COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES AR|TS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
AFFAIRE
AHMADOU SADIO DIALLO
(RuPUBLIQUE DE GUuEc.RE uPUBLIQUE
DEuMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO)
ARRE|T DU 30 NOVEMBRE 2010
2010
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
CASE CONCERNING
AHMADOU SADIO DIALLO
(REPUBLIC OF GUINEA v. DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO)
JUDGMENT OF 30 NOVEMBER 2010 Mode officiel de citation:
Ahmadou Sadio Diallo
(République de Guinée c. République démocratique du Congo),
fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2010 ,p.639
Official citation:
Ahmadou Sadio Diallo
(Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo),
Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010 ,p.639
N de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441
Sales number 1001
ISBN 978-92-1-071111-1 30 NOVEMBRE 2010
ARRE|T
AHMADOU SADIO DIALLO
(RuPUBLIQUE DE GUINuEc.RE uPUBLIQUE
DuMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO)
AHMADOU SADIO DIALLO
(REPUBLIC OF GUINEA v. DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO)
30 NOVEMBER 2010
JUDGMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraphs
CHRONOLOGY OF THE P ROCEDURE 1-14
I. GENERAL FACTUAL BACKGROUND 15-20
II. ROTECTION OF M R.D IALL’SR IGHTS AS ANNDIVIDUAL 21-98
A. The claim concerning the arrest and detention measures
taken against Mr. Diallo in 1988-1989 24-48
B. The claim concerning the arrest, detention and expulsion
measures taken against Mr. Diallo in 1995-1996 49-98
1. The facts 49-62
2. Consideration of the facts in the light of the applicable
international law 63-98
(a) The alleged violation of Article 13 of the Covenant and
Article 12, paragraph 4, of the African Charter 64-74
(b) The alleged violation of Article 9, paragraphs 1 and 2, of
the Covenant and Article 6 of the African Charter 75-85
(c) The alleged violation of the prohibition on subjecting
a detainee to mistreatment 86-89
(d) The alleged violation of the provisions of Article 36,
paragraph 1 (b), of the Vienna Convention on
Consular Relations 90-98
III. ROTECTION OF M R.D IALL’S D IRECT RIGHTS AS ASSOCIÉ IN
A FRICOM-ZAIRE ANDA FRICONTAINER-ZAIRE 99-159
A. The right to take part and vote in general meetings 117-126
B. The rights relating to the gérance 127-140
C. The right to oversee and monitor the management 141-148
D. The right to property of Mr. Diallo over his parts sociales in
Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire 149-159
IV. R EPARATION 160-164
O PERATIVECLAUSE 165
4 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2010 2010
30 November
General List
30 November 2010 No. 103
CASE CONCERNING
AHMADOU SADIO DIALLO
(REPUBLIC OF GUINEA v. DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO)
General factual background.
Protection of Mr. Diallo’s rights as an individual.
Admissibility of the claim concerning the arrest and detention measures taken
against Mr. Diallo in 1988-1989 — Point in the proceedings when this claim
was asserted — Purpose of the written observations in response to the prelimi-
nary objections — Claim first presented in the Reply — Article 40, paragraph 1,
of the Statute — Articles 38, paragraph 2, and 49, paragraph 1, of the Rules of
Court — Subject of the dispute defined by the Application — Determination as
to whether the additional claim is implicit in the Application — 1988-1989 and
1995-1996 arrests made in different contexts and on different legal bases —
New claim depriving the Respondent of the fundamental procedural right to
raise preliminary objections — Distinctiveness, in this respect, of an action in
diplomatic protection — Determination as to whether the additional claim
arises directly out of the issue forming the subject-matter of the Application —
Facts which are more or less comparable but dissimilar in nature — Facts
known to the Applicant when the Application was filed and pre-dating those
which the Application concerns — Additional claim inadmissible.
Claim concerning the arrest, detention and expulsion measures taken against
Mr. Diallo in 1995-1996 — Facts on which the Parties concur — Facts on
which the Parties differ — Burden of proof — Principles — Type of facts and
obligation in question — Evaluation by the Court of all the evidence produced
by the Parties and subjected to adversarial scrutiny.
Court’s assessment of the facts — First period of detention continuous —
Second period of detention with a view to expulsion — Death threats not sup-
ported by any evidence.
Alleged violation of Article 13 of the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights and Article 12, paragraph 4, of the African Charter on Human
and Peoples’ Rights — Requirement that expulsion must be “in accordance with
5the law” — Meaning — Court’s interpretation corroborated by the Human
Rights Committee and the African Commission on Human and Peoples’
Rights — Interpretation of similar provisions by the European Court of Human
Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights consistent with the
Court’s interpretation — Authority empowered under DRC law to sign the
expulsion decree — Zairean Legislative Order of 12 September 1983 concerning
immigration control — Constitutional Act of 9 April 1994 — Interpretation of
domestic law by national authorities — Interpretation of domestic law by the
Court when a State puts forward a manifestly incorrect reading — No prior
opinion from the National Immigration Board — Absence of reasoning in the
expulsion decree — Violation of Article 13 of the Covenant and Article 12,
paragraph 4, of the African Charter — No opportunity for Mr. Diallo to submit
the reasons against his expulsion and to have his case reviewed by the competent
authority — Absence of “compelling reasons of national security” — Violation
of Article 13 of the Covenant.
Alleged violation of Article 9, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Article 6 of the African Charter
on Human and Peoples’ Rights — Provisions applicable to any form of arrest
or detention decided upon and carried out by a public authority, even outside
the context of criminal proceedings — Insignificance in this respect of how the
forcibleremovalfromtheterritoryischaracterizedunderdomesticlaw—Require-
ment that the arrested person must be “informed of any charges” against him
applicable only in criminal proceedings — Mr. Diallo’s arrest and detention
with a view to his expulsion — Violation of the requirements laid down in Arti-
cle 15 of the Zairean Legislative Order of 12 September 1983 concerning immi-
gration control — Arbitrariness of the arrest and detention given the number
and seriousness of the irregularities tainting them — Violation of Article 9,
paragraph 1, of the Covenant and Article 6 of the African Charter — No notice
of the reasons for arrest — Violation of Article 9, paragraph 2, of the Covenant.
Alleged violation of the prohibition on subjecting a detainee to mistreat-
ment — Articles 7 and 10, paragraph 1, of the International Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights; Article 5 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’
Rights — Prohibition of inhuman and degrading treatment — Rule of general
international law binding on States in all circumstances, even apart from any
treaty commitments — Lack of evidence — Violation not established.
Alleged violation of Article 36, paragraph 1 (b), of the Vienna Convention on
Consular Relations — Provision applicable to any form of deprivation of lib-
erty, even outside the criminal context — Obligation to inform the arrested per-
son on the authorities’ own initiative and “without delay” of his right to seek
assistance from the consular authorities of his country — Fact that the arrested
person did not request such assistance and that the consular authorities
learned of the arrest through other channels — No evidence to prove oral notice —
Violation established.
Alleged violation of the right to property guaranteed by Article 14 of the Afri-
can Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights — Question falling within the scope
of the assessment of the damage Mr. Diallo suffered.
*
6 Protection of Mr. Diallo’s direct rights as associé in Africom-Zaire and Afri-
containers-Zaire.
Congolese law of commercial companies — Société privée à responsabilité
limitée — Concept — Legal existence of the two companies under domestic
law — Mr. Diallo’s role and participation in the companies as gérant and asso-
cié — Distinction between alleged infringements of the companies’ rights and
those concerning the associé’s direct rights — Arguments put forward by
Guinea.
Right to take part and vote in general meetings of the companies — Arti-
cle 79 of the Congolese Decree of 27 February 1887 on commercial compa-
nies — Direct right of the associés — No general meetings convened — Impact
on the right to take part and vote — Alleged obligation to hold general meetings
on DRC territory and convening of meetings from abroad — Alleged right to
attend general meetings in person — Proxy representation of the associé at gen-
eral meetings pursuant to Articles 80 and 81 of the Decree of 27 February
1887 — Purpose of these provisions — Control exercised by Mr. Diallo over
the companies — Appointment of a proxy under Article 22 of Africontainers-
Zaire’s Articles of Incorporation — Distinction between impeding the exercise
of a right and violating that right — No violation of the right to take part and
vote in general meetings.
Rights relating to the gérance — Articles 64, 65 and 69 of the Decree of
27 February 1887; Articles 14 and 17 of Africontainers-Zaire’s Articles of
Incorporation — Alleged violation of the right to appoint a gérant — Respon-
sibility of the company, not a right of the associé — Alleged violation of the
right to be appointed gérant — No violation, Mr. Diallo having remained
gérant — Alleged violation of the right to exercise the functions of gérant —
Possible to entrust day-to-day management to agents or proxies under Congo-
lese law and the Articles of Incorporation — No violation — Alleged violation
of the right not to be removed as gérant — Conditions on removal under Arti-
cle 67 of the Decree of 27 February 1887 — Removal not proved — No viola-
tion.
Right to oversee and monitor the management — Articles 71 and 75 of the
Decree of 27 February 1887; Article 19 of Africontainers-Zaire’s Articles of
Incorporation — No violation.
Right to property of Mr. Diallo over his parts sociales in Africom-Zaire and
Africontainers-Zaire –– Legal personality of the company distinct from that of
its shareholders — Property of the company not merged with that of an associé,
even a sole associé — Capital being part of the company’s property — Parts
sociales, representing but distinct from the capital, owned by the associés —
Right of associés to receive dividends or any monies payable on the winding-up
of a company — No evidence of any dividend declaration or of the winding-up of
the companies — No need to determine the extent of the companies’ business
activities — No need to establish whether, as alleged, the companies had been in
“undeclared bankruptcy” — Claim of indirect expropriation not established.
*
Reparation — Judicial finding of the violations not sufficient — Compensa-
tion — Six-month period to reach agreement on the amount of compensation to
be paid by the DRC to Guinea for the injury flowing from the wrongful deten-
7tions and expulsion of Mr. Diallo in 1995-1996, including the resulting loss of
his personal belongings.
JUDGMENT
Present: President OWADA ; Vice-President OMKA ; Judges A L-KHASAWNEH ,
SIMMA ,A BRAHAM ,K EITH,S EPÚLVEDA-A MOR,B ENNOUNA ,S KOTNIKOV,
C ANÇADO TRINDADE,Y USUF,G REENWOOD ; Judges ad hoc M AHIOU,
M AMPUYA ; Registrar COUVREUR.
In the case concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo,
between
the Republic of Guinea,
represented by
Colonel Siba Lohalamou, Minister of Justice, Keeper of the Seals,
as Head of Delegation;
Ms Djénabou Saïfon Diallo, Minister of Co-operation;
Mr. Mohamed Camara, First Counsellor for Political Affairs, Embassy of
Guinea in the Benelux countries and in the European Union,
as Agent;
Mr. Alain Pellet, Professor at the University of Paris Ouest, Nanterre-
La Défense, member and former Chairman of the International Law Com-
mission, Associate of the Institut de droit international,
as Deputy Agent, Counsel and Advocate;
Mr. Mathias Forteau, Professor at the University of Paris Ouest, Nanterre-
La Défense, Secretary-General of the Société française pour le droit
international,
Mr. Daniel Müller, Researcher at the Centre de droit international de Nan-
terre (CEDIN), University of Paris Ouest, Nanterre-La Défense,
Mr. Jean-Marc Thouvenin, Professor at the University of Paris Ouest, Nan-
terre-La Défense, Director of the Centre de droit international de Nanterre
(CEDIN), member of the Paris Bar, Cabinet Sygna Partners,
Mr. Luke Vidal, member of the Paris Bar, Cabinet Sygna Partners,
Mr. Samuel Wordsworth, member of the English and Paris Bars, Essex
Court Chambers,
as Counsel and Advocates;
H.E. Mr. Ahmed Tidiane Sakho, Ambassador of the Republic of Guinea to
the Benelux countries and to the European Union,
Mr. Alfred Mathos, Judicial Agent of the State,
Mr. Hassan II Diallo, Legal Adviser to the Prime Minister of the Republic of
Guinea,
Mr. Ousmane Diao Balde, Director of the Legal and Consular Division of
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
8 Mr. André Saféla Leno, President of the Indictments Division of the Court
of Appeal of Conakry,
H.E. Mr. Abdoulaye Sylla, former Ambassador,
as Advisers;
Mr. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo,
and
the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
represented by
H.E. Mr. Henri Mova Sakanyi, Ambassador of the Democratic Republic of
the Congo to the Kingdom of Belgium, the Kingdom of the Netherlands
and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg,
as Agent and Head of Delegation;
Mr. Tshibangu Kalala, Professor of International Law at the University of
Kinshasa, member of the Kinshasa and Brussels Bars, and Deputy, Con-
golese Parliament,
as Co-Agent, Counsel and Advocate;
Mr. Lwamba Katansi, Professor at the University of Kinshasa, Legal Adviser,
Office of the Minister of Justice and Human Rights,
Ms Corinne Clavé, member of the Brussels Bar, Cabinet Liedekerke-Wolters-
Waelbroeck-Kirkpatrick,
Mr. Kadima Mukadi, member of the Kinshasa Bar, Cabinet Tshibangu and
Associés,
Mr. Bukasa Kabeya, member of the Kinshasa Bar, Cabinet Tshibangu and
Associés,
Mr. Kikangala Ngoie, member of the Brussels Bar,
Mr. Moma Kazimbwa Kalumba, member of the Brussels Bar, Lawyer-
Counsel, Embassy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Brussels,
Mr. Tshimpangila Lufuluabo, member of the Brussels Bar,
Ms Mwenze Kisonga Pierrette, Head of the Legal and Litigation Depart-
ment, Embassy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Brussels,
Mr. Kalume Mabingo, Legal Adviser, Embassy of the Democratic Republic
of the Congo in Brussels,
as Advisers;
Mr. Mukendi Tshibangu, Researcher, Cabinet Tshibangu and Associés,
Ms Ali Feza, Researcher, Office of the Minister of Justice and Human
Rights,
Mr. Makaya Kiela, Researcher, Office of the Minister of Justice and Human
Rights,
as Assistants,
T HE COURT ,
composed as above,
after deliberation,
delivers the following Judgment:
9 1. On 28 December 1998, the Government of the Republic of Guinea
(hereinafter “Guinea”) filed in the Registry of the Court an Application
instituting proceedings against the Democratic Republic of the Congo (here-
inafter the “DRC”, named Zaire between 1971 and 1997) in respect of a dispute
concerning “serious violations of international law” alleged to have been
committed “upon the person of a Guinean national”. The Application consisted
of two parts, each signed by Guinea’s Minister for Foreign Affairs. The first
part, entitled “Application” (hereinafter the “Application (Part One)”), contained
a succinct statement of the subject of the dispute, the basis of the Court’s
jurisdiction and the legal grounds relied on. The second part, entitled “Memo-
rial of the Republic of Guinea” (hereinafter the “Application (Part Two)”), set
out the facts underlying the dispute, expanded on the legal grounds put for-
ward by Guinea and stated Guinea’s claims.
In the Application (Part One), Guinea maintained that:
“Mr. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo, a businessman of Guinean nationality,
was unjustly imprisoned by the authorities of the Democratic Republic of
the Congo, after being resident in that State for thirty-two (32) years,
despoiled of his sizable investments, businesses, movable and immovable
property and bank accounts, and then expelled”.
Guinea added: “[t]his expulsion came at a time when Mr. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo
was pursuing recovery of substantial debts owed to his businesses by the State
and by oil companies established in its territory and of which the State is a share-
holder”. Mr. Diallo’s arrest, detention and expulsion constituted,inter
alia, according to Guinea, violations of
“the principle that aliens should be treated in accordance with ‘a minimum
standard of civilization’ [of] the obligation to respect the freedom and
property of aliens, [and of] the right of aliens accused of an offence to a
fair trial on adversarial principles by an impartial court”.
To found the jurisdiction of the Court, Guinea invoked in the Application
(Part One) the declarations whereby the two States have recognized the com-
pulsory jurisdiction of the Court under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute
of the Court.
2. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Application was
immediately communicated to the Government of the DRC by the Registrar;
and, in accordance with paragraph 3 of that Article, all States entitled to
appear before the Court were notified of the Application.
3. By an Order of 25 November 1999, the Court fixed 11 September 2000 as
the time-limit for the filing of a Memorial by Guinea and 11 September 2001 as
the time-limit for the filing of a Counter-Memorial by the DRC. By an Order of
8 September 2000, the President of the Court, at Guinea’s request, extended the
time-limit for the filing of the Memorial to 23 March 2001; in the same Order,
the time-limit for the filing of the Counter-Memorial was extended to 4 Octo-
ber 2002. Guinea duly filed its Memorial within the time-limit as thus extended.
4. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of
either of the Parties, each of them availed itself of its right under Article 31, para-
graph 3, of the Statute to choose a judgead hoc to sit in the case. Guinea chose
Mr. Mohammed Bedjaoui and the DRC Mr. Auguste Mampuya Kanunk’a-
10Tshiabo. Following Mr. Bedjaoui’s resignation on 10 September 2002,
Guinea chose Mr. Ahmed Mahiou.
5. On 3 October 2002, within the time-limit set in Article 79, paragraph 1, of
the Rules of Court as adopted on 14 April 1978, the DRC raised preliminary
objections in respect of the admissibility of Guinea’s Application. In accord-
ance with Article 79, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, the proceedings on
the merits were then suspended. By an Order of 7 November 2002, the Court,
taking account of the particular circumstances of the case and the agreement of
the Parties, fixed 7 July 2003 as the time-limit for the presentation by Guinea of
a written statement of its observations and submissions on the preliminary
objections raised by the DRC. Guinea filed such a statement within the time-
limit fixed, and the case thus became ready for hearing on the preliminary
objections.
6. The Court held hearings on the preliminary objections raised by the DRC
from 27 November to 1 December 2006. In its Judgment of 24 May 2007, the
Court declared the Application of the Republic of Guinea to be admissible “in
so far as it concerns protection of Mr. Diallo’s rights as an individual” and “in
so far as it concerns protection of [his] direct rights as associé in Africom-Zaire
and Africontainers-Zaire”. On the other hand, the Court declared the Applica-
tion of the Republic of Guinea to be inadmissible “in so far as it concerns pro-
tection of Mr. Diallo in respect of alleged violations of rights of Africom-Zaire
and Africontainers-Zaire”.
7. By an Order of 27 June 2007, the Court fixed 27 March 2008 as the time-
limit for the filing of the Counter-Memorial of the DRC. That pleading was
duly filed within the time-limit thus prescribed.
8. By an Order of 5 May 2008, the Court authorized the submission of a
Reply by Guinea and a Rejoinder by the DRC, and fixed 19 November 2008
and 5 June 2009 as the respective time-limits for the filing of those pleadings.
The Reply of Guinea and the Rejoinder of the DRC were duly filed within the
time-limits thus prescribed.
9. In accordance with Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the
Court decided that, after ascertaining the views of the Parties, copies of the
pleadings and documents annexed would be made accessible to the public on
the opening of the oral proceedings.
10. Owing to the difficulties in the air transport sector following the volcanic
eruption in Iceland during April 2010, the public hearings which, according to
the schedule originally adopted, were due to be held from 19 to 23 April 2010
took place on 19, 26, 28 and 29 April 2010. At those hearings, the Court heard
the oral arguments and replies of:
For Guinea: Mr. Mohamed Camara,
Mr. Luke Vidal,
Mr. Jean-Marc Thouvenin,
Mr. Mathias Forteau,
Mr. Samuel Wordsworth,
Mr. Daniel Müller,
Mr. Alain Pellet.
For the DRC: Mr. Tshibangu Kalala.
11. At the hearings, Members of the Court put questions to the Parties, to
11which replies were given orally and in writing, in accordance with Article 61,
paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court.
*
12. In the Application (Part Two), the following requests were made by
Guinea:
“As to the merits: To order the authorities of the Democratic Republic
of the Congo to make an official public apology to the State of Guinea for
the numerous wrongs done to it in the person of its national Ahmadou
Sadio Diallo;
To find that the sums claimed are certain, liquidated and legally due;
To find that the Congolese State must assume responsibility for the pay-
ment of these debts, in accordance with the principles of State responsibil-
ity and civil liability;
To order that the Congolese State pay to the State of Guinea on behalf
of its national Ahmadou Sadio Diallo the sums of US$31,334,685,888.45
and Z 14,207,082,872.7 in respect of the financial loss suffered by him;
To pay also to the State of Guinea damages equal to 15 per cent of the
principal award, that is to say US$4,700,202,883.26 and Z 2,131,062,430.9;
To award to the applicant State bank and moratory interest at respec-
tive annual rates of 15 per cent and 26 per cent from the end of the
year 1995 until the date of payment in full;
To order the said State to return to the Applicant all the unvalued assets
set out in the list of miscellaneous claims;
To order the Democratic Republic of the Congo to submit within one
month an acceptable schedule for the repayment of the above sums;
In the event that the said schedule is not produced by the date indicated,
or is not respected, authorize the State of Guinea to seize the assets of the
Congolese State wherever they may be found, up to an amount equal to the
principal sum due and such further amounts as the Court shall have
ordered.
To order that the costs of the present proceedings be borne by the Con-
golese State.” (Emphasis in the original.)
13. In the written proceedings, the following submissions were presented by
the Parties:
On behalf of the Government of Guinea,
in the Memorial:
“The Republic of Guinea has the honour to request that it may please
the International Court of Justice to adjudge and declare:
(1) that, in arbitrarily arresting and expelling its national, Mr. Ahma-
dou Sadio Diallo; in not at that time respecting his right to the benefit
of the provisions of the [1963] Vienna Convention on Consular Rela-
tions; in subjecting him to humiliating and degrading treatment; in
12 depriving him of the exercise of his rights of ownership and manage-
ment in respect of the companies founded by him in the DRC; in pre-
venting him from pursuing recovery of the numerous debts owed to
him — to himself personally and to the said companies — both by the
DRC itself and by other contractual partners; in not paying its own
debts to him and to his companies, the Democratic Republic of the
Congo has committed internationally wrongful acts which engage its
responsibility to the Republic of Guinea;
(2) that the Democratic Republic of the Congo is accordingly bound to
make full reparation on account of the injury suffered by the Republic
of Guinea in the person of its national;
(3) that such reparation shall take the form of compensation covering the
totality of the injuries caused by the internationally wrongful acts of
the Democratic Republic of the Congo including loss of earnings, and
shall also include interest.
The Republic of Guinea further requests the Court kindly to authorize it
to submit an assessment of the amount of the compensation due to it on
this account from the Democratic Republic of the Congo in a subsequent
phase of the proceedings in the event that the two Parties should be unable
to agree on the amount thereof within a period of six months following
delivery of the Judgment.”
in the Reply:
“On the grounds set out in its Memorial and in the present Reply, the
Republic of Guinea requests the International Court of Justice to adjudge
and declare:
1. that, in carrying out arbitrary arrests of its national, Mr. Ahmadou
Sadio Diallo, and expelling him; in not at that time respecting his right
to the benefit of the provisions of the 1963 Vienna Convention on
Consular Relations; in submitting him to humiliating and degrading
treatment; in depriving him of the exercise of his rights of ownership,
oversight and management in respect of the companies which he
founded in the DRC and in which he was the sole associé; in prevent-
ing him in that capacity from pursuing recovery of the numerous debts
owed to the said companies both by the DRC itself and by other con-
tractual partners; in expropriating de facto Mr. Diallo’s property, the
Democratic Republic of the Congo has committed internationally
wrongful acts which engage its responsibility to the Republic of Guinea;
2. that the Democratic Republic of the Congo is accordingly bound to
make full reparation on account of the injury suffered by Mr. Diallo or
by the Republic of Guinea in the person of its national;
3. that such reparation shall take the form of compensation covering the
totality of the injuries caused by the internationally wrongful acts of
the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including loss of earnings, and
shall also include interest.
The Republic of Guinea further requests the Court kindly to authorize it
to submit an assessment of the amount of the compensation due to it on
this account from the Democratic Republic of the Congo in a subsequent
phase of the proceedings in the event that the two Parties should be unable
to agree on the amount thereof within a period of six months following
delivery of the Judgment.”
13On behalf of the Government of the DRC,
in the Counter-Memorial:
“In the light of the arguments set out above and of the Court’s Judg-
ment of 24 May 2007 on the preliminary objections, in which the Court
declared Guinea’s Application to be inadmissible in so far as it concerned
protection of Mr. Diallo in respect of alleged violations of rights belonging
to Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire, the Respondent respectfully
requests the Court to adjudge and declare that:
1. the Democratic Republic of the Congo has not committed any inter-
nationally wrongful acts towards Guinea in respect of Mr. Diallo’s
individual personal rights;
2. the Democratic Republic of the Congo has not committed any inter-
nationally wrongful acts towards Guinea in respect of Mr. Diallo’s
direct rights as associé in Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire;
3. accordingly, the Application of the Republic of Guinea is unfounded in
fact and in law.”
in the Rejoinder:
“While expressly reserving the right to supplement and expand on its
grounds in fact and in law and without admitting any statement that might
be prejudicial to it, the Respondent requests the Court to adjudge and
declare that:
1. the Democratic Republic of the Congo has not committed any inter-
nationally wrongful acts towards Guinea in respect of Mr. Diallo’s
individual personal rights;
2. the Democratic Republic of the Congo has not committed any inter-
nationally wrongful acts towards Guinea in respect of Mr. Diallo’s
direct rights as associé in Africontainers-Zaire or alleged associé in
Africom-Zaire;
3. accordingly, the Application of the Republic of Guinea is unfounded in
fact and in law.”
14. At the oral proceedings, the following final submissions were presented
by the Parties:
On behalf of the Government of Guinea,
at the hearing of 28 April 2010:
“1. On the grounds set out in its Memorial, its Reply and the oral argu-
ment now being concluded, the Republic of Guinea requests the Interna-
tional Court of Justice to adjudge and declare:
(a) that, in carrying out arbitrary arrests of its national, Mr. Ahma-
dou Sadio Diallo, and expelling him; in not at that time respecting his
right to the benefit of the provisions of the 1963 Vienna Convention
on Consular Relations; in submitting him to humiliating and degrad-
ing treatment; in depriving him of the exercise of his rights of own-
ership, oversight and management in respect of the companies which
he founded in the DRC and in which he was the sole associé; in pre-
venting him in that capacity from pursuing recovery of the numerous
debts owed to the said companies both by the DRC itself and by
other contractual partners; and in expropriating de facto Mr. Diallo’s
14 property, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has committed
internationally wrongful acts which engage its responsibility to the
Republic of Guinea;
(b) that the Democratic Republic of the Congo is accordingly bound to
make full reparation on account of the injury suffered by Mr. Diallo
or by the Republic of Guinea in the person of its national;
(c) that such reparation shall take the form of compensation covering the
totality of the injuries caused by the internationally wrongful acts of
the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including loss of earnings,
and shall also include interest.
2. The Republic of Guinea further requests the Court kindly to author-
ize it to submit an assessment of the amount of the compensation due to it
on this account from the Democratic Republic of the Congo in a subse-
quent phase of the proceedings in the event that the two Parties should be
unable to agree on the amount thereof within a period of six months fol-
lowing delivery of the Judgment.”
On behalf of the Government of the DRC,
at the hearing of 29 April 2010:
“In the light of the arguments referred to above and of the Court’s
Judgment of 24 May 2007 on the preliminary objections, whereby the
Court declared Guinea’s Application to be inadmissible in so far as it
concerned protection of Mr. Diallo in respect of alleged violations of
rights of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire, the Respondent respect-
fully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that:
1. the Democratic Republic of the Congo has not committed any inter-
nationally wrongful acts towards Guinea in respect of Mr. Diallo’s
individual personal rights;
2. the Democratic Republic of the Congo has not committed any inter-
nationally wrongful acts towards Guinea in respect of Mr. Diallo’s
direct rights as associé in Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire;
3. accordingly, the Application of the Republic of Guinea is unfounded in
fact and in law and no reparation is due.”
*
* *
I. G ENERAL FACTUAL BACKGROUND
15. The Court will begin with a brief description of the factual back-
ground to the present case, as previously recalled in its Judgment on pre-
liminary objections of 24 May 2007 (Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of
Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , pp. 590-591, paras. 13-15). It will
return to each of the relevant facts in greater detail when it comes to
examine the legal claims relating to them.
16. Mr. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo, a Guinean citizen, settled in the DRC
in 1964. There, in 1974, he founded an import-export company, Africom-
15Zaire, a société privée à responsabilité limitée (private limited liability com-
pany, hereinafter “SPRL”) incorporated under Zairean law and entered in
the Trade Register of the city of Kinshasa. In 1979 Mr. Diallo took part,
as gérant (manager) of Africom-Zaire, in the founding of a Zairean SPRL
specializing in the containerized transport of goods, Africontainers-Zaire.
This company was entered in the Trade Register of the city of Kinshasa
and Mr. Diallo became itsgérant (see paragraphs 105-113 below).
17. At the end of the 1980s, Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire,
acting through their gérant, Mr. Diallo, instituted proceedings against
their business partners in an attempt to recover various debts. The vari-
ous disputes between Africom-Zaire or Africontainers-Zaire, on the one
hand, and their business partners, on the other, continued throughout the
1990s and for the most part remain unresolved today (see paragraphs 109,
114, 136 and 150 below).
18. On 25 January 1988, Mr. Diallo was arrested and imprisoned. On
28 January 1989, the public prosecutor in Kinshasa ordered the release of
Mr. Diallo after the case was closed for “inexpediency of prosecution”.
19. On 31 October 1995, the Zairean Prime Minister issued an expul-
sion decree against Mr. Diallo. On 5 November 1995, Mr. Diallo was
arrested and placed in detention with a view to his expulsion. After
having been released and rearrested, he was finally expelled from Congo-
lese territory on 31 January 1996 (see paragraphs 50-60 below).
20. Having, in its Judgment of 24 May 2007, declared the Application
of the Republic of Guinea to be admissible “in so far as it concerns pro-
tection of Mr. Diallo’s rights as an individual” and “in so far as it con-
cerns protection of [his] direct rights as associé in Africom-Zaire and
Africontainers-Zaire” (see paragraph 6 above), the Court will in turn
consider below the questions of the protection of Mr. Diallo’s rights as
an individual (see paragraphs 21-98) and of the protection of his direct
rights as associé in Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire (see para-
graphs 99-159). In the light of the conclusions it comes to on these ques-
tions, it will then examine the claims for reparation made by Guinea in its
final submissions (see paragraphs 160-164).
II. PROTECTION OF M R.D IALLO’S R IGHTS AS AN INDIVIDUAL
21. In its arguments as finally stated, Guinea maintains that Mr. Diallo
was the victim in 1988-1989 of arrest and detention measures taken by
the DRC authorities in violation of international law and in 1995-1996 of
arrest, detention and expulsion measures also in violation of interna-
tional law. Guinea reasons from this that it is entitled to exercise diplo-
matic protection of its national in this connection.
16 22. The DRC maintains that the claim relating to the events in 1988-
1989 was presented belatedly and must therefore be rejected as inadmis-
sible. In the alternative, the DRC maintains that the said claim must be
rejected because of failure to exhaust local remedies, or, otherwise,
rejected on the merits. The DRC denies that Mr. Diallo’s treatment in
1995-1996 breached its obligations under international law.
23. The Court must therefore first rule on the DRC’s argument con-
testing the admissibility of the claim concerning the events in 1988-1989
before it can, if necessary, consider the merits of that claim. It will then
need to consider the merits of the grievances relied upon by Guinea in
support of its claim concerning the events in 1995-1996, the admissibility
of which is no longer at issue in this phase of the proceedings.
A. The Claim concerning the Arrest and Detention Measures Taken
against Mr. Diallo in 1988-1989
24. After asserting that it was only in the Reply that Guinea first set
out arguments in respect of the events in 1988-1989, the DRC in the
Rejoinder challenged the admissibility of the claim in question as fol-
lows:
“The Applicant is clearly seeking to put forward a new claim by
means of the Reply and consequently to amend the Application at
an inappropriate stage of the proceedings. This new claim, which is
not in any way linked to the main claim concerning the events of
1995 to 1996 forming the basis of this dispute, entitles the [Respond-
ent] to raise the objection of failure to exhaust the local remedies
available in the Congolese legal system with respect to the arrest and
detention of 1988-1989.”
The DRC reiterated this objection in like terms during the oral proceed-
ings.
25. Thus enunciated, the Respondent’s objection amounts to a chal-
lenge to the admissibility of the claim concerning the events of 1988-1989
on two separate grounds: first, Guinea is alleged to have raised the claim
at a stage in the proceedings such that it was late, in view of the lack of
a sufficient connection between it and the claim advanced in the Appli-
cation instituting proceedings; second, this claim is alleged to be barred
in any case by an objection based on Mr. Diallo’s failure first to exhaust
the remedies available in the Congolese legal system.
26. The Court must commence by considering the first of these two
grounds of inadmissibility. If it concludes that the claim was in fact late
and must therefore be rejected without any consideration on the merits,
there will be no need for the Court to proceed any further. If, on the
other hand, it concludes that the claim was not asserted belatedly, it will
need to consider whether the DRC is entitled to raise, at this stage of the
17proceedings, the objection of non-exhaustion of local remedies and, if so,
whether that objection is warranted.
*
27. In order to decide whether the claim relating to the events in 1988-
1989 was raised late, the Court must first ascertain exactly when the claim
was first asserted in the present proceedings.
28. To begin, note should be taken that there is nothing in the Appli-
cation instituting proceedings of 28 December 1998 referring to the
events in 1988-1989.
Granted, it is stated under the heading “Subject of the Dispute” as
defined in the Application that Mr. Diallo was “unjustly imprisoned . . .
despoiled . . . and then expelled”. But it is clear from the document
annexed to the Application (the Application (Part Two), see paragraph 1
above) that the “imprisonment” in question began on 5 November 1995
and, according to Guinea, ended after a brief interruption with Mr. Diallo’s
physical expulsion on 31 January 1996 at Kinshasa airport. Nowhere in
the Application proper or in the annex to it is there any reference to
Mr. Diallo’s arrest and detention in 1988-1989.
29. Nor are these facts mentioned in the Memorial Guinea filed pur-
suant to Article 49, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court on 23 March 2001.
That Memorial contains an extensive discussion of the facts which have
given rise to the dispute. In respect of those corresponding to “arrest”
and “detention”, the events of 1995-1996 are described in detail, in the
section “the salient facts”, whereas no mention is made of any detention
suffered by Mr. Diallo in 1988-1989. True, the Court is requested in the
final “submissions” in the Memorial to declare that, “in arbitrarily arrest-
ing and expelling . . . Mr. Diallo” [“en procédant à l’arrestation arbitraire
et à l’expulsion de . . . M. Diallo”], the DRC committed acts engaging its
international responsibility, without any further specification as to the
date and nature of the “arbitrary arrest” [“l’arrestation arbitraire”] in
question. But it is usual for the facts not to be treated in any detail in the
“submissions” which a Memorial is required to contain pursuant to Arti-
cle 49, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, because the submissions fol-
low the statement of facts, which the same provision of the Rules of
Court also requires, and they must be read in the light of that statement.
In the case at hand, the “arbitrary arrest” referred to in the submissions
in Guinea’s Memorial can only be the arrest Mr. Diallo suffered, accord-
ing to the Applicant, in 1995-1996 in view of the carrying out of the
expulsion decree issued against him in October 1995, not Mr. Diallo’s
alleged arrest in 1988-1989, of which there is no mention.
30. It was not until the Applicant filed its Written Observations on
the preliminary objections raised by the Respondent on 7 July 2003 that
18Mr. Diallo’s arrest and detention in 1988-1989 were referred to for the
first time. But it is to be observed that the reference appears only in the
first chapter, entitled “The salient facts”, solely in the context of the
refusal of the Zairean authorities to pay sums to Africom-Zaire, and no
further mention is made of these events in the later chapters devoted to
the discussion from the legal perspective of the DRC’s objections to
admissibility.
31. In the opinion of the Court, the claim in respect of the events in
1988-1989 cannot be deemed to have been presented by Guinea in its
“Written Observations” of 7 July 2003. The purpose of those observa-
tions was to respond to the DRC’s objections in respect of admissibility,
in accordance with the requirements of Article 79, paragraph 5, of the
Rules of Court, in the 1978 version applicable to these proceedings. As
these were preliminary objections, having been raised by the DRC within
the time-limit for the filing of its Counter-Memorial, the proceedings on
the merits had been suspended upon receipt by the Registry of the docu-
ment setting them out, in accordance with Article 79, paragraph 3, of the
Rules of Court, in the version applicable to the present proceedings. That
is why Guinea confined itself in its Written Observations of 7 July 2003
to submitting at the end that the Court should “[r]eject the Preliminary
Objections” and “[d]eclare the Application . . . admissible”. As those
were incidental proceedings opened by virtue of the DRC’s preliminary
objections, Guinea could not present any submission other than those
concerning the merit of the objections and how the Court should deal
with them. Accordingly, the “Written Observations” of 7 July 2003 can-
not be interpreted as having introduced an additional claim by the Appli-
cant into the proceedings. And it would have been especially difficult for
the Respondent to have so interpreted them, given the object of the inci-
dental proceedings. It is hardly surprising then that the DRC did not
refer, either in the oral proceedings on the preliminary objections or in its
Counter-Memorial, to the facts alleged by Guinea in respect of 1988-1989.
32. Guinea first presented its claim in respect of the events in 1988-
1989 in its Reply, filed on 19 November 2008, after the Court had handed
down its Judgment on the preliminary objections. The Reply describes in
detail the circumstances surrounding Mr. Diallo’s arrest and detention in
1988-1989, states that these “inarguably figure among the wrongful acts
for which Guinea is seeking to have the Respondent held internationally
responsible” and indicates for the first time what, from the Applicant’s
point of view, were the international obligations, notably treaty-based
ones, breached by the Respondent in connection with the acts in ques-
tion. Tellingly, whereas in the final submissions in the Memorial Guinea
asked the Court to adjudge “that, in arbitrarily arresting and expel-
ling...Mr.AhmadouSadioDiallo...theDemocraticRepublicofthe
Congo has committed . . . acts which engage its responsibility” [in the
original French: “qu’en procédant à l’arrestation arbitraire et à l’expul-
19sion de . . . M. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo . . . la RDC a commis des faits . . .
qui engagent sa responsabilité” (emphasis added)], the submissions in the
Reply are worded identically with the sole exception that the singular
term emphasized above is replaced by the plural: “arbitrary arrests”
[“des arrestations arbitraires”].
33. In response to the DRC’s objection based on the belated assertion
of the claim in question, Guinea gave no explanation as to why this claim
was introduced at such an advanced stage of the proceedings. It pointed
out however that the Court stated in paragraph 45 of its Judgment of
24 May 2007 on the Respondent’s preliminary objections in the present
case:
“in its Memorial on the merits, Guinea described in detail the vio-
lations of international law allegedly committed by the DRC against
Mr. Diallo. Among those cited is the claim that Mr. Diallo was arbi-
trarily arrested and detained on two occasions, first in 1988 and then
in 1995.” (I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , p. 600, para. 45.)
34. The quoted passage erroneously refers to the arrest and detention
in 1988 as included among the facts set out in the Memorial. This error of
fact had no effect on the conclusion reached by the Court in 2007,
namely, that Guinea’s Application was admissible in so far as it was
aimed at exercising diplomatic protection of Mr. Diallo in respect of
alleged violations of his rights as an individual. Guinea has not argued
that the reference to the year 1988 in paragraph 45 of the 2007 Judgment
has any binding effect on the Court at the present stage of the proceed-
ings, and it clearly has no such effect, since the operative part of the
Judgment would have been no different even if the error had not appeared
in the quoted paragraph.
35. Having determined exactly when the claim concerning the events
in 1988-1989 was introduced into the proceedings, the Court can now
decide whether that claim should be considered late and inadmissible as a
result. The Judgment handed down on 24 May 2007 on the DRC’s pre-
liminary objections does not prevent the Respondent from now raising
the objection that the additional claim was presented belatedly, since the
claim was introduced, as just stated, after delivery of the 2007 Judgment.
36. On the subject of additional claims introduced — by an Appli-
cant — in the course of proceedings, the Court has developed a jurispru-
dence which is now well settled and is based on the relevant provisions of
the Statute and the Rules of Court, specifically Article 40, paragraph 1,
of the former and Article 38, paragraph 2, and Article 49, paragraph 1, of
the latter.
37. Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court provides:
20 “1. Cases are brought before the Court, as the case may be, either
by the notification of the special agreement or by a written applica-
tion addressed to the Registrar. In either case the subject of the dis-
pute and the parties shall be indicated .” (Emphasis added.)
Article 38, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court states:
“2. The application shall specify as far as possible the legal
grounds upon which the jurisdiction of the Court is said to be based;
it shall also specify the precise nature of the claim, together with a
succinct statement of the facts and grounds on which the claim is
based.” (Emphasis added.)
Article 49, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court reads:
“1. A Memorial shall contain a statement of the relevant facts, a
statement of law, and the submissions.” (Emphasis added.)
38. The Court has deemed these provisions “essential from the point
of view of legal security and the good administration of justice” (Certain
Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1992 , p. 267, para. 69). It has further observed
that they were already, in substance, part of the text of the Statute of the
Permanent Court of International Justice, adopted in 1920, and of the
text of the first Rules of that Court, adopted in 1922 (ibid.).
39. From these provisions, the Court has concluded that additional
claims formulated in the course of proceedings are inadmissible if they
would result, were they to be entertained, in transforming “the subject of
the dispute originally brought before [the Court] under the terms of the
Application” (Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and
Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , p. 695, para. 108). In this respect, it is the
Application which is relevant and the Memorial, “though it may eluci-
date the terms of the Application, must not go beyond the limits of the
claim as set out therein” (Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v.
Australia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1992 ,
p. 267, para. 69, citing the Order of the Permanent Court of 4 Febru-
ary 1933 in the case concerning Prince von Pless Administration (Order
of 4 February 1933, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 52 , p. 14)). A fortiori,a
claim formulated subsequent to the Memorial, as is the case here, cannot
transform the subject of the dispute as delimited by the terms of the
Application.
40. The Court has however also made clear that “the mere fact that a
claim is new is not in itself decisive for the issue of admissibility” and
that:
“In order to determine whether a new claim introduced during the
course of the proceedings is admissible [it] will need to consider
whether, ‘although formally a new claim, the claim in question can
21 be considered as included in the original claim in substance’” (Ter-
ritorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in
the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2007 (II), p. 695, para. 110, in part quoting Certain Phos-
phate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1992 , pp. 265-266, para. 65).
41. In other words, a new claim is not inadmissible ipso facto ; the
decisive consideration is the nature of the connection between that claim
and the one formulated in the Application instituting proceedings.
In this regard the Court has also had the occasion to point out that, to
find that a new claim, as a matter of substance, has been included in the
original claim, “it is not sufficient that there should be links between
them of a general nature” (Territorial and Maritime Dispute between
Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , p. 695, para. 110).
Drawing upon earlier cases, the Judgment handed down in the case
concerning Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia)
(Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1992) formulated
two alternative tests.
Either the additional claim must be implicit in the Application (as was
the case of one of the Applicant’s final submissions in the case concerning
Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (see the Judgment on
the merits, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 36)) or it must arise directly out of the
question which is the subject-matter of the Application (as was the case
of one of Nicaragua’s final submissions in the case concerning Territorial
and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean
Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) cited above, paragraph 114).
42. These are the tests the Court now has to apply in the present case
to determine whether Guinea’s claim in respect of the events in 1988-
1989, which is “formally new” vis-à-vis the initial claim, is admissible.
43. The Court finds itself unable to consider this claim as being
“implicit” in the original claim as set forth in the Application. Leaving
aside the alleged violations of rights belonging to the companies owned
by Mr. Diallo, in respect of which the Application was held inadmissible
in the Judgment rendered on the preliminary objections, and the viola-
tions of Mr. Diallo’s direct rights as associé, to be dealt with below, the
initial claim concerned violations of Mr. Diallo’s individual rights alleged
by Guinea to have resulted from the arrest, detention and expulsion
measures taken against him in 1995-1996. It is hard to see how allega-
tions concerning other arrest and detention measures, taken at a different
time and in different circumstances, could be regarded as “implicit” in
the Application concerned with the events in 1995-1996. This is especially
so given that the legal bases for Mr. Diallo’s arrests in 1988-1989, on the
one hand, and 1995-1996, on the other, were completely different. His
22first detention was carried out as part of a criminal investigation into
fraud opened by the Prosecutor’s Office in Kinshasa. The second was
ordered with a view to implementing an expulsion decree, that is to say,
as part of an administrative procedure. Among other consequences, it
follows that the applicable international rules — which the DRC is
accused of having violated — are different in part, and that the domestic
remedies on whose prior exhaustion the exercise of diplomatic protection
is as a rule contingent are also different in nature.
44. The last point deserves particular attention. Since, as noted above,
the new claim was introduced only at the Reply stage, the Respondent
was no longer able to assert preliminary objections to it, since such objec-
tions have to be submitted, under Article 79 of the Rules of Court as
applicable to these proceedings, within the time-limit fixed for the deliv-
ery of the Counter-Memorial (and, under that Article as in force since
1 February 2001, within three months following delivery of the Memo-
rial). A Respondent’s right to raise preliminary objections, that is to say,
objections which the Court is required to rule on before the debate on the
merits begins (see Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971
Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie
(Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998 , p. 26, para. 47), is a fundamental proce-
dural right. This right is infringed if the Applicant asserts a substantively
new claim after the Counter-Memorial, which is to say at a time when the
Respondent can still raise objections to admissibility and jurisdiction, but
not preliminary objections. This is especially so in a case involving dip-
lomatic protection if, as in the present instance, the new claim concerns
facts in respect of which the remedies available in the domestic system are
different from those which could be pursued in respect of the facts under-
lying the initial claim.
45. Thus, it cannot be said that the additional claim in respect of the
events in 1988-1989 was “implicit” in the initial Application.
46. For similar reasons, the Court sees no possibility of finding that
the new claim “arises directly out of the question which is the subject-
matter of the Application”. Obviously, the mere fact that two questions
are closely related in subject-matter, in that they concern more or less
comparable facts and similar rights, does not mean that one arises out of
the other. Moreover, as already observed, the facts involved in Mr. Dial-
lo’s detentions in 1988-1989 and in 1995-1996 are dissimilar in nature, the
domestic legal framework is different in each case and the rights guaran-
teed by international law are far from perfectly coincident. It would be
particularly odd to regard the claim concerning the events in 1988-1989
as “arising directly” out of the issue forming the subject-matter of the
Application in that the claim concerns facts, perfectly well known to
23Guinea on the date the Application was filed, which long pre-date those
in respect of which the Application (in that part of it concerning the
alleged violation of Mr. Diallo’s individual rights) was presented.
47. For all of the reasons set out above, the Court finds that the claim
concerning the arrest and detention measures to which Mr. Diallo was
subject in 1988-1989 is inadmissible.
48. In light of the above finding, there is no need for the Court to con-
sider whether the DRC is entitled to raise, at this stage in the proceed-
ings, an objection to the claim in question based on the failure to exhaust
local remedies, or, if so, whether the objection would be warranted.
B. The Claim concerning the Arrest, Detention and Expulsion
Measures Taken against Mr. Diallo in 1995-1996
1. The facts
49. Some of the facts relating to the arrest, detention and expulsion
measures taken against Mr. Diallo between October 1995 and Janu-
ary 1996 are acknowledged by both Parties; others, in contrast, are in
dispute.
50. The facts on which the Parties are in agreement are as follows.
An expulsion decree was issued against Mr. Diallo on 31 October 1995.
This decree, signed by the Prime Minister of Zaire, stated that: “[the]
presence and personal conduct [of Mr. Diallo] have breached Zairean
public order, especially in the economic, financial and monetary areas,
and continue to do so”.
On 5 November 1995, further to the above-mentioned decision and
with a view to its implementation, Mr. Diallo was arrested and placed in
detention in the premises of the immigration service.
On 10 January 1996, Mr. Diallo was released.
On 31 January 1996, Mr. Diallo was expelled to Abidjan, on a flight
from Kinshasa airport. He was served with a notice, drawn up that day,
indicating that he was the subject of a “refoulement on account of unauth-
orized residence”.
51. However, the Parties disagree markedly concerning, on the one
hand, Mr. Diallo’s situation between 5 November 1995, when he was first
arrested, and his release on 10 January 1996, and, on the other hand, his
situation during the period between this latter date and his actual expul-
sion on 31 January 1996.
As regards the first of these periods, Guinea maintains that Mr. Diallo
remained continuously in detention: he is thus said to have been detained
for 66 consecutive days. In contrast, the DRC contends that Mr. Diallo
was released on 7 November 1995 — two days after his arrest — and
24placed under surveillance. According to the DRC, having resumed his
activities in breach of public order, he was rearrested on an unspecified
date, but in any event not earlier than 2 January 1996. He is then said to
have been released for a second time on 10 January 1996, because the
immigration service could not find a flight leaving for Conakry within the
eight-day legal time-limit following his latest arrest. During the first
period in question, therefore, according to the DRC, Mr. Diallo was only
detained for two days in the first instance and subsequently for no longer
than eight days.
With regard to the period from 10 January to 31 January 1996, Guinea
maintains that Mr. Diallo was rearrested on 14 January 1996, on the
order of the Congolese Prime Minister for the purpose of effecting the
expulsion decree, and kept in detention until he was deported from Kin-
shasa airport on 31 January, i.e., for another 17 days. On the other hand,
the DRC asserts that Mr. Diallo remained at liberty from 10 January to
25 January 1996, on which date he was arrested prior to being expelled a
few days later, on 31 January.
52. The Parties also differ as to how Mr. Diallo was treated during the
periods when he was deprived of his liberty, although on this aspect of
the dispute the disagreement relates less to the facts themselves than to
their characterization. According to Guinea, Mr. Diallo was held in dire
and difficult conditions; he was only able to receive food because of the
visits from his next of kin; and he was subjected to death threats from the
persons responsible for guarding him. The DRC contests this final point;
for the rest, it maintains that the conditions of Mr. Diallo’s detention did
not amount to inhuman and degrading treatment in breach of interna-
tional law.
*
53. Faced with a disagreement between the Parties as to the existence
of the facts relevant to the decision of the case, the Court must first
address the question of the burden of proof.
54. As a general rule, it is for the party which alleges a fact in support
of its claims to prove the existence of that fact (see, most recently, the
Judgment delivered in the case concerning Pulp Mills on the River Uru-
guay (Argentina v. Uruguay), I.C.J. Reports 2010 (I) , p. 71, para. 162).
However, it would be wrong to regard this rule, based on the maxim
onus probandi incumbit actori , as an absolute one, to be applied in all
circumstances. The determination of the burden of proof is in reality
dependent on the subject-matter and the nature of each dispute brought
before the Court; it varies according to the type of facts which it is neces-
sary to establish for the purposes of the decision of the case.
55. In particular, where, as in these proceedings, it is alleged that a
person has not been afforded, by a public authority, certain procedural
guarantees to which he was entitled, it cannot as a general rule be dem-
25anded of the Applicant that it prove the negative fact which it is asser-
ting. A public authority is generally able to demonstrate that it has
followed the appropriate procedures and applied the guarantees required
by law — if such was the case — by producing documentary evidence of
the actions that were carried out. However, it cannot be inferred in every
case where the Respondent is unable to prove the performance of a pro-
cedural obligation that it has disregarded it: that depends to a large
extent on the precise nature of the obligation in question; some obliga-
tions normally imply that written documents are drawn up, while others
do not. The time which has elapsed since the events must also be taken
into account.
