, Article 59 protection is, in practical terms, insufficient.
Second, the avenues suggested by Nicaragua do not provide the
Court with what it needs, namely, complete and correct information
about Costa Rica’s interests that may be affected by the decision of

the Court. And third, bringing new claims to protect legal interests,
that otherwise could be protected by means of Article 62, is inefficient,
unnecessary and only serves to compound the problem faced by the
Court in this case, which is, lack of information about the true extent s
of Costa Rica’s interests.”

Costa Rica relies in this regard on the Court’s finding in the case concesrn-

ing Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cam‑
eroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) (see paragraph 41 above).
80. Costa Rica argues that Article 59 does not offer sufficient protec -
tion in practical terms because

“[a] judgment by this Court, delimiting maritime areas between Nica-
ragua and Colombia, implies much more than the allocation of the
column of water and sea-bed to the parties. It entails title to maritime

areas, the right to exercise their sovereign rights and jurisdiction
under international law in those areas, the right to exclude others
from them and the right of enjoyment”

and may prompt States to “incorporate into their own legal framework s
that final and binding judgment”.
81. Although Nicaragua acknowledges that a judgment by the Court
may have legal consequences for third States, it nevertheless considers

that in order to be allowed to intervene, a State must establish that thse
decision by the Court will affect its legal interest, which Costa Rica has

26

7 CIJ1019.indb 48 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 370

tique … [m]ême la zone élargie dans laquelle le Costa Rica prétend
aujourd’hui détenir des intérêts juridiques ne peut en aucuns cas être

touchée par la décision de la Cour en l’instance, car celle-ci ne peut
délimiter et ne délimitera aucune zone revendiquée par un Etat stiers» .

77. La Colombie conteste l’allégation du Costa Rica selon laquelle ses
propres revendications en l’affaire affecteraient les intérêts sde celui-ci. Elle
affirme que ces revendications laissent ouverte la détermination dess points
terminaux de la délimitation, de manière à ne pas affecter les sintérêts
d’Etats tiers.

78. Le Nicaragua soutient que le Costa Rica est protégé par l’article 59
du Statut ainsi que par la pratique de la Cour en matière de délimsitation
maritime, en vertu desquels les intérêts d’Etats tiers ne sauraient être tou -
chés. Il estime que la demande d’intervention du Costa Rica devrait être
rejetée au motif que l’intérêt d’ordre juridique que celusi-ci prétend avoir

ne serait pas affecté par la décision de la Cour.
79. Le Costa Rica considère que cet argument est erroné, et ce pour
trois raisons :

«premièrement, la protection de l’article 59 est concrètement
insuffisante; deuxièmement, les recours proposés par le Nicaragua
n’offrent pas à la Cour ce dont elle a besoin, à savoir des infsorma -
tions complètes et exactes sur les intérêts du Costa Rica susceptibles

d’être affectés par la décision qu’elle rendra en l’esspèce; et, troisième -
ment, introduire de nouvelles demandes pour protéger des intérêsts
d’ordre juridique qui pourraient sinon être sauvegardés par l’ar -
ticle 62 est contraire à l’économie judiciaire, inutile, et ne fait que
compliquer le problème auquel se heurte la Cour — le manque d’in -

formation sur l’étendue réelle des intérêts du Costa Rica. »
Le Costa Rica invoque à cet égard la conclusion de la Cour en l’affaire sde la

Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (C ▯ ameroun
c. Nigéria ;Guinée équatoriale (intervenant)) (voir paragraphe 41 ci-dessus).
80. Le Costa Rica soutient que l’article 59 ne lui offre pas, en pratique,
une protection suffisante, en ce que

