Judgment of 4 June 2008

Document Number
136-20080604-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES A|TS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE RELATIVEv ACERTAINES QUESTIONS

CONCERNANT L’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE
EN MATIEvRE PEuNALE

(DJIBOUTI c. FRANCE)

ARR|T DU 4 JUIN 2008

2008

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING CERTAIN QUESTIONS
OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE
IN CRIMINAL MATTERS

(DJIBOUTI v. FRANCE)

JUDGMENT OF 4 JUNE 2008 Mode officiel de citation:
Certaines questions concernant l’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale

(Djibouti c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008 ,
p. 177.

Official citation:
Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters

(Djibouti v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008 ,
p. 177.

N de vente:

ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number 939
ISBN 978-92-1-071048-0 4 JUIN 2008

ARRE|T

CERTAINES QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L’ENTRAIDE
JUDICIAIRE EN MATIvRE PuNALE

(DJIBOUTI c. FRANCE)

CERTAIN QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE

IN CRIMINAL MATTERS

(DJIBOUTI v. FRANCE)

4 JUNE 2008

JUDGMENT 177

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraphs
CHRONOLOGY OF THE PROCEDURE 1-18

I. THEF ACTS OF THC ASE 19-38

II. JRISDICTION OF THCOURT 39-95

(1) Preliminary question regarding jurisdiction and admiss45-50ty

(2) Jurisdiction ratione materiae 51-64

(a) Positions of the Parties 51-59
(b) Forum prorogatum as a basis of the jurisdiction of the
Court 60-64

(3) Extent of the mutual consent of the Parties 65-95

(a) Djibouti’s Application 66-75
(b) France’s response to the Application 76-79

(c) Findings of the Court 80-95

III. TE ALLEGED VIOLATION OF THT REATY OFFRIENDSHIP ANDCO -
OPERATION BETWEENFRANCE AND D JIBOUTI O27 UNE 1977 96-114

IV. THEA LLEGED VIOLATION OF THCONVENTION ON M UTUALA SSIS-
ANCE IN CRIMINAL M ATTERS BETWEENF RANCE AND D JIBOUTI OF

27 SEPTEMBER 1986 115-156
(1) The obligation to execute the international letter r116-124

(2) The alleged undertaking by France to execute the interna-
tional letter rogatory requested by Djibouti 125-130
(3) France’s refusal to execute the international letter rogatory 131-156

V. THEA LLEGEDV IOLATIONS OF TOBLIGATION TP REVENTATTACKS
ON THE PERSON,FREEDOM OR DIGNITY OF AN INTERNATIONALLY
P ROTECTEDPERSON 157-200

(1) The alleged attacks on the immunity from jurisdiction or the
inviolability of the Djiboutian Head of State 161-180

(a) The witness summons addressed to the Djiboutian Head
of State on 17 May 2005 162-175
(b) The witness summons addressed to the Djiboutian Head

of State on 14 February 2007 176-180
(2) The alleged attacks on the immunities said to be enjoyed by

the procureur de la République and the Head of National
Security of Djibouti 181-200

4 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 178

VI. REMEDIES 201-204

VII. OPERATIVE CLAUSE 205

5 179

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2008 2008
4 June
General List
4 June 2008 No. 136

CASE CONCERNING CERTAIN QUESTIONS

OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE

IN CRIMINAL MATTERS

(DJIBOUTI v. FRANCE)

JUDGMENT

Present: President IGGINS; Vice-PresidentL-KHASAWNEH ; Judges ANJEVA,
SHI,K OROMA ,P ARRA-ARANGUREN ,B UERGENTHAL ,O WADA ,S IMMA,
TOMKA ,K EITH,S EPÚLVEDA-AMOR ,B ENNOUNA ,S KOTNIKOV; Judges

ad hoc GUILLAUME,Y USUF; Registrar OUVREUR.

In the case concerning certain questions of mutual assistance in criminal
matters,

between

the Republic of Djibouti,

represented by
H.E. Mr. Siad Mohamed Doualeh, Ambassador of the Republic of Djibouti
to the Swiss Confederation,

as Agent;
Mr. Phon van den Biesen, Attorney at Law, Amsterdam,

as Deputy Agent;
Mr. Luigi Condorelli, Professor at the Faculty of Law of the University of
Florence,

as Counsel and Advocate;

Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali, procureur général of the Republic of Djibouti,

6 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 180

Mr. Makane Moïse Mbengue, Doctor of Law, Researcher, Hauser Global
Law School Program, New York University School of Law,
Mr. Michail S. Vagias, Ph.D. Cand. Leiden University, Researcher, Scholar
of the Greek State Scholarships Foundation,
Mr. Paolo Palchetti, Associate Professor at the University of Macerata
(Italy),
Ms Souad Houssein Farah, Legal Adviser to the Presidency of the Republic
of Djibouti,

as Counsel,

and
the French Republic,

represented by
Ms Edwige Belliard, Director of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Foreign and
European Affairs,

as Agent;
Mr. Alain Pellet, Professor at the University of Paris X-Nanterre, Member
and former Chairman of the United Nations International Law Commis-
sion, Associate of the Institut de droit international,

Mr. Hervé Ascensio, Professor at the University of Paris I (Panthéon-
Sorbonne),
as Counsel;

Mr. Samuel Laine, Head of the Office of International Mutual Assistance in
Criminal Matters, Ministry of Justice,
as Adviser;

Ms Sandrine Barbier, Chargée de mission, Directorate of Legal Affairs, Min-
istry of Foreign and European Affairs,
Mr. Antoine Ollivier, Chargé de mission, Directorate of Legal Affairs, Min-
istry of Foreign and European Affairs,
Mr. Thierry Caboche, Foreign Affairs Counsellor, Directorate for Africa
and the Indian Ocean, Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs,

as Assistants,

T HE C OURT,

composed as above,
after deliberation,

delivers the following Judgment:
1. On 9 January 2006, the Republic of Djibouti (hereinafter “Djibouti”) filed

in the Registry of the Court an Application, dated 4 January 2006, against the
French Republic (hereinafter “France”) in respect of a dispute:

“concern[ing] the refusal by the French governmental and judicial authori-
ties to execute an international letter rogatory regarding the transmission

to the judicial authorities in Djibouti of the record relating to the investi-
gation in the Case against X for the murder of Bernard Borrel , in violation

7 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 181

of the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between the
[Djiboutian] Government and the [French] Government, of 27 Septem-
ber 1986, and in breach of other international obligations borne by [France]
to...Djibouti”.

In respect of the above-mentioned refusal to execute an international letter
rogatory, the Application also alleged the violation of the Treaty of Friendship
and Co-operation concluded between France and Djibouti on 27 June 1977.
The Application further referred to the issuing, by the French judicial
authorities, of witness summonses to the Djiboutian Head of State and senior
Djiboutian officials, allegedly in breach of the provisions of the said Treaty of
Friendship and Co-operation, the principles and rules governing the diplomatic
privileges and immunities laid down by the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic
Relations of 18 April 1961 and the principles established under customary

international law relating to international immunities, as reflected in particular
by the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Inter-
nationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents, of 14 Decem-
ber 1973.
2. In its Application, Djibouti indicated that it sought to found the jurisdic-
tion of the Court on Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court and was
“confident that the French Republic will agree to submit to the jurisdiction of
the Court to settle the present dispute”. In the Application it also reserved the
right

“to have recourse to the dispute settlement procedure established by the
conventions in force between itself and the French Republic, such as the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Interna-
tionally Protected Persons [, including Diplomatic Agents, of 14 Decem-
ber 1973]”.

3. The Registrar, in accordance with Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of
Court, immediately transmitted a copy of the Application to the Government
of France and informed both States that, in accordance with that provision, the
Application would not be entered in the General List of the Court, nor would
any action be taken in the proceedings, unless and until the State against which

the Application was made consented to the Court’s jurisdiction for the pur-
poses of the case.
4. By a letter dated 25 July 2006 and received in the Registry on
9 August 2006, the French Minister for Foreign Affairs informed the Court
that France “consents to the Court’s jurisdiction to entertain the Application
pursuant to, and solely on the basis of . . . Article 38, paragraph 5”, of the
Rules of Court, while specifying that this consent was “valid only for the pur-
poses of the case, within the meaning of Article 38, paragraph 5, i.e. in respect
of the dispute forming the subject of the Application and strictly within the
limits of the claims formulated therein” by Djibouti. The Registry immediately
transmitted a copy of this letter to the Djiboutian Government, and the case
was entered in the General List of the Court under the date of 9 August 2006,

of which the Secretary-General of the United Nations was notified on the same
day.
5. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 3, of the Statute of the Court, all States
entitled to appear before the Court were notified of the Application.
6. By letters dated 17 October 2006, the Registrar informed both Parties that

8 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 182

the Member of the Court of French nationality had notified the Court of his
intention not to take part in the decision of the case, taking into account the
provisions of Article 17, paragraph 2, of the Statute. Pursuant to Article 31 of
the Statute and Article 37, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, France chose
Mr. Gilbert Guillaume to sit as judge ad hoc in the case.
7. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of Djiboutian nation-
ality, Djibouti proceeded to exercise its right conferred by Article 31 of the
Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case: it chose Mr. Abdulqawi
Ahmed Yusuf.
8. By an Order dated 15 November 2006, the Court fixed 15 March 2007
and 13 July 2007, respectively, as the time-limits for the filing of the Memorial

of Djibouti and the Counter-Memorial of France; those pleadings were duly
filed within the time-limits so prescribed.
9. The Parties not having deemed it necessary to file a Reply and a Rejoin-
der, and the Court likewise having seen no need for these, the case was there-
fore ready for hearing.
10. On 22 November 2007, Djibouti filed additional documents which it
wished to produce in the case. By a letter dated 4 December 2007, the Agent of
France informed the Court that her Government had no objection to the pro-
duction of these documents, while observing firstly that this lack of objection
could not “be interpreted as consent to an extension of the jurisdiction of the
Court as accepted by France in the letter dated 25 July 2006” and, secondly,
that “some of the documents produced constitute publications which are read-

ily available, within the meaning of Article 56 [paragraph 4] of the Rules of
Court”. By letters of 7 December 2007, the Registrar notified the Parties that
the Court had decided to authorize the production of the documents concerned
and had duly taken note of the observations made by the Agent of France
regarding the interpretation to be given to France’s lack of objection to these
documents being produced.
11. By a letter dated 26 December 2007 and received in the Registry on
8 January 2008, France, referring to one of the documents filed by Djibouti on
22 November 2007 (see paragraph 10 above), explained that this document was
from the record in judicial proceedings pending in France, and that French law
forbade its publication before it had been read in a public hearing. It conse-
quently requested the Court to delay making the document available to the

public until 13 March 2008, when the oral proceedings before the Tribunal de
première instance in Versailles would open. By letters of 18 January 2008, the
Registrar informed the Parties that the Court had decided: (1) that the docu-
ment in question would not be made available to the public before
13 March 2008 or any other date to which the opening of the relevant oral pro-
ceedings in France might be postponed, in order to comply with the ban on
publication provided for by French law; and (2) that during the oral proceed-
ings before the Court, the Parties would in no circumstances be able to refer to
the document concerned or comment on its contents in a way which could be
regarded as equivalent to publication.
12. By a letter dated 7 January 2008, France informed the Court, pursuant
to Article 57 of the Rules of Court, that it wished to call Mrs. Elisabeth Borrel,

the widow of Bernard Borrel (see paragraphs 20 and 21 below), as a witness
during the hearings. By a letter dated 10 January 2008, Djibouti objected to
France’s request. By letters of 17 January 2008, the Registrar informed the
Parties that the Court had deemed that the evidence to be obtained from
Mrs. Borrel did not appear to be that of a witness called to establish facts

9 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 183

within her personal knowledge which might help the Court to settle the dispute
brought before it, and that consequently the Court had decided not to accede
to France’s request.
13. Pursuant to Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the Court,
after ascertaining the views of the Parties, decided that copies of the pleadings
and documents annexed would be made accessible to the public on the opening
of the oral proceedings (but see paragraph 11 above).

14. Public hearings were held from 21 to 29 January 2008, at which the
Court heard the oral arguments and replies of:

For Djibouti: H.E. Mr. Siad Mohamed Doualeh,
Mr. Phon van den Biesen,
Mr. Luigi Condorelli.

For France: Ms Edwige Belliard,
Mr. Alain Pellet,
Mr. Hervé Ascensio.
15. At the hearings, Members of the Court put questions to the Parties, to
which replies were given orally. Djibouti submitted written comments on the
reply provided by France to one of the questions it was asked.

*

16. In its Application, the following requests were made by Djibouti:
“Accordingly, reserving the right to supplement and elaborate upon the
present claim in the course of the proceedings, the Republic of Djibouti
requests the Court to:

Adjudge and declare:
(a) that the French Republic is under an international legal obligation to
foster all co-operation aimed at promoting the speedy disposition of
the Case against X for the murder of Bernard Borrel , in compliance
with the principle of sovereign equality between States, as laid down
in Article 2, paragraph 1, of the United Nations Charter and in Arti-

cle 1 of the Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation between the
French Republic and the Republic of Djibouti;
(b) that the French Republic cannot invoke principles or doctrines under
its internal law (such as those relating to separation of powers) to
hinder the exercise of the rights conferred upon the Republic of Dji-
bouti by the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters;
(c) that the French Republic is under an international legal obligation to
execute the international letter rogatory regarding the transmission to
the judicial authorities in Djibouti of the record relating to the inves-
tigation in the Case against X for the murder of Bernard Borrel ;

(d) that the French Republic is under an international legal obligation to

act in conformity with the obligations laid down by the Convention
on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters in the context not only of
the investigation in the Case against X for the murder of Bernard Bor-
rel but also of any other proceedings it may initiate in the future,
whether such proceedings are undertaken by a delegated, legislative,

10 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 184

executive, judicial or other authority, whether such authority occu-
pies a superior or subordinate position in the organization of the
French Republic and whether such authority’s functions are interna-
tional or domestic in nature;
(e) that the French Republic is under an international obligation to
ensure that the Head of State of the Republic of Djibouti, as a foreign
Head of State, is not subjected to any insults or attacks on his dignity
on French territory;
(f) that the French Republic is under a legal obligation scrupulously to
ensure respect, vis-à-vis the Republic of Djibouti, of the principles
and rules concerning diplomatic privileges, prerogatives and immuni-

ties, as reflected in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
of 18 April 1961;
(g) that the French Republic bears responsibility for the violation of the
international obligations referred to above;
(h) that the French Republic is under an obligation immediately to cease
and desist from breaching the obligations referred to above and, to
that end, shall in particular:

(i) execute without further delay the letter rogatory cited in point (c)
above, by immediately placing the record referred to above in
Djiboutian hands, and
(ii) withdraw and cancel the summonses of the Head of State of the
Republic of Djibouti and of internationally protected Djiboutian
nationals to testify as témoins assistés in respect of subornation
of perjury in the Case against X for the murder of Bernard Bor-
rel;

(i) that the French Republic owes reparation for the prejudice caused to
the Republic of Djibouti and to its citizens;
(j) that the French Republic shall give the Republic of Djibouti a guar-
antee that such wrongful acts will not reoccur.”

17. In the course of the written proceedings, the following submissions were
presented by the Parties:

On behalf of the Government of Djibouti,

in the Memorial:
“For the reasons given above, as well as those contained in its Applica-
tion instituting proceedings of 4 January 2006, the Republic of Djibouti,
while reserving the right to supplement or to amend the present submis-

sions and to provide the Court with further evidence or relevant legal
arguments in connection with the present dispute, requests the Court to
adjudge and declare:
1. that the French Republic has breached its obligations under the Con-
vention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between the Gov-
ernment of the Republic of Djibouti and the Government of the

French Republic of 27 September 1986, and under the Treaty of
Friendship and Co-operation between the French Republic and the
Republic of Djibouti signed in Djibouti on 27 June 1977 and other
rules of international law applicable to the present case, by its refusal
to comply with the letter rogatory presented by the Republic of Dji-

11 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 185

bouti and more specifically by its refusal to transmit the “Borrel” file
to the judicial authorities in Djibouti;
2. that the French Republic has breached the obligations deriving from
established principles of customary and general international law to
prevent attacks on the freedom, dignity and immunities of an interna-
tionally protected person by summoning as témoins assistés the Dji-
boutian Head of State and high-ranking figures in Djibouti, and by
issuing international arrest warrants against the latter;

3. that, by its conduct, the French Republic has engaged its international
responsibility vis-à-vis the Republic of Djibouti;

4. that the French Republic is obliged to cease its wrongful conduct and
to abide strictly by its obligations in the future;

5. that the French Republic shall execute without further delay the
above-mentioned letter rogatory, by immediately placing the file
referred to above in Djiboutian hands;
6. that the French Republic shall withdraw and cancel the summonses of
the Head of State of the Republic of Djibouti and of internationally
protected Djiboutian nationals to testify as témoins assistés in respect
of subornation of perjury in the Case against X for the murder of Ber-
nard Borrel ;
7. that the French Republic shall withdraw and cancel the international

arrest warrants issued and circulated against internationally protected
Djiboutian nationals;
8. that the French Republic shall provide the Republic of Djibouti with
specific assurances and guarantees of non-repetition of the wrongful
acts complained of;
9. that the French Republic is under an obligation to the Republic of
Djibouti to make reparation for any prejudice caused to the latter by
the violation of the obligations deriving from international law and set
out in points (1) and (2) above;
10. that the nature, form and amount of reparation shall be determined
by the Court, in the event that the Parties cannot reach agreement on
the matter, and that it reserves for this purpose the subsequent proce-

dure in the case.
The Republic of Djibouti reserves the right to submit further points of
law and additional arguments at the oral proceedings stage.”

On behalf of the Government of France,
in the Counter-Memorial:

“For the reasons set out in this Counter-Memorial and on any other
grounds that may be produced, inferred or substituted as appropriate, the
French Republic requests the International Court of Justice:

1. to declare inadmissible the claims made by the Republic of Djibouti in
its Memorial which go beyond the declared subject of its Application;
2. to reject, on the merits, all the claims made by the Republic of Dji-
bouti.”

18. At the oral proceedings, the following submissions were presented by the
Parties:

12 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 186

On behalf of the Government of Djibouti,
at the hearing of 28 January 2008:

“The Republic of Djibouti requests the Court to adjudge and declare:
1. that the French Republic has violated its obligations under the
1986 Convention:

(i) by not acting upon its undertaking of 27 January 2005 to execute
the letter rogatory addressed to it by the Republic of Djibouti
dated 3 November 2004;
(ii) in the alternative, by not performing its obligation pursuant to
Article 1 of the aforementioned Convention following its wrong-
ful refusal given in the letter of 6 June 2005;
(iii) in the further alternative, by not performing its obligation pur-
suant to Article 1 of the aforementioned Convention following
its wrongful refusal given in the letter of 31 May 2005;

2. that the French Republic shall immediately after the delivery of the
Judgment by the Court:
(i) transmit the “Borrel file” in its entirety to the Republic of Dji-
bouti;
(ii) in the alternative, transmit the “Borrel file” to the Republic of
Djibouti within the terms and conditions determined by the

Court;
3. that the French Republic has violated its obligation pursuant to the
principles of customary and general international law not to attack
the immunity, honour and dignity of the President of the Republic of
Djibouti:

(i) by issuing a witness summons to the President of the Republic of
Djibouti on 17 May 2005;
(ii) by repeating such attack or by attempting to repeat such attack
on 14 February 2007;
(iii) by making both summonses public by immediately circulating
the information to the French media;
(iv) by not responding appropriately to the two letters of protest
from the Ambassador of the Republic of Djibouti in Paris dated
18 May 2005 and 14 February 2007 respectively;

4. that the French Republic has violated its obligation pursuant to the
principles of customary and general international law to prevent
attacks on the immunity, honour and dignity of the President of the
Republic of Djibouti;
5. that the French Republic shall immediately after the delivery of the
Judgment by the Court withdraw the witness summons dated
17 May 2005 and declare it null and void;
6. that the French Republic has violated its obligation pursuant to the
principles of customary and general international law not to attack
the person, freedom and honour of the procureur général of the

Republic of Djibouti and the Head of National Security of Djibouti;

7. that the French Republic has violated its obligation pursuant to the
principles of customary and general international law to prevent
attacks on the person, freedom and honour of the procureur général

13 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 187

of the Republic of Djibouti and the Head of National Security of the
Republic of Djibouti;
8. that the French Republic shall immediately after the delivery of the
Judgment by the Court withdraw the summonses to attend as témoins
assistés and the arrest warrants issued against the procureur général of
the Republic of Djibouti and the Head of National Security of the
Republic of Djibouti and declare them null and void;
9. that the French Republic by acting contrary to or by failing to act in

accordance with Articles 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 of the Treaty of Friendship
and Co-operation of 1977 individually or collectively has violated the
spirit and purpose of that Treaty, as well as the obligations deriving
therefrom;
10. that the French Republic shall cease its wrongful conduct and abide
strictly by the obligations incumbent on it in the future;
11. that the French Republic shall provide the Republic of Djibouti with
specific assurances and guarantees of non-repetition of the wrongful
acts complained of.”

On behalf of the Government of France,
at the hearing of 29 January 2008:

“For all the reasons set out in its Counter-Memorial and during its oral
argument, the French Republic requests the Court:

(1) (a) to declare that it lacks jurisdiction to rule on those claims pre-
sented by the Republic of Djibouti upon completion of its oral
argument which go beyond the subject of the dispute as set out in
its Application, or to declare them inadmissible;
(b) in the alternative, to declare those claims to be unfounded;

(2) to reject all the other claims made by the Republic of Djibouti.”

*
* *

I. THE F ACTS OF THE C ASE

19. The Parties concur that it is not for the Court to determine the
facts and establish responsibilities in the Borrel case, and in particular,

the circumstances in which Mr. Borrel met his death. They agree that the
dispute before the Court does however originate in that case, as a result
of the opening of a number of judicial proceedings, in France and in Dji-
bouti, and the resort to bilateral treaty mechanisms for mutual assistance
between the Parties. The facts, some admitted and others disputed by the

Parties, and the judicial proceedings brought in connection with that case
may be described as follows.

20. On 19 October 1995, the charred body of Judge Bernard Borrel, a
French national who had been seconded as Technical Adviser to the

Ministry of Justice of Djibouti, was discovered 80 km from the city of

14 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 188

Djibouti. As certain aspects of Mr. Borrel’s death remained unexplained,
the procureur de la République of Djibouti opened a judicial investigation
on 28 February 1996 into the cause of the French judge’s death; that
investigation concluded that it was suicide, and was closed on 7 Decem-

ber 2003.
21. In France, a judicial investigation to determine the cause of Ber-
nard Borrel’s death was opened on 7 December 1995 at the Tribunal de
grande instance in Toulouse. On 3 March 1997, Bernard Borrel’s widow
and children took action as civil parties on the basis of the same facts,

and, further to additional forensic reports casting doubt on the hypoth-
esis of suicide, a judicial investigation was opened on 22 April 1997
“against X for the murder of Bernard Borrel” at the Toulouse Tribunal
de grande instance. These two proceedings were joined on 30 April 1997.
The case was removed from the Toulouse Tribunal de grande instance on

29 October 1997 by judgment of the Cour de cassation and transferred to
the Paris Tribunal de grande instance . The French investigating judges,
Ms Marie-Paule Moracchini and Mr. Roger Le Loire, having deemed it
necessary to obtain various documents and statements, to reconstruct the
events and, to these ends, to make a visit to the scene, twice made use of

mechanisms under the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal
Matters of 27 September 1986 between the Republic of Djibouti and the
French Republic (hereinafter “the 1986 Convention”). The investigating
judges issued two international letters rogatory, on 30 October 1998 and
15 February 2000 respectively, which Djibouti executed, inter alia grant-

ing access to presidential premises in Djibouti. The second letter rogatory
was issued particularly in the light of statements made by a witness,
Mr. Mohamed Saleh Alhoumekani, a former officer in the Djiboutian
presidential guard, according to which several Djiboutian nationals,
including Mr. Ismaël Omar Guelleh — now President of the Republic of

Djibouti and at that time Principal Private Secretary to the then Presi-
dent of the Republic of Djibouti, Mr. Hassan Gouled Aptidon — were
implicated in the murder of Bernard Borrel. The testimony of
Mr. Mohamed Saleh Alhoumekani was challenged by Mr. Ali Abdil-
lahi Iftin, who in 1995 was the commander of the Djiboutian presidential

guard, and who withdrew his statements in 2004 (see paragraph 35
below). The investigating judges concluded after execution of these letters
rogatory that the theory of homicide should again be ruled out.

22. By judgment dated 21 June 2000 in which it was held that the
reconstruction of events carried out in Djibouti had been unlawful in the

absence of the civil parties, the Chambre d’accusation of the Paris Court
of Appeal removed the case from the investigating judges Moracchini
and Le Loire and transferred it to another investigating judge at the Paris
Tribunal de grande instance , Mr. Jean-Baptiste Parlos. Judge Parlos
issued a new international letter rogatory on 15 May 2001 with a view to

carrying out a reconstruction of the events in the presence of the civil
parties, as well as taking statements and medical documents and conduct-

15 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 189

ing further investigations calling for a visit to the scene. The Djiboutian
authorities responded positively to this letter rogatory as well.

23. Since June 2002, the judicial investigation opened “against X for

the murder of Bernard Borrel” has been led by Ms Sophie Clément, an
investigating judge at the Paris Tribunal de grande instance . At the date
of this Judgment, the judicial investigation is still in progress. In the
meantime, various French media sources have adopted the theory of
murder. On 16 December 2003, the Djiboutian Minister for Foreign

Affairs wrote to the French Minister for Foreign Affairs, complaining of
campaigns in the French press targeting Djibouti and its President of the
Republic and requesting the French Government “to remove all obsta-
cles delaying the judicial conclusion of the case, which has dragged on
too long, including the ‘defence secret’ claim . . . asserted by the civil

party”.

24. According to Djibouti, on 6 May 2004, during an official visit by
the President of Djibouti to Paris, the procureur de la République of Dji-
bouti, Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali, raised the possibility of the Djiboutian

judicial authorities reopening the Borrel case with the diplomatic adviser
to the President of the French Republic, the Principal Private Secretary
to the French Minister of Justice and the Public Prosecutor at the Paris
Court of Appeal. This meeting allegedly gave rise to an initial request for
transmission of the record in the investigation being conducted by

Judge Clément; that request was transmitted by the procureur de la
République of Djibouti to the French authorities on 17 June 2004 and
made, according to Djibouti, pursuant to the 1986 Convention. In the
request, the procureur de la République of Djibouti complained about the
stance taken by “the civil party and [certain] French media”, which, “by

systematically implicating the highest authorities in Djibouti on the basis
of fanciful statements, . . . are seeking to influence the judicial investiga-
tion currently under way”. In a letter further to a decision taken by
Judge Clément on 13 September 2004, the Principal Private Secretary to
the French Minister of Justice informed his opposite number at the

French Ministry of Foreign Affairs that:

“the investigating judge responsible for the case, who alone is com-
petent to hand over copies of the documents (which in material
terms amount to 35 volumes), takes the view that [Djibouti’s request
of 17 June 2004] is not in the form required by the Convention on

Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between France and Dji-
bouti of 27 September 1986 and refuses to execute this request.
Consequently, a letter explaining the difficulties will be sent by the
procureur de la République in Paris to the procureur de la République
in Djibouti in order to enable him to transmit an international letter

rogatory that satisfies the formal requirements.
This request for documents will then be fulfilled, allowing for the

16 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 190

time that will be required to copy 35 volumes of judicial proceed-
ings.”

25. As Djibouti’s request of 17 June 2004 had been made, according to
France, “outside the framework” of the 1986 Convention and “without
regard for its provisions”, the French Ministry of Justice on 1 Octo-
ber 2004 sent the Djiboutian authorities a number of technical docu-

ments to enable them to present the request for transmission of the
record in accordance with the Convention.

26. Further to the opening in Djibouti on 3 November 2004 of a new
judicial investigation in respect of the murder of Bernard Borrel, in

response to an application dated 20 October 2004 by the procureur de la
République of Djibouti, a second request for transmission of the Borrel
file was made on 3 November 2004 by Ms Leila Mohamed Ali, investi-
gating judge at the Djibouti Tribunal de première instance , in the form of
an international letter rogatory addressed to the French judicial authori-

ties and transmitted through diplomatic channels on 6 December 2004.
The French Ministry of Foreign Affairs forwarded this international let-
ter rogatory to the French Ministry of Justice on 28 December 2004,
which in turn forwarded it, by letter of 18 January 2005 from its Director
of Criminal Affairs and Pardons, to the Public Prosecutor at the Paris

Court of Appeal, asking him to carry out the request in collaboration
with the investigating judge. He drew attention “to the need to omit from
the certified copy [of the record in the judicial investigation] any docu-
ments likely to prejudice the sovereignty, the security, the ordre public or
other essential interests of the Nation”. In his letter, the Director of

Criminal Affairs and Pardons mentioned the documents referred to in a
note from the Minister of Defence, namely 25 Notes from two French
intelligence services. He added that “[t]he communication of [these]
French intelligence service documents . . . would provide a foreign politi-
cal authority with information likely seriously to compromise the above-

mentioned interests”. A few days earlier, on 6 January 2005, the French
Minister of Defence had in fact informed the Minister of Justice that he
was not opposed to the partial handing over of the file, purged of all the
information that had been classified under “defence secrecy” and declas-
sified. In a letter dated 27 January 2005, responding to a Note Verbale of
6 December 2004 from Djibouti’s Ambassador to France, the Principal

Private Secretary to the French Minister of Justice stated:

“I have asked for all steps to be taken to ensure that a copy of the
record of the investigation into the death of Mr. Bernard Borrel is
transmitted to the Minister of Justice and Penal and Muslim Affairs
of the Republic of Djibouti before the end of February 2005 (such

time being required because of the volume of material to be copied).

17 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 191

I have also asked the procureur in Paris to ensure that there is no
undue delay in dealing with this matter.”

27. The spokesman for the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated
in a press release issued two days later, on 29 January 2005:

“A judicial investigation into the death of Judge Bernard Borrel is
currently under way at the Paris Tribunal de grande instance , follow-
ing the filing of a complaint by his widow.
Contrary to the claims made in certain sections of the press, no
judicial investigation into this matter has ever been opened by the

Djiboutian authorities. The present enquiry falls solely within the
jurisdiction of the French investigating judge.
In this context, France wishes to emphasize the excellent co-op-
eration on the part of the Djiboutian authorities and judiciary,
which have always displayed the complete openness required for the

investigation in France to proceed smoothly.
The French judges who have visited Djibouti on several occasions
in connection with international letters rogatory have always enjoyed
full collaboration from the Djiboutian authorities, which have pro-
vided them with access to the necessary places, documents and wit-

nesses.
During the current enquiry, documents classified under ‘defence
secrecy’ have been the subject of a number of decisions on declassi-
fication. Contrary to what may have been written recently in certain
newspapers, nothing in these documents points to the implication of

the Djiboutian authorities.
At the request of those authorities, a copy of the record concern-
ing the death of Judge Borrel will shortly be transmitted to the Dji-
boutian judiciary in order to allow the competent authorities of that
country to decide whether there are grounds for opening an investi-

gation into the matter.”

28. On 8 February 2005, by an order (soit-transmis) communicated to
the procureur de la République in Paris, Judge Clément presented her
conclusions, which may be summarized as follows. No new element
having come to light since the closing in December 2003 of the first judi-
cial investigation which had been opened in Djibouti, and in the absence

of any reason connected with the opening of the new investigation in Dji-
bouti, the new investigation:

“appears to be an abuse of process aimed solely at ascertain-
ing the contents of a file which includes, amongst other things,
documents implicating the procureur de la République of Dji-
bouti in another [judicial] investigation being conducted at Ver-

sailles . . . where his personal appearance had been requested
prior to any hearing by the judge dealing with the case”. (For

18 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 192

this other judicial investigation, see paragraphs 35 and 36 below.)

The investigating judge recalled moreover that:
“Article 2 (c) of the [1986] Convention . . . provides that the

requested State may refuse a request for mutual assistance if it con-
siders that execution of the request is likely to prejudice [the]
sovereignty, . . . security, . . . ordre public or other . . . essential inter-
ests [of France]”,

and concluded that “[t]hat is the case with regard to transmission of the
record of our proceedings”. In this connection Judge Clément pointed
out that she had on several occasions in the course of her investigation
requested the French Ministry of the Interior and the French Ministry of

Defence to communicate documents classified under “defence secrecy”,
documents which had been authorized for declassification by the Com-
mission consultative du secret de la défense nationale . The judge thus con-
cluded as follows:

“[t]o accede to the Djiboutian judge’s request would amount to an
abuse of French law by permitting the handing over of documents
that are accessible only to the French judge. Handing over our
record would entail indirectly delivering French intelligence service

documents to a foreign political authority. Without contributing in
any way to the discovery of the truth, such transmission would seri-
ously compromise the fundamental interests of the country and the
security of its agents.”

Judge Clément thus informed the procureur de la République in Paris of
her refusal to comply with the Djiboutian request.
29. The decision by Judge Clément was, according to France, made

known to the Ambassador of Djibouti in Paris by a letter from the Direc-
tor of Criminal Affairs and Pardons at the French Ministry of Justice
dated 31 May 2005. In the copy of that letter produced by France, the
refusal was justified by the fact that “Article 2 (c) of the Convention on
Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between France and Djibouti of

27 September 1986 had to be applied”. In that same letter, according to
France, the Director of Criminal Affairs and Pardons informed the
Ambassador that the decision by the judge was “sovereign” and “not
open to appeal”.
Djibouti denied at the hearings that France had informed it, by such a
letter, of Judge Clément’s refusal to execute the international letter roga-

tory of 3 November 2004. It contended, as emerges from its written
pleadings, the documents it submitted to the Court on 22 November 2007
(see paragraph 10 above) and its oral arguments, that Djibouti’s Ambas-
sador to France never received a letter dated 31 May 2005 from the
French Ministry of Justice.

France stated that it had no proof that Djibouti’s Ambassador to
France had received the letter. In reply to a question put by the President

19 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 193

of the Court at the hearings, France added that it had only “traced a des-
patch note, for information, of a copy of [the letter of 31 May 2005] to
the French Ambassador in Djibouti, which in any event confirms its
existence”.

30. By letter dated 18 May 2005 and referring to the 27 January 2005
letter from the French Minister of Justice’s Principal Private Secretary
(see paragraph 26 above), Djibouti’s Minister for Foreign Affairs and
International Co-operation reminded his French counterpart that “France

has not yet honoured its commitments”. France’s Ambassador to Dji-
bouti replied to the Djiboutian Minister for Foreign Affairs by letter
dated 6 June 2005, simply stating that “[a]fter consulting my authorities,
I regret to inform you that we are not in a position to comply with [the]
request [for the execution of the international letter rogatory presented

by the Djiboutian authorities on 3 November 2004]”.

31. Meanwhile, Judge Clément continued her investigations, and on
17 May 2005, further to the statements by Mr. Mohamed Saleh Alhou-
mekani received in 2000 by Judges Moracchini and Le Loire (see para-

graph 21), she issued directly to the Djiboutian Embassy in Paris a first
witness summons to the President of the Republic of Djibouti, who was
then on an official visit to France. This witness summons was issued to
President Ismaël Omar Guelleh without the provisions of Article 656 of
the French Code of Criminal Procedure having been applied; these stipu-

late in particular that:

“[t]he written statement of the representative of a foreign power is
requested through the intermediary of the Minister for Foreign
Affairs. If the application is granted, the statement is received by the
president of the appeal court or by a judge delegated by him.”

President Ismaël Omar Guelleh did not respond to this summons
and Djibouti’s Ambassador to France, emphasizing that it was null
and void and not in accordance with French law, drew the attention

of France’s Minister for Foreign Affairs the following day to the fact
that the summons had been sent to Agence France-Presse (AFP)
only 20 minutes after being communicated to him by facsimile on
17 May 2005. He took the view that this was “a serious violation of
the most elementary rules governing an investigation”. In a radio
statement by the spokesman of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and

by a press release of 18 May 2005, the texts of which were forwarded the
next day to Djibouti’s Ambassador to France, the French Ministry
of Foreign Affairs recalled, in relation to this summons, that “all
incumbent Heads of State enjoy immunity from jurisdiction when trav-
elling internationally”, that “[t]his is an established principle of inter-

national law and France intends to ensure that it is respected”,
and that “any request addressed to a representative of a foreign State

20 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 194

in the context of judicial proceedings is subject to particular forms, which
are prescribed by law”.
32. On 14 February 2007, the investigating judge informed the Minis-
ter of Justice that she wished to obtain the testimony of the President of

Djibouti through the intermediary of the Minister for Foreign Affairs.
According to Djibouti, the information concerning this request was
passed by judicial sources to AFP and French media, even before the
Minister for Foreign Affairs had transmitted it to Djibouti’s representa-
tives. Djibouti reacted to this invitation to testify through a communiqué

of the same date from its Embassy in France, in which it “recall[ed] the
immunity from jurisdiction enjoyed by any incumbent Head of State dur-
ing visits abroad” and emphasized that “for a summons to be addressed
to the representative of a foreign State, the investigating judge is obliged
to comply with the procedure in full, in particular through the interme-

diary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which was not done at all in this
instance”. The same day, in a press release, the French Ministry of Jus-
tice commented on this witness summons in terms similar to those used in
the press release of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of 18 May 2005. The
following day, the summons was transmitted by the French Minister of

Justice to the French Minister for Foreign Affairs and then relayed by
the Private Office of the President of the French Republic to the repre-
sentatives of the Republic of Djibouti attending the Conference of Heads
of State of Africa and France in Cannes. The Djiboutian delegation then
communicated President Ismaël Omar Guelleh’s refusal to respond to

this new request.

At the hearings, Djibouti acknowledged that the Djiboutian Head of
State had been summoned, both in 2005 and in 2007, as an “ordinary”
witness under French law and not as a “témoin assisté” (legally assisted

witness), as Djibouti had initially claimed in its Application. (For a defi-
nition of the status of témoin assisté, see paragraph 184 below.)

*

33. Five other summonses to attend as witnesses or témoins assistés
have also been addressed to a diplomat and two senior Djiboutian offi-
cials in connection with two other judicial proceedings conducted in
France. An account should therefore be given here of these two proceed-
ings, as they are connected to the principal judicial investigation opened

against X for the murder of Bernard Borrel. A third set of proceedings,
also connected to this principal judicial investigation, is of significance to
the present case in other respects and will likewise be referred to below.