56. It is for the Court to evaluate all the evidence produced by the two
Parties and duly subjected to adversarial scrutiny, with a view to forming
its conclusions. In short, when it comes to establishing facts such as those
which are at issue in the present case, neither party is alone in bearing the
burden of proof.
57. It is on the basis of the considerations set out above that the Court
will now pronounce on the facts which remain in dispute between the
Parties.
*
58. The Court is not convinced by the DRC’s allegation that Mr. Diallo
was released as early as 7 November 1995 and then only rearrested at the
beginning of January 1996, before being freed again on 10 January. The
Court’s assessment is based on the following reasons.
There are two documents in the case file which prove that Mr. Diallo
was imprisoned on 5 November 1995 and freed again on 10 Janu-
ary 1996: these are the committal note (billet d’écrou) bearing the first of
these two dates and the release document (billet de mise en liberté) which
bears the second. If it were true, as the DRC claims, that between these
two dates Mr. Diallo was released for the first time and then rearrested,
it is hardly comprehensible that the Respondent has been unable to pro-
duce any administrative documents — or any other piece of evidence —
to establish the reality of those events. It is true that on 30 Novem-
ber 1995 — a date when Mr. Diallo was at liberty according to the
DRC’s version of the facts, whereas according to Guinea’s allegations, he
was in prison — he wrote a letter to the Zairean Prime Minister and Min-
ister of Finance transmitting to them the files concerning the debts
claimed by his companies, in which he makes no reference to his deten-
tion. But the existence of this correspondence far from proves, contrary
to the assertions of the DRC, that Mr. Diallo was at liberty on that date.
It is a fact that, during the periods when he was deprived of his liberty,
Mr. Diallo was largely able to communicate with the outside world, and
26that he was not prevented from engaging in written correspondence. The
letter of 30 November 1995 is therefore in no way conclusive.
59. Accordingly, the Court concludes that Mr. Diallo remained in
continuous detention for 66 days, from 5 November 1995 to 10 Janu-
ary 1996.
60. On the other hand, the Court does not accept the Applicant’s
assertion that Mr. Diallo was rearrested on 14 January 1996 and remained
in detention until he was expelled on 31 January. This claim, which is
contested by the Respondent, is not supported by any evidence at all; the
Court also observes that, in the written proceedings, Guinea stated the
date of this alleged arrest to be 17 and not 14 January. The Court there-
fore cannot regard the second period of detention claimed by the Appli-
cant, lasting 17 days, as having been established. However, since the
DRC has acknowledged that Mr. Diallo was detained, at the latest, on
25 January 1996, the Court will take it as established that he was in
detention between 25 and 31 January 1996.
61. Nor can the Court accept the allegations of death threats said to
have been made against Mr. Diallo by his guards, in the absence of any
evidence in support of these allegations.
62. As regards the question of compliance of the authorities of the
DRC with their obligations under Article 36 (1) (b) of the Vienna Con-
vention on Consular Relations, the relevant facts will be examined at a
later stage, when the Court deals with that question (see paragraphs 90-97
below).
2. Consideration of the facts in the light of the applicable international law
63. Guinea maintains that the circumstances in which Mr. Diallo was
arrested, detained and expelled in 1995-1996 constitute in several respects
a breach by the DRC of its international obligations.
First, the expulsion of Mr. Diallo is said to have breached Article 13 of
the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (hereinafter the
“Covenant”) of 16 December 1966, to which Guinea and the DRC
became parties on 24 April 1978 and 1 February 1977 respectively, as
well as Article 12, paragraph 4, of the African Charter on Human and
Peoples’ Rights (hereinafter the “African Charter”) of 27 June 1981,
which entered into force for Guinea on 21 October 1986, and for the
DRC on 28 October 1987.
Second, Mr. Diallo’s arrest and detention are said to have violated
Article 9, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the Covenant, and Article 6 of the Afri-
can Charter.
Third, Mr. Diallo is said to have suffered conditions in detention com-
parable to forms of inhuman or degrading treatment that are prohibited
by international law.
Fourth and last, Mr. Diallo is said not to have been informed, when he
27was arrested, of his right to request consular assistance from his country,
in violation of Article 36 (1) (b) of the Vienna Convention on Consular
Relations of 24 April 1963, which entered into force for Guinea on
30 July 1988 and for the DRC on 14 August 1976.
The Court will examine in turn whether each of these assertions is well-
founded.
(a) The alleged violation of Article 13 of the Covenant and Article 12,
paragraph 4, of the African Charter
64. Article 13 of the Covenant reads as follows:
“An alien lawfully in the territory of a State party to the present
Covenant may be expelled therefrom only in pursuance of a decision
reached in accordance with law and shall, except where compelling
reasons of national security otherwise require, be allowed to submit
the reasons against his expulsion and to have his case reviewed by,
and be represented for the purpose before, the competent authority
or a person or persons especially designated by the competent author-
ity.”
Likewise, Article 12, paragraph 4, of the African Charter provides that:
“A non-national legally admitted in a territory of a State party to
the present Charter, may only be expelled from it by virtue of a deci-
sion taken in accordance with the law.”
65. It follows from the terms of the two provisions cited above that the
expulsion of an alien lawfully in the territory of a State which is a party
to these instruments can only be compatible with the international
obligations of that State if it is decided in accordance with “the law”, in
other words the domestic law applicable in that respect. Compliance with inter-
national law is to some extent dependent here on compliance with internal
law. However, it is clear that while “accordance with law” as thus
defined is a necessary condition for compliance with the above-mentioned
provisions, it is not the sufficient condition. First, the applicable domestic
law must itself be compatible with the other requirements of the
Covenant and the African Charter; second, an expulsion must not be
arbitrary in nature, since protection against arbitrary treatment lies at the
heart of the rights guaranteed by the international norms protecting
human rights, in particular those set out in the two treaties applicable in
this case.
66. The interpretation above is fully corroborated by the jurisprudence
of the Human Rights Committee established by the Covenant to ensure
compliance with that instrument by the States parties (see for example, in
this respect,Maroufidou v. Sweden, No. 58/1979, para. 9.3;Human Rights
28Committee, General Comment No. 15: The Position of Aliens under
the Covenant).
Since it was created, the Human Rights Committee has built up a
considerable body of interpretative case law, in particular through its
findings in response to the individual communications which may be sub-
mitted to it in respect of States parties to the first Optional Protocol, and
in the form of its “General Comments”.
Although the Court is in no way obliged, in the exercise of its judicial
functions, to model its own interpretation of the Covenant on that of the
Committee, it believes that it should ascribe great weight to the interpre-
tation adopted by this independent body that was established specifically
to supervise the application of that treaty. The point here is to achieve
the necessary clarity and the essential consistency of international law, as
well as legal security, to which both the individuals with guaranteed
rights and the States obliged to comply with treaty obligations are enti-
tled.
67. Likewise, when the Court is called upon, as in these proceedings,
to apply a regional instrument for the protection of human rights, it must
take due account of the interpretation of that instrument adopted by the
independent bodies which have been specifically created, if such has been
the case, to monitor the sound application of the treaty in question. In
the present case, the interpretation given above of Article 12, para-
graph 4, of the African Charter is consonant with the case law of the
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights established by Arti-
cle 30 of the said Charter (see, for example, Kenneth Good v. Republic of
Botswana, No. 313/05, para. 204; World Organization against Torture
and International Association of Democratic Lawyers, International Com-
mission of Jurists, Inter-African Union for Human Rights v. Rwanda,
No. 27/89, 46/91, 49/91, 99/93).
68. The Court also notes that the interpretation by the European
Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights,
respectively, of Article 1 of Protocol No. 7 to the (European) Convention
for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and
Article 22, paragraph 6, of the American Convention on Human Rights —
the said provisions being close in substance to those of the Covenant and
the African Charter which the Court is applying in the present case — is
consistent with what has been found in respect of the latter provisions in
paragraph 65 above.
69. According to Guinea, the decision to expel Mr. Diallo first breached
Article 13 of the Covenant and Article 12, paragraph 4, of the African
Charter because it was not taken in accordance with Congolese domestic
law, for three reasons: it should have been signed by the President of the
Republic and not by the Prime Minister; it should have been preceded by
consultation of the National Immigration Board; and it should have
indicated the grounds for the expulsion, which it failed to do.
29 70. The Court is not convinced by the first of these arguments. It is
true that Article 15 of the Zairean Legislative Order of 12 Septem-
ber 1983 concerning immigration control, in the version in force at the
time, conferred on the President of the Republic, and not the Prime Min-
ister, the power to expel an alien. However, the DRC explains that since
the entry into force of the Constitutional Act of 9 April 1994, the powers
conferred by particular legislative provisions on the President of the
Republic are deemed to have been transferred to the Prime Minister —
even though such provisions have not been formally amended — under
Article 80 (2) of the new Constitution, which provides that “the Prime
Minister shall exercise regulatory power by means of decrees deliberated
upon in the Council of Ministers”.
The Court recalls that it is for each State, in the first instance, to inter-
pret its own domestic law. The Court does not, in principle, have the
power to substitute its own interpretation for that of the national authori-
ties, especially when that interpretation is given by the highest national
courts (see, for this latter case, Serbian Loans, Judgment No. 14, 1929,
P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 20 ,p.46and Brazilian Loans, Judgment No. 15,
1929, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 21 , p. 124). Exceptionally, where a State
puts forward a manifestly incorrect interpretation of its domestic law,
particularly for the purpose of gaining an advantage in a pending case, it
is for the Court to adopt what it finds to be the proper interpretation.
71. That is not the situation here. The DRC’s interpretation of its
Constitution, from which it follows that Article 80 (2) produces certain
effects on the laws already in force on the date when that Constitution
was adopted, does not seem manifestly incorrect. It has not been con-
tested that this interpretation corresponded, at the time in question, to
the general practice of the constitutional authorities. The DRC has
included in the case file, in this connection, a number of other expulsion
decrees issued at the same time and all signed by the Prime Minister.
Consequently, although it would be possible in theory to discuss the
validity of that interpretation, it is certainly not for the Court to adopt a
different interpretation of Congolese domestic law for the purposes of the
decision of this case. It therefore cannot be concluded that the decree
expelling Mr. Diallo was not issued “in accordance with law” by virtue of
the fact that it was signed by the Prime Minister.
72. However, the Court is of the opinion that this decree did not com-
ply with the provisions of Congolese law for two other reasons.
First, it was not preceded by consultation of the National Immigration
Board, whose opinion is required by Article 16 of the above-mentioned
Legislative Order concerning immigration control before any expulsion
measure is taken against an alien holding a residence permit. The DRC
has not contested either that Mr. Diallo’s situation placed him within the
scope of this provision, or that consultation of the Board was neglected.
This omission is confirmed by the absence in the decree of a citation men-
tioning the Board’s opinion, whereas all the other expulsion decrees
included in the case file specifically cite such an opinion, in accordance
30with Article 16 of the Legislative Order, moreover, which concludes by
stipulating that the decision “shall mention the fact that the Board was
consulted”.
Second, the expulsion decree should have been “reasoned” pursuant to
Article 15 of the 1983 Legislative Order; in other words, it should have
indicated the grounds for the decision taken. The fact is that the general,
stereotyped reasoning included in the decree cannot in any way be
regarded as meeting the requirements of the legislation. The decree con-
fines itself to stating that the “presence and conduct [of Mr. Diallo] have
breached Zairean public order, especially in the economic, financial and
monetary areas, and continue to do so”. The first part of this sentence
simply paraphrases the legal basis for any expulsion measure according
to Congolese law, since Article 15 of the 1983 Legislative Order permits
the expulsion of any alien “who, by his presence or conduct, breaches or
threatens to breach the peace or public order”. As for the second part,
while it represents an addition, this is so vague that it is impossible to
know on the basis of which activities the presence of Mr. Diallo was
deemed to be a threat to public order (in the same sense, mutatis mutandis,
see Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti
v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 231, para. 152).
The formulation used by the author of the decree therefore amounts to
an absence of reasoning for the expulsion measure.
73. The Court thus concludes that in two important respects, concern-
ing procedural guarantees conferred on aliens by Congolese law and
aimed at protecting the persons in question against the risk of arbitrary
treatment, the expulsion of Mr. Diallo was not decided “in accordance
with law”.
Consequently, regardless of whether that expulsion was justified on the
merits, a question to which the Court will return later in this Judgment,
the disputed measure violated Article 13 of the Covenant and Article 12,
paragraph 4, of the African Charter.
74. Furthermore, the Court considers that Guinea is justified in con-
tending that the right afforded by Article 13 to an alien who is subject to
an expulsion measure to “submit the reasons against his expulsion and to
have his case reviewed by . . . the competent authority” was not respected
in the case of Mr. Diallo.
It is indeed certain that, neither before the expulsion decree was signed
on 31 October 1995, nor subsequently but before the said decree was
implemented on 31 January 1996, was Mr. Diallo allowed to submit his
defence to a competent authority in order to have his arguments taken
into consideration and a decision made on the appropriate response to be
given to them.
It is true, as the DRC has pointed out, that Article 13 of the Covenant
provides for an exception to the right of an alien to submit his reasons
where “compelling reasons of national security” require otherwise. The
Respondent maintains that this was precisely the case here. However, it
31has not provided the Court with any tangible information that might
establish the existence of such “compelling reasons”. In principle, it is
doubtless for the national authorities to consider the reasons of public
order that may justify the adoption of one police measure or another. But
when this involves setting aside an important procedural guarantee pro-
vided for by an international treaty, it cannot simply be left in the hands
of the State in question to determine the circumstances which, exception-
ally, allow that guarantee to be set aside. It is for the State to demon-
strate that the “compelling reasons” required by the Covenant existed, or
at the very least could reasonably have been concluded to have existed,
taking account of the circumstances which surrounded the expulsion
measure.
In the present case, no such demonstration has been provided by the
Respondent.
On these grounds too, the Court concludes that Article 13 of the Cov-
enant was violated in respect of the circumstances in which Mr. Diallo
was expelled.
(b) The alleged violation of Article 9, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the
Covenant and Article 6 of the African Charter
75. Article 9, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the Covenant provides that:
“1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No
one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention. No one shall
be deprived of his liberty except on such grounds and in accordance
with such procedure as are established by law.
2. Anyone who is arrested shall be informed, at the time of arrest,
of the reasons for his arrest and shall be promptly informed of any
charges against him.”
Article 6 of the African Charter provides that:
“Every individual shall have the right to liberty and to the security
of his person. No one may be deprived of his freedom except for rea-
sons and conditions previously laid down by law. In particular, no
one may be arbitrarily arrested or detained.”
76. According to Guinea, the above-mentioned provisions were vio-
lated when Mr. Diallo was arrested and detained in 1995-1996 for the
purpose of implementing the expulsion decree, for a number of reasons.
First, the deprivations of liberty which he suffered did not take place
“in accordance with such procedure as [is] established by law” within the
meaning of Article 9, paragraph 1, of the Covenant, or on the basis of
“conditions previously laid down by law” within the meaning of Article 6
of the African Charter.
Second, they were “arbitrary” within the meaning of these provisions.
Third, Mr. Diallo was not informed, at the time of his arrests, of the
32reasons for those arrests, nor was he informed of the charges against him,
which constituted a violation of Article 9, paragraph 2, of the Covenant.
The Court will examine in turn whether each of these assertions is well-
founded.
77. First of all, it is necessary to make a general remark. The provi-
sions of Article 9, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the Covenant, and those of
Article 6 of the African Charter, apply in principle to any form of arrest
or detention decided upon and carried out by a public authority, what-
ever its legal basis and the objective being pursued (see in this respect,
with regard to the Covenant, the Human Rights Committee’s General
Comment No. 8 of 30 June 1982 concerning the right to liberty and secu-
rity of person (Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment
No. 8: Article 9 (Right to Liberty and Security of Person)) ). The scope
of these provisions is not, therefore, confined to criminal proceedings;
they also apply, in principle, to measures which deprive individuals of
their liberty that are taken in the context of an administrative procedure,
such as those which may be necessary in order to effect the forcible
removal of an alien from the national territory. In this latter case, it is of
little importance whether the measure in question is characterized by
domestic law as an “expulsion” or a “refoulement”. The position is only
different as regards the requirement in Article 9, paragraph 2, of the Cov-
enant that the arrested person be “informed of any charges” against him,
a requirement which is only meaningful in the context of criminal pro-
ceedings.
78. The Court now turns to the first of Guinea’s three allegations,
namely, that Mr. Diallo’s arrest and detention were not in accordance
with the requirements of the law of the DRC. It should first be noted that
Mr. Diallo’s arrest on 5 November 1995 and his detention until 10 Janu-
ary 1996 (see paragraph 58 above) were for the purpose of enabling the
expulsion decree issued against him on 31 October 1995 to be effected.
The second arrest, on 25 January 1996 at the latest, was also for the pur-
pose of implementing that decree: the mention of a “refoulement” on
account of “illegal residence” in the notice served on Mr. Diallo on
31 January 1996, the day when he was actually expelled, was clearly erro-
neous, as the DRC acknowledges.
79. Article 15 of the Legislative Order of 12 September 1983 concern-
ing immigration control, as in force at the time of Mr. Diallo’s arrest and
detention, provided that an alien “who is likely to evade implementation”
of an expulsion measure may be imprisoned for an initial period of
48 hours, which may be “extended by 48 hours at a time, but shall not
exceed eight days”. The Court finds that Mr. Diallo’s arrest and deten-
tion were not in accordance with these provisions. There is no evidence
that the authorities of the DRC sought to determine whether Mr. Diallo
was “likely to evade implementation” of the expulsion decree and, there-
fore, whether it was necessary to detain him. The fact that he made no
attempt to evade expulsion after he was released on 10 January 1996 sug-
33gests that there was no need for his detention. The overall length of time
for which he was detained — 66 days following his initial arrest and at
least six more days following the second arrest — greatly exceeded the
maximum period permitted by Article 15. In addition, the DRC has pro-
duced no evidence to show that the detention was reviewed every 48 hours,
as required by that provision.
80. The Court further finds, in response to the second allegation set
out above (see paragraph 76 above), that Mr. Diallo’s arrest and deten-
tion were arbitrary within the meaning of Article 9, paragraph 1, of the
Covenant and Article 6 of the African Charter.
81. Admittedly, in principle an arrest or detention aimed at effecting
an expulsion decision taken by the competent authority cannot be
characterized as “arbitrary” within the meaning of the above-mentioned
provisions, even if the lawfulness of the expulsion decision might be open
to question. Consequently, the fact that the decree of 31 October 1995
was not issued, in some respects, “in accordance with law”, as the Court
has noted above in relation to Article 13 of the Covenant and Article 12,
paragraph 4, of the African Charter, is not sufficient to render the arrest
and detention aimed at implementing that decree “arbitrary” within the
meaning of Article 9, paragraph 1, of the Covenant and Article 6 of the
African Charter.
82. However, account should be taken here of the number and seri-
ousness of the irregularities tainting Mr. Diallo’s detentions. As noted
above, he was held for a particularly long time and it would appear that
the authorities made no attempt to ascertain whether his detention was
necessary.
Moreover, the Court can but find not only that the decree itself was
not reasoned in a sufficiently precise way, as was pointed out above
(see paragraph 72), but that throughout the proceedings, the DRC has
never been able to provide grounds which might constitute a convinc-
ing basis for Mr. Diallo’s expulsion. Allegations of “corruption” and
other offences have been made against Mr. Diallo, but no concrete
evidence has been presented to the Court to support these claims.
These accusations did not give rise to any proceedings before the
courts or, a fortiori , to any conviction. Furthermore, it is difficult not
to discern a link between Mr. Diallo’s expulsion and the fact that he
had attempted to recover debts which he believed were owed to his
companies by, amongst others, the Zairean State or companies in
which the State holds a substantial portion of the capital, bringing
cases for this purpose before the civil courts. Under these circum-
stances, the arrest and detention aimed at allowing such an expulsion
measure, one without any defensible basis, to be effected can only be
characterized as arbitrary within the meaning of Article 9, para-
graph 1, of the Covenant and Article 6 of the African Charter.
34 83. Finally, the Court turns to the allegation relating to Article 9,
paragraph 2, of the Covenant.
For the reasons discussed above (see paragraph 77), Guinea cannot
effectively argue that at the time of each of his arrests (in November 1995
and January 1996), Mr. Diallo was not informed of the “charges against
him”, as the Applicant contends is required by Article 9, paragraph 2, of
the Covenant. This particular provision of Article 9 is applicable only
when a person is arrested in the context of criminal proceedings; that was
not the case for Mr. Diallo.
84. On the other hand, Guinea is justified in arguing that Mr. Diallo’s
right to be “informed, at the time of arrest, of the reasons for his
arrest” — a right guaranteed in all cases, irrespective of the grounds for
the arrest — was breached.
The DRC has failed to produce a single document or any other form
of evidence to prove that Mr. Diallo was notified of the expulsion decree
at the time of his arrest on 5 November 1995, or that he was in some way
informed, at that time, of the reason for his arrest. Although the expul-
sion decree itself did not give specific reasons, as pointed out above (see
paragraph 72), the notification of this decree at the time of Mr. Diallo’s
arrest would have informed him sufficiently of the reasons for that arrest
for the purposes of Article 9, paragraph 2, since it would have indicated
to Mr. Diallo that he had been arrested for the purpose of an expulsion
procedure and would have allowed him, if necessary, to take the appro-
priate steps to challenge the lawfulness of the decree. However, no infor-
mation of this kind was provided to him; the DRC, which should be in a
position to prove the date on which Mr. Diallo was notified of the decree,
has presented no evidence to that effect.
85. The same applies to Mr. Diallo’s arrest in January 1996. On that
date, it has also not been established that Mr. Diallo was informed that
he was being forcibly removed from Congolese territory in execution of
an expulsion decree. Moreover, on the day when he was actually expelled,
he was given the incorrect information that he was the subject of a
“refoulement” on account of his “illegal residence” (see paragraph 50
above). This being so, the requirement for him to be informed, laid down
by Article 9, paragraph 2, of the Covenant, was not complied with on
that occasion either.
(c) The alleged violation of the prohibition on subjecting a detainee
to mistreatment
86. Guinea maintains that Mr. Diallo was subjected to mistreatment
during his detention, because of the particularly tough conditions thereof,
because he was deprived of his right to communicate with his lawyers and
with the Guinean Embassy, and because he received death threats from
the guards.
35 87. The Applicant invokes in this connection Article 10, paragraph 1,
of the Covenant, according to which: “All persons deprived of their liberty
shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity
of the human person.”
Article 7 of the Covenant, providing that “[n]o one shall be subjected
to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment”,
and Article 5 of the African Charter, stating that “[e]very individual shall
have the right to the respect of the dignity inherent in a human being”,
are also pertinent in this area.
There is no doubt, moreover, that the prohibition of inhuman and
degrading treatment is among the rules of general international law
which are binding on States in all circumstances, even apart from any
treaty commitments.
88. The Court notes, however, that Guinea has failed to demonstrate
convincingly that Mr. Diallo was subjected to such treatment during his
detention. There is no evidence to substantiate the allegation that he
received death threats. It seems that Mr. Diallo was able to communicate
with his relatives and his lawyers without any great difficulty and, even if
this had not been the case, such constraints would not per se have con-
stituted treatment prohibited by Article 10, paragraph 1, of the Covenant
and by general international law. The question of Mr. Diallo’s commu-
nications with the Guinean authorities is distinct from that of compliance
with the provisions currently under examination and will be addressed
under the next heading, in relation to Article 36, paragraph 1 (b),ofthe
Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. Finally, that Mr. Diallo was
fed thanks to the provisions his relatives brought to his place of deten-
tion — which the DRC does not contest — is insufficient in itself to
prove mistreatment, since access by the relatives to the individual deprived
of his liberty was not hindered.
89. In conclusion, the Court finds that it has not been demonstrated
that Mr. Diallo was subjected to treatment prohibited by Article 10,
paragraph 1, of the Covenant.
(d) The alleged violation of the provisions of Article 36, paragraph (1b),
of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations
90. Article 36, paragraph 1 (b), of the Vienna Convention on Consu-
lar Relations provides that:
“[I]f he so requests, the competent authorities of the receiving
State shall, without delay, inform the consular post of the sending
State if, within its consular district, a national of that State is
arrested or committed to prison or to custody pending trial or is
detained in any other manner. Any communication addressed to the
consular post by the person arrested, in prison, custody or detention
shall be forwarded by the said authorities without delay. The said
36 authorities shall inform the person concerned without delay of his
rights under this subparagraph.”
91. These provisions, as is clear from their very wording, are applica-
ble to any deprivation of liberty of whatever kind, even outside the con-
text of pursuing perpetrators of criminal offences. They therefore apply
in the present case, which the DRC does not contest.
92. According to Guinea, these provisions were violated when
Mr. Diallo was arrested in November 1995 and January 1996, because he
was not informed “without delay” at those times of his right to seek
assistance from the consular authorities of his country.
93. At no point in the written proceedings or the first round of oral
argument did the DRC contest the accuracy of Guinea’s allegations in
this respect; it did not attempt to establish, or even claim, that the infor-
mation called for by the last sentence of the quoted provision was sup-
plied to Mr. Diallo, or that it was supplied “without delay”, as the text
requires.
The Respondent replied to the Applicant’s allegation with two argu-
ments: that Guinea had failed to prove that Mr. Diallo requested the
Congolese authorities to notify the Guinean consular post without delay
of his situation; and that the Guinean Ambassador in Kinshasa was
aware of Mr. Diallo’s arrest and detention, as evidenced by the steps he
took on his behalf.
94. It was only in replying to a question put by a judge during the hear-
ing of 26 April 2010 that the DRC asserted for the first time that it had
“orally informed Mr. Diallo immediately after his detention of the possi-
bility of seeking consular assistance from his State” (written reply by the
DRC handed in to the Registry on 27 April 2010 and confirmed orally at
the hearing of 29 April, during the second round of oral argument).
95. The Court notes that the two arguments put forward by the DRC
before the second round of oral pleadings lack any relevance. It is for the
authorities of the State which proceeded with the arrest to inform on
their own initiative the arrested person of his right to ask for his consu-
late to be notified; the fact that the person did not make such a request
not only fails to justify non-compliance with the obligation to inform
which is incumbent on the arresting State, but could also be explained in
some cases precisely by the fact that the person had not been informed of
his rights in that respect (Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v.
United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2004 (I) ,p .,
para. 76). Moreover, the fact that the consular authorities of the national
State of the arrested person have learned of the arrest through other
channels does not remove any violation that may have been committed
of the obligation to inform that person of his rights “without delay”.
37 96. As for the DRC’s assertion, made in the conditions described
above, that Mr. Diallo was “orally informed” of his rights upon his
arrest, the Court can but note that it was made very late in the proceed-
ings, whereas the point was at issue from the beginning, and that there is
not the slightest piece of evidence to corroborate it. The Court is there-
fore unable to give it any credit.
97. Consequently, the Court finds that there was a violation by the
DRC of Article 36, paragraph 1 (b), of the Vienna Convention on Con-
sular Relations.
*
98. Guinea has further contended that Mr. Diallo’s expulsion, given
the circumstances in which it was carried out, violated his right to prop-
erty, guaranteed by Article 14 of the African Charter, because he had to
leave behind most of his assets when he was forced to leave the Congo.
In the Court’s view, this aspect of the dispute has less to do with the
lawfulness of Mr. Diallo’s expulsion in the light of the DRC’s interna-
tional obligations and more to do with the damage Mr. Diallo suffered as
a result of the internationally wrongful acts of which he was a victim. The
Court will therefore examine it later in this Judgment, within the context
of the question of reparation owed by the Respondent (see para-
graphs 160-164 below).
III. ROTECTION OF M R.D IALLO’SD IRECT RIGHTS AS A SSOCIÉ IN
A FRICOM -ZAIRE AND A FRICONTAINERS-ZAIRE
99. Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire are two corporate entities
incorporated under Zairean law in the form of sociétés privées à respon-
sabilité limitée (SPRLs) and entered in the Trade Register of the city
of Kinshasa. Because the SPRL, as a form of commercial company, is
specific to civil-law systems and has no precise equivalent in common-
law systems, the Court will use certain French terms of DRC law in the
English version of the present Judgment, namely, parts sociales, associé,
gérant, gérance and gérant associé. The capital of an SPRL is divided
into equal parts sociales. Under Article 36 of the Decree of the Independ-
ent State of Congo of 27 February 1887 on commercial corporations, as
amended by the Decree of 23 June 1960 (hereinafter: “the 1887 Decree”), the
parts are nominative and not freely transferable. They are also “uniform”,
i.e., they confer identical rights upon their holders (called associés: see,
e.g., Articles 43, 44, 45 and 51 of the 1887 Decree). Management (the
gérance) of an SPRL is entrusted to an agent, called the gérant, who may
also be an associé (in which case there is a gérant associé).
38 100. In its Judgment of 24 May 2007, the Court stated that it did not
have “to determine, at [the preliminary objections] stage . . ., which spe-
cific rights appertain to the status of associé and which to the position of
gérant of an SPRL under Congolese law”, but that it was
“at the merits stage, as appropriate, that [it] will have to define the
precise nature, content and limits of these rights. It is also at that
stage of the proceedings that it will be for the Court, if need be, to
assess the effects on these various rights of the action against
Mr. Diallo.” (I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , p. 606, para. 66.)
101. In its final submissions, Guinea asked the Court to find that, on
the issue of Mr. Diallo’s direct rights as associé, the DRC had committed
several internationally wrongful acts which engage its responsibility
towards Guinea. Specifically, Guinea contended that the DRC had
breached its international obligations by:
“depriving [Mr. Diallo] of the exercise of his rights of ownership,
oversight and management in respect of the companies which he
founded in the DRC and in which he was the sole associé; [by] pre-
venting him in that capacity from pursuing recovery of the numer-
ous debts owed to the said companies both by the DRC itself and by
other contractual partners; and [by] expropriating de facto Mr. Dial-
lo’s property”.
102. In contrast, the DRC reiterated in its final submissions that it had
committed no internationally wrongful acts towards Guinea in respect of
Mr. Diallo’s direct rights as associé in Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-
Zaire.
*
103. Before addressing the various claims made by the Parties in this
regard, it is necessary for the Court to clarify matters relating to the legal
existence of the two companies and to Mr. Diallo’s role and participation
in them. Indeed, as the Court found in its Judgment of 24 May 2007, the
rights of associés are “their direct rights in relation to a legal person ”
(I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , p. 606, para. 64; emphasis added). In other
words, direct rights as associé exist because companies have “juridical
personalities distinct from those of the associés” (as stated in Article 1 of
the Congolese Decree of 27 February 1887 on commercial corporations),
and they are rights of the associés in their relationship with the company
whose parts they hold. In the present case, it is especially important to
clarify the issues of the legal existence of the companies and of Mr. Dial-
lo’s participation and role in them, since Guinea claims that he was the
sole gérant and also, directly or indirectly, the sole associé of the two
companies. As mentioned by the Court in its Judgment of 24 May 2007,
39Guinea maintains that “in fact and in law it was virtually impossible to
distinguish Mr. Diallo from his companies” (I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) ,
p. 604, para. 56). The DRC, for its part, considers that the number of
parts held by Mr. Diallo in Africom-Zaire has never been indisputably
established; it adds that the two companies are still formally in existence
and are therefore to be distinguished from Mr. Diallo as associé. More-
over, the DRC contends that, for lack of any commercial activity, the
two SPRLs were in a state of “undeclared bankruptcy” for many years
before Mr. Diallo’s expulsion.
104. In order to determine Mr. Diallo’s legal rights as associé in Afri-
com-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire, and whether those rights have been
infringed, the Court will have to examine in the first instance the exist-
ence and structure of those companies under DRC law. As the Court
stated in the Barcelona Traction case:
“In this field international law is called upon to recognize institu-
tions of municipal law that have an important and extensive role in
the international field . . . All it means is that international law has
had to recognize the corporate entity as an institution created by
States in a domain essentially within their domestic jurisdiction. This
in turn requires that, whenever legal issues arise concerning the
rights of States with regard to the treatment of companies and share-
holders, as to which rights international law has not established its
own rules, it has to refer to the relevant rules of municipal law.”
(Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Bel-
gium v. Spain), Second Phase, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1970 , pp. 33-
34, para. 38.)
In the Judgment of 24 May 2007, the Court has already found that
Mr. Diallo’s direct rights as associé “are defined by the domestic law” of
the DRC, being the State of incorporation of the companies (I.C.J.
Reports 2007 (II), p. 606, para. 64), and that the Congolese Decree of
27 February 1887 on commercial corporations must in particular be
referred to “in order to establish the precise legal nature of Africom-Zaire
and Africontainers-Zaire” (ibid., p. 605, para. 62).
105. In its Judgment of 24 May 2007, the Court observed that, under
the Decree of 27 February 1887, SPRLs are companies “which are
formed by persons whose liability is limited to their capital contributions;
which are not publicly held companies; and in which the parts sociales,
required to be uniform and nominative, are not freely transferable” (Arti-
cle 36 of the Decree of 27 February 1887 on commercial corporations;
I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , p. 594, para. 25; see paragraph 99 above). The
Court also stated that
“Congolese law accords an SPRL independent legal personality
40 distinct from that of its associés, particularly in that the property of
the associés is completely separate from that of the company, and in
that the associés are responsible for the debts of the company only
to the extent of the resources they have subscribed. Consequently,
the company’s debts receivable from and owing to third parties
relate to its respective rights and obligations. As the Court pointed
out in the Barcelona Traction case: ‘So long as the company is in
existence the shareholder has no right to the corporate assets.’
(I.C.J. Reports 1970, p. 34, para. 41.) This remains the fundamental
rule in this respect, whether for an SPRL or for a public limited
company.” (I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , p. 606, para. 63.)
106. It is not disputed that Africom-Zaire, an import-export company,
was founded in 1974 by Mr. Diallo, and that he has been the gérant of
that company for many years. As mentioned below (see paragraph 110),
it was in that capacity that Mr. Diallo took part in the creation of Afri-
containers-Zaire. Guinea contends that he was also the sole associé of
Africom-Zaire. This has however been questioned by the DRC in the
course of the proceedings. In particular, the DRC contends that the
number of parts held by Mr. Diallo in Africom-Zaire has never been duly
documented and that Guinea has not established that he was still an
associé of that company at the time of his expulsion.
107. Because the record before the Court does not include Africom-
Zaire’s Articles of Incorporation, the Court is unable to determine pre-
cisely the nature and extent of Mr. Diallo’s holding in that company at
the time it was formed. Nevertheless, as DRC law requires that an SPRL
be formed by more than one associé — as seen in the relevant Articles of
the 1887 Decree, including Article 36, cited above (“[a]n [SPRL] is a com-
pany formed by persons” (emphasis added)) and Article 78, which refers
to the general meeting “of the associés” — and since neither of the
Parties has contested the fact that Africom-Zaire was duly formed as an
SPRL under the 1887 Decree, the conclusion is inescapable that, at the
very first stage of its existence, Africom-Zaire must have had, besides
Mr. Diallo, at least one other associé.
108. As the Court has not been provided with minutes of general
meetings of Africom-Zaire, it is unable to conclude whether Mr. Diallo
has become the sole associé of that SPRL and, if so, when this occurred.
In the opinion of the Court, that factual issue is however of no legal con-
sequence to the issue under consideration here, since it has not been
established that, under DRC law, an SPRL automatically ceases to exist
as a legal person when all its parts sociales come to be owned by a single
person. Moreover, it is clear that in practice, the business activities of
Africom-Zaire in the DRC were not in any way impaired by the fact that
it may have become a unipersonal SPRL. This is shown by the commer-
cial relationship established by Africom-Zaire with the authorities of
Zaire (and later the DRC), in which no questions or objections were
41advanced as to the legal nature of Africom-Zaire and the fact that it may
have become a company with a sole associé. The DRC has stated that by
the mid-1980s, Africom-Zaire had ceased all commercial activity and for
that reason had been struck off the Trade Register. However, the DRC
did not argue that that administrative measure amounted to the ending
of the distinct legal personality of the SPRL. The Court thus concludes
that, notwithstanding the fact that Mr. Diallo may have become its sole
associé, Africom-Zaire kept its distinct legal personality. This SPRL thus
remains governed by the 1887 Decree, in the absence of Congolese legis-
lation specifically regulating companies whose parts sociales are owned
by a single associé, or which, de facto, are fully controlled by the gérant
associé.
109. On the question of the number of shares held by Mr. Diallo in
Africom-Zaire, the Court notes that the DRC has not contested that he
was an associé in the company, as it has conceded that he was the gérant
associé, within the meaning of Article 67 of the Decree of 27 February
1887 (see paragraph 138 below), of Africontainers-Zaire and of Africom-
Zaire. Moreover, and even if it is impossible to quantify precisely the
extent of his holding in Africom-Zaire, the Court considers that all the
evidence submitted to it suggests that Mr. Diallo held such a significant
part of the parts sociales in the company that he controlled it and could
have prevented any other associés acting in a general meeting (see para-
graph 120 below on the DRC law relating to the right of the associés to
request that a general meeting be convened) from challenging his man-
agement, including in particular his decision to contract with the public
authorities and to initiate and pursue proceedings against the State of
Zaire in domestic courts (see paragraph 114 below). Having thus con-
cluded that Mr. Diallo was a major associé in Africom-Zaire, the Court
considers that it is for the DRC to prove that Mr. Diallo might have
ceased to be an associé in Africom-Zaire at the time of his expulsion, as
it suggests (see paragraph 106 above). In the opinion of the Court, this
has not however been established. The Court considers therefore that a
very large part of the parts sociales of Africom-Zaire, if not all of them,
were owned by Mr. Diallo throughout the years over which the current
dispute extends, allowing him to be fully in charge and in control of that
company, both as gérant and as associé. Establishing the precise holding
of Mr. Diallo in Africom-Zaire as associé would only be necessary if the
company were liquidated, so as to transfer to Mr. Diallo, in due propor-
tion to his capital ownership, the net value of the company’s assets.
110. On 18 September 1979, as gérant of Africom-Zaire, Mr. Diallo
took part in the creation of another SPRL, Africontainers-Zaire, which
specialized in transporting goods in containers. The notarial act of 18 Sep-
tember 1979 constituting Africontainers-Zaire’s Articles of Incorporation
was submitted by Guinea as part of the documents included with its
42Memorial. The capital in the new company was held as follows:
40 per cent by Mr. Kibeti Zala, a Zairean national; 30 per cent by
Ms Colette Dewast, a French national, and 30 per cent by Africom-
Zaire. Mr. Zala and Ms Dewast withdrew from Africontainers-Zaire
in 1980. From that time onwards, the capital in Africontainers-Zaire
was held as follows: 60 per cent by Africom-Zaire and 40 per cent
by Mr. Diallo. At the same time Mr. Diallo becam gérantof Africontainers-
Zaire for an indefinite period, thus replacing Mr. Alain David, who had
been appointed the first gérant in the Articles of Incorporation. The
Court concludes that since Mr. Diallo was, as established above (see
paragraph 109), fully in charge and in control of Africom-Zaire, he was
also, directly or indirectly, fully in charge and in control of Africontainers-
Zaire.
111. Relying on documents submitted to the Court, the DRC alleges
that, following his expulsion, Mr. Diallo appointed a new gérant for Afri-
containers-Zaire, Mr. N’Kanza. The DRC notes in this regard that it was
Mr. N’Kanza who made the inventory of Africontainers’ property and
represented the company in the negotiations with Gécamines in 1997,
over one year after Mr. Diallo’s expulsion. Guinea argues that, contrary
to the assertion by the DRC, Mr. Diallo did not appoint Mr. N’Kanza as
a new gérant for Africontainers-Zaire. First, it draws attention to the
lack of evidence establishing that an extraordinary general meeting was
ever held at which Mr. N’Kanza might have been appointed gérant of
Africontainers-Zaire. Secondly, Guinea cites the decision of the Cour
d’Appel of Kinshasa/Gombe of 20 June 2002, in which Mr. Diallo is
referred to as the gérant associé of Africontainers-Zaire. Finally, Guinea
observes that in documents relating to Africontainers-Zaire submitted to
the Court, Mr. N’Kanza is not referred to as gérant, but rather as
“Directeur d’exploitation” , and that Mr. Diallo signed his letters to the
DRC as “gérant of Africontainers-Zaire”.
112. The Court observes that the DRC has failed to establish, by
means of relevant corporate documents, that Mr. N’Kanza was appointed
gérant of Africontainers-Zaire. In particular, no general meeting appoint-
ing Mr. N’Kanza as gérant took place (see paragraphs 129 and 133 below
on the appointment of the gérant under Article 65 of the 1887 Decree).
The Court therefore concludes that the only gérant acting for either of
the companies, both at the time of Mr. Diallo’s detentions and after his
expulsion, was Mr. Diallo himself.
113. The Court is moreover of the view that Africom-Zaire and
Africontainers-Zaire have not ceased to exist. In the absence of a judicial
liquidation, the dissolution of a company, according to the 1887
Decree, “can only be decided by a general meeting” (Art. 99). Once the
dissolution has been decided upon, the company goes into a process of
liquidation. The Court notes that there is however no evidence before it
indicating that a judicial liquidation took place or that a general meeting
43of either of the two companies was held for the purposes of their dissolu-
tion or liquidation.
*
114. Having reached the conclusion that Mr. Diallo was, both as
gérant and associé of the two companies, fully in charge and in control of
them, but that they nevertheless remained legal entities distinct from him,
the Court will now address the various claims of Guinea pertaining to the
direct rights of Mr. Diallo as associé. In doing so, the Court will have to
assess whether, under DRC law, the claimed rights are indeed direct
rights of the associé, or whether they are rather rights or obligations of
the companies. As the Court has already pointed out, claims relating to
rights which are not direct rights held by Mr. Diallo as associé have been
declared inadmissible by the Judgment of 24 May 2007; they can there-
fore no longer be entertained. In particular, this is the case of the claims
relating to the contractual rights of Africom-Zaire against the State of
Zaire (DRC), and of Africontainers-Zaire against the Gécamines, Ona-
tra, Fina and Shell companies.
115. In the following paragraphs, the Court is careful to maintain the
strict distinction between the alleged infringements of the rights of the
two SPRLs at issue and the alleged infringements of Mr. Diallo’s direct
rights as associé of these latter (see I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , pp. 605-606,
paras. 62-63). The Court understands that such a distinction could appear
artificial in the case of an SPRL in which the parts sociales are held in
practice by a single associé. It is nonetheless well-founded juridically, and
it is essential to rigorously observe it in the present case. Guinea itself
accepts this distinction in the present stage of the proceedings, and most
of its arguments are indeed based on it. The Court has to deal with the
claims as they were presented by the Applicant.
116. Guinea’s claims relating to Mr. Diallo’s direct rights as associé
pertain to the right to participate and vote in general meetings of the two
SPRLs, the right to appoint a gérant, and the right to oversee and moni-
tor the management of the companies. Guinea also presents a claim in
relation to the right to property concerning Mr. Diallo’s parts sociales in
Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire. The Court will now address
those different claims.
A. The Right to Take Part and Vote in General Meetings
117. Guinea maintains that the DRC, in expelling Mr. Diallo, deprived
him of his right, guaranteed by Article 79 of the Congolese Decree of
27 February 1887 on commercial corporations, to take part in general
meetings and to vote. It claims that under DRC law general meetings of
44Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire could not be held outside the
territory of the DRC. Guinea admits that Mr. Diallo could of course
have exercised his rights as associé from another country by appointing a
proxy of his choice, in accordance with Article 81 of the 1887 Decree, but
argues that appointing a proxy is merely an option available to the asso-
cié, whose recognized right is clearly to have a choice whether to appoint
a representative or to attend in person. Guinea adds that, in the case of
Africontainers-Zaire, it would have been impossible for Mr. Diallo to be
represented by a proxy, since Article 22 of the Articles of Incorporation
of the SPRL stipulates that only an associé may be appointed proxy of
another, whereas he had become its sole associé at the time of his expul-
sion.
118. The DRC maintains that there cannot have been any violation of
Mr. Diallo’s right to take part in general meetings, as there has been no
evidence that any general meetings were convened and that Mr. Diallo
was unable to attend owing to his removal from DRC territory. The
DRC asserts that in any case Congolese commercial law places no obliga-
tion on commercial companies in respect of where general meetings are
to be held.
*
119. Article 79 of the Congolese Decree of 27 February 1887 on com-
mercial corporations stipulates that: “[n]otwithstanding any provision to
the contrary, all associés shall have the right to take part in general meet-
ings and shall be entitled to one vote per share”. The Court observes that
it follows from the terms of this provision that the right to participate
and vote in general meetings belongs to the associés and not to the com-
pany. This is consistent with the Court’s conclusion in the Barcelona
Traction case, where it pointed out that “[i]t is well known” that the right
to participate and vote in general meetings is a right “which municipal
law confers upon the [shareholders] distinct from those of the company”
(Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v.
Spain), Second Phase, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1970 , p. 36, para. 47).
120. The Court now turns to the question of whether the DRC, in
expelling Mr. Diallo, deprived him of his right to take part in general
meetings and to vote, as guaranteed by Article 79 of the Congolese
Decree of 27 February 1887 on commercial corporations.
121. According to Article 83 of the Congolese Decree of 27 Febru-
ary 1887, while the decision to convene a general meeting is incumbent
upon the gérant or the auditors (para. 1), associés also have the right to
request that a general meeting be convened if they hold a fifth of the total
number of shares (para. 2). In view of the evidence submitted to it by the
Parties, the Court finds that there is no proof that Mr. Diallo, acting
either as gérant or as associé holding at least one-fifth of the total number
of shares, has taken any action to convene a general meeting, either after
45having been expelled from the DRC, or at any time when he was a resi-
dent in the DRC after 1980, not even for the purposes of annually “con-
sider[ing] and decid[ing] on the balance sheet and profit and loss account
and on the allocation of profits”, as required by the 1887 Decree (see
Article 96). In the opinion of the Court, the right of Mr. Diallo to take
part in general meetings and to vote could only have been breached if
general meetings had actually been convened after his expulsion from the
DRC. The Court notes in this respect that, even assuming that Article 1
of Legislative Order No. 66-341 of 7 June 1966 were to oblige corpora-
tions having their administrative seat in the DRC to hold their general
meetings on Congolese territory, no evidence has been provided that
Mr. Diallo would have been precluded from taking any action to convene
general meetings from abroad, either as gérant or as associé.
122. The Court will now turn to the question of whether Mr. Diallo
has been deprived of his right to take part and vote in any general meet-
ings because, as Guinea argues, after his expulsion he could only have
exercised that right through a proxy, whereas Congolese law afforded
him the right to choose between appointing a representative or attending
in person.
123. According to Article 81 of the Congolese Decree of 27 Febru-
ary 1887, “[a]ssociés may always be represented by a proxy of
their choice, subject to compliance with the conditions set forth in the
statutes”. According to Article 80 of the Congolese Decree, “[u]nless the
statutes provide otherwise,associés may express their votes in writing or by
any other means that guarantees the authenticity of the will expressed”.
The Court has noted that the Parties have provided it with the Articles of
Incorporation of Africontainers-Zaire, but have not communicated to it
those of Africom-Zaire (see paragraphs 107 and 110 above). Article 22,
paragraph 2, of the Articles of Incorporation of Africontainers-Zaire
reads as follows: “Associés may arrange to be represented either by a
proxy chosen from amongst the associés, or by a representative or agent
of any associé that is a legal person, if such is the case.” Article 21 of the
Articles of Incorporation of Africontainers-Zaire states that “[r]es-
olutions of the general meeting shall be passed by a majority of three
quarters of the votes irrespective of the number of shares owned by the
members present or represented at the meeting ” (emphasis added).
124. It follows from these provisions that an associé’s right to take
part and vote in general meetings may be exercised by the associé in per-
son or through a proxy of his choosing. There is no doubt in this connec-
tion that a vote expressed through a proxy at a general meeting has the
same legal effect as a vote expressed by the associé himself. On the other
hand, it is more difficult to infer with certainty from the above-mentioned
provisions that they establish the right, as Guinea maintains, for the asso-
cié to attend general meetings in person. In the opinion of the Court, the
primary purpose of these provisions is to ensure that the general meetings
46of companies can take place effectively. Guinea’s interpretation of
Congolese law might frustrate that objective, by allowing an associé to
prevent the organs of the company from operating normally. It is ques-
tionable whether the Congolese legislators could have desired such
an outcome, which is far removed from the affectio societatis. Moreover,
in respect of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire, the Court does not
see how the appointment of a representative by Mr. Diallo could in any
way have breached in practical terms his right to take part and vote in
general meetings of the two SPRLs, since he had complete control over
them.
125. Furthermore, with regard to Africontainers-Zaire, the Court can-
not accept Guinea’s argument that it would have been impossible for
Mr. Diallo to be represented at a general meeting by a proxy other than
himself because he was the sole associé of that SPRL and Article 22 of
Africontainers-Zaire’s Articles of Incorporation stipulates that an associé
may only appoint another associé as proxy. As the Court has observed
above (see paragraph 110), that company has two associés, namely,
Mr. Diallo and Africom-Zaire. Therefore, pursuant to the above-
mentioned Article 22, Mr. Diallo, acting as associé of Africontainers-
Zaire, could appoint the “representative or agent” of Africom-Zaire
as his proxy for a general meeting of Africontainers-Zaire. Prior to the appoint-
ment of that proxy, and acting as gérant of Africom-Zaire pursuant to
Article 69 of the 1887 Decree (see paragraph 135 below), Mr. Diallo
could have appointed such a “representative or agent” of the latter com-
pany.
126. Therefore, the Court cannot sustain Guinea’s claim that the DRC
has violated Mr. Diallo’s right to take part and vote in general meetings.
The DRC, in expelling Mr. Diallo, has probably impeded him from tak-
ing part in person in any general meeting, but, in the opinion of the
Court, such hindrance does not amount to a deprivation of his right to
take part and vote in general meetings.
B. The Rights relating to the Gérance
127. The Court observes that, at various points in the proceedings,
Guinea has made four slightly different assertions which it has grouped
under the general claim of a violation of Mr. Diallo’s right to “appoint a
gérant”. It has contended that, by unlawfully expelling Mr. Diallo, the
DRC has committed: a violation of his alleged right to appoint a gérant,
a violation of his alleged right to be appointed as gérant, a violation of
his alleged right to exercise the functions of a gérant, and a violation of
his alleged right not to be removed as gérant.
128. The DRC contends that the right to appoint the gérant of an
SPRL is a right of the company, not of the associé, as it lies with the
general meeting, which is an organ of the company. Furthermore, the
47DRC affirms that because, under the 1887 Decree, a gérant who has not
been appointed in the Articles of Incorporation is appointed by the
general meeting, the right invoked by Guinea to appoint a gérant is indis-
tinguishable from the right of the associé to take part in the general
meetings. According to the DRC, Guinea has failed to show that a
general meeting was convened and that the DRC intervened with the other
associés to prevent Mr. Diallo from participating in the appointment
of a newgérant, or from being represented by another person of his choice.
The DRC submits that Mr. Diallo did appoint Mr. N’Kanza asgérant of
Africontainers-Zaire following his expulsion.
*
129. The Court observes that the appointment and functions of gérants
are governed, in Congolese law, by the 1887 Decree on commercial cor-
porations, and by the Articles of Incorporation of the company in ques-
tion.
130. Under Article 64 of the 1887 Decree:
“A private limited company shall be managed by one or more per-
sons, who may or may not be associés, called gérants.”
The appointment of gérants is governed by Article 65 of the 1887 Decree,
which provides:
“Gérants shall be appointed either in the instrument of incorpora-
tion or by the general meeting, for a period which may be fixed or
indeterminate.”