«[u]n arrêt de la Cour délimitant des espaces maritimes entre le Nisca -
ragua et la Colombie [ira] bien au-delà d’une répartition de la colonne
d’eau et des fonds marins. Il conf[érera] en effet aux parties un titre

sur des espaces maritimes, le droit d’exercer, en vertu du droit intesr -
national, leurs droits souverains et leur juridiction sur ces espaces
ainsi que le droit d’en jouir et d’en exclure les autres Etats »,

et pourrait inciter certains Etats à « intégre[r] cette décision définitive et
obligatoire dans leur propre ordre juridique ».
81. Bien que le Nicaragua reconnaisse qu’un arrêt de la Cour peut
avoir des conséquences juridiques à l’égard d’Etats tiers, il estime qu’un

Etat doit, pour être autorisé à intervenir, établir que la dsécision de la
Cour affectera son intérêt d’ordre juridique, obligation dont, sselon lui, le

26

7 CIJ1019.indb 49 13/06/13 16:02 371 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

failed to do. Nicaragua emphasizes that the test for intervention, as thse
Court stated when it ruled on Italy’s Application to intervene,

“is not whether the participation of Italy may be useful or even nec -

essary to the Court; it is whether, assuming Italy’s non-participation,
a legal interest of Italy is en cause, or is likely to be affected by the
decision” (Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta), Appli‑
cation for Permission to Intervene, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984,

p. 25, para. 40).
82. Nicaragua asserts that the only effect of a Court judgment favour -

able to Nicaragua is that Costa Rica could attempt to claim a delimita -
tion vis-à-vis Nicaragua that would extend beyond the limits it accepted
with Colombia. If, in contrast, Colombia is favoured, the 1977 Treaty
would dictate the obligations of the parties in this respect.

83. In any event, according to Nicaragua, “Article 59, and the consis -
tent practice of the Court in avoiding running into third States’ intserests,
assure the relational nature of the delimitation in question in this casse”.

84. Colombia, for its part, contends that Article 62 co-exists in the

Statute with Articles 59 and 63 and that each of these provisions has its
own role to play. While Colombia agrees that Article 59 affords some
protection, it believes that States which comply with the requirements osf
Article 62 should be allowed to intervene.

*

85. The Court recalls that it has stated in the past that “in the case of
maritime delimitations where the maritime areas of several States are

involved, the protection afforded by Article 59 of the Statute may not
always be sufficient” (Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon
and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria : Equatorial Guinea intervening), Judg ‑
ment, I.C.J. Reports 2002, p. 421, para. 238).

At the same time, it is equally true, as the Chamber of the Court noted s
in its Judgment on the Application by Nicaragua for permission to inter -
vene in the case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dis ‑
pute (El Salvador/Honduras), that

“the taking into account of all the coasts and coastal relationships . . .
as a geographical fact for the purpose of effecting on eventual delim -
itation as between two riparian States . . . in no way signifies that by

such an operation itself the legal interest of a third . . . State . . . may
be affected” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1990, p. 124, para. 77).

Furthermore, in the case concerning Maritime Delimitation in the Black
Sea (Romania v. Ukraine), the Court, after noting that “the delimitation

27

7 CIJ1019.indb 50 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 371

Costa Rica ne s’est pas acquitté. Le Nicaragua insiste sur le fait que, s
comme la Cour l’a dit dans la décision qu’elle a rendue sur la srequête de

l’Italie à fin d’intervention,
«la question n’est pas de savoir si la participation de l’Italie pesut être

utile ou même nécessaire à la Cour ; elle est de savoir, à supposer que
l’Italie ne participe pas à l’instance, si l’intérêt jsuridique de l’Italie est
en cause ou s’il est susceptible d’être affecté par la déscision» (Plateau
continental (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Malte), requête à fin d’▯inter ‑

vention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 25, par. 40).
82. Le Nicaragua soutient qu’un arrêt de la Cour faisant droit à sess

demandes n’aurait d’autre effet que de permettre au Costa Rica de reven -
diquer à son égard une ligne frontière se prolongeant au-delà des limites
dont il est convenu avec la Colombie. Si, au contraire, la Colombie devasit
l’emporter, les obligations des parties en la matière seraient désfinies par le
traité de 1977.