34. In the first of these proceedings, opened in respect of public defa-

mation before the Toulouse Tribunal de grande instance and then trans-
ferred to the Paris Tribunal de grande instance by judgment of the Cour

21 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 195

de cassation of 15 January 2003, Mrs. Borrel filed a civil action on
14 October 2002 against the Djiboutian newspaper La Nation, after it
had published an article which she considered to be defamatory of her.
The proceedings led the investigating judge responsible for the case,

Mr. Baudouin Thouvenot, to address a witness summons to Djibouti’s
Ambassador to France on 21 December 2004, without applying the pro-
visions of Article 656 of the French Code of Criminal Procedure. By a
Note Verbale of 7 January 2005, the Embassy informed the French Min-
istry of Foreign Affairs that, as provided for in Article 31 of the Vienna

Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 18 April 1961, the Ambassador
did not wish to give evidence as a witness, at the same time expressing its
surprise at the fact that the summons could be “addressed to him without
passing through the intermediary of the [French] Ministry of Foreign
Affairs”. In reply, the Head of Protocol at the Ministry deplored the fact

that the written statement of the Ambassador had not been requested in
accordance with Article 656 of the French Code of Criminal Procedure
and presented the apologies of the French authorities for “this breach of
diplomatic custom”. He further informed Djibouti’s Ambassador on
14 January 2005 that the investigating judge had “recognized his mis-

take” and “wished the summons to be now deemed null and void”. The
case has been the subject of a decision not to proceed, upheld on 27 April
2007 by the Paris Court of Appeal.

35. A second set of judicial proceedings was opened in respect of sub-

ornation of perjury before the Toulouse Tribunal de grande instance and
then transferred to the Versailles Tribunal de grande instance by judg-
ment of the Cour de cassation of 5 March 2003. These proceedings origi-
nated from a civil action filed by Mrs. Borrel on 19 November 2002
against Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali, then procureur de la République of

Djibouti, and Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh, the Djiboutian Head of National
Security. Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali was accused of having exerted vari-
ous forms of pressure upon Mr. Mohamed Saleh Alhoumekani in order
to make him reconsider his previous statements (see paragraph 21 above).
For his part, Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh was accused of having exerted

various forms of pressure on Mr. Ali Abdillahi Iftin so as to make him
produce testimony which would discredit the statements of Mr. Mohamed
Saleh Alhoumekani. On 10 August 2004, in a letter of protest to his
French counterpart, the Djiboutian Minister of Justice referred to the
investigation under way at Versailles and claimed that “[t]hese proceed-
ings should have been declared inadmissible by the investigating judge in

Versailles, or at least closed by a dismissal order”, for lack of jurisdiction.
On 3 and 4 November 2004, Judge Pascale Belin addressed summonses
to Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh and Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali respectively
for them to be heard in France as témoins assistés on 16 December 2004.
The addressees of these summonses did not respond. On 17 June 2005,

Judge Thierry Bellancourt issued further summonses for Mr. Has-
san Said Khaireh and Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali to appear as témoins

22 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 196

assistés on 13 October 2005. By letter of 11 October 2005, the lawyer for
the two senior Djiboutian officials informed Judge Bellancourt that “these
two persons, one an official and the other a judge, cannot comply with
that summons”. Recalling Djibouti’s full co-operation in the procedures

conducted by the judicial authorities in the Borrel case, and the lack of
co-operation from the French judiciary “in return”, he concluded that
“[i]n such circumstances, the Republic of Djibouti, as a sovereign State,
cannot accept one-way co-operation of this kind with the former colonial
Power, and [that] the two individuals summoned are therefore not author-

ized to give evidence”. On 27 September 2006, the Chambre de l’instruc-
tion of the Versailles Court of Appeal issued European arrest warrants
against these two individuals.

36. On 27 March 2008, i.e., after the close of the oral proceedings in
the present case before this Court, the sixth Chambre correctionnelle of
the Versailles Tribunal de grande instance found Mr. Djama Soulei-
man Ali and Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh guilty, in absentia, of subornation
of perjury and sentenced them to 18 months and one year of imprison-

ment respectively. In its judgment, a copy of which was obtained by the
Court, the Chambre correctionnelle indicated that Mr. Djama Soulei-
man Ali and Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh had agreed to be tried in absentia
and had appointed their lawyer to represent them. It emphasized that no
reference had been made to immunity at any time during the hearings,

and stated that the arrest warrants issued by the Chambre de l’instruction
against the two individuals in question remained in force. The Court has
received no observations from the Parties regarding this judgment.

37. Lastly, the circumstances in which the French authorities exam-

ined the international letter rogatory issued on 3 November 2004 by
the Djiboutian judge Leila Mohamed Ali in the Borrel case gave rise
to a third set of judicial proceedings. These proceedings were initiated
by a civil action filed by Mrs. Borrel on 7 February 2005 against the
spokesman of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs for “statements

seeking to exert pressure to influence the decision of a judicial inves-
tigating authority or trial court”. The spokesman had stated, in his
press release of 29 January 2005 (see paragraph 27 above), that “a
copy of the record concerning the death of Judge Borrel will shortly
be transmitted to the Djiboutian judiciary . . .”, when no decision had
yet been taken on the outcome of Djibouti’s request. Following

Mrs. Borrel’s complaint, a judicial investigation was opened on 2 Sept-
ember 2005 before the Paris Tribunal de grande instance in respect
of pressure on the judiciary. Whereas the Public Prosecutor at
the Paris Court of Appeal had taken the view that there were no
grounds for a judicial investigation in this case, the Paris Court of

Appeal decided, in a judgment of 19 October 2006, to approve the
continuation of the proceedings. In this judgment, the Court of

23 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 197

Appeal set out as follows the position adopted by the Public Prosecutor
in Paris:

“[T]he ministerial authority alone is competent to determine
whether the request for mutual assistance is likely to prejudice the
essential interests of the Nation, and that it is for the requested State
to oppose the request or act upon it. The investigating judge, who

has moreover expressed her refusal in the form of an order, had no
power to take a judicial decision in matters of international mutual
assistance, the judicial authority merely delivering an opinion . . .”

After noting that “where [the] text [of the bilateral convention of 27 Sep-
tember 1986] is silent, the provisions of the law of the requested State on
criminal procedure are applied”, the Court of Appeal dismissed the rea-
soning of the Public Prosecutor in Paris on the following grounds:

“[T]he provisions of Article 694-4 of the Code of Criminal Proce-
dure, being applicable, were immediately applied, which entailed

obtaining the prior opinion of the government authorities, they
alone being competent to assess the concepts of prejudice to the sov-
ereignty, the security, the ordre public or other essential interests of
the Nation;
.............................

It follows from the timing and the terms of the [relevant] letters . . .
that the notice required by the provisions of Article 694-4 of the
Code of Criminal Procedure had been given by the competent gov-
ernment authorities, and that it was therefore for the principal inves-

tigating judge, contrary to the submissions of the procureur général,
or for a judge nominated for the purpose, to take such action as he
saw fit on the execution of th[e] request for mutual assistance;
It follows in particular from the terms of the letter of 6 Janu-
ary 2005 (000262/DEF/CAB/CCL) from the Minister of Defence to

the Minister of Justice that the former is not opposed to partial
handing over of the file, without all the information classified under
‘defence secrecy’ and declassified, any transmission of which could
seriously compromise the higher interests of the State and of its
agents;

.............................
After receiving the detailed notice from the government authori-
ties, through the Public Prosecutor’s Department, a notice that is
necessary but not sufficient in order to act on a request for mutual

assistance, it is for the investigating judge . . . to decide on the
impact and the judicial consequences of the French response in
terms of international mutual assistance, in the light of the develop-
ment of the proceedings in France, which she did by her reasoned
order of 8 February 2005;

In the present case, the issuing and transmission of an entire
record of an investigation cannot be regarded as a decision that will

24 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 198

have no impact in terms of the smooth conduct of the enquiries
under way in France, particularly in Paris but also in Versailles;

Although under internal law, the decision to issue a copy of pro-
ceedings is not necessarily one that has a judicial character, the deci-
sion to do so is at the discretion of the investigating judge, and the
response from the investigating judge as to whether or not to issue
such a copy constituted in this case the positive or negative response

to the request for mutual assistance;
Consequently, the response by order of 8 February 2005, from
Ms Clément to the principal investigating judge, refusing to act on
the Djiboutian judicial authorities’ request for mutual assistance,
without having to distinguish between the various procedures for

transmitting a request for mutual assistance and without having to
pronounce on a possible abuse of the French law on declassified
documents, constitutes a decision and not merely an opinion, con-
trary to what is maintained by the procureur général.”

38. The Paris Court of Appeal thus concluded that “the possibility
cannot be excluded that the publication of the communiqué from the
Quai d’Orsay may or might have been such as to constitute a statement

seeking to exert pressure to influence the decision of the investigating
judge”.

*
* *

II. URISDICTION OF THE COURT

39. In the absence of a declaration by France accepting the compul-
sory jurisdiction of the Court formulated under Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute or of a compromissory clause contained in a treaty between
the Parties and applicable in the present dispute, Djibouti sought to

found the Court’s jurisdiction on Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of
Court. By its letter of 25 July 2006, France consented to the Court’s juris-
diction “pursuant to and solely on the basis of said Article 38, para-
graph 5”, specifying that this consent “is valid only for the purposes of

thecase...i.e.,inrespectofthedisputeformingthesubjectoftheAppli-
cation and strictly within the limits of the claims formulated therein”.

40. Djibouti asserts that the dispute concerns the interpretation and
application of customary and conventional commitments. Djibouti infers

from what it terms the “full and wholehearted consent” expressed by the
Parties that the Court’s jurisdiction to settle the dispute is beyond ques-
tion. At the hearings, Djibouti recalled, by quoting from the Corfu Chan-
nel (United Kingdom v. Albania) case, that there is nothing to prevent
consent to the jurisdiction of the Court “from being effected by two sep-

arate and successive acts, instead of jointly and beforehand by a special

25 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 199

agreement” (Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania), Preliminary
Objection, Judgment, 1948, I.C.J. Reports 1947-1948 , p. 28), and it is
then for the Court to establish to what extent such consent on “a single,
specific subject precisely delineating the scope” of the jurisdiction of the

Court arises due to those distinct acts.
41. France acknowledges that the Court’s jurisdiction to settle the dis-
pute by virtue of Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court is
“beyond question”. Regarding its consent to the jurisdiction of the
Court, however, France contests the scope of that jurisdiction ratione

materiae and ratione temporis to deal with certain violations alleged by
Djibouti.
42. In its Application, Djibouti twice sought to reserve the right to
add, at a later date, additional bases of jurisdiction of the Court. In para-
graph 4 of the Application, Djibouti stated that it “reserv[es] the right to

supplement and elaborate on the present claim in the course of the
proceedings . . .”. In paragraph 26, it further stated: “The Republic of
Djibouti reserves the right to amend and supplement the present Applica-
tion.” Djibouti initially argued that these reservations enabled it to

“have recourse to the dispute settlement procedure established by
the conventions in force between itself and the French Republic,
such as the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes
against Internationally Protected Persons”.

In its Memorial, Djibouti reaffirmed its “right if necessary to invoke

other international instruments that bind the Parties, which would also
be relevant in founding the jurisdiction of the Court for the purposes of
this dispute”.
43. France, for its part, pointed out that it would be unacceptable to
allow the belated discovery of a “hypothetical” new legal basis for the

Court’s jurisdiction to enable Djibouti to expand the scope of its Appli-
cation or to alter its character subsequent to the Respondent’s consent to
the Court’s jurisdiction for the purposes of the case.

*
44. The Court observes that, on the one hand, in the oral proceedings,

Djibouti declared that reliance on other bases for the Court’s jurisdiction
“appears unnecessary in the present case to enable the Court to adjudi-
cate all the claims in Djibouti’s Application” and that, on the other hand,
France took due note of this declaration.

**

(1) Preliminary question regarding jurisdiction and admissibility

45. France, in its Counter-Memorial, presented the following submis-
sion: “the French Republic requests the International Court of Justice:

26 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 200

...todeclareinadmissibletheclaimsmadebytheRepublicofDjibouti
in its Memorial which go beyond the declared subject of its Application”.
At the hearings, France justified this formulation, referring to the fact
that the Permanent Court of International Justice, in the Phosphates in

Morocco case, had, while accepting the preliminary objection raised by
France based on considerations ratione temporis, decided that “the appli-
cation submitted . . . by the Italian government [was] not admissible”
(Phosphates in Morocco, Judgment, 1938, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 74 ,
p. 29).

46. France subsequently indicated that, in the present case, its “objec-
tions to the exercise by the Court of its jurisdiction arise from the fact
that France has not consented to it; in accordance with the prevailing
jurisprudence of the Court . . . consent governs its jurisdiction, not the
admissibility of the application”. France specifically cited the case con-

cerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Applica-
tion: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) (Jurisdiction
and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006 , p. 39, para. 88). France
finally submitted that it would “be led to state in its final submissions
that it asks the Court to decide both that it has no jurisdiction and that

the Application is inadmissible”.
47. At the end of its oral statements, France reformulated its conclu-
sions as follows:

“the French Republic requests the Court:

(1) (a) to declare that it lacks jurisdiction to rule on those claims
presented by the Republic of Djibouti upon completion of
its oral argument which go beyond the subject of the dis-
pute as set out in its Application, or to declare them inad-
missible”.

*

48. The Court first notes that in determining the scope of the consent
expressed by one of the parties, the Court pronounces on its jurisdiction

and not on the admissibility of the application. The Court confirmed, in
the case concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New
Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda)
(Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment) , that “its jurisdiction is based
on the consent of the parties and is confined to the extent accepted by
them” (I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 39, para. 88), and further, that:

“the conditions to which such consent is subject must be regarded as
constituting the limits thereon . . . The examination of such condi-

tions relates to its jurisdiction and not to the admissibility of the
application.” (Ibid.).

This remains true, whether the consent at issue has been expressed
through a compromissory clause inserted in an international agreement,

27 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 201

as was contended to be the case in Armed Activities on the Territory of
the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the
Congo v. Rwanda), or through “two separate and successive acts” (Corfu
Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania), Preliminary Objection, Judg-
ment, 1948, I.C.J. Reports 1947-1948 , p. 28), as is the case here.

49. The Court concludes that, in reference to the final formulation of
France’s submissions, the conditions under which the Parties expressed
their consent in the present case are a matter of jurisdiction and not of
the admissibility of the Application or any claims formulated therein.
This applies to all objections raised by France to the Court’s jurisdiction,
whether ratione materiae or ratione temporis.

50. The Court will now examine the objections raised by France relat-
ing to the scope of the Court’s jurisdiction ratione materiae.

**
(2) Jurisdiction ratione materiae

(a) Positions of the Parties

51. According to France, the Court can only have jurisdiction to deal
with facts that bear a direct relation to the stated subject of the dispute.

In its view, the Court has no jurisdiction regarding alleged violations of
further obligations, whether these derive from treaties or general interna-
tional law, to prevent attacks on the person, freedom or dignity of inter-
nationally protected persons or in the field of respect for diplomatic privi-
leges and immunities.

52. France argues that, in the Application, the section entitled “Sub-
ject of the dispute” (para. 2) only mentions its refusal to execute the letter
rogatory of 3 November 2004. France admittedly takes note that Dji-
bouti refers to the alleged violations of obligations to prevent attacks on
the person of Djibouti’s Head of State and senior Djiboutian officials in

the sections entitled “Legal grounds” (para. 3) and “Nature of the claim”
(para. 4). It nevertheless asserts that, while the summoning of the Head
of State of Djibouti and of the senior officials as witness and témoins assis-
tés, respectively, and the issuing of European arrest warrants against sen-
ior Djiboutian officials are indeed linked to the Borrel case in the broader
sense, these judicial processes “bear no relation to the international letter

rogatory” that is in issue.
53. France maintains, moreover, that “Djibouti’s Memorial goes
beyond the claims formulated in the Application” and that the applicant
State is not allowed to extend the subject of the dispute. France submits,
in this respect, that by the addition, in its Memorial, of some words

which were not contained in the Application, Djibouti altered the defini-
tion of the subject of the dispute. The dispute is now said to concern “the
refusal by the French . . . authorities to execute an international letter
rogatory . . . and the related breaching ...o ftltti

28 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 202

obligations . . .” (instead of “in breach of other international obliga-
tions”). France asserts that the dispute, as defined in the Application,
concerned

“the refusal by the French governmental and judicial authorities to
execute an international letter rogatory regarding the transmission
to the judicial authorities in Djibouti of the record relating to the

investigation in the Case against X for the murder of Bernard Bor-
rel”,

whereas according to Djibouti’s Memorial, “all the claims listed on the
basis of paragraphs [3, 4 and 5] of the Application . . . fall within the
jurisdiction of the Court ratione materiae”.
54. France contends that this statement by Djibouti is the result of a
confusion between the claims and submissions contained in the Applica-

tion, on the one hand, and the legal grounds supporting them, on the
other. France refers in this context to the jurisprudence of the Court,
according to which a distinction must be made “between the dispute itself
and arguments used by the parties to sustain their respective submissions
on the dispute”, pointing out in particular that the Court’s jurisdiction

“must be determined exclusively on the basis of the submissions”.
55. France concludes that the Court lacks jurisdiction both in respect
of the witness summonses addressed to the Djiboutian Head of State and
senior Djiboutian officials and the arrest warrants issued against the said
officials.

56. Djibouti, for its part, referring to the terms of the letter whereby
France consented to the jurisdiction of the Court, acknowledges that the
extent of the Court’s jurisdiction is “strictly delimited” ratione materiae
and that “there is no doubt that the Court is entitled to deal solely with
the claims as set out in [the] Application”. However, Djibouti claims that

there is “agreement between the Parties that [the Court] can entertain all
these claims and settle them entirely, in every aspect and with all their
implications”. Analysing the mechanism of Article 38, paragraph 5, of
the Rules of Court as a combination of two intersecting unilateral decla-
rations concerning the jurisdiction of the Court, Djibouti, for the pur-

pose of identifying the true intention of the drafters of the instruments of
consent, relied at the hearings on the Court’s jurisprudence regarding the
interpretation of unilateral declarations of acceptance of the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute.

57. With regard to the wording of its Application and the lack of any

reference, under the heading therein “Subject of the dispute”, to the inter-
national immunities which France allegedly infringed, Djibouti, citing the
Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions case, recalls that the Court, whose
jurisdiction is of an international nature, is not bound to attach to mat-
ters of form the same degree of importance which they might possess in

municipal law (Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2,
1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2 , p. 34). Further, Djibouti points out that

29 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 203

its claims, under the heading “Nature of the claim”, relate explicitly to
the violation of the principles of international law on international immu-
nities. These two headings, “Subject of the dispute” and “Nature of the
claim”, are said to form a “whole”, attesting to the intention of Djibouti

to put before the Court not merely the issue of the violation of obliga-
tions of mutual assistance, but a dispute consisting of a number of
claims. Djibouti acknowledges in this respect that it expanded its Appli-
cation in its Memorial, as it had reserved the right to do, but maintains
that those expansions have not given rise to an alteration in the subject of

the Application.
58. Djibouti points out, moreover, that, when consenting to the juris-
diction of the Court on the basis of Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules
of Court, the Respondent was free to give only partial consent to the
jurisdiction contemplated by the Application, which, according to Dji-

bouti, France did not do. Djibouti thus concludes that France gave its
consent for all the claims included in the Application to be covered by the
jurisdiction of the Court ratione materiae.
59. Djibouti further asserts that a link exists between the judicial pro-
ceedings opened in France against senior Djiboutian officials for subor-

nation of perjury and the refusal of the French judicial authorities to
execute the letter rogatory issued by Djibouti. Such a link is said to be
shown by the Order (soit-transmis) of 8 February 2005, wherein
Judge Clément cited, as the first reason justifying the refusal, the inclu-
sion in the case file of documents concerning the judicial investigation

opened for subornation of perjury.

*

(b) Forum prorogatum as a basis of the jurisdiction of the Court

60. The jurisdiction of the Court is based on the consent of States,
under the conditions expressed therein. However, neither the Statute of
the Court nor its Rules require that the consent of the parties which thus

confers jurisdiction on the Court be expressed in any particular form
(Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania), Preliminary Objection,
Judgment, 1948, I.C.J. Reports 1947-1948 , p. 27). The Statute of the
Court does explicitly mention the different ways by which States may
express their consent to the Court’s jurisdiction. Thus, in accordance
with Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute, such consent may result from

an explicit agreement of the parties, that agreement being able to be
manifested in a variety of ways. Further, States may recognize the juris-
diction of the Court by making declarations to this effect under Arti-
cle 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute.
61. The Court has also interpreted Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Stat-

ute as enabling consent to be deduced from certain acts, thus accepting
the possibility of forum prorogatum. This modality is applied when a

30 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 204

respondent State has, through its conduct before the Court or in relation
to the applicant party, acted in such a way as to have consented to the
jurisdiction of the Court (Rights of Minorities in Upper Silesia (Minority
Schools), Judgment No. 12, 1928, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 15, p. 24).

62. The consent allowing for the Court to assume jurisdiction must be
certain. That is so, no more and no less, for jurisdiction based on forum
prorogatum. As the Court has recently explained, whatever the basis of
consent, the attitude of the respondent State must “be capable of being
regarded as ‘an unequivocal indication’ of the desire of that State to

accept the Court’s jurisdiction in a ‘voluntary and indisputable’ manner”
(Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002)
(Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admis-
sibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006 , p. 18; see also Corfu Channel
(United Kingdom v. Albania), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, 1948,

I.C.J. Reports 1947-1948 ,p .7;Application of the Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herze-
govina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1996 (II), pp. 620-621, para. 40; and Rights of Minorities in Upper
Silesia (Minority Schools), Judgment No. 12, 1928, P.C.I.J., Series A,

No. 15, p. 24). For the Court to exercise jurisdiction on the basis of forum
prorogatum, the element of consent must be either explicit or clearly to be
deduced from the relevant conduct of a State (Anglo-Iranian Oil Co.
(United Kingdom v. Iran), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1952, pp. 113-114; see also Monetary Gold Removed from Rome

in 1943 (Italy v. France, United Kingdom and United States of America),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1954 , p. 30).
63. The Court observes that this is the first time it falls to the Court to
decide on the merits of a dispute brought before it by an application
based on Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court. This provision

was introduced by the Court into its Rules in 1978. The purpose of this
amendment was to allow a State which proposes to found the jurisdiction
of the Court to entertain a case upon a consent thereto yet to be given or
manifested by another State to file an application setting out its claims
and inviting the latter to consent to the Court dealing with them, without

prejudice to the rules governing the sound administration of justice.
Before this revision, the Court treated this type of application in the same
way as any other application submitted to it: the Registry would issue the
usual notifications and the “case” was entered in the General List of the
Court. It could only be removed from the List if the respondent State
explicitly rejected the Court’s jurisdiction to entertain it. The Court was

therefore obliged to enter in its General List “cases” for which it plainly
did not have jurisdiction and in which, therefore, no further action could
be taken; it was consequently obliged to issue orders so as to remove
them from its List (see Treatment in Hungary of Aircraft and Crew of
United States of America (United States of America v. Hungary), Order

of 12 July 1954, I.C.J. Reports 1954 ,p .9; Treatment in Hungary of
Aircraft and Crew of United States of America (United States of

31 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 205

America v. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), Order of 12 July 1954,
I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 103; Aerial Incident of 10 March 1953 (United
States of America v. Czechoslovakia), Order of 14 March 1956, I.C.J.
Reports 1956,p.6; Antarctica (United Kingdom v. Argentina), Order of
16 March 1956, I.C.J. Reports 1956 ,p .2; Antarctica (United King-

dom v. Chile), Order of 16 March 1956, I.C.J. Reports 1956 ,p .5;
Aerial Incident of 7 October 1952 (United States of America v. Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics), Order of 14 March 1956, I.C.J. Reports
1956,p.; Aerial Incident of 4 September 1954 (United States of
America v. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), Order of 9 December
1958, I.C.J. Reports 1958, p. 158; Aerial Incident of 7 November 1954

(United States of America v. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), Order
of 7 October 1959, I.C.J. Reports 1959 , p. 276). Article 38, paragraph 5,
now provides, firstly, that no entry is made in the General List unless and
until the State against which such application is made consents to the
Court’s jurisdiction to entertain the case and, secondly, that, except for

the transmission of the application to that State, no action is to be taken
in the proceedings. The State which is thus asked to consent to the
Court’s jurisdiction to settle a dispute is completely free to respond as it
sees fit; if it consents to the Court’s jurisdiction, it is for it to specify, if
necessary, the aspects of the dispute which it agrees to submit to the judg-
ment of the Court. The deferred and ad hoc nature of the Respondent’s

consent, as contemplated by Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of
Court, makes the procedure set out there a means of establishing forum
prorogatum.

64. Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court must also be read

and interpreted in the light of paragraph 2 of that Article, which reads as
follows: “The application shall specify as far as possible the legal grounds
upon which the jurisdiction of the Court is said to be based; it shall also
specify the precise nature of the claim, together with a succinct statement
of the facts and grounds on which the claim is based.” The expression “as

far as possible” used in this provision was inserted in the Rules of Court
of the Permanent Court of International Justice in 1936, precisely in
order to preserve the possibility for the Court to found its jurisdiction on
forum prorogatum (Acts and Documents Concerning the Organization of
the Court: Elaboration of the Rules of Court of March 11th, 1936,
P.C.I.J., Series D, No. 2, Add. 3, pp. 159-160). This expression was used

in the original Rules of Court of the International Court of Justice in
1946 and has remained there ever since. Obviously, the jurisdiction of the
Court can be founded on forum prorogatum in a variety of ways, by no
means all of which fall under Article 38, paragraph 5. The Court would
add that, while doubts may previously have existed in this respect, since

the revision in 1978, the wording of Article 38, paragraph 2, excludes the
possibility of the phrase “as far as possible” also being applied to the
statement of “the precise nature of the claim” or of “the facts and
grounds on which the claim is based”. Applying it in such a way would in

32 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 206

any event have been out of keeping with the reasons which led the phrase
to be included in 1936. No applicant may come to the Court without
being able to indicate, in its Application, the State against which the
claim is brought and the subject of the dispute, as well as the precise

nature of that claim and the facts and grounds on which it is based.

(3) Extent of the mutual consent of the Parties

65. France has, in the present case, expressly agreed to the Court’s
jurisdiction under Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court, in its

letter of acceptance dated 25 July 2006. France’s expression of consent
must, however, be read together with Djibouti’s Application to discern
properly the extent of the consent given by the Parties to the Court’s
jurisdiction, and thereby to arrive at that which is common in their
expressions of consent.

(a) Djibouti’s Application

66. In light of the foregoing, the Court will examine not only the terms
of France’s acceptance, but also the terms of Djibouti’s Application to

which that acceptance responds. Only then can the scope of the claims in
respect of which France has accepted the jurisdiction of the Court be
properly understood. As Djibouti readily acknowledges, when consent is
given post hoc, a State may well give only partial consent, and in so doing
narrow the jurisdiction of the Court by comparison with what had been

contemplated in the Application. The Court will therefore examine the
various claims raised in the Application, and the extent to which the
Respondent has accepted the Court’s jurisdiction with regard to them in
its letter of 25 July 2006.
67. France has taken the view that it has only accepted the Court’s

jurisdiction over the stated subject-matter of the case which is to be
found, and only to be found, in paragraph 2 of the Application, under
the heading “Subject of the dispute”. So far as the question of identifying
the subject-matter of the dispute is concerned, while indeed it is desirable
that what the Applicant regards as the subject-matter of the dispute is

specified under that heading in the Application, nonetheless, the Court
must look at the Application as a whole.
68. In paragraph 2 of its Application, Djibouti set out as the “Subject
of the dispute” the following:

“The subject of the dispute concerns the refusal by the French
governmental and judicial authorities to execute an international let-
ter rogatory regarding the transmission to the judicial authorities in
Djibouti of the record relating to the investigation in the Case

against X for the murder of Bernard Borrel, in violation of the Con-
vention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between the Gov-

33 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 207

ernment of the Republic of Djibouti and the Government of the
French Republic, of 27 September 1986, and in breach of other
international obligations borne by the French Republic to the Repub-
lic of Djibouti.”

69. Neither Article 40 of the Statute nor Article 38 of the Rules of
Court subject the application to particular formal (as opposed to sub-

stantive) requirements regarding the manner by which the necessary ele-
ments of the application should be presented. Thus, if a section entitled
“Subject of the dispute” does not entirely circumscribe the extent of the
issues intended to be brought before the Court, the subject-matter of the
dispute may nonetheless be discerned from a reading of the whole Appli-

cation.
70. Ruling on this issue in the case concerning Right of Passage over
Indian Territory (Portugal v. India), the Court stated that it would not
confine itself to the formulation by the Applicant when it was called upon
to determine the subject of the dispute. It then defined the subject of the

dispute in the following terms:
“A passage in the Application headed ‘Subject of the Dispute’

indicates that subject as being the conflict of views which arose
between the two States when, in 1954, India opposed the exercise of
Portugal’s right of passage. If this were the subject of the dispute
referred to the Court, the challenge to the jurisdiction could not be
sustained. But it appeared from the Application itself and it was

fully confirmed by the subsequent proceedings, the Submissions of
the Parties and statements made in the course of the hearings, that
the dispute submitted to the Court has a threefold subject . . .”
(Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India), Merits,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1960 , p. 33.)

The Court thus clearly stated that the subject of the dispute was not to be
determined exclusively by reference to matters set out under the relevant
section heading of the Application.

*

71. Paragraph 2 of Djibouti’s Application, entitled “Subject of the dis-
pute” (see paragraph 68 above), focuses on the (non-)transmission of the
Borrel case file to Djibouti. That paragraph does not mention any other
matters which Djibouti also seeks to bring before the Court, namely, the

various summonses sent to the President of Djibouti and two senior Dji-
boutian officials. Naturally, no reference was made in that paragraph to
the summons addressed to the President of Djibouti on 14 February 2007,
nor to the arrest warrants made out against the two above-mentioned
officials on 27 September 2006, as these were events subsequent to the

filing of the Application.
72. A further examination of the Application, on the other hand,

34 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 208

reveals that both under the headings “Legal grounds” and “Nature of the
claim”, Djibouti mentions the summonses issued before the filing of the
Application and requests specific remedies in so far as it considers them
to be violations of international law.

73. Thus, under the heading “Legal grounds”, Djibouti lists in para-
graph 3, subparagraph (c), of its Application:

“violation by the French Republic of the obligation, deriving from
established principles of customary and general international law, to
prevent attacks on the person, freedom or dignity of an internation-
ally protected person, whether a Head of State or any representative

or official of a State”.

74. Further, under the heading “Nature of the claim” (paragraph 4 of
the Application), Djibouti asks the Court to adjudge and declare:

“(e) that the French Republic is under an international obligation
to ensure that the Head of State of the Republic of Djibouti,
as a foreign Head of State, is not subjected to any insults or
attacks on his dignity on French territory;

(f) that the French Republic is under a legal obligation scrupu-
lously to ensure respect, vis-à-vis the Republic of Djibouti, of
the principles and rules concerning diplomatic privileges, pre-
rogatives and immunities, as reflected in the Vienna Conven-

tion on Diplomatic Relations of 18 April 1961;

...........................
(h) that the French Republic is under an obligation immediately

to cease and desist from breaching the obligations referred to
above and, to that end, shall in particular:
...........................

(ii) withdraw and cancel the summonses of the Head of State
of the Republic of Djibouti and of internationally pro-
tected Djiboutian nationals to testify as témoins assistés
[legally represented witnesses] in respect of subornation of
perjury in the ‘Case against X for the murder of Bernard

Borrel’.”
75. The Court notes that, despite a confined description of the subject

of the dispute (its “objet”) in the second paragraph of the Application,
the said Application, taken as a whole, has a wider scope which includes
the summonses sent to the Djiboutian President on 17 May 2005 and
those sent to other Djiboutian officials on 3 and 4 November 2004. The
Court will in due course examine the later summons addressed to the

President of Djibouti, as well as the arrest warrants issued against the
other Djiboutian officials.

35 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 209

(b) France’s response to the Application

76. The Court will now analyse the letter which France sent to the
Court, dated 25 July 2006 and received in the Registry on 9 August 2006,
whereby it accepted the Court’s jurisdiction on the conditions described
therein, in the light of the content of the Application of Djibouti.

77. The operative phrases in France’s response to Djibouti’s Applica-
tion are reproduced here in full:
“I have the honour to inform you that the French Republic con-

sents to the Court’s jurisdiction to entertain the Application pursu-
ant to and solely on the basis of said Article 38, paragraph 5 [of the
Rules of Court].
The present consent to the Court’s jurisdiction is valid only for the
purposes of the case within the meaning of Article 38, paragraph 5,

i.e. in respect of the dispute forming the subject of the Application
and strictly within the limits of the claims formulated therein by the
Republic of Djibouti.”

78. This response to Djibouti’s Application seeks first to provide the
Court with jurisdiction to entertain the Application of Djibouti, and
second, to ensure that only the dispute which is the subject of the
Application, to the exclusion of any others, would be dealt with by
the Court.

79. What is uncontested by both Parties is that the claims relating
to the Djiboutian letter rogatory of 3 November 2004 and thus the
question of compliance, in particular, with the 1986 Convention on
Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters are subject to the Court’s
jurisdiction. Djibouti’s Application and France’s response overlap on

this issue. What remains to be answered, however, is the question whether
such an overlap exists also as regards the claims relating to the
summonses sent by France to the Djiboutian President, the procureur
de la République of Djibouti and the Djiboutian Head of National
Security, as well as the arrest warrants issued against the latter two

officials.

(c) Findings of the Court

80. The Court is thus required to decide first, proceeding from the
Application and the French response thereto dated 25 July 2006, whether
the claims relating to the summons sent to the President of Djibouti on
17 May 2005, as well as the summonses sent to the Head of National

Security and the procureur de la République of Djibouti on 3 and
4 November 2004, respectively, and on 17 June 2005, fall within the
Court’s jurisdiction.
81. France’s response, whereby it accepted the jurisdiction of the
Court, allowed the contentious proceedings to be set in motion, on the

basis of Djibouti’s Application. It was upon receipt of this response that
the case was put on the Court’s General List. It is clear, on the basis of

36 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 210

Djibouti’s Application, that France could have either chosen to consent
to the Court’s jurisdiction also in respect of alleged violations of the
privileges and immunities said to be owed to the Head of State of Dji-
bouti and certain of its senior officials, or that it could have chosen to

deny the Court jurisdiction over these matters. The question at hand is to
know what France decided in that regard.
82. France claims that its agreement is limited to the “subject of the
dispute” as it is described under that heading in paragraph 2 of the
Application, that is, that it consented to provide the Court with jurisdic-

tion solely to adjudicate the claim regarding the Djiboutian letter roga-
tory.
83. However, it is the view of the Court that, on the basis of a plain
reading of the text of France’s letter to the Court, by its choice of words,
the consent of the Respondent is not limited to the “subject of the dis-

pute” as described in paragraph 2 of the Application.
First, as observed above, the subject of the dispute appears from the
Application, viewed as a whole, to be broader than that specified in para-
graph 2. Further, the expression “subject of the Application” used in
France’s letter of acceptance is not the same as the expression “subject of

the dispute”. Furthermore, in accordance with its ordinary meaning, the
term “Application” used in the letter of acceptance must be read as com-
prising the entirety of the Application. Finally, there is nothing in France’s
letter of acceptance suggesting that it intended to limit the scope of its
consent, as it could have done, to any particular aspect of the Applica-

tion. By its inclusion in the letter of the phrase “in respect of the dispute
forming the subject of the Application and strictly within the limits of the
claims formulated therein” (emphasis added), France had intended to
prevent Djibouti from presenting claims at a later stage of the proceed-
ings which might have fallen within the subject of the dispute but which

would have been new claims. As regards the use of the conjunctive “and”
in the phrase in question, France presented several arguments aiming to
demonstrate that the wording employed in the letter was “carefully
weighed”. Given these circumstances, the Court finds that when France,
which had full knowledge of the claims formulated by Djibouti in its

Application, sent its letter of 25 July 2006 to the Court, it did not seek to
exclude certain aspects of the dispute forming the subject of the Applica-
tion from its jurisdiction.

84. With regard to jurisdiction ratione materiae, the Court finds that
the claims concerning both subject-matters referred to in Djibouti’s Appli-

cation, namely, France’s refusal to comply with Djibouti’s letter rogatory
and the summonses to appear sent by the French judiciary, on the one
hand to the President of Djibouti dated 17 May 2005, and on the other
hand to two senior Djiboutian officials dated 3 and 4 November 2004
and 17 June 2005, are within the Court’s jurisdiction.

85. The Court now examines the question of the Court’s jurisdiction

37 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 211

over the witness summons of 2007 served on the President of Djibouti
and the arrest warrants of 2006 issued against the senior Djiboutian offi-
cials. It recalls that, in its Memorial, Djibouti did not address that ques-
tion. At the hearings, Djibouti disputed that its claims based on the

violations of international immunities which took place after 9 Janu-
ary 2006 (the date at which it filed the Application) were, as France
claims, inadmissible; it argued that it had reserved the right, in the Appli-
cation, “to amend and supplement the present Application”. Djibouti
noted that the claims based on violations of the international law on

immunities which took place after 9 January 2006 are not “new or extra-
neous to the initial claims” and that they “all relate to the claims set out
in the Application and are based on the same legal grounds”. They do
not transform the subject of the dispute as it was originally submitted to
the Court, nor do they extend it. Djibouti contends that these violations

would not have taken place if France had fulfilled the obligations to
which the Application refers, and relies on the jurisprudence of the Court
in this respect (Fisheries Jurisdiction (Federal Republic of Germany v.
Iceland), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974 , p. 203). Those viola-
tions thus constitute “one sole continuous wrongful act”.

86. The Court also recalls France’s argument that even if the Court
should find jurisdiction in principle to deal with the alleged violations
regarding the prevention of attacks on the person, liberty or dignity of

internationally protected persons, such jurisdiction could not be exercised
in respect of facts occurring subsequent to the filing of the Application.
That would be the case with the invitation to testify sent to the Djibou-
tian President on 14 February 2007, and with the arrest warrants issued
on 27 September 2006 against the Head of National Security and the pro-

cureur de la République of Djibouti in connection with the proceedings
opened for subornation of perjury (see paragraph 35 above). In this
respect, France rejects the Applicant’s argument, as it believes it would
result in a gradual extension of the jurisdiction of the Court in a way that
is incompatible with the principle of consensualism.

87. Although the Court has not found that France’s consent is limited
to what is contained in paragraph 2 of Djibouti’s Application, it is clear
from France’s letter that its consent does not go beyond what is in that
Application. Where jurisdiction is based on forum prorogatum, great care
must be taken regarding the scope of the consent as circumscribed by the

respondent State. The arrest warrants against the two senior Djiboutian
officials, having been issued after the date the Application was filed, are
nowhere mentioned therein. When the Court has examined its jurisdic-
tion over facts or events subsequent to the filing of the application, it has
emphasized the need to determine whether those facts or events were con-

nected to the facts or events already falling within the Court’s jurisdiction
and whether consideration of those later facts or events would transform

38 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 212

the “nature of the dispute” (see Fisheries Jurisdiction (Federal Republic
of Germany v. Iceland), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974 , p. 203,
para. 72; LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2001, pp. 483-484, para. 45; see also Certain Phosphate

Lands in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1992, pp. 264-267, paras. 69-70; and Arrest Warrant of
11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium), Judg-
ment, I.C.J. Reports 2002 , p. 16, para. 36).