In addition, Article 69 of the 1887 Decree provides that:
“The statutes, the general meeting or the gérance may entrust the
day-to-day management of the company and special powers to
agents or other proxies, whether associés or not.”
131. Furthermore, Article 14 of Africontainers-Zaire’s Articles of
Incorporation provides, inter alia, that:
“The company shall be managed by one or more gérants, who
may or may not be associés, appointed by the general meeting.
Where more than one gérant is appointed, the general meeting
shall decide whether they shall exercise their powers separately or
jointly.”
Article 17, for its part, is couched in the following terms:
“The gérance may delegate to one of the associés or to third
parties or confer on one of its managers any powers necessary for
the performance of daily managerial duties. It shall determine the
powers to be conferred and, where necessary, the remuneration of
such agents; delegated powers may be revoked at any time.”
132. The Court will begin by dismissing the DRC’s argument that
48Mr. Diallo’s right to appoint a gérant could not have been violated
because he in fact appointed a gérant for Africontainers-Zaire in the per-
son of Mr. N’Kanza. It has already concluded that this allegation has not
been proved (see paragraphs 111 and 112 above).
133. As regards the first assertion put forth by Guinea that the DRC
has violated Mr. Diallo’s right to appoint a gérant, the Court recalls Arti-
cle 65 of the 1887 Decree, which provides that “[g]érants shall be
appointed either in the instrument of incorporation or by the general
meeting”. The Court observes that, under this provision, every SPRL is
required to be managed by at least one gérant. In principle, the appoint-
ment of the gérant takes place at the point when the SPRL is founded. It
can also take place at a later stage, by decision of the general meeting. In
that case, one organ of the company (the general meeting) exercises its
power in respect of another (the gérance). The appointment of the gérant
therefore falls under the responsibility of the company itself, without
constituting a right of the associé. Accordingly, the Court concludes that
Guinea’s claim that the DRC has violated Mr. Diallo’s right to appoint a
gérant must fail.
134. As regards the second assertion put forward by Guinea that the
DRC has violated Mr. Diallo’s right to be appointed gérant, the Court
notes that, in its 2007 Judgment on preliminary objections, it observed
that:
“The DRC . . . agrees with Guinea on the fact that, in terms of
Congolese law, the direct rights of associés are determined by the
Decree of the Independent State of Congo of 27 February 1887 on
commercial corporations. The rights of Mr. Diallo as associé of the
companies Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire are therefore
theoretically as follows: ‘the right to dividends and to the proceeds
of liquidation’, ‘the right to be appointed manager (gérant)’, ‘the
right of the associé manager (gérant) not to be removed without
cause’, ‘the right of the manager to represent the company’, ‘the
right of oversight [of the management]’ and ‘the right to participate
in general meetings’.” (I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , p. 603, para. 53.)
It is clear that an associé has a right to be appointed gérant. However,
this right cannot have been violated in this instance because Mr. Diallo
has in fact been appointed as gérant, and still is the gérant of both com-
panies in question. In this regard, the Court recalls its finding in its
2007 Judgment “that Mr. Diallo, who was associé in Africom-Zaire and
Africontainers-Zaire, also held the position of gérant in each of them”
(ibid., p. 606, para. 66). This finding is confirmed in evidence put before
the Court by the Parties in the present stage of the proceedings, in par-
ticular by evidence submitted by Guinea itself. Accordingly, the Court
concludes that there is no violation of Mr. Diallo’s right to be appointed
gérant.
49 135. The Court notes that, thirdly, Guinea has claimed that a right of
Mr. Diallo to exercise his functions as gérant was violated. In this regard,
Guinea has argued in its Reply that:
“following [Mr. Diallo’s] detention and expulsion by the Zairean
authorities, it became impossible for him, in practical terms, to per-
form the role of ‘gérant’ from Guinea, because he was outside the
country”.
The Court cannot accept this line of reasoning, and refers in this regard
to Article 69 of the 1887 Decree, which provides that “the gérance may
entrust the day-to-day management of the company and special powers
to agents or other proxies, whether associés or not”. Moreover, with
respect to Africontainers-Zaire, the Court also refers to Article 16 of its
Articles of Incorporation, which provides that the “gérance is entitled to
establish administrative bases in the Republic of Zaire and branches,
offices, agencies, depots or trading outlets in any location whatsoever,
whether in the Republic of Zaire or abroad”. While the performance of
Mr. Diallo’s duties as gérant may have been rendered more difficult by
his presence outside the country, Guinea has failed to demonstrate that it
was impossible to carry out those duties. In addition, Guinea has not
shown that Mr. Diallo attempted to appoint a proxy, who could have
acted within the DRC on his instructions.
136. In fact, it is clear from various documents submitted to the Court
that, even after Mr. Diallo’s expulsion, representatives of Africontainers-
Zaire have continued to act on behalf of the company in the DRC and to
negotiate contractual claims with the Gécamines company.
137. The Court accordingly concludes that Guinea’s claim that the
DRC has violated a right of Mr. Diallo to exercise his functions as gérant
must fail.
138. Finally, the Court observes that, fourthly, Guinea has claimed
that the DRC has violated Mr. Diallo’s right not to be removed as
gérant, referring to Article 67 of the 1887 Decree, which provides that:
“Unless the statutes provide otherwise, gérants associés appointed
for the life of the company can be removed only for good cause, by
a general meeting deliberating under the conditions required for
amendments to the statutes.
Other gérants can be removed at any time.”
With reference to this provision, Guinea argues that Mr. Diallo was
deprived of his right not to be removed as a gérant as long as the com-
pany was in existence. The Court observes, however, that no evidence has
been provided to it that Mr. Diallo was deprived of his right to remain
gérant, since no general meeting was ever convened for the purpose of
removing him, or for any other purpose. There was therefore no possi-
bility of having him removed “for good cause”. Although it may have
50become more difficult for Mr. Diallo to carry out his duties as gérant
from outside the DRC following his expulsion, as discussed above, he
remained, from a legal standpoint, the gérant of both Africom-Zaire and
Africontainers-Zaire. Accordingly, the Court concludes that Guinea’s
claim that the DRC has violated Mr. Diallo’s right not to be removed as
gérant must fail.
139. The Court may add that, even if it were established that Mr. Diallo
had been appointed gérant associé as long as the company was in exist-
ence and that he had been removed as gérant without good cause, the
claim of Guinea would still stand on very weak ground. The right estab-
lished by Article 67 of the 1887 Decree is a right of a combined gérant
associé, not a simple right of an associé. To the extent that it is a right of
the gérant, who is an organ of the company, the claim would be pre-
cluded by paragraph 98 (3) (c) of the Court’s 2007 Judgment.
140. In light of all the above, the Court concludes that the various
assertions put forward by Guinea, grouped under the general claim
of a violation of Mr. Diallo’s rights relating to the gérance, must be
rejected.
C. The Right to Oversee and Monitor
the Management
141. Guinea submits that, in detaining and expelling Mr. Diallo, the
DRC deprived him of his right to oversee and monitor the actions of
management and the operations of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-
Zaire, in violation of Articles 71 and 75 of the 1887 Decree. Referring to
those provisions, Guinea contends that the right to oversee and monitor
the actions of management is a right attaching to the status of associé,
not a right of the company, especially where there are five or fewearssociés.
It argues that because Mr. Diallo was the soleassocié of both companies,
he enjoyed all the rights and powers of thecommissaire or auditor under
Article 75 of the 1887 Decree. It adds that those rights are also recognized
by Article 19 of Africontainers-Zaire’s Articles of Incorporation.
142. The DRC submits that under Articles 71 and 75 of the
1887 Decree, as well as Article 19 and Article 25, paragraph 3, of Afric-
ontainers-Zaire’s Articles of Incorporation, the task of overseeing and
monitoring the gérance of an SPRL is entrusted not to an associé indi-
vidually, but to financial experts known as “statutory auditors” [commis-
saires aux comptes]. In the view of the DRC, the right of the associé is
limited to participating in the appointment of one or more such auditors
at the general meeting. The DRC acknowledges that, under certain con-
ditions, Congolese law accords associés the right to oversee and monitor
the management of the company, but it argues that Guinea has failed to
51demonstrate that the DRC had ordered Africontainers-Zaire not to per-
mit Mr. Diallo to monitor its operations.
*
143. Article 71 of the 1887 Decree provides as follows:
“Article 71
Oversight of the management shall be entrusted to one or more
administrators, who need not be associés, called ‘auditors’.
If there are more than one of these, the statutes or the general
meeting may require them to act on a collegiate basis.
If the number of associés does not exceed five, the appointment of
auditors is not compulsory, and each associé shall have the powers
of an auditor.”
144. Article 75 of that Decree is couched in the following terms:
“Article 75
The auditors’ task shall be to oversee and monitor, without restric-
tion, all the actions performed by the management, all the compa-
ny’s transactions and the register of associés.”
145. Article 19 of Africontainers-Zaire’s Articles of Incorporation pro-
vides:
“Each of the associés shall exercise supervision over the company.
Should the company consist of more than five associés, supervision
shall be exercised by at least one auditor appointed by the general
meeting, which shall fix his/her term of office and remuneration.”
146. The Court concludes from the wording of Article 71, third para-
graph, as cited above, that since both Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-
Zaire had fewer than five associés, Mr. Diallo was permitted to act as
auditor. However, the question arises of whether, under Congolese law,
this provision applies in the case of a company where there is only one
associé who is fully in charge and in control of it.
147. The Court considers that, even if a right to oversee and monitor
the management exists in companies where only one associé is fully in
charge and in control, Mr. Diallo could not have been deprived of the
right to oversee and monitor the gérance of the two companies. While it
may have been the case that Mr. Diallo’s detentions and expulsion from
the DRC rendered the business activity of the companies more difficult,
they simply could not have interfered with his ability to oversee and
monitor the gérance, wherever he may have been.
148. Accordingly, the Court concludes that Guinea’s claim that the
DRC has violated Mr. Diallo’s right to oversee and monitor the manage-
ment fails.
52D. The Right to Property of Mr. Diallo over his Parts Sociales in
Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire
149. Guinea claims that Mr. Diallo, no longer enjoying control over,
or effective use of, his rights as associé, has suffered the indirect expro-
priation of his parts sociales in Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire
because his property rights have been interfered with to such an extent
that he has been lastingly deprived of effective control over, or actual use
of, or the value of those rights.
150. Guinea states that the acts of interference by the DRC with
Mr. Diallo’s property rights in the parts sociales date back to 1988,
when he was first placed in detention. Those acts allegedly resulted in the
debts owed to the companies not being recovered and, by way of con-
sequence, Mr. Diallo’s investment in the companies falling in value.
According to Guinea, the interference by the DRC continued conse-
quent to the Congolese authorities’ decision in 1995 to stay enforcement
of the judgment for the plaintiff handed down in Africontainers v.
Zaire Shell, which resulted in reducing the value of Mr. Diallo’s parts
sociales in the company. Guinea claims that the interference by the DRC
culminated in the re-arrest and expulsion of Mr. Diallo who, as a result,
was prevented from managing his companies and from participating in
any way in the activities of their corporate organs and was deprived of
any possibility of controlling and using his parts sociales. Guinea asserts
that the indirect expropriation of Mr. Diallo’s rights constitutes an inter-
nationally wrongful act giving rise to the DRC’s international responsi-
bility.
151. The essence of Guinea’s argument is that there is a factual ele-
ment specific to this case, namely:
“that Mr. Diallo is the sole associé in the two companies, that is to
say, the only owner of the parts sociales in Africom[-Zaire] and Afri-
containers[-Zaire]. As a consequence, even though officially they
have separate legal personalities, the very special characteristics of
the relationship between Mr. Diallo and his companies means that,
from the factual perspective, which is the perspective of expropria-
tion (expropriation is a question of fact), the property of the two
companies merges with his. Thus, in expropriating his companies,
the DRC infringed Mr. Diallo’s ownership rights in his parts
sociales.”
152. For its part, the DRC claims that there cannot have been any vio-
lation of any rights attaching to ownership of the parts sociales. In par-
ticular, as regards the right to dividends, it alleges that, even on the
assumption that any have actually been distributed by the companies,
Guinea would still have to show that Mr. Diallo was unable to receive
them on account of the decision to remove him from Congolese territory
or of another wrongful act attributable to the DRC. The DRC argues in
this respect that Guinea has not established that Mr. Diallo could not
53directly receive his dividends abroad or that he was prevented from doing
so by an act attributable to the DRC.
153. The DRC contends as well that it cannot be accused of having
impeded the exercise of rights held by Mr. Diallo as owner of his parts
sociales. Specifically, the DRC at no time ordered Africontainers-Zaire
not to make payments in respect of Mr. Diallo’s parts sociales in the
annual dividend allocation. With regard to Africom-Zaire, the DRC
notes that Guinea has failed to provide evidence showing that Mr. Diallo
was still an associé in this company at the time of his expulsion and, if so,
how many parts sociales he held (see paragraph 106 above).
154. The DRC finally asserts that the value of Mr. Diallo’s parts
sociales is unrelated to his presence in its territory. It rejects Guinea’s
arguments that acts attributable to the DRC were at the origin of the loss
of value of his parts sociales and, in general, the economic demise of his
companies. On this subject, the DRC claims that both Africom-Zaire and
Africontainers-Zaire had been in a state of “undeclared bankruptcy” for
several years before Mr. Diallo’s expulsion, not having engaged in any
commercial activity since, at least, 1991.
*
155. The Court observes that international law has repeatedly acknowl-
edged the principle of domestic law that a company has a legal person-
ality distinct from that of its shareholders. This remains true even in the
case of an SPRL which may have become unipersonal in the present case.
Therefore, the rights and assets of a company must be distinguished from
the rights and assets of an associé. In this respect, it is legally untenable
to consider, as Guinea argues, that the property of the corporation
mergeswiththepropertyoftheshareholder.Furthermore,itmustberecog-
nized that the liabilities of the company are not the liabilities of the
shareholder. In the case of Africontainers-Zaire, as an SPRL, it is spe-
cifically indicated in its Articles of Incorporation that the “liability of
each associé in respect of corporate obligations shall be limited to the
amount of his/her parts sociales in the company” (Article 7; see also
paragraphs 105 and 115 above).
156. The Court, in the Barcelona Traction case, recognized that “a
wrong done to the company frequently causes prejudice to its sharehold-
ers” (Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Bel-
gium v. Spain), Second Phase, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1970 ,p .3,
para. 44). But, it added, damage affecting both company and shareholder
will not mean that both are entitled to claim compensation:
“whenever a shareholder’s interests are harmed by an act done to the
company, it is to the latter that he must look to institute appropriate
54 action; for although two separate entities may have suffered from
the same wrong, it is only one entity whose rights have been
infringed” (I.C.J. Reports 1970, p. 35, para. 44).
This principle was reaffirmed when the Court, responding to a Belgian
contention, established a
“distinction between injury in respect of a right and injury to a sim-
ple interest . . . Not a mere interest affected, but solely a right
infringed involves responsibility, so that an act directed against and
infringing only the company’s rights does not involve responsibility
towards the shareholders, even if their interests are affected.” (Ibid.,
p. 36, para. 46.)
157. The Court has already indicated that the DRC has not violated
Mr. Diallo’s direct right as associé to take part and vote in general meet-
ings of the companies, nor his right to be appointed or to remain gérant,
nor his right to oversee and monitor the management (see paragraphs 117-
148 above). As the Court has just reaffirmed, Mr. Diallo’s other direct
rights, in respect of his parts sociales, must be clearly distinguished from
the rights of the SPRLs, in particular in respect of the property rights
belonging to the companies. The Court recalls in this connection that,
together with its other assets, including debts receivable from third parties,
the capital is part of the company’s property, whereas the parts sociales
are owned by the associés. The parts sociales represent the capital but are
distinct from it, and confer on their holders rights in the operation of the
company and also a right to receive any dividends or any monies payable
in the event of the company being liquidated. The only direct rights of
Mr. Diallo which remain to be considered are in respect of these last two
matters, namely, the receipt of dividends or any monies payable on a
winding-up of the companies. There is, however, no evidence that any
dividends were ever declared or that any action was ever taken to wind
up the companies, even less that any action attributable to the DRC has
infringed Mr. Diallo’s rights in respect of those matters.
158. Finally, the Court considers there to be no need to determine the
extent of the business activities of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-
Zaire at the time Mr. Diallo was expelled, or to make any finding as to
whether they were in a state of “undeclared bankruptcy”, as alleged by
the DRC. As the Court has already found in the Barcelona Traction
case:
“a precarious financial situation cannot be equated with the demise
of the corporate entity . . .: the company’s status in law is alone rele-
vant, and not its economic condition, nor even the possibility of its
being ‘practically defunct’” (ibid., p. 41, para. 66).
159. The Court concludes from the above that Guinea’s allegations of
55infringement of Mr. Diallo’s right to property over his parts sociales in
Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire have not been established.
IV. R EPARATION
160. Having concluded that the Democratic Republic of the Congo
has breached its obligations under Articles 9 and 13 of the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Articles 6 and 12 of the African
Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, and Article 36, paragraph 1 (b),
of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (see paragraphs 73, 74,
85 and 97 above), it is for the Court now to determine, in light of Guin-
ea’s final submissions, what consequences flow from these internationally
wrongful acts giving rise to the DRC’s international responsibility.
161. The Court recalls that “reparation must, as far as possible, wipe
out all the consequences of the illegal act and reestablish the situation
which would, in all probability, have existed if that act had not been
committed” (Factory at Chorzów, Merits, Judgment No. 13, 1928,
P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 17 , p. 47). Where this is not possible, reparation
may take “the form of compensation or satisfaction, or even both” (Pulp
Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2010 (I), p. 103, para. 273). In the light of the circumstances of
the case, in particular the fundamental character of the human rights
obligations breached and Guinea’s claim for reparation in the form of
compensation, the Court is of the opinion that, in addition to a judicial
finding of the violations, reparation due to Guinea for the injury suffered
by Mr. Diallo must take the form of compensation.
162. In this respect, Guinea requested in its final submissions that the
Court defer its Judgment on the amount of compensation, in order for
the Parties to reach an agreed settlement on that matter. Should the
Parties be unable to do so “within a period of six months following [the]
delivery of the [present] Judgment”, Guinea also requested the Court to
authorize it to submit an assessment of the amount of compensation due
to it, in order for the Court to decide on this issue “in a subsequent phase
of the proceedings” (see paragraph 14 above).
163. The Court is of the opinion that the Parties should indeed engage
in negotiation in order to agree on the amount of compensation to be
paid by the DRC to Guinea for the injury flowing from the wrongful
detentions and expulsion of Mr. Diallo in 1995-1996, including the result-
ing loss of his personal belongings.
164. In light of the fact that the Application instituting proceedings in
the present case was filed in December 1998, the Court considers that the
sound administration of justice requires that those proceedings soon be
56brought to a final conclusion, and thus that the period for negotiating an
agreement on compensation should be limited. Therefore, failing agree-
ment between the Parties within six months following the delivery of the
present Judgment on the amount of compensation to be paid by the
DRC, the matter shall be settled by the Court in a subsequent phase of
the proceedings. Having been sufficiently informed of the facts of the
present case, the Court finds that a single exchange of written pleadings
by the Parties would then be sufficient in order for it to decide on the
amount of compensation.
*
* *
165. For these reasons,
T HE C OURT,
(1) By eight votes to six,
Finds that the claim of the Republic of Guinea concerning the arrest
and detention of Mr. Diallo in 1988-1989 is inadmissible;
IN FAVOUR : President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Abraham,
Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Skotnikov, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Mam-
puya;
AGAINST: Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf;
Judge ad hoc Mahiou;
(2) Unanimously,
Finds that, in respect of the circumstances in which Mr. Diallo was
expelled from Congolese territory on 31 January 1996, the Democratic
Republic of the Congo violated Article 13 of the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights and Article 12, paragraph 4, of the African
Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights;
(3) Unanimously,
Finds that, in respect of the circumstances in which Mr. Diallo was
arrested and detained in 1995-1996 with a view to his expulsion, the
Democratic Republic of the Congo violated Article 9, paragraphs 1
and 2, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and
Article 6 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights;
(4) By thirteen votes to one,
Finds that, by not informing Mr. Diallo without delay, upon his deten-
tion in 1995-1996, of his rights under Article 36, paragraph 1 (b),ofthe
Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, the Democratic Republic of
the Congo violated the obligations incumbent upon it under that sub-
paragraph;
IN FAVOUR: President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Al-Khasawneh,
Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov,
Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Mahiou;
57 AGAINST : Judge ad hoc Mampuya;
(5) By twelve votes to two,
Rejects all other submissions by the Republic of Guinea relating to the
circumstances in which Mr. Diallo was arrested and detained in 1995-
1996 with a view to his expulsion;
IN FAVOUR: President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Al-Khasawneh,
Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Yusuf,
Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Mampuya;
AGAINST : Judge Cançado Trindade; Judge ad hoc Mahiou;
(6) By nine votes to five,
Finds that the Democratic Republic of the Congo has not violated
Mr. Diallo’s direct rights as associé in Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-
Zaire;
IN FAVOUR: President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Simma,
Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Skotnikov, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc
Mampuya;
AGAINST : Judges Al-Khasawneh, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf;
Judge ad hoc Mahiou;
(7) Unanimously,
Finds that the Democratic Republic of the Congo is under obligation
to make appropriate reparation, in the form of compensation, to the
Republic of Guinea for the injurious consequences of the violations of
international obligations referred to in subparagraphs (2) and (3) above;
(8) Unanimously,
Decides that, failing agreement between the Parties on this matter
within six months from the date of this Judgment, the question of com-
pensation due to the Republic of Guinea shall be settled by the Court,
and reserves for this purpose the subsequent procedure in the case.
Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this thirtieth day of November, two
thousand and ten, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the
archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the
Republic of Guinea and the Government of the Democratic Republic
of the Congo, respectively.
(Signed) President. (Signed) Hisashi O WADA ,
President.
(Signed) Philippe C OUVREUR ,
Registrar.
58 Judges AL-K HASAWNEH ,SIMMA ,BENNOUNA ,C ANÇADO TRINDADE and
Y USUF append a joint declaration to the Judgment of the Court;
Judges AL-KHASAWNEH and Y USUF append a joint dissenting opinion to
the Judgment of the Court; Judges KEITHand G REENWOOD append a
joint declaration to the Judgment of the Court; ENNOUNA appends
a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court; Judge ANÇADO
TRINDADE appends a separate opinion to the Judgment of the Court;
Judge ad hoc MAHIOU appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of
the Court; Judge ad hoc MAMPUYA appends a separate opinion to the
Judgment of the Court.
(Initialled) H.O.
(Initialled) Ph.C.
59
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES AR|TS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
AFFAIRE
AHMADOU SADIO DIALLO
(RuPUBLIQUE DE GUuEc.RE uPUBLIQUE
DEuMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO)
ARRE|T DU 30 NOVEMBRE 2010
2010
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
CASE CONCERNING
AHMADOU SADIO DIALLO
(REPUBLIC OF GUINEA v. DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO)
JUDGMENT OF 30 NOVEMBER 2010 Mode officiel de citation:
Ahmadou Sadio Diallo
(République de Guinée c. République démocratique du Congo),
fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2010 ,p.639
Official citation:
Ahmadou Sadio Diallo
(Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo),
Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010 ,p.639
N de vente:
ISSN 0074-4441
Sales number 1001
ISBN 978-92-1-071111-1 30 NOVEMBRE 2010
ARRE|T
AHMADOU SADIO DIALLO
(RuPUBLIQUE DE GUINuEc.RE uPUBLIQUE
DuMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO)
AHMADOU SADIO DIALLO
(REPUBLIC OF GUINEA v. DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO)
30 NOVEMBER 2010
JUDGMENT TABLE DES MATIE vRES
Paragraphes
Q UALITÉS 1-14
I. CONTEXTE FACTUEL GÉNÉRAL 15-20
II. LA PROTECTION DES DROITS DEM. D IALLO EN TANT QUINDIVIDU 21-98
A. La demande relative aux mesures d’arrestation et de détention
prises à l’égard de M. Diallo en 1988-1989 24-48
B. La demande relative aux mesures d’arrestation, de détention
et d’expulsion prises à l’égard de M. Diallo en 1995-1996 49-98
1. Les faits 49-62
2. L’examen des faits au regard du droit international appli-
cable 63-98
a) La violation alléguée de l’article 13 du Pacte et de l’ar-
ticle 12, paragraphe 4, de la Charte africaine 64-74
b) La violation alléguée de l’article 9, paragraphes 1 et 2,
du Pacte et de l’article 6 de la Charte africaine 75-85
c) La violation alléguée de l’interdiction de soumettre une
personne détenue à des mauvais traitements 86-89
d) La violation alléguée des dispositions de l’article 36,
paragraphe 1, alinéa b), de la convention de Vienne
sur les relations consulaires 90-98
III. LA PROTECTION DES DROITS PROPRES DE M. D IALLO EN TANT QU AS-
SOCIÉ DES SOCIÉTÉSA FRICOM-ZAÏRE ET AFRICONTAINERS -ZAÏRE 99-159
A. Le droit de prendre part aux assemblées générales et d’y voter 117-126
B. Les droits relatifs à la gérance 127-140
C. Le droit de surveiller et de contrôler les actes accomplis par la
gérance 141-148
D. Le droit de propriété de M. Diallo sur ses parts sociales dans
les sociétés Africom-Zaïre et Africontainers-Zaïre 149-159
IV. R ÉPARATIONS 160-164
D ISPOSITIF 165
4 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paragraphs
CHRONOLOGY OF THE P ROCEDURE 1-14
I. GENERAL FACTUAL BACKGROUND 15-20
II. ROTECTION OF M R.D IALL’SR IGHTS AS ANNDIVIDUAL 21-98
A. The claim concerning the arrest and detention measures
taken against Mr. Diallo in 1988-1989 24-48
B. The claim concerning the arrest, detention and expulsion
measures taken against Mr. Diallo in 1995-1996 49-98
1. The facts 49-62
2. Consideration of the facts in the light of the applicable
international law 63-98
(a) The alleged violation of Article 13 of the Covenant and
Article 12, paragraph 4, of the African Charter 64-74
(b) The alleged violation of Article 9, paragraphs 1 and 2, of
the Covenant and Article 6 of the African Charter 75-85
(c) The alleged violation of the prohibition on subjecting
a detainee to mistreatment 86-89
(d) The alleged violation of the provisions of Article 36,
paragraph 1 (b), of the Vienna Convention on
Consular Relations 90-98
III. ROTECTION OF M R.D IALL’S D IRECT RIGHTS AS ASSOCIÉ IN
A FRICOM-ZAIRE ANDA FRICONTAINER-ZAIRE 99-159
A. The right to take part and vote in general meetings 117-126
B. The rights relating to the gérance 127-140
C. The right to oversee and monitor the management 141-148
D. The right to property of Mr. Diallo over his parts sociales in
Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire 149-159
IV. R EPARATION 160-164
O PERATIVECLAUSE 165
4 COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
2010 ANNÉE 2010
30 novembre
Rôle général
no103 30 novembre 2010
AFFAIRE
AHMADOU SADIO DIALLO
(REuPUBLIQUE DE GUINE uEc.RE uPUBLIQUE
DEuMOCRATIQUE DU CONGO)
Contexte factuel général.
Protection des droits de M. Diallo en tant qu’individu.
Recevabilité de la demande relative aux mesures d’arrestation et de détention
prises à l’égard de M. Diallo en 1988-1989 — Moment auquel cette demande a
été présentée au cours de l’instance — Objet des observations écrites en réponse
aux exceptions préliminaires — Demande présentée pour la première fois dans
la réplique — Article 40, paragraphe 1, du Statut — Articles 38, paragraphe 2,
et 49, paragraphe 1, du Règlement — Définition de l’objet du différend par la
requête — Question de savoir si la demande additionnelle est implicitement
contenue dans la requête — Arrestations de 1988-1989 et de 1995-1996 effec-
tuées dans des contextes et sur des bases juridiques différents — Demande nou-
velle privant le défendeur du droit procédural fondamental de soulever des
exceptions préliminaires — Particularité, à cet égard, de l’action en protection
diplomatique — Question de savoir si la demande additionnelle découle directe-
ment de la question faisant l’objet de la requête — Faits plus ou moins similaires
mais d’une nature différente — Faits connus du demandeur au moment du dépôt
de la requête et antérieurs à ceux sur lesquels elle porte — Demande addition-
nelle irrecevable.
Demande relative aux mesures d’arrestation, de détention et d’expulsion
prises à l’égard de M. Diallo en 1995-1996 — Faits sur lesquels les Parties s’ac-
cordent — Faits sur lesquels les Parties divergent — Charge de la preuve —
Principes — Nature des faits et de l’obligation en cause — Appréciation par la
Cour de la valeur de l’ensemble des éléments de preuve produits par les Parties
et soumis au débat contradictoire.
Appréciation des faits par la Cour — Première période de détention ininter-
rompue — Deuxième période de détention en vue de l’expulsion — Menaces de
mort non étayées par un quelconque commencement de preuve.
Violation alléguée de l’article 13 du Pacte international relatif aux droits
civils et politiques et de l’article 12, paragraphe 4, de la Charte africaine des
droits de l’homme et des peuples — Exigence selon laquelle l’expulsion doit être
5 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
YEAR 2010 2010
30 November
General List
30 November 2010 No. 103
CASE CONCERNING
AHMADOU SADIO DIALLO
(REPUBLIC OF GUINEA v. DEMOCRATIC
REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO)
General factual background.
Protection of Mr. Diallo’s rights as an individual.
Admissibility of the claim concerning the arrest and detention measures taken
against Mr. Diallo in 1988-1989 — Point in the proceedings when this claim
was asserted — Purpose of the written observations in response to the prelimi-
nary objections — Claim first presented in the Reply — Article 40, paragraph 1,
of the Statute — Articles 38, paragraph 2, and 49, paragraph 1, of the Rules of
Court — Subject of the dispute defined by the Application — Determination as
to whether the additional claim is implicit in the Application — 1988-1989 and
1995-1996 arrests made in different contexts and on different legal bases —
New claim depriving the Respondent of the fundamental procedural right to
raise preliminary objections — Distinctiveness, in this respect, of an action in
diplomatic protection — Determination as to whether the additional claim
arises directly out of the issue forming the subject-matter of the Application —
Facts which are more or less comparable but dissimilar in nature — Facts
known to the Applicant when the Application was filed and pre-dating those
which the Application concerns — Additional claim inadmissible.
Claim concerning the arrest, detention and expulsion measures taken against
Mr. Diallo in 1995-1996 — Facts on which the Parties concur — Facts on
which the Parties differ — Burden of proof — Principles — Type of facts and
obligation in question — Evaluation by the Court of all the evidence produced
by the Parties and subjected to adversarial scrutiny.
Court’s assessment of the facts — First period of detention continuous —
Second period of detention with a view to expulsion — Death threats not sup-
ported by any evidence.
Alleged violation of Article 13 of the International Covenant on Civil and
Political Rights and Article 12, paragraph 4, of the African Charter on Human
and Peoples’ Rights — Requirement that expulsion must be “in accordance with
5«conforme à la loi» — Portée — Interprétation de la Cour corroborée par le
Comité des droits de l’homme et la commission africaine des droits de l’homme
et des peuples — Interprétation de dispositions proches par la Cour européenne
des droits de l’homme et la Cour interaméricaine des droits de l’homme en
cohérence avec celle de la Cour — Autorité habilitée, selon le droit de la
RDC, à signer le décret d’expulsion — Ordonnance-loi zaïroise du 12 sep-
tembre 1983 relative à la police des étrangers — Acte constitutionnel du
9 avril 1994 — Interprétation du droit interne par les autorités nationales
— Interprétation du droit interne par la Cour lorsque l’Etat en propose une
manifestement erronée — Absence d’avis préalable de la commission
nationale d’immigration — Absence de motivation du décret d’expulsion —
Violation de l’article 13 du Pacte et de l’article 12, paragraphe 4, de la Charte
africaine — Impossibilité pour M. Diallo de faire valoir les raisons militant
contre son expulsion et de faire examiner son cas par l’autorité compétente
— Absence de «raisons impérieuses de sécurité nationale» — Violation de
l’article 13 du Pacte.
Violation alléguée de l’article 9, paragraphes 1 et 2, du Pacte international
relatif aux droits civils et politiques et de l’article 6 de la Charte africaine des
droits de l’homme et des peuples — Dispositions applicables à toute forme
d’arrestation et de détention décidée et exécutée par une autorité publique,
même en dehors d’une procédure pénale — Indifférence, à cet égard, de la qua-
lification de droit interne de la mesure d’éloignement forcé du territoire — Exi-
gence selon laquelle la personne arrêtée doit être «informée de toute accusation
portée contre elle» applicable à la seule procédure pénale — Arrestation et
détention de M. Diallo en vue de son expulsion — Violation des exigences
posées par l’article 15 de l’ordonnance-loi zaïroise du 12 septembre 1983 rela-
tive à la police des étrangers — Caractère arbitraire de l’arrestation et de la
détention au vu du nombre et de la gravité des irrégularités les entachant —
Violation de l’article 9, paragraphe 1, du Pacte, et de l’article 6 de la Charte
africaine — Absence d’information quant aux raisons de l’arrestation — Viola-
tion de l’article 9, paragraphe 2, du Pacte.
Violation alléguée de l’interdiction de soumettre une personne détenue à des
mauvais traitements — Articles 7 et 10, paragraphe 1, du Pacte international
relatif aux droits civils et politiques; article 5 de la Charte africaine des droits
de l’homme et des peuples — Prohibition des traitements inhumains et dégra-
dants — Règle du droit international général devant être respectée par les Etats
en toute circonstance et en dehors même de tout engagement convention-
nel — Absence de preuve — Violation non établie.
Violation alléguée de l’article 36, paragraphe 1, alinéa b), de la convention de
Vienne sur les relations consulaires — Disposition applicable à toute forme de
privation de liberté, même en dehors du contexte pénal — Obligation d’informer
spontanément et «sans retard» la personne arrêtée de son droit de solliciter
l’assistance des autorités consulaires de son pays — Circonstance dans laquelle
la personne arrêtée n’a pas demandé cette assistance et les autorités consulaires
ont été informées par d’autres voies de son arrestation — Preuve non rapportée
d’une information orale — Violation établie.
Violation alléguée du droit de propriété garanti par l’article 14 de la Charte
africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples — Question relevant de l’appré-
ciation du dommage subi par M. Diallo .
*
6the law” — Meaning — Court’s interpretation corroborated by the Human
Rights Committee and the African Commission on Human and Peoples’
Rights — Interpretation of similar provisions by the European Court of Human
Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights consistent with the
Court’s interpretation — Authority empowered under DRC law to sign the
expulsion decree — Zairean Legislative Order of 12 September 1983 concerning
immigration control — Constitutional Act of 9 April 1994 — Interpretation of
domestic law by national authorities — Interpretation of domestic law by the
Court when a State puts forward a manifestly incorrect reading — No prior
opinion from the National Immigration Board — Absence of reasoning in the
expulsion decree — Violation of Article 13 of the Covenant and Article 12,
paragraph 4, of the African Charter — No opportunity for Mr. Diallo to submit
the reasons against his expulsion and to have his case reviewed by the competent
authority — Absence of “compelling reasons of national security” — Violation
of Article 13 of the Covenant.
Alleged violation of Article 9, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and Article 6 of the African Charter
on Human and Peoples’ Rights — Provisions applicable to any form of arrest
or detention decided upon and carried out by a public authority, even outside
the context of criminal proceedings — Insignificance in this respect of how the
forcibleremovalfromtheterritoryischaracterizedunderdomesticlaw—Require-
ment that the arrested person must be “informed of any charges” against him
applicable only in criminal proceedings — Mr. Diallo’s arrest and detention
with a view to his expulsion — Violation of the requirements laid down in Arti-
cle 15 of the Zairean Legislative Order of 12 September 1983 concerning immi-
gration control — Arbitrariness of the arrest and detention given the number
and seriousness of the irregularities tainting them — Violation of Article 9,
paragraph 1, of the Covenant and Article 6 of the African Charter — No notice
of the reasons for arrest — Violation of Article 9, paragraph 2, of the Covenant.
Alleged violation of the prohibition on subjecting a detainee to mistreat-
ment — Articles 7 and 10, paragraph 1, of the International Covenant on Civil
and Political Rights; Article 5 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’
Rights — Prohibition of inhuman and degrading treatment — Rule of general
international law binding on States in all circumstances, even apart from any
treaty commitments — Lack of evidence — Violation not established.
Alleged violation of Article 36, paragraph 1 (b), of the Vienna Convention on
Consular Relations — Provision applicable to any form of deprivation of lib-
erty, even outside the criminal context — Obligation to inform the arrested per-
son on the authorities’ own initiative and “without delay” of his right to seek
assistance from the consular authorities of his country — Fact that the arrested
person did not request such assistance and that the consular authorities
learned of the arrest through other channels — No evidence to prove oral notice —
Violation established.
Alleged violation of the right to property guaranteed by Article 14 of the Afri-
can Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights — Question falling within the scope
of the assessment of the damage Mr. Diallo suffered.
*
6 Protection des droits propres de M. Diallo en tant qu’associé des sociétés
Africom-Zaïre et Africontainers-Zaïre.
Droit congolais relatif aux sociétés commerciales — Société privée à respon-
sabilité limitée — Notion — Existence juridique des deux sociétés selon le droit
interne — Rôle et participation de M. Diallo dans ces sociétés, en tant que
gérant et associé — Distinction entre les atteintes alléguées aux droits des socié-
tés et celles relatives aux droits propres de l’associé — Arguments présentés par
la Guinée.
Droit de prendre part aux assemblées générales des sociétés et d’y voter —
Article 79 du décret congolais du 27 février 1887 sur les sociétés commerciales
— Droit propre des associés — Absence de convocation des assemblées géné-
rales — Incidence sur le droit de prendre part et de voter — Obligation alléguée
de tenir les assemblées générales sur le territoire de la RDC et convocation de-
puis l’étranger — Droit allégué de siéger en personne aux assemblées générales
— Représentation de l’associé aux assemblées générales selon les articles 80 et
81 du décret du 27 février 1887 — Finalité de ces dispositions — Contrôle exercé
par M. Diallo sur les sociétés — Mandat de représentation selon l’article 22 des
statuts d’Africontainers-Zaïre — Distinction entre l’entrave mise à l’exercice
d’un droit et la violation de celui-ci — Absence de violation du droit de prendre
part aux assemblées générales des sociétés et d’y voter.
Droits relatifs à la gérance — Articles 64, 65 et 69 du décret du
27 février 1887; articles 14 et 17 des statuts d’Africontainers-Zaïre — Violation
alléguée du droit de nommer un gérant — Responsabilité de la société, et non-
droit de l’associé — Violation alléguée du droit d’être nommé gérant — Absence
de violation, M. Diallo étant demeuré gérant — Violation alléguée du droit
d’exercer les fonctions de gérant — Gestion journalière pouvant être confiée à
des agents et mandataires selon le droit congolais et les statuts — Absence de
violation — Violation alléguée du droit de ne pas être révoqué en tant que
gérant — Conditions de révocation selon l’article 67 du décret du 27 février 1887
— Preuve de la révocation non établie — Absence de violation.
Droit de surveiller et de contrôler les actes accomplis par la gérance — Arti-
cles 71 et 75 du décret du 27 février 1887; article 19 des statuts d’Africontai-
ners-Zaïre — Absence de violation.
Droit de propriété de M. Diallo sur ses parts sociales dans les sociétés Afri-
com-Zaïre et Africontainers-Zaïre — Personnalité juridique de la société dis-
tincte de celle de ses actionnaires — Patrimoine de la société ne se confondant
pas avec celui de l’associé, fût-il l’unique associé — Capital faisant partie du
patrimoine de la société — Associés propriétaires des parts sociales, lesquelles
représentent le capital sans se confondre avec lui — Droit des associés de per-
cevoir un dividende ou tout autre montant en cas de liquidation des sociétés —
Absence de preuve relative à la déclaration de dividendes ou à la liquidation des
sociétés — Etendue des activités commerciales des sociétés n’ayant pas à être
déterminée — Etat allégué de «faillite non déclarée» des sociétés n’ayant pas à
être établi — Allégation d’expropriation indirecte non établie.
*
Réparations — Constatation judiciaire des violations non suffisante — Indem-
nisation — Délai de six mois pour parvenir à un accord sur le montant de
l’indemnité devant être payée par la RDC à la Guinée à raison du dommage
7 Protection of Mr. Diallo’s direct rights as associé in Africom-Zaire and Afri-
containers-Zaire.
Congolese law of commercial companies — Société privée à responsabilité
limitée — Concept — Legal existence of the two companies under domestic
law — Mr. Diallo’s role and participation in the companies as gérant and asso-
cié — Distinction between alleged infringements of the companies’ rights and
those concerning the associé’s direct rights — Arguments put forward by
Guinea.
Right to take part and vote in general meetings of the companies — Arti-
cle 79 of the Congolese Decree of 27 February 1887 on commercial compa-
nies — Direct right of the associés — No general meetings convened — Impact
on the right to take part and vote — Alleged obligation to hold general meetings
on DRC territory and convening of meetings from abroad — Alleged right to
attend general meetings in person — Proxy representation of the associé at gen-
eral meetings pursuant to Articles 80 and 81 of the Decree of 27 February
1887 — Purpose of these provisions — Control exercised by Mr. Diallo over
the companies — Appointment of a proxy under Article 22 of Africontainers-
Zaire’s Articles of Incorporation — Distinction between impeding the exercise
of a right and violating that right — No violation of the right to take part and
vote in general meetings.
Rights relating to the gérance — Articles 64, 65 and 69 of the Decree of
27 February 1887; Articles 14 and 17 of Africontainers-Zaire’s Articles of
Incorporation — Alleged violation of the right to appoint a gérant — Respon-
sibility of the company, not a right of the associé — Alleged violation of the
right to be appointed gérant — No violation, Mr. Diallo having remained
gérant — Alleged violation of the right to exercise the functions of gérant —
Possible to entrust day-to-day management to agents or proxies under Congo-
lese law and the Articles of Incorporation — No violation — Alleged violation
of the right not to be removed as gérant — Conditions on removal under Arti-
cle 67 of the Decree of 27 February 1887 — Removal not proved — No viola-
tion.
Right to oversee and monitor the management — Articles 71 and 75 of the
Decree of 27 February 1887; Article 19 of Africontainers-Zaire’s Articles of
Incorporation — No violation.
Right to property of Mr. Diallo over his parts sociales in Africom-Zaire and
Africontainers-Zaire –– Legal personality of the company distinct from that of
its shareholders — Property of the company not merged with that of an associé,
even a sole associé — Capital being part of the company’s property — Parts
sociales, representing but distinct from the capital, owned by the associés —
Right of associés to receive dividends or any monies payable on the winding-up
of a company — No evidence of any dividend declaration or of the winding-up of
the companies — No need to determine the extent of the companies’ business
activities — No need to establish whether, as alleged, the companies had been in
“undeclared bankruptcy” — Claim of indirect expropriation not established.
*
Reparation — Judicial finding of the violations not sufficient — Compensa-
tion — Six-month period to reach agreement on the amount of compensation to
be paid by the DRC to Guinea for the injury flowing from the wrongful deten-
7résultant des détentions et de l’expulsion illicites de M. Diallo en 1995-1996, y
compris la perte de ses effets personnels qui en a découlé.
ARRÊT
Présents: M. O WADA , président .T OMKA, vice-président ; MM. A L-
K HASAWNEH ,S IMMA ,A BRAHAM ,K EITH,S EPÚLVEDA -AMOR ,B EN -
NOUNA ,SKOTNIKOV ,CANÇADO TRINDADE ,YUSUF ,G REENWOOD , juges;
MM. M AHIOU ,M AMPUYA , juges ad hoc; M. OUVREUR , greffier.
En l’affaire Ahmadou Sadio Diallo,
entre
la République de Guinée,
représentée par
le colonel Siba Lohalamou, ministre de la justice, garde des sceaux,
comme chef de la délégation;
me
M Djénabou Saïfon Diallo, ministre de la coopération;
M. Mohamed Camara, premier conseiller chargé des questions politiques à
l’ambassade de Guinée auprès des pays du Benelux et de l’Union euro-
péenne,
comme agent;
M. Alain Pellet, professeur à l’Université Paris Ouest, Nanterre-La Défense,
membre et ancien président de la Commission du droit international, asso-
cié de l’Institut de droit international,
comme agent adjoint, conseil et avocat;
M. Mathias Forteau, professeur à l’Université Paris Ouest, Nanterre-
La Défense, secrétaire général de la Société française pour le droit inter-
national,
M. Daniel Müller, chercheur au Centre de droit international de Nanterre
(CEDIN), Université Paris Ouest, Nanterre-La Défense,
M. Jean-Marc Thouvenin, professeur à l’Université Paris Ouest, Nanterre-
La Défense, directeur du Centre de droit international de Nanterre
(CEDIN), avocat au barreau de Paris, cabinet Sygna Partners,
M. Luke Vidal, avocat au barreau de Paris, cabinet Sygna Partners,
M. Samuel Wordsworth, membre des barreaux d’Angleterre et de Paris,
Essex Court Chambers,
comme conseils et avocats;
S. Exc. M. Ahmed Tidiane Sakho, ambassadeur de la République de Guinée
auprès des pays du Benelux et de l’Union européenne,
M. Alfred Mathos, agent judiciaire de l’Etat,
M. Hassan II Diallo, conseiller juridique du premier ministre de la Répu-
blique de Guinée,
M. Ousmane Diao Balde, directeur de la division juridique et consulaire au
ministère des affaires étrangères,
8tions and expulsion of Mr. Diallo in 1995-1996, including the resulting loss of
his personal belongings.
JUDGMENT
Present: President OWADA ; Vice-President OMKA ; Judges A L-KHASAWNEH ,
SIMMA ,A BRAHAM ,K EITH,S EPÚLVEDA-A MOR,B ENNOUNA ,S KOTNIKOV,
C ANÇADO TRINDADE,Y USUF,G REENWOOD ; Judges ad hoc M AHIOU,
M AMPUYA ; Registrar COUVREUR.
In the case concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo,
between
the Republic of Guinea,
represented by
Colonel Siba Lohalamou, Minister of Justice, Keeper of the Seals,
as Head of Delegation;
Ms Djénabou Saïfon Diallo, Minister of Co-operation;
Mr. Mohamed Camara, First Counsellor for Political Affairs, Embassy of
Guinea in the Benelux countries and in the European Union,
as Agent;
Mr. Alain Pellet, Professor at the University of Paris Ouest, Nanterre-
La Défense, member and former Chairman of the International Law Com-
mission, Associate of the Institut de droit international,
as Deputy Agent, Counsel and Advocate;
Mr. Mathias Forteau, Professor at the University of Paris Ouest, Nanterre-
La Défense, Secretary-General of the Société française pour le droit
international,
Mr. Daniel Müller, Researcher at the Centre de droit international de Nan-
terre (CEDIN), University of Paris Ouest, Nanterre-La Défense,
Mr. Jean-Marc Thouvenin, Professor at the University of Paris Ouest, Nan-
terre-La Défense, Director of the Centre de droit international de Nanterre
(CEDIN), member of the Paris Bar, Cabinet Sygna Partners,
Mr. Luke Vidal, member of the Paris Bar, Cabinet Sygna Partners,
Mr. Samuel Wordsworth, member of the English and Paris Bars, Essex
Court Chambers,
as Counsel and Advocates;
H.E. Mr. Ahmed Tidiane Sakho, Ambassador of the Republic of Guinea to
the Benelux countries and to the European Union,
Mr. Alfred Mathos, Judicial Agent of the State,
Mr. Hassan II Diallo, Legal Adviser to the Prime Minister of the Republic of
Guinea,
Mr. Ousmane Diao Balde, Director of the Legal and Consular Division of
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
8 M. André Saféla Leno, président de la chambre d’accusation de la cour
d’appel de Conakry,
S. Exc. M. Abdoulaye Sylla, ancien ambassadeur,
comme conseillers;
M. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo,
et
la République démocratique du Congo,
représentée par
S. Exc. M. Henri Mova Sakanyi, ambassadeur de la République démocrati-
que du Congo auprès du Royaume de Belgique, du Royaume des Pays-Bas
et du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg,
comme agent et chef de la délégation;
M. Tshibangu Kalala, professeur de droit international à l’Université de
Kinshasa, avocat aux barreaux de Kinshasa et de Bruxelles, député au
Parlement congolais,
comme coagent, conseil et avocat;
M. Lwamba Katansi, professeur à l’Université de Kinshasa, conseiller juri-
dique au cabinet du ministre de la justice et des droits humains,
M me Corinne Clavé, avocat au barreau de Bruxelles, cabinet Liedekerke-
Wolters-Waelbroeck-Kirkpatrick,
M. Kadima Mukadi, avocat au barreau de Kinshasa, cabinet Tshibangu et
associés,
M. Bukasa Kabeya, avocat au barreau de Kinshasa, cabinet Tshibangu et
associés,
M. Kikangala Ngoie, avocat au barreau de Bruxelles,
M. Moma Kazimbwa Kalumba, avocat au barreau de Bruxelles, avocat-
conseil de l’ambassade de la République démocratique du Congo à Bruxelles,
M.meshimpangila Lufuluabo, avocat au barreau de Bruxelles,
M Mwenze Kisonga Pierrette, chef du service juridique et du contentieux à
l’ambassade de la République démocratique du Congo à Bruxelles,
M. Kalume Mabingo, conseiller juridique à l’ambassade de la République
démocratique du Congo à Bruxelles,
comme conseillers;
M. Mukendi Tshibangu, chargé de recherches au cabinet Tshibangu et asso-
ciés,
M me Ali Feza, chargé d’études au cabinet du ministre de la justice et des
droits humains,
M. Makaya Kiela, chargé d’études au cabinet du ministre de la justice et des
droits humains,
comme assistants,
L AC OUR,
ainsi composée,
après délibéré en chambre du conseil,
rend l’arrêt suivant:
9 Mr. André Saféla Leno, President of the Indictments Division of the Court
of Appeal of Conakry,
H.E. Mr. Abdoulaye Sylla, former Ambassador,
as Advisers;
Mr. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo,
and
the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
represented by
H.E. Mr. Henri Mova Sakanyi, Ambassador of the Democratic Republic of
the Congo to the Kingdom of Belgium, the Kingdom of the Netherlands
and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg,
as Agent and Head of Delegation;
Mr. Tshibangu Kalala, Professor of International Law at the University of
Kinshasa, member of the Kinshasa and Brussels Bars, and Deputy, Con-
golese Parliament,
as Co-Agent, Counsel and Advocate;
Mr. Lwamba Katansi, Professor at the University of Kinshasa, Legal Adviser,
Office of the Minister of Justice and Human Rights,
Ms Corinne Clavé, member of the Brussels Bar, Cabinet Liedekerke-Wolters-
Waelbroeck-Kirkpatrick,
Mr. Kadima Mukadi, member of the Kinshasa Bar, Cabinet Tshibangu and
Associés,
Mr. Bukasa Kabeya, member of the Kinshasa Bar, Cabinet Tshibangu and
Associés,
Mr. Kikangala Ngoie, member of the Brussels Bar,
Mr. Moma Kazimbwa Kalumba, member of the Brussels Bar, Lawyer-
Counsel, Embassy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Brussels,
Mr. Tshimpangila Lufuluabo, member of the Brussels Bar,
Ms Mwenze Kisonga Pierrette, Head of the Legal and Litigation Depart-
ment, Embassy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Brussels,
Mr. Kalume Mabingo, Legal Adviser, Embassy of the Democratic Republic
of the Congo in Brussels,
as Advisers;
Mr. Mukendi Tshibangu, Researcher, Cabinet Tshibangu and Associés,
Ms Ali Feza, Researcher, Office of the Minister of Justice and Human
Rights,
Mr. Makaya Kiela, Researcher, Office of the Minister of Justice and Human
Rights,
as Assistants,
T HE COURT ,
composed as above,
after deliberation,
delivers the following Judgment:
9 1. Le 28 décembre 1998, le Gouvernement de la République de Guinée
(dénommée ci-après la «Guinée») a déposé au Greffe de la Cour une requête
introductive d’instance contre la République démocratique du Congo (ci-après
la «RDC», dénommée Zaïre entre 1971 et 1997) au sujet d’un différend relatif
à de «graves violations du droit international» alléguées avoir été commises
«sur la personne d’un ressortissant guinéen». La requête était constituée de
deux parties, chacune signée par le ministre des affaires étrangères guinéen. La
première partie, intitulée «requête» (ci-après «requête (première partie)»),
contenait un exposé succinct de l’objet du différend, du titre de compétence de
la Cour et des moyens de droit invoqués. La seconde partie, intitulée «mémoire
de la République de Guinée» (ci-après «requête (seconde partie)»), spécifiait
les faits à l’origine du différend, développait les moyens de droit soulevés par la
Guinée et indiquait les demandes de celle-ci.