83. En tout état de cause, le Nicaragua estime que «l’article 59 et le fait
que la Cour a pour pratique constante d’éviter la mise en cause d’sintérêts
d’Etats tiers garantissent l’effet relatif de la délimitation esn question dans
cette instance ».
84. La Colombie soutient, quant à elle, que l’article 62 coexiste dans le

Statut avec les articles 59 et 63, et que chacune de ces dispositions a son
propre rôle à jouer. Nonobstant la protection offerte par l’artsicle 59, la
Colombie estime que les Etats qui satisfont aux prescriptions de l’ars -
ticle 62 doivent être autorisés à intervenir.

*

85. La Cour rappellera qu’elle a par le passé indiqué que, « dans le cas
de délimitations maritimes intéressant plusieurs Etats, la protectsion

offerte par l’article 59 du Statut peut ne pas être toujours suffisante »
(Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (▯Cameroun
c. Nigéria ; Guinée équatoriale (intervenant)), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2002,
p. 421, par. 238).

Il est cependant vrai, ainsi que la Chambre de la Cour l’a déclarés dans
l’arrêt qu’elle a rendu en l’affaire du Différend frontalier terrestre, insu ‑
laire et maritime (El Salvador/Honduras) sur la requête à fin d’interven -
tion du Nicaragua, que

«le fait de tenir compte, en tant que facteur géographique, de toutes s
les côtes et relations côtières … pour effectuer une éventuelle délimi -
tation entre deux Etats riverains … ne signifie aucunement que l’in -

térêt juridique d’un troisième Etat riverain … soit susceptible d’être
affecté » (arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1990, p. 124, par. 77).

En outre, dans l’affaire relative à lDélimitation maritime en mer Noire (Rou ‑
manie c. Ukraine), après avoir indiqué que l«a délimitation [entre la Rouma -

27

7 CIJ1019.indb 51 13/06/13 16:02 372 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

[between Romania and Ukraine] will occur within the enclosed Black Sea, s
with Romania being both adjacent to, and opposite Ukraine, and with

Bulgaria and Turkey lying to the south” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009,
p. 100, para. 112), stated that “[i]t will stay north of any area where third
party interests could become involved” (ibid.).

86. It follows that a third State’s interest will, as a matter of principsle,

be protected by the Court, without it defining with specificity the geo -
graphical limits of an area where that interest may come into play (sees
also paragraph 65 above). The Court wishes to emphasize that this pro -
tection is to be accorded to any third State, whether intervening or not.
For instance, in its Judgment concerning the Land and Maritime Bound ‑
ary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria : Equatorial

Guinea intervening), the Court adopted the same position with regard to
Equatorial guinea, which had intervened as a non-party, and to Sao
Tome and principe, which had not (I.C.J.Reports 2002, p. 421, para.238).

87. The Court, in its above-mentioned Judgment, had occasion to indi -

cate the existence of a certain relationship between Articles 62 and 59 of
the Statute. Accordingly, to succeed with its request, Costa Rica must
show that its interest of a legal nature in the maritime area bordering sthe
area in dispute between Nicaragua and Colombia needs a protection that
is not provided by the relative effect of decisions of the Court under Asrti -

cle 59 of the Statute, i.e., Costa Rica must fulfil the requirement of Artsi -
cle 62, paragraph 1, by showing that an interest of a legal nature which it
has in the area “may be affected” by the decision in the case (see para -
graph 26 above).
88. The Court recalls in this connection that, in the present case,
Colombia has not requested that the Court fix the southern endpoint ofs

the maritime boundary that it has to determine. Indeed, as the Court
noted earlier (para. 77), Colombia asserts that its claims deliberately leave
open the endpoints of the delimitation so as not to affect third State’ss
interests. The Court further recalls that Nicaragua has agreed “that any
delimitation line established by the Court should stop well short of thes