88. In none of these cases was the Court’s jurisdiction founded on
forum prorogatum. In the present case, where it is so founded, the Court
considers it immaterial whether these later elements would “go beyond
the declared subject of (the) Application” (as France argued, an argu-
ment against which Djibouti referred to the Court’s case law regarding

liberty to amend submissions). So far as the arrest warrants issued
against senior Djiboutian officials are concerned, in the Court’s view,
what is decisive is that the question of its jurisdiction over the claims
relating to these arrest warrants is not to be answered by recourse to
jurisprudence relating to “continuity” and “connexity”, which are criteria

relevant for determining limits ratione temporis to its jurisdiction, but by
that which France has expressly accepted in its letter of 25 July 2006.
There, France specifies that its consent is valid “only for the purposes of
the case”, that is, regarding “the dispute forming the subject of the Appli-
cation and strictly within the limits of the claims formulated therein by

the Republic of Djibouti”.

As was already mentioned, in Djibouti’s Application there are no
claims relating to arrest warrants. Although the arrest warrants could be

perceived as a method of enforcing the summonses, they represent new
legal acts in respect of which France cannot be considered as having
implicitly accepted the Court’s jurisdiction. Therefore, the claims relating
to the arrest warrants arise in respect of issues which are outside the
scope of the Court’s jurisdiction ratione materiae. Having arrived at this

conclusion, the Court does not have to rule on the question whether these
claims were or were not directly derived from matters in dispute at the
time of the Application.

89. The Court will now examine the Respondent’s contention relating
to the summons (invitation) sent to the President of Djibouti on 14 Feb-

ruary 2007.
90. In the present case, France has, under the procedure outlined in
Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court, agreed to the Court’s
jurisdiction in relation to the claims described in Djibouti’s Application,
filed on 9 January 2006. The Court will have to examine the implications

for the summons of 14 February 2007, that is, an event occurring after
that date.

39 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 213

91. A first summons to appear was sent by facsimile to the Djiboutian
President on 17 May 2005 at the Djiboutian Embassy in Paris while he
was on an official visit to France. It was rejected by Djibouti, for reasons
of form and substance. The second summons was sent on 14 February

2007: it was in relation to the same case, as the invitation was issued by
the same judge, and it was in relation to the same legal question; how-
ever, this time it followed the proper form under French law. The sum-
mons sent to the President of Djibouti on 14 February 2007 was but a
repetition of the preceding one, even though it had been corrected as to

form. Consequently, it is apparent that, in its substance, it is the same
summons.

92. The Court must consider whether the second summons is covered
by the mutual consent represented by the terms of the Djiboutian Appli-

cation and the French response.
93. Djibouti lists the legal grounds on which it bases its Application in
the latter’s paragraph 3. According to the wording found therein, the
Application is, inter alia, founded on:

“(c) violation by the French Republic of the obligation, deriving
from established principles of customary and general interna-
tional law, to prevent attacks on the person, freedom or dig-
nity of an internationally protected person, whether a Head of
State or any representative or official of a State”.

This ground, which relates to Djibouti’s claim regarding the witness
summonses, refers expressly to the attacks on the person of a Head of
State and also extends, therefore, to the summons addressed to the Dji-

boutian Head of State in 2005.
94. The French response to Djibouti’s Application, as already men-
tioned above, was worded to limit the scope of the Court’s jurisdiction.
The French letter of acceptance did not, however, contain a temporal
limitation; rather, it specified that France accepted the jurisdiction of the

Court in relation to the “claims formulated” in Djibouti’s Application.

95. Pursuant to its examination of Djibouti’s Application and of
France’s response, the Court reaches the conclusion that the Parties had
accepted its jurisdiction to deal with the summons addressed to the Presi-
dent of Djibouti on 17 May 2005. As regards the summons addressed to

the President on 14 February 2007, as has already been indicated above
(paragraph 91), the Court finds that it is the same summons in its sub-
stance, as it is simply a repetition of the first. The Court thus finds that it
has jurisdiction to examine both.

* * *

40 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 214

III. HE A LLEGED V IOLATION OF THE T REATY OF F RIENDSHIP AND

C O-OPERATION BETWEEN F RANCE AND D JIBOUTI OF27 JUNE 1977

96. The Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation between France and
Djibouti was signed on 27 June 1977, that is, on the date on which Dji-

bouti gained independence. The Treaty was subsequently ratified by the
Parties and entered into force on 31 October 1982 (United Nations,
Treaty Series (UNTS), Vol. 1482, p. 196).
Djibouti argues that France violated a general obligation of co-opera-

tion provided for by the Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation through
the following acts: not co-operating with it in the context of the judicial
investigation into the Borrel case; attacking the dignity and honour of
the Djiboutian Head of State and other Djiboutian authorities; and act-

ing in disregard of the principles of equality, mutual respect and peace set
out in Article 1 of the Treaty.
97. In the Preamble to the Treaty, the Presidents of the two States
express their desire “to develop and strengthen the friendly relations

between their two countries, and the co-operation between the French
Republic and the Republic of Djibouti in the political, military, eco-
nomic, financial, cultural, social and technical fields”. In Article 1 of the
Treaty, the Parties “decide to found the relations between their two coun-

tries on equality, mutual respect and peace”; Article 2 expresses their
“firm desire to preserve and strengthen” the existing co-operation and
friendship, to work to fortify peace and security, as well as to “foster all
international co-operation promoting peace and social, economic and

cultural progress”. The first paragraph of Article 3 embodies an obliga-
tion of consultation in favour of the stability of the currency of Djibouti,
while the second paragraph contains undertakings relating to the eco-
nomic development of the two countries. Article 4 deals with co-opera-

tion “in the areas of culture, science, technology and education”. In Arti-
cle 5, the Parties promise to foster co-operation, the sharing of experience,
and the exchange of information between their “public and private
national organizations” and their “cultural, social and economic institu-

tions”. Article 6 provides for the establishment of a “France-Djibouti
Co-operation Commission”, whose functioning is governed by rules set
out in Article 7 of the Treaty. The task of the Commission is “to oversee
the implementation of the principles and the pursuit of the objectives

defined in the . . . Treaty and in the conventions and specific agreements
entered into between the two Governments”; its jurisdiction is to com-
prise “[a]ll relations of co-operation, as well as the application of the vari-
ous agreements entered into between the two States”.

98. Djibouti contends that Article 1 of the Treaty should be regarded
as “fixing an objective, in the light of which the other Treaty provisions
are to be interpreted and applied”, making reference to the case concern-
ing Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America)

(I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II) , p. 814, para. 28). According to Djibouti, that
general obligation allegedly arises from the object and purpose of the

41 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 215

Treaty as interpreted on the basis of its Articles 1, 2 and 4, and its Pre-
amble. Djibouti also argues that the goal pursued by the Parties, in
choosing to express these obligations in the form of a treaty, was to be
bound “by means of a genuine legal commitment giving rise to all the

effects of an authentic international agreement”. Djibouti observes in this
respect that the majority of the provisions of the Treaty (Arts. 1-5) are
clearly expressed as obligations, and considers that the fact that the
Treaty was ratified by the President of the French Republic without par-
liamentary approval “does not in any way change the fact that it estab-

lishes obligations of a legal kind”.
99. Djibouti argues that the general obligation of co-operation
enshrined in the Treaty creates reciprocal obligations which it has hon-
oured by manifesting an “exemplary spirit of co-operation” and making
all possible good-faith efforts to shed light on the Borrel case. In con-

trast, France is said to have violated the obligations of reciprocity and
good faith incumbent upon it in terms of co-operation.
100. Djibouti also maintains that, in addition to the general obligation
of co-operation, the Treaty provides for specific obligations to co-operate
in all the areas which the Treaty covers, in an indicative rather than an

exhaustive manner. Djibouti thus claims that judicial co-operation in
criminal matters falls within the undertakings deriving from Articles 3
and 5 of the Treaty. Relying on Article 6 of the Treaty, Djibouti argues
that the Treaty:

“‘oversees’, so to speak, all the other successive bilateral agreements,
including the 1986 Convention, and must be observed in all areas
with which they are concerned. In other words, all agreements sub-

sequent to 1977 must be interpreted and applied in the light of the
object and purpose of the 1977 Treaty and the undertakings regard-
ing co-operation that derive from it.”

Djibouti concludes from this that any serious violation of a subsequent
specific agreement, such as the 1986 Convention, automatically and
simultaneously gives rise to a breach of the Treaty.
101. France argues that any interpretation of the Treaty resulting in

the acknowledgment of the existence of a general obligation to co-
operate which is legally binding on France in respect of the execution of
the international letter rogatory is inconsistent not only with the wording
of the Treaty, but also with its object, its purpose, its context, and the will
of the parties. Basing itself on the principles of interpretation established
by the Court with regard to other friendship treaties, and referring to the

cases concerning Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States
of America) (I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II) , p. 814, para. 28) and Military and
Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United
States of America) (I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 137, para. 273), France
emphasizes in particular that Article 1 of the Treaty merely lays down

guiding principles, that Article 2 expresses a common desire to pursue
certain objectives which cannot constitute legal obligations, and that

42 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 216

the legal obligations contained within the Treaty (Arts. 3 and 4) have
nothing to do with judicial co-operation in criminal matters. With regard
to Article 5, France points out that the wording used reflects a “fairly
vague” obligation to act, that it does not relate to the judicial authorities,

and that the area covered by the Article “cannot extend beyond the scope
of the Treaty itself”, which does not address judicial co-operation. In
addition, France claims that its interpretation of the Treaty is supported
by the fact that it was ratified by the President of the Republic without
the need for parliamentary approval, and that, had the Treaty involved

specific legal obligations (as was the case for the 1986 Convention), such
approval would have been required by Article 53 of its Constitution.

102. France further disputes that Article 6 “oversees” all of the other
successive bilateral agreements, noting in particular that neither the pro-

visions of the Treaty nor those of the 1986 Convention establish a legal
link between the two instruments. In this respect, no violation of the
1986 Convention could give rise to any effects under the Treaty of 1977.
103. France concludes that the principles embodied in the Treaty of
1977 cannot by themselves “give rise to a violation of international law”.

Furthermore, it contends that the manner in which the principles of good
faith and reciprocity are linked to the Treaty is, formally speaking, artifi-
cial, and that the said principles should be examined in relation to specific
obligations which are contained, according to the Application, in the
1986 Convention and not in the Treaty of 1977. France thus addresses

the issue of reciprocity in dealing with the violations of the 1986 Conven-
tion that are alleged by Djibouti.
104. The Court observes that, notwithstanding the broad intention to
promote mutual respect as described in Article 1 of the Treaty of 1977,
the principal objective of the Treaty is the development of co-operation

in the economic, monetary, social and cultural fields. Its substantive pro-
visions speak of objectives to be attained, friendship to be fostered and
goodwill to be developed. While these provisions refer to the realization
of aspirations, they are not bereft of legal content. The respective obliga-
tions of the Treaty are obligations of law, articulated as obligations of

conduct or, in this case, of co-operation, of a broad and general nature,
committing the Parties to work towards the attainment of certain objec-
tives defined as progress in a variety of fields, as well as in matters relat-
ing to peace and security. These goals are to be achieved by the employ-
ment of certain procedures and institutional arrangements. That France
has ratified the Treaty without finding it necessary to submit it for par-

liamentary approval does not alter the fact that the Treaty creates legal
obligations of the kind just described.

105. Mutual assistance in criminal matters, the subject regulated by

the 1986 Convention, is not a matter mentioned among the fields of co-
operation enumerated in the Treaty of 1977. Judicial co-operation is

43 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 217

therefore not subject to the undertakings and procedures governed by
Article 3, paragraph 2, and Articles 5 and 6 of the Treaty. Therefore the
question arises whether the Treaty of 1977 can have any juridical impact
on the 1986 Convention, despite the fact that the Convention deals with

a kind of co-operation which is not envisaged in the Treaty of 1977.
106. In the view of the Applicant, such a relationship between the two
instruments exists in two regards: first, the 1986 Convention on Mutual
Assistance must be construed in the light of the ties of friendship existing
between the Parties to it; and second, any “serious” violation of the 1986

Convention must be regarded as a “major” violation of the 1977 Treaty
of Friendship.

107. The Court has had occasion to address similar questions in two
earlier cases. At the merits stage of the case concerning Military and

Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United
States of America), the Court had to determine the purport and scope of
a treaty of friendship, commerce and navigation concluded in 1956
between the two States. In its own words,

“[T]he Court is asked to rule that a State which enters into a
treaty of friendship binds itself, for so long as the Treaty is in force,
to abstain from any act towards the other party which could be clas-

sified as an unfriendly act, even if such act is not in itself the breach
of an international obligation. Such a duty might of course be
expressly stipulated in a treaty, or might even emerge as a necessary
implication from the text; but as a matter of customary international
law, it is not clear that the existence of such a far reaching rule is

evidenced in the practice of States. There must be a distinction, even
in the case of a treaty of friendship, between the broad category of
unfriendly acts, and the narrower category of acts tending to defeat
the object and purpose of the Treaty. That object and purpose is the
effective implementation of friendship in the specific fields provided

for in the Treaty, not friendship in a vague general sense.” (Merits,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986 , pp. 136-137, para. 273.)

Thus, the Court ruled that, while Article I of the United States-Nicara-
guan Treaty did create a general obligation to act towards the other party
in a friendly manner, that obligation did not extend to all relations
between the parties, but rather was restricted to the specific fields regu-
lated by the treaty.

108. Similarly, in its preliminary ruling on jurisdiction in the case of
the Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America),
the Court was called upon to interpret Article I of the Treaty of Amity,
Economic Relations and Consular Rights concluded in 1955 between
Iran and the United States, providing that “[t]here shall be firm and

enduring peace and sincere friendship” between the two States. Iran con-
tended that this Article imposed a positive obligation on the parties,

44 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 218

whereas the United States submitted that Article I was simply a state-
ment of aspiration.
109. The Court proceeded once again to put the general clause stipu-
lated in Article I in context. It considered “that such a general formula-

tion cannot be interpreted in isolation from the object and purpose of the
Treaty in which it is inserted” (Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v.
United States of America), I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II) , p. 813, para. 27).
The Court emphasized:

“Article I cannot be interpreted as incorporating into the Treaty
all of the provisions of international law concerning such relations . . .

It follows that Article I must be regarded as fixing an objective, in
the light of which the other Treaty provisions are to be interpreted
and applied.” (Ibid., p. 814, para. 28.)

Against this background the Court concluded:

“that the objective of peace and friendship proclaimed in Article I of
the Treaty of 1955 is such as to throw light on the interpretation of
the other Treaty provisions . . . Article I is thus not without legal
significance for such an interpretation, but cannot, taken in isola-

tion, be a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court.” (Ibid., p. 815,
para. 31.)

110. The Court observes that, whereas in the Oil Platforms case the
question before the Court was how to interpret provisions of the same
treaty in the light of the general clause of Article I of the same treaty, in
the present case the question is whether the Treaty of 1977 can bear on
obligations of a different treaty, namely those contained in the 1986 Con-

vention. This issue did not arise in either of the two earlier cases men-
tioned. In accordance with the findings of the Court in the Military and
Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua and Oil Platforms cases,
the principles agreed by Djibouti and France in Articles 1 and 2 of the
Treaty of 1977 can throw light on the interpretation to be made of the

other provisions in that same Treaty. Whether these principles may also
inform the way in which obligations extraneous to the Treaty of 1977,
namely, those of the 1986 Convention, are to be understood and applied,
has yet to be determined.

111. In the light of the case law of the Court mentioned above, a posi-
tive answer to this question could perhaps be given if the 1986 Conven-
tion referred to and specified co-operation in an area previously chosen
by the 1977 Treaty. However, this is not the case; the fields of co-opera-

tion envisaged in the Treaty do not include co-operation in the judicial
field.

45 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE JUDGMENT ) 219

112. In the view of the Court, Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties of 23 May 1969 is pertinent as
regards this matter. It states that, in interpreting a treaty, “[t]here shall be
taken into account, together with the context: . . . (c) any relevant rules

of international law applicable in the relations between the parties”. This
provision is to be regarded as a codification of customary international
law (see Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana/Namibia), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1999 (II), p. 1075, para. 18) and is therefore applicable to the

treaty relations between Djibouti and France under consideration in the
present case despite the fact that neither Djibouti nor France is a party to
the Vienna Convention.
113. The provisions of the 1977 Treaty of Friendship and Co-opera-

tion are “relevant rules” within the meaning of Article 31, para-
graph (3) (c), of the Vienna Convention. That is so even though they are
formulated in a broad and general manner, having an aspirational char-

acter. According to the most fundamental of these rules, equality and
mutual respect are to govern relations between the two countries; co-op-
eration and friendship are to be preserved and strengthened. While this
does not provide specific operational guidance as to the practical applica-

tion of the Convention of 1986, that Convention must nevertheless be
interpreted and applied in a manner which takes into account the friend-
ship and co-operation which France and Djibouti posited as the basis of
their mutual relations in the Treaty of 1977.

114. The Court thus accepts that the Treaty of Friendship and Co-op-
eration of 1977 does have a certain bearing on the interpretation and
application of the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters

of 1986. But this is as far as the relationship between the two instruments
can be explained in legal terms. An interpretation of the 1986 Convention
duly taking into account the spirit of friendship and co-operation stipu-

lated in the 1977 Treaty cannot possibly stand in the way of a party to
that Convention relying on a clause contained in it which allows for non-
performance of a conventional obligation under certain circumstances.
The Court can thus not accede to the far-reaching conclusions on the

impact of the Treaty of 1977 upon the Convention of 1986 put forward
by the Applicant.

*
* *

IV. THE A LLEGED V IOLATION OF THECONVENTION
ON M UTUAL ASSISTANCE INC RIMINALM ATTERS BETWEEN FRANCE

AND D JIBOUTI OF27 SEPTEMBER 1986

115. The Application filed by Djibouti on 9 January 2006 also relates
to the alleged violation of the Convention on Mutual Assistance in

Criminal Matters between France and Djibouti, which was signed on

46 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 220

27 September 1986 and entered into force on 1 August 1992 (UNTS,
Vol. 1695, p. 298). The violation of that Convention is said to lie in
France’s refusal to execute the letter rogatory issued on 3 November 2004
by the Djiboutian judicial authorities.

Djibouti claimed in the first place that Article 1 of the Convention
places France under an obligation to execute the international letter
rogatory. It added in the second place that France undertook to carry
this out in January 2005 and that it failed to perform this undertaking.

Lastly, Djibouti contended, as a subsidiary argument, that France
breached the obligation in question when it gave Djibouti notice of its
refusal to execute the letter rogatory.
The Court will examine in turn these three points.

**

(1) The obligation to execute the international letter rogatory

116. According to Djibouti, the obligation to execute the international
letter rogatory is laid down in Article 1 of the 1986 Convention, which
provides that:

“The two States undertake to afford each other, in accordance
with the provisions of this Convention, the widest measure of mutual
assistance in proceedings in respect of offences the punishment of
which, at the time of the request for assistance, falls within the juris-

diction of the judicial authorities of the requesting State.”
The Applicant contends that this creates reciprocity in commitments

and an obligation to execute the international letter rogatory.
117. Djibouti considers that this Article imposes on the two Parties an
obligation of reciprocity in implementing the Convention. It adds that
the French judicial authorities have benefited from its assistance and co-
operation on a number of occasions since 1996 and that it was entitled to

expect reciprocity from France when it submitted its own international
letter rogatory on 3 November 2004.
118. France does not dispute that Djibouti fully executed the interna-
tional letters rogatory issued by French judicial authorities, but it main-
tains that requests for mutual assistance must be assessed case by case, as

the 1986 Convention provides. In the view of France, its dispute with Dji-
bouti is over the execution of a specific letter rogatory and no issue of
reciprocity can arise in regard to it.

*
119. The Court now turns to arguments relating to reciprocity in the

implementation of the Convention of 1986 that have been raised by Dji-
bouti.

47 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 221

In the relations between Djibouti and France, Article 1 of the Conven-
tion of 1986 refers to mutuality in the performance of the obligations laid
down therein.
Thus, it is the provisions of the Convention which must be looked to in

determining case by case whether or not a State has breached its mutual
assistance obligations. The Court notes that in the present case, the con-
cept of reciprocity has been invoked in support of the contention that the
execution by one State of a request for mutual assistance requires as a
consequence the other State to do the same. However, the Court consid-

ers that, so far as the 1986 Convention is concerned, each request for
legal assistance is to be assessed on its own terms by each Party. More-
over, the way in which the concept of reciprocity is advanced by Djibouti
would render without effect the exceptions listed in Article 2. The Court
observes that the Convention nowhere provides that the granting of

assistance by one State in respect of one matter imposes on the other
State the obligation to do likewise when assistance is requested of it in
turn.
The Court accordingly considers that Djibouti cannot rely on the prin-
ciple of reciprocity in seeking execution of the international letter roga-

tory it submitted to the French judicial authorities.

**

120. The Court will now turn to examining the obligation to execute
the international letter rogatory set out in Article 1 of the 1986 Conven-
tion and, according to Djibouti, elaborated in Article 3, paragraph 1, of
the Convention, in the following terms:

“The requested State shall execute in accordance with its law any
letters rogatory relating to a criminal matter and addressed to it by
the judicial authorities of the requesting State for the purpose of

procuring evidence or transmitting articles to be produced in evi-
dence, records or documents.”

121. Djibouti argues that the wording of this Article confirms that the
requested State is required to execute the international letter rogatory,
since it contains an “obligation of result”. The Applicant adds that, while
the provision does state that execution must take place “in accordance
with [the] law” of the requested State, this must be interpreted as simply
an indication of the procedure to be followed in performing this “obliga-

tion of result”, not a means for shirking it. In this regard, Djibouti con-
tends that France may not invoke its internal law to escape its obligation
to execute the international letter rogatory and, in support of this conten-
tion, relies on Article 27 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Trea-
ties as the codification of customary law on the subject, which provides:

“A party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification
for its failure to perform a treaty.”

48 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 222

122. France asserts that, under the natural and ordinary meaning of
the terms in Article 3 of the Convention, the desired outcome, that is, the
transmission of the Borrel file, is linked with the means to that end, con-
sisting of respecting the internal procedure of the requested State. Accord-

ingly, the means determines the outcome, which is never achieved until
the procedure has been completed. France adds that Article 3 must be
read in its context, by reference to Article 1, which provides for the “wid-
est measure” of mutual assistance, and to Article 2, under which assist-
ance “may be refused”. Further, account must be taken of the object and

purpose of the treaty, which is mutual assistance in criminal matters “in
respect of offences the punishment of which, at the time of the request for
assistance, falls within the jurisdiction of the judicial authorities of the
requesting State”. Finally, France claims that it has not tried to escape
responsibility by hiding behind its internal law, since, on the contrary, it

is seeking to apply the terms of the Convention, which itself refers to that
law.

*

123. The Court observes that the obligation to execute international
letters rogatory laid down in Article 3 of the 1986 Convention is to be
realized in accordance with the procedural law of the requested State.

Thus, the ultimate treatment of a request for mutual assistance in crimi-
nal matters clearly depends on the decision by the competent national
authorities, following the procedure established in the law of the requested
State. While it must of course ensure that the procedure is put in motion,
the State does not thereby guarantee the outcome, in the sense of the

transmission of the file requested in the letter rogatory. Interpreted in
context, as called for by the rule of customary law reflected in Article 31,
paragraph 1, of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties,
Article 3 of the 1986 Convention must be read in conjunction with Arti-
cles 1 and 2 of the Convention. While Article 1 does provide that there

must be “the widest measure” of mutual assistance, there are cases in
which it will not be possible. Article 2, for its part, describes situations in
which “[a]ssistance may be refused”. It follows that those who are empow-
ered to address these matters will do so by applying the provisions of
Article 2 or of other Articles in the Convention that may lead to the
rejection of the requesting State’s démarche.

124. Having thus clarified the purport of Article 3 of the 1986 Conven-
tion, the Court sees no reason why the rule of customary law reflected in
Article 27 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties would be

applicable in this instance. In fact, here the requested State is invoking its
internal law not to justify an alleged failure to perform the international

49 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 223

obligations contained in the 1986 Convention, but, on the contrary, to
apply them according to the terms of that Convention.

**

(2) The alleged undertaking by France to execute the international
letter rogatory requested by Djibouti

125. The Court will now turn to the undertaking that France is claimed

to have given to execute the international letter rogatory transmitted by
Djibouti.
It will first recall that, by letter of 17 June 2004, the procureur de la
République of Djibouti asked the procureur de la République at the Paris
Tribunal de grande instance to transmit the Borrel file to him (see para-

graph 24 above). The French Ministry of Justice responded to the request
as follows, by letter dated 1 October 2004:

“the investigating judge responsible for the case, who alone is com-
petent to hand over copies of the documents (which in material
terms amount to 35 volumes), takes the view that this letter is not in
the form required by the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Crimi-

nal Matters between France and Djibouti of 27 September 1986 and
refuses to execute this request”.

These were the circumstances under which the investigating judge at
the Djibouti Tribunal de première instance , Ms Leila Mohamed Ali,
opened a judicial investigation on 3 November 2004 into the murder of
Bernard Borrel and addressed an international letter rogatory to the
French judicial authorities, seeking the transmission of the Borrel file.

Having been requested by Djibouti’s Ambassador in Paris to expedite
the process, the Principal Private Secretary to the French Minister of Jus-
tice responded as follows in a letter dated 27 January 2005:

“I have asked for all steps to be taken to ensure that a copy of the
record of the investigation into the death of Mr. Bernard Borrel is
transmitted to the Minister of Justice and Penal and Muslim Affairs
of the Republic of Djibouti before the end of February 2005 (such

time being required because of the volume of material to be copied).

I have also asked the procureur in Paris to ensure that there is no
undue delay in dealing with this matter.”

126. Basing itself on this letter, Djibouti has argued that this response
amounted to an undertaking by the Principal Private Secretary (which
was binding on the French Ministry of Justice and the French State as a

whole) and that the undertaking gave rise to a legitimate expectation on
Djibouti’s part that the file would be transmitted. It has added that a

50 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 224

statement on 29 January 2005 by the spokesman of the French Ministry
of Foreign Affairs (see paragraph 27 above) confirmed the letter of
27 January from the Principal Private Secretary to the Minister of Jus-
tice.

Djibouti considers the letter to be the official response by the Ministry
of Justice of the requested State to the requesting State’s letter rogatory,
in accordance with Article 14, paragraph 1, of the 1986 Convention,
which provides that: “[l]etters rogatory referred to in Article 3 shall be
addressed by the Ministry of Justice of the requesting State”. Djibouti

alleges that the French Ministry of Justice also gave instructions to the
procureur de la République , to whom French law (Art. 694-2 of the
French Code of Criminal Procedure) assigns the responsibility for execut-
ing international letters rogatory. The French State is thus said to have
given an undertaking to perform the obligation established by the

1986 Convention and to have failed to honour it.
127. France denies that any promise or undertaking was given by the
French Ministry of Justice, which could not act in contravention of Arti-
cle 3 of the 1986 Convention, requiring execution of the letter rogatory to
be “in accordance with [the] law” of the requested State, and this, in its

view, calls for a decision by the investigating judge before execution.

*

128. The Court first notes that the terms of the letter of 27 Janu-
ary 2005, when given their ordinary meaning, entail no formal undertak-
ing by the Principal Private Secretary to the Minister of Justice to trans-
mit the Borrel file; the letter rather informed the Ambassador of Djibouti
to France of the steps that had been undertaken to set in motion the legal

process to make possible the transmission of the file. It is true that, in
stating that all steps would be taken to ensure that such transmission
would be effected before the end of the following month (February 2005),
the Principal Private Secretary might have led his interlocutors to believe
that it was simply a question of formalities and that the process would

automatically result in transmission of the file.
129. It must however be kept in mind that the Principal Private Sec-
retary was responding to the Ambassador’s urgent request to expedite
transmission of the file. In any event, he could not have given a definitive
commitment, because French law (Art. 694-2 of the French Code of
Criminal Procedure) grants the authority to execute letters rogatory

exclusively to investigating judges, by way of exception to execution by a
procureur de la République , where the letters concern measures taken in
the investigation itself (which the Principal Private Secretary to the Min-
ister of Justice pointed out in his above-mentioned letter of 1 Octo-
ber 2004 (see paragraph 125) to his counterpart at the Ministry of For-

eign Affairs, and as had become known to Djibouti). The exclusive
competence of the investigating judge in this regard was affirmed in the

51 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 225

19 October 2006 judgment of the Chambre de l’instruction of the Paris
Court of Appeal, which notes that the decision to make available a copy
of the file “is at the discretion of the investigating judge” (see para-
graph 37 above).

130. Accordingly, the Court considers that, by virtue of its content
and the factual and legal circumstances surrounding it, the letter of
27 January 2005 does not, by itself, entail a legal undertaking by France
to execute the international letter rogatory transmitted to it by Djibouti
on 3 November 2004.

**

(3) France’s refusal to execute the international letter rogatory

131. At first, Djibouti noted in its Memorial that France cannot rely
on the provisions of Article 2 (c) of the Convention of 1986. In the first
place, according to it, it would seem highly debatable whether an inves-
tigating judge alone is in a position to assess whether the fundamental

interests of a State could be damaged by execution of an international
letter rogatory. Djibouti considers that this type of assessment, concern-
ing a possible risk to the sovereignty, security, ordre public or other
essential interests of a State, must by its nature lie with the highest organs
of that State. Having later taken note in the hearings of the judgment of

the Chambre de l’instruction of the Paris Court of Appeal of 19 October
2006 (see paragraph 37 above), Djibouti nonetheless maintains that
French law could not be interpreted as giving the said investigating judge
sole authority to determine the essential interests of the State. According
to Djibouti, the independence of the judicial system must not lead a State

to ignore entirely the rules of co-operation in good faith and equality
between States which that State must observe under general international
law.

132. Concerning the reasons of the refusal mentioned in the soit-trans-

mis, Djibouti maintains that no détournement of French law could result
from the declassified documents being transmitted to a foreign authority
(and not merely to the French judge), when the parties to the judicial
investigation opened in France have access to the file and the declassified
documents in question would not appear likely to compromise the essen-
tial interests of France. Moreover, Djibouti disputes that its request can

be countered by the assertion that it is impossible to hand over even a
part of the file. It contends in this respect that the few pages which have
been declassified and included in the record cannot have “permeated the
entire file”.
133. Djibouti recalls that its Ambassador to France never received the

letter of 31 May 2005 which was supposedly sent to him by the Director
of Criminal Affairs and Pardons at the French Ministry of Justice,

52 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 226

informing Djibouti of the investigating judge’s refusal of the request for
mutual assistance. Djibouti also emphasizes that France, in the letter
from its Ambassador in Djibouti to the Djiboutian Minister for Foreign
Affairs of 6 June 2005, omitted to provide any reason whatsoever for its

“unilateral” refusal of mutual assistance, in violation of Article 17 of the
Convention of 1986. Djibouti thus recalls that it only learned the reasons
for the refusal, as reflected by the soit-transmis of Judge Clément of
8 February 2005, through the filing of France’s Counter-Memorial on
13 July 2007, which should not be retroactively considered as an integral

part of the refusal under the Convention.
134. The Court observes that, while the Parties concur that Article 2
and Article 17 must be read in conjunction, they do not draw the same
inferences from this. According to Djibouti, the obligation to give rea-
sons is a condition of the validity of the refusal. Djibouti points out in

this respect that the mere mention of Article 2 (c) is at best to be con-
sidered as a very general sort of “notification”, which is in its opinion
certainly not the same as providing “reasons”. The same would apply a
fortiori in the absence of any explicit reference to one of the reasons listed
in Article 2 (c).

135. Djibouti acknowledges that under Article 2 (c) the requested
State enjoys wide discretion in deciding to refuse mutual assistance, since
it is the requested State which “considers that execution of the request is
likely to prejudice its sovereignty, its security, its ordre public or other of
its essential interests”. But, Djibouti contends, even in reliance on what it

describes as a “self-judging clause”, the requested State must act reason-
ably and in good faith. It adds that, in any case, the obligation to give
reasons requires the requested State to go beyond a bald reference to
Article 2 (c) and to state the reasons justifying its decision in the specific
case, failing which the decision is not valid.

136. As regards the competence of the investigating judge alone to
assess the fundamental interests of France, France points out that it is
not for another State to determine how France should organize its own
procedures, nor to interpret French law in a manner contrary to the judg-

ment handed down by the Paris Court of Appeal on 19 October 2006 or
to the soit-transmis handed down by Judge Clément, which confirm
France’s position in this respect.
France points out that penal matters, more than others, affect the
national sovereignty of States and their security, ordre public and other
essential interests, as mentioned in Article 2 (c) of the Convention of

1986.
137. As regards the reasons advanced in the soit-transmis which alleg-
edly justify its refusal to transmit the file to Djibouti, France explains
that, under the terms of the Law of 8 July 1998 establishing a National
Defence Secrets Consultative Committee, the French judiciary alone may

have possession of the declassified documents which it is entitled to
request, and that the communication to a foreign authority of notes pre-

53 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 227

pared by the French intelligence services, even after declassification, is
likely to prejudice the essential interests of France. France claims that the
protection of defence secrets falls under the grounds set out in Arti-
cle 2 (c) of the Convention of 1986. To justify the non-transmission of

even a part of the file, France contends that the declassified notes were
used by the investigating judge in such a way that the information they
contain runs through the whole of the file, and that therefore, it was not
possible to transmit a file from which they had simply been removed.
France adds on this subject that what is at issue here is not, as Djibouti

claims, two pages of declassified documents, but some 25 notes transmit-
ted to the judge.
138. France asserts that not only did it inform Djibouti on
31 May 2005, in a letter from the Director of Criminal Affairs and Par-
dons at the Ministry of Justice to the Ambassador of Djibouti to France,

of the investigating judge’s refusal of the request for mutual assistance
concerned, but that it also gave explicit reasons for its refusal by referring
to Article 2 (c) of the Convention of 1986.

139. Since in its view Article 17 imposes no obligation to notify,

France further contends that explicit citation of Article 2 (c) in the
refusal suffices as the statement of reasons required by Article 17. It con-
siders that the obligation to give reasons for a refusal of mutual assist-
ance is not a condition for the lawfulness of the refusal under Arti-
cle 2 (c), but a separate condition arising under Article 17 of the

Convention. France adds that the two provisions are removed from each
other in the text of the 1986 Convention and that the validity of the deci-
sion under Article 2 (c) to refuse to give assistance is unaffected by the
lack of a statement of reasons under Article 17. Nor does France accept
that it would need to have done more than make a mere reference to

Article 2 (c) as a statement of reasons for its decision of refusal.

*

140. The Court must review the circumstances under which the French
judicial authorities took the decision to refuse to execute the interna-
tional letter rogatory and the way in which the decision was notified to
Djibouti. The international letter rogatory of 3 November 2004 was first
forwarded, by letter dated 18 January 2005, from the Director of Crimi-
nal Affairs and Pardons at the Ministry of Justice to the Public Prosecu-

tor at the Paris Court of Appeal. The Public Prosecutor was instructed to
execute it “in collaboration with the investigating judge responsible for
the case”. The Director took care to point out that the file contained
“documents likely to prejudice [the] sovereignty, [the] security, [the] ordre
public or other essential interests of the nation” and he cited Article 2 (c)

of the Convention of 27 September 1986, allowing a requested State to
refuse to provide mutual assistance.

54 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 228

The procureur de la République subsequently referred the matter to
Judge Clément, who informed him of her decision by letter dated 8 Feb-
ruary 2005, to which was attached a copy of a document entitled “soit-
transmis” and which was communicated on the same day to the senior

investigating judge. In a judgment dated 19 October 2006, the Chambre
de l’instruction of the Paris Court of Appeal considered that document to
be a decision, lying within the discretion of the investigating judge alone,
in response to Djibouti’s request for mutual assistance. The decision was
not immediately communicated to the Djiboutian authorities; it was not

until 31 May 2005 that, according to France, the Director of Criminal
Affairs and Pardons informed Djibouti’s Ambassador in Paris by letter
that:

“After giving the matter careful attention, the investigating judge,
by a judicial decision not open to appeal, considered that Arti-
cle 2 (c) of the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Mat-
ters between France and Djibouti of 27 September 1986 had to be

applied and that this did not allow a favourable response to be given
to the request from your judicial authorities.”

141. Djibouti denies that its Ambassador in Paris ever received this
letter and claims to have had no knowledge of the content of the letter
until the Respondent submitted it to the Court (see paragraph 133
above): it should, according to Djibouti, therefore be disregarded and
deemed non-existent.

142. Responding to the question on this point put to it during the oral
proceedings by President Higgins regarding whether France keeps any
records of letters which are sent by it to officials of other States, France
replied that it was not the practice of the French Ministry of Foreign
Affairs to send registered letters with acknowledgment of receipt to its

“foreign counterparts” and that it was therefore unable to provide proof
substantiating the despatch of the letter of 31 May 2005 to the Ambas-
sador of Djibouti to France. Thus, France claimed to be unable to prove
receipt by the Ambassador. France recognizes that the only evidence it
has submitted regarding the transmission of the letter of 31 May 2005 is

a despatch Note dated 16 June 2005, wherein reference to the letter of
31 May 2005 is made, sent by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the
Ambassador of France to Djibouti. However, France does claim that this
despatch Note confirms, in any event, the existence of the said letter.

*

143. The Court observes that France does not allege that the letter of
31 May 2005 was delivered to Djibouti’s Ambassador in Paris or to a
member of his staff through the usual diplomatic channels. It does not
adduce evidence that the letter was sent by post or conveyed by courier.

It does not even offer evidence that the despatch of the letter was
recorded in a mail registry at the Ministry of Justice or the Ministry of

55 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 229

Foreign Affairs, in accordance with French administrative practice. Hav-
ing regard to the nature of the letter and the circumstances described
above, the Court cannot take this document into consideration in its
examination of the present case.

144. The Court further observes that shortly before that, on
18 May 2005, Djibouti’s Minister for Foreign Affairs had written to
France’s Ambassador to Djibouti to point out that France had not as yet
honoured “its commitments” to transmit the file requested in the letter

rogatory. In reply, France’s Ambassador sent the Minister a letter of
refusal on 6 June 2005, worded as follows: “I regret to inform you that
we are not in a position to comply with this request”. The Court notes
that Djibouti never responded to this letter to inquire into the grounds
for the refusal.

*

145. The Court begins its examination of Article 2 of the 1986 Con-
vention by observing that, while it is correct, as France claims, that the

terms of Article 2 provide a State to which a request for assistance has
been made with a very considerable discretion, this exercise of discretion
is still subject to the obligation of good faith codified in Article 26 of the
1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (see Certain German
Interests in Polish Upper Silesia, Merits, Judgment No. 7, 1926, P.C.I.J.,

Series A, p. 30, and Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District of Gex,
Judgment, 1932, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 46 , p. 167; for the competence
of the Court in the face of provisions giving wide discretion, see Military
and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v.
United States of America), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986 ,

p. 116, para. 222, and Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United
States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2003 , p. 183, para. 43).
This requires it to be shown that the reasons for refusal to execute the
letter rogatory fell within those allowed for in Article 2. Further, the
Convention requires (in Art. 3) that the decision not to execute the letter

must have been taken by those with the authority so to decide under the
law of the requested State. The Court will examine all of these elements.
146. The Court is unable to accept the contention of Djibouti that,
under French law, matters relating to security and ordre public could not
fall for determination by the judiciary alone. The Court is aware that the
Ministry of Justice had at a certain time been very active in dealing with

such issues. However, where ultimate authority lay in respect of the
response to a letter rogatory was settled by the Chambre de l’instruction
of the Paris Court of Appeal in its judgment of 19 October 2006. It held
that the application in one way or another of Article 2 of the 1986 Con-
vention to a request made by a State is a matter solely for the investigat-

ing judge (who will have available information from relevant government
departments). The Court of Appeal further determined that such a deci-

56 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 230

sion by an investigating judge is a decision in law, and not an advice to
the executive. It is not for this Court to do other than accept the findings
of the Paris Court of Appeal on this point.