Dans la requête (première partie), la Guinée soutenait que
«M. Diallo Ahmadou Sadio, homme d’affaires de nationalité guinéenne,
a[vait] été, après trente-deux (32) ans passés en République démocratique
du Congo, injustement incarcéré par les autorités de cet Etat, spolié de ses
importants investissements, entreprises et avoirs mobiliers, immobiliers et
bancaires puis expulsé.»
La Guinée y ajoutait que «[c]ette expulsion [était] intervenue à un moment où
M. Diallo Ahmadou Sadio poursuivait le recouvrement d’importantes créances
détenues par ses entreprises sur l’Etat et les sociétés pétrolières qu’il abrite et
dont il est actionnaire». L’arrestation, la détention et l’expulsion de M. Diallo
constituaient, entre autres, selon la Guinée, des violations
«[du] principe du traitement des étrangers selon «le standard minimum
de civilisation», [de] l’obligation de respect de la liberté et de la propriété
des étrangers, [et de] la reconnaissance aux étrangers incriminés du
droit à un jugement équitable et contradictoire rendu par une juridiction
impartiale».
Dans sa requête (première partie), la Guinée invoquait, pour fonder la com-
pétence de la Cour, les déclarations par lesquelles les deux Etats ont accepté la
juridiction obligatoire de celle-ci au titre du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Sta-
tut de la Cour.
2. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 40 du Statut, la requête a été
immédiatement communiquée au Gouvernement de la RDC par le greffier; et,
conformément au paragraphe 3 de cet article, tous les Etats admis à ester
devant la Cour ont été informés de la requête.
3. Par ordonnance du 25 novembre 1999, la Cour a fixé au 11 septem-
bre 2000 la date d’expiration du délai pour le dépôt du mémoire de la Guinée et
au 11 septembre 2001 la date d’expiration du délai pour le dépôt du contre-
mémoire de la RDC. Par ordonnance du 8 septembre 2000, le président de la
Cour, à la demande de la Guinée, a reporté au 23 mars 2001 la date d’expira-
tion du délai pour le dépôt du mémoire; la date d’expiration du délai pour le
dépôt du contre-mémoire a été reportée, par la même ordonnance, au 4 oc-
tobre 2002. La Guinée a dûment déposé son mémoire dans le délai ainsi
prorogé.
4. La Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de la nationalité des Parties,
chacune d’elles s’est prévalue du droit que lui confère le paragraphe 3 de l’arti-
cle 31 du Statut de procéder à la désignation d’un juge ad hoc pour siéger en
l’affaire. La Guinée a désigné M. Mohammed Bedjaoui, et la RDC a désigné
10 1. On 28 December 1998, the Government of the Republic of Guinea
(hereinafter “Guinea”) filed in the Registry of the Court an Application
instituting proceedings against the Democratic Republic of the Congo (here-
inafter the “DRC”, named Zaire between 1971 and 1997) in respect of a dispute
concerning “serious violations of international law” alleged to have been
committed “upon the person of a Guinean national”. The Application consisted
of two parts, each signed by Guinea’s Minister for Foreign Affairs. The first
part, entitled “Application” (hereinafter the “Application (Part One)”), contained
a succinct statement of the subject of the dispute, the basis of the Court’s
jurisdiction and the legal grounds relied on. The second part, entitled “Memo-
rial of the Republic of Guinea” (hereinafter the “Application (Part Two)”), set
out the facts underlying the dispute, expanded on the legal grounds put for-
ward by Guinea and stated Guinea’s claims.
In the Application (Part One), Guinea maintained that:
“Mr. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo, a businessman of Guinean nationality,
was unjustly imprisoned by the authorities of the Democratic Republic of
the Congo, after being resident in that State for thirty-two (32) years,
despoiled of his sizable investments, businesses, movable and immovable
property and bank accounts, and then expelled”.
Guinea added: “[t]his expulsion came at a time when Mr. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo
was pursuing recovery of substantial debts owed to his businesses by the State
and by oil companies established in its territory and of which the State is a share-
holder”. Mr. Diallo’s arrest, detention and expulsion constituted,inter
alia, according to Guinea, violations of
“the principle that aliens should be treated in accordance with ‘a minimum
standard of civilization’ [of] the obligation to respect the freedom and
property of aliens, [and of] the right of aliens accused of an offence to a
fair trial on adversarial principles by an impartial court”.
To found the jurisdiction of the Court, Guinea invoked in the Application
(Part One) the declarations whereby the two States have recognized the com-
pulsory jurisdiction of the Court under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute
of the Court.
2. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Statute, the Application was
immediately communicated to the Government of the DRC by the Registrar;
and, in accordance with paragraph 3 of that Article, all States entitled to
appear before the Court were notified of the Application.
3. By an Order of 25 November 1999, the Court fixed 11 September 2000 as
the time-limit for the filing of a Memorial by Guinea and 11 September 2001 as
the time-limit for the filing of a Counter-Memorial by the DRC. By an Order of
8 September 2000, the President of the Court, at Guinea’s request, extended the
time-limit for the filing of the Memorial to 23 March 2001; in the same Order,
the time-limit for the filing of the Counter-Memorial was extended to 4 Octo-
ber 2002. Guinea duly filed its Memorial within the time-limit as thus extended.
4. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of
either of the Parties, each of them availed itself of its right under Article 31, para-
graph 3, of the Statute to choose a judgead hoc to sit in the case. Guinea chose
Mr. Mohammed Bedjaoui and the DRC Mr. Auguste Mampuya Kanunk’a-
10M. Auguste Mampuya Kanunk’a-Tshiabo. Suite à la démission de M. Bedjaoui
le 10 septembre 2002, la Guinée a désigné M. Ahmed Mahiou.
5. Le 3 octobre 2002, dans le délai prescrit au paragraphe 1 de l’article 79 du
Règlement de la Cour dans sa version adoptée le 14 avril 1978, la RDC a sou-
levé des exceptions préliminaires portant sur la recevabilité de la requête de la
Guinée. Conformément au paragraphe 3 de l’article 79 du Règlement, la pro-
cédure sur le fond a alors été suspendue. Par ordonnance du 7 novembre 2002,
la Cour, compte tenu des circonstances particulières de l’espèce et de l’accord
des Parties, a fixé au 7 juillet 2003 la date d’expiration du délai pour la présen-
tation par la Guinée d’un exposé écrit contenant ses observations et conclu-
sions sur les exceptions préliminaires soulevées par la RDC. La Guinée a
déposé un tel exposé dans le délai fixé, et l’affaire s’est ainsi trouvée en état
pour ce qui est des exceptions préliminaires.
6. La Cour a tenu des audiences sur les exceptions préliminaires soulevées
par la RDC du 27 novembre au 1 er décembre 2006. Dans son arrêt du
24 mai 2007, la Cour a déclaré la requête de la République de Guinée recevable,
d’une part, «en ce qu’elle a trait à la protection des droits de M. Diallo en tant
qu’individu» et, d’autre part, «en ce qu’elle a trait à la protection des droits
propres de [celui-ci] en tant qu’associé des sociétés Africom-Zaïre et Afri-
containers-Zaïre». En revanche, la Cour a déclaré la requête de la République
de Guinée irrecevable «en ce qu’elle a trait à la protection de M. Diallo pour
les atteintes alléguées aux droits des sociétés Africom-Zaïre et Africontainers-
Zaïre».
7. Par ordonnance du 27 juin 2007, la Cour a fixé au 27 mars 2008 la date
d’expiration du délai pour le dépôt du contre-mémoire de la RDC. Cette pièce
a été dûment déposée dans le délai ainsi prescrit.
8. Par ordonnance du 5 mai 2008, la Cour a autorisé la présentation d’une
réplique par la Guinée et d’une duplique par la RDC, et a fixé respectivement
au 19 novembre 2008 et au 5 juin 2009 les dates d’expiration des délais pour le
dépôt de ces pièces. La réplique de la Guinée et la duplique de la RDC ont été
dûment déposées dans les délais ainsi prescrits.
9. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 53 de son Règlement, la Cour
a décidé, après s’être renseignée auprès des Parties, que des exemplaires des
pièces de procédure et des documents annexés seraient rendus accessibles au
public à l’ouverture de la procédure orale.
10. En raison des difficultés rencontrées dans le secteur du transport aérien à
la suite de l’éruption volcanique s’étant produite en Islande dans le courant du
mois d’avril 2010, les audiences publiques qui, selon le calendrier initialement
arrêté, devaient se tenir du 19 au 23 avril 2010 ont eu lieu les 19, 26, 28 et
29 avril 2010. Au cours de ces audiences, ont été entendus en leurs plaidoiries et
réponses:
Pour la Guinée: M. Mohamed Camara,
M. Luke Vidal,
M. Jean-Marc Thouvenin,
M. Mathias Forteau,
M. Samuel Wordsworth,
M. Daniel Müller,
M. Alain Pellet.
Pour la RDC: M. Tshibangu Kalala.
11. A l’audience, des questions ont été posées aux Parties par des membres
11Tshiabo. Following Mr. Bedjaoui’s resignation on 10 September 2002,
Guinea chose Mr. Ahmed Mahiou.
5. On 3 October 2002, within the time-limit set in Article 79, paragraph 1, of
the Rules of Court as adopted on 14 April 1978, the DRC raised preliminary
objections in respect of the admissibility of Guinea’s Application. In accord-
ance with Article 79, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, the proceedings on
the merits were then suspended. By an Order of 7 November 2002, the Court,
taking account of the particular circumstances of the case and the agreement of
the Parties, fixed 7 July 2003 as the time-limit for the presentation by Guinea of
a written statement of its observations and submissions on the preliminary
objections raised by the DRC. Guinea filed such a statement within the time-
limit fixed, and the case thus became ready for hearing on the preliminary
objections.
6. The Court held hearings on the preliminary objections raised by the DRC
from 27 November to 1 December 2006. In its Judgment of 24 May 2007, the
Court declared the Application of the Republic of Guinea to be admissible “in
so far as it concerns protection of Mr. Diallo’s rights as an individual” and “in
so far as it concerns protection of [his] direct rights as associé in Africom-Zaire
and Africontainers-Zaire”. On the other hand, the Court declared the Applica-
tion of the Republic of Guinea to be inadmissible “in so far as it concerns pro-
tection of Mr. Diallo in respect of alleged violations of rights of Africom-Zaire
and Africontainers-Zaire”.
7. By an Order of 27 June 2007, the Court fixed 27 March 2008 as the time-
limit for the filing of the Counter-Memorial of the DRC. That pleading was
duly filed within the time-limit thus prescribed.
8. By an Order of 5 May 2008, the Court authorized the submission of a
Reply by Guinea and a Rejoinder by the DRC, and fixed 19 November 2008
and 5 June 2009 as the respective time-limits for the filing of those pleadings.
The Reply of Guinea and the Rejoinder of the DRC were duly filed within the
time-limits thus prescribed.
9. In accordance with Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the
Court decided that, after ascertaining the views of the Parties, copies of the
pleadings and documents annexed would be made accessible to the public on
the opening of the oral proceedings.
10. Owing to the difficulties in the air transport sector following the volcanic
eruption in Iceland during April 2010, the public hearings which, according to
the schedule originally adopted, were due to be held from 19 to 23 April 2010
took place on 19, 26, 28 and 29 April 2010. At those hearings, the Court heard
the oral arguments and replies of:
For Guinea: Mr. Mohamed Camara,
Mr. Luke Vidal,
Mr. Jean-Marc Thouvenin,
Mr. Mathias Forteau,
Mr. Samuel Wordsworth,
Mr. Daniel Müller,
Mr. Alain Pellet.
For the DRC: Mr. Tshibangu Kalala.
11. At the hearings, Members of the Court put questions to the Parties, to
11de la Cour, auxquelles il a été répondu oralement et par écrit conformément au
paragraphe 4 de l’article 61 du Règlement.
*
12. Dans la requête (seconde partie), les demandes ci-après ont été formulées
par la Guinée:
«Au fond: Ordonner aux autorités de la République démocratique du
Congo à présenter des excuses officielles et publiques à l’Etat de Guinée
pour les nombreux torts qu’elles lui ont causés en la personne de son res-
sortissant Ahmadou Sadio Diallo;
Constater le caractère certain, liquide et exigible des créances réclamées;
Constater que ces créances doivent être endossées par l’Etat congolais,
conformément aux principes de la responsabilité internationale et de la res-
ponsabilité civile;
Condamner l’Etat congolais à verser à l’Etat de Guinée, pour le compte
de son ressortissant Diallo Ahmadou Sadio, les sommes de
31 334 685 888,45 dollars des Etats-Unis et 14 207 082 872,7 Z couvrant les
préjudices financiers subis par ledit ressortissant;
Verser également à l’Etat de Guinée des dommages-intérêts à hauteur
de 15 % de la condamnation principale soit 4 700 202 883,26 dollars et
2 131 062 430,9 Z;
Adjuger à l’Etat requérant les intérêts bancaires et moratoires aux taux
respectifs de 15 % et 26 % l’an courant de la fin de l’année 1995 jusqu’à la
date du parfait paiement;
Condamner également ledit Etat à restituer au requérant tous les biens
non valorisés répertoriés dans la rubrique des créances diverses;
Ordonner à la République démocratique du Congo de présenter dans
un délai d’un mois un échéancier acceptable de remboursement de ces
montants;
A défaut de production de cet échéancier dans le délai indiqué ou en cas
d’irrespect de celui qui serait produit, autoriser l’Etat de Guinée à saisir les
biens de l’Etat congolais partout où ils se trouvent jusqu’à concurrence du
principal et de l’accessoire de la condamnation.
Mettre les frais et dépens de la présente procédure à la charge de l’Etat
congolais. » (Les italiques sont dans l’original.)
13. Au cours de la procédure écrite, les conclusions ci-après ont été présen-
tées par les Parties:
Au nom du Gouvernement de la Guinée,
dans le mémoire:
«La République de Guinée a l’honneur de conclure à ce qu’il plaise à la
Cour internationale de Justice de dire et juger:
1. qu’en procédant à l’arrestation arbitraire et à l’expulsion de son ressor-
tissant, M. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo, en ne respectant pas, à cette occa-
sion, son droit à bénéficier des dispositions de la convention de Vienne
de [1963] sur les relations consulaires, en le soumettant à un traitement
12which replies were given orally and in writing, in accordance with Article 61,
paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court.
*
12. In the Application (Part Two), the following requests were made by
Guinea:
“As to the merits: To order the authorities of the Democratic Republic
of the Congo to make an official public apology to the State of Guinea for
the numerous wrongs done to it in the person of its national Ahmadou
Sadio Diallo;
To find that the sums claimed are certain, liquidated and legally due;
To find that the Congolese State must assume responsibility for the pay-
ment of these debts, in accordance with the principles of State responsibil-
ity and civil liability;
To order that the Congolese State pay to the State of Guinea on behalf
of its national Ahmadou Sadio Diallo the sums of US$31,334,685,888.45
and Z 14,207,082,872.7 in respect of the financial loss suffered by him;
To pay also to the State of Guinea damages equal to 15 per cent of the
principal award, that is to say US$4,700,202,883.26 and Z 2,131,062,430.9;
To award to the applicant State bank and moratory interest at respec-
tive annual rates of 15 per cent and 26 per cent from the end of the
year 1995 until the date of payment in full;
To order the said State to return to the Applicant all the unvalued assets
set out in the list of miscellaneous claims;
To order the Democratic Republic of the Congo to submit within one
month an acceptable schedule for the repayment of the above sums;
In the event that the said schedule is not produced by the date indicated,
or is not respected, authorize the State of Guinea to seize the assets of the
Congolese State wherever they may be found, up to an amount equal to the
principal sum due and such further amounts as the Court shall have
ordered.
To order that the costs of the present proceedings be borne by the Con-
golese State.” (Emphasis in the original.)
13. In the written proceedings, the following submissions were presented by
the Parties:
On behalf of the Government of Guinea,
in the Memorial:
“The Republic of Guinea has the honour to request that it may please
the International Court of Justice to adjudge and declare:
(1) that, in arbitrarily arresting and expelling its national, Mr. Ahma-
dou Sadio Diallo; in not at that time respecting his right to the benefit
of the provisions of the [1963] Vienna Convention on Consular Rela-
tions; in subjecting him to humiliating and degrading treatment; in
12 humiliant et dégradant, en le privant de l’exercice de ses droits de pro-
priété et de direction des sociétés qu’il a fondées en RDC, en l’empê-
chant de poursuivre le recouvrement des nombreuses créances qui lui
sont dues, à lui-même et auxdites sociétés, tant par la RDC elle-même
que par d’autres co-contractants, en ne s’acquittant pas de ses propres
dettes envers lui et envers ses sociétés, la République démocratique du
Congo a commis des faits internationalement illicites qui engagent sa
responsabilité envers la République de Guinée;
2. que, de ce fait, la République démocratique du Congo est tenue à la
réparation intégrale du préjudice subi par la République de Guinée en
la personne de son ressortissant;
3. que cette réparation doit prendre la forme d’une indemnisation cou-
vrant l’ensemble des dommages causés par les faits internationalement
illicites de la République démocratique du Congo, y compris le manque
à gagner, et comprendre des intérêts.
La République de Guinée prie en outre la Cour de bien vouloir l’auto-
riser à présenter une évaluation du montant de l’indemnité qui lui est due
à ce titre par la République démocratique du Congo dans une phase ulté-
rieure de la procédure au cas où les deux Parties ne pourraient s’accorder
sur son montant dans un délai de six mois suivant le prononcé de l’arrêt.»
dans la réplique:
«Pour les motifs exposés dans son mémoire et dans la présente réplique,
la République de Guinée prie la Cour internationale de Justice de bien
vouloir dire et juger:
1. qu’en procédant à des arrestations arbitraires et à l’expulsion de son
ressortissant, M. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo, en ne respectant pas, à cette
occasion, son droit à bénéficier des dispositions de la convention de
Vienne de 1963 sur les relations consulaires, en le soumettant à un trai-
tement humiliant et dégradant, en le privant de l’exercice de ses droits
de propriété, de contrôle et de direction des sociétés qu’il a fondées en
RDC et dont il était l’unique associé, en l’empêchant de poursuivre à ce
titre le recouvrement des nombreuses créances dues auxdites sociétés,
tant par la RDC elle-même que par d’autres co-contractants, en procé-
dant à l’expropriation de fait des propriétés de M. Diallo, la Républi-
que démocratique du Congo a commis des faits internationalement
illicites qui engagent sa responsabilité envers la République de Guinée;
2. que, de ce fait, la République démocratique du Congo est tenue à la
réparation intégrale du préjudice subi par M. Diallo ou par la Répu-
blique de Guinée en la personne de son ressortissant;
3. que cette réparation doit prendre la forme d’une indemnisation cou-
vrant l’ensemble des dommages causés par les faits internationalement
illicites de la République démocratique du Congo, y compris le manque
à gagner, et comprendre des intérêts.
La République de Guinée prie en outre la Cour de bien vouloir l’auto-
riser à présenter une évaluation du montant de l’indemnité qui lui est due
à ce titre par la République démocratique du Congo dans une phase ulté-
rieure de la procédure au cas où les deux Parties ne pourraient s’accor-
der sur son montant dans un délai de six mois suivant le prononcé de
l’arrêt.»
13 depriving him of the exercise of his rights of ownership and manage-
ment in respect of the companies founded by him in the DRC; in pre-
venting him from pursuing recovery of the numerous debts owed to
him — to himself personally and to the said companies — both by the
DRC itself and by other contractual partners; in not paying its own
debts to him and to his companies, the Democratic Republic of the
Congo has committed internationally wrongful acts which engage its
responsibility to the Republic of Guinea;
(2) that the Democratic Republic of the Congo is accordingly bound to
make full reparation on account of the injury suffered by the Republic
of Guinea in the person of its national;
(3) that such reparation shall take the form of compensation covering the
totality of the injuries caused by the internationally wrongful acts of
the Democratic Republic of the Congo including loss of earnings, and
shall also include interest.
The Republic of Guinea further requests the Court kindly to authorize it
to submit an assessment of the amount of the compensation due to it on
this account from the Democratic Republic of the Congo in a subsequent
phase of the proceedings in the event that the two Parties should be unable
to agree on the amount thereof within a period of six months following
delivery of the Judgment.”
in the Reply:
“On the grounds set out in its Memorial and in the present Reply, the
Republic of Guinea requests the International Court of Justice to adjudge
and declare:
1. that, in carrying out arbitrary arrests of its national, Mr. Ahmadou
Sadio Diallo, and expelling him; in not at that time respecting his right
to the benefit of the provisions of the 1963 Vienna Convention on
Consular Relations; in submitting him to humiliating and degrading
treatment; in depriving him of the exercise of his rights of ownership,
oversight and management in respect of the companies which he
founded in the DRC and in which he was the sole associé; in prevent-
ing him in that capacity from pursuing recovery of the numerous debts
owed to the said companies both by the DRC itself and by other con-
tractual partners; in expropriating de facto Mr. Diallo’s property, the
Democratic Republic of the Congo has committed internationally
wrongful acts which engage its responsibility to the Republic of Guinea;
2. that the Democratic Republic of the Congo is accordingly bound to
make full reparation on account of the injury suffered by Mr. Diallo or
by the Republic of Guinea in the person of its national;
3. that such reparation shall take the form of compensation covering the
totality of the injuries caused by the internationally wrongful acts of
the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including loss of earnings, and
shall also include interest.
The Republic of Guinea further requests the Court kindly to authorize it
to submit an assessment of the amount of the compensation due to it on
this account from the Democratic Republic of the Congo in a subsequent
phase of the proceedings in the event that the two Parties should be unable
to agree on the amount thereof within a period of six months following
delivery of the Judgment.”
13Au nom du Gouvernement de la RDC,
dans le contre-mémoire:
«A la lumière des arguments susmentionnés et de l’arrêt de la Cour du
24 mai 2007 sur les exceptions préliminaires par lequel la Cour déclare la
requête de la Guinée irrecevable en ce qu’elle a trait à la protection de
M. Diallo pour les atteintes alléguées aux droits des sociétés Africom-Zaïre
et Africontainers-Zaïre, l’Etat défendeur prie respectueusement la Cour de
dire et juger que:
1) la République démocratique du Congo n’a pas commis de faits inter-
nationalement illicites envers la Guinée en ce qui concerne les droits
individuels de M. Diallo en tant que personne;
2) la République démocratique du Congo n’a pas commis de faits inter-
nationalement illicites envers la Guinée en ce qui concerne les droits
propres de M. Diallo en tant qu’associé des sociétés Africom-Zaïre et
Africontainers-Zaïre;
3) en conséquence, la requête de la République de Guinée n’est pas fondée
en fait et en droit.»
dans la duplique:
«Sous la réserve expresse de compléter et de commenter davantage ses
moyens de fait et de droit et sans reconnaître aucune déclaration qui
lui serait préjudiciable, l’Etat défendeur prie la Cour de dire et de juger
que:
1) la République démocratique du Congo n’a pas commis de faits inter-
nationalement illicites envers la Guinée en ce qui concerne les droits
individuels de M. Diallo en tant que personne;
2) la République démocratique du Congo n’a pas commis de faits inter-
nationalement illicites envers la Guinée en ce qui concerne les droits
propres de M. Diallo en tant qu’associé de la société Africontainers-
Zaïre ou de prétendu associé de la société Africom-Zaïre;
3) en conséquence, la requête de la République de Guinée n’est pas fondée
en fait et en droit.»
14. Au cours de la procédure orale, les conclusions finales ci-après ont été
présentées par les Parties:
Au nom du Gouvernement de la Guinée,
à l’audience du 28 avril 2010:
«1. Conformément aux motifs exposés dans son mémoire, sa réplique et
lors des plaidoiries orales qui s’achèvent, la République de Guinée prie la
Cour internationale de Justice de bien vouloir dire et juger:
a) qu’en procédant à des arrestations arbitraires et à l’expulsion de son
ressortissant, M. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo, en ne respectant pas, à cette
occasion, son droit à bénéficier des dispositions de la convention de
Vienne de 1963 sur les relations consulaires, en le soumettant à un trai-
tement humiliant et dégradant, en le privant de l’exercice de ses droits
de propriété, de contrôle et de direction des sociétés qu’il a fondées en
RDC et dont il était l’unique associé, en l’empêchant de poursuivre à
ce titre le recouvrement des nombreuses créances dues auxdites socié-
tés, tant par la RDC elle-même que par d’autres co-contractants, en
procédant à l’expropriation de fait des propriétés de M. Diallo, la
14On behalf of the Government of the DRC,
in the Counter-Memorial:
“In the light of the arguments set out above and of the Court’s Judg-
ment of 24 May 2007 on the preliminary objections, in which the Court
declared Guinea’s Application to be inadmissible in so far as it concerned
protection of Mr. Diallo in respect of alleged violations of rights belonging
to Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire, the Respondent respectfully
requests the Court to adjudge and declare that:
1. the Democratic Republic of the Congo has not committed any inter-
nationally wrongful acts towards Guinea in respect of Mr. Diallo’s
individual personal rights;
2. the Democratic Republic of the Congo has not committed any inter-
nationally wrongful acts towards Guinea in respect of Mr. Diallo’s
direct rights as associé in Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire;
3. accordingly, the Application of the Republic of Guinea is unfounded in
fact and in law.”
in the Rejoinder:
“While expressly reserving the right to supplement and expand on its
grounds in fact and in law and without admitting any statement that might
be prejudicial to it, the Respondent requests the Court to adjudge and
declare that:
1. the Democratic Republic of the Congo has not committed any inter-
nationally wrongful acts towards Guinea in respect of Mr. Diallo’s
individual personal rights;
2. the Democratic Republic of the Congo has not committed any inter-
nationally wrongful acts towards Guinea in respect of Mr. Diallo’s
direct rights as associé in Africontainers-Zaire or alleged associé in
Africom-Zaire;
3. accordingly, the Application of the Republic of Guinea is unfounded in
fact and in law.”
14. At the oral proceedings, the following final submissions were presented
by the Parties:
On behalf of the Government of Guinea,
at the hearing of 28 April 2010:
“1. On the grounds set out in its Memorial, its Reply and the oral argu-
ment now being concluded, the Republic of Guinea requests the Interna-
tional Court of Justice to adjudge and declare:
(a) that, in carrying out arbitrary arrests of its national, Mr. Ahma-
dou Sadio Diallo, and expelling him; in not at that time respecting his
right to the benefit of the provisions of the 1963 Vienna Convention
on Consular Relations; in submitting him to humiliating and degrad-
ing treatment; in depriving him of the exercise of his rights of own-
ership, oversight and management in respect of the companies which
he founded in the DRC and in which he was the sole associé; in pre-
venting him in that capacity from pursuing recovery of the numerous
debts owed to the said companies both by the DRC itself and by
other contractual partners; and in expropriating de facto Mr. Diallo’s
14 République démocratique du Congo a commis des faits internationa-
lement illicites qui engagent sa responsabilité envers la République de
Guinée;
b) que, de ce fait, la République démocratique du Congo est tenue à la
réparation intégrale du préjudice subi par M. Diallo ou par la Répu-
blique de Guinée en la personne de son ressortissant;
c) que cette réparation doit prendre la forme d’une indemnisation cou-
vrant l’ensemble des dommages causés par les faits internationalement
illicites de la République démocratique du Congo, y compris le man-
que à gagner, et comprendre des intérêts.
2. La République de Guinée prie en outre la Cour de bien vouloir
l’autoriser à présenter une évaluation du montant de l’indemnité qui lui est
due à ce titre par la République démocratique du Congo dans une phase
ultérieure de la procédure au cas où les deux Parties ne pourraient s’accor-
der sur son montant dans un délai de six mois suivant le prononcé de
l’arrêt.»
Au nom du Gouvernement de la RDC,
à l’audience du 29 avril 2010:
«A la lumière des arguments susmentionnés et de l’arrêt de la Cour du
24 mai 2007 sur les exceptions préliminaires par lequel la Cour déclare la
requête de la Guinée irrecevable en ce qu’elle a trait à la protection de
M. Diallo pour les atteintes alléguées aux droits des sociétés Africom-Zaïre
et Africontainers-Zaïre, l’Etat défendeur prie respectueusement la Cour de
dire et juger que:
1) la République démocratique du Congo n’a pas commis de faits inter-
nationalement illicites envers la Guinée en ce qui concerne les droits
individuels de M. Diallo en tant que personne;
2) la République démocratique du Congo n’a pas commis de faits inter-
nationalement illicites envers la Guinée en ce qui concerne les droits
propres de M. Diallo en tant qu’associé des sociétés Africom-Zaïre et
Africontainers-Zaïre;
3) en conséquence, la requête de la République de Guinée n’est pas fondée
en fait et en droit et donc qu’aucune réparation n’est due.»
*
* *
I. C ONTEXTE FACTUEL GÉNÉRAL
15. La Cour commencera par décrire brièvement le contexte factuel
dans lequel s’inscrit la présente affaire, contexte qu’elle a déjà évoqué
dans son arrêt sur les exceptions préliminaires en date du 24 mai 2007
(Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (République de Guinée c. République démocra-
tique du Congo), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II) ,
p. 590-591, par. 13-15). Elle reviendra plus en détail sur chacun des faits
pertinents lorsqu’elle examinera les prétentions juridiques qui s’y ratta-
chent.
16. M. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo, citoyen guinéen, s’est installé en RDC
en 1964. En 1974, il y a créé la société d’import/export Africom-Zaïre,
15 property, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has committed
internationally wrongful acts which engage its responsibility to the
Republic of Guinea;
(b) that the Democratic Republic of the Congo is accordingly bound to
make full reparation on account of the injury suffered by Mr. Diallo
or by the Republic of Guinea in the person of its national;
(c) that such reparation shall take the form of compensation covering the
totality of the injuries caused by the internationally wrongful acts of
the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including loss of earnings,
and shall also include interest.
2. The Republic of Guinea further requests the Court kindly to author-
ize it to submit an assessment of the amount of the compensation due to it
on this account from the Democratic Republic of the Congo in a subse-
quent phase of the proceedings in the event that the two Parties should be
unable to agree on the amount thereof within a period of six months fol-
lowing delivery of the Judgment.”
On behalf of the Government of the DRC,
at the hearing of 29 April 2010:
“In the light of the arguments referred to above and of the Court’s
Judgment of 24 May 2007 on the preliminary objections, whereby the
Court declared Guinea’s Application to be inadmissible in so far as it
concerned protection of Mr. Diallo in respect of alleged violations of
rights of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire, the Respondent respect-
fully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that:
1. the Democratic Republic of the Congo has not committed any inter-
nationally wrongful acts towards Guinea in respect of Mr. Diallo’s
individual personal rights;
2. the Democratic Republic of the Congo has not committed any inter-
nationally wrongful acts towards Guinea in respect of Mr. Diallo’s
direct rights as associé in Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire;
3. accordingly, the Application of the Republic of Guinea is unfounded in
fact and in law and no reparation is due.”
*
* *
I. G ENERAL FACTUAL BACKGROUND
15. The Court will begin with a brief description of the factual back-
ground to the present case, as previously recalled in its Judgment on pre-
liminary objections of 24 May 2007 (Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of
Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , pp. 590-591, paras. 13-15). It will
return to each of the relevant facts in greater detail when it comes to
examine the legal claims relating to them.
16. Mr. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo, a Guinean citizen, settled in the DRC
in 1964. There, in 1974, he founded an import-export company, Africom-
15une société privée à responsabilité limitée (ci-après «SPRL») de droit
zaïrois, enregistrée au registre du commerce de la ville de Kinshasa.
En 1979, M. Diallo participa, en tant que gérant de la société Africom-
Zaïre, à la création d’une SPRL de droit zaïrois spécialisée dans le trans-
port de marchandises par conteneurs, la société Africontainers-Zaïre.
Cette société fut enregistrée au registre du commerce de la ville de Kin-
shasa et M. Diallo en devint le gérant (voir paragraphes 105-113 ci-après).
17. A la fin des années quatre-vingt, les sociétés Africom-Zaïre et Afri-
containers-Zaïre intentèrent, par l’intermédiaire de leur gérant, M. Diallo,
des recours à l’encontre de leurs partenaires commerciaux pour tenter de
recouvrer diverses créances. Les différents litiges opposant Africom-Zaïre
ou Africontainers-Zaïre à leurs partenaires commerciaux se poursuivirent
tout au long des années quatre-vingt-dix et restent pour l’essentiel non
résolus à ce jour (voir paragraphes 109, 114, 136 et 150 ci-après).
18. Le 25 janvier 1988, M. Diallo fut arrêté et incarcéré. Le 28 jan-
vier 1989, le procureur général de Kinshasa ordonna la libération de
M. Diallo après le classement pour «inopportunité de poursuites» du
dossier judiciaire.
19. Le 31 octobre 1995, le premier ministre zaïrois prit un décret
d’expulsion à l’encontre de M. Diallo. Le 5 novembre 1995, ce dernier fut
arrêté et mis en détention en vue de son expulsion. Après avoir été remis
en liberté et arrêté à nouveau, il fut finalement expulsé du territoire
congolais le 31 janvier 1996 (voir paragraphes 50-60 ci-après).
20. Ayant déclaré, dans son arrêt du 24 mai 2007, la requête de la
République de Guinée recevable, d’une part, «en ce qu’elle a trait à la
protection des droits de M. Diallo en tant qu’individu» et, d’autre part,
«en ce qu’elle a trait à la protection des droits propres de [celui-ci] en tant
qu’associé des sociétés Africom-Zaïre et Africontainers-Zaïre» (voir para-
graphe 6 ci-dessus), la Cour se penchera successivement, ci-après, sur la
question de la protection des droits de M. Diallo en tant qu’individu
(voir paragraphes 21-98) et sur celle de la protection des droits propres de
celui-ci en tant qu’associé des sociétés Africom-Zaïre et Africontainers-
Zaïre (voir paragraphes 99-159). Elle examinera ensuite, à la lumière des
conclusions auxquelles elle sera parvenue sur ces questions, les demandes
de réparation présentées par la Guinée dans ses conclusions finales (voir
paragraphes 160-164).
II. LA PROTECTION DES DROITS DE M. D IALLO EN TANT QU ’INDIVIDU
21. Dans le dernier état de ses conclusions, la Guinée soutient que
M. Diallo a été victime, en 1988-1989, de mesures d’arrestation et de
détention, de la part des autorités de la RDC, en violation du droit inter-
national, puis, en 1995-1996, de mesures d’arrestation, de détention et
d’expulsion elles aussi contraires au droit international. Elle en conclut
qu’elle est fondée à exercer la protection diplomatique, à cet égard, en
faveur de son ressortissant.
16Zaire, a société privée à responsabilité limitée (private limited liability com-
pany, hereinafter “SPRL”) incorporated under Zairean law and entered in
the Trade Register of the city of Kinshasa. In 1979 Mr. Diallo took part,
as gérant (manager) of Africom-Zaire, in the founding of a Zairean SPRL
specializing in the containerized transport of goods, Africontainers-Zaire.
This company was entered in the Trade Register of the city of Kinshasa
and Mr. Diallo became itsgérant (see paragraphs 105-113 below).
17. At the end of the 1980s, Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire,
acting through their gérant, Mr. Diallo, instituted proceedings against
their business partners in an attempt to recover various debts. The vari-
ous disputes between Africom-Zaire or Africontainers-Zaire, on the one
hand, and their business partners, on the other, continued throughout the
1990s and for the most part remain unresolved today (see paragraphs 109,
114, 136 and 150 below).
18. On 25 January 1988, Mr. Diallo was arrested and imprisoned. On
28 January 1989, the public prosecutor in Kinshasa ordered the release of
Mr. Diallo after the case was closed for “inexpediency of prosecution”.
19. On 31 October 1995, the Zairean Prime Minister issued an expul-
sion decree against Mr. Diallo. On 5 November 1995, Mr. Diallo was
arrested and placed in detention with a view to his expulsion. After
having been released and rearrested, he was finally expelled from Congo-
lese territory on 31 January 1996 (see paragraphs 50-60 below).
20. Having, in its Judgment of 24 May 2007, declared the Application
of the Republic of Guinea to be admissible “in so far as it concerns pro-
tection of Mr. Diallo’s rights as an individual” and “in so far as it con-
cerns protection of [his] direct rights as associé in Africom-Zaire and
Africontainers-Zaire” (see paragraph 6 above), the Court will in turn
consider below the questions of the protection of Mr. Diallo’s rights as
an individual (see paragraphs 21-98) and of the protection of his direct
rights as associé in Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire (see para-
graphs 99-159). In the light of the conclusions it comes to on these ques-
tions, it will then examine the claims for reparation made by Guinea in its
final submissions (see paragraphs 160-164).
II. PROTECTION OF M R.D IALLO’S R IGHTS AS AN INDIVIDUAL
21. In its arguments as finally stated, Guinea maintains that Mr. Diallo
was the victim in 1988-1989 of arrest and detention measures taken by
the DRC authorities in violation of international law and in 1995-1996 of
arrest, detention and expulsion measures also in violation of interna-
tional law. Guinea reasons from this that it is entitled to exercise diplo-
matic protection of its national in this connection.
16 22. La RDC soutient que la demande relative aux faits de 1988-1989 a
été présentée tardivement et doit être par suite rejetée comme irrecevable.
Subsidiairement, la RDC soutient que ladite demande doit être rejetée
pour défaut d’épuisement des voies de recours internes ou, à défaut, reje-
tée au fond. La RDC conteste que le traitement subi par M. Diallo
en 1995-1996 a violé ses obligations de droit international.
23. La Cour doit donc se prononcer d’abord sur l’argument de la
RDC contestant la recevabilité de la demande relative aux faits de 1988-
1989, avant de pouvoir, le cas échéant, examiner le bien-fondé de ladite
demande. Elle devra ensuite examiner le bien-fondé des griefs invoqués
par la Guinée au soutien de sa demande relative aux faits de 1995-1996,
dont la recevabilité n’est plus en cause au stade actuel de la procédure.
A. La demande relative aux mesures d’arrestation et de détention
prises à l’égard de M. Diallo en 1988-1989
24. Dans sa duplique, la RDC, après avoir affirmé que la Guinée
n’aurait, selon elle, introduit son chef de conclusions relatif aux faits sur-
venus en 1988-1989 que dans sa réplique, a contesté la recevabilité de
cette demande dans les termes suivants :
«Il y a manifestement introduction d’une nouvelle demande par le
biais de la réplique et changement subséquent de la requête à un
stade inapproprié de la procédure. Cette nouvelle demande, qui n’a
aucun lien avec la demande principale relative aux événements
de 1995-1996 qui sont à la base du présent différend, ouvre à l’Etat
[défendeur] le droit d’invoquer ici l’exception de non-épuisement des
voies de recours internes disponibles dans l’ordre juridique congolais
en ce qui concerne l’arrestation et la détention de 1988-1989.»
Cette objection a été réitérée par la RDC, en des termes voisins, dans le
cadre de la procédure orale.
25. Ainsi formulée, l’objection de la défenderesse revient à contester
pour deux motifs distincts la recevabilité de la demande relative aux faits
de 1988-1989: en premier lieu, cette demande aurait été présentée par la
Guinée à un stade de la procédure qui la rendrait tardive, eu égard à son
absence de lien suffisant avec la demande présentée dans la requête intro-
ductive d’instance; en second lieu, cette demande se heurterait, en tout
état de cause, à l’exception tirée du défaut d’épuisement préalable, par
M. Diallo, des voies de recours disponibles au sein de l’ordre juridique
congolais.
26. La Cour doit examiner d’abord la première de ces deux fins de
non-recevoir. Si elle conclut que la demande en cause est effectivement
tardive, et doit être pour cette raison rejetée sans examen au fond, elle
n’aura pas besoin d’aller plus loin. Si au contraire elle conclut que cette
demande n’a pas été tardivement présentée, elle devra se demander si
la RDC a le droit de soulever, à ce stade de la procédure, l’exception
17 22. The DRC maintains that the claim relating to the events in 1988-
1989 was presented belatedly and must therefore be rejected as inadmis-
sible. In the alternative, the DRC maintains that the said claim must be
rejected because of failure to exhaust local remedies, or, otherwise,
rejected on the merits. The DRC denies that Mr. Diallo’s treatment in
1995-1996 breached its obligations under international law.
23. The Court must therefore first rule on the DRC’s argument con-
testing the admissibility of the claim concerning the events in 1988-1989
before it can, if necessary, consider the merits of that claim. It will then
need to consider the merits of the grievances relied upon by Guinea in
support of its claim concerning the events in 1995-1996, the admissibility
of which is no longer at issue in this phase of the proceedings.
A. The Claim concerning the Arrest and Detention Measures Taken
against Mr. Diallo in 1988-1989
24. After asserting that it was only in the Reply that Guinea first set
out arguments in respect of the events in 1988-1989, the DRC in the
Rejoinder challenged the admissibility of the claim in question as fol-
lows:
“The Applicant is clearly seeking to put forward a new claim by
means of the Reply and consequently to amend the Application at
an inappropriate stage of the proceedings. This new claim, which is
not in any way linked to the main claim concerning the events of
1995 to 1996 forming the basis of this dispute, entitles the [Respond-
ent] to raise the objection of failure to exhaust the local remedies
available in the Congolese legal system with respect to the arrest and
detention of 1988-1989.”
The DRC reiterated this objection in like terms during the oral proceed-
ings.
25. Thus enunciated, the Respondent’s objection amounts to a chal-
lenge to the admissibility of the claim concerning the events of 1988-1989
on two separate grounds: first, Guinea is alleged to have raised the claim
at a stage in the proceedings such that it was late, in view of the lack of
a sufficient connection between it and the claim advanced in the Appli-
cation instituting proceedings; second, this claim is alleged to be barred
in any case by an objection based on Mr. Diallo’s failure first to exhaust
the remedies available in the Congolese legal system.
26. The Court must commence by considering the first of these two
grounds of inadmissibility. If it concludes that the claim was in fact late
and must therefore be rejected without any consideration on the merits,
there will be no need for the Court to proceed any further. If, on the
other hand, it concludes that the claim was not asserted belatedly, it will
need to consider whether the DRC is entitled to raise, at this stage of the
17de non-épuisement des voies de recours internes et, dans l’affirmative, si
cette exception est fondée.
*
27. Pour décider si la demande relative aux faits de 1988-1989 a été
présentée tardivement, la Cour doit d’abord rechercher à quel moment,
dans la présente instance, cette demande a été présentée pour la première
fois.
28. Il y a lieu, d’abord, de relever qu’aucun élément de la requête
introductive d’instance, en date du 28 décembre 1998, ne se réfère aux
événements de 1988-1989.
Certes, dans l’«objet du différend» tel que le définit ladite requête, il
est indiqué que M. Diallo a été «injustement incarcéré ... spolié ... puis
expulsé». Mais il ressort clairement du document annexé à la requête (la
requête (seconde partie), voir paragraphe 1 ci-dessus) que l’«incarcéra-
tion» dont il s’agit est celle qui a commencé le 5 novembre 1995 et qui se
serait terminée, après une brève interruption, selon la Guinée, par l’expul-
sion effective de M. Diallo le 31 janvier 1996 à l’aéroport de Kinshasa.
Nulle part, ni dans la requête stricto sensu ni dans son document annexe,
il n’est question de l’arrestation et de la détention subies par M. Diallo
en 1988-1989.
29. Ces faits ne sont pas davantage mentionnés dans le mémoire
déposé, en application de l’article 49, paragraphe 1, du Règlement, par la
Guinée le 23 mars 2001. Ledit mémoire consacre à la description des faits
qui ont donné naissance au différend des développements très substan-
tiels. En ce qui concerne les faits constitutifs d’«arrestation» et de «déten-
tion», les événements de 1995-1996 sont précisément décrits, dans la
section intitulée «Les faits pertinents», alors que nulle mention n’est
faite d’une détention subie par M. Diallo en 1988-1989. Sans doute, dans
les «conclusions» finales du mémoire, est-il demandé à la Cour de dire
qu’«en procédant à l’arrestation arbitraire et à l’expulsion de ... M. Ahma-
dou Sadio Diallo» la RDC a commis des faits qui engagent sa responsa-
bilité internationale, sans autre précision quant à la date et à la nature de
l’«arrestation arbitraire» en cause. Mais il est assez naturel que les
«conclusions» qu’un mémoire doit contenir aux termes de l’article 49,
paragraphe 1, du Règlement n’entrent pas dans le détail des faits,
puisqu’elles font suite à l’exposé des faits qu’exige également la même dis-
position du Règlement et qu’elles doivent se comprendre à la lumière de
cet exposé. Au cas particulier, l’«arrestation arbitraire» mentionnée dans
les conclusions du mémoire de la Guinée ne peut être que celle que
M. Diallo aurait subie, selon la demanderesse, en 1995-1996 en vue de la
mise à exécution du décret d’expulsion pris à l’encontre de l’intéressé
en octobre 1995, et non pas celle que M. Diallo aurait subie en 1988-1989
et dont il n’est pas fait mention.
30. C’est seulement dans les observations écrites de la demanderesse en
réponse aux exceptions préliminaires soulevées par la défenderesse, obser-
18proceedings, the objection of non-exhaustion of local remedies and, if so,
whether that objection is warranted.
*
27. In order to decide whether the claim relating to the events in 1988-
1989 was raised late, the Court must first ascertain exactly when the claim
was first asserted in the present proceedings.
28. To begin, note should be taken that there is nothing in the Appli-
cation instituting proceedings of 28 December 1998 referring to the
events in 1988-1989.
Granted, it is stated under the heading “Subject of the Dispute” as
defined in the Application that Mr. Diallo was “unjustly imprisoned . . .
despoiled . . . and then expelled”. But it is clear from the document
annexed to the Application (the Application (Part Two), see paragraph 1
above) that the “imprisonment” in question began on 5 November 1995
and, according to Guinea, ended after a brief interruption with Mr. Diallo’s
physical expulsion on 31 January 1996 at Kinshasa airport. Nowhere in
the Application proper or in the annex to it is there any reference to
Mr. Diallo’s arrest and detention in 1988-1989.
29. Nor are these facts mentioned in the Memorial Guinea filed pur-
suant to Article 49, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court on 23 March 2001.
That Memorial contains an extensive discussion of the facts which have
given rise to the dispute. In respect of those corresponding to “arrest”
and “detention”, the events of 1995-1996 are described in detail, in the
section “the salient facts”, whereas no mention is made of any detention
suffered by Mr. Diallo in 1988-1989. True, the Court is requested in the
final “submissions” in the Memorial to declare that, “in arbitrarily arrest-
ing and expelling . . . Mr. Diallo” [“en procédant à l’arrestation arbitraire
et à l’expulsion de . . . M. Diallo”], the DRC committed acts engaging its
international responsibility, without any further specification as to the
date and nature of the “arbitrary arrest” [“l’arrestation arbitraire”] in
question. But it is usual for the facts not to be treated in any detail in the
“submissions” which a Memorial is required to contain pursuant to Arti-
cle 49, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, because the submissions fol-
low the statement of facts, which the same provision of the Rules of
Court also requires, and they must be read in the light of that statement.
In the case at hand, the “arbitrary arrest” referred to in the submissions
in Guinea’s Memorial can only be the arrest Mr. Diallo suffered, accord-
ing to the Applicant, in 1995-1996 in view of the carrying out of the
expulsion decree issued against him in October 1995, not Mr. Diallo’s
alleged arrest in 1988-1989, of which there is no mention.
30. It was not until the Applicant filed its Written Observations on
the preliminary objections raised by the Respondent on 7 July 2003 that
18vations déposées le 7 juillet 2003, que sont mentionnées pour la première
fois l’arrestation et la détention de M. Diallo en 1988-1989. Encore faut-il
relever que cette mention ne figure que dans le premier chapitre, intitulé
«Les faits pertinents», seulement dans le contexte du refus des autorités
zaïroises de payer des sommes à Africom-Zaïre, et qu’il n’est plus ques-
tion de ces événements dans les chapitres suivants, consacrés à la discus-
sion, en droit, des exceptions d’irrecevabilité soulevées par la RDC.
31. Aux yeux de la Cour, on ne saurait considérer que la demande
relative aux faits de 1988-1989 a été présentée par la Guinée dans ses
«observations écrites» du 7 juillet 2003. L’objet desdites observations
était de répondre aux exceptions d’irrecevabilité de la défenderesse,
conformément d’ailleurs aux prescriptions de l’article 79, paragraphe 5,
du Règlement dans sa version de 1978, applicable en l’espèce. En raison
du caractère préliminaire de ces exceptions, lesquelles avaient été présen-
tées par la RDC dans le délai qui lui avait été fixé pour déposer son
contre-mémoire, la procédure sur le fond avait été suspendue à partir de
la réception par le Greffe de l’acte contenant lesdites exceptions, en vertu
de l’article 79, paragraphe 3, du Règlement, dans sa rédaction applicable
à la présente instance. C’est pourquoi dans ses observations écrites
du 7 juillet 2003 la Guinée se bornait à conclure, in fine, à ce que la
Cour veuille bien «rejeter les exceptions préliminaires» et «déclarer la
requête ... recevable». Se trouvant dans le cadre de la procédure incidente
ouverte par les exceptions préliminaires de la RDC, la Guinée ne pouvait
présenter aucune autre conclusion que celles qui portaient sur le mérite
desdites exceptions et le sort que la Cour devait leur réserver. On ne peut,
dans ces conditions, interpréter les «observations écrites» du 7 juillet 2003
comme introduisant dans le débat contentieux une demande addition-
nelle de l’Etat requérant. Il eût été, en outre, particulièrement difficile à la
défenderesse de parvenir à une telle interprétation, compte tenu de l’objet
de la procédure incidente. On ne saurait donc s’étonner de ce que dans la
procédure orale relative aux exceptions préliminaires, pas plus que dans
son contre-mémoire, la RDC n’ait fait allusion aux faits allégués par la
Guinée pour la période de 1988-1989.