area [in which, according to Costa Rica, it has an interest of a legal
nature,] and terminate [with] an arrow pointing in the direction of Costsa
Rica’s area”.
89. In the present case, Costa Rica’s interest of a legal nature may onlys
be affected if the maritime boundary that the Court has been asked to

draw between Nicaragua and Colombia were to be extended beyond a
certain latitude southwards. The Court, following its jurisprudence, whesn
drawing a line delimiting the maritime areas between the parties to the
main proceedings, will, if necessary, end the line in question before its
reaches an area in which the interests of a legal nature of third Statess may
be involved (see Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v.

Ukraine), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 100, para. 112).

28

7 CIJ1019.indb 52 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 372

nie et l’Ukraine] sera[it] effectuée en mer Noire, mer fermée, sdans une zone
où le littoral roumain se trouve à la fois dans une relation d’sadjacence et dans

une relation d’opposition avec les côtes ukrainiennes, et avec celsles de la
Bulgarie et de la Turquie situées au sud »(arrêt, C.I.J.Recueil 2009, p. 100,
par. 112), la Cour a précisé qu’elle opérerait cette délimitation «au nord de
toute zone qui pourrait impliquer des intérêts de tiers » (ibid.).
86. Il s’ensuit que l’intérêt des Etats tiers est, par principe,s protégé par

la Cour sans que celle-ci n’ait à définir avec précision les limites géogra -
phiques de la zone dans laquelle leur intérêt pourrait entrer en jseu (voir
également le paragraphe 65 ci-dessus). La Cour tient à souligner que cette
protection doit être accordée à tout Etat tiers, qu’il intersvienne ou non à
l’instance. Ainsi, dans l’arrêt qu’elle a rendu en l’affasire de la Frontière
terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigé ‑

ria ; Guinée équatoriale (intervenant)), la Cour a adopté une position
identique envers la guinée équatoriale — qui était intervenue en tant que
non-partie — et envers Sao Tomé-et-principe — qui n’était pas interve -
nue (C.I.J. Recueil 2002, p. 421, par. 238).
87. La Cour, dans son arrêt précité, a eu l’occasion d’indiquser qu’un

certain lien existait entre les articles 62 et 59 du Statut. pour qu’il soit fait
droit à sa demande d’intervention, le Costa Rica doit donc démontrer que
son intérêt d’ordre juridique dans l’espace maritime bordant la zone en
litige entre le Nicaragua et la Colombie requiert une protection qui n’sest
pas offerte par l’effet relatif des décisions de la Cour consacrés à l’article 59

du Statut ; en d’autres termes, le Costa Rica doit remplir la condition
prévue au paragraphe 1 de l’article 62 du Statut et démontrer qu’un inté -
rêt d’ordre juridique «est pour lui en cause» dans la zone à délimiter (voir
paragraphe 26 ci-dessus).
88. La Cour rappelle à cet égard que, en la présente affaire, la Coslom -
bie n’a pas demandé à la Cour de fixer le point terminal sud sde la fron -

tière maritime devant être tracée. En effet, comme la Cour l’sa observé
plus haut (par. 77), la Colombie a affirmé que ses revendications laissaient
délibérément ouverte la détermination des points terminaux dse la délimi -
tation, de manière à ne pas affecter les intérêts d’Etatss tiers. La Cour
rappelle également que le Nicaragua a convenu « que toute ligne de déli -

mitation établie par la Cour devrait s’arrêter bien avant la zone dans
laquelle, selon le Costa Rica, celui-ci a un intérêt d’ordre juridique, et se
terminer par une flèche pointant en direction de cette zone ».
89. En la présente affaire, l’intérêt d’ordre juridique du Cossta Rica ne
serait susceptible d’être affecté que dans l’hypothèse oùs la frontière mari -

time que la Cour est appelée à tracer entre le Nicaragua et la Colsombie
serait prolongée vers le sud, au-delà d’une certaine latitude. Or, la Cour,
suivant en ceci sa jurisprudence, lorsqu’elle tracera une ligne délimitant
les espaces maritimes entre les deux parties à la procédure principale,
arrêtera, selon que de besoin, la ligne en question avant qu’elle sn’atteigne
la zone où les intérêts d’ordre juridique d’Etats tiers pseuvent être en cause

(voir Délimitation maritime en mer Noire (Roumanie c. Ukraine), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 100, par. 112).