147. As to whether the decision of the competent authority was made
in good faith, and falls within the scope of Article 2 of the 1986 Conven-
tion, the Court recalls that Judge Clément’s soit-transmis of 8 Febru-
ary 2005 states the grounds for her decision to refuse the request for
mutual assistance, explaining why transmission of the file was considered

to be “contrary to the essential interests of France”, in that the file con-
tained declassified “defence secret” documents, together with information
and witness statements in respect of another case in progress. The rea-
soning is expressed in part as follows:

“On several occasions in the course of our investigation, we have
requested the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Defence to

communicate documents classified under ‘defence secrecy’.
The Commission consultative du secret de la défense nationale
delivered a favourable opinion on the declassification of certain
documents.
The above-mentioned ministries, following that opinion, transmit-

ted those documents to us.
To accede to the Djiboutian judge’s request would amount to an
abuse of French law by permitting the handing over of documents
that are accessible only to the French judge.
Handing over our record would entail indirectly delivering French

intelligence service documents to a foreign political authority.

Without contributing in any way to the discovery of the truth,
such transmission would seriously compromise the fundamental
interests of the country and the security of its agents.”

148. It is not evident from this soit-transmis why Judge Clément found
that it was not possible to transmit part of the file, even with some docu-

ments removed or blackened out, as suggested by Djibouti during the
oral proceedings. It was only through the written and oral pleadings of
France that the Court has been informed that the intelligence service
documents and information permeated the entire file. However, the Court
finds that those reasons that were given by Judge Clément do fall within
the scope of Article 2 (c) of the 1986 Convention.

149. The Court now turns to Djibouti’s claim that France has violated
Article 17 of the 1986 Convention. Article 17 provides that “[r]easons
shall be given for any refusal of mutual assistance”.

150. The Court cannot accept that, as France contends, there was no
violation of Article 17, as Djibouti in any event knew that Article 2 (c)

57 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 231

was being invoked. To this end, France cites paragraph 146 of
Djibouti’s Memorial, which alludes to a letter of 11 February 2005 as
follows:

“As a letter dated 11 February 2005 from the Paris investigating
judge, Ms Sophie Clément, would appear to indicate, the refusal to

execute the letter rogatory presented by Djibouti was based on the
fact that the French judiciary viewed the transmission of the Borrel
file to the Djiboutian judicial authorities as ‘contrary to France’s
fundamental interests’.”

In response to a question from Judge ad hoc Guillaume, counsel for
Djibouti responded that they did not possess the letter referred to in the
Memorial, having made an assumption based on information circulated
by the French media that a letter to that effect had been sent around that

time by Judge Clément, which raised an issue of fundamental interest.
The Court cannot draw the conclusion that France seeks that Djibouti
knew Article 2 (c) had been invoked. If the information eventually came
to Djibouti through the press, the information disseminated in this way
could not be taken into account for the purposes of the application of

Article 17.
151. Equally, the Court is unable to accept the contention of France
that the fact that the reasons have come within the knowledge of Djibouti
during these proceedings means that there has been no violation of Arti-
cle 17. A legal obligation to notify reasons for refusing to execute a letter

rogatory is not fulfilled through the requesting State learning of the rele-
vant documents only in the course of litigation, some long months later.

152. As no reasons were given in the letter of 6 June 2005 (see para-
graph 144 above), the Court concludes that France failed to comply with

its obligation under Article 17 of the 1986 Convention.
The Court observes that even if it had been persuaded of the transmis-
sion of the letter of 31 May 2005, the bare reference it was said to contain
to Article 2 (c) would not have sufficed to meet the obligation of France
under Article 17. Some brief further explanation was called for. This is

not only a matter of courtesy. It also allows the requested State to sub-
stantiate its good faith in refusing the request. It may also enable the
requesting State to see if its letter rogatory could be modified so as to
avoid the obstacles to implementation enumerated in Article 2.

153. Having found that France’s reliance on Article 2 (c) was for rea-
sons that fell under that provision, but that it has not complied with its
obligation under Article 17, the Court now considers whether, as Dji-
bouti has contended, a violation of Article 17 precludes a reliance on

Article 2 (c) that might otherwise be available. The Court recalls that
France maintained that Articles 2 and 17 impose distinct and unrelated
58 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 232

obligations, and claimed in particular that they are removed from each
other in the text of the Convention (see paragraph 139 above).

This question is to be answered by an interpretation of the 1986 Con-
vention according to the rules of customary law reflected in Articles 31
and 32 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.

154. That Articles 2 and 17 are in a sense linked is undeniable. Arti-

cle 2 refers to possible exceptions to the granting of mutual assistance
and Article 17 to the duty to give reasons for the invocation of such
exceptions in refusing mutual assistance. The legal relationship between
these cannot be answered by interpretation of either of these provisions
“in accordance with [its] ordinary meaning”, as no provision exists in the

Convention on the relationship between these Articles. Having regard to
the requirement that the terms of a treaty are to be interpreted “in their
context and in the light of its object and purpose”, the Court makes the
following observations.
155. The object of the 1986 Convention on Mutual Assistance in

Criminal Matters is to provide for mutual assistance to the fullest extent
possible (Art. 1), with refusals being limited to a category of permitted
exceptions.
156. The Court observes that Articles 2 and 17 are located in different
sections of the 1986 Convention. It notes in this regard that the Conven-

tion contains other provisions which, like Article 2, in certain cases
authorize a refusal to provide mutual assistance which requires reasons
to be given in accordance with Article 17. For example, Article 10, para-
graph 2, indicates certain situations where the “transfer [of a] person in
custody”, in the sense of paragraph 1 of that Article, could be refused.

Furthermore, the Court notes that it is common, in comparable conven-
tions, for similar provisions to be so deployed (see, for example, Euro-
pean Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters of 20 April
1959 (UNTS, Vol. 472, Arts. 2 and 19); Convention Concerning Recip-
rocal Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters between France and Spain of

9 April 1969 (ibid., Vol. 746, Arts. 4, 7 and 14); and Convention on Judi-
cial Assistance in Criminal Matters between Mexico and France of
27 January 1994 (ibid., Vol. 1891, Arts. 4 and 20)). The Court therefore
considers that no legal inference is to be drawn from the arrangement of
the text of the Convention.
On the other hand, the Court observes that there is a certain relation-

ship between Articles 2 and 17 in the sense that the reasons that may jus-
tify refusals of mutual assistance which are to be given under Article 17
include the grounds specified in Article 2. At the same time, Articles 2
and 17 provide for distinct obligations, and the terms of the Convention
do not suggest that recourse to Article 2 is dependent upon compliance

with Article 17. Further, had it been so intended by the Parties, this
would have been expressly stipulated in the Convention.

59 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 233

The Court thus finds that, in spite of the non-respect by France of
Article 17, the latter was entitled to rely upon Article 2 (c) and that, con-
sequently, Article 1 of the Convention has not been breached.

*
* *

V. T HE ALLEGED V IOLATIONS OF THEO BLIGATION TOP REVENT ATTACKS
ON THE P ERSON,F REEDOM OR DIGNITY OF AN INTERNATIONALLY
P ROTECTED PERSON

157. Djibouti considers that France, by sending witness summonses to
the Head of State of Djibouti and to senior Djiboutian officials, has vio-
lated “the obligation deriving from established principles of customary

and general international law to prevent attacks on the person, freedom
or dignity of an internationally protected person”. For Djibouti, this is
on the one hand an obligation of a negative kind, to refrain from com-

mitting acts that are likely to prejudice the protection of these persons,
and on the other hand an affirmative obligation to take all appropriate
measures to prevent attacks on their freedom, honour and dignity. Dji-
bouti invokes the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of

Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic
Agents, signed in New York on 14 December 1973, in support of these
claimed violations.

158. France has argued that the Convention of 1973 has no relevance
in this case, inasmuch as it concerns solely the prevention of crimes
defined in Article 2 thereof, namely:

“The intentional commission of:

(a) a murder, kidnapping or other attack upon the person or lib-
erty of an internationally protected person;

(b) a violent attack upon the official premises, the private accom-
modation or the means of transport of an internationally pro-
tected person likely to endanger his person or liberty.”

For France, the crimes referred to in this convention have nothing to

do with the facts at issue in this case, namely the alleged attacks on the
immunities from jurisdiction enjoyed by leading Djiboutian figures and
on their honour and dignity.

*

159. The Court notes that the purpose of the 1973 Convention is to

prevent serious crimes against internationally protected persons and to

60 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 234

ensure the criminal prosecution of presumed perpetrators of such crimes.
It is consequently not applicable to the specific question of immunity
from jurisdiction in respect of a witness summons addressed to certain
persons in connection with a criminal investigation, and the Court can-

not take account of it in this case.
160. The Court will first examine the alleged attacks on the immunity
from jurisdiction or the inviolability of the Djiboutian Head of State,
before turning to those against the other Djiboutian nationals.

**

(1) The alleged attacks on the immunity from jurisdiction or

the inviolability of the Djiboutian Head of State

161. Djibouti calls into question two witness summonses in the Borrel
case, issued by the French investigating judge, Judge Clément, to the
President of the Republic of Djibouti on 17 May 2005 and 14 Febru-
ary 2007, which the Court will examine in turn.

(a) The witness summons addressed to the Djiboutian Head of State on

17 May 2005

162. During an official visit by the Djiboutian Head of State to the
President of the French Republic in Paris, the investigating judge respon-
sible for the Borrel case sent a witness summons to the President of Dji-
bouti on 17 May 2005, simply by facsimile to the Djiboutian Embassy in

France, inviting him to attend in person at the judge’s office at 9.30 a.m.
the following day, 18 May 2005.
163. For Djibouti, this summons was not only inappropriate as to its
form, but was an element of constraint, since according to Article 101 of
the French Code of Criminal Procedure: “Where he is summoned or sent

for, the witness is informed that if he does not appear or refuses to
appear, he can be compelled to by the law enforcement agencies in
accordance with the provisions of Article 109.” Djibouti does indeed note
that this warning was not referred to either in this summons of 17 May
2005 or in that previously addressed to Djibouti’s Ambassador to France

on 21 December 2004, but observes that it is included in another sum-
mons, that was sent to Ms Geneviève Foix, a person also asked to testify
in connection with the Borrel case. This summons was addressed to her
at the Hôpital Bouffard in Djibouti on 15 October 2007 in the proceed-
ings and contained the following passage:

“If you fail to attend or refuse to attend, you may be compelled to
do so by the law enforcement agencies, in accordance with the pro-

visions of Article 109 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
The witness is further informed that, under Article 434-15-1 of the

61 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 235

Penal Code, failure to attend without excuse or justification is pun-
ishable by a fine of J3,750.”

For Djibouti, however, even though such a warning was not included

in the summons addressed to the Head of State, Article 109 of the French
Code of Criminal Procedure and Article 434-15-1 of the French Penal
Code could still be applied. Consequently, the non-appearance of the
Head of State is likewise punishable under French law and may lead to
the use of public force.

164. Djibouti further notes that as of 18 May 2005, its Ambassador in
Paris sent a letter to the French Minister for Foreign Affairs protesting at
the summons issued to the Head of State, describing it as “null and void
in content and in form” and asking for the necessary measures to be
taken against the investigating judge. The Ambassador informed the

Minister that the facsimile containing the summons had been sent at
3.51 p.m. on 17 May 2005, and that at 4.12 p.m., Agence France-Presse
was publicly reporting it. Djibouti has pointed out that the Minister did
not reply to the Ambassador nor send a letter of apology to the Head of
State, as had been done previously, by letter of 14 January 2005, when

the Ambassador himself had been the subject of a witness summons. The
French Minister for Foreign Affairs merely sent Djibouti’s Ambassador
the transcript of an interview given by his spokesman to a French radio
station, recalling that “all incumbent Heads of State enjoy immunity
from jurisdiction when travelling internationally”. This was in due course

reiterated by the spokesman of France’s Minister for Foreign Affairs in
his press report of 19 May 2005.

165. Djibouti has inferred from the absence of an apology and from
the fact that the summons was not declared void that the attack on the

immunity, honour and dignity of the Head of State has continued. It has
added that France is required to take preventive measures to protect the
immunity and dignity of a Head of State who is on its territory on an
official visit, relying on Article 29 of the Vienna Convention on Diplo-
matic Relations. For Djibouti, France has made itself responsible for

“internationally wrongful acts consisting of infringements of the princi-
ples of international comity and of the customary and conventional rules
relating to immunities”.
166. France, for its part, has recalled that it “fully recognizes, without
restriction, the absolute nature of the immunity from jurisdiction and,
even more so, from enforcement that is enjoyed by foreign Heads of

State”, while arguing that the summoning of a foreign Head of State as a
witness is in no sense an attack on him.
It points out in this respect that the Djiboutian Head of State was sum-
moned as an ordinary witness, in other words as a person whose state-
ment appears useful to the investigating judge for the discovery of the

truth (Art. 101, first paragraph, of the French Code of Criminal Proce-
dure); this is in contrast to a summons as a témoin assisté, i.e., a person

62 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 236

against whom there is evidence that he could have participated, “as the
perpetrator or accomplice, in committing the offence of which the inves-
tigating judge is seised” (Art. 113-2, second paragraph, of the French
Code of Criminal Procedure).

167. Referring to the Judgment of the Court in the case concerning the
Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v.
Belgium) (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2002 , pp. 29-30, paras. 70-71), France
contends that only limiting the freedom of action he requires in order to
perform his duties might fail to respect the immunity from criminal juris-

diction and the inviolability of a foreign Head of State.
168. According to France, it is Article 656 of the French Code of
Criminal Procedure that applies to the statement of a Head of State. The
said Article provides that

“The written statement of the representative of a foreign Power is
requested through the intermediary of the Minister for Foreign
Affairs. If the application is granted, the statement is received by the

president of the appeal court or by a judge delegated by him.”
The witness summons addressed to Djibouti’s Head of State is, in

France’s view, purely an invitation which imposes no obligation on him.
According to the Respondent, it is neither binding nor enforceable, and
therefore cannot infringe the immunity from criminal jurisdiction or the
inviolability of a Head of State. And while, under the terms of Article 31,
paragraph 2, of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of

18 April 1961, “[a] diplomatic agent is not obliged to give evidence as a
witness”, France takes the view that nothing prevents him from being
asked to do so. However, it admits that, in terms of form, the summons
addressed to the Djiboutian Head of State did not comply with the pro-
visions of Article 656 of the French Code of Criminal Procedure.

169. France, in its pleadings, has endorsed the terms of the resolution
adopted by the Institut de droit international at its meeting in Vancouver
in 2001 on “Immunities from Jurisdiction and Execution of Heads of
State and Government in International Law”, according to which the
authorities of a foreign State must take “all reasonable steps to prevent

any infringement of a [Head of State’s] person, liberty or dignity”. How-
ever, it does not believe that there has been an attack on the freedom or
dignity of the President of Djibouti as a result of inviting him to “tell the
whole truth”, inasmuch as he “is entirely at liberty to maintain his
silence, if he so wishes, without anyone being able to criticize him for it”.

*

170. The Court has already recalled in the Arrest Warrant of
11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) case “that

in international law it is firmly established that . . . certain holders of
high-ranking office in a State, such as the Head of State . . . enjoy immu-

63 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 237

nities from jurisdiction in other States, both civil and criminal” (Judg-
ment, I.C.J. Reports 2002 , pp. 20-21, para. 51). A Head of State enjoys in
particular “full immunity from criminal jurisdiction and inviolability”
which protects him or her “against any act of authority of another State

which would hinder him or her in the performance of his or her duties”
(ibid., p. 22, para. 54). Thus the determining factor in assessing whether
or not there has been an attack on the immunity of the Head of State lies
in the subjection of the latter to a constraining act of authority.
171. In the present case, the Court finds that the summons addressed

to the President of the Republic of Djibouti by the French investigating
judge on 17 May 2005 was not associated with the measures of constraint
provided for by Article 109 of the French Code of Criminal Procedure; it
was in fact merely an invitation to testify which the Head of State could
freely accept or decline. Consequently, there was no attack by France on

the immunities from criminal jurisdiction enjoyed by the Head of State,
since no obligation was placed upon him in connection with the investi-
gation of the Borrel case. The spokesman of the French Ministry of For-
eign Affairs, in his statements of 17 and 18 May 2005, recalled that
France respected these immunities. As regards the summons in question,

it was not further acted upon, having been considered from the outset by
Djibouti, in a letter of 18 May 2005 from its Ambassador in Paris to the
French Minister for Foreign Affairs, as “null and void in content and in
form” and “not even observ[ing] the provisions of French law”.

172. However, the Court must note that the investigating judge,
Judge Clément, addressed the summons to the Djiboutian President not-
withstanding the formal procedures laid down by Article 656 of the
French Code of Criminal Procedure, which deals with the “written state-
ment of the representative of a foreign Power”. The Court considers that

by inviting a Head of State to give evidence simply through sending him
a facsimile and by setting him an extremely short deadline without con-
sultation to appear at her office, Judge Clément failed to act in accord-
ance with the courtesies due to a foreign Head of State. Moreover,
French law itself takes account of the demands of international courtesy

in laying down specific procedures for the testimony of representatives of
foreign Powers, for example by requiring that all requests for a statement
be transmitted through the intermediary of the Minister for Foreign
Affairs, and that the statement be received by the first president of the
Court of Appeal (Art. 656 of the French Code of Criminal Procedure)
(see paragraph 31 above).

It is regrettable that these procedures were not complied with by the
investigating judge and that, whilst being aware of that fact, the French
Ministry of Foreign Affairs did not offer apologies to the Djiboutian
President, as it had done previously to Djibouti’s Ambassador when he
found himself in a similar situation (see paragraph 34 above).

173. The Court has taken note of all the formal defects under French

64 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 238

law surrounding the summons addressed to the Djiboutian Head of State
on 17 May 2005 by Judge Clément; however, it considers that these do
not in themselves constitute a violation by France of its international
obligations regarding the immunity from criminal jurisdiction and the

inviolability of foreign Heads of State. Nevertheless, as the Court has
indicated above, an apology would have been due from France.

174. The Court recalls that the rule of customary international law
reflected in Article 29 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Rela-

tions, while addressed to diplomatic agents, is necessarily applicable to
Heads of State. This provision reads as follows:

“The person of a diplomatic agent shall be inviolable. He shall not
be liable to any form of arrest or detention. The receiving State shall
treat him with due respect and shall take all appropriate steps to pre-
vent any attack on his person, freedom or dignity.”

This provision translates into positive obligations for the receiving State
as regards the actions of its own authorities, and into obligations of pre-

vention as regards possible acts by individuals. In particular, it imposes
on receiving States the obligation to protect the honour and dignity of
Heads of State, in connection with their inviolability.
175. Djibouti has claimed that the communication to Agence France-
Presse, in breach of the confidentiality of the investigation, of informa-

tion concerning the witness summons addressed to its Head of State, is to
be regarded as an attack on his honour or dignity. The Court observes
that if it had been shown by Djibouti that this confidential information
had been passed from the offices of the French judiciary to the media,
such an act could have constituted, in the context of an official visit by

the Head of State of Djibouti to France, not only a violation of French
law, but also a violation by France of its international obligations. How-
ever, the Court must recognize that it does not possess any probative evi-
dence that would establish that the French judicial authorities are the
source behind the dissemination of the confidential information in ques-

tion.

**

(b) The witness summons addressed to the Djiboutian Head of State on
14 February 2007

176. The Court observes, as regards this second witness summons,
that on this occasion the investigating judge sent a letter to the Minister
of Justice on 14 February 2007 in which she expressed the wish “to
obtain the testimony of Mr. Ismaël Omar Guelleh, President of the

Republic of Djibouti, in connection with the inquiry [into the murder of
Bernard Borrel]”. The judge asked the Minister to make contact with the

65 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 239

Minister for Foreign Affairs “with a view to seeking the consent of
Mr. Ismaël Omar Guelleh to giving such a statement”. In his letter of
15 February 2007 to the Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Minister of Jus-
tice noted that the judge’s request had been presented “on the basis of

Article 656 of the Code of Criminal Procedure”. The request concerned
was relayed to its recipient by the transmission service of the Presidency
of the French Republic. On 20 February 2007, the Minister for Foreign
Affairs informed the Minister of Justice that “President Guelleh does not
intend to respond to this request [from the investigating judge seeking to

obtain his testimony]”.
177. Djibouti considers that “[t]he follow-up to these events on 14 Feb-
ruary 2007 seems to have developed into an approach which would come
close to the Article 656 procedure”, but it contests the propriety of the
time chosen by the investigating judge for taking this action. It thus

recalls that this second witness summons was issued on 14 February 2007,
when the President of Djibouti was in France for the 24th Conference of
Heads of State of Africa and France which was to be held in Cannes on
15 and 16 February 2007. For Djibouti, the investigating judge was seek-
ing the best time to achieve media coverage of her request. As for the

French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Djibouti takes the view that it could
have waited until President Ismaël Omar Guelleh had returned home
before sending him an invitation to testify in writing. Moreover, Djibouti
asserts that the judiciary informed the press at a very early stage, since
the information was reported the same day, 14 February 2007, by several

news agencies, some of them indicating that they had received it from
“judicial sources”. In any event, Djibouti considers that the President
was placed in a situation “which obviously was an embarrassment . . .
especially so, since the Respondent at the time did not see any need to
apologize” and that France has consequently not sought to make up for

“the damage inflicted on the immunity, the honour and the dignity of the
President of Djibouti”.
178. France, for its part, considers that as regards the summons of
14 February 2007, the investigating judge applied the procedure laid
down by Article 656 of the French Code of Criminal Procedure and that,

in any case, the refusal of the President of the Republic of Djibouti to
respond to her request drew a line under the episode. In these circum-
stances, such an invitation to testify in writing “cannot be regarded as
failing to respect the immunities enjoyed by a foreign Head of State . . .
or as an attack of any kind on his dignity”.
Pointing out that it has a free press, even if some of the reporting of

these procedural steps in the media may be regretted, France contends
that this does not engage its responsibility. In its view, the summons of
14 February 2007 was addressed to President Ismaël Omar Guelleh with
all the necessary respect and was not in any way an attack on his honour
or dignity.

*

66 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 240

179. The Court finds that the invitation to testify of 14 February 2007
addressed by Judge Clément to the President of Djibouti was issued fol-
lowing the procedure laid down by Article 656 of the French Code of
Criminal Procedure, and therefore in accordance with French law. The

consent of the Head of State is expressly sought in this request for testi-
mony, which was transmitted through the intermediary of the authorities
and in the form prescribed by law. This measure cannot have infringed
the immunities from jurisdiction enjoyed by the Djiboutian Head of
State.

180. Moreover, the Court does not consider that there was an attack
on the honour or dignity of the President merely because this invitation
was sent to him when he was in France to attend an international con-
ference. The Court observes again that if it had been proven by Djibouti
that this confidential information had been passed from the offices of the

French judiciary to the media, such an act could, in the context of the
attendance of the Head of State of Djibouti at an international confer-
ence in France, have constituted not only a violation of French law, but
also a violation by France of its international obligations. However, the
Court must again recognize, as it has already done regarding the sum-

mons of 17 May 2005 (see paragraph 175 above), that it has not been
provided with probative evidence which would establish that the French
judicial authorities were the source behind the dissemination of the con-
fidential information at issue here.

**

(2) The alleged attacks on the immunities said to be enjoyed by the
procureur de la République and the Head of National Security

of Djibouti

181. In its Application filed on 9 January 2006 Djibouti makes refer-
ence to the issuing of summonses as témoins assistés to senior Djiboutian
officials. Djibouti claims that these witness summonses have violated
international obligations, both conventional and deriving from general

international law, notably the principles and rules governing the diplo-
matic privileges, prerogatives and immunities laid down in the Vienna
Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 18 April 1961 and the principles
established in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of
Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic
Agents of 14 December 1973. These claims were elaborated in the Memo-

rial of Djibouti.

182. Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali and Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh were
summoned by Judge Belin to appear in France on 16 December 2004 as
témoins assistés. Two further summonses were issued to them by the

investigating judge at the Versailles Tribunal de grande instance ,
Judge Bellancourt, to appear, again as témoins assistés, on 13 Octo-

67 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 241

ber 2005; these summonses were transmitted to the Minister of Justice of
Djibouti by his French counterpart.
183. Judge Bellancourt was informed, by a letter from the lawyer of
the two individuals summoned, dated 11 October 2005, that “these two

persons, one an official and the other a judge, cannot comply with that
summons”. After recalling all the co-operation provided until then by
Djibouti in connection with the Borrel case, this letter added that “the
Republic of Djibouti, as a sovereign State, cannot accept one-way co-
operation of this kind with the former colonial Power, and the two indi-

viduals summoned are therefore not authorized to give evidence”.

184. The Court recalls that, according to French legislation,

“[a]ny person implicated by a witness or against whom there is evi-
dence making it seem probable that he could have participated, as
the perpetrator or accomplice, in committing the offence of which
the investigating judge is seised” (Art. 113-2 of the French Code of

Criminal Procedure)
may be summoned as a témoin assisté. The situation envisaged here by

French law is one where suspicions exist regarding the person in ques-
tion, without these being considered sufficient grounds to proceed with a
“mise en examen”. The person concerned is obliged to appear before the
judge, on pain of being compelled to do so by the law enforcement agen-
cies (Art. 109 of the French Code of Criminal Procedure), through the

issuing of an arrest warrant against him. As the Court has explained
above (paragraph 35), the two European arrest warrants issued on 27 Sep-
tember 2006 against Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali and Mr. Has-
san Said Khaireh are outside its jurisdiction in the present case.

185. Djibouti initially contended that the procureur de la République
and the Head of National Security benefited from personal immunities
from criminal jurisdiction and inviolability. Subsequently, during the oral
proceedings, the Applicant declared that it “entirely rejects the idea
that...personsenjoyingthestatusofanorganofState,evenofahigh

rank, benefit from personal immunity (also known as ratione personae)”.
It then argued in terms of “functional immunity, or ratione materiae”,
which it claimed was “the only category concerned” as regards the two
officials. For Djibouti, it is a principle of international law that a person
cannot be held as individually criminally liable for acts performed as an
organ of State, and while there may be certain exceptions to that rule,

there is no doubt as to its applicability in the present case.
Having framed its argument in terms of immunity ratione materiae,
Djibouti, other than a brief mention in its Memorial, made no further
reference, in support of the immunities which the two officials were said
to enjoy, to the Convention on Special Missions of 8 December 1969, to

which, moreover, neither it nor the Respondent is a party.
186. In response to Djibouti’s initial argument, France considers firstly

68 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 242

that the procureur de la République and the Head of National Security do
not, given the essentially internal nature of their functions, enjoy absolute
immunity from criminal jurisdiction or inviolability ratione personae.

187. In the oral pleadings before the Court, Djibouti for the very first
time reformulated its claims in respect of the procureur de la République
and Head of National Security. It was then asserted that the procureur de
la République and the Head of National Security were entitled to func-
tional immunities:

“What Djibouti requests of the Court is to acknowledge that a
State cannot regard a person enjoying the status of an organ of

another State as individually criminally liable for acts carried out in
that official capacity, that is to say in the performance of his duties.
Such acts, indeed, are to be regarded in international law as attrib-
utable to the State on behalf of which the organ acted and not to the
individual acting as the organ.”

*

188. The Court observes that such a claim is, in essence, a claim of
immunity for the Djiboutian State, from which the procureur de la
République and the Head of National Security would be said to benefit.

189. France, in replying to this new formulation of Djibouti’s argu-
ment that its State officials were immune from the criminal jurisdiction of
France, stated that such a claim would fall to be decided on a case-by-
case basis by national judges. The contrary, according to France, “would
be devastating and would signify that all an official, regardless of his rank

or functions, needs to do is assert that he was acting in the context of his
functions to escape any criminal prosecution in a foreign State”. As func-
tional immunities are not absolute, it is, in France’s view, for the justice
system of each country to assess, when criminal proceedings are insti-
tuted against an individual, whether, in view of the acts of public author-

ity performed in the context of his duties, that individual should enjoy, as
an agent of the State, the immunity from criminal jurisdiction that is
granted to foreign States (France illustrates its argument by citing the
judgment of 23 November 2004 of the Chambre criminelle of the French
Cour de cassation in the case concerning the sinking of the oil tanker
Erika). However, according to France, the two senior officials concerned

have never availed themselves before the French criminal courts of the
immunities which Djibouti now claims on their behalf; the Court does
not therefore, in view of that fact, have sufficient evidence available to it
to make a decision. Consequently, by summoning them to appear as
témoins assistés, the investigating judge did not, in France’s view, violate

any international obligation.

69 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 243

190. The Court notes further that Djibouti later responded as fol-
lows:

“As for officials, either they act in their official capacity, in which
case their personal criminal liability cannot be invoked, or they act
in a private capacity, in which case no functional immunity can
operate to their benefit. In this instance too there is really no place

for the least presumption which might a priori and in the abstract tilt
the scales one way or another. The issue is not to presume anything
whatsoever, but to verify concretely the acts in question, when of
course the issue of immunity has been raised.”

191. The Court observes that it has not been “concretely verified”
before it that the acts which were the subject of the summonses as

témoins assistés issued by France were indeed acts within the scope of
their duties as organs of State.

192. The Court has noted that, in its first round of pleadings, Djibouti
asserted that the claim of immunity arising from the fact that the persons

concerned enjoyed the status of an organ of Djibouti, acting in the per-
formance of their duties, was now the only argument relied upon in
respect of Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali and Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh. In its
second round of pleadings, Djibouti withdrew somewhat from that posi-
tion, referring to the said claim as being its “principal argument” in

respect of the immunities enjoyed by Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali and
Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh.
193. At the same time, the final submissions of Djibouti are not clearly
articulated in terms of a main claim of State immunity, with diplomatic
or other personal immunities of the procureur de la République and Head

of National Security having been abandoned, as is shown in Djibouti’s
final seventh submission, which requested the Court to adjudge and
declare

“[t]hat the French Republic has violated its obligation pursuant to
the principles of customary and general international law to prevent
attacks on the person, freedom and honour of the procureur général
of the Republic of Djibouti and the Head of National Security of the
Republic of Djibouti”.

These final submissions are not clearly couched in the language of either
diplomatic or State immunities. It is thus not apparent to the Court that

the claim that Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali and Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh
benefited from functional immunities as organs of State remains as the
only or the principal argument being made by Djibouti.

194. The Court notes first that there are no grounds in international

law upon which it could be said that the officials concerned were entitled
to personal immunities, not being diplomats within the meaning of the

70 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 244

Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961, and the Conven-
tion on Special Missions of 1969 not being applicable in this case.

195. The Court must also observe that these various claims regarding

immunity were not made known to France, whether through diplomatic
exchanges or before any French judicial organ, as a ground for objecting
to the issuance of the summonses in question. As recalled above, the
French authorities rather were informed that the Djiboutian procureur de
la République and Head of National Security would not respond to the

summonses issued to them because of the refusal of France to accede to
the request for the Borrel file to be transmitted to the Djiboutian judicial
authorities.

196. At no stage have the French courts (before which the challenge to

jurisdiction would normally be expected to be made), nor indeed this
Court, been informed by the Government of Djibouti that the acts com-
plained of by France were its own acts, and that the procureur de la
République and the Head of National Security were its organs, agencies
or instrumentalities in carrying them out.

The State which seeks to claim immunity for one of its State organs is
expected to notify the authorities of the other State concerned. This
would allow the court of the forum State to ensure that it does not fail to
respect any entitlement to immunity and might thereby engage the respon-

sibility of that State. Further, the State notifying a foreign court that
judicial process should not proceed, for reasons of immunity, against its
State organs, is assuming responsibility for any internationally wrongful
act in issue committed by such organs.

197. Given all these elements, the Court does not uphold the sixth and
seventh final submissions of Djibouti.

*

198. The Court notes that as a component element of its legal argu-
ments relating to the treatment of Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali and Mr. Has-
san Said Khaireh, Djibouti has further challenged the lawfulness of the
assertion of jurisdiction by France over the events leading to the issuance
of the witness summonses as témoins assistés to Mr. Djama Soulei-
man Ali and Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh on 8 September 2005.

Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali, procureur de la République of Djibouti,
travelled to Brussels at the beginning of 2002 and possibly in Decem-
ber 2001, allegedly to persuade Mr. Mohamed Saleh Alhoumekani, a
former presidential guard, in the presence of his lawyer, to withdraw the
evidence he was to give (see paragraph 35 above).

199. This was later to constitute a central allegation in the civil action
for subornation of perjury filed on 19 November 2002 by Mrs. Borrel.

71 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 245

Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh was accused of having exerted, in Djibouti,
various forms of pressure on Mr. Ali Abdillahi Iftin to make him pro-
duce testimony which would discredit the statements of Mr. Mohamed
Saleh Alhoumekani (see paragraph 35 above).

Djibouti challenged France’s jurisdiction over these matters as matters
being outside of France and arising between persons not of French
nationality.
200. The Court observes that Djibouti did not in its Application of
9 January 2006 ask the Court to find that France lacked jurisdiction as

regards the acts alleged to have been engaged in by Mr. Djama Soulei-
man Ali and Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh in Brussels and Djibouti respec-
tively. That being so, such a contention cannot fall within the scope of
what France, in its letter to the Court dated 25 July 2006, has accepted
shall be determined by the Court. Accordingly, the Court makes no

observation on the contention of each of the Parties on this matter.

* * *

VI. R EMEDIES

201. Djibouti has in its final submissions requested various remedies
which it regarded as constituting appropriate redress for claimed viola-
tions of the 1986 Convention and other rules of international law.

202. Having found that the reasons invoked by France, in good faith,
under Article 2 (c) fall within the provisions of the 1986 Convention, the
Court will not order the Borrel file to be transmitted with certain pages
removed, as Djibouti has requested in the alternative and specified in

more detail in response to the question put by Judge Bennouna during
the hearings. Nor, in any event, would it have been in a position so to do,
having itself no knowledge of the contents of the file.

203. The Court has found a violation by France of its obligation
under Article 17 of the 1986 Convention. As regards possible remedies

for such a violation, the Court will not order the publication of the rea-
sons underlying the decision, as specified in the soit-transmis of Judge Clé-
ment, to refuse the request for mutual assistance, these having in the
meantime passed into the public domain.
204. The Court determines that its finding that France has violated its

obligation to Djibouti under Article 17 constitutes appropriate satisfac-
tion.

* * *

72 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 246

VII. O PERATIVE C LAUSE

205. For these reasons,

T HE C OURT ,

(1) As regards the jurisdiction of the Court,

(a) Unanimously,
Finds that it has jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute concerning

the execution of the letter rogatory addressed by the Republic of Djibouti
to the French Republic on 3 November 2004;

(b) By fifteen votes to one,

Finds that it has jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute concerning
the summons as witness addressed to the President of the Republic of
Djibouti on 17 May 2005, and the summonses as “témoins assistés”
(legally assisted witnesses) addressed to two senior Djiboutian officials on

3 and 4 November 2004 and 17 June 2005;
IN FAVOUR: President Higgins; Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges Ran-
jeva, Shi, Koroma, Buergenthal, Owada, Simma, Tomka, Keith,
Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov; Judges ad hoc Guillaume, Yusuf;

AGAINST: Judge Parra-Aranguren;

(c) By twelve votes to four,

Finds that it has jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute concerning
the summons as witness addressed to the President of the Republic of
Djibouti on 14 February 2007;

IN FAVOUR : President Higgins; Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges Shi,
Koroma, Buergenthal, Owada, Simma, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Ben-
nouna, Skotnikov; Judge ad hoc Yusuf;
AGAINST: Judges Ranjeva, Parra-Aranguren, Tomka; Judge ad hoc Guil-

laume;
(d) By thirteen votes to three,

Finds that it has no jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute con-

cerning the arrest warrants issued against two senior Djiboutian officials
on 27 September 2006;
IN FAVOUR: President Higgins; Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges Ran-

jeva, Shi, Koroma, Parra-Aranguren, Buergenthal, Simma, Tomka, Keith,
Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna; Judge ad hoc Guillaume;
AGAINST: Judges Owada, Skotnikov; Judge ad hoc Yusuf;

(2) As regards the final submissions of the Republic of Djibouti on the
merits,

(a) Unanimously,

Finds that the French Republic, by not giving the Republic of Djibouti

73 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 247

the reasons for its refusal to execute the letter rogatory presented by the
latter on 3 November 2004, failed to comply with its international obliga-
tion under Article 17 of the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Crimi-

nal Matters between the two Parties, signed in Djibouti on 27 September
1986, and that its finding of this violation constitutes appropriate satis-
faction;

(b) By fifteen votes to one,

Rejects all other final submissions presented by the Republic of Dji-
bouti.

IN FAVOUR: President Higgins; Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges Ran-
jeva, Shi, Koroma, Parra-Aranguren, Buergenthal, Owada, Simma,

Tomka, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov; Judge ad hoc
Guillaume;
AGAINST: Judge ad hoc Yusuf.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this fourth day of June, two thousand and

eight, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the
Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic of
Djibouti and the Government of the French Republic, respectively.

(Signed) Rosalyn H IGGINS,
President.

(Signed) Philippe C OUVREUR ,

Registrar.

Judges R ANJEVA ,K OROMA ,P ARRA -ARANGUREN append separate
opinions to the Judgment of the Court; Judge O WADA appends a declara-
tion to the Judgment of the Court; Judge T OMKA appends a separate

opinion to the Judgment of the Court; Judges K EITH and S KOTNIKOV
append declarations to the Judgment of the Court; Judge ad hoc G UIL-
LAUME appends a declaration to the Judgment of the Court; Judge

ad hoc Y USUF appends a separate opinion to the Judgment of the Court.

(Initialled) R.H.

(Initialled) Ph.C.

74

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES A|TS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE RELATIVEv ACERTAINES QUESTIONS

CONCERNANT L’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE
EN MATIEvRE PEuNALE

(DJIBOUTI c. FRANCE)

ARR|T DU 4 JUIN 2008

2008

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING CERTAIN QUESTIONS
OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE
IN CRIMINAL MATTERS

(DJIBOUTI v. FRANCE)

JUDGMENT OF 4 JUNE 2008 Mode officiel de citation:
Certaines questions concernant l’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale

(Djibouti c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008 ,
p. 177.

Official citation:
Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters

(Djibouti v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008 ,
p. 177.