32. La Guinée a présenté pour la première fois sa demande relative
aux faits de 1988-1989 dans sa réplique, déposée le 19 novembre 2008,
postérieurement à l’arrêt de la Cour statuant sur les exceptions prélimi-
naires. La réplique expose en détail les circonstances de l’arrestation et de
la détention de M. Diallo en 1988-1989, précise que cette «affaire ... fait
indubitablement partie des faits illicites à raison desquels la Guinée
entend engager la responsabilité internationale du défendeur», et indique
pour la première fois quelles seraient, du point de vue de la demande-
resse, les obligations internationales, notamment conventionnelles, qui
auraient été violées par la défenderesse à l’occasion des actes en cause. De
façon significative, alors que dans les conclusions terminales de son
mémoire la Guinée priait la Cour de juger «qu’en procédant à l’arresta-
tion arbitraire et à l’expulsion de ... M. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo ... la RDC
a commis des faits ... qui engagent sa responsabilité» (les italiques sont de
19Mr. Diallo’s arrest and detention in 1988-1989 were referred to for the
first time. But it is to be observed that the reference appears only in the
first chapter, entitled “The salient facts”, solely in the context of the
refusal of the Zairean authorities to pay sums to Africom-Zaire, and no
further mention is made of these events in the later chapters devoted to
the discussion from the legal perspective of the DRC’s objections to
admissibility.
31. In the opinion of the Court, the claim in respect of the events in
1988-1989 cannot be deemed to have been presented by Guinea in its
“Written Observations” of 7 July 2003. The purpose of those observa-
tions was to respond to the DRC’s objections in respect of admissibility,
in accordance with the requirements of Article 79, paragraph 5, of the
Rules of Court, in the 1978 version applicable to these proceedings. As
these were preliminary objections, having been raised by the DRC within
the time-limit for the filing of its Counter-Memorial, the proceedings on
the merits had been suspended upon receipt by the Registry of the docu-
ment setting them out, in accordance with Article 79, paragraph 3, of the
Rules of Court, in the version applicable to the present proceedings. That
is why Guinea confined itself in its Written Observations of 7 July 2003
to submitting at the end that the Court should “[r]eject the Preliminary
Objections” and “[d]eclare the Application . . . admissible”. As those
were incidental proceedings opened by virtue of the DRC’s preliminary
objections, Guinea could not present any submission other than those
concerning the merit of the objections and how the Court should deal
with them. Accordingly, the “Written Observations” of 7 July 2003 can-
not be interpreted as having introduced an additional claim by the Appli-
cant into the proceedings. And it would have been especially difficult for
the Respondent to have so interpreted them, given the object of the inci-
dental proceedings. It is hardly surprising then that the DRC did not
refer, either in the oral proceedings on the preliminary objections or in its
Counter-Memorial, to the facts alleged by Guinea in respect of 1988-1989.
32. Guinea first presented its claim in respect of the events in 1988-
1989 in its Reply, filed on 19 November 2008, after the Court had handed
down its Judgment on the preliminary objections. The Reply describes in
detail the circumstances surrounding Mr. Diallo’s arrest and detention in
1988-1989, states that these “inarguably figure among the wrongful acts
for which Guinea is seeking to have the Respondent held internationally
responsible” and indicates for the first time what, from the Applicant’s
point of view, were the international obligations, notably treaty-based
ones, breached by the Respondent in connection with the acts in ques-
tion. Tellingly, whereas in the final submissions in the Memorial Guinea
asked the Court to adjudge “that, in arbitrarily arresting and expel-
ling...Mr.AhmadouSadioDiallo...theDemocraticRepublicofthe
Congo has committed . . . acts which engage its responsibility” [in the
original French: “qu’en procédant à l’arrestation arbitraire et à l’expul-
19la Cour), les conclusions de la réplique sont formulées à l’identique, à la
différence près que les mots au singulier qui apparaissent en italiques ci-
dessus sont remplacés par le pluriel: «des arrestations arbitraires».
33. En réponse à l’objection de la RDC tirée du caractère tardif de la
demande qui est en discussion, la Guinée n’a donné aucune explication
quant aux raisons pour lesquelles cette demande a été introduite à un
stade si avancé de la procédure. Elle a fait cependant observer qu’au
paragraphe 45 de son arrêt du 24 mai 2007, statuant sur les exceptions
préliminaires soulevées par la défenderesse en la présente affaire, la Cour
a indiqué que:
«dans son mémoire au fond, la Guinée a exposé en détail les viola-
tions du droit international que la RDC aurait commises à l’égard
de M. Diallo. Elle y invoque ainsi, entre autres, le fait que M. Diallo
aurait été arrêté et détenu de manière arbitraire à deux reprises,
en 1988 d’abord, et en 1995 ensuite.» (C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II) ,
p. 600, par. 45.)
34. Dans le passage précité, la référence à l’arrestation et à la détention
de 1988 — parmi les faits qui auraient été exposés dans le mémoire — est
erronée. Cette erreur factuelle n’a eu aucune influence sur la conclusion à
laquelle la Cour est parvenue en 2007, à savoir que la requête de la Gui-
née était recevable en tant qu’elle visait à exercer la protection diploma-
tique de M. Diallo à raison des atteintes alléguées à ses droits individuels.
La Guinée n’a pas cherché à soutenir que la mention de l’année 1988
figurant au paragraphe 45 de l’arrêt de 2007 aurait un quelconque effet
obligatoire à l’égard de la Cour au stade actuel de la procédure, et de
toute évidence elle n’en a pas, puisque le dispositif de l’arrêt n’eût pas été
différent si la mention erronée n’avait pas figuré dans le paragraphe pré-
cité.
35. Ayant déterminé à quel moment exact la demande relative aux
faits de 1988-1989 a été introduite dans l’instance, la Cour est à présent
en mesure de décider si cette demande doit être regardée comme tar-
dive et par suite irrecevable. En effet, l’arrêt rendu le 24 mai 2007 sur
les exceptions préliminaires de la RDC ne fait pas obstacle à ce que la
défenderesse soulève à présent une objection tirée de ce que la demande
additionnelle aurait été présentée tardivement, puisque ladite demande
a été introduite, ainsi qu’il vient d’être dit, postérieurement à l’arrêt
de 2007.
36. En ce qui concerne les demandes additionnelles introduites — par
une partie requérante — en cours d’instance, la Cour a développé une
jurisprudence à présent bien établie, qui prend appui sur les dispositions
pertinentes du Statut et du Règlement, à savoir l’article 40, paragraphe 1,
de celui-là, et les articles 38, paragraphe 2, et 49, paragraphe 1, de celui-
ci.
37. L’article 40, paragraphe 1, du Statut de la Cour dispose que:
20sion de . . . M. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo . . . la RDC a commis des faits . . .
qui engagent sa responsabilité” (emphasis added)], the submissions in the
Reply are worded identically with the sole exception that the singular
term emphasized above is replaced by the plural: “arbitrary arrests”
[“des arrestations arbitraires”].
33. In response to the DRC’s objection based on the belated assertion
of the claim in question, Guinea gave no explanation as to why this claim
was introduced at such an advanced stage of the proceedings. It pointed
out however that the Court stated in paragraph 45 of its Judgment of
24 May 2007 on the Respondent’s preliminary objections in the present
case:
“in its Memorial on the merits, Guinea described in detail the vio-
lations of international law allegedly committed by the DRC against
Mr. Diallo. Among those cited is the claim that Mr. Diallo was arbi-
trarily arrested and detained on two occasions, first in 1988 and then
in 1995.” (I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , p. 600, para. 45.)
34. The quoted passage erroneously refers to the arrest and detention
in 1988 as included among the facts set out in the Memorial. This error of
fact had no effect on the conclusion reached by the Court in 2007,
namely, that Guinea’s Application was admissible in so far as it was
aimed at exercising diplomatic protection of Mr. Diallo in respect of
alleged violations of his rights as an individual. Guinea has not argued
that the reference to the year 1988 in paragraph 45 of the 2007 Judgment
has any binding effect on the Court at the present stage of the proceed-
ings, and it clearly has no such effect, since the operative part of the
Judgment would have been no different even if the error had not appeared
in the quoted paragraph.
35. Having determined exactly when the claim concerning the events
in 1988-1989 was introduced into the proceedings, the Court can now
decide whether that claim should be considered late and inadmissible as a
result. The Judgment handed down on 24 May 2007 on the DRC’s pre-
liminary objections does not prevent the Respondent from now raising
the objection that the additional claim was presented belatedly, since the
claim was introduced, as just stated, after delivery of the 2007 Judgment.
36. On the subject of additional claims introduced — by an Appli-
cant — in the course of proceedings, the Court has developed a jurispru-
dence which is now well settled and is based on the relevant provisions of
the Statute and the Rules of Court, specifically Article 40, paragraph 1,
of the former and Article 38, paragraph 2, and Article 49, paragraph 1, of
the latter.
37. Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court provides:
20 «1. Les affaires sont portées devant la Cour, selon le cas, soit par
notification du compromis, soit par une requête, adressées au gref-
fier; dans les deux cas, l’objet du différend et les parties doivent être
indiqués. » (Les italiques sont de la Cour.)
L’article 38, paragraphe 2, du Règlement de la Cour dispose que:
«2. La requête indique autant que possible les moyens de droit
sur lesquels le demandeur prétend fonder la compétence de la Cour;
elle indique en outre la nature précise de la demande et contient un
exposé succinct des faits et moyens sur lesquels cette demande
repose.» (Les italiques sont de la Cour.)
L’article 49, paragraphe 1, du Règlement dispose que:
«1. Le mémoire contient un exposé des faits sur lesquels la de-
mande est fondée, un exposé de droit et les conclusions.» (Les ita-
liques sont de la Cour.)
38. La Cour a considéré ces dispositions comme «essentielles au regard
de la sécurité juridique et de la bonne administration de la justice» (Cer-
taines terres à phosphates à Nauru (Nauru c. Australie), exceptions pré-
liminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1992 , p. 267, par. 69). Elle a d’ailleurs
relevé qu’elles figuraient déjà, en substance, dans le texte du Statut de la
Cour permanente de Justice internationale adopté en 1920 et dans le texte
du premier Règlement de la même Cour adopté en 1922 (ibid.).
39. Elle en a déduit que sont irrecevables les demandes additionnelles
formulées en cours d’instance et qui auraient pour effet, si elles étaient
prises en considération, de modifier «l’objet du différend initialement
porté devant [la Cour] selon les termes de la requête» (Différend ter-
ritorial et maritime entre le Nicaragua et le Honduras dans la mer des
Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Honduras), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II) , p. 695,
par. 108). A cet égard, c’est la requête qui est pertinente, et le mémoire
lui-même, «tout en pouvant éclaircir les termes de la requête, ne peut pas
dépasser les limites de la demande qu’elle contient» (Certaines terres à
phosphates à Nauru (Nauru c. Australie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1992, p. 267, par. 69, citant l’ordonnance de la Cour per-
manente du 4 février 1933 rendue en l’affaire relative à l’Administration
du prince von Pless (ordonnance du 4 février 1933, C.P.J.I. série A/
Bn o 52, p. 14)). A fortiori, une demande formulée postérieurement au
mémoire, comme dans la présente affaire, ne saurait modifier l’objet du
différend tel qu’il est délimité par les termes de la requête.
40. Toutefois, la Cour a aussi précisé que «la nouveauté d’une demande
n’est pas décisive en soi pour la question de la recevabilité», et que:
«[a]fin de déterminer si une nouvelle demande introduite en cours
d’instance est recevable, [elle] doit se poser la question de savoir si,
«bien que formellement nouvelle, la demande en question ne peut
21 “1. Cases are brought before the Court, as the case may be, either
by the notification of the special agreement or by a written applica-
tion addressed to the Registrar. In either case the subject of the dis-
pute and the parties shall be indicated .” (Emphasis added.)
Article 38, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court states:
“2. The application shall specify as far as possible the legal
grounds upon which the jurisdiction of the Court is said to be based;
it shall also specify the precise nature of the claim, together with a
succinct statement of the facts and grounds on which the claim is
based.” (Emphasis added.)
Article 49, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court reads:
“1. A Memorial shall contain a statement of the relevant facts, a
statement of law, and the submissions.” (Emphasis added.)
38. The Court has deemed these provisions “essential from the point
of view of legal security and the good administration of justice” (Certain
Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1992 , p. 267, para. 69). It has further observed
that they were already, in substance, part of the text of the Statute of the
Permanent Court of International Justice, adopted in 1920, and of the
text of the first Rules of that Court, adopted in 1922 (ibid.).
39. From these provisions, the Court has concluded that additional
claims formulated in the course of proceedings are inadmissible if they
would result, were they to be entertained, in transforming “the subject of
the dispute originally brought before [the Court] under the terms of the
Application” (Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and
Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , p. 695, para. 108). In this respect, it is the
Application which is relevant and the Memorial, “though it may eluci-
date the terms of the Application, must not go beyond the limits of the
claim as set out therein” (Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v.
Australia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1992 ,
p. 267, para. 69, citing the Order of the Permanent Court of 4 Febru-
ary 1933 in the case concerning Prince von Pless Administration (Order
of 4 February 1933, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 52 , p. 14)). A fortiori,a
claim formulated subsequent to the Memorial, as is the case here, cannot
transform the subject of the dispute as delimited by the terms of the
Application.
40. The Court has however also made clear that “the mere fact that a
claim is new is not in itself decisive for the issue of admissibility” and
that:
“In order to determine whether a new claim introduced during the
course of the proceedings is admissible [it] will need to consider
whether, ‘although formally a new claim, the claim in question can
21 être considérée comme étant matériellement incluse dans la demande
originelle»» (Différend territorial et maritime entre le Nicaragua et
le Honduras dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Honduras),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II) , p. 695, par. 110, citant partiellement
Certaines terres à phosphates à Nauru (Nauru c. Australie), excep-
tions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1992 , p. 265-266, par. 65).
41. En d’autres termes, la demande nouvelle n’est pas irrecevable
ipso facto ; ce qui est décisif, c’est la nature du lien entre cette demande et
celle qui est formulée dans la requête introductive.
A cet égard, la Cour a aussi eu l’occasion de préciser que, pour
conclure que la demande nouvelle était matériellement incluse dans la
demande originelle, «il ne suffit pas qu’existent entre elles des liens de
nature générale» (Différend territorial et maritime entre le Nicaragua et
le Honduras dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Honduras), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II) , p. 695, par. 110).
L’arrêt rendu en l’affaire relative à Certaines terres à phosphates à
Nauru (Nauru c. Australie) (exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Re-
cueil 1992) a dégagé deux critères alternatifs, en se référant d’ailleurs à
des affaires précédentes.
Il faut soit que la demande additionnelle soit implicitement contenue
dans la requête (comme c’était le cas de l’une des conclusions finales du
demandeur dans l’affaire du Temple de Préah Vihéar (Cambodge
c. Thaïlande) (voir fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1962 , p. 36)), soit que cette
demande découle directement de la question qui fait l’objet de la requête
(comme ce fut le cas de l’une des conclusions finales du Nicaragua dans
l’affaire du Différend territorial et maritime entre le Nicaragua et le Hon-
duras dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Honduras) précitée,
par. 114).
42. Ce sont ces critères que la Cour doit à présent mettre en Œuvre en
l’espèce, afin de déterminer si la demande de la Guinée relative aux faits
survenus en 1988-1989, qui est «formellement nouvelle» par rapport à la
demande initiale, est recevable.
43. Il ne paraît pas possible à la Cour de considérer que cette demande
était «implicitement contenue» dans la demande initiale telle qu’exposée
dans la requête. Si l’on met de côté les atteintes alléguées aux droits des
sociétés possédées par M. Diallo, relativement auxquelles la requête a été
jugée irrecevable par l’arrêt rendu sur les exceptions préliminaires, et les
atteintes aux droits propres de M. Diallo comme associé, dont il sera
question plus loin, la demande initiale portait sur les atteintes aux droits
individuels de M. Diallo qui auraient résulté, selon la Guinée, des mesu-
res d’arrestation, de détention et d’expulsion prises à son encontre en 1995-
1996. On ne voit pas comment des allégations relatives à d’autres mesures
d’arrestation et de détention, prises à un autre moment et dans un autre
contexte, pourraient être regardées comme «implicitement contenues»
dans la requête visant les faits de 1995-1996. Il en va d’autant plus ainsi
que les arrestations subies par M. Diallo en 1988-1989, d’abord, et
22 be considered as included in the original claim in substance’” (Ter-
ritorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in
the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2007 (II), p. 695, para. 110, in part quoting Certain Phos-
phate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1992 , pp. 265-266, para. 65).
41. In other words, a new claim is not inadmissible ipso facto ; the
decisive consideration is the nature of the connection between that claim
and the one formulated in the Application instituting proceedings.
In this regard the Court has also had the occasion to point out that, to
find that a new claim, as a matter of substance, has been included in the
original claim, “it is not sufficient that there should be links between
them of a general nature” (Territorial and Maritime Dispute between
Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , p. 695, para. 110).
Drawing upon earlier cases, the Judgment handed down in the case
concerning Certain Phosphate Lands in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia)
(Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1992) formulated
two alternative tests.
Either the additional claim must be implicit in the Application (as was
the case of one of the Applicant’s final submissions in the case concerning
Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (see the Judgment on
the merits, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 36)) or it must arise directly out of the
question which is the subject-matter of the Application (as was the case
of one of Nicaragua’s final submissions in the case concerning Territorial
and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean
Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) cited above, paragraph 114).
42. These are the tests the Court now has to apply in the present case
to determine whether Guinea’s claim in respect of the events in 1988-
1989, which is “formally new” vis-à-vis the initial claim, is admissible.
43. The Court finds itself unable to consider this claim as being
“implicit” in the original claim as set forth in the Application. Leaving
aside the alleged violations of rights belonging to the companies owned
by Mr. Diallo, in respect of which the Application was held inadmissible
in the Judgment rendered on the preliminary objections, and the viola-
tions of Mr. Diallo’s direct rights as associé, to be dealt with below, the
initial claim concerned violations of Mr. Diallo’s individual rights alleged
by Guinea to have resulted from the arrest, detention and expulsion
measures taken against him in 1995-1996. It is hard to see how allega-
tions concerning other arrest and detention measures, taken at a different
time and in different circumstances, could be regarded as “implicit” in
the Application concerned with the events in 1995-1996. This is especially
so given that the legal bases for Mr. Diallo’s arrests in 1988-1989, on the
one hand, and 1995-1996, on the other, were completely different. His
22en 1995-1996, ensuite, sont intervenues sur des bases juridiques complè-
tement différentes. Sa première détention a été subie dans le cadre d’une
enquête criminelle, ouverte par le parquet général de Kinshasa du chef
d’escroquerie. La seconde a été ordonnée aux fins de mettre à exécution
un décret d’expulsion, c’est-à-dire dans le cadre d’une procédure admi-
nistrative. Il en résulte, entre autres conséquences, que les règles interna-
tionales applicables — que la RDC est accusée d’avoir violées — sont
partiellement différentes, et que les voies de recours internes dont l’épui-
sement préalable conditionne en principe l’exercice de la protection diplo-
matique sont également de nature différente.
44. Ce dernier point mérite spécialement de retenir l’attention. Dès
lors que, comme il a été dit plus haut, la demande nouvelle n’a été intro-
duite qu’au stade de la réplique, la défenderesse n’était plus en mesure de
lui opposer des exceptions préliminaires, lesquelles ne pouvaient être pré-
sentées, selon les dispositions de l’article 79 du Règlement applicables à
l’instance, que dans le délai fixé pour le dépôt du contre-mémoire (et ne
er
peuvent l’être, selon les dispositions en vigueur depuis le 1 février 2001,
que dans les trois mois suivant le dépôt du mémoire). Or, le droit pour la
partie défenderesse de présenter des exceptions préliminaires, c’est-à-dire
des exceptions sur lesquelles la Cour est tenue de rendre un arrêt avant
que ne s’engage le débat au fond (voir Questions d’interprétation et
d’application de la convention de Montréal de 1971 résultant de l’incident
aérien de Lockerbie (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne c. Royaume-Uni), excep-
tions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998 , p. 26, par. 47), est un droit
procédural fondamental. Ce droit est lésé si l’Etat requérant présente une
demande matériellement nouvelle postérieurement au contre-mémoire,
c’est-à-dire à un moment où le défendeur peut encore soulever des objec-
tions à la recevabilité ou à la compétence, mais plus des exceptions pré-
liminaires. C’est encore plus vrai dans une affaire de protection diploma-
tique si, comme en l’espèce, la demande additionnelle se rapporte à des
faits au sujet desquels les voies de recours disponibles dans l’ordre interne
sont différentes de celles qui pouvaient être mises en Œuvre relativement
aux faits en cause dans la demande initiale.
45. On ne saurait donc dire que la demande additionnelle relative aux
faits de 1988-1989 était «implicitement contenue» dans la requête initiale.
46. Pour des raisons analogues, la Cour n’aperçoit aucune possibilité
de considérer la demande nouvelle comme «découlant directement de la
question qui fait l’objet de la requête». A l’évidence, le seul fait que deux
questions sont proches par leur objet, en ce sens qu’elles portent sur des
faits plus ou moins similaires et ont trait à des droits analogues, ne per-
met pas de conclure que l’une découle de l’autre. Au demeurant, comme
il a déjà été souligné, les faits en cause dans les détentions subies par
M. Diallo en 1988-1989 et en 1995-1996 sont d’une nature différente, le
cadre juridique de droit interne est distinct dans chaque cas, et les droits
garantis par le droit international sont loin de coïncider parfaitement. Il
serait d’autant plus insolite de regarder la demande relative aux faits
de 1988-1989 comme «découlant directement» de la question faisant
23first detention was carried out as part of a criminal investigation into
fraud opened by the Prosecutor’s Office in Kinshasa. The second was
ordered with a view to implementing an expulsion decree, that is to say,
as part of an administrative procedure. Among other consequences, it
follows that the applicable international rules — which the DRC is
accused of having violated — are different in part, and that the domestic
remedies on whose prior exhaustion the exercise of diplomatic protection
is as a rule contingent are also different in nature.
44. The last point deserves particular attention. Since, as noted above,
the new claim was introduced only at the Reply stage, the Respondent
was no longer able to assert preliminary objections to it, since such objec-
tions have to be submitted, under Article 79 of the Rules of Court as
applicable to these proceedings, within the time-limit fixed for the deliv-
ery of the Counter-Memorial (and, under that Article as in force since
1 February 2001, within three months following delivery of the Memo-
rial). A Respondent’s right to raise preliminary objections, that is to say,
objections which the Court is required to rule on before the debate on the
merits begins (see Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971
Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie
(Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998 , p. 26, para. 47), is a fundamental proce-
dural right. This right is infringed if the Applicant asserts a substantively
new claim after the Counter-Memorial, which is to say at a time when the
Respondent can still raise objections to admissibility and jurisdiction, but
not preliminary objections. This is especially so in a case involving dip-
lomatic protection if, as in the present instance, the new claim concerns
facts in respect of which the remedies available in the domestic system are
different from those which could be pursued in respect of the facts under-
lying the initial claim.
45. Thus, it cannot be said that the additional claim in respect of the
events in 1988-1989 was “implicit” in the initial Application.
46. For similar reasons, the Court sees no possibility of finding that
the new claim “arises directly out of the question which is the subject-
matter of the Application”. Obviously, the mere fact that two questions
are closely related in subject-matter, in that they concern more or less
comparable facts and similar rights, does not mean that one arises out of
the other. Moreover, as already observed, the facts involved in Mr. Dial-
lo’s detentions in 1988-1989 and in 1995-1996 are dissimilar in nature, the
domestic legal framework is different in each case and the rights guaran-
teed by international law are far from perfectly coincident. It would be
particularly odd to regard the claim concerning the events in 1988-1989
as “arising directly” out of the issue forming the subject-matter of the
Application in that the claim concerns facts, perfectly well known to
23l’objet de la requête que les faits auxquels se rapporte cette demande, et
qui étaient parfaitement connus de la Guinée à la date d’introduction de
la requête, sont bien antérieurs à ceux au sujet desquels la requête a été
présentée, dans sa partie relative à la violation alléguée des droits indivi-
duels de M. Diallo.
47. Pour l’ensemble des motifs qui précèdent, la Cour conclut que la
demande relative aux mesures d’arrestation et de détention dont M. Diallo
a fait l’objet en 1988-1989 est irrecevable.
48. Eu égard à la conclusion qui précède, il n’y a pas lieu pour la Cour
de se demander si la RDC a le droit, au stade actuel de la procédure,
d’opposer l’exception de non-épuisement des voies de recours internes
à la demande en question, ni, dans l’affirmative, si cette exception est
fondée.
B. La demande relative aux mesures d’arrestation, de détention
et d’expulsion prises à l’égard de M. Diallo en 1995-1996
1. Les faits
49. Certains des faits relatifs aux mesures d’arrestation, de détention et
d’expulsion prises à l’égard de M. Diallo entre octobre 1995 et jan-
vier 1996 sont admis par les deux Parties; d’autres, en revanche, sont
controversés.
50. Les faits sur lesquels les deux Parties sont d’accord sont les sui-
vants.
Un décret d’expulsion a été pris le 31 octobre 1995 à l’encontre de
M. Diallo. Ce décret, signé par le premier ministre du Zaïre, était ainsi
motivé: «la présence et la conduite [de M. Diallo] ont compromis et
continuent à compromettre l’ordre public zaïrois, spécialement en matière
économique, financière et monétaire».
Le 5 novembre 1995, à la suite de la décision précitée et en vue de sa
mise à exécution, M. Diallo a été arrêté et placé en détention dans les
locaux des services de l’immigration.
Le 10 janvier 1996, M. Diallo a été remis en liberté.
Le 31 janvier 1996, M. Diallo a été expulsé à destination d’Abidjan,
par un vol au départ de l’aéroport de Kinshasa. Il a reçu notification d’un
procès-verbal, établi le même jour, indiquant qu’il faisait l’objet d’une
mesure de «refoulement pour séjour irrégulier».
51. En revanche, les Parties divergent nettement en ce qui concerne,
d’une part, la situation de M. Diallo entre le 5 novembre 1995, date de sa
première arrestation, et sa remise en liberté du 10 janvier 1996, et, d’autre
part, sa situation pendant la période qui a séparé cette dernière date de
son expulsion effective le 31 janvier 1996.
En ce qui concerne la première période, la Guinée soutient que
M. Diallo est resté détenu de façon ininterrompue: il aurait ainsi subi une
détention de soixante-six jours d’affilée. La RDC soutient au contraire
que M. Diallo a été libéré dès le 7 novembre 1995 — soit deux jours après
24Guinea on the date the Application was filed, which long pre-date those
in respect of which the Application (in that part of it concerning the
alleged violation of Mr. Diallo’s individual rights) was presented.
47. For all of the reasons set out above, the Court finds that the claim
concerning the arrest and detention measures to which Mr. Diallo was
subject in 1988-1989 is inadmissible.
48. In light of the above finding, there is no need for the Court to con-
sider whether the DRC is entitled to raise, at this stage in the proceed-
ings, an objection to the claim in question based on the failure to exhaust
local remedies, or, if so, whether the objection would be warranted.
B. The Claim concerning the Arrest, Detention and Expulsion
Measures Taken against Mr. Diallo in 1995-1996
1. The facts
49. Some of the facts relating to the arrest, detention and expulsion
measures taken against Mr. Diallo between October 1995 and Janu-
ary 1996 are acknowledged by both Parties; others, in contrast, are in
dispute.
50. The facts on which the Parties are in agreement are as follows.
An expulsion decree was issued against Mr. Diallo on 31 October 1995.
This decree, signed by the Prime Minister of Zaire, stated that: “[the]
presence and personal conduct [of Mr. Diallo] have breached Zairean
public order, especially in the economic, financial and monetary areas,
and continue to do so”.
On 5 November 1995, further to the above-mentioned decision and
with a view to its implementation, Mr. Diallo was arrested and placed in
detention in the premises of the immigration service.
On 10 January 1996, Mr. Diallo was released.
On 31 January 1996, Mr. Diallo was expelled to Abidjan, on a flight
from Kinshasa airport. He was served with a notice, drawn up that day,
indicating that he was the subject of a “refoulement on account of unauth-
orized residence”.
51. However, the Parties disagree markedly concerning, on the one
hand, Mr. Diallo’s situation between 5 November 1995, when he was first
arrested, and his release on 10 January 1996, and, on the other hand, his
situation during the period between this latter date and his actual expul-
sion on 31 January 1996.
As regards the first of these periods, Guinea maintains that Mr. Diallo
remained continuously in detention: he is thus said to have been detained
for 66 consecutive days. In contrast, the DRC contends that Mr. Diallo
was released on 7 November 1995 — two days after his arrest — and
24son arrestation — et placé sous surveillance. Selon la RDC, ayant repris
ses activités nuisibles à l’ordre public, il aurait été arrêté à nouveau, à une
date non précisée mais en tout cas non antérieure au 2 janvier 1996. Il
aurait été remis en liberté une seconde fois le 10 janvier 1996, faute pour
le service de l’immigration de pouvoir trouver un vol en partance pour
Conakry dans le délai légal de huit jours suivant sa dernière arrestation.
Ainsi, selon la RDC, M. Diallo n’aurait été détenu, au cours de la pre-
mière période en cause, que deux jours une première fois et pas plus de
huit jours une seconde fois.
En ce qui concerne la période allant du 10 janvier au 31 janvier 1996,
la Guinée soutient que M. Diallo a été arrêté à nouveau le 14 jan-
vier 1996, sur ordre du premier ministre congolais visant à la mise à exé-
cution du décret d’expulsion, et maintenu en détention jusqu’à son renvoi
à l’aéroport de Kinshasa le 31 janvier suivant, soit pendant encore dix-
sept jours. La RDC, en revanche, affirme que M. Diallo est resté libre du
10 janvier au 25 janvier 1996, date à laquelle il a été interpellé pour être
expulsé quelques jours plus tard, le 31 du même mois.
52. Les Parties divergent aussi sur la manière dont M. Diallo a été
traité au cours de ses périodes de privation de liberté, encore que sur cet
aspect du différend le désaccord porte moins sur les faits eux-mêmes que
sur leur qualification. Selon la Guinée, M. Diallo aurait été détenu dans
des conditions précaires et pénibles, il n’aurait pu être nourri que grâce
aux visites que lui rendaient ses proches, et aurait subi des menaces de
mort de la part des personnes chargées d’assurer sa garde. La RDC
conteste ce dernier point; pour le surplus, elle soutient que les conditions
de détention de M. Diallo n’équivalaient pas à des traitements inhumains
et dégradants contraires au droit international.
*
53. En présence d’un désaccord entre les Parties portant sur la maté-
rialité des faits pertinents aux fins du jugement de l’affaire, la Cour doit
d’abord s’interroger sur la question de la charge de la preuve.
54. En règle générale, il appartient à la partie qui allègue un fait au
soutien de ses prétentions de faire la preuve de l’existence de ce fait (voir,
en dernier lieu, l’arrêt rendu en l’affaire relative à des Usines de pâte à
papier sur le fleuve Uruguay (Argentine c. Uruguay), arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2010 (I), p. 71, par. 162).
Mais on aurait tort de considérer cette règle, inspirée de l’adage onus
probandi incumbit actori , comme une règle absolue, applicable en toute
circonstance. L’établissement de la charge de la preuve dépend, en réalité,
de l’objet et de la nature de chaque différend soumis à la Cour; il varie en
fonction de la nature des faits qu’il est nécessaire d’établir pour les
besoins du jugement de l’affaire.
55. En particulier, lorsque, comme en l’espèce, il est allégué qu’une
personne n’a pas bénéficié, de la part d’une autorité publique, de cer-
taines garanties procédurales auxquelles elle avait droit, on ne saurait, en
25placed under surveillance. According to the DRC, having resumed his
activities in breach of public order, he was rearrested on an unspecified
date, but in any event not earlier than 2 January 1996. He is then said to
have been released for a second time on 10 January 1996, because the
immigration service could not find a flight leaving for Conakry within the
eight-day legal time-limit following his latest arrest. During the first
period in question, therefore, according to the DRC, Mr. Diallo was only
detained for two days in the first instance and subsequently for no longer
than eight days.
With regard to the period from 10 January to 31 January 1996, Guinea
maintains that Mr. Diallo was rearrested on 14 January 1996, on the
order of the Congolese Prime Minister for the purpose of effecting the
expulsion decree, and kept in detention until he was deported from Kin-
shasa airport on 31 January, i.e., for another 17 days. On the other hand,
the DRC asserts that Mr. Diallo remained at liberty from 10 January to
25 January 1996, on which date he was arrested prior to being expelled a
few days later, on 31 January.
52. The Parties also differ as to how Mr. Diallo was treated during the
periods when he was deprived of his liberty, although on this aspect of
the dispute the disagreement relates less to the facts themselves than to
their characterization. According to Guinea, Mr. Diallo was held in dire
and difficult conditions; he was only able to receive food because of the
visits from his next of kin; and he was subjected to death threats from the
persons responsible for guarding him. The DRC contests this final point;
for the rest, it maintains that the conditions of Mr. Diallo’s detention did
not amount to inhuman and degrading treatment in breach of interna-
tional law.
*
53. Faced with a disagreement between the Parties as to the existence
of the facts relevant to the decision of the case, the Court must first
address the question of the burden of proof.
54. As a general rule, it is for the party which alleges a fact in support
of its claims to prove the existence of that fact (see, most recently, the
Judgment delivered in the case concerning Pulp Mills on the River Uru-
guay (Argentina v. Uruguay), I.C.J. Reports 2010 (I) , p. 71, para. 162).
However, it would be wrong to regard this rule, based on the maxim
onus probandi incumbit actori , as an absolute one, to be applied in all
circumstances. The determination of the burden of proof is in reality
dependent on the subject-matter and the nature of each dispute brought
before the Court; it varies according to the type of facts which it is neces-
sary to establish for the purposes of the decision of the case.
55. In particular, where, as in these proceedings, it is alleged that a
person has not been afforded, by a public authority, certain procedural
guarantees to which he was entitled, it cannot as a general rule be dem-
25règle générale, exiger du demandeur qu’il prouve le fait négatif qu’il invo-
que. Une autorité publique est en général à même de démontrer qu’elle a
bien suivi les procédures appropriées et respecté les garanties exigées par
le droit — si tel a été le cas — en produisant des documents qui font la
preuve des actes qui ont été accomplis. Toutefois, on ne saurait déduire
dans tous les cas, de ce que le défendeur n’est pas à même de prouver
l’exécution d’une obligation procédurale, qu’il l’a méconnue: cela dépend
beaucoup de la nature exacte de l’obligation en cause; certaines suppo-
sent normalement l’établissement de documents écrits, d’autres non.
L’ancienneté des faits doit également être prise en compte.
56. C’est à la Cour qu’il appartient d’apprécier la valeur de l’ensemble
des éléments de preuve produits par les deux parties et dûment soumis au
débat contradictoire, en vue de parvenir à ses conclusions. En somme,
quand il s’agit d’établir des faits tels que ceux qui sont en cause dans la
présente affaire, aucune des parties ne supporte à elle seule la charge de la
preuve.
57. C’est en s’inspirant des considérations qui précèdent que la Cour
va à présent se prononcer sur les faits qui restent controversés entre les
Parties.
*
58. La Cour n’est pas convaincue par l’allégation de la RDC selon
laquelle M. Diallo aurait été libéré dès le 7 novembre 1995 pour n’être
arrêté à nouveau qu’au début du mois de janvier 1996, avant d’être
remis en liberté le 10 janvier. Cette appréciation s’appuie sur les raisons
suivantes.
Deux documents figurent au dossier, qui prouvent l’incarcération de
M. Diallo le 5 novembre 1995 et sa remise en liberté le 10 janvier 1996: il
s’agit du «billet d’écrou» portant la première de ces deux dates et du
«billet de mise en liberté» portant la seconde. S’il était vrai, comme le
prétend la RDC, qu’entre ces deux dates M. Diallo a été une première
fois libéré puis de nouveau arrêté, on ne comprendrait guère que la défen-
deresse ait été incapable de produire des documents administratifs — ou
quelque autre élément de preuve — de nature à établir la réalité de ces
faits. Il est vrai que le 30 novembre 1995, soit à une date à laquelle selon
la version des faits présentée par la RDC M. Diallo se trouvait en liberté,
alors que selon les allégations de la Guinée il était incarcéré, l’intéressé a
écrit une lettre au premier ministre et au ministre des finances zaïrois
pour leur transmettre les dossiers des créances revendiquées par ses socié-
tés, dans laquelle il ne fait pas référence à sa détention. Mais l’existence
de cette correspondance est loin de prouver, contrairement à ce que
soutient la RDC, que M. Diallo se trouvait à cette date en liberté. Il est
constant que M. Diallo a pu, au cours de ses périodes de privation de
liberté, largement communiquer avec l’extérieur, et qu’il n’était pas em-
26anded of the Applicant that it prove the negative fact which it is asser-
ting. A public authority is generally able to demonstrate that it has
followed the appropriate procedures and applied the guarantees required
by law — if such was the case — by producing documentary evidence of
the actions that were carried out. However, it cannot be inferred in every
case where the Respondent is unable to prove the performance of a pro-
cedural obligation that it has disregarded it: that depends to a large
extent on the precise nature of the obligation in question; some obliga-
tions normally imply that written documents are drawn up, while others
do not. The time which has elapsed since the events must also be taken
into account.
56. It is for the Court to evaluate all the evidence produced by the two
Parties and duly subjected to adversarial scrutiny, with a view to forming
its conclusions. In short, when it comes to establishing facts such as those
which are at issue in the present case, neither party is alone in bearing the
burden of proof.
57. It is on the basis of the considerations set out above that the Court
will now pronounce on the facts which remain in dispute between the
Parties.
*
58. The Court is not convinced by the DRC’s allegation that Mr. Diallo
was released as early as 7 November 1995 and then only rearrested at the
beginning of January 1996, before being freed again on 10 January. The
Court’s assessment is based on the following reasons.
There are two documents in the case file which prove that Mr. Diallo
was imprisoned on 5 November 1995 and freed again on 10 Janu-
ary 1996: these are the committal note (billet d’écrou) bearing the first of
these two dates and the release document (billet de mise en liberté) which
bears the second. If it were true, as the DRC claims, that between these
two dates Mr. Diallo was released for the first time and then rearrested,
it is hardly comprehensible that the Respondent has been unable to pro-
duce any administrative documents — or any other piece of evidence —
to establish the reality of those events. It is true that on 30 Novem-
ber 1995 — a date when Mr. Diallo was at liberty according to the
DRC’s version of the facts, whereas according to Guinea’s allegations, he
was in prison — he wrote a letter to the Zairean Prime Minister and Min-
ister of Finance transmitting to them the files concerning the debts
claimed by his companies, in which he makes no reference to his deten-
tion. But the existence of this correspondence far from proves, contrary
to the assertions of the DRC, that Mr. Diallo was at liberty on that date.
It is a fact that, during the periods when he was deprived of his liberty,
Mr. Diallo was largely able to communicate with the outside world, and
26pêché de correspondre par courrier. La lettre du 30 novembre 1995 n’est
donc aucunement décisive.
59. En conséquence, la Cour conclut que M. Diallo est resté détenu
du 5 novembre 1995 au 10 janvier 1996, soit soixante-six jours sans inter-
ruption.
60. En revanche, la Cour ne retient pas l’affirmation de la demande-
resse selon laquelle M. Diallo aurait été à nouveau arrêté le 14 jan-
vier 1996 et serait demeuré détenu jusqu’à son expulsion le 31 janvier
suivant. Cette allégation, contestée par la défenderesse, n’est étayée par
aucun commencement de preuve; la Cour observe d’ailleurs que dans
la procédure écrite la Guinée avait situé la date de cette prétendue arres-
tation au 17 et non au 14 janvier. La Cour ne saurait donc tenir pour
établie la seconde période de détention d’une durée de dix-sept jours
invoquée par la demanderesse. Toutefois, la RDC ayant admis que
M. Diallo se trouvait détenu, au plus tard, le 25 janvier 1996, la Cour
tiendra pour établi que l’intéressé a été détenu entre le 25 et le 31 janvier
1996.
61. Pas davantage la Cour ne peut-elle retenir les allégations de mena-
ces de mort qui auraient été proférées à l’encontre de M. Diallo par ses
gardiens, faute pour ces allégations d’être étayées par un quelconque
commencement de preuve.
62. En ce qui concerne la question du respect par les autorités de la
RDC de leurs obligations au titre de l’article 36, paragraphe 1, alinéa b),
de la convention de Vienne sur les relations consulaires, les faits perti-
nents seront examinés plus loin, lorsque la Cour abordera cette question
(voir paragraphes 90-97 ci-après).
2. L’examen des faits au regard du droit international applicable
63. La Guinée soutient que les conditions dans lesquelles M. Diallo a
été arrêté, détenu et expulsé en 1995-1996 constituent une méconnais-
sance par la RDC de ses obligations internationales à plusieurs titres.
En premier lieu, l’expulsion de M. Diallo aurait méconnu l’article 13
du Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques (ci-après le
«Pacte») du 16 décembre 1966, auquel la Guinée et la RDC sont deve-
nues parties respectivement le 24 avril 1978 et le 1 février 1977, ainsi que
l’article 12, paragraphe 4, de la Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et
des peuples (ci-après la «Charte africaine») du 27 juin 1981, entrée en
vigueur pour la Guinée le 21 octobre 1986, et pour la RDC le 28 octo-
bre 1987.
En deuxième lieu, l’arrestation et la détention de M. Diallo auraient
violé l’article 9, paragraphes 1 et 2, du Pacte, ainsi que l’article 6 de la
Charte africaine.
En troisième lieu, M. Diallo aurait subi des conditions de détention
assimilables à des traitements inhumains ou dégradants prohibés par le
droit international.
En quatrième lieu et enfin, M. Diallo n’aurait pas été informé, lors de
27that he was not prevented from engaging in written correspondence. The
letter of 30 November 1995 is therefore in no way conclusive.
59. Accordingly, the Court concludes that Mr. Diallo remained in
continuous detention for 66 days, from 5 November 1995 to 10 Janu-
ary 1996.
60. On the other hand, the Court does not accept the Applicant’s
assertion that Mr. Diallo was rearrested on 14 January 1996 and remained
in detention until he was expelled on 31 January. This claim, which is
contested by the Respondent, is not supported by any evidence at all; the
Court also observes that, in the written proceedings, Guinea stated the
date of this alleged arrest to be 17 and not 14 January. The Court there-
fore cannot regard the second period of detention claimed by the Appli-
cant, lasting 17 days, as having been established. However, since the
DRC has acknowledged that Mr. Diallo was detained, at the latest, on
25 January 1996, the Court will take it as established that he was in
detention between 25 and 31 January 1996.
61. Nor can the Court accept the allegations of death threats said to
have been made against Mr. Diallo by his guards, in the absence of any
evidence in support of these allegations.
62. As regards the question of compliance of the authorities of the
DRC with their obligations under Article 36 (1) (b) of the Vienna Con-
vention on Consular Relations, the relevant facts will be examined at a
later stage, when the Court deals with that question (see paragraphs 90-97
below).
2. Consideration of the facts in the light of the applicable international law
63. Guinea maintains that the circumstances in which Mr. Diallo was
arrested, detained and expelled in 1995-1996 constitute in several respects
a breach by the DRC of its international obligations.
First, the expulsion of Mr. Diallo is said to have breached Article 13 of
the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (hereinafter the
“Covenant”) of 16 December 1966, to which Guinea and the DRC
became parties on 24 April 1978 and 1 February 1977 respectively, as
well as Article 12, paragraph 4, of the African Charter on Human and
Peoples’ Rights (hereinafter the “African Charter”) of 27 June 1981,
which entered into force for Guinea on 21 October 1986, and for the
DRC on 28 October 1987.
Second, Mr. Diallo’s arrest and detention are said to have violated
Article 9, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the Covenant, and Article 6 of the Afri-
can Charter.
Third, Mr. Diallo is said to have suffered conditions in detention com-
parable to forms of inhuman or degrading treatment that are prohibited
by international law.
Fourth and last, Mr. Diallo is said not to have been informed, when he
27son arrestation, de son droit à solliciter l’assistance consulaire de son
pays, en violation de l’article 36, paragraphe 1, alinéa b), de la conven-
tion de Vienne sur les relations consulaires du 24 avril 1963, entrée en
vigueur à l’égard de la Guinée le 30 juillet 1988 et à l’égard de la RDC le
14 août 1976.
La Cour examinera successivement le bien-fondé de chacune de ces
assertions.
a) La violation alléguée de l’article 13 du Pacte et de l’article 12, para-
graphe 4, de la Charte africaine
64. L’article 13 du Pacte est ainsi rédigé:
«Un étranger qui se trouve légalement sur le territoire d’un Etat
partie au présent Pacte ne peut en être expulsé qu’en exécution d’une
décision prise conformément à la loi et, à moins que des raisons
impérieuses de sécurité nationale ne s’y opposent, il doit avoir la
possibilité de faire valoir les raisons qui militent contre son expulsion
et de faire examiner son cas par l’autorité compétente, ou par une ou
plusieurs personnes spécialement désignées par ladite autorité, en se
faisant représenter à cette fin.»
En termes voisins, l’article 12, paragraphe 4, de la Charte africaine dis-
pose que:
«L’étranger légalement admis sur le territoire d’un Etat partie à la
présente Charte ne pourra en être expulsé qu’en vertu d’une décision
conforme à la loi.»
65. Il résulte des termes mêmes des deux dispositions précitées que
l’expulsion d’un étranger qui se trouve légalement sur le territoire d’un
Etat partie à ces instruments ne peut être compatible avec les obligations
internationales de cet Etat qu’à la condition qu’elle soit prononcée confor-
mément à «la loi», c’est-à-dire au droit national applicable en la matière.
Le respect du droit interne conditionne ici, dans une certaine mesure,
celui du droit international. Mais il est clair que, si la «conformité à la
loi» ainsi définie est une condition nécessaire du respect des dispositions
précitées, elle n’en est pas la condition suffisante. D’une part, il faut que
la loi nationale applicable soit elle-même compatible avec les autres exi-
gences du Pacte et de la Charte africaine; d’autre part, une expulsion ne
doit pas revêtir un caractère arbitraire, la protection contre l’arbitraire
étant au cŒur des droits garantis par les normes internationales de pro-
tection des droits de l’homme, notamment celles contenues dans les deux
traités applicables en l’espèce.
66. L’interprétation qui précède est pleinement corroborée par la juris-
prudence du Comité des droits de l’homme institué par le Pacte en vue de
veiller au respect de cet instrument par leo Etats parties (voir, par exem-
ple, en ce sens: Maroufidou c. Suède,n 58/1979, par. 9.3; Comité des
28was arrested, of his right to request consular assistance from his country,
in violation of Article 36 (1) (b) of the Vienna Convention on Consular
Relations of 24 April 1963, which entered into force for Guinea on
30 July 1988 and for the DRC on 14 August 1976.
The Court will examine in turn whether each of these assertions is well-
founded.
(a) The alleged violation of Article 13 of the Covenant and Article 12,
paragraph 4, of the African Charter
64. Article 13 of the Covenant reads as follows:
“An alien lawfully in the territory of a State party to the present
Covenant may be expelled therefrom only in pursuance of a decision
reached in accordance with law and shall, except where compelling
reasons of national security otherwise require, be allowed to submit
the reasons against his expulsion and to have his case reviewed by,
and be represented for the purpose before, the competent authority
or a person or persons especially designated by the competent author-
ity.”
Likewise, Article 12, paragraph 4, of the African Charter provides that:
“A non-national legally admitted in a territory of a State party to
the present Charter, may only be expelled from it by virtue of a deci-
sion taken in accordance with the law.”
65. It follows from the terms of the two provisions cited above that the
expulsion of an alien lawfully in the territory of a State which is a party
to these instruments can only be compatible with the international
obligations of that State if it is decided in accordance with “the law”, in
other words the domestic law applicable in that respect. Compliance with inter-
national law is to some extent dependent here on compliance with internal
law. However, it is clear that while “accordance with law” as thus
defined is a necessary condition for compliance with the above-mentioned
provisions, it is not the sufficient condition. First, the applicable domestic
law must itself be compatible with the other requirements of the
Covenant and the African Charter; second, an expulsion must not be
arbitrary in nature, since protection against arbitrary treatment lies at the
heart of the rights guaranteed by the international norms protecting
human rights, in particular those set out in the two treaties applicable in
this case.
66. The interpretation above is fully corroborated by the jurisprudence
of the Human Rights Committee established by the Covenant to ensure
compliance with that instrument by the States parties (see for example, in
this respect,Maroufidou v. Sweden, No. 58/1979, para. 9.3;Human Rights
28droits de l’homme, observation générale n o 15: situation des étran-
gers au regard du Pacte).
Le Comité des droits de l’homme a, depuis sa création, développé une
jurisprudence interprétative considérable, notamment à l’occasion des
constatations auxquelles il procède en réponse aux communications indi-
viduelles qui peuvent lui être adressées à l’égard des Etats parties au pre-
mier Protocole facultatif, ainsi que dans le cadre de ses «Observations
générales».
Bien que la Cour ne soit aucunement tenue, dans l’exercice de ses fonc-
tions judiciaires, de conformer sa propre interprétation du Pacte à celle
du Comité, elle estime devoir accorder une grande considération à l’inter-
prétation adoptée par cet organe indépendant, spécialement établi en vue
de superviser l’application de ce traité. Il en va de la nécessaire clarté et
de l’indispensable cohérence du droit international; il en va aussi de la
sécurité juridique, qui est un droit pour les personnes privées bénéficiaires
des droits garantis comme pour les Etats tenus au respect des obligations
conventionnelles.
67. De même, lorsque la Cour est appelée, comme en l’espèce, à faire
application d’un instrument régional de protection des droits de l’homme,
elle doit tenir dûment compte de l’interprétation dudit instrument adopté
par les organes indépendants qui ont été spécialement créés, si tel a été le
cas, en vue de contrôler la bonne application du traité en cause. En
l’espèce, l’interprétation de l’article 12, paragraphe 4, de la Charte afri-
caine qui est retenue ci-dessus est conforme à la jurisprudence de la com-
mission africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples, instituée par l’arti-
cle 30 de ladite Charte (voir, par exemple: Kenneth Good c. République
du Botswana,n o 313/05, par. 204; Organisation mondiale contre la tor-
ture et Association internationale des juristes démocrates, Commission
internationale des juristes, Union interafricaine des droits de l’homme
os
c. Rwanda, n 27/89, 46/91, 49/91, 99/93).
68. La Cour note en outre que l’interprétation, par la Cour euro-
péenne des droits de l’homme et la Cour interaméricaine des droits de
l’homme, de l’article premier du protocole n 7 et de l’article 22, para-
graphe 6, respectivement, à la convention (européenne) de sauvegarde des
droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales et de la convention amé-
ricaine relative aux droits de l’homme — dont les dispositions sont pro-
ches, en substance, de celles du Pacte et de la Charte africaine que la
Cour applique en la présente espèce — est en cohérence avec ce qui a été
dit, au paragraphe 65 ci-dessus, à propos de ces dernières dispositions.
69. Selon la Guinée, la décision d’expulsion prise à l’encontre de
M. Diallo a d’abord méconnu l’article 13 du Pacte et l’article 12, para-
graphe 4, de la Charte africaine parce qu’elle n’a pas été prise en confor-
mité avec le droit interne congolais pour trois raisons: elle aurait dû être
signée par le président de la République et non par le premier ministre;
elle aurait dû être précédée de la consultation de la commission nationale
d’immigration; elle aurait dû exprimer les motifs de l’expulsion, ce qu’elle
n’a pas fait.
29Committee, General Comment No. 15: The Position of Aliens under
the Covenant).
Since it was created, the Human Rights Committee has built up a
considerable body of interpretative case law, in particular through its
findings in response to the individual communications which may be sub-
mitted to it in respect of States parties to the first Optional Protocol, and
in the form of its “General Comments”.
Although the Court is in no way obliged, in the exercise of its judicial
functions, to model its own interpretation of the Covenant on that of the
Committee, it believes that it should ascribe great weight to the interpre-
tation adopted by this independent body that was established specifically
to supervise the application of that treaty. The point here is to achieve
the necessary clarity and the essential consistency of international law, as
well as legal security, to which both the individuals with guaranteed
rights and the States obliged to comply with treaty obligations are enti-
tled.