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7 CIJ1019.indb 53 13/06/13 16:02 373 territorial and maristime dispute (judgmenst)

90. In view of the above, the Court concludes that Costa Rica has not
demonstrated that it has an interest of a legal nature which may be
affected by the decision in the main proceedings.

*
* *

91. For these reasons,

The Court,

By nine votes to seven,

Finds that the Application for permission to intervene in the proceed -
ings filed by the Republic of Costa Rica under Article 62 of the Statute of
the Court cannot be granted.

in favour :President Owada ;Vice‑President Tomka ;Judges Koroma, Keith,
Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Xue ; Judge ad hoc Cot ;
against : Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Cançado Trindade,
Yusuf, donoghue ; Judge ad hoc gaja.

done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the peace palace, The Hague, this fourth day of may, two thousand and
eleven, in four copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of tshe
Court and the others transmitted to the government of the Republic of

Nicaragua, the government of the Republic of Colombia, and the gov -
ernment of the Republic of Costa Rica, respectively.

(Signed) Hisashi Owada,

president.

(Signed) philippe Couvreur,
Registrar.

Judges Al-Khasawneh and Abraham append dissenting opinions to

the Judgment of the Court ; Judge Keith appends a declaration to the
Judgment of the Court; Judges Cançado Trindade and Yusuf append a
joint dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court ; Judge donoghue
appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court ; Judge

ad hoc gaja appends a declaration to the Judgment of the Court.

(Initialled) H.O.

(Initialled) ph.C.

29

7 CIJ1019.indb 54 13/06/13 16:02 différend territorisal et maritime (arrêts) 373

90. La Cour conclut, au vu de ce qui précède, que le Costa Rica n’a
pas démontré l’existence d’un intérêt d’ordre juridsique susceptible d’être
affecté par la décision dans la procédure principale.

* * *

91. par ces motifs,

La Cour,

par neuf voix contre sept,

Dit que la requête à fin d’intervention en l’instance dépossée par la
République du Costa Rica en vertu de l’article 62 du Statut de la Cour ne
peut être admise.

pour : m. Owada, président ;m. Tomka, vime‑président ;mm. Koroma, Keith,
Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikovm, Xue, juges ;m. Cot,juge ad hoc ;
contre : mm. Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf,
m me donoghue, juges ; m. gaja, juge ad hoc.

Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au palais de la
paix, à La Haye, le quatre mai deux mille onze, en quatre exemplaires,
dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres sseront trans
mis respectivement au gouvernement de la République du Nicaragua, au

gouvernement de la République de Colombie et au gouvernement de la
République du Costa Rica.

Le président,

(Signé) Hisashi Owada.

Le greffier,

(Signé) philippe Couvreur.

mm. les juges Al-Khasawneh et Abraham joignent à l’arrêt les expo-
sés de leur opinion dissidente ; m. le juge Keith joint une déclaration à
l’arrêt ; mm. les juges Cançado Trindade et Yusuf joignent à l’arrêt
me
l’exposé de leur opinion dissidente commune ; m le juge donoghue
joint à l’arrêt l’exposé de son opinion dissidente ; m. le juge ad hoc gaja
joint une déclaration à l’arrêt.

(Paraphé) H.O.
(Paraphé) ph.C.

29

7 CIJ1019.indb 55 13/06/13 16:02

ICJ document subtitle

Application by Costa Rica for Permission to Intervene

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 4 May 2011

Links