N de vente:

ISSN 0074-4441 Sales number 939
ISBN 978-92-1-071048-0 4 JUIN 2008

ARRE|T

CERTAINES QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L’ENTRAIDE
JUDICIAIRE EN MATIvRE PuNALE

(DJIBOUTI c. FRANCE)

CERTAIN QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE

IN CRIMINAL MATTERS

(DJIBOUTI v. FRANCE)

4 JUNE 2008

JUDGMENT177

TABLE DES MATIÈRES

Paragraphes

Q UALITÉS 1-18

I. L ES FAITS DE ESPÈCE 19-38

II. COMPÉTENCE DE LA COUR 39-95

1) Question préliminaire relative à la compétence et à la receva-
bilité 45-50
2) Compétence ratione materiae 51-64

a) Les positions des Parties 51-59
b) Le forum prorogatum en tant que fondement de la compé-
tence de la Cour 60-64

3) La portée du consentement mutuel des Parties 65-95

a) La requête de Djibouti 66-75
b) La réponse de la France à la requête 76-79
c) Les conclusions de la Cour 80-95

III. LA VIOLATION ALLÉGUÉE DU TRAITÉ D ’AMITIÉ ET DE COOPÉRATION

ENTRE LA F RANCE ET D JIBOUTI DU27 JUIN 1977 96-114

IV. L A VIOLATION ALLÉGUÉE DE LA CONVENTION D ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE
EN MATIÈRE PÉNALE ENTRE LA F RANCE ET D JIBOUTI DU27 SEPTEMBRE
1986 115-156

1) L’obligation d’exécuter la commission rogatoire internatio-
nale 116-124
2) L’engagement allégué de la France d’exécuter la commission
rogatoire internationale émanant de Djibouti 125-130
3) Le refus opposé par la France à l’exécution de la commission

rogatoire internationale 131-156

V. L ES VIOLATIONS ALLÉGUÉES DE L OBLIGATION DE PRÉVENIR LES AT -
TEINTES À LA PERSONNE, LA LIBERTÉ OU LA DIGNITÉ DUNE PERSONNE
JOUISSANT D’UNE PROTECTION INTERNATIONALE 157-200

1) Les atteintes alléguées à l’immunité de juridiction ou à l’invio-
labilité du chef de l’Etat de Djibouti 161-180

a) La convocation à témoigner adressée au chef de l’Etat de
Djibouti le 17 mai 2005 162-175
b) La convocation à témoigner adressée au chef de l’Etat de
Djibouti le 14 février 2007 176-180

2) Les atteintes alléguées aux immunités prétendument dues au
procureur de la République et au chef de la sécurité nationale

de Djibouti 181-200

4 177

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Paragraphs
CHRONOLOGY OF THE PROCEDURE 1-18

I. THEF ACTS OF THC ASE 19-38

II. JRISDICTION OF THCOURT 39-95

(1) Preliminary question regarding jurisdiction and admiss45-50ty

(2) Jurisdiction ratione materiae 51-64

(a) Positions of the Parties 51-59
(b) Forum prorogatum as a basis of the jurisdiction of the
Court 60-64

(3) Extent of the mutual consent of the Parties 65-95

(a) Djibouti’s Application 66-75
(b) France’s response to the Application 76-79

(c) Findings of the Court 80-95

III. TE ALLEGED VIOLATION OF THT REATY OFFRIENDSHIP ANDCO -
OPERATION BETWEENFRANCE AND D JIBOUTI O27 UNE 1977 96-114

IV. THEA LLEGED VIOLATION OF THCONVENTION ON M UTUALA SSIS-
ANCE IN CRIMINAL M ATTERS BETWEENF RANCE AND D JIBOUTI OF

27 SEPTEMBER 1986 115-156
(1) The obligation to execute the international letter r116-124

(2) The alleged undertaking by France to execute the interna-
tional letter rogatory requested by Djibouti 125-130
(3) France’s refusal to execute the international letter rogatory 131-156

V. THEA LLEGEDV IOLATIONS OF TOBLIGATION TP REVENTATTACKS
ON THE PERSON,FREEDOM OR DIGNITY OF AN INTERNATIONALLY
P ROTECTEDPERSON 157-200

(1) The alleged attacks on the immunity from jurisdiction or the
inviolability of the Djiboutian Head of State 161-180

(a) The witness summons addressed to the Djiboutian Head
of State on 17 May 2005 162-175
(b) The witness summons addressed to the Djiboutian Head

of State on 14 February 2007 176-180
(2) The alleged attacks on the immunities said to be enjoyed by

the procureur de la République and the Head of National
Security of Djibouti 181-200

4178 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

VI. R EMÈDES 201-204

VII. D ISPOSITIF 205

5 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 178

VI. REMEDIES 201-204

VII. OPERATIVE CLAUSE 205

5 179

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

2008 ANNÉE 2008
4 juin
Rôle général
no136 4 juin 2008

AFFAIRE RELATIVE A v CERTAINES

QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L’ENTRAIDE

JUDICIAIRE EN MATIE vRE PE uNALE

(DJIBOUTI c. FRANCE)

ARRE |T

me
Présents: M H IGGIN, président.AM L-KHASAWNEH , vice-président ;
MM. R ANJEV,S H,K OROMA,P ARRA-ARANGUREN ,BUERGENTHAL ,
OWADA ,S IMMA,T OMKA,K EIT,S EPÚLVEDA-AMOR ,B ENNOUNA ,
SKOTNIKO, juges; MM. G UILLAUME,Y USU, juges ad hoc;
M. COUVREUR, greffier.

En l’affaire relative à certaines questions concernant l’entraide judiciaire en
matière pénale,

entre
la République de Djibouti,

représentée par
S. Exc. M. Siad Mohamed Doualeh, ambassadeur de la République de Dji-

bouti auprès de la Confédération suisse,
comme agent;

M. Phon van den Biesen, avocat, Amsterdam,
comme agent adjoint;

M. Luigi Condorelli, professeur à la faculté de droit de l’Université de Flo-
rence,
comme conseil et avocat;

M. Djama Souleiman Ali, procureur général de la République de Djibouti,

6 179

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 2008 2008
4 June
General List
4 June 2008 No. 136

CASE CONCERNING CERTAIN QUESTIONS

OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE

IN CRIMINAL MATTERS

(DJIBOUTI v. FRANCE)

JUDGMENT

Present: President IGGINS; Vice-PresidentL-KHASAWNEH ; Judges ANJEVA,
SHI,K OROMA ,P ARRA-ARANGUREN ,B UERGENTHAL ,O WADA ,S IMMA,
TOMKA ,K EITH,S EPÚLVEDA-AMOR ,B ENNOUNA ,S KOTNIKOV; Judges

ad hoc GUILLAUME,Y USUF; Registrar OUVREUR.

In the case concerning certain questions of mutual assistance in criminal
matters,

between

the Republic of Djibouti,

represented by
H.E. Mr. Siad Mohamed Doualeh, Ambassador of the Republic of Djibouti
to the Swiss Confederation,

as Agent;
Mr. Phon van den Biesen, Attorney at Law, Amsterdam,

as Deputy Agent;
Mr. Luigi Condorelli, Professor at the Faculty of Law of the University of
Florence,

as Counsel and Advocate;

Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali, procureur général of the Republic of Djibouti,

6180 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

M. Makane Moïse Mbengue, docteur en droit, chercheur, Hauser Global
Law School Program de la faculté de droit de l’Université de New York,
M. Michail S. Vagias, doctorant à l’Université de Leyde, chercheur, Fonda-
tion des bourses de l’Etat de la République hellénique,

M. Paolo Palchetti, professeur associé à l’Université de Macerata (Italie),
me
M Souad Houssein Farah, conseiller juridique de la présidence de la Répu-
blique de Djibouti,
comme conseils,

et

la République française,

représentée par
M me Edwige Belliard, directeur des affaires juridiques au ministère des af-
faires étrangères et européennes,

comme agent;
M. Alain Pellet, professeur à l’Université Paris X-Nanterre, membre et
ancien président de la Commission du droit international des Nations
Unies, associé de l’Institut de droit international,

M. Hervé Ascensio, professeur à l’Université de Paris I (Panthéon-
Sorbonne),
comme conseils;

M. Samuel Laine, chef du bureau de l’entraide pénale internationale au minis-
tère de la justice,
comme conseiller;
lle
M Sandrine Barbier, chargée de mission à la direction des affaires juridi-
ques du ministère des affaires étrangères et européennes,
M. Antoine Ollivier, chargé de mission à la direction des affaires juridiques
du ministère des affaires étrangères et européennes,
M. Thierry Caboche, conseiller des affaires étrangères à la direction de
l’Afrique et de l’océan Indien du ministère des affaires étrangères et euro-

péennes,
comme assistants,

L A COUR ,

ainsi composée,
après délibéré en chambre du conseil,

rend l’arrêt suivant:

1. Le 9 janvier 2006, la République de Djibouti (dénommée ci-après «Dji-
bouti») a déposé au Greffe de la Cour une requête, datée du 4 janvier 2006,
contre la République française (dénommée ci-après la «France») au sujet d’un
différend

«port[ant] sur le refus des autorités gouvernementales et judiciaires fran-
çaises d’exécuter une commission rogatoire internationale concernant la
transmission aux autorités judiciaires djiboutiennes du dossier relatif à la
procédure d’information relative à l’Affaire contre X du chef d’assassinat

7 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 180

Mr. Makane Moïse Mbengue, Doctor of Law, Researcher, Hauser Global
Law School Program, New York University School of Law,
Mr. Michail S. Vagias, Ph.D. Cand. Leiden University, Researcher, Scholar
of the Greek State Scholarships Foundation,
Mr. Paolo Palchetti, Associate Professor at the University of Macerata
(Italy),
Ms Souad Houssein Farah, Legal Adviser to the Presidency of the Republic
of Djibouti,

as Counsel,

and
the French Republic,

represented by
Ms Edwige Belliard, Director of Legal Affairs, Ministry of Foreign and
European Affairs,

as Agent;
Mr. Alain Pellet, Professor at the University of Paris X-Nanterre, Member
and former Chairman of the United Nations International Law Commis-
sion, Associate of the Institut de droit international,

Mr. Hervé Ascensio, Professor at the University of Paris I (Panthéon-
Sorbonne),
as Counsel;

Mr. Samuel Laine, Head of the Office of International Mutual Assistance in
Criminal Matters, Ministry of Justice,
as Adviser;

Ms Sandrine Barbier, Chargée de mission, Directorate of Legal Affairs, Min-
istry of Foreign and European Affairs,
Mr. Antoine Ollivier, Chargé de mission, Directorate of Legal Affairs, Min-
istry of Foreign and European Affairs,
Mr. Thierry Caboche, Foreign Affairs Counsellor, Directorate for Africa
and the Indian Ocean, Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs,

as Assistants,

T HE C OURT,

composed as above,
after deliberation,

delivers the following Judgment:
1. On 9 January 2006, the Republic of Djibouti (hereinafter “Djibouti”) filed

in the Registry of the Court an Application, dated 4 January 2006, against the
French Republic (hereinafter “France”) in respect of a dispute:

“concern[ing] the refusal by the French governmental and judicial authori-
ties to execute an international letter rogatory regarding the transmission

to the judicial authorities in Djibouti of the record relating to the investi-
gation in the Case against X for the murder of Bernard Borrel , in violation

7181 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

sur la personne de Bernard Borrel et ce, en violation de la convention
d’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale entre le Gouvernement [djiboutien]
et le Gouvernement [français] du 27 septembre 1986, ainsi qu’en violation
d’autres obligations internationales pesant sur la [France] envers ... Dji-
bouti».

S’agissant du refus susmentionné d’exécuter une commission rogatoire inter-
nationale, la requête invoquait également la violation du traité d’amitié et de
coopération conclu entre la France et Djibouti le 27 juin 1977.
La requête faisait en outre état de l’émission par les autorités judiciaires fran-
çaises de convocations à témoigner adressées au chef de l’Etat djiboutien et à de
hauts fonctionnaires djiboutiens, convocations qui auraient méconnu les dispo-
sitions dudit traité d’amitié et de coopération, ainsi que les principes et règles
relatifs aux privilèges et immunités diplomatiques énoncés dans la convention
de Vienne du 18 avril 1961 sur les relations diplomatiques et les principes rela-

tifs aux immunités internationales établis en droit international coutumier, tels
que les reflète notamment la convention du 14 décembre 1973 sur la prévention
et la répression des infractions contre les personnes jouissant d’une protection
internationale, y compris les agents diplomatiques.
2. Dans sa requête, Djibouti indiquait qu’il entendait fonder la compétence
de la Cour sur le paragraphe 5 de l’article 38 du Règlement de la Cour et était
«confian[t] que la République française acceptera[it] de se soumettre à la com-
pétence de la Cour pour le règlement du présent différend». Il s’était également
réservé le droit, dans ladite requête,

«d’avoir recours à la procédure de règlement des différends prévue par les
conventions en vigueur entre [lui]-même et la République française, telle la
convention [du 14 décembre 1973] sur la prévention et la répression des
infractions contre les personnes jouissant d’une protection internationale
[, y compris les agents diplomatiques]».

3. Conformément au paragraphe 5 de l’article 38 du Règlement, le greffier a
immédiatement transmis copie de la requête au Gouvernement français et a fait
connaître aux deux Etats que, conformément à cette disposition, la requête ne
serait pas inscrite au rôle général de la Cour et qu’aucun acte de procédure ne
serait effectué tant que l’Etat contre lequel la requête était formée n’aurait pas

accepté la compétence de la Cour aux fins de l’affaire.

4. Par lettre datée du 25 juillet 2006 et reçue au Greffe le 9 août 2006, le
ministre français des affaires étrangères a informé la Cour que la France
«accept[ait] la compétence de [celle-ci] pour connaître de la requête en applica-
tion et sur le seul fondement de l’article 38, paragraphe 5», du Règlement, en
précisant que cette acceptation «ne va[lait] qu’aux fins de l’affaire, au sens de
l’article 38, paragraphe 5 précité, c’est-à-dire pour le différend qui fait l’objet de
la requête et dans les strictes limites des demandes formulées dans celle-ci» par
Djibouti. Le Greffe a immédiatement transmis copie de cette lettre au Gouver-
nement djiboutien, et l’affaire a été inscrite au rôle général de la Cour à la date
du 9 août 2006, ce dont le Secrétaire général des Nations Unies a été informé le

même jour.

5. Conformément au paragraphe 3 de l’article 40 du Statut de la Cour, tous
les Etats admis à ester devant la Cour ont été informés de la requête.
6. Par lettres du 17 octobre 2006, le greffier a fait savoir aux Parties que le

8 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 181

of the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between the
[Djiboutian] Government and the [French] Government, of 27 Septem-
ber 1986, and in breach of other international obligations borne by [France]
to...Djibouti”.

In respect of the above-mentioned refusal to execute an international letter
rogatory, the Application also alleged the violation of the Treaty of Friendship
and Co-operation concluded between France and Djibouti on 27 June 1977.
The Application further referred to the issuing, by the French judicial
authorities, of witness summonses to the Djiboutian Head of State and senior
Djiboutian officials, allegedly in breach of the provisions of the said Treaty of
Friendship and Co-operation, the principles and rules governing the diplomatic
privileges and immunities laid down by the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic
Relations of 18 April 1961 and the principles established under customary

international law relating to international immunities, as reflected in particular
by the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Inter-
nationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents, of 14 Decem-
ber 1973.
2. In its Application, Djibouti indicated that it sought to found the jurisdic-
tion of the Court on Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court and was
“confident that the French Republic will agree to submit to the jurisdiction of
the Court to settle the present dispute”. In the Application it also reserved the
right

“to have recourse to the dispute settlement procedure established by the
conventions in force between itself and the French Republic, such as the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Interna-
tionally Protected Persons [, including Diplomatic Agents, of 14 Decem-
ber 1973]”.

3. The Registrar, in accordance with Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of
Court, immediately transmitted a copy of the Application to the Government
of France and informed both States that, in accordance with that provision, the
Application would not be entered in the General List of the Court, nor would
any action be taken in the proceedings, unless and until the State against which

the Application was made consented to the Court’s jurisdiction for the pur-
poses of the case.
4. By a letter dated 25 July 2006 and received in the Registry on
9 August 2006, the French Minister for Foreign Affairs informed the Court
that France “consents to the Court’s jurisdiction to entertain the Application
pursuant to, and solely on the basis of . . . Article 38, paragraph 5”, of the
Rules of Court, while specifying that this consent was “valid only for the pur-
poses of the case, within the meaning of Article 38, paragraph 5, i.e. in respect
of the dispute forming the subject of the Application and strictly within the
limits of the claims formulated therein” by Djibouti. The Registry immediately
transmitted a copy of this letter to the Djiboutian Government, and the case
was entered in the General List of the Court under the date of 9 August 2006,

of which the Secretary-General of the United Nations was notified on the same
day.
5. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 3, of the Statute of the Court, all States
entitled to appear before the Court were notified of the Application.
6. By letters dated 17 October 2006, the Registrar informed both Parties that

8182 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE ARRÊT )

membre de la Cour ayant la nationalité française avait indiqué à la Cour qu’il
n’entendait pas participer au règlement de l’affaire, compte tenu des disposi-
tions du paragraphe 2 de l’article 17 du Statut. En application de l’article 31 du
Statut et du paragraphe 1 de l’article 37 du Règlement, la France a désigné
M. Gilbert Guillaume pour siéger en qualité de juge ad hoc en l’affaire.
7. La Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de nationalité djiboutienne,
Djibouti s’est prévalu du droit que lui confère l’article 31 du Statut de procéder
à la désignation d’un juge ad hoc pour siéger en l’affaire: il a désigné à cet effet

M. Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf.
8. Par ordonnance en date du 15 novembre 2006, la Cour a fixé au
15 mars 2007 et au 13 juillet 2007, respectivement, les dates d’expiration des
délais pour le dépôt du mémoire de Djibouti et du contre-mémoire de la
France; ces pièces ont été dûment déposées dans les délais ainsi prescrits.
9. Les Parties n’ayant pas jugé nécessaire la présentation d’une réplique et
d’une duplique, et la Cour n’en ayant pas vu davantage la nécessité, l’affaire
s’est ainsi trouvée en état.
10. Le 22 novembre 2007, Djibouti a déposé des documents additionnels
qu’il souhaitait présenter en l’affaire. Par lettre datée du 4 décembre 2007,

l’agent de la France a informé la Cour que son gouvernement ne voyait pas
d’objection à la production de ces documents, tout en faisant observer, d’une
part, que cette absence d’objection ne pouvait «être interprétée comme un
consentement à une extension de la compétence de la Cour telle qu’elle a[vait]
été acceptée par la France par la lettre du 25 juillet 2006» et, d’autre part, que
«certains des documents présentés constitu[ai]ent des publications facilement
accessibles au sens [du paragraphe 4] de l’article 56 du Règlement». Par lettres
du 7 décembre 2007, le greffier a informé les Parties que la Cour avait décidé
d’autoriser la production des documents en question et avait pris dûment note
des observations formulées par l’agent de la France quant à l’interprétation à
donner à son absence d’objection à ladite production.

11. Par lettre datée du 26 décembre 2007 et reçue au Greffe le 8 janvier 2008,
la France, se référant à l’un des documents déposés par Djibouti le 22 no-
vembre 2007 (voir paragraphe 10 ci-dessus), a expliqué qu’il constituait une
pièce au dossier d’une procédure judiciaire actuellement pendante en France,
dont le droit français interdit la publication avant qu’elle soit lue en audience
publique. Elle demandait en conséquence à la Cour d’en différer la mise à dis-
position du public jusqu’au 13 mars 2008, date d’ouverture de l’audience
devant le tribunal de première instance de Versailles. Par lettres du 18 jan-
vier 2008, le greffier a porté à la connaissance des Parties que la Cour avait
décidé: 1) que ledit document ne serait pas mis à la disposition du public avant

le 13 mars 2008 ou toute autre date à laquelle pourrait être reportée l’ouverture
de l’audience en question, de manière telle que l’interdiction de publication pré-
vue par le droit français soit respectée; et 2) que, au cours de la procédure orale
devant la Cour, les Parties ne pourraient en aucun cas se référer audit docu-
ment ou commenter son contenu d’une manière qui pourrait être considérée
comme équivalant à une publication.
12. Par lettre datée du 7 janvier 2008, la France a fait savoir à la Cour,
conformément à l’article 57 du Règlement, qu’elle désirait faire entendre à
l’audience M me Elisabeth Borrel, veuve de Bernard Borrel (voir paragraphes 20
et 21 ci-après), en qualité de témoin. Par lettre datée du 10 janvier 2008, Dji-
bouti s’est opposé à la demande de la France. Par lettres du 17 janvier 2008, le

greffier a inmermé les Parties que la Cour avait considéré que la déposition envi-
sagée de M Borrel n’apparaissait pas être celle d’un témoin appelé à établir

9 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 182

the Member of the Court of French nationality had notified the Court of his
intention not to take part in the decision of the case, taking into account the
provisions of Article 17, paragraph 2, of the Statute. Pursuant to Article 31 of
the Statute and Article 37, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, France chose
Mr. Gilbert Guillaume to sit as judge ad hoc in the case.
7. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of Djiboutian nation-
ality, Djibouti proceeded to exercise its right conferred by Article 31 of the
Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the case: it chose Mr. Abdulqawi
Ahmed Yusuf.
8. By an Order dated 15 November 2006, the Court fixed 15 March 2007
and 13 July 2007, respectively, as the time-limits for the filing of the Memorial

of Djibouti and the Counter-Memorial of France; those pleadings were duly
filed within the time-limits so prescribed.
9. The Parties not having deemed it necessary to file a Reply and a Rejoin-
der, and the Court likewise having seen no need for these, the case was there-
fore ready for hearing.
10. On 22 November 2007, Djibouti filed additional documents which it
wished to produce in the case. By a letter dated 4 December 2007, the Agent of
France informed the Court that her Government had no objection to the pro-
duction of these documents, while observing firstly that this lack of objection
could not “be interpreted as consent to an extension of the jurisdiction of the
Court as accepted by France in the letter dated 25 July 2006” and, secondly,
that “some of the documents produced constitute publications which are read-

ily available, within the meaning of Article 56 [paragraph 4] of the Rules of
Court”. By letters of 7 December 2007, the Registrar notified the Parties that
the Court had decided to authorize the production of the documents concerned
and had duly taken note of the observations made by the Agent of France
regarding the interpretation to be given to France’s lack of objection to these
documents being produced.
11. By a letter dated 26 December 2007 and received in the Registry on
8 January 2008, France, referring to one of the documents filed by Djibouti on
22 November 2007 (see paragraph 10 above), explained that this document was
from the record in judicial proceedings pending in France, and that French law
forbade its publication before it had been read in a public hearing. It conse-
quently requested the Court to delay making the document available to the

public until 13 March 2008, when the oral proceedings before the Tribunal de
première instance in Versailles would open. By letters of 18 January 2008, the
Registrar informed the Parties that the Court had decided: (1) that the docu-
ment in question would not be made available to the public before
13 March 2008 or any other date to which the opening of the relevant oral pro-
ceedings in France might be postponed, in order to comply with the ban on
publication provided for by French law; and (2) that during the oral proceed-
ings before the Court, the Parties would in no circumstances be able to refer to
the document concerned or comment on its contents in a way which could be
regarded as equivalent to publication.
12. By a letter dated 7 January 2008, France informed the Court, pursuant
to Article 57 of the Rules of Court, that it wished to call Mrs. Elisabeth Borrel,

the widow of Bernard Borrel (see paragraphs 20 and 21 below), as a witness
during the hearings. By a letter dated 10 January 2008, Djibouti objected to
France’s request. By letters of 17 January 2008, the Registrar informed the
Parties that the Court had deemed that the evidence to be obtained from
Mrs. Borrel did not appear to be that of a witness called to establish facts

9183 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE ARRÊT )

des faits de sa connaissance personnelle qui eussent aidé la Cour à trancher le
différend tel que porté devant elle, et qu’en conséquence la Cour avait décidé de
ne pas accueillir la demande de la France.
13. Conformément au paragraphe 2 de l’article 53 de son Règlement, la
Cour, après s’être renseignée auprès des Parties, a décidé que des exemplaires
des pièces de procédure et des documents annexés seraient rendus accessibles au
public à l’ouverture de la procédure orale (voir cependant paragraphe 11 ci-
dessus).

14. Des audiences publiques ont été tenues entre le 21 et le 29 janvier 2008,
au cours desquelles ont été entendus en leurs plaidoiries et réponses:
Pour Djibouti: S. Exc. M. Siad Mohamed Doualeh,
M. Phon van den Biesen,
M. Luigi Condorelli.
me
Pour la France: M Edwige Belliard,
M. Alain Pellet,
M. Hervé Ascensio.

15. A l’audience, des membres de la Cour ont posé aux Parties des questions
auxquelles il a été répondu oralement. Djibouti a présenté des observations
écrites sur la réponse que la France avait fournie à l’une des questions qui lui
avaient été posées.

*

16. Dans la requête, les demandes ci-après ont été formulées par Djibouti:

«En conséquence, tout en se réservant le droit de compléter et préciser la
présente demande en cours d’instance, la République de Djibouti prie la
Cour de:
Dire et juger:

a) que la République française a l’obligation juridique internationale de
favoriser toute coopération visant à promouvoir le règlement rapide de
l’Affaire contre X du chef d’assassinat sur la personne de Bernard Bor-
rel et ce, dans le respect du principe d’égalité souveraine entre Etats tel
que proclamé par l’article 2, paragraphe 1, de la Charte des Nations
Unies et par l’article premier du traité d’amitié et de coopération entre
la République française et la République de Djibouti;
b) que la République française ne peut invoquer des principes ou doctri-
nes de son droit interne (tels ceux relatifs à la séparation des pouvoirs)

pour faire obstacle à l’exercice des droits conférés à la République de
Djibouti par la convention [d’]entraide judiciaire en matière pénale;
c) que la République française a l’obligation juridique internationale
d’exécuter la commission rogatoire internationale concernant la trans-
mission aux autorités judiciaires djiboutiennes du dossier relatif à la
procédure d’information relative à l’Affaire contre X du chef d’assas-
sinat sur la personne de Bernard Borrel ;
d) que la République française a l’obligation juridique internationale
d’agir conformément aux obligations prévues par la convention
d’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale tant dans le cadre de la procé-
dure d’information relative à l’Affaire contre X du chef d’assassinat sur

la personne de Bernard Borrel que dans toute autre procédure qu’elle
engagerait à l’avenir, que cette procédure soit entreprise par un pou-

10 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 183

within her personal knowledge which might help the Court to settle the dispute
brought before it, and that consequently the Court had decided not to accede
to France’s request.
13. Pursuant to Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the Court,
after ascertaining the views of the Parties, decided that copies of the pleadings
and documents annexed would be made accessible to the public on the opening
of the oral proceedings (but see paragraph 11 above).

14. Public hearings were held from 21 to 29 January 2008, at which the
Court heard the oral arguments and replies of:

For Djibouti: H.E. Mr. Siad Mohamed Doualeh,
Mr. Phon van den Biesen,
Mr. Luigi Condorelli.

For France: Ms Edwige Belliard,
Mr. Alain Pellet,
Mr. Hervé Ascensio.
15. At the hearings, Members of the Court put questions to the Parties, to
which replies were given orally. Djibouti submitted written comments on the
reply provided by France to one of the questions it was asked.

*

16. In its Application, the following requests were made by Djibouti:
“Accordingly, reserving the right to supplement and elaborate upon the
present claim in the course of the proceedings, the Republic of Djibouti
requests the Court to:

Adjudge and declare:
(a) that the French Republic is under an international legal obligation to
foster all co-operation aimed at promoting the speedy disposition of
the Case against X for the murder of Bernard Borrel , in compliance
with the principle of sovereign equality between States, as laid down
in Article 2, paragraph 1, of the United Nations Charter and in Arti-

cle 1 of the Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation between the
French Republic and the Republic of Djibouti;
(b) that the French Republic cannot invoke principles or doctrines under
its internal law (such as those relating to separation of powers) to
hinder the exercise of the rights conferred upon the Republic of Dji-
bouti by the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters;
(c) that the French Republic is under an international legal obligation to
execute the international letter rogatory regarding the transmission to
the judicial authorities in Djibouti of the record relating to the inves-
tigation in the Case against X for the murder of Bernard Borrel ;

(d) that the French Republic is under an international legal obligation to

act in conformity with the obligations laid down by the Convention
on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters in the context not only of
the investigation in the Case against X for the murder of Bernard Bor-
rel but also of any other proceedings it may initiate in the future,
whether such proceedings are undertaken by a delegated, legislative,

10184 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

voir délégué, législatif, exécutif, judiciaire ou autre, que ce pouvoir
occupe une place supérieure ou subordonnée dans l’organisation de la
République française ou que les fonctions de ce pouvoir présentent un
caractère international ou interne;
e) que la République française a l’obligation juridique internationale de
veiller à ce que le chef d’Etat de la République de Djibouti, en tant que
chef d’Etat étranger, ne soit pas l’objet d’offenses et d’atteintes à sa
dignité sur le territoire français;
f) que la République française a l’obligation juridique de veiller scrupu-
leusement au respect, au regard de la République de Djibouti, des prin-
cipes et règles relatifs aux privilèges, prérogatives et immunités diplo-

matiques tels que reflétés dans la convention de Vienne du 18 avril 1961
sur les relations diplomatiques;
g) que la République française porte la responsabilité de la violation des
obligations internationales susmentionnées;
h) que la République française est tenue de mettre fin immédiatement à la
violation des obligations susmentionnées, et qu’à ce titre elle doit
notamment:

i) exécuter sans plus tarder la commission rogatoire indiquée supra,
point c), en remettant immédiatement en mains djiboutiennes le
dossier précité, et
ii) retirer et mettre à néant les convocations en qualité de témoins as-
sistés du chef d’Etat de la République de Djibouti et de ressor-
tissants djiboutiens jouissant d’une protection internationale pour
subornation de témoins dans l’Affaire contre X du chef d’assassinat
sur la personne de Bernard Borrel ;

i) que la République française doit réparation pour les préjudices causés
à la République de Djibouti ainsi qu’à ses citoyens;
j) que la République française doit donner à la République de Djibouti la
garantie que de tels actes illicites ne se reproduiront pas.»

17. Au cours de la procédure écrite, les conclusions ci-après ont été présen-
tées par les Parties:

Au nom du Gouvernement djiboutien,

dans le mémoire:
«Pour les motifs ci-dessus, ainsi que pour les motifs présentés par sa re-
quête introductive d’instance du 4 janvier 2006, la République de Djibouti,
tout en se réservant le droit de compléter ou de modifier les présentes

conclusions et de fournir à la Cour de nouvelles preuves et de nouveaux
arguments juridiques pertinents dans le cadre du présent différend, prie la
Cour de dire et juger:
1. que la République française a manqué aux obligations lui incombant
en vertu de la convention d’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale entre
le Gouvernement de la République de Djibouti et le Gouvernement de

la République française du 27 septembre 1986, et en vertu du traité
d’amitié et de coopération entre la République française et la Répu-
blique de Djibouti signé à Djibouti le 27 juin 1977 et des autres règles
de droit international applicables au présent cas, par son refus de don-
ner suite à la commission rogatoire demandée par la République de

11 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 184

executive, judicial or other authority, whether such authority occu-
pies a superior or subordinate position in the organization of the
French Republic and whether such authority’s functions are interna-
tional or domestic in nature;
(e) that the French Republic is under an international obligation to
ensure that the Head of State of the Republic of Djibouti, as a foreign
Head of State, is not subjected to any insults or attacks on his dignity
on French territory;
(f) that the French Republic is under a legal obligation scrupulously to
ensure respect, vis-à-vis the Republic of Djibouti, of the principles
and rules concerning diplomatic privileges, prerogatives and immuni-

ties, as reflected in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
of 18 April 1961;
(g) that the French Republic bears responsibility for the violation of the
international obligations referred to above;
(h) that the French Republic is under an obligation immediately to cease
and desist from breaching the obligations referred to above and, to
that end, shall in particular:

(i) execute without further delay the letter rogatory cited in point (c)
above, by immediately placing the record referred to above in
Djiboutian hands, and
(ii) withdraw and cancel the summonses of the Head of State of the
Republic of Djibouti and of internationally protected Djiboutian
nationals to testify as témoins assistés in respect of subornation
of perjury in the Case against X for the murder of Bernard Bor-
rel;

(i) that the French Republic owes reparation for the prejudice caused to
the Republic of Djibouti and to its citizens;
(j) that the French Republic shall give the Republic of Djibouti a guar-
antee that such wrongful acts will not reoccur.”

17. In the course of the written proceedings, the following submissions were
presented by the Parties:

On behalf of the Government of Djibouti,

in the Memorial:
“For the reasons given above, as well as those contained in its Applica-
tion instituting proceedings of 4 January 2006, the Republic of Djibouti,
while reserving the right to supplement or to amend the present submis-

sions and to provide the Court with further evidence or relevant legal
arguments in connection with the present dispute, requests the Court to
adjudge and declare:
1. that the French Republic has breached its obligations under the Con-
vention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between the Gov-
ernment of the Republic of Djibouti and the Government of the

French Republic of 27 September 1986, and under the Treaty of
Friendship and Co-operation between the French Republic and the
Republic of Djibouti signed in Djibouti on 27 June 1977 and other
rules of international law applicable to the present case, by its refusal
to comply with the letter rogatory presented by the Republic of Dji-

11185 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

Djibouti, plus spécifiquement par son refus de transmettre le dossier
«Borrel» aux autorités judiciaires de Djibouti;
2. que la République française a manqué aux obligations découlant des
principes établis du droit international général et coutumier de préve-
nir les atteintes à la liberté, à la dignité et aux immunités d’une per-
sonne jouissant d’une protection internationale, du fait des convoca-
tions en tant que témoins assistés du chef de l’Etat djiboutien et de
hauts responsables djiboutiens, ainsi que du fait de l’établissement de
mandats d’arrêt internationaux contre ces derniers;
3. que, par son comportement, la République française a engagé sa res-
ponsabilité internationale à l’égard de la République de Djibouti;

4. que la République française est tenue de cesser son comportement illi-
cite et de respecter scrupuleusement à l’avenir les obligations lui
incombant;
5. que la République française doit exécuter sans plus tarder la commis-
sion rogatoire indiquée supra en remettant immédiatement en mains
djiboutiennes le dossier précité;
6. que la République française doit retirer et mettre à néant les convo-
cations en qualité de témoins assistés du chef d’Etat de la République
de Djibouti et de ressortissants djiboutiens jouissant d’une protection
internationale pour subornation de témoins dans l’Affaire contre X du
chef d’assassinat sur la personne de Bernard Borrel ;
7. que la République française doit retirer et mettre à néant les mandats

d’arrêt internationaux émis et diffusés contre des ressortissants dji-
boutiens jouissant d’une protection internationale;
8. que la République française doit fournir à la République de Djibouti
des assurances et garanties spécifiques de non-répétition des faits illi-
cites dénoncés;
9. que la République française est tenue envers la République de Dji-
bouti de l’obligation de réparer tout préjudice causé à celle-ci par la
violation des obligations imposées par le droit international et énumé-
rées dans les conclusions aux points 1 et 2 ci-dessus;
10. que la nature, les formes et le montant de la réparation seront déter-
minés par la Cour, au cas où les Parties ne pourraient se mettre
d’accord à ce sujet, et qu’elle réserve à cet effet la suite de la procé-

dure.
La République de Djibouti se réserve le droit de faire valoir tout moyen
de droit et argument supplémentaires à l’occasion des plaidoiries orales.»

Au nom du Gouvernement français,
dans le contre-mémoire:

«Pour les raisons exposées dans le présent contre-mémoire et pour tous
autres motifs à produire, déduire ou suppléer s’il échet, la République
française prie la Cour internationale de Justice de bien vouloir:

1) déclarer irrecevables les demandes de la République de Djibouti for-
mulées dans son mémoire et qui dépassent l’objet déclaré de sa requête;
2) rejeter au fond l’ensemble des demandes formulées par la République
de Djibouti.»

18. Au cours de la procédure orale, les conclusions ci-après ont été présen-
tées par les Parties:

12 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 185

bouti and more specifically by its refusal to transmit the “Borrel” file
to the judicial authorities in Djibouti;
2. that the French Republic has breached the obligations deriving from
established principles of customary and general international law to
prevent attacks on the freedom, dignity and immunities of an interna-
tionally protected person by summoning as témoins assistés the Dji-
boutian Head of State and high-ranking figures in Djibouti, and by
issuing international arrest warrants against the latter;

3. that, by its conduct, the French Republic has engaged its international
responsibility vis-à-vis the Republic of Djibouti;

4. that the French Republic is obliged to cease its wrongful conduct and
to abide strictly by its obligations in the future;

5. that the French Republic shall execute without further delay the
above-mentioned letter rogatory, by immediately placing the file
referred to above in Djiboutian hands;
6. that the French Republic shall withdraw and cancel the summonses of
the Head of State of the Republic of Djibouti and of internationally
protected Djiboutian nationals to testify as témoins assistés in respect
of subornation of perjury in the Case against X for the murder of Ber-
nard Borrel ;
7. that the French Republic shall withdraw and cancel the international

arrest warrants issued and circulated against internationally protected
Djiboutian nationals;
8. that the French Republic shall provide the Republic of Djibouti with
specific assurances and guarantees of non-repetition of the wrongful
acts complained of;
9. that the French Republic is under an obligation to the Republic of
Djibouti to make reparation for any prejudice caused to the latter by
the violation of the obligations deriving from international law and set
out in points (1) and (2) above;
10. that the nature, form and amount of reparation shall be determined
by the Court, in the event that the Parties cannot reach agreement on
the matter, and that it reserves for this purpose the subsequent proce-

dure in the case.
The Republic of Djibouti reserves the right to submit further points of
law and additional arguments at the oral proceedings stage.”

On behalf of the Government of France,
in the Counter-Memorial:

“For the reasons set out in this Counter-Memorial and on any other
grounds that may be produced, inferred or substituted as appropriate, the
French Republic requests the International Court of Justice:

1. to declare inadmissible the claims made by the Republic of Djibouti in
its Memorial which go beyond the declared subject of its Application;
2. to reject, on the merits, all the claims made by the Republic of Dji-
bouti.”

18. At the oral proceedings, the following submissions were presented by the
Parties:

12186 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

Au nom du Gouvernement djiboutien,
à l’audience du 28 janvier 2008:

«La République de Djibouti prie la Cour de dire et juger:
1) Que la République française a violé ses obligations en vertu de la
convention de 1986:

i) en n’ayant pas mis en Œuvre son engagement en date du 27 jan-
vier 2005 d’exécuter la demande de commission rogatoire de la
République de Djibouti en date du 3 novembre 2004;
ii) ou, subsidiairement, en n’ayant pas exécuté son obligation en vertu
de l’article premier de ladite convention suite à son refus illicite
contenu dans la lettre du 6 juin 2005;
iii) ou, subsidiairement encore, en n’ayant pas exécuté son obligation
en vertu de l’article premier de ladite convention suite à son refus
illicite contenu dans la lettre du 31 mai 2005.