67. Likewise, when the Court is called upon, as in these proceedings,
to apply a regional instrument for the protection of human rights, it must
take due account of the interpretation of that instrument adopted by the
independent bodies which have been specifically created, if such has been
the case, to monitor the sound application of the treaty in question. In
the present case, the interpretation given above of Article 12, para-
graph 4, of the African Charter is consonant with the case law of the
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights established by Arti-
cle 30 of the said Charter (see, for example, Kenneth Good v. Republic of
Botswana, No. 313/05, para. 204; World Organization against Torture
and International Association of Democratic Lawyers, International Com-
mission of Jurists, Inter-African Union for Human Rights v. Rwanda,
No. 27/89, 46/91, 49/91, 99/93).
68. The Court also notes that the interpretation by the European
Court of Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights,
respectively, of Article 1 of Protocol No. 7 to the (European) Convention
for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and
Article 22, paragraph 6, of the American Convention on Human Rights —
the said provisions being close in substance to those of the Covenant and
the African Charter which the Court is applying in the present case — is
consistent with what has been found in respect of the latter provisions in
paragraph 65 above.
69. According to Guinea, the decision to expel Mr. Diallo first breached
Article 13 of the Covenant and Article 12, paragraph 4, of the African
Charter because it was not taken in accordance with Congolese domestic
law, for three reasons: it should have been signed by the President of the
Republic and not by the Prime Minister; it should have been preceded by
consultation of the National Immigration Board; and it should have
indicated the grounds for the expulsion, which it failed to do.
29 70. La Cour n’est pas convaincue par le premier argument. Il est vrai
que l’article 15 de l’ordonnance-loi zaïroise du 12 septembre 1983 relative
à la police des étrangers, dans sa rédaction alors en vigueur, confiait au
président de la République, et non au premier ministre, le pouvoir
d’expulser un étranger. Mais la RDC expose que, depuis l’entrée en
vigueur de l’acte constitutionnel du 9 avril 1994, les pouvoirs conférés par
des dispositions législatives particulières au président de la République
ont été considérés comme transférés au premier ministre — alors même
que ces dispositions n’auraient pas été formellement modifiées — en vertu
de l’article 80, deuxième alinéa, de la nouvelle Constitution, qui prévoit
que «le premier ministre exerce le pouvoir réglementaire par voie de
décrets délibérés en Conseil des ministres».
La Cour rappelle qu’il appartient à chaque Etat, au premier chef,
d’interpréter son droit interne. La Cour n’a pas, en principe, le pouvoir
de substituer sa propre interprétation à celle des autorités nationales,
notamment lorsque cette interprétation émane des plus hautes juridic- o
tions internes (voir, pour ce dernier cas, Emprunts serbes, arrêt n 14,
1929, C.P.J.I. série A n o 20, p. 46, et Emprunts brésiliens, arrêt n o 15,
1929, C.P.J.I. série A n 21, p. 124 ). Exceptionnellement, si un Etat pro-
pose de son droit interne une interprétation manifestement erronée,
notamment afin d’en tirer avantage dans une affaire pendante, il appar-
tient à la Cour de retenir l’interprétation qui lui paraît correcte.
71. Tel n’est pas le cas en l’espèce. L’interprétation de sa Constitution
présentée par la RDC, d’où il résulte que l’article 80, deuxième alinéa,
produit certains effets sur les lois déjà en vigueur à la date d’adoption de
ladite Constitution, ne paraît pas manifestement erronée. Il n’a pas été
contesté que ladite interprétation a bien correspondu, à l’époque consi-
dérée, à la pratique générale des pouvoirs publics constitutionnels. La
RDC a versé au dossier, à cet égard, plusieurs autres décrets d’expulsion
pris à la même époque et tous signés par le premier ministre. Dès lors,
même s’il serait théoriquement possible de discuter le bien-fondé de cette
interprétation, il n’appartient certainement pas à la Cour d’adopter, pour
les besoins du jugement de la présente affaire, une interprétation diffé-
rente du droit interne congolais. On ne saurait donc conclure que le
décret d’expulsion de M. Diallo n’a pas été pris «conformément à la loi»
pour la raison qu’il a été signé par le premier ministre.
72. En revanche, la Cour est d’avis que ce décret n’a pas respecté les
prescriptions de la législation congolaise pour deux autres raisons.
En premier lieu, il n’a pas été précédé de la consultation de la commis-
sion nationale d’immigration, dont l’avis est requis par l’article 16 de
l’ordonnance-loi susmentionnée sur la police des étrangers avant toute
mesure d’expulsion prise à l’encontre d’un étranger titulaire d’une carte
de résidence. La RDC n’a contesté ni que la situation de M. Diallo le
faisait entrer dans le champ d’application de cette disposition, ni que la
consultation de la commission a été omise. Cette omission est corroborée
par l’absence de visa de l’avis de la commission dans le décret, alors que
tous les autres décrets d’expulsion versés au dossier visent expressément
30 70. The Court is not convinced by the first of these arguments. It is
true that Article 15 of the Zairean Legislative Order of 12 Septem-
ber 1983 concerning immigration control, in the version in force at the
time, conferred on the President of the Republic, and not the Prime Min-
ister, the power to expel an alien. However, the DRC explains that since
the entry into force of the Constitutional Act of 9 April 1994, the powers
conferred by particular legislative provisions on the President of the
Republic are deemed to have been transferred to the Prime Minister —
even though such provisions have not been formally amended — under
Article 80 (2) of the new Constitution, which provides that “the Prime
Minister shall exercise regulatory power by means of decrees deliberated
upon in the Council of Ministers”.
The Court recalls that it is for each State, in the first instance, to inter-
pret its own domestic law. The Court does not, in principle, have the
power to substitute its own interpretation for that of the national authori-
ties, especially when that interpretation is given by the highest national
courts (see, for this latter case, Serbian Loans, Judgment No. 14, 1929,
P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 20 ,p.46and Brazilian Loans, Judgment No. 15,
1929, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 21 , p. 124). Exceptionally, where a State
puts forward a manifestly incorrect interpretation of its domestic law,
particularly for the purpose of gaining an advantage in a pending case, it
is for the Court to adopt what it finds to be the proper interpretation.
71. That is not the situation here. The DRC’s interpretation of its
Constitution, from which it follows that Article 80 (2) produces certain
effects on the laws already in force on the date when that Constitution
was adopted, does not seem manifestly incorrect. It has not been con-
tested that this interpretation corresponded, at the time in question, to
the general practice of the constitutional authorities. The DRC has
included in the case file, in this connection, a number of other expulsion
decrees issued at the same time and all signed by the Prime Minister.
Consequently, although it would be possible in theory to discuss the
validity of that interpretation, it is certainly not for the Court to adopt a
different interpretation of Congolese domestic law for the purposes of the
decision of this case. It therefore cannot be concluded that the decree
expelling Mr. Diallo was not issued “in accordance with law” by virtue of
the fact that it was signed by the Prime Minister.
72. However, the Court is of the opinion that this decree did not com-
ply with the provisions of Congolese law for two other reasons.
First, it was not preceded by consultation of the National Immigration
Board, whose opinion is required by Article 16 of the above-mentioned
Legislative Order concerning immigration control before any expulsion
measure is taken against an alien holding a residence permit. The DRC
has not contested either that Mr. Diallo’s situation placed him within the
scope of this provision, or that consultation of the Board was neglected.
This omission is confirmed by the absence in the decree of a citation men-
tioning the Board’s opinion, whereas all the other expulsion decrees
included in the case file specifically cite such an opinion, in accordance
30un tel avis, conformément d’ailleurs au même article 16 de l’ordonnance-
loi, qui dispose in fine que la décision «fait mention de la consultation de
la commission».
En deuxième lieu, le décret d’expulsion aurait dû être «motivé» en
vertu de l’article 15 de l’ordonnance-loi de 1983, c’est-à-dire indiquer les
motifs de la décision prise. Or, force est de constater que la motivation
générale et stéréotypée figurant dans le décret ne saurait être d’aucune
manière regardée comme satisfaisant aux exigences de la législation. Le
décret se borne à indiquer que «la présence et la conduite [de M. Diallo]
ont compromis et continuent à compromettre l’ordre public zaïrois, spé-
cialement en matière économique, financière et monétaire». La première
partie de cette phrase ne fait que paraphraser la condition légale de toute
mesure d’expulsion selon le droit congolais, puisque l’article 15 de l’ordon-
nance-loi de 1983 permet l’expulsion d’un étranger «qui, par sa présence
ou par sa conduite, compromet ou menace de compromettre la tranquil-
lité ou l’ordre public». Quant à la seconde partie, elle apporte certes un
complément, mais d’une nature tellement vague qu’il ne permet pas du
tout de savoir en raison de quelles activités la présence de M. Diallo a été
estimée propre à menacer l’ordre public (dans le même sens, mutatis
mutandis, voirCertaines questions concernant l’entraide judiciaire en matière
pénale (Djibouti c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008 , p. 231, par. 152).
La formule employée par l’auteur du décret équivaut donc à une
absence de motivation de la mesure d’expulsion.
73. La Cour conclut donc que sur deux points importants, relatifs à
des garanties procédurales conférées aux étrangers par le droit congolais,
et qui visent à protéger les personnes concernées contre le risque d’arbi-
traire, l’expulsion de M. Diallo n’a pas été prononcée «conformément à
la loi».
En conséquence, indépendamment de la question de savoir si cette
expulsion était justifiée sur le fond, question sur laquelle la Cour revien-
dra dans la suite du présent arrêt, la mesure litigieuse a violé l’article 13
du Pacte et l’article 12, paragraphe 4, de la Charte africaine.
74. En outre, la Cour estime que la Guinée est fondée à soutenir que le
droit reconnu par l’article 13 à l’étranger qui est sous le coup d’une
mesure d’expulsion de «faire valoir les raisons qui militent contre son
expulsion et de faire examiner son cas par l’autorité compétente» n’a pas
été respecté dans le cas de M. Diallo.
Il est constant, en effet, que ni avant la signature du décret d’expulsion
du 31 octobre 1995, ni postérieurement à cette signature mais avant la
mise à exécution dudit décret le 31 janvier 1996, M. Diallo n’a été mis en
mesure de faire valoir sa défense devant une autorité publique compé-
tente pour prendre en considération ses arguments et décider de la suite
appropriée qu’il convenait de leur donner.
Certes, comme la RDC l’a relevé, l’article 13 du Pacte fait une excep-
tion au droit pour l’étranger de faire valoir ses raisons dans le cas où «des
raisons impérieuses de sécurité nationale» s’y opposent. La défenderesse
soutient que tel était précisément le cas en l’espèce. Mais elle n’a fourni à
31with Article 16 of the Legislative Order, moreover, which concludes by
stipulating that the decision “shall mention the fact that the Board was
consulted”.
Second, the expulsion decree should have been “reasoned” pursuant to
Article 15 of the 1983 Legislative Order; in other words, it should have
indicated the grounds for the decision taken. The fact is that the general,
stereotyped reasoning included in the decree cannot in any way be
regarded as meeting the requirements of the legislation. The decree con-
fines itself to stating that the “presence and conduct [of Mr. Diallo] have
breached Zairean public order, especially in the economic, financial and
monetary areas, and continue to do so”. The first part of this sentence
simply paraphrases the legal basis for any expulsion measure according
to Congolese law, since Article 15 of the 1983 Legislative Order permits
the expulsion of any alien “who, by his presence or conduct, breaches or
threatens to breach the peace or public order”. As for the second part,
while it represents an addition, this is so vague that it is impossible to
know on the basis of which activities the presence of Mr. Diallo was
deemed to be a threat to public order (in the same sense, mutatis mutandis,
see Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti
v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 231, para. 152).
The formulation used by the author of the decree therefore amounts to
an absence of reasoning for the expulsion measure.
73. The Court thus concludes that in two important respects, concern-
ing procedural guarantees conferred on aliens by Congolese law and
aimed at protecting the persons in question against the risk of arbitrary
treatment, the expulsion of Mr. Diallo was not decided “in accordance
with law”.
Consequently, regardless of whether that expulsion was justified on the
merits, a question to which the Court will return later in this Judgment,
the disputed measure violated Article 13 of the Covenant and Article 12,
paragraph 4, of the African Charter.
74. Furthermore, the Court considers that Guinea is justified in con-
tending that the right afforded by Article 13 to an alien who is subject to
an expulsion measure to “submit the reasons against his expulsion and to
have his case reviewed by . . . the competent authority” was not respected
in the case of Mr. Diallo.
It is indeed certain that, neither before the expulsion decree was signed
on 31 October 1995, nor subsequently but before the said decree was
implemented on 31 January 1996, was Mr. Diallo allowed to submit his
defence to a competent authority in order to have his arguments taken
into consideration and a decision made on the appropriate response to be
given to them.
It is true, as the DRC has pointed out, that Article 13 of the Covenant
provides for an exception to the right of an alien to submit his reasons
where “compelling reasons of national security” require otherwise. The
Respondent maintains that this was precisely the case here. However, it
31la Cour aucun élément tangible de nature à établir l’existence de ces «rai-
sons impérieuses». Sans doute est-ce en principe aux autorités nationales
qu’il appartient d’apprécier les motifs d’ordre public qui peuvent justifier
l’adoption de telle ou telle mesure de police. Mais, lorsqu’il s’agit d’écar-
ter une importante garantie procédurale prévue par un traité internatio-
nal, on ne saurait s’en remettre purement et simplement à l’Etat en cause
quant à l’appréciation des conditions qui permettent d’écarter, de manière
exceptionnelle, ladite garantie. Il appartient à l’Etat de démontrer que les
«raisons impérieuses» exigées par le Pacte existaient, ou à tout le moins
que l’on pouvait conclure raisonnablement qu’elles existaient compte
tenu des circonstances qui entouraient la mesure d’expulsion.
En l’espèce, une telle démonstration n’a pas été faite par la défende-
resse.
Pour ce motif également, la Cour conclut que l’article 13 du Pacte a été
violé eu égard aux conditions dans lesquelles M. Diallo a été expulsé.
b) La violation alléguée de l’article 9, paragraphes 1 et 2, du Pacte et
de l’article 6 de la Charte africaine
75. Aux termes de l’article 9, paragraphes 1 et 2, du Pacte:
«1. Tout individu a droit à la liberté et à la sécurité de sa per-
sonne. Nul ne peut faire l’objet d’une arrestation ou d’une détention
arbitraire. Nul ne peut être privé de sa liberté, si ce n’est pour des
motifs et conformément à la procédure prévus par la loi.
2. Tout individu arrêté sera informé, au moment de son arresta-
tion, des raisons de cette arrestation et recevra notification, dans le
plus court délai, de toute accusation portée contre lui.»
Aux termes de l’article 6 de la Charte africaine:
«Tout individu a droit à la liberté et à la sécurité de sa personne.
Nul ne peut être privé de sa liberté sauf pour des motifs et dans des
conditions préalablement déterminés par la loi; en particulier nul ne
peut être arrêté ou détenu arbitrairement.»
76. Selon la Guinée, les dispositions précitées ont été violées à l’occa-
sion des arrestations et de la détention de M. Diallo en 1995-1996 aux
fins de l’exécution du décret d’expulsion, pour plusieurs raisons.
En premier lieu, les privations de liberté qu’il a subies n’ont pas eu lieu
«conformément à la procédure prévu[e] par la loi» au sens de l’article 9,
paragraphe 1, du Pacte, ni «dans [les] conditions préalablement détermi-
né[e]s par la loi» au sens de l’article 6 de la Charte africaine.
En deuxième lieu, ces privations de liberté étaient «arbitraires» au sens
de ces dispositions.
En troisième lieu, M. Diallo n’a pas été, au moment de ses arrestations,
32has not provided the Court with any tangible information that might
establish the existence of such “compelling reasons”. In principle, it is
doubtless for the national authorities to consider the reasons of public
order that may justify the adoption of one police measure or another. But
when this involves setting aside an important procedural guarantee pro-
vided for by an international treaty, it cannot simply be left in the hands
of the State in question to determine the circumstances which, exception-
ally, allow that guarantee to be set aside. It is for the State to demon-
strate that the “compelling reasons” required by the Covenant existed, or
at the very least could reasonably have been concluded to have existed,
taking account of the circumstances which surrounded the expulsion
measure.
In the present case, no such demonstration has been provided by the
Respondent.
On these grounds too, the Court concludes that Article 13 of the Cov-
enant was violated in respect of the circumstances in which Mr. Diallo
was expelled.
(b) The alleged violation of Article 9, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the
Covenant and Article 6 of the African Charter
75. Article 9, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the Covenant provides that:
“1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No
one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention. No one shall
be deprived of his liberty except on such grounds and in accordance
with such procedure as are established by law.
2. Anyone who is arrested shall be informed, at the time of arrest,
of the reasons for his arrest and shall be promptly informed of any
charges against him.”
Article 6 of the African Charter provides that:
“Every individual shall have the right to liberty and to the security
of his person. No one may be deprived of his freedom except for rea-
sons and conditions previously laid down by law. In particular, no
one may be arbitrarily arrested or detained.”
76. According to Guinea, the above-mentioned provisions were vio-
lated when Mr. Diallo was arrested and detained in 1995-1996 for the
purpose of implementing the expulsion decree, for a number of reasons.
First, the deprivations of liberty which he suffered did not take place
“in accordance with such procedure as [is] established by law” within the
meaning of Article 9, paragraph 1, of the Covenant, or on the basis of
“conditions previously laid down by law” within the meaning of Article 6
of the African Charter.
Second, they were “arbitrary” within the meaning of these provisions.
Third, Mr. Diallo was not informed, at the time of his arrests, of the
32informé des raisons de celles-ci, ni n’a reçu notification des accusations
portées contre lui, ce qui a constitué une violation de l’article 9, paragra-
phe 2, du Pacte.
La Cour examinera successivement le bien-fondé de chacune de ces
assertions.
77. Au préalable, il y a lieu de faire une remarque d’ordre général. Les
dispositions de l’article 9, paragraphes 1 et 2, du Pacte, ainsi que celles de
l’article 6 de la Charte africaine, s’appliquent en principe à toute forme
d’arrestation et de détention décidée et exécutée par une autorité publi-
que, quelles que soient sa base juridique et la finalité qu’elle poursuit
(voir en ce sens, en ce qui concerne le Pacte, l’observation générale du
o
Comité des droits de l’homme n 8, du 30 juin 1982, relative au droit à la
liberté et à la sécurité de la oersonne (Comité des droits de l’homme,
Pacte, observation générale n 8: article 9 (droit à la liberté et à la sécu-
rité de la personne))). Ces dispositions n’ont donc pas un champ d’appli-
cation limité aux procédures pénales; elles s’appliquent aussi, en principe,
aux mesures privatives de liberté prises dans le cadre d’une procédure
administrative, telles que celles qui peuvent être nécessaires dans le but de
mettre à exécution une mesure d’éloignement forcé d’un étranger du ter-
ritoire national. Dans cette dernière hypothèse, il importe peu que la
mesure en cause soit qualifiée par le droit interne d’«expulsion» ou de
«refoulement». Il n’en va autrement qu’en ce qui concerne l’exigence, qui
figure au paragraphe 2 de l’article 9 du Pacte, que la personne arrêtée soit
«informée de toute accusation» portée contre elle, exigence qui ne se
comprend que dans le cadre d’une procédure de nature pénale.
78. La Cour en vient maintenant au premier des trois griefs de la Gui-
née, celui tiré de ce que l’arrestation et la détention de M. Diallo n’étaient
pas conformes aux prescriptions de la loi de la RDC. Il y a lieu d’obser-
ver d’abord que l’arrestation de M. Diallo le 5 novembre 1995 et sa
détention jusqu’au 10 janvier 1996 (voir paragraphe 58 ci-dessus) étaient
destinées à permettre la mise à exécution du décret d’expulsion pris à son
encontre le 31 octobre 1995. La seconde arrestation, intervenue au plus
tard le 25 janvier 1996, visait aussi à l’exécution du même décret: la men-
tion, figurant sur le procès-verbal notifié à l’intéressé le 31 janvier 1996,
jour de son expulsion effective, d’un «refoulement» pour «séjour irrégu-
lier» était manifestement erronée, comme la RDC, d’ailleurs, en convient.
79. L’article 15 de l’ordonnance-loi du 12 septembre 1983 relative à la
police des étrangers, dans sa rédaction en vigueur à l’époque de l’arresta-
tion et de la détention de M. Diallo, prévoyait que l’étranger «qui est
susceptible de se soustraire à l’exécution» d’une mesure d’expulsion peut
être incarcéré pour une durée initiale de quarante-huit heures, pouvant
être «prorogée de quarante-huit heures en quarante-huit heures, sans que
la détention puisse dépasser huit jours». La Cour constate que l’arresta-
tion et la détention de M. Diallo n’ont pas été conformes à ces disposi-
tions. Rien n’indique que les autorités de la RDC ont cherché à détermi-
ner si M. Diallo était «susceptible de se soustraire à l’exécution» du
décret d’expulsion et, en conséquence, s’il était nécessaire de le placer en
33reasons for those arrests, nor was he informed of the charges against him,
which constituted a violation of Article 9, paragraph 2, of the Covenant.
The Court will examine in turn whether each of these assertions is well-
founded.
77. First of all, it is necessary to make a general remark. The provi-
sions of Article 9, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the Covenant, and those of
Article 6 of the African Charter, apply in principle to any form of arrest
or detention decided upon and carried out by a public authority, what-
ever its legal basis and the objective being pursued (see in this respect,
with regard to the Covenant, the Human Rights Committee’s General
Comment No. 8 of 30 June 1982 concerning the right to liberty and secu-
rity of person (Human Rights Committee, CCPR General Comment
No. 8: Article 9 (Right to Liberty and Security of Person)) ). The scope
of these provisions is not, therefore, confined to criminal proceedings;
they also apply, in principle, to measures which deprive individuals of
their liberty that are taken in the context of an administrative procedure,
such as those which may be necessary in order to effect the forcible
removal of an alien from the national territory. In this latter case, it is of
little importance whether the measure in question is characterized by
domestic law as an “expulsion” or a “refoulement”. The position is only
different as regards the requirement in Article 9, paragraph 2, of the Cov-
enant that the arrested person be “informed of any charges” against him,
a requirement which is only meaningful in the context of criminal pro-
ceedings.
78. The Court now turns to the first of Guinea’s three allegations,
namely, that Mr. Diallo’s arrest and detention were not in accordance
with the requirements of the law of the DRC. It should first be noted that
Mr. Diallo’s arrest on 5 November 1995 and his detention until 10 Janu-
ary 1996 (see paragraph 58 above) were for the purpose of enabling the
expulsion decree issued against him on 31 October 1995 to be effected.
The second arrest, on 25 January 1996 at the latest, was also for the pur-
pose of implementing that decree: the mention of a “refoulement” on
account of “illegal residence” in the notice served on Mr. Diallo on
31 January 1996, the day when he was actually expelled, was clearly erro-
neous, as the DRC acknowledges.
79. Article 15 of the Legislative Order of 12 September 1983 concern-
ing immigration control, as in force at the time of Mr. Diallo’s arrest and
detention, provided that an alien “who is likely to evade implementation”
of an expulsion measure may be imprisoned for an initial period of
48 hours, which may be “extended by 48 hours at a time, but shall not
exceed eight days”. The Court finds that Mr. Diallo’s arrest and deten-
tion were not in accordance with these provisions. There is no evidence
that the authorities of the DRC sought to determine whether Mr. Diallo
was “likely to evade implementation” of the expulsion decree and, there-
fore, whether it was necessary to detain him. The fact that he made no
attempt to evade expulsion after he was released on 10 January 1996 sug-
33détention. Le fait qu’il n’ait pas cherché à se soustraire à l’expulsion
après sa remise en liberté le 10 janvier 1996 laisse présumer qu’il n’y avait
pas de nécessité réelle à sa détention. La longueur totale de la période au
cours de laquelle il a été détenu — soixante-six jours à partir de sa pre-
mière arrestation et au moins six jours supplémentaires à partir de la
seconde arrestation — excède de beaucoup la durée maximale autorisée
par l’article 15. En outre, la RDC n’a produit aucune preuve tendant à
établir que sa détention a fait l’objet d’un réexamen toutes les quarante-
huit heures, comme il est exigé par cette disposition.
80. La Cour estime également, en réponse au deuxième grief susmen-
tionné (voir paragraphe 76 ci-dessus), que l’arrestation et la détention de
M. Diallo ont été arbitraires au sens de l’article 9, paragraphe 1, du Pacte
et de l’article 6 de la Charte africaine.
81. Certes, en principe, une arrestation et une détention visant à exé-
cuter une décision d’expulsion prise par l’autorité compétente ne sau-
raient passer pour «arbitraires» au sens des textes précités, quand bien
même la légalité de la décision d’expulsion pourrait prêter à contestation.
Dès lors, le seul fait que le décret du 31 octobre 1995 n’a pas été pris, à
certains égards, «conformément à la loi», comme la Cour l’a constaté
plus haut à propos de l’article 13 du Pacte et de l’article 12, paragraphe 4,
de la Charte africaine, ne suffit pas à rendre l’arrestation et la détention
destinées à mettre à exécution ledit décret «arbitraires» au sens de l’arti-
cle 9, paragraphe 1, du Pacte et de l’article 6 de la Charte africaine.
82. Toutefois, il y a lieu, en l’espèce, de tenir compte du nombre et de la
gravité des irrégularités ayant entaché les détentions subies par M. Diallo.
Comme il a été dit, il a été détenu pendant une durée particulièrement
longue, sans qu’il apparaisse que les autorités aient même cherché à éta-
blir si sa détention était nécessaire.
En outre, la Cour ne peut que constater que non seulement le décret
d’expulsion lui-même n’était pas motivé de façon suffisamment précise,
ainsi qu’il a été relevé plus haut (voir paragraphe 72), mais que la RDC
n’a jamais été à même, tout au long de la procédure, de fournir des motifs
qui puissent être de nature à donner un fondement convaincant à l’expul-
sion de M. Diallo. Des allégations de «corruption» et d’autres infractions
ont été formulées à son encontre, mais aucun élément concret n’a été pré-
senté à la Cour de nature à étayer ces allégations. Ces accusations n’ont
donné lieu à aucune poursuite devant les tribunaux, ni, a fortiori,à
aucune condamnation. En outre, il est difficile de ne pas percevoir un lien
entre l’expulsion de M. Diallo et le fait qu’il ait tenté d’obtenir le recou-
vrement des créances qu’il estimait être dues à ses sociétés par, notam-
ment, l’Etat zaïrois ou des entreprises dans lesquelles ce dernier détient
une part importante du capital, en saisissant à cette fin les juridictions
civiles. Dans ces conditions, l’arrestation et la détention visant à permettre
l’exécution d’une telle mesure d’expulsion, qui ne repose sur aucun fon-
dement défendable, ne peuvent qu’être qualifiées d’arbitraires au sens de
l’article 9, paragraphe 1, du Pacte et de l’article 6 de la Charte africaine.
34gests that there was no need for his detention. The overall length of time
for which he was detained — 66 days following his initial arrest and at
least six more days following the second arrest — greatly exceeded the
maximum period permitted by Article 15. In addition, the DRC has pro-
duced no evidence to show that the detention was reviewed every 48 hours,
as required by that provision.
80. The Court further finds, in response to the second allegation set
out above (see paragraph 76 above), that Mr. Diallo’s arrest and deten-
tion were arbitrary within the meaning of Article 9, paragraph 1, of the
Covenant and Article 6 of the African Charter.
81. Admittedly, in principle an arrest or detention aimed at effecting
an expulsion decision taken by the competent authority cannot be
characterized as “arbitrary” within the meaning of the above-mentioned
provisions, even if the lawfulness of the expulsion decision might be open
to question. Consequently, the fact that the decree of 31 October 1995
was not issued, in some respects, “in accordance with law”, as the Court
has noted above in relation to Article 13 of the Covenant and Article 12,
paragraph 4, of the African Charter, is not sufficient to render the arrest
and detention aimed at implementing that decree “arbitrary” within the
meaning of Article 9, paragraph 1, of the Covenant and Article 6 of the
African Charter.
82. However, account should be taken here of the number and seri-
ousness of the irregularities tainting Mr. Diallo’s detentions. As noted
above, he was held for a particularly long time and it would appear that
the authorities made no attempt to ascertain whether his detention was
necessary.
Moreover, the Court can but find not only that the decree itself was
not reasoned in a sufficiently precise way, as was pointed out above
(see paragraph 72), but that throughout the proceedings, the DRC has
never been able to provide grounds which might constitute a convinc-
ing basis for Mr. Diallo’s expulsion. Allegations of “corruption” and
other offences have been made against Mr. Diallo, but no concrete
evidence has been presented to the Court to support these claims.
These accusations did not give rise to any proceedings before the
courts or, a fortiori , to any conviction. Furthermore, it is difficult not
to discern a link between Mr. Diallo’s expulsion and the fact that he
had attempted to recover debts which he believed were owed to his
companies by, amongst others, the Zairean State or companies in
which the State holds a substantial portion of the capital, bringing
cases for this purpose before the civil courts. Under these circum-
stances, the arrest and detention aimed at allowing such an expulsion
measure, one without any defensible basis, to be effected can only be
characterized as arbitrary within the meaning of Article 9, para-
graph 1, of the Covenant and Article 6 of the African Charter.
34 83. Enfin, la Cour en vient à l’examen du grief relatif à l’article 9,
paragraphe 2, du Pacte précité.
Pour les raisons exposées plus haut (voir paragraphe 77), la Guinée
ne saurait utilement soutenir qu’au moment de chacune de ses arresta-
tions (en novembre 1995 et janvier 1996) M. Diallo n’aurait pas été
informé des «accusation[s] portée[s] contre lui» comme l’aurait exigé,
selon la demanderesse, l’article 9, paragraphe 2. Cette disposition par-
ticulière de l’article 9 ne s’applique que dans le cas où une personne est
arrêtée dans le cadre d’une procédure pénale; tel n’était pas le cas de
M. Diallo.
84. En revanche, la Guinée est fondée à soutenir que le droit de
M. Diallo d’être «informé, au moment de son arrestation, des raisons de
cette arrestation» — droit qui est garanti en toute matière, quel que soit
le motif de l’arrestation — a été méconnu.
La RDC n’a produit aucun document ni aucun autre élément de
preuve de nature à établir que le décret d’expulsion aurait été notifié à
M. Diallo au moment de son arrestation le 5 novembre 1995, ni qu’il
aurait été informé de quelque manière, à ce moment, de la raison pour
laquelle il était arrêté. Bien que le décret d’expulsion manquât lui-même
d’une motivation précise comme il a été dit (voir paragraphe 72), la noti-
fication de ce décret au moment de l’arrestation de M. Diallo aurait cons-
titué une information suffisante, aux fins de l’article 9, paragraphe 2,
précité, des raisons de cette arrestation, puisqu’elle aurait indiqué à l’inté-
ressé qu’il était arrêté pour les besoins d’une procédure d’expulsion et lui
aurait permis, le cas échéant, d’engager les procédures appropriées en vue
de contester la légalité du décret. Mais aucune information de ce genre ne
lui a été fournie; la RDC, qui devrait être à même de prouver la date de
la notification du décret à M. Diallo, n’a présenté aucune preuve à cet
effet.
85. Il en va de même de l’arrestation de M. Diallo en janvier 1996. A
cette date, il n’a pas été davantage établi que l’intéressé ait été informé de
ce qu’il était éloigné par la contrainte du territoire congolais en exécution
d’un décret d’expulsion. De plus, le jour de son renvoi effectif, il lui a été
fourni l’information erronée qu’il était «refoulé» en raison de sa «situa-
tion irrégulière» (voir paragraphe 50 ci-dessus). Dans ces conditions,
l’exigence d’information prévue à l’article 9, paragraphe 2, du Pacte n’a
pas non plus été respectée à cette occasion.
c) La violation alléguée de l’interdiction de soumettre une personne
détenue à des mauvais traitements
86. La Guinée soutient que M. Diallo a été soumis à des mauvais trai-
tements durant sa détention, dus aux conditions particulièrement péni-
bles de celle-ci, au fait qu’il aurait été privé de son droit de communiquer
avec ses avocats et avec l’ambassade de Guinée, et au fait qu’il aurait reçu
des menaces de mort de la part de ses gardiens.
35 83. Finally, the Court turns to the allegation relating to Article 9,
paragraph 2, of the Covenant.
For the reasons discussed above (see paragraph 77), Guinea cannot
effectively argue that at the time of each of his arrests (in November 1995
and January 1996), Mr. Diallo was not informed of the “charges against
him”, as the Applicant contends is required by Article 9, paragraph 2, of
the Covenant. This particular provision of Article 9 is applicable only
when a person is arrested in the context of criminal proceedings; that was
not the case for Mr. Diallo.
84. On the other hand, Guinea is justified in arguing that Mr. Diallo’s
right to be “informed, at the time of arrest, of the reasons for his
arrest” — a right guaranteed in all cases, irrespective of the grounds for
the arrest — was breached.
The DRC has failed to produce a single document or any other form
of evidence to prove that Mr. Diallo was notified of the expulsion decree
at the time of his arrest on 5 November 1995, or that he was in some way
informed, at that time, of the reason for his arrest. Although the expul-
sion decree itself did not give specific reasons, as pointed out above (see
paragraph 72), the notification of this decree at the time of Mr. Diallo’s
arrest would have informed him sufficiently of the reasons for that arrest
for the purposes of Article 9, paragraph 2, since it would have indicated
to Mr. Diallo that he had been arrested for the purpose of an expulsion
procedure and would have allowed him, if necessary, to take the appro-
priate steps to challenge the lawfulness of the decree. However, no infor-
mation of this kind was provided to him; the DRC, which should be in a
position to prove the date on which Mr. Diallo was notified of the decree,
has presented no evidence to that effect.
85. The same applies to Mr. Diallo’s arrest in January 1996. On that
date, it has also not been established that Mr. Diallo was informed that
he was being forcibly removed from Congolese territory in execution of
an expulsion decree. Moreover, on the day when he was actually expelled,
he was given the incorrect information that he was the subject of a
“refoulement” on account of his “illegal residence” (see paragraph 50
above). This being so, the requirement for him to be informed, laid down
by Article 9, paragraph 2, of the Covenant, was not complied with on
that occasion either.
(c) The alleged violation of the prohibition on subjecting a detainee
to mistreatment
86. Guinea maintains that Mr. Diallo was subjected to mistreatment
during his detention, because of the particularly tough conditions thereof,
because he was deprived of his right to communicate with his lawyers and
with the Guinean Embassy, and because he received death threats from
the guards.
35 87. La demanderesse invoque à cet égard l’article 10, paragraphe 1, du
Pacte, aux termes duquel: «Toute personne privée de sa liberté est traitée
avec humanité et avec le respect de la dignité inhérente à la personne
humaine.»
Sont également pertinentes, en la matière, les dispositions de l’article 7
du Pacte, selon lesquelles «[n]ul ne sera soumis à la torture ni à des peines
ou traitements cruels, inhumains ou dégradants», et celles de l’article 5 de
la Charte africaine, aux termes desquelles «[t]out individu a droit au res-
pect de la dignité inhérente à la personne humaine».
Il est certain, en outre, que la prohibition des traitements inhumains ou
dégradants fait partie des règles du droit international général que les
Etats sont tenus de respecter en toute circonstance, et en dehors même de
tout engagement conventionnel.
88. La Cour constate, toutefois, que la Guinée n’a pas démontré de
façon suffisamment convaincante que M. Diallo aurait été soumis lors de
sa détention à de tels traitements. L’allégation selon laquelle il aurait reçu
des menaces de mort n’est étayée par aucune preuve. Il semble bien que
M. Diallo ait pu communiquer avec ses proches et ses avocats sans ren-
contrer de grandes difficultés, et, même si cela n’avait pas été le cas, de
telles entraves n’auraient pas constitué par elles-mêmes des traitements
prohibés par l’article 10, paragraphe 1, du Pacte et par le droit interna-
tional général. La question des communications de M. Diallo avec les
autorités guinéennes est distincte de celle du respect des dispositions pré-
sentement examinées et sera abordée au point suivant, en relation avec
l’article 36, paragraphe 1, alinéa b), de la convention de Vienne sur les
relations consulaires. Enfin, la circonstance que M. Diallo était nourri
grâce aux vivres que ses proches lui apportaient sur son lieu de détention
— ce que la RDC ne conteste pas — ne suffit pas à établir en elle-même
l’existence de mauvais traitements, dès lors que l’accès des proches à la
personne privée de liberté n’était pas entravé.
89. En conclusion, la Cour estime qu’il n’a pas été démontré que
M. Diallo ait été soumis à des traitements prohibés par l’article 10, para-
graphe 1, du Pacte.
d) La violation alléguée des dispositions de l’article 36, paragraphe 1,
alinéa b), de la convention de Vienne sur les relations consulaires
90. Aux termes de l’article 36, paragraphe 1, alinéa b), de la conven-
tion de Vienne sur les relations consulaires:
«Si l’intéressé en fait la demande, les autorités compétentes de
l’Etat de résidence doivent avertir sans retard le poste consulaire de
l’Etat d’envoi lorsque, dans sa circonscription consulaire, un ressor-
tissant de cet Etat est arrêté, incarcéré ou mis en état de détention
préventive ou toute autre forme de détention. Toute communication
adressée au poste consulaire par la personne arrêtée, incarcérée ou
mise en état de détention préventive ou toute autre forme de déten-
36 87. The Applicant invokes in this connection Article 10, paragraph 1,
of the Covenant, according to which: “All persons deprived of their liberty
shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity
of the human person.”
Article 7 of the Covenant, providing that “[n]o one shall be subjected
to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment”,
and Article 5 of the African Charter, stating that “[e]very individual shall
have the right to the respect of the dignity inherent in a human being”,
are also pertinent in this area.
There is no doubt, moreover, that the prohibition of inhuman and
degrading treatment is among the rules of general international law
which are binding on States in all circumstances, even apart from any
treaty commitments.
88. The Court notes, however, that Guinea has failed to demonstrate
convincingly that Mr. Diallo was subjected to such treatment during his
detention. There is no evidence to substantiate the allegation that he
received death threats. It seems that Mr. Diallo was able to communicate
with his relatives and his lawyers without any great difficulty and, even if
this had not been the case, such constraints would not per se have con-
stituted treatment prohibited by Article 10, paragraph 1, of the Covenant
and by general international law. The question of Mr. Diallo’s commu-
nications with the Guinean authorities is distinct from that of compliance
with the provisions currently under examination and will be addressed
under the next heading, in relation to Article 36, paragraph 1 (b),ofthe
Vienna Convention on Consular Relations. Finally, that Mr. Diallo was
fed thanks to the provisions his relatives brought to his place of deten-
tion — which the DRC does not contest — is insufficient in itself to
prove mistreatment, since access by the relatives to the individual deprived
of his liberty was not hindered.
89. In conclusion, the Court finds that it has not been demonstrated
that Mr. Diallo was subjected to treatment prohibited by Article 10,
paragraph 1, of the Covenant.
(d) The alleged violation of the provisions of Article 36, paragraph (1b),
of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations
90. Article 36, paragraph 1 (b), of the Vienna Convention on Consu-
lar Relations provides that:
“[I]f he so requests, the competent authorities of the receiving
State shall, without delay, inform the consular post of the sending
State if, within its consular district, a national of that State is
arrested or committed to prison or to custody pending trial or is
detained in any other manner. Any communication addressed to the
consular post by the person arrested, in prison, custody or detention
shall be forwarded by the said authorities without delay. The said
36 tion doit également être transmise sans retard par lesdites autorités.
Celles-ci doivent sans retard informer l’intéressé de ses droits aux
termes du présent alinéa.»
91. Ces dispositions sont applicables, comme cela ressort de leurs ter-
mes mêmes, à toute privation de liberté quelle qu’en soit la nature, même
en dehors de tout contexte de recherche des auteurs d’une infraction
pénale. Elles sont donc applicables en l’espèce, ce que la RDC ne conteste
pas.
92. Selon la Guinée, les dispositions précitées auraient été méconnues
à l’occasion des arrestations de M. Diallo en novembre 1995 et jan-
vier 1996, parce qu’il n’aurait pas alors été informé «sans retard» de son
droit de solliciter l’assistance des autorités consulaires de son pays.
93. Tout au long de la procédure écrite et lors du premier tour des
plaidoiries, la RDC n’a pas contesté l’exactitude, sur ce point, des allé-
gations de la Guinée; elle n’a pas cherché à établir, ni même prétendu,
que l’information requise par la dernière phrase de la disposition précitée
avait été fournie à M. Diallo, et qu’elle l’avait été «sans retard» comme
il est exigé par le texte.
La défenderesse a répondu au grief de la demanderesse en mettant en
avant deux arguments: d’une part, la Guinée n’a pas apporté la preuve
que M. Diallo avait demandé aux autorités congolaises d’avertir sans
retard le poste consulaire de Guinée de sa situation; d’autre part, l’ambas-
sadeur de Guinée à Kinshasa était au courant de l’arrestation et de la
détention de M. Diallo, comme le prouvent les démarches qu’il a accom-
plies en sa faveur.
94. C’est seulement en réponse à la question posée par un juge lors de
l’audience du 26 avril 2010 que la RDC a affirmé pour la première fois
qu’elle avait «informé oralement M. Diallo aussitôt après sa détention de
la possibilité de solliciter l’assistance consulaire de son Etat» (réponse
écrite de la RDC remise au Greffe le 27 avril 2010, confirmée oralement
à l’audience du 29 avril, lors du second tour de plaidoiries).
95. La Cour constate que les deux arguments mis en avant par la RDC
jusqu’au second tour de plaidoiries sont dépourvus de pertinence. C’est
aux autorités de l’Etat qui procède à l’arrestation qu’il appartient d’infor-
mer spontanément la personne arrêtée de son droit à demander que son
consulat soit averti; le fait que cette personne n’ait rien demandé de
tel non seulement ne justifie pas le non-respect de l’obligation d’informer
qui est à la charge de l’Etat qui procède à l’arrestation, mais pourrait
bien s’expliquer justement, dans certains cas, par le fait que cette personne
n’a pas été informée de ses droits à cet égard (Avena et autres ressor-
tissants mexicains (Mexique c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2004 (I), p. 46, par. 76). Par ailleurs, le fait que les autorités
consulaires de l’Etat de nationalité de la personne arrêtée aient été infor-
mées par d’autres voies de l’arrestation de cette personne ne fait pas
disparaître la violation de l’obligation d’informer celle-ci «sans retard»
de ses droits, lorsque cette violation a été commise.
37 authorities shall inform the person concerned without delay of his
rights under this subparagraph.”
91. These provisions, as is clear from their very wording, are applica-
ble to any deprivation of liberty of whatever kind, even outside the con-
text of pursuing perpetrators of criminal offences. They therefore apply
in the present case, which the DRC does not contest.
92. According to Guinea, these provisions were violated when
Mr. Diallo was arrested in November 1995 and January 1996, because he
was not informed “without delay” at those times of his right to seek
assistance from the consular authorities of his country.
93. At no point in the written proceedings or the first round of oral
argument did the DRC contest the accuracy of Guinea’s allegations in
this respect; it did not attempt to establish, or even claim, that the infor-
mation called for by the last sentence of the quoted provision was sup-
plied to Mr. Diallo, or that it was supplied “without delay”, as the text
requires.
The Respondent replied to the Applicant’s allegation with two argu-
ments: that Guinea had failed to prove that Mr. Diallo requested the
Congolese authorities to notify the Guinean consular post without delay
of his situation; and that the Guinean Ambassador in Kinshasa was
aware of Mr. Diallo’s arrest and detention, as evidenced by the steps he
took on his behalf.
94. It was only in replying to a question put by a judge during the hear-
ing of 26 April 2010 that the DRC asserted for the first time that it had
“orally informed Mr. Diallo immediately after his detention of the possi-
bility of seeking consular assistance from his State” (written reply by the
DRC handed in to the Registry on 27 April 2010 and confirmed orally at
the hearing of 29 April, during the second round of oral argument).
95. The Court notes that the two arguments put forward by the DRC
before the second round of oral pleadings lack any relevance. It is for the
authorities of the State which proceeded with the arrest to inform on
their own initiative the arrested person of his right to ask for his consu-
late to be notified; the fact that the person did not make such a request
not only fails to justify non-compliance with the obligation to inform
which is incumbent on the arresting State, but could also be explained in
some cases precisely by the fact that the person had not been informed of
his rights in that respect (Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v.
United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2004 (I) ,p .,
para. 76). Moreover, the fact that the consular authorities of the national
State of the arrested person have learned of the arrest through other
channels does not remove any violation that may have been committed
of the obligation to inform that person of his rights “without delay”.
37 96. Quant à l’affirmation de la RDC, présentée dans les conditions ci-
dessus décrites, selon laquelle M. Diallo avait été «informé oralement»
de ses droits dès le moment où il a été arrêté, la Cour ne peut manquer de
relever qu’elle est arrivée très tard dans la procédure, alors que ce point
était en cause depuis le début, et qu’elle n’est pas assortie du moindre élé-
ment de nature à la corroborer. La Cour ne saurait donc lui prêter crédit.
97. En conséquence, la Cour conclut qu’il y a eu violation, de la part
de la RDC, de l’article 36, paragraphe 1, alinéa b), de la convention de
Vienne sur les relations consulaires.
*
98. La Guinée a soutenu par ailleurs que l’expulsion de M. Diallo,
étant donné les conditions dans lesquelles elle avait été mise à exécution,
a violé son droit de propriété, garanti par l’article 14 de la Charte afri-
caine, parce que l’intéressé a été contraint de quitter le territoire congo-
lais en y laissant la plus grande partie de ses biens.
De l’avis de la Cour, cet aspect du différend se rapporte moins à la
question de la licéité de l’expulsion de M. Diallo au regard des obliga-
tions internationales de la RDC qu’à celle du dommage que M. Diallo a
subi du fait des actes internationalement illicites dont il a été victime. La
Cour l’examinera donc plus loin dans le présent arrêt, dans le cadre de la
question de la réparation due par la défenderesse (voir paragraphes 160-
164 ci-après).
III. LA PROTECTION DES DROITS PROPRES DE M. D IALLO EN TANT
QU ASSOCIÉ DES SOCIÉTÉS A FRICOM -ZAÏRE ET A FRICONTAINERS -ZAÏRE
99. Africom-Zaïre et Africontainers-Zaïre sont deux personnes mora-
les de droit zaïrois constituées en sociétés privées à responsabilité limitée
(SPRL) et inscrites au registre du commerce de la ville de Kinshasa. La
SPRL étant une forme de société commerciale propre aux systèmes de
droit civil et n’ayant pas d’équivalent précis dans les systèmes de common
law, la Cour reprendra, dans la version anglaise du présent arrêt, certai-
nes expressions françaises utilisées en droit congolais, à savoir «parts
sociales», «associé», «gérant», «gérance» et «gérant associé». Le capital
d’une SPRL est divisé en «parts sociales» égales entre elles. Aux termes
de l’article 36 du décret de l’Etat indépendant du Congo du 27 février 1887
sur les sociétés commerciales, tel qu’amendé par le décret du 23 juin 1960
(ci-après «le décret de 1887»), ces parts sont nominatives et non libre-
ment transmissibles. Elles sont en outre «uniformes», c’est-à-dire qu’elles
confèrent à leurs détenteurs (dénommés «associés»: voir, par exemple,
les articles 43, 44, 45 et 51 du décret de 1887) des droits égaux. La gestion
(ou «gérance») d’une SPRL est confiée à un mandataire dénommé
«gérant», lequel peut, le cas échéant, être un associé (on parle en ce cas
de «gérant associé»).
38 96. As for the DRC’s assertion, made in the conditions described
above, that Mr. Diallo was “orally informed” of his rights upon his
arrest, the Court can but note that it was made very late in the proceed-
ings, whereas the point was at issue from the beginning, and that there is
not the slightest piece of evidence to corroborate it. The Court is there-
fore unable to give it any credit.
97. Consequently, the Court finds that there was a violation by the
DRC of Article 36, paragraph 1 (b), of the Vienna Convention on Con-
sular Relations.
*
98. Guinea has further contended that Mr. Diallo’s expulsion, given
the circumstances in which it was carried out, violated his right to prop-
erty, guaranteed by Article 14 of the African Charter, because he had to
leave behind most of his assets when he was forced to leave the Congo.
In the Court’s view, this aspect of the dispute has less to do with the
lawfulness of Mr. Diallo’s expulsion in the light of the DRC’s interna-
tional obligations and more to do with the damage Mr. Diallo suffered as
a result of the internationally wrongful acts of which he was a victim. The
Court will therefore examine it later in this Judgment, within the context
of the question of reparation owed by the Respondent (see para-
graphs 160-164 below).
III. ROTECTION OF M R.D IALLO’SD IRECT RIGHTS AS A SSOCIÉ IN
A FRICOM -ZAIRE AND A FRICONTAINERS-ZAIRE
99. Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire are two corporate entities
incorporated under Zairean law in the form of sociétés privées à respon-
sabilité limitée (SPRLs) and entered in the Trade Register of the city
of Kinshasa. Because the SPRL, as a form of commercial company, is
specific to civil-law systems and has no precise equivalent in common-
law systems, the Court will use certain French terms of DRC law in the
English version of the present Judgment, namely, parts sociales, associé,
gérant, gérance and gérant associé. The capital of an SPRL is divided
into equal parts sociales. Under Article 36 of the Decree of the Independ-
ent State of Congo of 27 February 1887 on commercial corporations, as
amended by the Decree of 23 June 1960 (hereinafter: “the 1887 Decree”), the
parts are nominative and not freely transferable. They are also “uniform”,
i.e., they confer identical rights upon their holders (called associés: see,
e.g., Articles 43, 44, 45 and 51 of the 1887 Decree). Management (the
gérance) of an SPRL is entrusted to an agent, called the gérant, who may
also be an associé (in which case there is a gérant associé).
38 100. Dans son arrêt du 24 mai 2007, la Cour a indiqué qu’elle n’avait
pas «à déterminer, [au] stade [des exceptions préliminaires], quels [étaient]
les droits spécifiques qui s’attach[ai]ent au statut d’associé et quels [étaient]
ceux qui s’attach[ai]ent aux fonctions de gérant d’une SPRL, en droit
congolais», mais que ce serait,
«le cas échéant, au stade du fond qu’elle aura[it] à définir la nature
et le contenu précis de ces droits, ainsi que leurs limites. C[e serait] à
ce stade de la procédure encore qu’il reviendra[it], le cas échéant,
à la Cour d’apprécier les effets sur ces divers droits des mesures
prises à l’encontre de M. Diallo.» (C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II) , p. 606,
par. 66.)
101. Dans ses conclusions finales, la Guinée a prié la Cour de dire que,
s’agissant des droits propres de M. Diallo en tant qu’associé, la RDC
était l’auteur de plusieurs faits internationalement illicites qui engageaient
sa responsabilité envers elle. En particulier, elle a prétendu que la RDC
avait manqué à ses obligations internationales en
«privant [M. Diallo] de l’exercice de ses droits de propriété, de
contrôle et de direction des sociétés qu’il a[vait] fondées en RDC et
dont il était l’unique associé, en l’empêchant de poursuivre à ce titre
le recouvrement des nombreuses créances dues auxdites sociétés,
tant par la RDC elle-même que par d’autres co-contractants, [et] en
procédant à l’expropriation de fait des propriétés de M. Diallo».