2) Que la République française doit immédiatement après le prononcé de
l’arrêt de la Cour:
i) transmettre le «dossier Borrel» dans son intégralité à la République
de Djibouti;
ii) ou, subsidiairement, transmettre le «dossier Borrel» à la Répu-
blique de Djibouti dans les conditions et modalités déterminées

par la Cour.
3) Que la République française a violé son obligation en vertu des princi-
pes du droit international coutumier et général de ne pas porter atteinte
aux immunités, à l’honneur et à la dignité du président de la Répu-
blique de Djibouti, en:

i) envoyant une convocation à témoin au président de la République
de Djibouti le 17 mai 2005;
ii) répétant l’atteinte ci-dessus, ou en essayant de répéter ladite atteinte,
le 14 février 2007;
iii) rendant publiques les deux convocations par la transmission immé-
diate de l’information aux médias français;
iv) ne répondant pas de manière appropriée aux deux lettres de pro-
testation de l’ambassadeur de la République de Djibouti à Paris en
date respectivement du 18 mai 2005 et du 14 février 2007.

4) Que la République française a violé son obligation en vertu des
principes du droit international coutumier et général de prévenir les
atteintes aux immunités, à l’honneur et à la dignité du président de
la République de Djibouti.
5) Que la République française doit immédiatement après le prononcé de
l’arrêt de la Cour annuler la convocation à témoin en date du 17 mai
2005 et la déclarer nulle et non avenue.
6) Que la République française a violé son obligation en vertu des prin-
cipes du droit international coutumier et général de ne pas porter
atteinte à la personne, à la liberté et à l’honneur du procureur géné-

ral de la République de Djibouti et du chef de la sécurité nationale
de Djibouti.
7) Que la République française a violé son obligation, en vertu des prin-
cipes du droit international coutumier et général, de prévenir les
atteintes à la personne, à la liberté et à l’honneur du procureur général

13 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 186

On behalf of the Government of Djibouti,
at the hearing of 28 January 2008:

“The Republic of Djibouti requests the Court to adjudge and declare:
1. that the French Republic has violated its obligations under the
1986 Convention:

(i) by not acting upon its undertaking of 27 January 2005 to execute
the letter rogatory addressed to it by the Republic of Djibouti
dated 3 November 2004;
(ii) in the alternative, by not performing its obligation pursuant to
Article 1 of the aforementioned Convention following its wrong-
ful refusal given in the letter of 6 June 2005;
(iii) in the further alternative, by not performing its obligation pur-
suant to Article 1 of the aforementioned Convention following
its wrongful refusal given in the letter of 31 May 2005;

2. that the French Republic shall immediately after the delivery of the
Judgment by the Court:
(i) transmit the “Borrel file” in its entirety to the Republic of Dji-
bouti;
(ii) in the alternative, transmit the “Borrel file” to the Republic of
Djibouti within the terms and conditions determined by the

Court;
3. that the French Republic has violated its obligation pursuant to the
principles of customary and general international law not to attack
the immunity, honour and dignity of the President of the Republic of
Djibouti:

(i) by issuing a witness summons to the President of the Republic of
Djibouti on 17 May 2005;
(ii) by repeating such attack or by attempting to repeat such attack
on 14 February 2007;
(iii) by making both summonses public by immediately circulating
the information to the French media;
(iv) by not responding appropriately to the two letters of protest
from the Ambassador of the Republic of Djibouti in Paris dated
18 May 2005 and 14 February 2007 respectively;

4. that the French Republic has violated its obligation pursuant to the
principles of customary and general international law to prevent
attacks on the immunity, honour and dignity of the President of the
Republic of Djibouti;
5. that the French Republic shall immediately after the delivery of the
Judgment by the Court withdraw the witness summons dated
17 May 2005 and declare it null and void;
6. that the French Republic has violated its obligation pursuant to the
principles of customary and general international law not to attack
the person, freedom and honour of the procureur général of the

Republic of Djibouti and the Head of National Security of Djibouti;

7. that the French Republic has violated its obligation pursuant to the
principles of customary and general international law to prevent
attacks on the person, freedom and honour of the procureur général

13187 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

de la République de Djibouti et du chef de la sécurité nationale de la
République de Djibouti.
8) Que la République française doit immédiatement après le prononcé de
l’arrêt de la Cour annuler les convocations à témoin assisté et les man-
dats d’arrêt émis à l’encontre du procureur général de la République
de Djibouti et du chef de la sécurité nationale de la République de
Djibouti, ainsi que les déclarer nuls et non avenus.
9) Que la République française, en agissant contrairement ou en man-

quant d’agir conformément aux articles premier, 3, 4, 6 et 7 du traité
d’amitié et de coopération de 1977 pris individuellement ou cumula-
tivement, a violé l’esprit et le but de ce traité ainsi que les obligations
en découlant.
10) Que la République française doit cesser son comportement illicite et
respecter scrupuleusement à l’avenir les obligations qui lui incombent.
11) Que la République française doit fournir à la République de Djibouti
des assurances et garanties spécifiques de non-répétition des faits illi-
cites dénoncés.»

Au nom du Gouvernement français,
à l’audience du 29 janvier 2008:

«Pour l’ensemble des motifs exposés dans son contre-mémoire et au
cours de ses plaidoiries orales, la République française prie la Cour de bien
vouloir:

1) a) se déclarer incompétente pour se prononcer sur les demandes pré-
sentées par la République de Djibouti à l’issue de ses plaidoiries
orales, qui dépassent l’objet du différend tel qu’exposé dans sa
requête, ou les déclarer irrecevables;
b) subsidiairement, déclarer ces demandes non fondées;

2) rejeter l’ensemble des autres demandes formulées par la République de
Djibouti.»

*
* *

I. L ES FAITS DE L’ESPÈCE

19. Les Parties s’accordent à estimer qu’il n’appartient pas à la Cour
de se prononcer sur les faits et l’établissement des responsabilités dans

l’affaire Borrel, et en particulier sur les circonstances du décès de Bernard
Borrel. Elles conviennent cependant que ladite affaire est à l’origine du
différend dont la Cour se trouve saisie, du fait de l’ouverture de plusieurs
procédures judiciaires en France et à Djibouti et de la mise en Œuvre de
mécanismes conventionnels bilatéraux d’entraide judiciaire entre les

Parties. Les faits, dont certains sont admis par les Parties tandis que
d’autres sont contestés, ainsi que les procédures judiciaires engagées dans
le cadre de cette affaire peuvent être décrits comme suit.
20. Le 19 octobre 1995, le corps du magistrat Bernard Borrel, de
nationalité française, alors détaché auprès du ministère de la justice de

Djibouti en tant que conseiller technique, a été découvert carbonisé à

14 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 187

of the Republic of Djibouti and the Head of National Security of the
Republic of Djibouti;
8. that the French Republic shall immediately after the delivery of the
Judgment by the Court withdraw the summonses to attend as témoins
assistés and the arrest warrants issued against the procureur général of
the Republic of Djibouti and the Head of National Security of the
Republic of Djibouti and declare them null and void;
9. that the French Republic by acting contrary to or by failing to act in

accordance with Articles 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 of the Treaty of Friendship
and Co-operation of 1977 individually or collectively has violated the
spirit and purpose of that Treaty, as well as the obligations deriving
therefrom;
10. that the French Republic shall cease its wrongful conduct and abide
strictly by the obligations incumbent on it in the future;
11. that the French Republic shall provide the Republic of Djibouti with
specific assurances and guarantees of non-repetition of the wrongful
acts complained of.”

On behalf of the Government of France,
at the hearing of 29 January 2008:

“For all the reasons set out in its Counter-Memorial and during its oral
argument, the French Republic requests the Court:

(1) (a) to declare that it lacks jurisdiction to rule on those claims pre-
sented by the Republic of Djibouti upon completion of its oral
argument which go beyond the subject of the dispute as set out in
its Application, or to declare them inadmissible;
(b) in the alternative, to declare those claims to be unfounded;

(2) to reject all the other claims made by the Republic of Djibouti.”

*
* *

I. THE F ACTS OF THE C ASE

19. The Parties concur that it is not for the Court to determine the
facts and establish responsibilities in the Borrel case, and in particular,

the circumstances in which Mr. Borrel met his death. They agree that the
dispute before the Court does however originate in that case, as a result
of the opening of a number of judicial proceedings, in France and in Dji-
bouti, and the resort to bilateral treaty mechanisms for mutual assistance
between the Parties. The facts, some admitted and others disputed by the

Parties, and the judicial proceedings brought in connection with that case
may be described as follows.

20. On 19 October 1995, the charred body of Judge Bernard Borrel, a
French national who had been seconded as Technical Adviser to the

Ministry of Justice of Djibouti, was discovered 80 km from the city of

14188 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

80 kilomètres de la ville de Djibouti. Certains éléments liés au décès de
M. Borrel étant demeurés inexpliqués, le procureur de la République de
Djibouti a ouvert, le 28 février 1996, une information judiciaire sur les

causes de la mort du magistrat français; celle-ci, concluant au suicide, a
été clôturée le 7 décembre 2003.
21. En France, une information judiciaire en recherche des causes de
la mort de Bernard Borrel a été ouverte, le 7 décembre 1995, au tribunal
de grande instance de Toulouse. Le 3 mars 1997, la veuve de Ber-

nard Borrel et ses enfants se sont constitués partie civile pour les mêmes
faits et, à la suite de nouvelles expertises médico-légales mettant notam-
ment en doute la thèse du suicide, une information judiciaire a été
ouverte le 22 avril 1997 «contre X pour assassinat sur la personne de Ber-
nard Borrel» devant le tribunal de grande instance de Toulouse. Ces

deux procédures ont été jointes le 30 avril 1997. Le tribunal de grande
instance de Toulouse a été dessaisi le 29 octobre 1997 par arrêt de la Cour
de cassation au profit du tribunal de grande instance de Paris. Les magis-
trats instructeurs français, Mme Marie-Paule Moracchini et M. Roger Le

Loire, ayant estimé nécessaire de recueillir divers pièces et témoignages,
de procéder à une reconstitution des faits et de se rendre à ces fins sur les
lieux, ont recouru à deux reprises aux mécanismes de la convention
d’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale du 27 septembre 1986 entre la
République de Djibouti et la République française (ci-après dénommée la

«convention de 1986»). Les magistrats instructeurs ont émis deux com-
missions rogatoires internationales, l’une le 30 octobre 1998 et l’autre le
15 février 2000, auxquelles Djibouti a fait droit, y compris en autorisant
l’accès aux locaux présidentiels djiboutiens. La seconde commission roga-
toire a en particulier fait suite aux déclarations d’un témoin, M. Moha-

med Saleh Alhoumekani, ancien officier de la garde présidentielle de Dji-
bouti, selon lesquelles plusieurs ressortissants djiboutiens, dont M. Ismaël
Omar Guelleh — actuel président de la République de Djibouti et alors
chef de cabinet du président de la République de Djibouti, M. Hassan
Gouled Aptidon —, auraient été impliqués dans l’assassinat de Ber-

nard Borrel. Le témoignage de M. Mohamed Saleh Alhoumekani a été
contesté par M. Ali Abdillahi Iftin, qui exerçait les fonctions de chef de la
garde présidentielle de Djibouti en 1995, lequel est revenu sur ses décla-
rations en 2004 (voir paragraphe 35 ci-après). A l’issue de ces commis-

sions rogatoires, l’hypothèse d’un homicide semblait, de l’avis des magis-
trats instructeurs, devoir être à nouveau écartée.
22. Par un arrêt en date du 21 juin 2000 dans lequel elle déclarait irré-
gulière la reconstitution effectuée à Djibouti en l’absence des parties ci-
viles, la chambre d’accusation de la cour d’appel de Paris a dessaisi les

magistrats instructeurs Moracchini et Le Loire au profit d’un autre juge
d’instruction auprès du tribunal de grande instance de Paris, M. Jean-
Baptiste Parlos. Aux fins de procéder à la reconstitution contradictoire
des faits en présence des parties civiles, de recueillir des témoignages et
des documents médicaux, ainsi que de conduire des investigations com-

plémentaires nécessitant un déplacement sur les lieux, le juge Parlos a

15 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 188

Djibouti. As certain aspects of Mr. Borrel’s death remained unexplained,
the procureur de la République of Djibouti opened a judicial investigation
on 28 February 1996 into the cause of the French judge’s death; that
investigation concluded that it was suicide, and was closed on 7 Decem-

ber 2003.
21. In France, a judicial investigation to determine the cause of Ber-
nard Borrel’s death was opened on 7 December 1995 at the Tribunal de
grande instance in Toulouse. On 3 March 1997, Bernard Borrel’s widow
and children took action as civil parties on the basis of the same facts,

and, further to additional forensic reports casting doubt on the hypoth-
esis of suicide, a judicial investigation was opened on 22 April 1997
“against X for the murder of Bernard Borrel” at the Toulouse Tribunal
de grande instance. These two proceedings were joined on 30 April 1997.
The case was removed from the Toulouse Tribunal de grande instance on

29 October 1997 by judgment of the Cour de cassation and transferred to
the Paris Tribunal de grande instance . The French investigating judges,
Ms Marie-Paule Moracchini and Mr. Roger Le Loire, having deemed it
necessary to obtain various documents and statements, to reconstruct the
events and, to these ends, to make a visit to the scene, twice made use of

mechanisms under the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal
Matters of 27 September 1986 between the Republic of Djibouti and the
French Republic (hereinafter “the 1986 Convention”). The investigating
judges issued two international letters rogatory, on 30 October 1998 and
15 February 2000 respectively, which Djibouti executed, inter alia grant-

ing access to presidential premises in Djibouti. The second letter rogatory
was issued particularly in the light of statements made by a witness,
Mr. Mohamed Saleh Alhoumekani, a former officer in the Djiboutian
presidential guard, according to which several Djiboutian nationals,
including Mr. Ismaël Omar Guelleh — now President of the Republic of

Djibouti and at that time Principal Private Secretary to the then Presi-
dent of the Republic of Djibouti, Mr. Hassan Gouled Aptidon — were
implicated in the murder of Bernard Borrel. The testimony of
Mr. Mohamed Saleh Alhoumekani was challenged by Mr. Ali Abdil-
lahi Iftin, who in 1995 was the commander of the Djiboutian presidential

guard, and who withdrew his statements in 2004 (see paragraph 35
below). The investigating judges concluded after execution of these letters
rogatory that the theory of homicide should again be ruled out.

22. By judgment dated 21 June 2000 in which it was held that the
reconstruction of events carried out in Djibouti had been unlawful in the

absence of the civil parties, the Chambre d’accusation of the Paris Court
of Appeal removed the case from the investigating judges Moracchini
and Le Loire and transferred it to another investigating judge at the Paris
Tribunal de grande instance , Mr. Jean-Baptiste Parlos. Judge Parlos
issued a new international letter rogatory on 15 May 2001 with a view to

carrying out a reconstruction of the events in the presence of the civil
parties, as well as taking statements and medical documents and conduct-

15189 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

décerné, le 15 mai 2001, une nouvelle commission rogatoire internatio-
nale, à laquelle les autorités judiciaires djiboutiennes ont à nouveau
répondu favorablement.
me
23. Depuis juin 2002, M Sophie Clément, juge d’instruction auprès
du tribunal de grande instance de Paris, instruit l’information judiciaire
ouverte «contre X pour assassinat sur la personne de Bernard Borrel». A
la date du prononcé de l’arrêt de la Cour en la présente affaire, cette ins-
truction judiciaire était toujours en cours. Dans l’intervalle, divers médias

français ont repris à leur compte la thèse de l’assassinat. Le 16 décem-
bre 2003, le ministre djiboutien des affaires étrangères a écrit au ministre
français des affaires étrangères en se plaignant des campagnes de presse
dirigées en France contre Djibouti et son président de la République,
et a demandé au Gouvernement français de «lever tout obstacle de

nature à retarder l’aboutissement judiciaire de cette affaire qui n’a[vait]
que trop duré, y compris le secret-défense avancé ... par la partie
civile».
24. Selon Djibouti, l’éventualité d’une réouverture du dossier Borrel

par les autorités judiciaires djiboutiennes a été évoquée le 6 mai 2004, à
l’occasion d’une visite à Paris du président de la République de Djibouti,
par le procureur de la République de Djibouti, M. Djama Souleiman Ali,
avec le conseiller diplomatique du président de République française, le
directeur de cabinet du ministre français de la justice et le procureur géné-

ral près la cour d’appel de Paris. Cette rencontre aurait été à l’origine
d’une première demande de communication du dossier de l’instruction
menée par le juge Clément, transmise le 17 juin 2004 aux autorités fran-
çaises par le procureur de la République de Djibouti et formulée, selon
Djibouti, en application de la convention de 1986. Le procureur de la

République de Djibouti s’y plaignait à son tour de l’attitude de «la partie
civile et de [certains] médias français» qui, «en mettant en cause les plus
hautes autorités djiboutiennes de manière systématique et sur la base [de]
déclarations fantaisistes, ... essay[aient] d’orienter l’instruction judi-
ciaire ... en cours». Par une lettre faisant suite à une décision du juge Clé-

ment du 13 septembre 2004, le directeur de cabinet du ministre français
de la justice a informé son homologue du ministère français des affaires
étrangères que

«le juge d’instruction chargé du dossier, seul compétent pour déli-
vrer les copies de pièces (ce qui matériellement représente 35 tomes),
estime que [la demande de Djibouti du 17 juin 2004] ne revêt pas les
formes requises par la convention franco-djiboutienne d’entraide
judiciaire en matière pénale du 27 septembre 1986 et refuse d’exécu-

ter cette demande.
Dès lors, un courrier exposant les difficultés rencontrées va être
adressé par le procureur de Paris au procureur de Djibouti pour lui
permettre de lui transmettre une commission rogatoire internatio-
nale répondant aux conditions de forme susmentionnées.

Cette demande de communication de pièces sera alors satisfaite,

16 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 189

ing further investigations calling for a visit to the scene. The Djiboutian
authorities responded positively to this letter rogatory as well.

23. Since June 2002, the judicial investigation opened “against X for

the murder of Bernard Borrel” has been led by Ms Sophie Clément, an
investigating judge at the Paris Tribunal de grande instance . At the date
of this Judgment, the judicial investigation is still in progress. In the
meantime, various French media sources have adopted the theory of
murder. On 16 December 2003, the Djiboutian Minister for Foreign

Affairs wrote to the French Minister for Foreign Affairs, complaining of
campaigns in the French press targeting Djibouti and its President of the
Republic and requesting the French Government “to remove all obsta-
cles delaying the judicial conclusion of the case, which has dragged on
too long, including the ‘defence secret’ claim . . . asserted by the civil

party”.

24. According to Djibouti, on 6 May 2004, during an official visit by
the President of Djibouti to Paris, the procureur de la République of Dji-
bouti, Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali, raised the possibility of the Djiboutian

judicial authorities reopening the Borrel case with the diplomatic adviser
to the President of the French Republic, the Principal Private Secretary
to the French Minister of Justice and the Public Prosecutor at the Paris
Court of Appeal. This meeting allegedly gave rise to an initial request for
transmission of the record in the investigation being conducted by

Judge Clément; that request was transmitted by the procureur de la
République of Djibouti to the French authorities on 17 June 2004 and
made, according to Djibouti, pursuant to the 1986 Convention. In the
request, the procureur de la République of Djibouti complained about the
stance taken by “the civil party and [certain] French media”, which, “by

systematically implicating the highest authorities in Djibouti on the basis
of fanciful statements, . . . are seeking to influence the judicial investiga-
tion currently under way”. In a letter further to a decision taken by
Judge Clément on 13 September 2004, the Principal Private Secretary to
the French Minister of Justice informed his opposite number at the

French Ministry of Foreign Affairs that:

“the investigating judge responsible for the case, who alone is com-
petent to hand over copies of the documents (which in material
terms amount to 35 volumes), takes the view that [Djibouti’s request
of 17 June 2004] is not in the form required by the Convention on

Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between France and Dji-
bouti of 27 September 1986 and refuses to execute this request.
Consequently, a letter explaining the difficulties will be sent by the
procureur de la République in Paris to the procureur de la République
in Djibouti in order to enable him to transmit an international letter

rogatory that satisfies the formal requirements.
This request for documents will then be fulfilled, allowing for the

16190 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE ARRÊT )

en tenant compte du nécessaire délai qu’imposera la copie des
35 tomes de la procédure judiciaire.»

25. La demande djiboutienne du 17 juin 2004 ayant été effectuée, selon
la France, «en dehors du champ» de la convention de 1986 et «en
méconnaissance de ses dispositions», le ministère français de la justice a
er
adressé aux autorités djiboutiennes, le 1 octobre 2004, un ensemble de
documents techniques devant permettre à ces dernières de formuler la
demande de transmission du dossier en cause selon les termes de la
convention.
26. A la suite de l’ouverture à Djibouti, le 3 novembre 2004, sur réqui-

sition du procureur de la République de Djibouti en date du 20 octobre
2004, d’une nouvelle information judiciaire du chef d’assassinat sur la
personne de Bernard Borrel, une seconde demande de transmission du
dossier Borrel a été formulée le 3 novembre 2004 par M me Leila Moha-
med Ali, juge d’instruction près le tribunal de première instance de Dji-

bouti, sous la forme d’une commission rogatoire internationale établie à
l’intention des autorités judiciaires françaises et communiquée par la voie
diplomatique le 6 décembre 2004. Le 28 décembre 2004, le ministère fran-
çais des affaires étrangères a transmis cette commission rogatoire inter-

nationale au ministère français de la justice, qui l’a lui-même transmise,
par courrier du 18 janvier 2005 de son directeur des affaires criminelles et
des grâces, au procureur général près la cour d’appel de Paris, en invitant
celui-ci à faire exécuter la demande en liaison avec le magistrat instruc-
teur. Il attirait son attention «sur la nécessité d’exclure de la copie certi-

fiée conforme [du dossier de l’instruction judiciaire] les pièces susceptibles
de porter atteinte à [la] souveraineté, à [la] sécurité, à [l’] ordre public ou
à d’autres intérêts essentiels de la nation». Dans son courrier, le directeur
des affaires criminelles et des grâces mentionnait les pièces visées dans
une note du ministre de la défense, à savoir vingt-cinq notes émanant de

deux services de renseignement français. Il ajoutait que «la communica-
tion [de ces] documents des services de renseignement français ... aurait
pour conséquence de porter à la connaissance d’une autorité politique
étrangère des informations de nature à compromettre gravement les inté-

rêts précédemment évoqués». Quelques jours auparavant, le 6 jan-
vier 2005, le ministre français de la défense avait en effet fait connaître au
ministre de la justice qu’il ne s’opposait pas à une communication par-
tielle du dossier, expurgé de toutes les informations classées «secret-
défense» et déclassifiées. Dans un courrier du 27 janvier 2005, en réponse

à une note verbale du 6 décembre 2004 de l’ambassadeur de Djibouti en
France, le directeur de cabinet du ministre français de la justice a précisé:

«J’ai demandé à ce que tout soit mis en Œuvre pour que la copie
du dossier de l’instruction judiciaire relative au décès de Monsieur
Bernard Borrel soit transmise au ministre de la justice, des affaires
pénitentiaires et musulmanes de la République de Djibouti avant la
fin du mois de février 2005 (ce délai s’explique par le volume du dos-

sier dont il y a lieu de faire la copie).

17 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 190

time that will be required to copy 35 volumes of judicial proceed-
ings.”

25. As Djibouti’s request of 17 June 2004 had been made, according to
France, “outside the framework” of the 1986 Convention and “without
regard for its provisions”, the French Ministry of Justice on 1 Octo-
ber 2004 sent the Djiboutian authorities a number of technical docu-

ments to enable them to present the request for transmission of the
record in accordance with the Convention.

26. Further to the opening in Djibouti on 3 November 2004 of a new
judicial investigation in respect of the murder of Bernard Borrel, in

response to an application dated 20 October 2004 by the procureur de la
République of Djibouti, a second request for transmission of the Borrel
file was made on 3 November 2004 by Ms Leila Mohamed Ali, investi-
gating judge at the Djibouti Tribunal de première instance , in the form of
an international letter rogatory addressed to the French judicial authori-

ties and transmitted through diplomatic channels on 6 December 2004.
The French Ministry of Foreign Affairs forwarded this international let-
ter rogatory to the French Ministry of Justice on 28 December 2004,
which in turn forwarded it, by letter of 18 January 2005 from its Director
of Criminal Affairs and Pardons, to the Public Prosecutor at the Paris

Court of Appeal, asking him to carry out the request in collaboration
with the investigating judge. He drew attention “to the need to omit from
the certified copy [of the record in the judicial investigation] any docu-
ments likely to prejudice the sovereignty, the security, the ordre public or
other essential interests of the Nation”. In his letter, the Director of

Criminal Affairs and Pardons mentioned the documents referred to in a
note from the Minister of Defence, namely 25 Notes from two French
intelligence services. He added that “[t]he communication of [these]
French intelligence service documents . . . would provide a foreign politi-
cal authority with information likely seriously to compromise the above-

mentioned interests”. A few days earlier, on 6 January 2005, the French
Minister of Defence had in fact informed the Minister of Justice that he
was not opposed to the partial handing over of the file, purged of all the
information that had been classified under “defence secrecy” and declas-
sified. In a letter dated 27 January 2005, responding to a Note Verbale of
6 December 2004 from Djibouti’s Ambassador to France, the Principal

Private Secretary to the French Minister of Justice stated:

“I have asked for all steps to be taken to ensure that a copy of the
record of the investigation into the death of Mr. Bernard Borrel is
transmitted to the Minister of Justice and Penal and Muslim Affairs
of the Republic of Djibouti before the end of February 2005 (such

time being required because of the volume of material to be copied).

17191 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

J’ai par ailleurs demandé au procureur de Paris de faire en sorte
que ce dossier ne connaisse aucun retard injustifié.»

27. Dans un communiqué de presse publié deux jours plus tard, le
29 janvier 2005, le porte-parole du ministère français des affaires étran-
gères a indiqué ce qui suit:

«Une information judiciaire relative au décès du juge Bernard
Borrel est actuellement en cours auprès du tribunal de grande ins-
tance de Paris, suite à la plainte déposée par sa veuve.
Contrairement aux affirmations avancées par divers organes de
presse, il n’y a jamais eu d’information judiciaire relative à cette

affaire ouverte par des autorités djiboutiennes. L’enquête en cours
relève de la seule compétence du juge d’instruction français.
La France souligne à cet égard l’excellente coopération des auto-
rités et de la justice djiboutiennes, qui ont toujours fait preuve de
toute la transparence nécessaire au bon déroulement de l’instruction

en France.
Les magistrats français qui se sont rendus à plusieurs reprises à
Djibouti, dans le cadre de commissions rogatoires internationales,
ont toujours bénéficié de l’entière collaboration des autorités dji-
boutiennes, qui leur ont assuré l’accès aux lieux, aux documents et

aux témoignages nécessaires.
Dans le cadre de l’enquête en cours, des documents classifiés
«secret-défense» ont fait l’objet de plusieurs décisions de déclassifi-
cation. Contrairement à ce qui a pu être écrit encore récemment dans
certains journaux, rien, dans ces documents, ne permet de conclure à

la mise en cause des autorités djiboutiennes.
A la demande de ces mêmes autorités, une copie du dossier relatif
au décès du juge Borrel sera prochainement transmise à la justice
djiboutienne en vue de permettre aux autorités compétentes de ce
pays de décider s’il y a lieu d’ouvrir une information judiciaire à ce

sujet.»

28. Le 8 février 2005, par un soit-transmis adressé au procureur de la
République de Paris, le juge Clément a présenté ses conclusions, qui
peuvent être résumées comme suit. Aucun élément nouveau n’étant
survenu depuis la clôture, en décembre 2003, de la première instruction
judiciaire ouverte à Djibouti et aucune motivation n’ayant été donnée

pour justifier l’ouverture de la nouvelle instruction judiciaire à Djibouti,
celle-ci

«appara[issait] comme un détournement de procédure effectué dans
l’unique but de prendre connaissance d’un dossier contenant notam-
ment des pièces mettant en cause le procureur de la République
de Djibouti dans une autre information [judiciaire] suivie à Ver-

sailles ... dans [le cadre de laquelle] sa comparution personnelle
était requise, avant toute audition par le juge saisi de cette affaire».

18 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 191

I have also asked the procureur in Paris to ensure that there is no
undue delay in dealing with this matter.”

27. The spokesman for the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated
in a press release issued two days later, on 29 January 2005:

“A judicial investigation into the death of Judge Bernard Borrel is
currently under way at the Paris Tribunal de grande instance , follow-
ing the filing of a complaint by his widow.
Contrary to the claims made in certain sections of the press, no
judicial investigation into this matter has ever been opened by the

Djiboutian authorities. The present enquiry falls solely within the
jurisdiction of the French investigating judge.
In this context, France wishes to emphasize the excellent co-op-
eration on the part of the Djiboutian authorities and judiciary,
which have always displayed the complete openness required for the

investigation in France to proceed smoothly.
The French judges who have visited Djibouti on several occasions
in connection with international letters rogatory have always enjoyed
full collaboration from the Djiboutian authorities, which have pro-
vided them with access to the necessary places, documents and wit-

nesses.
During the current enquiry, documents classified under ‘defence
secrecy’ have been the subject of a number of decisions on declassi-
fication. Contrary to what may have been written recently in certain
newspapers, nothing in these documents points to the implication of

the Djiboutian authorities.
At the request of those authorities, a copy of the record concern-
ing the death of Judge Borrel will shortly be transmitted to the Dji-
boutian judiciary in order to allow the competent authorities of that
country to decide whether there are grounds for opening an investi-

gation into the matter.”

28. On 8 February 2005, by an order (soit-transmis) communicated to
the procureur de la République in Paris, Judge Clément presented her
conclusions, which may be summarized as follows. No new element
having come to light since the closing in December 2003 of the first judi-
cial investigation which had been opened in Djibouti, and in the absence

of any reason connected with the opening of the new investigation in Dji-
bouti, the new investigation:

“appears to be an abuse of process aimed solely at ascertain-
ing the contents of a file which includes, amongst other things,
documents implicating the procureur de la République of Dji-
bouti in another [judicial] investigation being conducted at Ver-

sailles . . . where his personal appearance had been requested
prior to any hearing by the judge dealing with the case”. (For

18192 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE ARRÊT )

(Pour cette autre information judiciaire, voir paragraphes 35 et 36
ci-après.)

Le juge d’instruction a par ailleurs rappelé que:
«il est ... prévu par l’article 2 c) [de la convention de 1986] que l’Etat

requis peut refuser l’entraide judiciaire s’il estime que l’exécution de
la demande est de nature à porter atteinte à [la] souveraineté, à
[la]sécurité, à [l’]ordre public ou à d’autres ... intérêts essentiels [de la
France]»,

et a conclu que «[t]el [était] le cas concernant la transmission de [cette]
procédure». A ce titre, le juge Clément a indiqué avoir, dans le cadre de
la conduite de ses investigations, sollicité à plusieurs reprises les minis-
tères français de l’intérieur et de la défense aux fins d’obtenir la com-

munication de documents classés «secret-défense», documents dont la
commission consultative du secret de la défense nationale avait auto-
risé la déclassification. A cet égard, le juge a conclu comme suit:

«faire droit à la demande du juge djiboutien reviendrait à détourner
les termes de la loi française en permettant la communication de
pièces qui ne sont accessibles qu’au seul juge français. Communi-
quer notre dossier aurait pour conséquence de livrer indirectement

des documents des services de renseignement français à une auto-
rité politique étrangère. Sans concourir en aucune façon à la manifes-
tation de la vérité, cette transmission compromettrait gravement les
intérêts fondamentaux du pays et la sécurité de ses agents.»

Le juge Clément a ainsi informé le procureur de la République de Paris
de son refus d’honorer la demande djiboutienne.
29. La décision du juge Clément a, selon la France, été portée à la

connaissance de l’ambassadeur de Djibouti à Paris par un courrier du
directeur des affaires criminelles et des grâces du ministère français de la
justice en date du 31 mai 2005. Dans la copie de cette lettre produite par
la France, la décision de refus est motivée par le fait que «l’article 2 c) de
la convention franco-djiboutienne d’entraide pénale du 27 septembre 1986

devait recevoir application». Selon la France, par cette même lettre, le
directeur des affaires criminelles et des grâces informait l’ambassadeur
que la décision du juge était «souveraine» et «non susceptible de recours».

Djibouti a contesté, au cours de la procédure orale, que la France lui
ait fait connaître par un tel courrier le refus du juge Clément d’exécuter la

commission rogatoire internationale du 3 novembre 2004. Il a affirmé,
comme il ressort de ses écritures, des documents qu’il a présentés à la
Cour le 22 novembre 2007 (voir paragraphe 10 ci-dessus) et de ses plai-
doiries, que son ambassadeur en France n’avait jamais reçu une lettre
datée du 31 mai 2005 du ministère de la justice français.

La France a indiqué pour sa part qu’elle ne disposait d’aucune preuve
de la réception par l’ambassadeur de Djibouti en France dudit courrier.

19 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 192

this other judicial investigation, see paragraphs 35 and 36 below.)

The investigating judge recalled moreover that:
“Article 2 (c) of the [1986] Convention . . . provides that the

requested State may refuse a request for mutual assistance if it con-
siders that execution of the request is likely to prejudice [the]
sovereignty, . . . security, . . . ordre public or other . . . essential inter-
ests [of France]”,

and concluded that “[t]hat is the case with regard to transmission of the
record of our proceedings”. In this connection Judge Clément pointed
out that she had on several occasions in the course of her investigation
requested the French Ministry of the Interior and the French Ministry of

Defence to communicate documents classified under “defence secrecy”,
documents which had been authorized for declassification by the Com-
mission consultative du secret de la défense nationale . The judge thus con-
cluded as follows:

“[t]o accede to the Djiboutian judge’s request would amount to an
abuse of French law by permitting the handing over of documents
that are accessible only to the French judge. Handing over our
record would entail indirectly delivering French intelligence service

documents to a foreign political authority. Without contributing in
any way to the discovery of the truth, such transmission would seri-
ously compromise the fundamental interests of the country and the
security of its agents.”

Judge Clément thus informed the procureur de la République in Paris of
her refusal to comply with the Djiboutian request.
29. The decision by Judge Clément was, according to France, made

known to the Ambassador of Djibouti in Paris by a letter from the Direc-
tor of Criminal Affairs and Pardons at the French Ministry of Justice
dated 31 May 2005. In the copy of that letter produced by France, the
refusal was justified by the fact that “Article 2 (c) of the Convention on
Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between France and Djibouti of

27 September 1986 had to be applied”. In that same letter, according to
France, the Director of Criminal Affairs and Pardons informed the
Ambassador that the decision by the judge was “sovereign” and “not
open to appeal”.
Djibouti denied at the hearings that France had informed it, by such a
letter, of Judge Clément’s refusal to execute the international letter roga-

tory of 3 November 2004. It contended, as emerges from its written
pleadings, the documents it submitted to the Court on 22 November 2007
(see paragraph 10 above) and its oral arguments, that Djibouti’s Ambas-
sador to France never received a letter dated 31 May 2005 from the
French Ministry of Justice.

France stated that it had no proof that Djibouti’s Ambassador to
France had received the letter. In reply to a question put by the President

19193 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

En réponse à une question posée par le président de la Cour à l’audience,
la France a précisé qu’elle avait seulement «retrouvé la trace d’un bor-
dereau d’envoi, pour information, d’une copie de [la lettre du 31 mai 2005]
à l’ambassadeur de France à Djibouti, ce qui établi[ssait] en tout cas son

existence».
30. Par courrier du 18 mai 2005 faisant référence à la lettre du direc-
teur de cabinet du ministre français de la justice du 27 janvier 2005 (voir
paragraphe 26 ci-dessus), le ministre djiboutien des affaires étrangères et
de la coopération internationale a rappelé à son homologue français que,

«à ce jour, [la France] n’[avait] pas honoré ses engagements». L’ambas-
sadeur de France à Djibouti a répondu au ministre djiboutien des affaires
étrangères, par un courrier du 6 juin 2005, en indiquant simplement ceci:
«Après consultation de mes autorités, je suis au regret de vous informer
que nous ne sommes pas en mesure de donner suite à [la] demande [d’exé-

cution de la commission rogatoire internationale introduite par les auto-
rités djiboutiennes le 3 novembre 2004].»
31. Dans le même temps, le juge Clément a poursuivi ses investigations
et, suite aux déclarations de M. Mohamed Saleh Alhoumekani recueillies
en 2000 par les juges Moracchini et Le Loire (voir paragraphe 21 ci-

dessus), a délivré le 17 mai 2005, directement auprès de l’ambassade
de Djibouti à Paris, une première convocation à témoigner à l’inten-
tion du président de la République de Djibouti, alors en visite officielle en
France. Cette convocation à témoigner a été adressée au président
Ismaël Omar Guelleh sans qu’il ait été fait application des dispositions de

l’article 656 du Code de procédure pénale français, qui prévoit notam-
ment que

«[l]a déposition écrite d’un représentant d’une puissance étrangère
est demandée par l’entremise du ministre des affaires étrangères. Si
la demande est agréée, cette déposition est reçue par le premier pré-
sident de la cour d’appel ou par le magistrat qu’il aura délégué.»

Le président Ismaël Omar Guelleh n’a pas donné suite à cette convoca-
tion, et l’ambassadeur de Djibouti en France, tout en soulignant qu’elle
était nulle et non avenue et ne respectait pas la loi française, a dès le len-

demain appelé l’attention du ministre français des affaires étrangères sur
le fait que la convocation avait été transmise à l’Agence France-Presse
(AFP) vingt minutes seulement après lui avoir été communiquée le
17 mai 2005 par télécopie. Il estimait qu’il s’agissait là d’«une violation
grave des règles les plus élémentaires dans le cadre d’une instruction judi-
ciaire en général». Par une déclaration radiophonique du porte-parole

du ministère des affaires étrangères et un communiqué de presse du
18 mai 2005, dont les textes ont été communiqués le lendemain à l’ambas-
sadeur de Djibouti en France, le ministère français des affaires étrangères
a rappelé, s’agissant de cette convocation, que «tout chef d’Etat en exer-
cice bénéficie de l’immunité de juridiction dans ses déplacements à l’étran-

ger», qu’«[i]l s’agit là d’un principe constant de droit international que
la France entend faire respecter» et que «toute demande adressée à un

20 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 193

of the Court at the hearings, France added that it had only “traced a des-
patch note, for information, of a copy of [the letter of 31 May 2005] to
the French Ambassador in Djibouti, which in any event confirms its
existence”.

30. By letter dated 18 May 2005 and referring to the 27 January 2005
letter from the French Minister of Justice’s Principal Private Secretary
(see paragraph 26 above), Djibouti’s Minister for Foreign Affairs and
International Co-operation reminded his French counterpart that “France

has not yet honoured its commitments”. France’s Ambassador to Dji-
bouti replied to the Djiboutian Minister for Foreign Affairs by letter
dated 6 June 2005, simply stating that “[a]fter consulting my authorities,
I regret to inform you that we are not in a position to comply with [the]
request [for the execution of the international letter rogatory presented

by the Djiboutian authorities on 3 November 2004]”.

31. Meanwhile, Judge Clément continued her investigations, and on
17 May 2005, further to the statements by Mr. Mohamed Saleh Alhou-
mekani received in 2000 by Judges Moracchini and Le Loire (see para-

graph 21), she issued directly to the Djiboutian Embassy in Paris a first
witness summons to the President of the Republic of Djibouti, who was
then on an official visit to France. This witness summons was issued to
President Ismaël Omar Guelleh without the provisions of Article 656 of
the French Code of Criminal Procedure having been applied; these stipu-

late in particular that:

“[t]he written statement of the representative of a foreign power is
requested through the intermediary of the Minister for Foreign
Affairs. If the application is granted, the statement is received by the
president of the appeal court or by a judge delegated by him.”

President Ismaël Omar Guelleh did not respond to this summons
and Djibouti’s Ambassador to France, emphasizing that it was null
and void and not in accordance with French law, drew the attention

of France’s Minister for Foreign Affairs the following day to the fact
that the summons had been sent to Agence France-Presse (AFP)
only 20 minutes after being communicated to him by facsimile on
17 May 2005. He took the view that this was “a serious violation of
the most elementary rules governing an investigation”. In a radio
statement by the spokesman of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and

by a press release of 18 May 2005, the texts of which were forwarded the
next day to Djibouti’s Ambassador to France, the French Ministry
of Foreign Affairs recalled, in relation to this summons, that “all
incumbent Heads of State enjoy immunity from jurisdiction when trav-
elling internationally”, that “[t]his is an established principle of inter-

national law and France intends to ensure that it is respected”,
and that “any request addressed to a representative of a foreign State

20194 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

représentant d’un Etat étranger dans le cadre d’une procédure judiciaire
obéit à des formes particulières prévues par la loi».
32. Le 14 février 2007, le juge d’instruction a fait connaître au ministre
de la justice qu’il souhaitait recueillir le témoignage du président de Dji-

bouti par l’intermédiaire du ministre des affaires étrangères. Selon Dji-
bouti, l’information concernant cette demande aurait été communiquée
par des sources judiciaires à l’AFP et à des journaux français avant même
que le ministre des affaires étrangères ne l’ait fait parvenir aux représen-
tants de Djibouti. Djibouti a réagi à cette seconde demande de témoi-

gnage par un communiqué du même jour de son ambassade en France,
dans lequel il «rappel[ait] l’immunité de juridiction dont bénéficie tout
chef d’Etat en exercice au cours de déplacements à l’étranger» et souli-
gnait que, «dans le cadre d’une convocation adressée à un représentant
d’Etat étranger, le juge d’instruction [était] tenu de respecter l’intégralité

de la procédure, notamment par l’intermédiaire du ministère des affaires
étrangères, ce qui n’a[vait] nullement été fait en ce cas précis». Le même
jour, le ministère français de la justice a commenté dans un communiqué
de presse cette convocation à témoigner, dans des termes rappelant ceux
du communiqué de presse du ministère des affaires étrangères

du 18 mai 2005. Le lendemain, la convocation a été transmise par le mi-
nistre français de la justice au ministre français des affaires étrangères,
puis communiquée par le directeur de cabinet du président de la Répu-
blique française à la délégation djiboutienne présente en France à l’occa-
sion de la tenue à Cannes de la conférence des chefs d’Etat de France et

d’Afrique. La délégation djiboutienne a alors fait connaître le refus du
président Ismaël Omar Guelleh de donner suite à cette nouvelle demande.
A l’audience, Djibouti a reconnu que le chef de l’Etat djiboutien avait,
tant en 2005 qu’en 2007, été convoqué à témoigner en tant que simple
témoin aux termes de la loi française et non en tant que «témoin assisté»,

comme Djibouti l’avait initialement prétendu dans sa requête. (Pour une
définition de la qualité de «témoin assisté», voir paragraphe 184 ci-
après.)

*

33. Cinq autres convocations à témoigner en qualité de témoin ou de
témoins assistés ont par ailleurs été adressées à un diplomate et à deux
hauts fonctionnaires djiboutiens dans le cadre de deux autres procédures
judiciaires conduites en France. Il convient donc de faire ici état de ces
deux procédures, connexes à l’information judiciaire principale ouverte

contre X du chef d’assassinat sur la personne de Bernard Borrel. Une
troisième procédure, également connexe à cette information judiciaire
principale, revêt un intérêt pour la présente affaire et sera elle aussi men-
tionnée ci-après.
34. Dans la première de ces procédures, ouverte du chef de diffama-

tion publique devant le tribunal de grande instance de Toulouse, puis
dépaysée devant le tribunal de grande instance de Paris par arrêt du

21 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 194

in the context of judicial proceedings is subject to particular forms, which
are prescribed by law”.
32. On 14 February 2007, the investigating judge informed the Minis-
ter of Justice that she wished to obtain the testimony of the President of

Djibouti through the intermediary of the Minister for Foreign Affairs.
According to Djibouti, the information concerning this request was
passed by judicial sources to AFP and French media, even before the
Minister for Foreign Affairs had transmitted it to Djibouti’s representa-
tives. Djibouti reacted to this invitation to testify through a communiqué

of the same date from its Embassy in France, in which it “recall[ed] the
immunity from jurisdiction enjoyed by any incumbent Head of State dur-
ing visits abroad” and emphasized that “for a summons to be addressed
to the representative of a foreign State, the investigating judge is obliged
to comply with the procedure in full, in particular through the interme-

diary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which was not done at all in this
instance”. The same day, in a press release, the French Ministry of Jus-
tice commented on this witness summons in terms similar to those used in
the press release of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of 18 May 2005. The
following day, the summons was transmitted by the French Minister of

Justice to the French Minister for Foreign Affairs and then relayed by
the Private Office of the President of the French Republic to the repre-
sentatives of the Republic of Djibouti attending the Conference of Heads
of State of Africa and France in Cannes. The Djiboutian delegation then
communicated President Ismaël Omar Guelleh’s refusal to respond to

this new request.

At the hearings, Djibouti acknowledged that the Djiboutian Head of
State had been summoned, both in 2005 and in 2007, as an “ordinary”
witness under French law and not as a “témoin assisté” (legally assisted

witness), as Djibouti had initially claimed in its Application. (For a defi-
nition of the status of témoin assisté, see paragraph 184 below.)

*

33. Five other summonses to attend as witnesses or témoins assistés
have also been addressed to a diplomat and two senior Djiboutian offi-
cials in connection with two other judicial proceedings conducted in
France. An account should therefore be given here of these two proceed-
ings, as they are connected to the principal judicial investigation opened

against X for the murder of Bernard Borrel. A third set of proceedings,
also connected to this principal judicial investigation, is of significance to
the present case in other respects and will likewise be referred to below.

34. In the first of these proceedings, opened in respect of public defa-

mation before the Toulouse Tribunal de grande instance and then trans-
ferred to the Paris Tribunal de grande instance by judgment of the Cour

21195 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )
me
15 janvier 2003 de la Cour de cassation, M Borrel a déposé, le 14 oc-
tobre 2002, une plainte avec constitution de partie civile contre le journal
djiboutien La Nation à la suite de la publication par celui-ci d’un article

qu’elle estimait diffamatoire à son égard. Cette procédure a conduit le
juge d’instruction en charge de l’affaire, M. Baudouin Thouvenot, à
adresser à l’ambassadeur de Djibouti en France, le 21 décembre 2004,
une convocation à témoigner, sans faire application des dispositions de
l’article 656 du Code de procédure pénale français. Par une note verbale

du 7 janvier 2005, l’ambassade a informé le ministère français des affaires
étrangères que, comme prévu par l’article 31 de la convention de Vienne
sur les relations diplomatiques du 18 avril 1961, l’ambassadeur ne sou-
haitait pas apporter son témoignage, tout en faisant part de son étonne-
ment quant au fait que la convocation avait pu «lui être adressée sans

passer par l’intermédiaire du ministère [français] des affaires étrangères».
En réponse, le chef du protocole du ministère a déploré que la déposition
écrite de l’ambassadeur n’eût pas été demandée dans le respect des dis-
positions de l’article 656 du Code de procédure pénale français et a pré-

senté les excuses des autorités françaises pour «cette entorse aux usages
diplomatiques». Il a en outre informé l’ambassadeur de Djibouti, le
14 janvier 2005, que le juge d’instruction avait «reconnu son erreur» et
«souhaitait que la convocation soit considérée comme nulle et non ave-
nue». Cette procédure a fait l’objet d’un non-lieu confirmé le 27 avril 2007

par la cour d’appel de Paris.
35. Une deuxième procédure judiciaire a été ouverte du chef de subor-
nation de témoins devant le tribunal de grande instance de Toulouse, puis
dépaysée devant le tribunal de grande instance de Versailles par arrêt du
5 mars 2003 de la Cour de cassation. Cette procédure trouve son origine
me
dans une plainte avec constitution de partie civile déposée par M Bor-
rel le 19 novembre 2002 à l’encontre de M. Djama Souleiman Ali, alors
procureur de la République de Djibouti, et de M. Hassan Said Khaireh,
chef de la sécurité nationale de Djibouti. M. Djama Souleiman Ali était
accusé d’avoir exercé diverses pressions sur M. Mohamed Saleh Alhou-

mekani en vue de le faire revenir sur de précédentes déclarations (voir
paragraphe 21 ci-dessus). M. Hassan Said Khaireh était, quant à lui,
accusé d’avoir exercé diverses pressions sur M. Ali Abdillahi Iftin afin
qu’il produise un témoignage discréditant les déclarations de M. Moha-

med Saleh Alhoumekani. Le 10 août 2004, le ministre djiboutien de la
justice, dans un courrier de protestation adressé à son homologue fran-
çais, s’est référé à l’instruction en cours à Versailles et a fait valoir que
«[c]ette procédure aurait dû être déclarée irrecevable par le juge d’instruc-
tion de Versailles ou au moins être clôturée par une ordonnance de non-

lieu» pour incompétence. Les 3 et 4 novembre 2004, le juge Pascale Belin
a adressé à MM. Hassan Said Khaireh et Djama Souleiman Ali, respec-
tivement, des convocations aux fins de les entendre en France, le 16 dé-
cembre 2004, en qualité de témoins assistés. Les intéressés n’ont pas déféré
à ces convocations. Le 17 juin 2005, le juge Thierry Bellancourt a adressé

de nouvelles convocations à MM. Hassan Said Khaireh et Djama Sou-

22 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 195

de cassation of 15 January 2003, Mrs. Borrel filed a civil action on
14 October 2002 against the Djiboutian newspaper La Nation, after it
had published an article which she considered to be defamatory of her.
The proceedings led the investigating judge responsible for the case,

Mr. Baudouin Thouvenot, to address a witness summons to Djibouti’s
Ambassador to France on 21 December 2004, without applying the pro-
visions of Article 656 of the French Code of Criminal Procedure. By a
Note Verbale of 7 January 2005, the Embassy informed the French Min-
istry of Foreign Affairs that, as provided for in Article 31 of the Vienna

Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 18 April 1961, the Ambassador
did not wish to give evidence as a witness, at the same time expressing its
surprise at the fact that the summons could be “addressed to him without
passing through the intermediary of the [French] Ministry of Foreign
Affairs”. In reply, the Head of Protocol at the Ministry deplored the fact

that the written statement of the Ambassador had not been requested in
accordance with Article 656 of the French Code of Criminal Procedure
and presented the apologies of the French authorities for “this breach of
diplomatic custom”. He further informed Djibouti’s Ambassador on
14 January 2005 that the investigating judge had “recognized his mis-

take” and “wished the summons to be now deemed null and void”. The
case has been the subject of a decision not to proceed, upheld on 27 April
2007 by the Paris Court of Appeal.

35. A second set of judicial proceedings was opened in respect of sub-

ornation of perjury before the Toulouse Tribunal de grande instance and
then transferred to the Versailles Tribunal de grande instance by judg-
ment of the Cour de cassation of 5 March 2003. These proceedings origi-
nated from a civil action filed by Mrs. Borrel on 19 November 2002
against Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali, then procureur de la République of

Djibouti, and Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh, the Djiboutian Head of National
Security. Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali was accused of having exerted vari-
ous forms of pressure upon Mr. Mohamed Saleh Alhoumekani in order
to make him reconsider his previous statements (see paragraph 21 above).
For his part, Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh was accused of having exerted

various forms of pressure on Mr. Ali Abdillahi Iftin so as to make him
produce testimony which would discredit the statements of Mr. Mohamed
Saleh Alhoumekani. On 10 August 2004, in a letter of protest to his
French counterpart, the Djiboutian Minister of Justice referred to the
investigation under way at Versailles and claimed that “[t]hese proceed-
ings should have been declared inadmissible by the investigating judge in

Versailles, or at least closed by a dismissal order”, for lack of jurisdiction.
On 3 and 4 November 2004, Judge Pascale Belin addressed summonses
to Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh and Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali respectively
for them to be heard in France as témoins assistés on 16 December 2004.
The addressees of these summonses did not respond. On 17 June 2005,

Judge Thierry Bellancourt issued further summonses for Mr. Has-
san Said Khaireh and Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali to appear as témoins

22196 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

leiman Ali aux fins de les entendre, toujours en qualité de témoins as-
sistés, le 13 octobre 2005. Par lettre du 11 octobre 2005, l’avocat des deux
hauts fonctionnaires djiboutiens a informé le juge Bellancourt que «ces

deux personnes, l’un fonctionnaire, l’autre magistrat, ne [pouvaient] défé-
rer à cette convocation». Rappelant la pleine coopération de Djibouti
dans le cadre de la conduite des procédures judiciaires menées par les
autorités judiciaires dans l’affaire Borrel et l’absence de coopération «en
retour» de la justice française, il concluait que, «dans ces conditions, la

République de Djibouti, Etat souverain, ne [pouvait] accepter que cette
coopération avec l’ancienne puissance coloniale se [fît] à sens unique
et [que] les deux personnes convoquées [n’étaient] donc pas autorisées
à témoigner». Le 27 septembre 2006, la chambre de l’instruction de la
cour d’appel de Versailles a décerné des mandats d’arrêt européens à

l’encontre de ces dernières.
36. Le 27 mars 2008, soit postérieurement à la clôture de la procédure
orale devant la Cour en la présente espèce, la sixième chambre correc-
tionnelle du tribunal de grande instance de Versailles a condamné

MM. Djama Souleiman Ali et Hassan Said Khaireh, par défaut, à dix-
huit mois et un an d’emprisonnement, respectivement, pour délit de
subornation de témoins. Dans son arrêt, dont la Cour a pu avoir copie, la
chambre correctionnelle a notamment indiqué que MM. Djama Soulei-
man Ali et Hassan Said Khaireh avaient accepté d’être jugés en leur

absence et qu’ils avaient mandaté leur avocat pour les représenter. Elle a
souligné qu’aucune immunité n’avait été invoquée à un quelconque
moment de l’audience, et précisé que les mandats d’arrêt délivrés par la
chambre de l’instruction le 27 septembre 2006 à l’encontre des deux inté-
ressés continuaient à produire leurs effets. La Cour n’a reçu aucune

observation des Parties sur ce jugement.
37. Enfin, les circonstances dans lesquelles les autorités françaises ont
procédé à l’examen de la demande de commission rogatoire internatio-
nale adressée le 3 novembre 2004 par le juge djiboutien Leila Moha-
med Ali dans l’affaire Borrel ont été à l’origine d’une troisième procédure
me
judiciaire. Cette procédure judiciaire a été ouverte sur plainte de M Bor-
rel déposée le 7 février 2005, avec constitution de partie civile, contre le
porte-parole du ministère français des affaires étrangères, pour «com-
mentaires visant à exercer des pressions en vue d’influencer la décision du

magistrat instructeur». Le porte-parole avait déclaré, dans son commu-
niqué du 29 janvier 2005 (voir paragraphe 27 ci-dessus), qu’«une copie
du dossier relatif au décès du juge Borrel sera[it] prochainement trans-
mise à la justice djiboutienne...», alors qu’aucune décision n’avait encore
été prise quant à l’issue à donner à la demande djiboutienne. Le 2 sep-
me
tembre 2005, à la suite de la plainte de M Borrel, une information judi-
ciaire a été ouverte du chef de pressions sur la justice devant le tribunal
de grande instance de Paris. Alors que le procureur général près la cour
d’appel de Paris avait considéré qu’il n’y avait pas motif à information
judiciaire dans cette affaire, la cour d’appel de Paris a décidé, dans un

arrêt du 19 octobre 2006, de confirmer la poursuite de la procédure. Dans

23 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 196

assistés on 13 October 2005. By letter of 11 October 2005, the lawyer for
the two senior Djiboutian officials informed Judge Bellancourt that “these
two persons, one an official and the other a judge, cannot comply with
that summons”. Recalling Djibouti’s full co-operation in the procedures

conducted by the judicial authorities in the Borrel case, and the lack of
co-operation from the French judiciary “in return”, he concluded that
“[i]n such circumstances, the Republic of Djibouti, as a sovereign State,
cannot accept one-way co-operation of this kind with the former colonial
Power, and [that] the two individuals summoned are therefore not author-

ized to give evidence”. On 27 September 2006, the Chambre de l’instruc-
tion of the Versailles Court of Appeal issued European arrest warrants
against these two individuals.

36. On 27 March 2008, i.e., after the close of the oral proceedings in
the present case before this Court, the sixth Chambre correctionnelle of
the Versailles Tribunal de grande instance found Mr. Djama Soulei-
man Ali and Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh guilty, in absentia, of subornation
of perjury and sentenced them to 18 months and one year of imprison-

ment respectively. In its judgment, a copy of which was obtained by the
Court, the Chambre correctionnelle indicated that Mr. Djama Soulei-
man Ali and Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh had agreed to be tried in absentia
and had appointed their lawyer to represent them. It emphasized that no
reference had been made to immunity at any time during the hearings,

and stated that the arrest warrants issued by the Chambre de l’instruction
against the two individuals in question remained in force. The Court has
received no observations from the Parties regarding this judgment.

37. Lastly, the circumstances in which the French authorities exam-

ined the international letter rogatory issued on 3 November 2004 by
the Djiboutian judge Leila Mohamed Ali in the Borrel case gave rise
to a third set of judicial proceedings. These proceedings were initiated
by a civil action filed by Mrs. Borrel on 7 February 2005 against the
spokesman of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs for “statements

seeking to exert pressure to influence the decision of a judicial inves-
tigating authority or trial court”. The spokesman had stated, in his
press release of 29 January 2005 (see paragraph 27 above), that “a
copy of the record concerning the death of Judge Borrel will shortly
be transmitted to the Djiboutian judiciary . . .”, when no decision had
yet been taken on the outcome of Djibouti’s request. Following

Mrs. Borrel’s complaint, a judicial investigation was opened on 2 Sept-
ember 2005 before the Paris Tribunal de grande instance in respect
of pressure on the judiciary. Whereas the Public Prosecutor at
the Paris Court of Appeal had taken the view that there were no
grounds for a judicial investigation in this case, the Paris Court of

Appeal decided, in a judgment of 19 October 2006, to approve the
continuation of the proceedings. In this judgment, the Court of

23197 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

cet arrêt, la cour d’appel a notamment présenté comme suit la position
adoptée par le procureur général de Paris:

«[S]eule l’autorité ministérielle est compétente pour déterminer si
la demande d’entraide peut porter atteinte aux intérêts essentiels de
la nation, et ... c’est à l’Etat requis de s’y opposer ou d’y donner
suite. Le magistrat instructeur, qui a d’ailleurs exprimé son refus par

un soit-transmis, ne disposait pas de pouvoir de décision juridiction-
nelle en matière d’entraide internationale, l’autorité judiciaire n’émet-
tant qu’un simple avis...»

La cour d’appel, après avoir observé que «dans le silence de [la conven-
tion bilatérale du 27 septembre 1986] s’appliqu[aient] les dispositions de
procédure pénale de droit interne de l’Etat requis», a écarté l’argumenta-
tion du procureur général de Paris pour les motifs suivants:

«[L]es dispositions de l’article 694-4 du Code de procédure pénale
devant s’appliquer, [celles-ci] ont été immédiatement mises en Œuvre,

ce qui a eu pour effet de recueillir préalablement l’avis des autorités
gouvernementales, seules compétentes pour apprécier les notions
d’atteintes à la souveraineté, à la sécurité, à l’ordre public, ou aux
autres intérêts essentiels de la Nation;
.............................

[I]l se déduit [de la chronologie et de la teneur des courriers perti-
nents] que l’avis, exigé par les dispositions de l’article 694-4 du Code
de procédure pénale, avait été formulé par les autorités gouverne-
mentales compétentes, et qu’il appartenait dès lors au doyen des

juges d’instruction, contrairement aux réquisitions de Monsieur le
procureur général, ou à un juge subdélégué, de réserver à l’exécution
de [la] demande d’entraide la suite qu’il apprécierait;
Il résulte plus particulièrement des termes de la lettre du 6 jan-
vier 2005 (000262/DEF/CAB/CCL) du ministre de la défense au

garde des sceaux que le premier ne s’oppose pas à une communica-
tion partielle du dossier, expurgé de toutes les informations classées
secret-défense et déclassifiées, dont une éventuelle transmission serait
de nature à compromettre gravement les intérêts supérieurs de l’Etat
et de ses agents;

.............................
Après avoir reçu l’avis circonstancié, via le parquet, des autorités
gouvernementales, avis nécessaire mais non suffisant pour donner
suite à une demande d’entraide, il appartenait au juge d’instruc-

tion ... de décider de la portée, des conséquences judiciaires de la
réponse française en matière d’entraide internationale, au regard de
l’évolution de la procédure française, ce qu’il a fait par son soit-
transmis motivé du 8 février 2005;

En l’espèce, la délivrance et la transmission d’un entier dossier
d’une procédure d’instruction ne sauraient être considérées comme

24 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 197

Appeal set out as follows the position adopted by the Public Prosecutor
in Paris:

“[T]he ministerial authority alone is competent to determine
whether the request for mutual assistance is likely to prejudice the
essential interests of the Nation, and that it is for the requested State
to oppose the request or act upon it. The investigating judge, who

has moreover expressed her refusal in the form of an order, had no
power to take a judicial decision in matters of international mutual
assistance, the judicial authority merely delivering an opinion . . .”

After noting that “where [the] text [of the bilateral convention of 27 Sep-
tember 1986] is silent, the provisions of the law of the requested State on
criminal procedure are applied”, the Court of Appeal dismissed the rea-
soning of the Public Prosecutor in Paris on the following grounds:

“[T]he provisions of Article 694-4 of the Code of Criminal Proce-
dure, being applicable, were immediately applied, which entailed

obtaining the prior opinion of the government authorities, they
alone being competent to assess the concepts of prejudice to the sov-
ereignty, the security, the ordre public or other essential interests of
the Nation;
.............................

It follows from the timing and the terms of the [relevant] letters . . .
that the notice required by the provisions of Article 694-4 of the
Code of Criminal Procedure had been given by the competent gov-
ernment authorities, and that it was therefore for the principal inves-

tigating judge, contrary to the submissions of the procureur général,
or for a judge nominated for the purpose, to take such action as he
saw fit on the execution of th[e] request for mutual assistance;
It follows in particular from the terms of the letter of 6 Janu-
ary 2005 (000262/DEF/CAB/CCL) from the Minister of Defence to

the Minister of Justice that the former is not opposed to partial
handing over of the file, without all the information classified under
‘defence secrecy’ and declassified, any transmission of which could
seriously compromise the higher interests of the State and of its
agents;

.............................
After receiving the detailed notice from the government authori-
ties, through the Public Prosecutor’s Department, a notice that is
necessary but not sufficient in order to act on a request for mutual

assistance, it is for the investigating judge . . . to decide on the
impact and the judicial consequences of the French response in
terms of international mutual assistance, in the light of the develop-
ment of the proceedings in France, which she did by her reasoned
order of 8 February 2005;

In the present case, the issuing and transmission of an entire
record of an investigation cannot be regarded as a decision that will

24198 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE ARRÊT )

une décision dénuée de toute portée au regard de la bonne marche de
l’enquête conduite en France, et notamment à Paris, voire également
à Versailles;

Si certes, en droit interne, la décision de délivrance d’une copie
d’une procédure ne saurait revêtir obligatoirement un caractère juri-
dictionnel, la décision d’y faire droit relève de l’appréciation du
magistrat instructeur, et la réponse du juge d’instruction de faire
droit ou non à cette délivrance constituait ici la réponse positive ou

négative à la demande d’entraide;
En conséquence, la réponse par soit-transmis, du 8 février 2005, de
Madame Clément au doyen des juges d’instruction, de refuser de
donner suite à la demande d’entraide des autorités judiciaires de Dji-
bouti, sans avoir à distinguer les différents cas de modalités de trans-

mission d’une demande d’entraide et sans avoir à se prononcer sur
un éventuel détournement de la loi française concernant les pièces
déclassifiées, constitue une décision, et non un simple avis, contrai-
rement à ce qui est soutenu par Monsieur le procureur général.»

38. Et la cour d’appel de Paris de conclure qu’«il ne [pouvait] être
exclu que la publication du communiqué du Quai d’Orsay ait pu ou
aurait pu être de nature à constituer un commentaire tendant à exercer

des pressions en vue d’influencer la décision du juge d’instruction».

*
* *

II. COMPÉTENCE DE LA COUR

39. En l’absence d’une déclaration d’acceptation de la juridiction obli-
gatoire de la Cour formulée par la France conformément au para-
graphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut, ou d’une clause compromissoire conte-
nue dans un traité entre les Parties et applicable en l’espèce, Djibouti

a entendu fonder la compétence de la Cour sur le paragraphe 5 de l’ar-
ticle 38 du Règlement. La France, par sa lettre du 25 juillet 2006, a accepté
la compétence de la Cour «en application et sur le seul fondement de
l’article 38, paragraphe 5», et a précisé que cette acceptation «ne [valait]

qu’aux fins de l’affaire..., c’est-à-dire pour le différend qui a fait l’objet
de la requête et dans les strictes limites des demandes formulées dans
celle-ci».
40. Djibouti soutient que le différend porte sur l’interprétation et
l’application d’engagements de nature coutumière et conventionnelle. Il

déduit de ce qu’il qualifie de «consentement plein et entier» exprimé par
les Parties que la compétence de la Cour pour trancher le différend est
incontestable. A l’audience, citant l’arrêt rendu en l’affaire du Détroit de
Corfou (Royaume-Uni c. Albanie) , Djibouti a rappelé que rien ne s’oppo-
sait à ce que l’acceptation de la juridiction de la Cour, «au lieu de se réa-

liser conjointement, par un compromis préalable, se fasse par deux actes

25 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 198

have no impact in terms of the smooth conduct of the enquiries
under way in France, particularly in Paris but also in Versailles;

Although under internal law, the decision to issue a copy of pro-
ceedings is not necessarily one that has a judicial character, the deci-
sion to do so is at the discretion of the investigating judge, and the
response from the investigating judge as to whether or not to issue
such a copy constituted in this case the positive or negative response

to the request for mutual assistance;
Consequently, the response by order of 8 February 2005, from
Ms Clément to the principal investigating judge, refusing to act on
the Djiboutian judicial authorities’ request for mutual assistance,
without having to distinguish between the various procedures for

transmitting a request for mutual assistance and without having to
pronounce on a possible abuse of the French law on declassified
documents, constitutes a decision and not merely an opinion, con-
trary to what is maintained by the procureur général.”

38. The Paris Court of Appeal thus concluded that “the possibility
cannot be excluded that the publication of the communiqué from the
Quai d’Orsay may or might have been such as to constitute a statement

seeking to exert pressure to influence the decision of the investigating
judge”.

*
* *

II. URISDICTION OF THE COURT

39. In the absence of a declaration by France accepting the compul-
sory jurisdiction of the Court formulated under Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute or of a compromissory clause contained in a treaty between
the Parties and applicable in the present dispute, Djibouti sought to

found the Court’s jurisdiction on Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of
Court. By its letter of 25 July 2006, France consented to the Court’s juris-
diction “pursuant to and solely on the basis of said Article 38, para-
graph 5”, specifying that this consent “is valid only for the purposes of

thecase...i.e.,inrespectofthedisputeformingthesubjectoftheAppli-
cation and strictly within the limits of the claims formulated therein”.

40. Djibouti asserts that the dispute concerns the interpretation and
application of customary and conventional commitments. Djibouti infers

from what it terms the “full and wholehearted consent” expressed by the
Parties that the Court’s jurisdiction to settle the dispute is beyond ques-
tion. At the hearings, Djibouti recalled, by quoting from the Corfu Chan-
nel (United Kingdom v. Albania) case, that there is nothing to prevent
consent to the jurisdiction of the Court “from being effected by two sep-

arate and successive acts, instead of jointly and beforehand by a special

25199 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

séparés et successifs» (Détroit de Corfou (Royaume-Uni c. Albanie),
exception préliminaire, arrêt, 1948, C.I.J. Recueil 1947-1948 ,p .);li
appartenait donc à la Cour d’établir dans quelle mesure un consentement
sur «un objet unique et précis identifiant avec exactitude la sphère» de la

compétence de la Cour se dégageait de ces actes distincts.
41. La France reconnaît le caractère «incontestable» de la compétence
de la Cour pour trancher le différend en application du paragraphe 5 de
l’article 38 du Règlement. S’agissant de son consentement à la compé-
tence de la Cour, la France conteste néanmoins l’étendue ratione mate-

riae et ratione temporis de ladite compétence pour connaître de certaines
violations alléguées par Djibouti.
42. Dans sa requête, Djibouti a entendu à deux reprises se réserver le
droit d’invoquer ultérieurement des bases supplémentaires de compétence
de la Cour. Au paragraphe 4 de la requête, Djibouti a indiqué qu’il «se

réserv[ait] le droit de compléter et préciser la présente demande en cours
d’instance...». Au paragraphe 26, il a ajouté que «[l]a République de Dji-
bouti se réserv[ait] le droit de modifier et de compléter la présente
requête». Djibouti a initialement affirmé que ces réserves lui permettaient

«d’avoir recours à la procédure de règlement des différends prévue
par les conventions en vigueur entre [lui]-même et la République
française, telle la convention sur la prévention et la répression des
infractions contre les personnes jouissant d’une protection inter-

nationale».
Dans son mémoire, Djibouti a réaffirmé son «droit d’invoquer le cas

échéant d’autres instruments internationaux liant les Parties, qui seraient
eux aussi pertinents pour fonder la compétence de la Cour aux fins du
présent différend».
43. La France a pour sa part fait remarquer qu’il ne serait pas accep-
table que la découverte tardive d’un «hypothétique» nouveau fondement

juridique à la compétence de la Cour permette à Djibouti d’élargir la por-
tée de sa requête ou de modifier le caractère de celle-ci, postérieurement à
l’acceptation par le défendeur de ladite compétence aux fins de l’affaire.

*
44. La Cour relève d’une part qu’au cours de la procédure orale Dji-

bouti a déclaré que le recours à d’autres bases de compétence de la Cour
«n’appar[aissait] pas nécessaire en l’espèce pour que la Cour puisse déci-
der de l’ensemble des demandes contenues dans la requête djiboutienne»,
et d’autre part que la France a pris bonne note de cette déclaration.

**

1) Question préliminaire relative à la compétence et à la recevabilité

45. Dans son contre-mémoire, la France a présenté la conclusion sui-
vante: «la République française prie la Cour internationale de Justice de

26 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 199

agreement” (Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania), Preliminary
Objection, Judgment, 1948, I.C.J. Reports 1947-1948 , p. 28), and it is
then for the Court to establish to what extent such consent on “a single,
specific subject precisely delineating the scope” of the jurisdiction of the

Court arises due to those distinct acts.
41. France acknowledges that the Court’s jurisdiction to settle the dis-
pute by virtue of Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court is
“beyond question”. Regarding its consent to the jurisdiction of the
Court, however, France contests the scope of that jurisdiction ratione

materiae and ratione temporis to deal with certain violations alleged by
Djibouti.
42. In its Application, Djibouti twice sought to reserve the right to
add, at a later date, additional bases of jurisdiction of the Court. In para-
graph 4 of the Application, Djibouti stated that it “reserv[es] the right to

supplement and elaborate on the present claim in the course of the
proceedings . . .”. In paragraph 26, it further stated: “The Republic of
Djibouti reserves the right to amend and supplement the present Applica-
tion.” Djibouti initially argued that these reservations enabled it to

“have recourse to the dispute settlement procedure established by
the conventions in force between itself and the French Republic,
such as the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes
against Internationally Protected Persons”.

In its Memorial, Djibouti reaffirmed its “right if necessary to invoke

other international instruments that bind the Parties, which would also
be relevant in founding the jurisdiction of the Court for the purposes of
this dispute”.
43. France, for its part, pointed out that it would be unacceptable to
allow the belated discovery of a “hypothetical” new legal basis for the

Court’s jurisdiction to enable Djibouti to expand the scope of its Appli-
cation or to alter its character subsequent to the Respondent’s consent to
the Court’s jurisdiction for the purposes of the case.

*
44. The Court observes that, on the one hand, in the oral proceedings,

Djibouti declared that reliance on other bases for the Court’s jurisdiction
“appears unnecessary in the present case to enable the Court to adjudi-
cate all the claims in Djibouti’s Application” and that, on the other hand,
France took due note of this declaration.

**

(1) Preliminary question regarding jurisdiction and admissibility

45. France, in its Counter-Memorial, presented the following submis-
sion: “the French Republic requests the International Court of Justice:

26200 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE ARRÊT )

bien vouloir ... déclarer irrecevables les demandes de la République de
Djibouti formulées dans son mémoire et qui dépassent l’objet déclaré de
sa requête». A l’audience, la France a justifié ce libellé en invoquant le

fait que, dans l’affaire des Phosphates du Maroc, la Cour permanente de
Justice internationale, en retenant l’exception préliminaire de la France
fondée sur des considérations ratione temporis, avait décidé que «la
requête présentée ... par le Gouvernement italien [n’était] pas recevable»
(Phosphates du Maroc, arrêt, 1938, C.P.I.J. série A/B n o 74, p. 29).

46. La France a ensuite indiqué qu’en la présente instance ses «objec-
tions ... à l’encontre de l’exercice par la Cour de sa juridiction [tenaient] à
ce qu’elle n’y a[vait] pas consenti; or, conformément à la jurisprudence
dominante de la Cour..., le consentement conditionne sa compétence et

non la recevabilité de la requête». La France a spécifiquement invoqué
l’affaire des Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (nouvelle requête:
2002) (République démocratique du Congo c. Rwanda) (compétence et
recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2006 , p. 39, par. 88). Enfin, la France a

indiqué qu’elle serait «conduite à préciser, dans ses conclusions finales,
qu’elle prie la Cour de constater à la fois son incompétence et l’irreceva-
bilité de la requête».
47. Au terme de ses plaidoiries, la France a reformulé ses conclusions
comme suit:

«la République française ... prie la Cour de bien vouloir:

1) a) se déclarer incompétente pour se prononcer sur les demandes
présentées par la République de Djibouti à l’issue de ses plai-
doiries orales, qui dépassent l’objet du différend tel qu’exposé

dans sa requête, ou les déclarer irrecevables...».

*

48. La Cour fera d’abord observer que, en déterminant l’étendue du
consentement exprimé par l’une des parties, elle se prononce sur sa com-
pétence et non sur la recevabilité de la requête. La Cour a confirmé, dans
l’affaire des Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (nouvelle

requête: 2002) (République démocratique du Congo c. Rwanda) (com-
pétence et recevabilité, arrêt) , que «sa compétence repose sur le consen-
tement des parties, dans la seule mesure reconnue par celles-ci» (C.I.J.
Recueil 2006, p. 39, par. 88), et que

«les conditions auxquelles [ce consentement] est éventuellement sou-
mis doivent être considérées comme en constituant les limites...
[L]’examen de telles conditions relève en conséquence de celui de sa

compétence et non de celui de la recevabilité de la requête.» (Ibid.)
Cela vaut que ledit consentement ait été exprimé dans une clause com-

promissoire insérée dans un accord international, comme il avait été sou-

27 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 200

...todeclareinadmissibletheclaimsmadebytheRepublicofDjibouti
in its Memorial which go beyond the declared subject of its Application”.
At the hearings, France justified this formulation, referring to the fact
that the Permanent Court of International Justice, in the Phosphates in

Morocco case, had, while accepting the preliminary objection raised by
France based on considerations ratione temporis, decided that “the appli-
cation submitted . . . by the Italian government [was] not admissible”
(Phosphates in Morocco, Judgment, 1938, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 74 ,
p. 29).

46. France subsequently indicated that, in the present case, its “objec-
tions to the exercise by the Court of its jurisdiction arise from the fact
that France has not consented to it; in accordance with the prevailing
jurisprudence of the Court . . . consent governs its jurisdiction, not the
admissibility of the application”. France specifically cited the case con-

cerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Applica-
tion: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) (Jurisdiction
and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006 , p. 39, para. 88). France
finally submitted that it would “be led to state in its final submissions
that it asks the Court to decide both that it has no jurisdiction and that

the Application is inadmissible”.
47. At the end of its oral statements, France reformulated its conclu-
sions as follows:

“the French Republic requests the Court:

(1) (a) to declare that it lacks jurisdiction to rule on those claims
presented by the Republic of Djibouti upon completion of
its oral argument which go beyond the subject of the dis-
pute as set out in its Application, or to declare them inad-
missible”.

*

48. The Court first notes that in determining the scope of the consent
expressed by one of the parties, the Court pronounces on its jurisdiction

and not on the admissibility of the application. The Court confirmed, in
the case concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New
Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda)
(Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment) , that “its jurisdiction is based
on the consent of the parties and is confined to the extent accepted by
them” (I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 39, para. 88), and further, that:

“the conditions to which such consent is subject must be regarded as
constituting the limits thereon . . . The examination of such condi-

tions relates to its jurisdiction and not to the admissibility of the
application.” (Ibid.).

This remains true, whether the consent at issue has been expressed
through a compromissory clause inserted in an international agreement,

27201 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

tenu dans l’affaire des Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (nou-
velle requête: 2002) (République démocratique du Congo c. Rwanda) ,ou
«par deux actes séparés et successifs» (Détroit de Corfou (Royaume-Uni
c. Albanie), exception préliminaire, arrêt, 1948, C.I.J. Recueil 1947-

1948, p. 28), comme c’est le cas en l’espèce.
49. La Cour, se référant au libellé des conclusions finales de la France,
estime que les conditions dans lesquelles les Parties ont exprimé leur
consentement en l’espèce constituent une question relevant de sa compé-
tence et non de la recevabilité de la requête ou de toute demande conte-

nue dans celle-ci. Cela vaut pour toutes les exceptions d’incompétence
soulevées par la France, qu’elles soient ratione materiae ou ratione
temporis.
50. La Cour examinera maintenant les exceptions relatives à l’étendue
de sa compétence ratione materiae, soulevées par la France.