102. Dans ses conclusions finales, la RDC a, au contraire, réaffirmé
qu’elle n’était l’auteur d’aucun fait internationalement illicite envers la
Guinée en ce qui a trait aux droits propres de M. Diallo en tant qu’asso-
cié des sociétés Africom-Zaïre et Africontainers-Zaïre.
*
103. Avant d’examiner les diverses allégations formulées à cet égard
par les Parties, la Cour doit éclaircir certaines questions relatives à l’exis-
tence juridique des deux sociétés, d’une part, et au rôle et à la participa-
tion de M. Diallo dans celles-ci, d’autre part. En effet, comme la Cour l’a
établi dans son arrêt du 24 mai 2007, les droits des associés sont «des
droits propres de [ceux]-ci dans [leur] relation avec la personne morale »
(C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II) , p. 606, par. 64; les italiques sont de la Cour).
En d’autres termes, les droits propres des associés existent parce que les
sociétés constituent des «individualités juridiques distinctes de celles des
associés» (ainsi qu’indiqué à l’article premier du décret congolais du
27 février 1887 sur les sociétés commerciales), et ces droits sont ceux des
associés dans leur relation avec la société dont ils détiennent des parts. En
l’espèce, il importe tout particulièrement de clarifier les questions de l’exis-
tence juridique des sociétés et de la participation et du rôle de M. Diallo
dans celles-ci, puisque, selon la Guinée, M. Diallo en était l’unique gérant
39 100. In its Judgment of 24 May 2007, the Court stated that it did not
have “to determine, at [the preliminary objections] stage . . ., which spe-
cific rights appertain to the status of associé and which to the position of
gérant of an SPRL under Congolese law”, but that it was
“at the merits stage, as appropriate, that [it] will have to define the
precise nature, content and limits of these rights. It is also at that
stage of the proceedings that it will be for the Court, if need be, to
assess the effects on these various rights of the action against
Mr. Diallo.” (I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , p. 606, para. 66.)
101. In its final submissions, Guinea asked the Court to find that, on
the issue of Mr. Diallo’s direct rights as associé, the DRC had committed
several internationally wrongful acts which engage its responsibility
towards Guinea. Specifically, Guinea contended that the DRC had
breached its international obligations by:
“depriving [Mr. Diallo] of the exercise of his rights of ownership,
oversight and management in respect of the companies which he
founded in the DRC and in which he was the sole associé; [by] pre-
venting him in that capacity from pursuing recovery of the numer-
ous debts owed to the said companies both by the DRC itself and by
other contractual partners; and [by] expropriating de facto Mr. Dial-
lo’s property”.
102. In contrast, the DRC reiterated in its final submissions that it had
committed no internationally wrongful acts towards Guinea in respect of
Mr. Diallo’s direct rights as associé in Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-
Zaire.
*
103. Before addressing the various claims made by the Parties in this
regard, it is necessary for the Court to clarify matters relating to the legal
existence of the two companies and to Mr. Diallo’s role and participation
in them. Indeed, as the Court found in its Judgment of 24 May 2007, the
rights of associés are “their direct rights in relation to a legal person ”
(I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , p. 606, para. 64; emphasis added). In other
words, direct rights as associé exist because companies have “juridical
personalities distinct from those of the associés” (as stated in Article 1 of
the Congolese Decree of 27 February 1887 on commercial corporations),
and they are rights of the associés in their relationship with the company
whose parts they hold. In the present case, it is especially important to
clarify the issues of the legal existence of the companies and of Mr. Dial-
lo’s participation and role in them, since Guinea claims that he was the
sole gérant and also, directly or indirectly, the sole associé of the two
companies. As mentioned by the Court in its Judgment of 24 May 2007,
39aussi bien que, directement ou indirectement, l’unique associé. Comme
la Cour l’a relevé dans son arrêt du 24 mai 2007, la Guinée soutient que,
«en fait comme en droit, il était à peu près impossible de distinguer
M. Diallo de ses sociétés» (C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II) , p. 604, par. 56).
La RDC considère, quant à elle, que le nombre de parts détenues par
M. Diallo dans la société Africom-Zaïre n’a jamais été établi de manière
incontestable; elle ajoute que les deux sociétés continuent officiellement
d’exister et qu’elles doivent donc être distinguées de M. Diallo en tant
qu’associé. En outre, la RDC affirme que les deux sociétés, faute d’activité
économique, se trouvaient, avant l’expulsion de M. Diallo, en situation
de «faillite non déclarée» depuis de nombreuses années.
104. Pour déterminer quels étaient les droits de M. Diallo en tant
qu’associé des sociétés Africom-Zaïre et Africontainers-Zaïre, et s’il a été
contrevenu à ces droits, la Cour devra en premier lieu examiner la ques-
tion de l’existence et de la structure de ces sociétés en droit congolais.
Ainsi qu’elle l’a déclaré dans l’affaire de la Barcelona Traction :
«Dans ce domaine, le droit international est appelé à reconnaître
des institutions de droit interne qui jouent un rôle important et sont
très répandues sur le plan international ... Cela veut ... dire que le
droit international a dû reconnaître dans la société anonyme une ins-
titution créée par les Etats en un domaine qui relève essentiellement
de leur compétence nationale. Cette reconnaissance nécessite que le
droit international se réfère aux règles pertinentes du droit interne,
chaque fois que se posent des questions juridiques relatives aux
droits des Etats qui concernent le traitement des sociétés et des
actionnaires et à propos desquels le droit international n’a pas fixé
ses propres règles.» (Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company,
Limited (Belgique c. Espagne), deuxième phase, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 1970, p. 33-34, par. 38.)
Dans son arrêt du 24 mai 2007, la Cour a déjà conclu que les droits pro-
pres de M. Diallo en tant qu’associé «[étaient] définis par le droit interne»
de la RDC en tant qu’Etat où les sociétés avaient été constituées (C.I.J.
Recueil 2007 (II), p. 606, par. 64), et qu’il convenait de se référer en par-
ticulier au décret congolais du 27 février 1887 sur les sociétés commercia-
les «afin de préciser la nature juridique des sociétés Africom-Zaïre et
Africontainers-Zaïre» (ibid., p. 605, par. 62).
105. Dans son arrêt du 24 mai 2007, la Cour a relevé que, en vertu du
décret du 27 février 1887, les SPRL sont des sociétés «que forment des
personnes, n’engageant que leur apport, qui ne [font] pas publiquement
appel à l’épargne et dont les parts [sociales] obligatoirement uniformes et
nominatives ne sont pas librement transmissibles» (article 36 du décret
du 27 février 1887 sur les sociétés commerciales; C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II) ,
p. 594, par. 25; voir paragraphe 99 ci-dessus). La Cour a également indi-
qué ce qui suit:
«[l]e droit congolais attribue à la SPRL une personnalité juridique
40Guinea maintains that “in fact and in law it was virtually impossible to
distinguish Mr. Diallo from his companies” (I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) ,
p. 604, para. 56). The DRC, for its part, considers that the number of
parts held by Mr. Diallo in Africom-Zaire has never been indisputably
established; it adds that the two companies are still formally in existence
and are therefore to be distinguished from Mr. Diallo as associé. More-
over, the DRC contends that, for lack of any commercial activity, the
two SPRLs were in a state of “undeclared bankruptcy” for many years
before Mr. Diallo’s expulsion.
104. In order to determine Mr. Diallo’s legal rights as associé in Afri-
com-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire, and whether those rights have been
infringed, the Court will have to examine in the first instance the exist-
ence and structure of those companies under DRC law. As the Court
stated in the Barcelona Traction case:
“In this field international law is called upon to recognize institu-
tions of municipal law that have an important and extensive role in
the international field . . . All it means is that international law has
had to recognize the corporate entity as an institution created by
States in a domain essentially within their domestic jurisdiction. This
in turn requires that, whenever legal issues arise concerning the
rights of States with regard to the treatment of companies and share-
holders, as to which rights international law has not established its
own rules, it has to refer to the relevant rules of municipal law.”
(Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Bel-
gium v. Spain), Second Phase, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1970 , pp. 33-
34, para. 38.)
In the Judgment of 24 May 2007, the Court has already found that
Mr. Diallo’s direct rights as associé “are defined by the domestic law” of
the DRC, being the State of incorporation of the companies (I.C.J.
Reports 2007 (II), p. 606, para. 64), and that the Congolese Decree of
27 February 1887 on commercial corporations must in particular be
referred to “in order to establish the precise legal nature of Africom-Zaire
and Africontainers-Zaire” (ibid., p. 605, para. 62).
105. In its Judgment of 24 May 2007, the Court observed that, under
the Decree of 27 February 1887, SPRLs are companies “which are
formed by persons whose liability is limited to their capital contributions;
which are not publicly held companies; and in which the parts sociales,
required to be uniform and nominative, are not freely transferable” (Arti-
cle 36 of the Decree of 27 February 1887 on commercial corporations;
I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , p. 594, para. 25; see paragraph 99 above). The
Court also stated that
“Congolese law accords an SPRL independent legal personality
40 indépendante et distincte de celle des associés, notamment en ce que
le patrimoine des associés est complètement séparé de celui de la
société, et que ceux-ci ne sont responsables des dettes de la société
qu’à hauteur de leur apport à celle-ci. Il en découle que les créances
et les dettes de la société à l’égard des tiers relèvent respectivement
des droits et des obligations de celle-ci. Ainsi que l’a souligné la Cour
dans l’affaire de la Barcelona Traction: «Tant que la société subsiste,
l’actionnaire n’a aucun droit à l’actif social.» (C.I.J. Recueil 1970,
p. 34, par. 41.) Cela demeure la règle fondamentale en la matière,
qu’il s’agisse d’une SPRL ou d’une société anonyme.» (C.I.J.
Recueil 2007 (II), p. 606, par. 63.)
106. Il n’est pas contesté qu’Africom-Zaïre, société d’import/export, a
été fondée en 1974 par M. Diallo, qui en a été le gérant pendant de nom-
breuses années. Comme cela est indiqué ci-après (voir paragraphe 110),
c’est en cette qualité que M. Diallo a pris part à la création de la société
Africontainers-Zaïre. La Guinée affirme qu’il était en outre le seul associé
d’Africom-Zaïre, ce que la RDC a toutefois mis en doute au cours de la
procédure. En particulier, la RDC soutient que le nombre de parts déte-
nues par M. Diallo dans la société Africom-Zaïre n’a jamais été dûment
établi et que la Guinée n’a pas prouvé que l’intéressé était toujours asso-
cié de cette société au moment de son expulsion.
107. Les statuts de la société Africom-Zaïre ne figurant pas dans le
dossier soumis à la Cour, celle-ci ne peut déterminer avec précision la
nature et le niveau de la participation de M. Diallo dans ladite société au
moment de sa création. Néanmoins, le droit congolais exigeant qu’une
SPRL soit constituée de plus d’un associé — ainsi qu’il ressort des articles
pertinents du décret de 1887, notamment l’article 36 précité («[l]a société
privée à responsabilité limitée est celle que forment des personnes » (les
italiques sont de la Cour)) et l’article 78, qui fait référence à l’assemblée
générale «des associés» —, et aucune des Parties n’ayant contesté le fait
que la société Africom-Zaïre avait été dûment constituée en tant que
SPRL en vertu du décret de 1887, force est de conclure que, au tout début
de son existence, cette société devait compter, en sus de M. Diallo, au
moins un autre associé.
108. Les procès-verbaux des assemblées générales de la société Afri-
com-Zaïre n’ayant pas été produits, la Cour est dans l’impossibilité de
déterminer si — et, le cas échéant, quand — M. Diallo est devenu l’uni-
que associé de cette SPRL. Elle estime toutefois que cette question fac-
tuelle est dépourvue d’incidence juridique quant à la question qui occupe
ici la Cour, puisqu’il n’a pas été établi que, en droit congolais, une SPRL
cessait automatiquement d’exister en tant que personne morale lorsqu’une
seule personne devenait propriétaire de l’ensemble de ses parts sociales.
De surcroît, il est manifeste que les activités commerciales d’Africom-
Zaïre en RDC n’ont en pratique aucunement souffert du fait qu’elle ait
pu devenir une SPRL unipersonnelle. Cela est attesté par la relation com-
merciale établie entre Africom-Zaïre et les autorités du Zaïre (puis de la
41 distinct from that of its associés, particularly in that the property of
the associés is completely separate from that of the company, and in
that the associés are responsible for the debts of the company only
to the extent of the resources they have subscribed. Consequently,
the company’s debts receivable from and owing to third parties
relate to its respective rights and obligations. As the Court pointed
out in the Barcelona Traction case: ‘So long as the company is in
existence the shareholder has no right to the corporate assets.’
(I.C.J. Reports 1970, p. 34, para. 41.) This remains the fundamental
rule in this respect, whether for an SPRL or for a public limited
company.” (I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , p. 606, para. 63.)
106. It is not disputed that Africom-Zaire, an import-export company,
was founded in 1974 by Mr. Diallo, and that he has been the gérant of
that company for many years. As mentioned below (see paragraph 110),
it was in that capacity that Mr. Diallo took part in the creation of Afri-
containers-Zaire. Guinea contends that he was also the sole associé of
Africom-Zaire. This has however been questioned by the DRC in the
course of the proceedings. In particular, the DRC contends that the
number of parts held by Mr. Diallo in Africom-Zaire has never been duly
documented and that Guinea has not established that he was still an
associé of that company at the time of his expulsion.
107. Because the record before the Court does not include Africom-
Zaire’s Articles of Incorporation, the Court is unable to determine pre-
cisely the nature and extent of Mr. Diallo’s holding in that company at
the time it was formed. Nevertheless, as DRC law requires that an SPRL
be formed by more than one associé — as seen in the relevant Articles of
the 1887 Decree, including Article 36, cited above (“[a]n [SPRL] is a com-
pany formed by persons” (emphasis added)) and Article 78, which refers
to the general meeting “of the associés” — and since neither of the
Parties has contested the fact that Africom-Zaire was duly formed as an
SPRL under the 1887 Decree, the conclusion is inescapable that, at the
very first stage of its existence, Africom-Zaire must have had, besides
Mr. Diallo, at least one other associé.
108. As the Court has not been provided with minutes of general
meetings of Africom-Zaire, it is unable to conclude whether Mr. Diallo
has become the sole associé of that SPRL and, if so, when this occurred.
In the opinion of the Court, that factual issue is however of no legal con-
sequence to the issue under consideration here, since it has not been
established that, under DRC law, an SPRL automatically ceases to exist
as a legal person when all its parts sociales come to be owned by a single
person. Moreover, it is clear that in practice, the business activities of
Africom-Zaire in the DRC were not in any way impaired by the fact that
it may have become a unipersonal SPRL. This is shown by the commer-
cial relationship established by Africom-Zaire with the authorities of
Zaire (and later the DRC), in which no questions or objections were
41RDC), dans le cadre de laquelle aucune question ou objection n’a été sou-
levée quant à la nature juridique d’Africom-Zaïre et au fait que celle-
ci ait pu en venir à ne compter qu’un seul associé. La RDC a affirmé
que, au milieu des années 1980, Africom-Zaïre avait cessé toute activité
commerciale et qu’elle avait, pour cette raison, été radiée du registre du
commerce. Toutefois, elle n’a pas avancé que cette mesure administrative
revenait à mettre fin à la personnalité juridique distincte de la SPRL. En
conséquence, la Cour conclut que, quand bien même M. Diallo en serait
devenu l’unique associé, la société Africom-Zaïre a conservé sa person-
nalité juridique distincte. Cette SPRL demeure donc régie par le décret
de 1887, en l’absence de législation congolaise spécifique aux sociétés
dont les parts sociales ne seraient plus détenues que par un seul associé
ou qui seraient, en fait, entièrement contrôlées par le gérant associé.
109. S’agissant de la question du nombre de parts détenues par
M. Diallo dans la société Africom-Zaïre, la Cour relève que la RDC n’a
pas contesté que l’intéressé était bien un associé de cette société puisqu’elle
a admis qu’il était le gérant associé, au sens de l’article 67 du décret du
27 février 1887 (voir paragraphe 138 ci-après), des sociétés Africontai-
ners-Zaïre et Africom-Zaïre. Par ailleurs, et même s’il est impossible
d’apprécier avec précision le niveau de participation de M. Diallo dans la
société Africom-Zaïre, la Cour estime qu’il découle de l’ensemble des élé-
ments qui lui ont été soumis que celui-ci détenait une partie à ce point
importante des parts sociales de cette société qu’il la contrôlait et pouvait
empêcher que d’éventuels autres associés, réunis en assemblée générale
(voir paragraphe 120 ci-après sur le droit congolais relatif au droit des
associés de demander la convocation d’une assemblée générale), ne met-
tent en cause sa gérance, notamment sa décision de passer contrat avec
les pouvoirs publics, puis d’engager et de poursuivre des actions à l’encon-
tre de l’Etat zaïrois devant les juridictions internes (voir paragraphe 114
ci-après). Ayant ainsi conclu que M. Diallo était un associé important de
la société Africom-Zaïre, la Cour estime qu’il revient à la RDC de prou-
ver que M. Diallo avait cessé d’être associé de ladite société au moment
de son expulsion, comme elle le donne à entendre (voir paragraphe 106
ci-dessus). Or, de l’avis de la Cour, cela n’a pas été établi. La Cour consi-
dère dès lors que, tout au long de la période couverte par le présent dif-
férend, M. Diallo détenait une très grande partie, sinon la totalité, des
parts sociales de la société Africom-Zaïre, ce qui lui a permis de diriger et
de contrôler pleinement cette société, à la fois comme gérant et comme
associé. C’est uniquement en cas de mise en liquidation de la société qu’il
conviendrait d’établir le montant exact de la participation de M. Diallo
en tant qu’associé, afin de lui transférer, à hauteur de la part du capital
qui lui appartient, la valeur nette de l’actif de la société.
110. Le 18 septembre 1979, M. Diallo a pris part, en tant que gérant
d’Africom-Zaïre, à la création d’une autre SPRL, Africontainers-Zaïre,
spécialisée dans le transport de marchandises par conteneurs. La Guinée
a présenté, dans les annexes à son mémoire, l’acte notarié des statuts de la
société, en date du 18 septembre 1979. Le capital de cette nouvelle société
42advanced as to the legal nature of Africom-Zaire and the fact that it may
have become a company with a sole associé. The DRC has stated that by
the mid-1980s, Africom-Zaire had ceased all commercial activity and for
that reason had been struck off the Trade Register. However, the DRC
did not argue that that administrative measure amounted to the ending
of the distinct legal personality of the SPRL. The Court thus concludes
that, notwithstanding the fact that Mr. Diallo may have become its sole
associé, Africom-Zaire kept its distinct legal personality. This SPRL thus
remains governed by the 1887 Decree, in the absence of Congolese legis-
lation specifically regulating companies whose parts sociales are owned
by a single associé, or which, de facto, are fully controlled by the gérant
associé.
109. On the question of the number of shares held by Mr. Diallo in
Africom-Zaire, the Court notes that the DRC has not contested that he
was an associé in the company, as it has conceded that he was the gérant
associé, within the meaning of Article 67 of the Decree of 27 February
1887 (see paragraph 138 below), of Africontainers-Zaire and of Africom-
Zaire. Moreover, and even if it is impossible to quantify precisely the
extent of his holding in Africom-Zaire, the Court considers that all the
evidence submitted to it suggests that Mr. Diallo held such a significant
part of the parts sociales in the company that he controlled it and could
have prevented any other associés acting in a general meeting (see para-
graph 120 below on the DRC law relating to the right of the associés to
request that a general meeting be convened) from challenging his man-
agement, including in particular his decision to contract with the public
authorities and to initiate and pursue proceedings against the State of
Zaire in domestic courts (see paragraph 114 below). Having thus con-
cluded that Mr. Diallo was a major associé in Africom-Zaire, the Court
considers that it is for the DRC to prove that Mr. Diallo might have
ceased to be an associé in Africom-Zaire at the time of his expulsion, as
it suggests (see paragraph 106 above). In the opinion of the Court, this
has not however been established. The Court considers therefore that a
very large part of the parts sociales of Africom-Zaire, if not all of them,
were owned by Mr. Diallo throughout the years over which the current
dispute extends, allowing him to be fully in charge and in control of that
company, both as gérant and as associé. Establishing the precise holding
of Mr. Diallo in Africom-Zaire as associé would only be necessary if the
company were liquidated, so as to transfer to Mr. Diallo, in due propor-
tion to his capital ownership, the net value of the company’s assets.
110. On 18 September 1979, as gérant of Africom-Zaire, Mr. Diallo
took part in the creation of another SPRL, Africontainers-Zaire, which
specialized in transporting goods in containers. The notarial act of 18 Sep-
tember 1979 constituting Africontainers-Zaire’s Articles of Incorporation
was submitted by Guinea as part of the documents included with its
42était détenu à hauteur de 40 % par M. Kibeti Zala, de nationalité zaï-
roise, à hauteur de 30 % par M me Colette Dewast, de nationalité fran-
çaise, et à hameeur de 30 % par la société Africom-Zaïre. En 1980,
M. Zala et M Dewast se retirèrent de la société Africontainers-Zaïre. A
partir de cette époque, le capital de cette dernière fut réparti comme suit:
60%àlasociétéAfricom-Zaïreet40%àM.Diallo.M.Diallodevintà
la même époque le gérant de la société Africontainers-Zaïre pour une
durée indéterminée, remplaçant ainsi M. Alain David, désigné pour occu-
per en premier cette fonction dans les statuts de la société. La Cour
conclut que, puisque, comme cela a été établi précédemment (voir para-
graphe 109), M. Diallo dirigeait et contrôlait pleinement la société Afri-
com-Zaïre, il dirigeait et contrôlait aussi pleinement, de manière directe
ou indirecte, la société Africontainers-Zaïre.
111. Sur la base des documents versés au dossier, la RDC soutient
que, à la suite de son expulsion, M. Diallo a nommé un nouveau gérant
d’Africontainers-Zaïre, M. N’Kanza. A cet égard, la RDC relève que
celui-ci a procédé à l’inventaire des biens de la société et représenté cette
dernière aux négociations avec la société Gécamines en 1997, soit plus
d’une année après l’expulsion de M. Diallo. La Guinée fait valoir que,
contrairement à ce que soutient la RDC, M. Diallo n’a pas nommé
M. N’Kanza en qualité de nouveau gérant d’Africontainers-Zaïre. Pre-
mièrement, elle souligne l’absence d’éléments de preuve attestant que se
soit jamais tenue une assemblée générale extraordinaire au cours de
laquelle M. N’Kanza aurait pu être nommé gérant de cette société.
Deuxièmement, elle se réfère à la décision de la cour d’appel de Kinshasa/
Gombe du 20 juin 2002, dans laquelle M. Diallo est présenté comme le
gérant associé d’Africontainers-Zaïre. Enfin, elle fait observer que, dans
certains documents relatifs à cette société qui ont été soumis à la Cour,
M. N’Kanza est présenté non pas comme gérant, mais comme «directeur
d’exploitation», et que M. Diallo a signé les lettres qu’il a adressées à la
RDC en tant que «gérant d’Africontainers-Zaïre».
112. La Cour relève que la RDC n’a pas établi, sur la base des actes
pertinents de la société, que M. N’Kanza eût été nommé gérant d’Afri-
containers-Zaïre. En particulier, aucune assemblée générale n’a été tenue
au cours de laquelle M. N’Kanza aurait été nommé gérant (voir paragra-
phes 129 et 133 ci-après, relatifs à la nomination d’un gérant en applica-
tion de l’article 65 du décret de 1887). La Cour conclut donc que le seul
gérant agissant pour le compte de l’une ou l’autre des sociétés, tant au
moment des détentions de M. Diallo qu’après son expulsion, était
M. Diallo lui-même.
113. La Cour estime par ailleurs qu’Africom-Zaïre et Africontainers-
Zaïre n’ont pas cessé d’exister. En l’absence d’une liquidation judiciaire,
la dissolution d’une société ne peut, aux termes du décret de 1887, «être
décidée que par l’assemblée générale» (art. 99). Une fois la dissolution
décidée, la procédure de liquidation commence. Or, la Cour observe
qu’aucun élément de preuve n’établit qu’une liquidation judiciaire au-
rait eu lieu ou qu’une assemblée générale aurait été tenue aux fins de
43Memorial. The capital in the new company was held as follows:
40 per cent by Mr. Kibeti Zala, a Zairean national; 30 per cent by
Ms Colette Dewast, a French national, and 30 per cent by Africom-
Zaire. Mr. Zala and Ms Dewast withdrew from Africontainers-Zaire
in 1980. From that time onwards, the capital in Africontainers-Zaire
was held as follows: 60 per cent by Africom-Zaire and 40 per cent
by Mr. Diallo. At the same time Mr. Diallo becam gérantof Africontainers-
Zaire for an indefinite period, thus replacing Mr. Alain David, who had
been appointed the first gérant in the Articles of Incorporation. The
Court concludes that since Mr. Diallo was, as established above (see
paragraph 109), fully in charge and in control of Africom-Zaire, he was
also, directly or indirectly, fully in charge and in control of Africontainers-
Zaire.
111. Relying on documents submitted to the Court, the DRC alleges
that, following his expulsion, Mr. Diallo appointed a new gérant for Afri-
containers-Zaire, Mr. N’Kanza. The DRC notes in this regard that it was
Mr. N’Kanza who made the inventory of Africontainers’ property and
represented the company in the negotiations with Gécamines in 1997,
over one year after Mr. Diallo’s expulsion. Guinea argues that, contrary
to the assertion by the DRC, Mr. Diallo did not appoint Mr. N’Kanza as
a new gérant for Africontainers-Zaire. First, it draws attention to the
lack of evidence establishing that an extraordinary general meeting was
ever held at which Mr. N’Kanza might have been appointed gérant of
Africontainers-Zaire. Secondly, Guinea cites the decision of the Cour
d’Appel of Kinshasa/Gombe of 20 June 2002, in which Mr. Diallo is
referred to as the gérant associé of Africontainers-Zaire. Finally, Guinea
observes that in documents relating to Africontainers-Zaire submitted to
the Court, Mr. N’Kanza is not referred to as gérant, but rather as
“Directeur d’exploitation” , and that Mr. Diallo signed his letters to the
DRC as “gérant of Africontainers-Zaire”.
112. The Court observes that the DRC has failed to establish, by
means of relevant corporate documents, that Mr. N’Kanza was appointed
gérant of Africontainers-Zaire. In particular, no general meeting appoint-
ing Mr. N’Kanza as gérant took place (see paragraphs 129 and 133 below
on the appointment of the gérant under Article 65 of the 1887 Decree).
The Court therefore concludes that the only gérant acting for either of
the companies, both at the time of Mr. Diallo’s detentions and after his
expulsion, was Mr. Diallo himself.
113. The Court is moreover of the view that Africom-Zaire and
Africontainers-Zaire have not ceased to exist. In the absence of a judicial
liquidation, the dissolution of a company, according to the 1887
Decree, “can only be decided by a general meeting” (Art. 99). Once the
dissolution has been decided upon, the company goes into a process of
liquidation. The Court notes that there is however no evidence before it
indicating that a judicial liquidation took place or that a general meeting
43décider de la dissolution ou de la liquidation de l’une ou de l’autre de
ces sociétés.
*
114. Etant parvenue à la conclusion que M. Diallo, en tant que gérant
comme en tant qu’associé des deux sociétés, dirigeait et contrôlait celles-
ci pleinement, mais que ces dernières demeuraient néanmoins des entités
juridiques distinctes de sa personne, la Cour va maintenant aborder
les différentes demandes de la Guinée relatives aux droits propres de
M. Diallo en tant qu’associé. Ce faisant, elle devra déterminer si, en droit
congolais, les droits revendiqués constituent effectivement des droits pro-
pres de l’associé, ou s’ils constituent plutôt des droits ou obligations des
sociétés. Comme la Cour l’a déjà rappelé, les demandes portant sur des
droits autres que des droits propres de M. Diallo en tant qu’associé ont
été déclarées irrecevables dans son arrêt du 24 mai 2007; elle ne peut
donc plus les examiner. Tel est en particulier le cas des demandes concer-
nant les droits contractuels d’Africom-Zaïre contre l’Etat zaïrois (RDC),
d’une part, et d’Africontainers-Zaïre contre les sociétés Gécamines, Ona-
tra, Fina et Shell, d’autre part.
115. Dans les motifs qui vont suivre, la Cour veillera à maintenir stric-
tement la distinction entre les atteintes alléguées aux droits des deux
SPRL en cause et les atteintes alléguées aux droits propres de M. Diallo
en tant qu’associé de celles-ci (voir C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II) , p. 605-606,
par. 62-63). Qu’une telle distinction puisse paraître artificielle dans le cas
d’une SPRL dont les parts sociales sont détenues en fait par un seul asso-
cié, la Cour le conçoit. Elle n’en reste pas moins juridiquement fondée, et
il est indispensable de l’observer rigoureusement dans la présente affaire.
La Guinée elle-même accepte, dans la phase actuelle de la procédure,
cette distinction, et la plupart de ses arguments sont précisément fondés
sur elle. La Cour doit se prononcer sur les prétentions du demandeur
telles que celui-ci les a présentées.
116. Les demandes relatives aux droits propres de M. Diallo en tant
qu’associé formulées par la Guinée concernent le droit de prendre part
aux assemblées générales des deux SPRL et d’y voter, le droit de nommer
un gérant et le droit de surveiller et de contrôler la gérance des sociétés.
La Guinée présente également une demande relative au droit de pro-
priété de M. Diallo sur ses parts sociales dans les sociétés Africom-Zaïre
et Africontainers-Zaïre. La Cour va à présent examiner ces différentes
demandes.
A. Le droit de prendre part aux assemblées générales et d’y voter
117. La Guinée soutient que, en expulsant M. Diallo, la RDC l’a privé
de son droit de prendre part aux assemblées générales et d’y voter, droit
garanti par l’article 79 du décret congolais du 27 février 1887 sur les
sociétés commerciales. Elle affirme que, en vertu du droit congolais, les
44of either of the two companies was held for the purposes of their dissolu-
tion or liquidation.
*
114. Having reached the conclusion that Mr. Diallo was, both as
gérant and associé of the two companies, fully in charge and in control of
them, but that they nevertheless remained legal entities distinct from him,
the Court will now address the various claims of Guinea pertaining to the
direct rights of Mr. Diallo as associé. In doing so, the Court will have to
assess whether, under DRC law, the claimed rights are indeed direct
rights of the associé, or whether they are rather rights or obligations of
the companies. As the Court has already pointed out, claims relating to
rights which are not direct rights held by Mr. Diallo as associé have been
declared inadmissible by the Judgment of 24 May 2007; they can there-
fore no longer be entertained. In particular, this is the case of the claims
relating to the contractual rights of Africom-Zaire against the State of
Zaire (DRC), and of Africontainers-Zaire against the Gécamines, Ona-
tra, Fina and Shell companies.
115. In the following paragraphs, the Court is careful to maintain the
strict distinction between the alleged infringements of the rights of the
two SPRLs at issue and the alleged infringements of Mr. Diallo’s direct
rights as associé of these latter (see I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , pp. 605-606,
paras. 62-63). The Court understands that such a distinction could appear
artificial in the case of an SPRL in which the parts sociales are held in
practice by a single associé. It is nonetheless well-founded juridically, and
it is essential to rigorously observe it in the present case. Guinea itself
accepts this distinction in the present stage of the proceedings, and most
of its arguments are indeed based on it. The Court has to deal with the
claims as they were presented by the Applicant.
116. Guinea’s claims relating to Mr. Diallo’s direct rights as associé
pertain to the right to participate and vote in general meetings of the two
SPRLs, the right to appoint a gérant, and the right to oversee and moni-
tor the management of the companies. Guinea also presents a claim in
relation to the right to property concerning Mr. Diallo’s parts sociales in
Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire. The Court will now address
those different claims.
A. The Right to Take Part and Vote in General Meetings
117. Guinea maintains that the DRC, in expelling Mr. Diallo, deprived
him of his right, guaranteed by Article 79 of the Congolese Decree of
27 February 1887 on commercial corporations, to take part in general
meetings and to vote. It claims that under DRC law general meetings of
44assemblées générales d’Africom-Zaïre et d’Africontainers-Zaïre ne pou-
vaient se tenir en dehors du territoire de la RDC. La Guinée admet que
M. Diallo aurait certes pu exercer ses droits d’associé à partir d’un terri-
toire étranger en se faisant représenter par un mandataire de son choix,
en application de l’article 81 du décret de 1887, mais elle fait valoir que la
désignation d’un mandataire est uniquement une possibilité offerte à
l’associé, dont le droit reconnu est clairement d’avoir le choix de désigner
une personne pour le représenter ou de siéger en personne. La Guinée
ajoute que, dans le cas d’Africontainers-Zaïre, il aurait été impossible à
M. Diallo de se faire représenter par un mandataire puisque l’article 22
des statuts de la société stipule qu’un associé ne peut être représenté que
par un autre associé et que M. Diallo était devenu le seul associé de cette
SPRL au moment de son expulsion.
118. La RDC soutient qu’il ne peut y avoir eu violation du droit de
M. Diallo de prendre part aux assemblées générales, dans la mesure où
rien ne prouve qu’une assemblée générale ait été convoquée et que
M. Diallo n’ait pu s’y rendre en raison de son éloignement du territoire
de la RDC. Elle affirme que, en tout état de cause, le droit commercial
congolais n’impose aucune obligation aux sociétés commerciales quant
au lieu où une assemblée générale doit se tenir.
*
119. Aux termes de l’article 79 du décret congolais du 27 février 1887
sur les sociétés commerciales, «[n]onobstant toute disposition contraire,
tous les associés ont le droit de prendre part aux assemblées générales et
jouissent d’une voix par part sociale». La Cour observe qu’il découle de
cette disposition que le droit de prendre part aux assemblées générales et
d’y voter appartient aux associés et non à la société. Cela est conforme à
la conclusion à laquelle elle est parvenue en l’affaire de la Barcelona
Traction, selon laquelle «il est bien connu» que le droit de prendre part
aux assemblées générales et d’y voter est un droit «que le droit interne
confère [aux associés]» et qui est «distinc[t] de ceux de la société» (Bar-
celona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgique c. Espa-
gne), deuxième phase, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1970 , p. 36, par. 47).
120. La Cour abordera maintenant la question de savoir si la RDC, en
expulsant M. Diallo, a privé celui-ci de son droit de prendre part aux
assemblées générales et d’y voter, tel que garanti par l’article 79 du décret
congolais du 27 février 1887 sur les sociétés commerciales.
121. Conformément à l’article 83 du même décret, la décision de
convoquer une assemblée générale revient à la gérance ou aux com-
missaires (par. 1), mais les associés ont eux aussi le droit de demander
la convocation d’une assemblée générale s’ils réunissent un cinquième
du nombre total des parts sociales (par. 2). A la lumière des éléments
de preuve que les Parties lui ont présentés, la Cour conclut que rien ne
prouve que M. Diallo, agissant en qualité de gérant ou d’associé déten-
teur d’au moins un cinquième du nombre total des parts sociales, ait pris
45Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire could not be held outside the
territory of the DRC. Guinea admits that Mr. Diallo could of course
have exercised his rights as associé from another country by appointing a
proxy of his choice, in accordance with Article 81 of the 1887 Decree, but
argues that appointing a proxy is merely an option available to the asso-
cié, whose recognized right is clearly to have a choice whether to appoint
a representative or to attend in person. Guinea adds that, in the case of
Africontainers-Zaire, it would have been impossible for Mr. Diallo to be
represented by a proxy, since Article 22 of the Articles of Incorporation
of the SPRL stipulates that only an associé may be appointed proxy of
another, whereas he had become its sole associé at the time of his expul-
sion.
118. The DRC maintains that there cannot have been any violation of
Mr. Diallo’s right to take part in general meetings, as there has been no
evidence that any general meetings were convened and that Mr. Diallo
was unable to attend owing to his removal from DRC territory. The
DRC asserts that in any case Congolese commercial law places no obliga-
tion on commercial companies in respect of where general meetings are
to be held.
*
119. Article 79 of the Congolese Decree of 27 February 1887 on com-
mercial corporations stipulates that: “[n]otwithstanding any provision to
the contrary, all associés shall have the right to take part in general meet-
ings and shall be entitled to one vote per share”. The Court observes that
it follows from the terms of this provision that the right to participate
and vote in general meetings belongs to the associés and not to the com-
pany. This is consistent with the Court’s conclusion in the Barcelona
Traction case, where it pointed out that “[i]t is well known” that the right
to participate and vote in general meetings is a right “which municipal
law confers upon the [shareholders] distinct from those of the company”
(Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v.
Spain), Second Phase, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1970 , p. 36, para. 47).
120. The Court now turns to the question of whether the DRC, in
expelling Mr. Diallo, deprived him of his right to take part in general
meetings and to vote, as guaranteed by Article 79 of the Congolese
Decree of 27 February 1887 on commercial corporations.
121. According to Article 83 of the Congolese Decree of 27 Febru-
ary 1887, while the decision to convene a general meeting is incumbent
upon the gérant or the auditors (para. 1), associés also have the right to
request that a general meeting be convened if they hold a fifth of the total
number of shares (para. 2). In view of the evidence submitted to it by the
Parties, the Court finds that there is no proof that Mr. Diallo, acting
either as gérant or as associé holding at least one-fifth of the total number
of shares, has taken any action to convene a general meeting, either after
45la moindre mesure pour convoquer une assemblée générale, soit après
son expulsion de la RDC, soit à un quelconque moment après 1980, alors
qu’il résidait en RDC, ne fût-ce qu’afin de «délib[é]re[r] et [de] statue[r]
sur le bilan et le compte de profits et pertes et sur l’affectation des béné-
fices», comme cela aurait dû être le cas chaque année en vertu du décret
de 1887 (voir article 96). Or, selon la Cour, le droit de M. Diallo de pren-
dre part aux assemblées générales et d’y voter n’aurait pu être violé que si
des assemblées générales avaient effectivement été convoquées après son
expulsion. La Cour relève à cet égard que, quand bien même l’article pre-
mier de l’ordonnance-loi n 66-341 du 7 juin 1966 obligerait les sociétés
ayant leur siège administratif en RDC à tenir leurs assemblées générales
sur le territoire congolais, il n’a pas été prouvé que M. Diallo aurait été
empêché d’agir pour convoquer des assemblées générales depuis l’étran-
ger, en qualité de gérant ou d’associé.
122. La Cour examinera à présent la question de savoir si M. Diallo a
été privé de son droit de prendre part à d’éventuelles assemblées générales
et d’y voter au motif que, comme le soutient la Guinée, il n’aurait pu,
après son expulsion, exercer ce droit que par l’intermédiaire d’un man-
dataire, alors que la législation congolaise lui reconnaîtrait le droit de
choisir soit de désigner un tiers pour le représenter, soit de siéger en per-
sonne.
123. Conformément à l’article 81 du décret congolais du 27 février
1887, «[l]es associés peuvent toujours se faire représenter par un man-
dataire de leur choix, mais en observant les conditions exprimées dans
les statuts». Quant à l’article 80 du même décret, il prévoit que, «[s]auf
dispositions contraires des statuts, les associés peuvent émettre leur
vote par écrit ou par tout autre moyen qui garantisse l’authenticité de
la volonté exprimée». La Cour a noté que les Parties lui avaient fourni
les statuts d’Africontainers-Zaïre, mais ne lui avaient pas communiqué
ceux d’Africom-Zaïre (voir paragraphes 107 et 110 ci-dessus). Le para-
graphe 2 de l’article 22 des statuts d’Africontainers-Zaïre se lit comme
suit: «Les associés peuvent se faire représenter soit par un mandataire
choisi parmi les associés, soit par un représentant ou un préposé des
personnes juridiques associées, s’il s’agit d’elles.» Quant à l’article 21,
il stipule que «[l]es décisions de l’assemblée générale sont prises à la
majorité des trois quarts des voix quel que soit le nombre de parts socia-
les possédées par les associés présents ou représentés » (les italiques sont
de la Cour).
124. Il résulte de ces dispositions que le droit de l’associé de prendre
part et de voter aux assemblées générales peut être exercé par lui-même
en personne ou par l’intermédiaire d’un mandataire de son choix. Il ne
fait pas de doute à cet égard que le vote exprimé par un mandataire à une
assemblée générale a le même effet juridique que celui exprimé par l’asso-
cié lui-même. En revanche, il est plus difficile de déduire avec certitude
des dispositions précitées qu’elles consacreraient, ainsi que le soutient la
Guinée, le droit pour l’associé d’assister en personne aux assemblées
générales. De l’avis de la Cour, ces dispositions ont pour finalité première
46having been expelled from the DRC, or at any time when he was a resi-
dent in the DRC after 1980, not even for the purposes of annually “con-
sider[ing] and decid[ing] on the balance sheet and profit and loss account
and on the allocation of profits”, as required by the 1887 Decree (see
Article 96). In the opinion of the Court, the right of Mr. Diallo to take
part in general meetings and to vote could only have been breached if
general meetings had actually been convened after his expulsion from the
DRC. The Court notes in this respect that, even assuming that Article 1
of Legislative Order No. 66-341 of 7 June 1966 were to oblige corpora-
tions having their administrative seat in the DRC to hold their general
meetings on Congolese territory, no evidence has been provided that
Mr. Diallo would have been precluded from taking any action to convene
general meetings from abroad, either as gérant or as associé.
122. The Court will now turn to the question of whether Mr. Diallo
has been deprived of his right to take part and vote in any general meet-
ings because, as Guinea argues, after his expulsion he could only have
exercised that right through a proxy, whereas Congolese law afforded
him the right to choose between appointing a representative or attending
in person.
123. According to Article 81 of the Congolese Decree of 27 Febru-
ary 1887, “[a]ssociés may always be represented by a proxy of
their choice, subject to compliance with the conditions set forth in the
statutes”. According to Article 80 of the Congolese Decree, “[u]nless the
statutes provide otherwise,associés may express their votes in writing or by
any other means that guarantees the authenticity of the will expressed”.
The Court has noted that the Parties have provided it with the Articles of
Incorporation of Africontainers-Zaire, but have not communicated to it
those of Africom-Zaire (see paragraphs 107 and 110 above). Article 22,
paragraph 2, of the Articles of Incorporation of Africontainers-Zaire
reads as follows: “Associés may arrange to be represented either by a
proxy chosen from amongst the associés, or by a representative or agent
of any associé that is a legal person, if such is the case.” Article 21 of the
Articles of Incorporation of Africontainers-Zaire states that “[r]es-
olutions of the general meeting shall be passed by a majority of three
quarters of the votes irrespective of the number of shares owned by the
members present or represented at the meeting ” (emphasis added).
124. It follows from these provisions that an associé’s right to take
part and vote in general meetings may be exercised by the associé in per-
son or through a proxy of his choosing. There is no doubt in this connec-
tion that a vote expressed through a proxy at a general meeting has the
same legal effect as a vote expressed by the associé himself. On the other
hand, it is more difficult to infer with certainty from the above-mentioned
provisions that they establish the right, as Guinea maintains, for the asso-
cié to attend general meetings in person. In the opinion of the Court, the
primary purpose of these provisions is to ensure that the general meetings
46d’assurer que les assemblées générales des sociétés puissent utilement se
tenir. L’interprétation du droit congolais retenue par la Guinée pourrait
contrecarrer cet objectif, en permettant à un associé de bloquer le fonc-
tionnement normal des organes sociétaires. Il est douteux que le législa-
teur congolais ait pu vouloir un tel résultat, fort éloigné de l’affectio
societatis. Par ailleurs, en ce qui concerne Africom-Zaïre et Africontai-
ners-Zaïre, la Cour ne perçoit pas en quoi la désignation par M. Diallo
d’un représentant aurait pu, d’une quelconque manière, porter concrète-
ment atteinte à son droit de prendre part et de voter aux assemblées géné-
rales des deux SPRL, puisqu’il les contrôlait complètement.
125. Par ailleurs, en ce qui concerne Africontainers-Zaïre, la Cour ne
peut faire droit à l’argument de la Guinée selon lequel il aurait été impos-
sible à M. Diallo de se faire représenter à une assemblée générale par un
mandataire autre que lui-même au motif qu’il était le seul associé de cette
SPRL et que l’article 22 des statuts d’Africontainers-Zaïre stipule qu’un
associé ne peut désigner qu’un autre associé pour le représenter. Ainsi
que la Cour l’a fait observer ci-dessus (voir paragraphe 110), cette société
compte deux associés: M. Diallo et Africom-Zaïre. Dès lors, en applica-
tion de l’article 22 précité, M. Diallo pouvait, en sa qualité d’associé
d’Africontainers-Zaïre, désigner le «représentant ou ... préposé» d’Afri-
com-Zaïre pour le représenter à une assemblée générale d’Africontainers-
Zaïre. Au préalable, il aurait pu, en sa qualité de gérant d’Africom-Zaïre
et en vertu de l’article 69 du décret de 1887 (voir paragraphe 135 ci-
après), désigner un tel «représentant ou ... préposé» de cette société.
126. En conséquence, la Cour ne peut accueillir l’allégation de la Gui-
née selon laquelle la RDC a violé le droit de M. Diallo de prendre part
aux assemblées générales et d’y voter. En expulsant M. Diallo, la RDC
l’a probablement empêché de prendre part en personne à une éventuelle
assemblée générale, mais, de l’avis de la Cour, une telle entrave n’équi-
vaut pas à une privation de son droit de prendre part aux assemblées
générales et d’y voter.
B. Les droits relatifs à la gérance
127. La Cour note que la Guinée a avancé, à divers stades de la pro-
cédure, quatre affirmations légèrement différentes, qu’elle a regroupées
sous un seul et même chef, selon lequel il y aurait eu violation du droit de
M. Diallo de «nommer un gérant». Elle a ainsi soutenu que, en expulsant
M. Diallo de manière illicite, la RDC a commis: une violation du droit
que l’intéressé aurait de nommer un gérant, une violation du droit qu’il
aurait d’être nommé gérant, une violation du droit qu’il aurait d’exercer
les fonctions de gérant et une violation du droit qu’il aurait de ne pas être
révoqué en tant que gérant.
128. La RDC affirme que le droit de nommer le gérant d’une SPRL est
un droit de la société, et non de l’associé, puisqu’il s’agit d’un droit de
l’assemblée générale, qui est un organe de la société. Par ailleurs, selon la
47of companies can take place effectively. Guinea’s interpretation of
Congolese law might frustrate that objective, by allowing an associé to
prevent the organs of the company from operating normally. It is ques-
tionable whether the Congolese legislators could have desired such
an outcome, which is far removed from the affectio societatis. Moreover,
in respect of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire, the Court does not
see how the appointment of a representative by Mr. Diallo could in any
way have breached in practical terms his right to take part and vote in
general meetings of the two SPRLs, since he had complete control over
them.
125. Furthermore, with regard to Africontainers-Zaire, the Court can-
not accept Guinea’s argument that it would have been impossible for
Mr. Diallo to be represented at a general meeting by a proxy other than
himself because he was the sole associé of that SPRL and Article 22 of
Africontainers-Zaire’s Articles of Incorporation stipulates that an associé
may only appoint another associé as proxy. As the Court has observed
above (see paragraph 110), that company has two associés, namely,
Mr. Diallo and Africom-Zaire. Therefore, pursuant to the above-
mentioned Article 22, Mr. Diallo, acting as associé of Africontainers-
Zaire, could appoint the “representative or agent” of Africom-Zaire
as his proxy for a general meeting of Africontainers-Zaire. Prior to the appoint-
ment of that proxy, and acting as gérant of Africom-Zaire pursuant to
Article 69 of the 1887 Decree (see paragraph 135 below), Mr. Diallo
could have appointed such a “representative or agent” of the latter com-
pany.
126. Therefore, the Court cannot sustain Guinea’s claim that the DRC
has violated Mr. Diallo’s right to take part and vote in general meetings.
The DRC, in expelling Mr. Diallo, has probably impeded him from tak-
ing part in person in any general meeting, but, in the opinion of the
Court, such hindrance does not amount to a deprivation of his right to
take part and vote in general meetings.
B. The Rights relating to the Gérance
127. The Court observes that, at various points in the proceedings,
Guinea has made four slightly different assertions which it has grouped
under the general claim of a violation of Mr. Diallo’s right to “appoint a
gérant”. It has contended that, by unlawfully expelling Mr. Diallo, the
DRC has committed: a violation of his alleged right to appoint a gérant,
a violation of his alleged right to be appointed as gérant, a violation of
his alleged right to exercise the functions of a gérant, and a violation of
his alleged right not to be removed as gérant.
128. The DRC contends that the right to appoint the gérant of an
SPRL is a right of the company, not of the associé, as it lies with the
general meeting, which is an organ of the company. Furthermore, the
47RDC, dès lors que, en vertu du décret de 1887, un gérant qui n’a pas été
désigné dans les statuts est nommé par l’assemblée générale, le droit invo-
qué par la Guinée de nommer un gérant ne se distingue pas du droit de
l’associé de prendre part aux assemblées générales. La RDC fait valoir
que la Guinée n’a pas démontré qu’une assemblée générale aurait été
convoquée et que la défenderesse serait intervenue auprès des autres asso-
ciés pour empêcher M. Diallo de participer à la nomination d’un nou-
veau gérant ou de se faire représenter par une personne de son choix. Elle
affirme que, à la suite de son expulsion, M. Diallo a bien nommé
M. N’Kanza gérant d’Africontainers-Zaïre.
*
129. La Cour relève que la nomination et les fonctions des gérants
sont régies, en droit congolais, par le décret de 1887 sur les sociétés com-
merciales et par les statuts de la société concernée.
130. Aux termes de l’article 64 du décret de 1887,
«[l]a société privée à responsabilité limitée est gérée par un ou plu-
sieurs mandataires, associés ou non associés, appelés gérants».
Quant à la nomination des gérants, elle est régie par l’article 65 de ce
même décret, qui se lit comme suit:
«[l]es gérants sont nommés soit dans l’acte constitutif, soit par
l’assemblée générale, pour un temps limité ou sans durée déter-
minée».
En outre, l’article 69 du décret de 1887 prévoit que
«[l]es statuts, l’assemblée générale ou la gérance peuvent confier la
gestion journalière de la société et des pouvoirs spéciaux à des agents
ou autres mandataires, associés ou non associés».
131. Par ailleurs, l’article 14 des statuts d’Africontainers-Zaïre stipule,
notamment, ce qui suit:
«La société est administrée par un ou plusieurs gérants[,] associés
ou non[,] nommés par l’assemblée générale.
S’il est désigné plusieurs gérants, l’assemblée décide s’ils ont pou-
voir séparément ou conjointement.»
L’article 17 est, pour sa part, ainsi conçu:
«La gérance peut déléguer à l’un des associés ou à des tiers[,] ou
attribuer à l’un de ses membres, tous pouvoirs nécessaires à la ges-
tion journalière. Elle déterminera les attributions et[,] le cas échéant,
la rétribution de ces mandataires; les pouvoirs délégués sont révoca-
bles en tout temps.»
132. La Cour commencera par écarter l’argument de la RDC selon
48DRC affirms that because, under the 1887 Decree, a gérant who has not
been appointed in the Articles of Incorporation is appointed by the
general meeting, the right invoked by Guinea to appoint a gérant is indis-
tinguishable from the right of the associé to take part in the general
meetings. According to the DRC, Guinea has failed to show that a
general meeting was convened and that the DRC intervened with the other
associés to prevent Mr. Diallo from participating in the appointment
of a newgérant, or from being represented by another person of his choice.
The DRC submits that Mr. Diallo did appoint Mr. N’Kanza asgérant of
Africontainers-Zaire following his expulsion.
*
129. The Court observes that the appointment and functions of gérants
are governed, in Congolese law, by the 1887 Decree on commercial cor-
porations, and by the Articles of Incorporation of the company in ques-
tion.
130. Under Article 64 of the 1887 Decree:
“A private limited company shall be managed by one or more per-
sons, who may or may not be associés, called gérants.”
The appointment of gérants is governed by Article 65 of the 1887 Decree,
which provides:
“Gérants shall be appointed either in the instrument of incorpora-
tion or by the general meeting, for a period which may be fixed or
indeterminate.”
In addition, Article 69 of the 1887 Decree provides that:
“The statutes, the general meeting or the gérance may entrust the
day-to-day management of the company and special powers to
agents or other proxies, whether associés or not.”
131. Furthermore, Article 14 of Africontainers-Zaire’s Articles of
Incorporation provides, inter alia, that:
“The company shall be managed by one or more gérants, who
may or may not be associés, appointed by the general meeting.
Where more than one gérant is appointed, the general meeting
shall decide whether they shall exercise their powers separately or
jointly.”
Article 17, for its part, is couched in the following terms:
“The gérance may delegate to one of the associés or to third
parties or confer on one of its managers any powers necessary for
the performance of daily managerial duties. It shall determine the
powers to be conferred and, where necessary, the remuneration of
such agents; delegated powers may be revoked at any time.”
132. The Court will begin by dismissing the DRC’s argument that
48lequel le droit de M. Diallo de nommer un gérant n’a pas pu être violé
puisque l’intéressé a en réalité nommé un gérant d’Africontainers-Zaïre
en la personne de M. N’Kanza. Elle a en effet déjà conclu que ce fait
n’avait pas été établi (voir paragraphes 111 et 112 ci-dessus).
133. S’agissant de la première allégation formulée par la Guinée, selon
laquelle la RDC a violé le droit de M. Diallo de nommer un gérant, la
Cour rappelle que, aux termes de l’article 65 du décret de 1887, «[l]es
gérants sont nommés soit dans l’acte constitutif, soit par l’assemblée
générale». La Cour fait observer que, en vertu de cette disposition, toute
SPRL doit être gérée par un gérant au moins. La nomination du gérant a
en principe lieu au moment même de la constitution de la SPRL. Elle
peut aussi avoir lieu à un stade ultérieur, par décision de l’assemblée
générale. Dans ce cas, un organe de la société (l’assemblée générale)
exerce son pouvoir envers un autre organe (la gérance). La nomination
du gérant relève donc de la responsabilité de la société elle-même, sans
constituer un droit de l’associé. En conséquence, la Cour conclut que
l’argument de la Guinée selon lequel la RDC a violé le droit de M. Diallo
de nommer un gérant doit être rejeté.
134. S’agissant de la deuxième allégation avancée par la Guinée, selon
laquelle la RDC a violé le droit de M. Diallo d’être nommé gérant, la
Cour observe que, dans l’arrêt qu’elle a rendu en 2007 sur les exceptions
préliminaires, elle a relevé ce qui suit:
«[l]a RDC s’accorde ... avec la Guinée sur le fait que, s’agissant du
droit congolais, les droits propres de l’associé sont déterminés par le
décret de l’Etat indépendant du Congo, en date du 27 février 1887,
sur les sociétés commerciales. Les droits de M. Diallo en tant qu’asso-
cié des sociétés Africom-Zaïre et Africontainers-Zaïre seraient donc
théoriquement les suivants: «le droit aux dividendes et aux produits
de la liquidation», «le droit d’être nommé gérant», «le droit de
l’associé gérant à ne pas être révoqué sans motif», «le droit du
gérant à représenter la société», «le droit de surveillance [de la
gérance]» et «le droit de participer aux assemblées générales».»
(C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II) , p. 603, par. 53.)
Il ne fait aucun doute qu’un associé a le droit d’être nommé gérant.
Néanmoins, ce droit ne peut avoir été violé en l’espèce, puisque, de fait,
M. Diallo a bien été nommé gérant, et demeure le gérant des deux socié-
tés en question. A cet égard, la Cour rappelle la conclusion qu’elle a for-
mulée dans son arrêt de 2007 selon laquelle «M. Diallo, qui avait la
qualité d’associé des deux sociétés Africom-Zaïre et Africontainers-Zaïre,
exerçait également les fonctions de gérant pour chacune d’entre elles»
(ibid., p. 606, par. 66). Cette conclusion est confirmée par certains élé-
ments de preuve que les Parties ont présentés à la Cour au stade actuel de
la procédure, et notamment par des éléments de preuve soumis par la
Guinée elle-même. En conséquence, la Cour conclut qu’il n’y a pas eu
violation du droit de M. Diallo d’être nommé gérant.
49Mr. Diallo’s right to appoint a gérant could not have been violated
because he in fact appointed a gérant for Africontainers-Zaire in the per-
son of Mr. N’Kanza. It has already concluded that this allegation has not
been proved (see paragraphs 111 and 112 above).
133. As regards the first assertion put forth by Guinea that the DRC
has violated Mr. Diallo’s right to appoint a gérant, the Court recalls Arti-
cle 65 of the 1887 Decree, which provides that “[g]érants shall be
appointed either in the instrument of incorporation or by the general
meeting”. The Court observes that, under this provision, every SPRL is
required to be managed by at least one gérant. In principle, the appoint-
ment of the gérant takes place at the point when the SPRL is founded. It
can also take place at a later stage, by decision of the general meeting. In
that case, one organ of the company (the general meeting) exercises its
power in respect of another (the gérance). The appointment of the gérant
therefore falls under the responsibility of the company itself, without
constituting a right of the associé. Accordingly, the Court concludes that
Guinea’s claim that the DRC has violated Mr. Diallo’s right to appoint a
gérant must fail.
134. As regards the second assertion put forward by Guinea that the
DRC has violated Mr. Diallo’s right to be appointed gérant, the Court
notes that, in its 2007 Judgment on preliminary objections, it observed
that:
“The DRC . . . agrees with Guinea on the fact that, in terms of
Congolese law, the direct rights of associés are determined by the
Decree of the Independent State of Congo of 27 February 1887 on
commercial corporations. The rights of Mr. Diallo as associé of the
companies Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire are therefore
theoretically as follows: ‘the right to dividends and to the proceeds
of liquidation’, ‘the right to be appointed manager (gérant)’, ‘the
right of the associé manager (gérant) not to be removed without
cause’, ‘the right of the manager to represent the company’, ‘the
right of oversight [of the management]’ and ‘the right to participate
in general meetings’.” (I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II) , p. 603, para. 53.)
It is clear that an associé has a right to be appointed gérant. However,
this right cannot have been violated in this instance because Mr. Diallo
has in fact been appointed as gérant, and still is the gérant of both com-
panies in question. In this regard, the Court recalls its finding in its
2007 Judgment “that Mr. Diallo, who was associé in Africom-Zaire and
Africontainers-Zaire, also held the position of gérant in each of them”
(ibid., p. 606, para. 66). This finding is confirmed in evidence put before
the Court by the Parties in the present stage of the proceedings, in par-
ticular by evidence submitted by Guinea itself. Accordingly, the Court
concludes that there is no violation of Mr. Diallo’s right to be appointed
gérant.
49 135. La Cour note que la Guinée a soutenu, en troisième lieu, que le
droit de M. Diallo d’exercer ses fonctions de gérant avait été violé. Sur ce
point, la Guinée a affirmé dans sa réplique que,
«à la suite de sa détention et de son expulsion par les autorités zaï-
roises, [M. Diallo] a été mis dans l’impossibilité, d’un point de vue
pratique, de remplir le rôle de «gérant» depuis la Guinée, puisqu’il
se trouvait hors du territoire».
La Cour ne saurait souscrire à ce raisonnement et, à cet égard, se réfère à
l’article 69 du décret de 1887, qui prévoit que «la gérance peu[t] confier la
gestion journalière de la société et des pouvoirs spéciaux à des agents ou
autres mandataires associés ou non associés». En ce qui concerne Afri-
containers-Zaïre, la Cour renvoie en outre à l’article 16 des statuts de
cette société, aux termes duquel «[l]a gérance pourra établir des sièges
administratifs en République du Zaïre et des succursales, bureaux, agen-
ces, dépôts ou comptoirs en n’importe quel lieu, tant dans la République
du Zaïre qu’à l’étranger». S’il est vrai qu’il a pu être plus difficile pour
M. Diallo d’exercer ses fonctions de gérant du fait qu’il se trouvait hors
du territoire de la RDC, la Guinée n’a pas démontré que cela lui avait
été impossible. De surcroît, elle n’a pas démontré que M. Diallo avait
tenté de désigner un mandataire, qui aurait pu agir en RDC sur ses
instructions.
136. En fait, il ressort clairement de différents documents soumis à la
Cour que, même après l’expulsion de M. Diallo, des représentants d’Afri-
containers-Zaïre ont continué à agir au nom de cette société en RDC et
de négocier avec la société Gécamines au sujet de réclamations contrac-
tuelles.
137. En conséquence, la Cour conclut que l’argument de la Guinée
selon lequel la RDC a violé le droit de M. Diallo d’exercer ses fonctions
de gérant doit être rejeté.
138. La Cour relève enfin que la Guinée a avancé, en quatrième lieu,
que la RDC avait violé le droit de M. Diallo de ne pas être révoqué en
tant que gérant, invoquant l’article 67 du décret de 1887, qui se lit comme
suit:
«Sauf disposition contraire des statuts, les gérants associés, nom-
més pour la durée de la société, ne sont révocables que pour de justes
motifs par l’assemblée générale délibérant dans les conditions requi-
ses pour les modifications aux statuts.
Les autres gérants sont révocables en tout temps.»
Se référant à cette disposition, la Guinée affirme que M. Diallo a été
privé de son droit de ne pas être révoqué en tant que gérant aussi long-
temps que la société existait. La Cour fait cependant observer qu’aucun
élément de preuve ne lui a été présenté attestant que M. Diallo avait été
privé de son droit de demeurer gérant, aucune assemblée générale n’ayant
été convoquée pour le révoquer, ou à toute autre fin. Aussi n’a-t-il pas pu
être révoqué «pour de justes motifs». S’il est vrai que, comme indiqué
50 135. The Court notes that, thirdly, Guinea has claimed that a right of
Mr. Diallo to exercise his functions as gérant was violated. In this regard,
Guinea has argued in its Reply that:
“following [Mr. Diallo’s] detention and expulsion by the Zairean
authorities, it became impossible for him, in practical terms, to per-
form the role of ‘gérant’ from Guinea, because he was outside the
country”.
The Court cannot accept this line of reasoning, and refers in this regard
to Article 69 of the 1887 Decree, which provides that “the gérance may
entrust the day-to-day management of the company and special powers
to agents or other proxies, whether associés or not”. Moreover, with
respect to Africontainers-Zaire, the Court also refers to Article 16 of its
Articles of Incorporation, which provides that the “gérance is entitled to
establish administrative bases in the Republic of Zaire and branches,
offices, agencies, depots or trading outlets in any location whatsoever,
whether in the Republic of Zaire or abroad”. While the performance of
Mr. Diallo’s duties as gérant may have been rendered more difficult by
his presence outside the country, Guinea has failed to demonstrate that it
was impossible to carry out those duties. In addition, Guinea has not
shown that Mr. Diallo attempted to appoint a proxy, who could have
acted within the DRC on his instructions.
136. In fact, it is clear from various documents submitted to the Court
that, even after Mr. Diallo’s expulsion, representatives of Africontainers-
Zaire have continued to act on behalf of the company in the DRC and to
negotiate contractual claims with the Gécamines company.
137. The Court accordingly concludes that Guinea’s claim that the
DRC has violated a right of Mr. Diallo to exercise his functions as gérant
must fail.
138. Finally, the Court observes that, fourthly, Guinea has claimed
that the DRC has violated Mr. Diallo’s right not to be removed as
gérant, referring to Article 67 of the 1887 Decree, which provides that:
“Unless the statutes provide otherwise, gérants associés appointed
for the life of the company can be removed only for good cause, by
a general meeting deliberating under the conditions required for
amendments to the statutes.
Other gérants can be removed at any time.”
With reference to this provision, Guinea argues that Mr. Diallo was
deprived of his right not to be removed as a gérant as long as the com-
pany was in existence. The Court observes, however, that no evidence has
been provided to it that Mr. Diallo was deprived of his right to remain
gérant, since no general meeting was ever convened for the purpose of
removing him, or for any other purpose. There was therefore no possi-
bility of having him removed “for good cause”. Although it may have
50ci-dessus, il a pu être plus difficile pour l’intéressé d’exercer ses fonctions
depuis l’étranger à la suite de son expulsion, M. Diallo est néanmoins
demeuré, d’un point de vue juridique, le gérant d’Africom-Zaïre et d’Afri-
containers-Zaïre. En conséquence, la Cour conclut que l’argument de la
Guinée selon lequel la RDC a violé le droit de M. Diallo de ne pas être
révoqué en tant que gérant doit être rejeté.
139. La Cour ajoutera que, quand bien même il serait établi que
M. Diallo aurait été nommé gérant associé pour toute la durée de vie de
la société et qu’il aurait été révoqué en tant que tel sans justes motifs,
l’argument de la Guinée continuerait de reposer sur des bases très fragi-
les. Le droit énoncé à l’article 67 du décret de 1887 est un droit du gérant
associé et non du simple associé. Dans la mesure où il s’agit d’un droit du
gérant, qui est un organe de la société, cet argument ne saurait être retenu
en vertu de l’alinéa c) du point 3 du paragraphe 98 de l’arrêt que la Cour
a rendu en 2007.
140. Au vu de tout ce qui précède, la Cour conclut que les diverses
allégations de la Guinée regroupées sous le chef de la violation des droits
de M. Diallo relatifs à la gérance doivent être rejetées.
C. Le droit de surveiller et de contrôler les actes
accomplis par la gérance
141. La Guinée affirme que, en arrêtant et en expulsant M. Diallo,
la RDC a privé celui-ci de son droit de surveiller et de contrôler les
actes accomplis par la gérance et les opérations d’Africom-Zaïre et
d’Africontainers-Zaïre, en violation des articles 71 et 75 du décret de
1887. Se référant à ces dispositions, elle avance que le droit de sur-
veiller et de contrôler les actes accomplis par la gérance est un droit
qui s’attache au statut d’associé, et non un droit de la société, en parti-
culier lorsque celle-ci ne compte pas plus de cinq associés. La Guinée
soutient que, dans la mesure où M. Diallo était le seul associé des deux
sociétés, il jouissait de tous les droits et pouvoirs du commissaire énon-
cés à l’article 75 du décret de 1887. Elle ajoute que ces droits sont égale-
ment reconnus par l’article 19 des statuts de la société Africontainers-
Zaïre.
142. La RDC fait valoir que, en vertu des articles 71 et 75 du décret
de 1887, ainsi que des articles 19 et 25, paragraphe 3, des statuts d’Afri-
containers-Zaïre, le soin de surveiller et de contrôler la gérance d’une
SPRL est confié non à un associé individuellement, mais à des experts
financiers appelés «commissaires aux comptes». De l’avis de la RDC,
l’associé a pour seul droit en la matière celui de prendre part à la nomina-
tion d’un ou de plusieurs commissaires aux comptes lors de l’assemblée
générale. Bien qu’elle admette que, dans certaines circonstances, la loi
congolaise donne aux associés le droit de surveiller et de contrôler la
gérance de la société, la RDC fait néanmoins valoir que la Guinée n’a pas
51become more difficult for Mr. Diallo to carry out his duties as gérant
from outside the DRC following his expulsion, as discussed above, he
remained, from a legal standpoint, the gérant of both Africom-Zaire and
Africontainers-Zaire. Accordingly, the Court concludes that Guinea’s
claim that the DRC has violated Mr. Diallo’s right not to be removed as
gérant must fail.
139. The Court may add that, even if it were established that Mr. Diallo
had been appointed gérant associé as long as the company was in exist-
ence and that he had been removed as gérant without good cause, the
claim of Guinea would still stand on very weak ground. The right estab-
lished by Article 67 of the 1887 Decree is a right of a combined gérant
associé, not a simple right of an associé. To the extent that it is a right of
the gérant, who is an organ of the company, the claim would be pre-
cluded by paragraph 98 (3) (c) of the Court’s 2007 Judgment.
140. In light of all the above, the Court concludes that the various
assertions put forward by Guinea, grouped under the general claim
of a violation of Mr. Diallo’s rights relating to the gérance, must be
rejected.
C. The Right to Oversee and Monitor
the Management
141. Guinea submits that, in detaining and expelling Mr. Diallo, the
DRC deprived him of his right to oversee and monitor the actions of
management and the operations of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-
Zaire, in violation of Articles 71 and 75 of the 1887 Decree. Referring to
those provisions, Guinea contends that the right to oversee and monitor
the actions of management is a right attaching to the status of associé,
not a right of the company, especially where there are five or fewearssociés.
It argues that because Mr. Diallo was the soleassocié of both companies,
he enjoyed all the rights and powers of thecommissaire or auditor under
Article 75 of the 1887 Decree. It adds that those rights are also recognized
by Article 19 of Africontainers-Zaire’s Articles of Incorporation.
142. The DRC submits that under Articles 71 and 75 of the
1887 Decree, as well as Article 19 and Article 25, paragraph 3, of Afric-
ontainers-Zaire’s Articles of Incorporation, the task of overseeing and
monitoring the gérance of an SPRL is entrusted not to an associé indi-
vidually, but to financial experts known as “statutory auditors” [commis-
saires aux comptes]. In the view of the DRC, the right of the associé is
limited to participating in the appointment of one or more such auditors
at the general meeting. The DRC acknowledges that, under certain con-
ditions, Congolese law accords associés the right to oversee and monitor
the management of the company, but it argues that Guinea has failed to
51démontré que les autorités congolaises avaient ordonné à Africontainers-
Zaïre d’empêcher M. Diallo de contrôler ses opérations.
*
143. L’article 71 du décret de 1887 se lit comme suit:
«Article 71
La surveillance de la gérance est confiée à un ou plusieurs manda-
taires, associés ou non associés, appelés commissaires.
S’il y en a plusieurs, les statuts ou l’assemblée générale peuvent les
faire agir en collège.
Si le nombre des associés ne dépasse pas cinq, la nomination de
commissaires n’est pas obligatoire et chaque associé a les pouvoirs
des commissaires.»
144. L’article 75 du même décret est ainsi conçu:
«Article 75
Le mandat des commissaires consiste à surveiller et contrôler, sans
aucune restriction, tous les actes accomplis par la gérance, toutes les
opérations de la société et le registre des associés.»
145. Aux termes de l’article 19 des statuts d’Africontainers-Zaïre,
«[l]a surveillance de la société est exercée par chacun des associés. Si
la société vient à comporter plus de cinq associés, la surveillance sera
exercée par un commissaire au moins nommé par l’assemblée géné-
rale, qui fixera l’époque à laquelle il sera soumis à réélection et le
montant de ses rémunérations.»
146. La Cour déduit du libellé du paragraphe 3 de l’article 71 précité
que, dès lors qu’Africom-Zaïre et Africontainers-Zaïre comptaient moins
de cinq associés, M. Diallo était autorisé à agir en qualité de commis-
saire. Il s’agit toutefois de savoir si, en droit congolais, cette disposition
s’applique dans le cas d’une société ne comptant qu’un associé qui la
dirige et la contrôle pleinement.
147. La Cour estime que, quand bien même il existerait, dans les socié-
tés dont la direction et le contrôle sont pleinement assurés par un seul
associé, un droit de surveiller et de contrôler la gérance, M. Diallo
n’aurait pu être privé du droit de surveiller et de contrôler la gérance des
deux sociétés. S’il est peut-être vrai que les détentions et l’expulsion de
M. Diallo ont rendu plus difficile l’activité commerciale des sociétés, elles
n’ont pu en aucun cas empêcher celui-ci de surveiller et de contrôler la
gérance, quel que soit l’endroit où il se trouvait.
148. En conséquence, la Cour conclut que l’allégation de la Guinée
selon laquelle la RDC a violé le droit de M. Diallo de surveiller et de
contrôler la gérance ne saurait être accueillie.
52demonstrate that the DRC had ordered Africontainers-Zaire not to per-
mit Mr. Diallo to monitor its operations.
*
143. Article 71 of the 1887 Decree provides as follows:
“Article 71
Oversight of the management shall be entrusted to one or more
administrators, who need not be associés, called ‘auditors’.
If there are more than one of these, the statutes or the general
meeting may require them to act on a collegiate basis.
If the number of associés does not exceed five, the appointment of
auditors is not compulsory, and each associé shall have the powers
of an auditor.”
144. Article 75 of that Decree is couched in the following terms:
“Article 75
The auditors’ task shall be to oversee and monitor, without restric-
tion, all the actions performed by the management, all the compa-
ny’s transactions and the register of associés.”
145. Article 19 of Africontainers-Zaire’s Articles of Incorporation pro-
vides:
“Each of the associés shall exercise supervision over the company.
Should the company consist of more than five associés, supervision
shall be exercised by at least one auditor appointed by the general
meeting, which shall fix his/her term of office and remuneration.”
146. The Court concludes from the wording of Article 71, third para-
graph, as cited above, that since both Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-
Zaire had fewer than five associés, Mr. Diallo was permitted to act as
auditor. However, the question arises of whether, under Congolese law,
this provision applies in the case of a company where there is only one
associé who is fully in charge and in control of it.
147. The Court considers that, even if a right to oversee and monitor
the management exists in companies where only one associé is fully in
charge and in control, Mr. Diallo could not have been deprived of the
right to oversee and monitor the gérance of the two companies. While it
may have been the case that Mr. Diallo’s detentions and expulsion from
the DRC rendered the business activity of the companies more difficult,
they simply could not have interfered with his ability to oversee and
monitor the gérance, wherever he may have been.
148. Accordingly, the Court concludes that Guinea’s claim that the
DRC has violated Mr. Diallo’s right to oversee and monitor the manage-
ment fails.
52 D. Le droit de propriété de M. Diallo sur ses parts sociales
dans les sociétés Africom-Zaïre et Africontainers-Zaïre
149. La Guinée fait valoir que, privé du contrôle ou de l’usage effectif
de ses droits en tant qu’associé, M. Diallo a été victime d’une expropria-
tion indirecte de ses parts sociales dans les sociétés Africom-Zaïre et Afri-
containers-Zaïre, parce que ses droits de propriété ont fait l’objet d’une
atteinte telle qu’il a été durablement privé de leur contrôle effectif, de leur
usage ou de leur valeur.
150. La Guinée fait observer que les ingérences de la RDC dans le
droit de propriété de M. Diallo sur ses parts sociales remontent à sa pre-
mière mise en détention, en 1988. Elles auraient entraîné le non-recou-
vrement des créances des sociétés et, ainsi, la diminution de la valeur de
l’investissement que M. Diallo détenait dans ces sociétés. Selon la Gui-
née, elles se seraient poursuivies lorsque les autorités congolaises ont
décidé, en 1995, de suspendre l’exécution de l’arrêt rendu en l’affaire
Africontainers c. Zaïre Shell en faveur de la société demanderesse, ce qui
aurait eu pour effet de diminuer la valeur des parts sociales détenues par
M. Diallo. La Guinée soutient que les ingérences de la RDC ont atteint
leur point culminant avec la nouvelle arrestation et l’expulsion de
M. Diallo, qui aurait de ce fait été dans l’impossibilité de gérer ses socié-
tés, de participer aux activités de leurs organes, ainsi que de contrôler ses
parts sociales et d’en faire usage. La Guinée affirme que l’expropriation
indirecte des droits de M. Diallo constitue un fait internationalement illi-
cite qui engage la responsabilité internationale de la RDC.
151. L’argument de la Guinée est essentiellement fondé sur l’existence
d’un élément de fait particulier à cette affaire, à savoir
«le fait que M. Diallo soit le seul associé des deux sociétés, c’est-à-
dire le seul propriétaire des parts sociales d’Africom et d’Africontai-
ners. Par voie de conséquence, bien que leurs personnalités juridi-
ques soient formellement distinctes, il résulte de la configuration très
particulière des rapports entre M. Diallo et ses sociétés que, sur le
terrain factuel qui est le terrain de l’expropriation (l’expropriation
est un fait), le patrimoine des deux sociétés se confond avec le sien.
Dès lors, en expropriant ses sociétés, la RDC a porté atteinte au
droit de propriété de M. Diallo sur ses parts sociales.»
152. La RDC allègue, quant à elle, qu’il ne saurait y avoir eu violation
d’un quelconque droit attaché au droit de propriété sur les parts sociales.
Elle soutient plus particulièrement que, en ce qui concerne le droit de per-
cevoir des dividendes — et à supposer que les sociétés en aient effective-
ment distribué —, la Guinée devrait encore démontrer que M. Diallo
s’est trouvé dans l’impossibilité de les percevoir en raison de la décision
d’éloignement du territoire congolais dont il a été l’objet ou de tout autre
fait illicite attribuable à la RDC. La RDC estime à cet égard que la Gui-
53D. The Right to Property of Mr. Diallo over his Parts Sociales in
Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire
149. Guinea claims that Mr. Diallo, no longer enjoying control over,
or effective use of, his rights as associé, has suffered the indirect expro-
priation of his parts sociales in Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire
because his property rights have been interfered with to such an extent
that he has been lastingly deprived of effective control over, or actual use
of, or the value of those rights.
150. Guinea states that the acts of interference by the DRC with
Mr. Diallo’s property rights in the parts sociales date back to 1988,
when he was first placed in detention. Those acts allegedly resulted in the
debts owed to the companies not being recovered and, by way of con-
sequence, Mr. Diallo’s investment in the companies falling in value.
According to Guinea, the interference by the DRC continued conse-
quent to the Congolese authorities’ decision in 1995 to stay enforcement
of the judgment for the plaintiff handed down in Africontainers v.
Zaire Shell, which resulted in reducing the value of Mr. Diallo’s parts
sociales in the company. Guinea claims that the interference by the DRC
culminated in the re-arrest and expulsion of Mr. Diallo who, as a result,
was prevented from managing his companies and from participating in
any way in the activities of their corporate organs and was deprived of
any possibility of controlling and using his parts sociales. Guinea asserts
that the indirect expropriation of Mr. Diallo’s rights constitutes an inter-
nationally wrongful act giving rise to the DRC’s international responsi-
bility.
151. The essence of Guinea’s argument is that there is a factual ele-
ment specific to this case, namely:
“that Mr. Diallo is the sole associé in the two companies, that is to
say, the only owner of the parts sociales in Africom[-Zaire] and Afri-
containers[-Zaire]. As a consequence, even though officially they
have separate legal personalities, the very special characteristics of
the relationship between Mr. Diallo and his companies means that,
from the factual perspective, which is the perspective of expropria-
tion (expropriation is a question of fact), the property of the two
companies merges with his. Thus, in expropriating his companies,
the DRC infringed Mr. Diallo’s ownership rights in his parts
sociales.”
152. For its part, the DRC claims that there cannot have been any vio-
lation of any rights attaching to ownership of the parts sociales. In par-
ticular, as regards the right to dividends, it alleges that, even on the
assumption that any have actually been distributed by the companies,
Guinea would still have to show that Mr. Diallo was unable to receive
them on account of the decision to remove him from Congolese territory
or of another wrongful act attributable to the DRC. The DRC argues in
this respect that Guinea has not established that Mr. Diallo could not
53née n’a pas établi que M. Diallo ne pouvait percevoir directement de divi-
dendes depuis l’étranger, ou qu’il en aurait été empêché par un quelcon-
que fait attribuable à la RDC.
153. La RDC soutient encore qu’il ne saurait lui être reproché d’avoir
porté atteinte à l’exercice des droits de M. Diallo en tant que propriétaire
de ses parts sociales. Elle n’aurait, en particulier, jamais donné l’ordre à
la société Africontainers-Zaïre de ne pas rémunérer les parts sociales de
M. Diallo lors du partage annuel des dividendes. En ce qui concerne Afri-
com-Zaïre, la RDC note que la Guinée n’a pas produit d’élément prou-
vant que M. Diallo était toujours associé de cette société à la date de son
expulsion du territoire congolais et établissant, s’il l’était encore, le nom-
bre de ses parts sociales (voir paragraphe 106 ci-dessus).
154. Enfin, selon la RDC, il n’y a pas de corrélation entre la valeur des
parts sociales de M. Diallo et le fait que l’intéressé soit présent sur son
territoire. La RDC rejette les allégations de la Guinée selon lesquelles des
actes qui lui sont attribuables ont été à l’origine d’une perte de cette
valeur et, plus généralement, de la disparition économique des sociétés.
Sur ce point, la RDC fait valoir que tant Africom-Zaïre qu’Africontai-
ners-Zaïre étaient dans un état de «faillite non déclarée» plusieurs années
avant que M. Diallo ne soit expulsé, puisque, depuis 1991, sinon avant,
elles n’avaient eu aucune activité commerciale.
*
155. La Cour fait observer que le droit international a maintes fois
reconnu le principe de droit interne selon lequel une société possède une
personnalité juridique distincte de celle de ses actionnaires. Cela demeure
vrai s’agissant d’une SPRL qui serait devenue unipersonnelle dans le cas
d’espèce. Dès lors, les droits et les biens de la société doivent être distin-
gués de ceux de l’associé. A cet égard, l’idée avancée par la Guinée, selon
laquelle le patrimoine de la société se confond avec celui de l’actionnaire,
ne saurait se défendre en droit. En outre, il convient de noter que les res-
ponsabilités de la société ne sont pas celles de l’actionnaire. Dans le cas
de la SPRL Africontainers-Zaïre, il est expressément indiqué dans ses sta-
tuts que «[c]haque associé n’est responsable des engagements de la société
que jusqu’à concurrence du montant de sa participation» (article 7; voir
aussi paragraphes 105 et 115 ci-dessus).
156. La Cour, dans l’affaire de la Barcelona Traction, a reconnu
qu’«un dommage ... causé [à une société] attei[gnait] souvent ses action-
naires» (Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Bel-
gique c. Espagne), deuxième phase, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1970 ,p .5,
par. 44). Mais, a-t-elle ajouté, le fait que la société et l’actionnaire subis-
sent l’un et l’autre un dommage n’implique pas que tous deux aient le
droit de demander réparation:
«chaque fois que les intérêts d’un actionnaire sont lésés par un acte
visant la société, c’est vers la société qu’il doit se tourner pour qu’elle
54directly receive his dividends abroad or that he was prevented from doing
so by an act attributable to the DRC.
153. The DRC contends as well that it cannot be accused of having
impeded the exercise of rights held by Mr. Diallo as owner of his parts
sociales. Specifically, the DRC at no time ordered Africontainers-Zaire
not to make payments in respect of Mr. Diallo’s parts sociales in the
annual dividend allocation. With regard to Africom-Zaire, the DRC
notes that Guinea has failed to provide evidence showing that Mr. Diallo
was still an associé in this company at the time of his expulsion and, if so,
how many parts sociales he held (see paragraph 106 above).
154. The DRC finally asserts that the value of Mr. Diallo’s parts
sociales is unrelated to his presence in its territory. It rejects Guinea’s
arguments that acts attributable to the DRC were at the origin of the loss
of value of his parts sociales and, in general, the economic demise of his
companies. On this subject, the DRC claims that both Africom-Zaire and
Africontainers-Zaire had been in a state of “undeclared bankruptcy” for
several years before Mr. Diallo’s expulsion, not having engaged in any
commercial activity since, at least, 1991.
*
155. The Court observes that international law has repeatedly acknowl-
edged the principle of domestic law that a company has a legal person-
ality distinct from that of its shareholders. This remains true even in the
case of an SPRL which may have become unipersonal in the present case.
Therefore, the rights and assets of a company must be distinguished from
the rights and assets of an associé. In this respect, it is legally untenable
to consider, as Guinea argues, that the property of the corporation
mergeswiththepropertyoftheshareholder.Furthermore,itmustberecog-
nized that the liabilities of the company are not the liabilities of the
shareholder. In the case of Africontainers-Zaire, as an SPRL, it is spe-
cifically indicated in its Articles of Incorporation that the “liability of
each associé in respect of corporate obligations shall be limited to the
amount of his/her parts sociales in the company” (Article 7; see also
paragraphs 105 and 115 above).
156. The Court, in the Barcelona Traction case, recognized that “a
wrong done to the company frequently causes prejudice to its sharehold-
ers” (Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Bel-
gium v. Spain), Second Phase, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1970 ,p .3,
para. 44). But, it added, damage affecting both company and shareholder
will not mean that both are entitled to claim compensation:
“whenever a shareholder’s interests are harmed by an act done to the
company, it is to the latter that he must look to institute appropriate
54 intente les recours voulus car, bien que deux entités distinctes puis-
sent souffrir d’un même préjudice, il n’en est qu’une dont les droits
soient violés» (C.I.J. Recueil 1970, p. 35, par. 44).
Ce principe a été réaffirmé lorsque, répondant à un argument avancé par
la Belgique, la Cour a établi une
«distinction entre la lésion d’un droit et la lésion d’un simple intérêt...
[L]a responsabilité n’est pas engagée si un simple intérêt est touché;
elle ne l’est que si un droit est violé, de sorte que des actes qui ne
visent et n’atteignent que les droits de la société n’impliquent aucune
responsabilité à l’égard des actionnaires, même si leurs intérêts en
souffrent.» (Ibid., p. 36, par. 46.)
157. La Cour a d’ores et déjà indiqué que la RDC n’avait pas violé le
droit propre de M. Diallo en tant qu’associé de prendre part et de voter
aux assemblées générales des sociétés, pas plus que son droit d’être
nommé ou de demeurer gérant ou son droit de surveiller et de contrôler
les actes accomplis par la gérance (voir paragraphes 117-148 ci-dessus).
Ainsi que la Cour vient de le rappeler, les autres droits propres de
M. Diallo se rapportant à ses parts sociales doivent être clairement dis-
tingués de ceux des SPRL, en particulier en ce qui concerne les droits de
propriété des sociétés. La Cour rappelle à cet égard que, de même que ses
autres avoirs, y compris ses créances à l’égard de tiers, le capital fait par-
tie du patrimoine de la société, tandis que les associés sont propriétaires
des parts sociales. Ces dernières représentent le capital sans se confondre
avec lui, et confèrent à leurs détenteurs des droits dans le fonctionnement
des sociétés, ainsi qu’un droit à percevoir un éventuel dividende ou tout
autre montant en cas de liquidation des sociétés. Les seuls droits propres
de M. Diallo que la Cour doit encore examiner ont trait à ces deux der-
niers aspects, à savoir la perception de dividendes ou de tout autre mon-
tant payable en cas de liquidation des sociétés. Il n’existe cependant
aucune preuve de ce que des dividendes aient jamais été déclarés ou
qu’une quelconque mesure ait été prise pour liquider les sociétés, et
encore moins de ce que les droits de M. Diallo à cet égard aient été violés
par un quelconque acte attribuable à la RDC.
158. Enfin, la Cour estime n’avoir nul besoin de déterminer l’étendue
des activités commerciales des sociétés Africom-Zaïre et Africontainers-
Zaïre à l’époque où M. Diallo a été expulsé ni de se prononcer sur leur
éventuel état de «faillite non déclarée», tel qu’invoqué par la RDC. Ainsi
que la Cour l’a déjà dit dans l’affaire de la Barcelona Traction :
«une situation financière précaire ne peut être assimilée à la dis-
parition de l’entité sociale ...: la situation juridique de la société
est seule pertinente et sa situation économique ne l’est pas, non
plus que le fait qu’elle puisse être «pratiquement détruite»» ( ibid.,
p. 41, par. 66).
159. La Cour conclut de ce qui précède que les allégations, formulées
55 action; for although two separate entities may have suffered from
the same wrong, it is only one entity whose rights have been
infringed” (I.C.J. Reports 1970, p. 35, para. 44).
This principle was reaffirmed when the Court, responding to a Belgian
contention, established a
“distinction between injury in respect of a right and injury to a sim-
ple interest . . . Not a mere interest affected, but solely a right
infringed involves responsibility, so that an act directed against and
infringing only the company’s rights does not involve responsibility
towards the shareholders, even if their interests are affected.” (Ibid.,
p. 36, para. 46.)
157. The Court has already indicated that the DRC has not violated
Mr. Diallo’s direct right as associé to take part and vote in general meet-
ings of the companies, nor his right to be appointed or to remain gérant,
nor his right to oversee and monitor the management (see paragraphs 117-
148 above). As the Court has just reaffirmed, Mr. Diallo’s other direct
rights, in respect of his parts sociales, must be clearly distinguished from
the rights of the SPRLs, in particular in respect of the property rights
belonging to the companies. The Court recalls in this connection that,
together with its other assets, including debts receivable from third parties,
the capital is part of the company’s property, whereas the parts sociales
are owned by the associés. The parts sociales represent the capital but are
distinct from it, and confer on their holders rights in the operation of the
company and also a right to receive any dividends or any monies payable
in the event of the company being liquidated. The only direct rights of
Mr. Diallo which remain to be considered are in respect of these last two
matters, namely, the receipt of dividends or any monies payable on a
winding-up of the companies. There is, however, no evidence that any
dividends were ever declared or that any action was ever taken to wind
up the companies, even less that any action attributable to the DRC has
infringed Mr. Diallo’s rights in respect of those matters.
158. Finally, the Court considers there to be no need to determine the
extent of the business activities of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-
Zaire at the time Mr. Diallo was expelled, or to make any finding as to
whether they were in a state of “undeclared bankruptcy”, as alleged by
the DRC. As the Court has already found in the Barcelona Traction
case:
“a precarious financial situation cannot be equated with the demise
of the corporate entity . . .: the company’s status in law is alone rele-
vant, and not its economic condition, nor even the possibility of its
being ‘practically defunct’” (ibid., p. 41, para. 66).
159. The Court concludes from the above that Guinea’s allegations of
55par la Guinée, d’atteinte au droit de propriété de M. Diallo sur ses parts
sociales dans les sociétés Africom-Zaïre et Africontainers-Zaïre ne sont
pas établies.
IV. R ÉPARATIONS
160. La Cour ayant conclu que la République démocratique du Congo
avait violé les obligations lui incombant en vertu des articles 9 et 13 du
Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques, des articles 6 et
12 de la Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples, ainsi que
de l’alinéa b) du paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 de la convention de Vienne
sur les relations consulaires (voir paragraphes 73, 74, 85 et 97 ci-dessus),
il lui appartient maintenant de déterminer, à la lumière des conclusions
finales de la Guinée, quelles sont les conséquences découlant de ces faits
internationalement illicites qui engagent la responsabilité internationale
de la RDC.
161. La Cour rappelle que «la réparation doit, autant que possible,
effacer toutes les conséquences de l’acte illicite et rétablir l’état qui aurait
vraisemblablement existé si ledit acte n’avait pas été commis» (Usine de
o o
Chorzów, fond, arrêt n 13, 1928, C.P.J.I. série A n 17, p. 47). Lorsque
cela n’est pas possible, la réparation peut prendre «la forme de l’indem-
nisation ou de la satisfaction, voire de l’indemnisation et de la satis-
faction» (Usines de pâte à papier sur le fleuve Uruguay (Argentine c.
Uruguay), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2010 (I) , p. 103, par. 273). Au vu des
circonstances propres à l’espèce, en particulier du caractère fondamental
des obligations relatives aux droits de l’homme qui ont été violées et de la
demande de réparation sous forme d’indemnisation présentée par la Gui-
née, la Cour est d’avis que, outre la constatation judiciaire desdites vio-
lations, la réparation due à la Guinée à raison des dommages subis par
M. Diallo doit prendre la forme d’une indemnisation.
162. A cet égard, dans ses conclusions finales, la Guinée a demandé à
la Cour de surseoir à statuer sur le montant de l’indemnité, afin de per-
mettre aux Parties de parvenir à un règlement concerté. Dans l’hypothèse
où les Parties ne pourraient, «dans un délai de six mois suivant le pro-
noncé d[u présent] arrêt», s’accorder à ce sujet, la Guinée l’a également
priée de l’autoriser à présenter une évaluation du montant de l’indemnité
qui lui est due afin que la Cour puisse en décider «dans une phase ulté-
rieure de la procédure» (voir paragraphe 14 ci-dessus).
163. La Cour estime que les Parties doivent effectivement mener des
négociations afin de s’entendre sur le montant de l’indemnité devant être
payée par la RDC à la Guinée à raison du dommage résultant des déten-
tions et de l’expulsion illicites de M. Diallo en 1995-1996, y compris la
perte de ses effets personnels qui en a découlé.
164. La requête introductive d’instance ayant été déposée, en la pré-
sente affaire, au mois de décembre 1998, la Cour estime qu’une bonne
administration de la justice commande de clore la procédure dans les
56infringement of Mr. Diallo’s right to property over his parts sociales in
Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire have not been established.
IV. R EPARATION
160. Having concluded that the Democratic Republic of the Congo
has breached its obligations under Articles 9 and 13 of the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Articles 6 and 12 of the African
Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, and Article 36, paragraph 1 (b),
of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (see paragraphs 73, 74,
85 and 97 above), it is for the Court now to determine, in light of Guin-
ea’s final submissions, what consequences flow from these internationally
wrongful acts giving rise to the DRC’s international responsibility.
161. The Court recalls that “reparation must, as far as possible, wipe
out all the consequences of the illegal act and reestablish the situation
which would, in all probability, have existed if that act had not been
committed” (Factory at Chorzów, Merits, Judgment No. 13, 1928,
P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 17 , p. 47). Where this is not possible, reparation
may take “the form of compensation or satisfaction, or even both” (Pulp
Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2010 (I), p. 103, para. 273). In the light of the circumstances of
the case, in particular the fundamental character of the human rights
obligations breached and Guinea’s claim for reparation in the form of
compensation, the Court is of the opinion that, in addition to a judicial
finding of the violations, reparation due to Guinea for the injury suffered
by Mr. Diallo must take the form of compensation.
162. In this respect, Guinea requested in its final submissions that the
Court defer its Judgment on the amount of compensation, in order for
the Parties to reach an agreed settlement on that matter. Should the
Parties be unable to do so “within a period of six months following [the]
delivery of the [present] Judgment”, Guinea also requested the Court to
authorize it to submit an assessment of the amount of compensation due
to it, in order for the Court to decide on this issue “in a subsequent phase
of the proceedings” (see paragraph 14 above).
163. The Court is of the opinion that the Parties should indeed engage
in negotiation in order to agree on the amount of compensation to be
paid by the DRC to Guinea for the injury flowing from the wrongful
detentions and expulsion of Mr. Diallo in 1995-1996, including the result-
ing loss of his personal belongings.
164. In light of the fact that the Application instituting proceedings in
the present case was filed in December 1998, the Court considers that the
sound administration of justice requires that those proceedings soon be
56meilleurs délais; elle considère donc que la période consacrée à la négo-
ciation d’un accord sur le montant de l’indemnité doit être limitée. Par
conséquent, dans l’hypothèse où les Parties ne parviendraient pas, dans
un délai de six mois suivant le prononcé du présent arrêt, à s’entendre sur
le montant de l’indemnité due par la RDC, la question devra être réglée
par la Cour dans une phase ultérieure de la procédure. Etant suffisam-
ment informée des faits de la présente espèce, la Cour juge que, dans ce
cas, un seul échange de pièces de procédure écrite lui serait suffisant pour
fixer ce montant.
*
* *
165. Par ces motifs,
L A C OUR,
1) Par huit voix contre six,
Dit que la demande de la République de Guinée relative à l’arrestation
et à la détention de M. Diallo en 1988-1989 est irrecevable;
POUR : M. Owada, président ; M. Tomka, vice-président ; MM. Abraham,
Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Skotnikov, Greenwood, juges; M. Mampuya,
juge ad hoc;
CONTRE : MM. Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf,
juges; M. Mahiou, juge ad hoc;
2) A l’unanimité,
Dit que, eu égard aux conditions dans lesquelles M. Diallo a été
expulsé du territoire congolais le 31 janvier 1996, la République démo-
cratique du Congo a violé l’article 13 du Pacte international relatif aux
droits civils et politiques, ainsi que l’article 12, paragraphe 4, de la Charte
africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples;
3) A l’unanimité,
Dit que, eu égard aux conditions dans lesquelles M. Diallo a été arrêté
et détenu en 1995-1996 en vue de son expulsion, la République démocra-
tique du Congo a violé l’article 9, paragraphes 1 et 2, du Pacte inter-
national relatif aux droits civils et politiques, ainsi que l’article 6 de la
Charte africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples;
4) Par treize voix contre une,
Dit que, en n’informant pas sans retard M. Diallo, lors de sa détention
en 1995-1996, de ses droits en vertu de l’alinéa b) du paragraphe 1 de
l’article 36 de la convention de Vienne sur les relations consulaires, la
République démocratique du Congo a violé les obligations lui incombant
en vertu dudit alinéa;
POUR : M. Owada, président ; M. Tomka, vice-président ; MM. Al-Khasawneh,
Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Can-
çado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, juges; M. Mahiou, juge ad hoc;
57brought to a final conclusion, and thus that the period for negotiating an
agreement on compensation should be limited. Therefore, failing agree-
ment between the Parties within six months following the delivery of the
present Judgment on the amount of compensation to be paid by the
DRC, the matter shall be settled by the Court in a subsequent phase of
the proceedings. Having been sufficiently informed of the facts of the
present case, the Court finds that a single exchange of written pleadings
by the Parties would then be sufficient in order for it to decide on the
amount of compensation.
*
* *
165. For these reasons,
T HE C OURT,
(1) By eight votes to six,
Finds that the claim of the Republic of Guinea concerning the arrest
and detention of Mr. Diallo in 1988-1989 is inadmissible;
IN FAVOUR : President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Abraham,
Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Skotnikov, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Mam-
puya;
AGAINST: Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf;
Judge ad hoc Mahiou;
(2) Unanimously,
Finds that, in respect of the circumstances in which Mr. Diallo was
expelled from Congolese territory on 31 January 1996, the Democratic
Republic of the Congo violated Article 13 of the International Covenant
on Civil and Political Rights and Article 12, paragraph 4, of the African
Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights;
(3) Unanimously,
Finds that, in respect of the circumstances in which Mr. Diallo was
arrested and detained in 1995-1996 with a view to his expulsion, the
Democratic Republic of the Congo violated Article 9, paragraphs 1
and 2, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and
Article 6 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights;
(4) By thirteen votes to one,
Finds that, by not informing Mr. Diallo without delay, upon his deten-
tion in 1995-1996, of his rights under Article 36, paragraph 1 (b),ofthe
Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, the Democratic Republic of
the Congo violated the obligations incumbent upon it under that sub-
paragraph;
IN FAVOUR: President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Al-Khasawneh,
Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov,
Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Mahiou;
57 CONTRE : M. Mampuya, juge ad hoc;
5) Par douze voix contre deux,
Rejette le surplus des conclusions de la République de Guinée relatives
aux conditions dans lesquelles M. Diallo a été arrêté et détenu en 1995-
1996 en vue de son expulsion;
POUR : M. Owada, président ; M. Tomka, vice-président ; MM. Al-Khasawneh,
Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Yusuf,
Greenwood, juges; M. Mampuya, juge ad hoc;
CONTRE : M. Cançado Trindade, juge; M. Mahiou, juge ad hoc;
6) Par neuf voix contre cinq,
Dit que la République démocratique du Congo n’a pas violé les droits
propres de M. Diallo en tant qu’associé des sociétés Africom-Zaïre et
Africontainers-Zaïre;
POUR : M. Owada, président ; M. Tomka, vice-président ; MM. Simma, Abra-
ham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Skotnikov, Greenwood, juges; M. Mam-
puya, juge ad hoc;
CONTRE : MM. Al-Khasawneh, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, juges;
M. Mahiou, juge ad hoc;
7) A l’unanimité,
Dit que la République démocratique du Congo a l’obligation de four-
nir une réparation appropriée, sous la forme d’une indemnisation, à la
République de Guinée pour les conséquences préjudiciables résultant des
violations d’obligations internationales visées aux points 2 et 3 ci-dessus;
8) A l’unanimité,
Décide que, au cas où les Parties ne pourraient se mettre d’accord à ce
sujet dans les six mois à compter du présent arrêt, la question de l’indem-
nisation due à la République de Guinée sera réglée par la Cour, et réserve
à cet effet la suite de la procédure.
Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de
la Paix, à La Haye, le trente novembre deux mille dix, en trois exem-
plaires, dont l’un sera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres
seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de la République de
Guinée et au Gouvernement de la République démocratique du Congo.
Le président,
(Signé) Hisashi O WADA .
Le greffier,
(Signé) Philippe C OUVREUR .
58 AGAINST : Judge ad hoc Mampuya;
(5) By twelve votes to two,
Rejects all other submissions by the Republic of Guinea relating to the
circumstances in which Mr. Diallo was arrested and detained in 1995-
1996 with a view to his expulsion;
IN FAVOUR: President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Al-Khasawneh,
Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Yusuf,
Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Mampuya;
AGAINST : Judge Cançado Trindade; Judge ad hoc Mahiou;
(6) By nine votes to five,
Finds that the Democratic Republic of the Congo has not violated
Mr. Diallo’s direct rights as associé in Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-
Zaire;
IN FAVOUR: President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Simma,
Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Skotnikov, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc
Mampuya;
AGAINST : Judges Al-Khasawneh, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf;
Judge ad hoc Mahiou;
(7) Unanimously,
Finds that the Democratic Republic of the Congo is under obligation
to make appropriate reparation, in the form of compensation, to the
Republic of Guinea for the injurious consequences of the violations of
international obligations referred to in subparagraphs (2) and (3) above;
(8) Unanimously,
Decides that, failing agreement between the Parties on this matter
within six months from the date of this Judgment, the question of com-
pensation due to the Republic of Guinea shall be settled by the Court,
and reserves for this purpose the subsequent procedure in the case.
Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this thirtieth day of November, two
thousand and ten, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the
archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the
Republic of Guinea and the Government of the Democratic Republic
of the Congo, respectively.
(Signed) President. (Signed) Hisashi O WADA ,
President.
(Signed) Philippe C OUVREUR ,
Registrar.
58 MM. les juges A L-K HASAWNEH ,S IMMA ,B ENNOUNA ,C ANÇADO T RIN-
DADE et YUSUF joignent une déclaration commune à l’arrêt; MM. les
juges AL-KHASAWNEH et YUSUF joignent à l’arrêt l’exposé de leur opinion
dissidente commune; MM. les juges K EITH et GREENWOOD joignent une
déclaration commune à l’arrêt; M. le juge B ENNOUNA joint à l’arrêt
l’exposé de son opinion dissidente; M. le jANÇADO TRINDADE joint à
l’arrêt l’exposé de son opinion individuelle ; M. le juge ad AHIOU
joint à l’arrêt l’exposé de son opinion dissidente; M. le juge AM -oc M
PUYA joint à l’arrêt l’exposé de son opinion individuelle.
(Paraphé) H.O.
(Paraphé) Ph.C.
59 Judges AL-K HASAWNEH ,SIMMA ,BENNOUNA ,C ANÇADO TRINDADE and
Y USUF append a joint declaration to the Judgment of the Court;
Judges AL-KHASAWNEH and Y USUF append a joint dissenting opinion to
the Judgment of the Court; Judges KEITHand G REENWOOD append a
joint declaration to the Judgment of the Court; ENNOUNA appends
a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court; Judge ANÇADO
TRINDADE appends a separate opinion to the Judgment of the Court;
Judge ad hoc MAHIOU appends a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of
the Court; Judge ad hoc MAMPUYA appends a separate opinion to the
Judgment of the Court.
(Initialled) H.O.
(Initialled) Ph.C.
59
Judgment of 30 November 2010
Judgment of 30 November 2010