**

2) Compétence ratione materiae

a) Les positions des Parties

51. Selon la France, la Cour ne peut être compétente qu’à raison de
faits directement liés à l’objet déclaré du différend; elle n’aurait pas com-
pétence pour connaître de prétendues violations d’autres obligations,
conventionnelles ou résultant du droit international général, en matière

de prévention des atteintes à la personne, à la liberté ou à la dignité de
personnes jouissant d’une protection internationale ou au respect des pri-
vilèges et immunités diplomatiques.
52. La France fait valoir que, dans la requête, la rubrique «objet du
différend» (par. 2) mentionne uniquement son refus d’exécuter la com-

mission rogatoire du 3 novembre 2004. La France relève certes que Dji-
bouti se réfère à la violation alléguée des obligations de prévenir les
atteintes à la personne du chef d’Etat djiboutien et de hauts fonctionnai-
res djiboutiens sous les rubriques «moyens de droit» (par. 3) et «nature
de la demande» (par. 4). Mais elle affirme néanmoins que, si la convoca-

tion du chef de l’Etat et de hauts fonctionnaires djiboutiens — respecti-
vement en tant que témoin et témoins assistés — et l’émission de mandats
d’arrêt européens à l’encontre des hauts fonctionnaires sont bien liées à
l’affaire Borrel au sens large, ces actes de procédure «n’ont aucun rap-
port avec la commission rogatoire internationale» en question.
53. La France soutient par ailleurs que le mémoire djiboutien va «au-

delà des demandes formulées dans [la] requête» et que l’Etat demandeur
ne saurait élargir l’objet du différend. Elle fait valoir à cet égard que, en
ajoutant dans son mémoire quelques mots qui ne figuraient pas dans la
requête, Djibouti a modifié la définition de l’objet du différend. Ce der-
nier porterait dorénavant sur «le refus des autorités ... françaises d’exé-

cuter une commission rogatoire internationale ..., ainsi que sur la viola-
tion connexe ... d’autres obligations internationales ...» (au lieu de «en

28 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 201

as was contended to be the case in Armed Activities on the Territory of
the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the
Congo v. Rwanda), or through “two separate and successive acts” (Corfu
Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania), Preliminary Objection, Judg-
ment, 1948, I.C.J. Reports 1947-1948 , p. 28), as is the case here.

49. The Court concludes that, in reference to the final formulation of
France’s submissions, the conditions under which the Parties expressed
their consent in the present case are a matter of jurisdiction and not of
the admissibility of the Application or any claims formulated therein.
This applies to all objections raised by France to the Court’s jurisdiction,
whether ratione materiae or ratione temporis.

50. The Court will now examine the objections raised by France relat-
ing to the scope of the Court’s jurisdiction ratione materiae.

**
(2) Jurisdiction ratione materiae

(a) Positions of the Parties

51. According to France, the Court can only have jurisdiction to deal
with facts that bear a direct relation to the stated subject of the dispute.

In its view, the Court has no jurisdiction regarding alleged violations of
further obligations, whether these derive from treaties or general interna-
tional law, to prevent attacks on the person, freedom or dignity of inter-
nationally protected persons or in the field of respect for diplomatic privi-
leges and immunities.

52. France argues that, in the Application, the section entitled “Sub-
ject of the dispute” (para. 2) only mentions its refusal to execute the letter
rogatory of 3 November 2004. France admittedly takes note that Dji-
bouti refers to the alleged violations of obligations to prevent attacks on
the person of Djibouti’s Head of State and senior Djiboutian officials in

the sections entitled “Legal grounds” (para. 3) and “Nature of the claim”
(para. 4). It nevertheless asserts that, while the summoning of the Head
of State of Djibouti and of the senior officials as witness and témoins assis-
tés, respectively, and the issuing of European arrest warrants against sen-
ior Djiboutian officials are indeed linked to the Borrel case in the broader
sense, these judicial processes “bear no relation to the international letter

rogatory” that is in issue.
53. France maintains, moreover, that “Djibouti’s Memorial goes
beyond the claims formulated in the Application” and that the applicant
State is not allowed to extend the subject of the dispute. France submits,
in this respect, that by the addition, in its Memorial, of some words

which were not contained in the Application, Djibouti altered the defini-
tion of the subject of the dispute. The dispute is now said to concern “the
refusal by the French . . . authorities to execute an international letter
rogatory . . . and the related breaching ...o ftltti

28202 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

violation d’autres obligations internationales»). La France affirme que le
différend, tel que défini dans la requête, portait sur

«le refus des autorités gouvernementales et judiciaires françaises

d’exécuter une commission rogatoire internationale concernant la
transmission aux autorités judiciaires djiboutiennes du dossier relatif
à la procédure d’information relative à l’Affaire contre X du chef
d’assassinat sur la personne de Bernard Borrel »,

alors que, selon le mémoire de Djibouti, «toutes les demandes qui figu-
rent dans la liste résultant des paragraphes [3, 4 et 5] de la requête ... re[le-

vaient] incontestablement de la compétence ratione materiae de la Cour».
54. La France soutient que cette déclaration de Djibouti résulte d’une
confusion entre les demandes et conclusions énoncées dans la requête,
d’une part, et les moyens de droit venant à l’appui de celles-ci, d’autre
part. Elle invoque à cet égard la jurisprudence de la Cour selon laquelle

une distinction doit être «établi[e] entre le différend lui-même et les argu-
ments utilisés par les parties à l’appui de leurs conclusions respectives sur
ce différend», soulignant notamment que la compétence de la Cour «doit
s’apprécier exclusivement par rapport à ces dernières».

55. La France conclut que tant les convocations à témoigner adressées
au chef de l’Etat djiboutien et à de hauts fonctionnaires djiboutiens que
les mandats d’arrêt délivrés à l’encontre desdits fonctionnaires échappent
à la compétence de la Cour.
56. Se référant pour sa part aux termes de la lettre par laquelle la

France a accepté la compétence de la Cour, Djibouti reconnaît que le
champ de celle-ci est «rigoureusement délimit[é]» ratione materiae et que,
«[s]ans aucun doute, la Cour est habilitée à se pencher uniquement sur les
demandes telles que formulées dans la requête». Il soutient toutefois

qu’«il y a accord entre les Parties à ce qu’elle puisse connaître de la tota-
lité de ces demandes et les régler entièrement, sous tous leurs aspects et
avec toutes leurs implications». Analysant le mécanisme du paragraphe 5
de l’article 38 du Règlement de la Cour comme la combinaison croisée de

deux déclarations unilatérales portant sur la compétence de la Cour, Dji-
bouti s’est appuyé à l’audience, afin de déterminer l’intention véritable de
l’auteur de l’acceptation, sur la jurisprudence de la Cour en matière
d’interprétation des déclarations unilatérales d’acceptation de la compé-
tence obligatoire de la Cour au titre du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du

Statut.
57. En ce qui concerne le libellé de sa requête et l’absence, sous la
rubrique «objet du différend» qu’elle contient, de toute mention des
immunités internationales que la France aurait violées, Djibouti, citant

l’affaire des Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine, rappelle que la
Cour, exerçant une compétence internationale, n’est pas tenue d’attacher
à des considérations de forme la même importance qu’elles pourraient
avoir en droit interne (Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine, arrêt n o 2,
1924, C.P.J.I. série A n o 2, p. 34). Djibouti fait de plus valoir que ses

29 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 202

obligations . . .” (instead of “in breach of other international obliga-
tions”). France asserts that the dispute, as defined in the Application,
concerned

“the refusal by the French governmental and judicial authorities to
execute an international letter rogatory regarding the transmission
to the judicial authorities in Djibouti of the record relating to the

investigation in the Case against X for the murder of Bernard Bor-
rel”,

whereas according to Djibouti’s Memorial, “all the claims listed on the
basis of paragraphs [3, 4 and 5] of the Application . . . fall within the
jurisdiction of the Court ratione materiae”.
54. France contends that this statement by Djibouti is the result of a
confusion between the claims and submissions contained in the Applica-

tion, on the one hand, and the legal grounds supporting them, on the
other. France refers in this context to the jurisprudence of the Court,
according to which a distinction must be made “between the dispute itself
and arguments used by the parties to sustain their respective submissions
on the dispute”, pointing out in particular that the Court’s jurisdiction

“must be determined exclusively on the basis of the submissions”.
55. France concludes that the Court lacks jurisdiction both in respect
of the witness summonses addressed to the Djiboutian Head of State and
senior Djiboutian officials and the arrest warrants issued against the said
officials.

56. Djibouti, for its part, referring to the terms of the letter whereby
France consented to the jurisdiction of the Court, acknowledges that the
extent of the Court’s jurisdiction is “strictly delimited” ratione materiae
and that “there is no doubt that the Court is entitled to deal solely with
the claims as set out in [the] Application”. However, Djibouti claims that

there is “agreement between the Parties that [the Court] can entertain all
these claims and settle them entirely, in every aspect and with all their
implications”. Analysing the mechanism of Article 38, paragraph 5, of
the Rules of Court as a combination of two intersecting unilateral decla-
rations concerning the jurisdiction of the Court, Djibouti, for the pur-

pose of identifying the true intention of the drafters of the instruments of
consent, relied at the hearings on the Court’s jurisprudence regarding the
interpretation of unilateral declarations of acceptance of the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute.

57. With regard to the wording of its Application and the lack of any

reference, under the heading therein “Subject of the dispute”, to the inter-
national immunities which France allegedly infringed, Djibouti, citing the
Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions case, recalls that the Court, whose
jurisdiction is of an international nature, is not bound to attach to mat-
ters of form the same degree of importance which they might possess in

municipal law (Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2,
1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2 , p. 34). Further, Djibouti points out that

29203 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

demandes, sous la rubrique «nature de la demande», portent explicite-
ment sur la violation des principes de droit international en matière
d’immunités internationales. Les rubriques «objet du différend» et
«nature de la demande» formeraient un «tout», démontrant l’intention

de Djibouti de soumettre à la Cour non seulement la question de la viola-
tion des obligations en matière d’entraide judiciaire, mais un différend se
décomposant en plusieurs demandes. Djibouti reconnaît sur ce point
avoir, dans son mémoire, complété sa requête, comme il s’en était réservé
le droit, mais maintient que ces ajouts n’ont entraîné aucune modification

de l’objet de la requête.
58. De plus, Djibouti fait observer que le défendeur, lorsqu’il a accepté
la compétence de la Cour en application du paragraphe 5 de l’article 38
du Règlement, était libre de ne consentir que partiellement à la compé-
tence envisagée par la requête, ce que, selon Djibouti, la France n’a pas

fait. Djibouti en conclut que la France a consenti à ce que toutes les
demandes figurant dans la requête entrent dans la compétence ratione
materiae de la Cour.
59. Djibouti affirme en outre qu’il existe un lien entre la procédure
judiciaire pour subornation de témoins ouverte en France à l’encontre de

hauts fonctionnaires djiboutiens et le refus des autorités judiciaires fran-
çaises d’exécuter la commission rogatoire adressée par Djibouti. Ce lien
serait démontré par le soit-transmis du 8 février 2005, dans lequel le juge
Clément invoque, comme premier motif de refus, la présence dans le dos-
sier de documents en rapport avec l’information judiciaire ouverte du

chef de subornation de témoins.

*

b) Le forum prorogatum en tant que fondement de la compétence de la
Cour

60. La compétence de la Cour est fondée sur le consentement des Etats
dans les conditions fixées par ceux-ci. Ni le Statut ni le Règlement de la
Cour n’exigent cependant que le consentement des parties conférant ainsi

compétence à la Cour s’exprime sous une forme déterminée (Détroit de
Corfou (Royaume-Uni c. Albanie), exception préliminaire, arrêt, 1948,
C.I.J. Recueil 1947-1948 , p. 27). Le Statut mentionne expressément les
voies par lesquelles les Etats peuvent exprimer leur acceptation de la
compétence de la Cour. Ainsi, selon le paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 du
Statut, une telle acceptation peut résulter d’un accord explicite des parties

susceptible de se manifester de diverses manières. En outre, les Etats peu-
vent reconnaître la compétence de la Cour en faisant des déclarations à
cette fin en application du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut.

61. La Cour a également interprété le paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 du

Statut comme permettant de déduire le consentement de certains actes,
acceptant ainsi la possibilité du forum prorogatum. Cette modalité joue

30 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 203

its claims, under the heading “Nature of the claim”, relate explicitly to
the violation of the principles of international law on international immu-
nities. These two headings, “Subject of the dispute” and “Nature of the
claim”, are said to form a “whole”, attesting to the intention of Djibouti

to put before the Court not merely the issue of the violation of obliga-
tions of mutual assistance, but a dispute consisting of a number of
claims. Djibouti acknowledges in this respect that it expanded its Appli-
cation in its Memorial, as it had reserved the right to do, but maintains
that those expansions have not given rise to an alteration in the subject of

the Application.
58. Djibouti points out, moreover, that, when consenting to the juris-
diction of the Court on the basis of Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules
of Court, the Respondent was free to give only partial consent to the
jurisdiction contemplated by the Application, which, according to Dji-

bouti, France did not do. Djibouti thus concludes that France gave its
consent for all the claims included in the Application to be covered by the
jurisdiction of the Court ratione materiae.
59. Djibouti further asserts that a link exists between the judicial pro-
ceedings opened in France against senior Djiboutian officials for subor-

nation of perjury and the refusal of the French judicial authorities to
execute the letter rogatory issued by Djibouti. Such a link is said to be
shown by the Order (soit-transmis) of 8 February 2005, wherein
Judge Clément cited, as the first reason justifying the refusal, the inclu-
sion in the case file of documents concerning the judicial investigation

opened for subornation of perjury.

*

(b) Forum prorogatum as a basis of the jurisdiction of the Court

60. The jurisdiction of the Court is based on the consent of States,
under the conditions expressed therein. However, neither the Statute of
the Court nor its Rules require that the consent of the parties which thus

confers jurisdiction on the Court be expressed in any particular form
(Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania), Preliminary Objection,
Judgment, 1948, I.C.J. Reports 1947-1948 , p. 27). The Statute of the
Court does explicitly mention the different ways by which States may
express their consent to the Court’s jurisdiction. Thus, in accordance
with Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute, such consent may result from

an explicit agreement of the parties, that agreement being able to be
manifested in a variety of ways. Further, States may recognize the juris-
diction of the Court by making declarations to this effect under Arti-
cle 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute.
61. The Court has also interpreted Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Stat-

ute as enabling consent to be deduced from certain acts, thus accepting
the possibility of forum prorogatum. This modality is applied when a

30204 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

lorsqu’un Etat défendeur a, par sa conduite devant la Cour ou dans ses
relations avec la partie demanderesse, agi de manière telle qu’il a accepté

la compétence de la Couo (Droits de minorités en HauteoSilésie (écoles
minoritaires), arrêt n 12, 1928, C.P.J.I. série A n 15, p. 24).
62. L’acceptation permettant à la Cour d’asseoir sa compétence doit
être avérée. Cela vaut que sa compétence soit fondée sur le forum proro-

gatum ou non. Comme la Cour l’a rappelé récemment, quelle que soit la
source du consentement, l’attitude de l’Etat défendeur doit «pouvoir être
regardée comme une «manifestation non équivoque» de la volonté de cet
Etat d’accepter de manière «volontaire, indiscutable» la compétence de

la Cour» (Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (nouvelle requête:
2002) (République démocratique du Congo c. Rwanda), compétence et
recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2006 , p. 18; voir également Détroit de
Corfou (Royaume-Uni c. Albanie), exception préliminaire, arrêt, 1948,

C.I.J. Recueil 1947-1948 ,p.27; Application de la convention pour la pré-
vention et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie-Herzégovine c. You-
goslavie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II) , p. 620-
621, par. 40; et Droits de minorités en Haute-Silésie (écoles minoritaires),
o o
arrêt n 12, 1928, C.P.J.I. série A n 15, p. 24). Pour que la Cour soit
compétente sur la base d’un forum prorogatum, l’élément de consente-
ment doit être explicite ou pouvoir être clairement déduit de la conduite
pertinente de l’Etat (Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (Royaume-Uni c. Iran),
exception préliminaire, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1952 , p. 113-114; voir égale-

ment Or monétaire pris à Rome en 1943 (Italie c. France, Royaume-Uni
et Etats-Unis d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1954 , p. 30).

63. La Cour observe que c’est la première fois qu’elle est amenée à

trancher au fond un différend porté devant elle par une requête fondée
sur le paragraphe 5 de l’article 38 de son Règlement. Cette disposition a
été introduite par la Cour dans le Règlement en 1978. Il s’agissait de per-
mettre à un Etat qui entend fonder la compétence de la Cour pour

connaître d’une affaire sur un consentement non encore donné ou mani-
festé par un autre Etat de présenter une requête exposant ses demandes et
invitant ce dernier à consentir à ce que la Cour les examine, sans que soit
porté atteinte aux règles d’une bonne administration de la justice. Avant

cette revision, la Cour traitait ce type de requête comme toute autre
requête qui lui était adressée: le Greffe procédait aux notifications habi-
tuelles et l’«affaire» était inscrite au rôle général de la Cour. Elle ne pou-
vait être rayée du rôle que si l’Etat défendeur refusait de manière explicite

la compétence de la Cour pour en connaître. La Cour devait donc ins-
crire à son rôle des «affaires» à l’égard desquelles elle n’avait manifeste-
ment pas compétence et auxquelles il ne pouvait, de ce fait, être donné
aucune suite; elle était amenée par conséquent à rendre des ordonnances
à seule fin de les rayer du rôle (voir Traitement en Hongrie d’un avion des

Etats-Unis d’Amérique et de son équipage (Etats-Unis d’Amérique c. Hon-
grie), ordonnance du 12 juillet 1954, C.I.J. Recueil 1954 ,p.99; Traite-
ment en Hongrie d’un avion des Etats-Unis d’Amérique et de son équipage

31 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 204

respondent State has, through its conduct before the Court or in relation
to the applicant party, acted in such a way as to have consented to the
jurisdiction of the Court (Rights of Minorities in Upper Silesia (Minority
Schools), Judgment No. 12, 1928, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 15, p. 24).

62. The consent allowing for the Court to assume jurisdiction must be
certain. That is so, no more and no less, for jurisdiction based on forum
prorogatum. As the Court has recently explained, whatever the basis of
consent, the attitude of the respondent State must “be capable of being
regarded as ‘an unequivocal indication’ of the desire of that State to

accept the Court’s jurisdiction in a ‘voluntary and indisputable’ manner”
(Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002)
(Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admis-
sibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006 , p. 18; see also Corfu Channel
(United Kingdom v. Albania), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, 1948,

I.C.J. Reports 1947-1948 ,p .7;Application of the Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herze-
govina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1996 (II), pp. 620-621, para. 40; and Rights of Minorities in Upper
Silesia (Minority Schools), Judgment No. 12, 1928, P.C.I.J., Series A,

No. 15, p. 24). For the Court to exercise jurisdiction on the basis of forum
prorogatum, the element of consent must be either explicit or clearly to be
deduced from the relevant conduct of a State (Anglo-Iranian Oil Co.
(United Kingdom v. Iran), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1952, pp. 113-114; see also Monetary Gold Removed from Rome

in 1943 (Italy v. France, United Kingdom and United States of America),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1954 , p. 30).
63. The Court observes that this is the first time it falls to the Court to
decide on the merits of a dispute brought before it by an application
based on Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court. This provision

was introduced by the Court into its Rules in 1978. The purpose of this
amendment was to allow a State which proposes to found the jurisdiction
of the Court to entertain a case upon a consent thereto yet to be given or
manifested by another State to file an application setting out its claims
and inviting the latter to consent to the Court dealing with them, without

prejudice to the rules governing the sound administration of justice.
Before this revision, the Court treated this type of application in the same
way as any other application submitted to it: the Registry would issue the
usual notifications and the “case” was entered in the General List of the
Court. It could only be removed from the List if the respondent State
explicitly rejected the Court’s jurisdiction to entertain it. The Court was

therefore obliged to enter in its General List “cases” for which it plainly
did not have jurisdiction and in which, therefore, no further action could
be taken; it was consequently obliged to issue orders so as to remove
them from its List (see Treatment in Hungary of Aircraft and Crew of
United States of America (United States of America v. Hungary), Order

of 12 July 1954, I.C.J. Reports 1954 ,p .9; Treatment in Hungary of
Aircraft and Crew of United States of America (United States of

31205 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

(Etats-Unis d’Amérique c. Union des Républiques socialistes soviétiques),
ordonnance du 12 juillet 1954, C.I.J. Recueil 1954 , p. 103; Incident aérien
du 10 mars 1953 (Etats-Unis d’Amérique c. Tchécoslovaquie), ordon-

nance du 14 mars 1956, C.I.J. Recueil 1956 ,p.6; Antarctique (Royaume-
Uni c. Argentine), ordonnance du 16 mars 1956, C.I.J. Recueil 1956 ,
p. 12; Antarctique (Royaume Uni c. Chili), ordonnance du 16 mars 1956,
C.I.J. Recueil 1956,p.15;Incident aérien du 7 octobre 1952 (Etats-Unis
d’Amérique c. Union des Républiques socialistes soviétiques), ordonnance

du 14 mars 1956, C.I.J. Recueil 1956 ,p .9;Incident aérien du 4 sep-
tembre 1954 (Etats-Unis d’Amérique c. Union des Républiques socialistes
soviétiques), ordonnance du 9 décembre 1958, C.I.J. Recueil 1958 , p. 158;
Incident aérien du 7 novembre 1954 (Etats-Unis d’Amérique c. Union des
Républiques socialistes soviétiques), ordonnance du 7 octobre 1959, C.I.J.

Recueil 1959, p. 276). Le paragraphe 5 de l’article 38 prévoit désormais,
d’une part, qu’aucune inscription au rôle général n’est opérée tant que
l’Etat contre lequel la requête est formée n’a pas accepté la compétence
de la Cour pour en connaître et, d’autre part, qu’à l’exception de la trans-

mission de la requête audit Etat aucun acte de procédure n’est effectué.
L’Etat qui est ainsi invité à consentir à la compétence de la Cour pour
trancher un différend a toute liberté de répondre comme il l’entend; s’il
accepte la compétence de la Cour, il lui appartient, le cas échéant, de pré-
ciser les aspects du différend qu’il consent à soumettre au jugement de

celle-ci. Le caractère différé et ad hoc du consentement du défendeur, tel
qu’envisagé au paragraphe 5 de l’article 38 du Règlement, fait de la pro-
cédure qui y est organisée une modalité d’établissement d’un forum pro-
rogatum.
64. Le paragraphe 5 de l’article 38 du Règlement doit par ailleurs être

lu et interprété à la lumière du paragraphe 2 du même article, ainsi
conçu: «La requête indique autant que possible les moyens de droit sur
lesquels le demandeur prétend fonder la compétence de la Cour; elle in-
dique en outre la nature précise de la demande et contient un exposé suc-
cinct des faits et moyens sur lesquels cette demande repose.» L’expression

«autant que possible» figurant dans cette disposition a été introduite
dans le Règlement de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale
en 1936, aux fins précisément de préserver la possibilité pour la Cour
d’asseoir sa compétence par la voie du forum prorogatum (Actes et docu-

ments relatifs à l’organisation de la Cour: Préparation du oèglement du
11 mars 1936, C.P.J.I., série D, troisième addendum au n 2, p. 159-160).
Cette expression a été retenue dans le premier Règlement de la Cour
internationale de Justice en 1946 et y est demeurée jusqu’à aujourd’hui. A
l’évidence, la compétence de la Cour peut être fondée sur le forum pro-

rogatum selon des modalités diverses, que le paragraphe 5 de l’article 38
du Règlement n’épuise nullement. La Cour ajoutera que, si des doutes
ont pu exister à cet égard antérieurement, le libellé du paragraphe 2 de
l’article 38, depuis la revision du Règlement en 1978, exclut que la locu-
tion «autant que possible» puisse également s’appliquer à l’exposé de la

«nature précise de la demande» ou des «faits et moyens sur lesquels la

32 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 205

America v. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), Order of 12 July 1954,
I.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 103; Aerial Incident of 10 March 1953 (United
States of America v. Czechoslovakia), Order of 14 March 1956, I.C.J.
Reports 1956,p.6; Antarctica (United Kingdom v. Argentina), Order of
16 March 1956, I.C.J. Reports 1956 ,p .2; Antarctica (United King-

dom v. Chile), Order of 16 March 1956, I.C.J. Reports 1956 ,p .5;
Aerial Incident of 7 October 1952 (United States of America v. Union of
Soviet Socialist Republics), Order of 14 March 1956, I.C.J. Reports
1956,p.; Aerial Incident of 4 September 1954 (United States of
America v. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), Order of 9 December
1958, I.C.J. Reports 1958, p. 158; Aerial Incident of 7 November 1954

(United States of America v. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), Order
of 7 October 1959, I.C.J. Reports 1959 , p. 276). Article 38, paragraph 5,
now provides, firstly, that no entry is made in the General List unless and
until the State against which such application is made consents to the
Court’s jurisdiction to entertain the case and, secondly, that, except for

the transmission of the application to that State, no action is to be taken
in the proceedings. The State which is thus asked to consent to the
Court’s jurisdiction to settle a dispute is completely free to respond as it
sees fit; if it consents to the Court’s jurisdiction, it is for it to specify, if
necessary, the aspects of the dispute which it agrees to submit to the judg-
ment of the Court. The deferred and ad hoc nature of the Respondent’s

consent, as contemplated by Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of
Court, makes the procedure set out there a means of establishing forum
prorogatum.

64. Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court must also be read

and interpreted in the light of paragraph 2 of that Article, which reads as
follows: “The application shall specify as far as possible the legal grounds
upon which the jurisdiction of the Court is said to be based; it shall also
specify the precise nature of the claim, together with a succinct statement
of the facts and grounds on which the claim is based.” The expression “as

far as possible” used in this provision was inserted in the Rules of Court
of the Permanent Court of International Justice in 1936, precisely in
order to preserve the possibility for the Court to found its jurisdiction on
forum prorogatum (Acts and Documents Concerning the Organization of
the Court: Elaboration of the Rules of Court of March 11th, 1936,
P.C.I.J., Series D, No. 2, Add. 3, pp. 159-160). This expression was used

in the original Rules of Court of the International Court of Justice in
1946 and has remained there ever since. Obviously, the jurisdiction of the
Court can be founded on forum prorogatum in a variety of ways, by no
means all of which fall under Article 38, paragraph 5. The Court would
add that, while doubts may previously have existed in this respect, since

the revision in 1978, the wording of Article 38, paragraph 2, excludes the
possibility of the phrase “as far as possible” also being applied to the
statement of “the precise nature of the claim” or of “the facts and
grounds on which the claim is based”. Applying it in such a way would in

32206 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

demande repose». Appliquer ainsi cette locution ne serait en tout état de
cause pas compatible avec les motifs qui ont inspiré son insertion en 1936.
Aucun demandeur ne saurait se présenter devant la Cour sans être en
mesure d’indiquer dans sa requête l’Etat contre lequel la demande est for-

mée et l’objet du différend, ainsi que la nature précise de cette demande et
les faits et moyens sur lesquels cette dernière repose.

3) La portée du consentement mutuel des Parties

65. En la présente espèce, la France a, dans sa lettre d’acceptation
datée du 25 juillet 2006, expressément consenti à la compétence de la

Cour en application du paragraphe 5 de l’article 38 de son Règlement.
L’expression par la France de son consentement doit toutefois être lue en
conjonction avec la requête de Djibouti afin d’apprécier comme il convient
la portée du consentement donné par les Parties à la compétence de la
Cour et, partant, de parvenir à déterminer ce qui est commun dans

l’expression de leur consentement respectif.

a) La requête de Djibouti

66. A la lumière de ce qui précède, la Cour examinera non seulement
les termes de l’acceptation de la France, mais aussi ceux de la requête de

Djibouti auxquels cette acceptation répond. C’est la seule manière de
déterminer comme il convient quelles sont les demandes à l’égard des-
quelles la France a accepté la compétence de la Cour. Ainsi que Djibouti
le reconnaît volontiers, lorsqu’un consentement est donné post hoc par un
Etat, il peut tout à fait n’être que partiel et, dès lors, limiter la compé-

tence de la Cour par rapport à ce qui avait été envisagé dans la requête.
La Cour examinera donc les différentes demandes formulées dans la
requête et recherchera dans quelle mesure le défendeur, dans sa lettre
du 25 juillet 2006, a accepté la compétence de la Cour pour en connaître.
67. La France considère qu’elle a accepté la compétence de la Cour

pour connaître seulement de l’objet déclaré de l’affaire, lequel est énoncé
au paragraphe 2 de la requête, sous la rubrique «objet du différend», et
nulle part ailleurs. S’agissant de la détermination de l’objet du différend,
s’il est effectivement souhaitable que ce qui constitue cet objet pour le
demandeur soit indiqué sous une telle rubrique dans la requête, la Cour

doit néanmoins examiner cette dernière dans son ensemble.

68. Au paragraphe 2 de sa requête, Djibouti expose l’«objet du diffé-
rend» comme suit:

«L’objet du différend porte sur le refus des autorités gouverne-
mentales et judiciaires françaises d’exécuter une commission roga-
toire internationale concernant la transmission aux autorités judi-
ciaires djiboutiennes du dossier relatif à la procédure d’information

relative à l’Affaire contre X du chef d’assassinat sur la personne de
Bernard Borrel et ce, en violation de la convention d’entraide judi-

33 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 206

any event have been out of keeping with the reasons which led the phrase
to be included in 1936. No applicant may come to the Court without
being able to indicate, in its Application, the State against which the
claim is brought and the subject of the dispute, as well as the precise

nature of that claim and the facts and grounds on which it is based.

(3) Extent of the mutual consent of the Parties

65. France has, in the present case, expressly agreed to the Court’s
jurisdiction under Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court, in its

letter of acceptance dated 25 July 2006. France’s expression of consent
must, however, be read together with Djibouti’s Application to discern
properly the extent of the consent given by the Parties to the Court’s
jurisdiction, and thereby to arrive at that which is common in their
expressions of consent.

(a) Djibouti’s Application

66. In light of the foregoing, the Court will examine not only the terms
of France’s acceptance, but also the terms of Djibouti’s Application to

which that acceptance responds. Only then can the scope of the claims in
respect of which France has accepted the jurisdiction of the Court be
properly understood. As Djibouti readily acknowledges, when consent is
given post hoc, a State may well give only partial consent, and in so doing
narrow the jurisdiction of the Court by comparison with what had been

contemplated in the Application. The Court will therefore examine the
various claims raised in the Application, and the extent to which the
Respondent has accepted the Court’s jurisdiction with regard to them in
its letter of 25 July 2006.
67. France has taken the view that it has only accepted the Court’s

jurisdiction over the stated subject-matter of the case which is to be
found, and only to be found, in paragraph 2 of the Application, under
the heading “Subject of the dispute”. So far as the question of identifying
the subject-matter of the dispute is concerned, while indeed it is desirable
that what the Applicant regards as the subject-matter of the dispute is

specified under that heading in the Application, nonetheless, the Court
must look at the Application as a whole.
68. In paragraph 2 of its Application, Djibouti set out as the “Subject
of the dispute” the following:

“The subject of the dispute concerns the refusal by the French
governmental and judicial authorities to execute an international let-
ter rogatory regarding the transmission to the judicial authorities in
Djibouti of the record relating to the investigation in the Case

against X for the murder of Bernard Borrel, in violation of the Con-
vention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between the Gov-

33207 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

ciaire en matière pénale entre le Gouvernement de la République de
Djibouti et le Gouvernement de la République française du 27 sep-
tembre 1986, ainsi qu’en violation d’autres obligations internatio-
nales pesant sur la République française envers la République de

Djibouti.»
69. Ni l’article 40 du Statut ni l’article 38 du Règlement n’assujettis-
sent la requête à des conditions de forme (par opposition à des conditions

de fond) particulières quant à la manière selon laquelle les éléments
qu’elle doit contenir sont à présenter. Dès lors, si la rubrique intitulée
«objet du différend» ne circonscrit pas entièrement l’étendue des ques-
tions que l’on entend porter devant la Cour, l’objet du différend peut
néanmoins être dégagé de la lecture de la requête dans son ensemble.

70. Se prononçant sur cette question en l’affaire du Droit de passage
sur territoire indien (Portugal c. Inde) , la Cour, appelée à déterminer
l’objet du différend, a indiqué qu’elle ne se cantonnerait pas à la formula-
tion employée par le demandeur. Elle a ensuite défini l’objet du différend

comme suit:
«Un passage de la requête intitulé «objet du différend» a présenté

cet objet comme l’opposition de vues surgie entre les deux Etats
quand, en 1954, l’Inde s’est opposée à l’exercice du droit de passage
du Portugal. Si tel était l’objet du différend soumis à la Cour, la
contestation de compétence soulevée ne pourrait être retenue. Mais
il résultait déjà de la requête et il a été amplement confirmé par la

suite de la procédure, les conclusions des Parties et les déclarations
faites à l’audience que le différend soumis à la Cour a un triple
objet...» (Droit de passage sur territoire indien (Portugal c. Inde),
fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1960 , p. 33.)

La Cour a donc clairement indiqué que l’objet du différend ne devait pas
être déterminé exclusivement par référence aux questions énoncées dans
la rubrique correspondante de la requête.

*

71. Le paragraphe 2 de la requête de Djibouti, intitulé «objet du dif-
férend» (voir paragraphe 68 ci-dessus), vise la (non-)transmission à Dji-
bouti du dossier de l’affaire Borrel. Ce paragraphe ne mentionne aucune
autre question que Djibouti entend également porter devant la Cour, à

savoir les différentes convocations adressées au président de Djibouti et à
deux hauts fonctionnaires djiboutiens. Naturellement, ledit paragraphe
ne fait référence ni à la convocation adressée au président de Djibouti le
14 février 2007 ni aux mandats d’arrêt délivrés à l’encontre des deux fonc-
tionnaires précités le 27 septembre 2006, événements postérieurs au dépôt

de la requête.
72. Un examen plus approfondi de la requête révèle par ailleurs que,

34 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 207

ernment of the Republic of Djibouti and the Government of the
French Republic, of 27 September 1986, and in breach of other
international obligations borne by the French Republic to the Repub-
lic of Djibouti.”

69. Neither Article 40 of the Statute nor Article 38 of the Rules of
Court subject the application to particular formal (as opposed to sub-

stantive) requirements regarding the manner by which the necessary ele-
ments of the application should be presented. Thus, if a section entitled
“Subject of the dispute” does not entirely circumscribe the extent of the
issues intended to be brought before the Court, the subject-matter of the
dispute may nonetheless be discerned from a reading of the whole Appli-

cation.
70. Ruling on this issue in the case concerning Right of Passage over
Indian Territory (Portugal v. India), the Court stated that it would not
confine itself to the formulation by the Applicant when it was called upon
to determine the subject of the dispute. It then defined the subject of the

dispute in the following terms:
“A passage in the Application headed ‘Subject of the Dispute’

indicates that subject as being the conflict of views which arose
between the two States when, in 1954, India opposed the exercise of
Portugal’s right of passage. If this were the subject of the dispute
referred to the Court, the challenge to the jurisdiction could not be
sustained. But it appeared from the Application itself and it was

fully confirmed by the subsequent proceedings, the Submissions of
the Parties and statements made in the course of the hearings, that
the dispute submitted to the Court has a threefold subject . . .”
(Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India), Merits,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1960 , p. 33.)

The Court thus clearly stated that the subject of the dispute was not to be
determined exclusively by reference to matters set out under the relevant
section heading of the Application.

*

71. Paragraph 2 of Djibouti’s Application, entitled “Subject of the dis-
pute” (see paragraph 68 above), focuses on the (non-)transmission of the
Borrel case file to Djibouti. That paragraph does not mention any other
matters which Djibouti also seeks to bring before the Court, namely, the

various summonses sent to the President of Djibouti and two senior Dji-
boutian officials. Naturally, no reference was made in that paragraph to
the summons addressed to the President of Djibouti on 14 February 2007,
nor to the arrest warrants made out against the two above-mentioned
officials on 27 September 2006, as these were events subsequent to the

filing of the Application.
72. A further examination of the Application, on the other hand,

34208 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

sous les rubriques «moyens de droit» et «nature de la demande», Dji-
bouti mentionne en revanche les convocations antérieures au dépôt de la
requête et sollicite des remèdes spécifiques, dans la mesure où il considère
qu’elles constituent des violations du droit international.

73. Sous la rubrique «moyens de droit», Djibouti fait ainsi état, à l’ali-
néa c) du paragraphe 3 de sa requête, de la

«violation par la République française de l’obligation, découlant des
principes établis du droit international général et coutumier, de pré-
venir les atteintes à la personne, la liberté ou la dignité d’une per-
sonne jouissant d’une protection internationale, que ce soit un chef

d’Etat ou tout représentant, fonctionnaire ou personnalité officielle
d’un Etat».

74. Puis, sous la rubrique «nature de la demande» (paragraphe 4 de la
requête), Djibouti prie la Cour de dire et juger:

«e) que la République française a l’obligation juridique interna-
tionale de veiller à ce que le chef d’Etat de la République
de Djibouti en tant que chef d’Etat étranger ne soit pas
l’objet d’offenses et d’atteintes à sa dignité sur le territoire

français;
f) que la République française a l’obligation juridique de veiller
scrupuleusement au respect, au regard de la République de
Djibouti, des principes et règles relatifs aux privilèges, préro-
gatives et immunités diplomatiques tels que reflétés dans la

convention de Vienne du 18 avril 1961 sur les relations
diplomatiques;
...........................
h) que la République française est tenue de mettre fin immédiate-

ment à la violation des obligations susmentionnées, et qu’à ce
titre elle doit notamment:
...........................

ii) retirer et mettre à néant les convocations en qualité de
témoins assistés du chef d’Etat de la République de Djibouti
et de ressortissants djiboutiens jouissant d’une protection
internationale pour subornation de témoins dans l’Affaire
contre X du chef d’assassinat sur la personne de Bernard

Borrel».
75. La Cour observe que, en dépit d’une description sommaire de

l’objet du différend au paragraphe 2 de la requête, celle-ci, prise dans
son ensemble, a un objet plus large qui inclut la convocation adressée
au président de Djibouti le 17 mai 2005 et celles adressées à d’autres
responsables djiboutiens les 3 et 4 novembre 2004. Elle reviendra plus
loin sur la convocation ultérieure adressée au président de Djibouti ainsi

que sur les mandats d’arrêt décernés à l’encontre des autres responsables
djiboutiens.

35 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 208

reveals that both under the headings “Legal grounds” and “Nature of the
claim”, Djibouti mentions the summonses issued before the filing of the
Application and requests specific remedies in so far as it considers them
to be violations of international law.

73. Thus, under the heading “Legal grounds”, Djibouti lists in para-
graph 3, subparagraph (c), of its Application:

“violation by the French Republic of the obligation, deriving from
established principles of customary and general international law, to
prevent attacks on the person, freedom or dignity of an internation-
ally protected person, whether a Head of State or any representative

or official of a State”.

74. Further, under the heading “Nature of the claim” (paragraph 4 of
the Application), Djibouti asks the Court to adjudge and declare:

“(e) that the French Republic is under an international obligation
to ensure that the Head of State of the Republic of Djibouti,
as a foreign Head of State, is not subjected to any insults or
attacks on his dignity on French territory;

(f) that the French Republic is under a legal obligation scrupu-
lously to ensure respect, vis-à-vis the Republic of Djibouti, of
the principles and rules concerning diplomatic privileges, pre-
rogatives and immunities, as reflected in the Vienna Conven-

tion on Diplomatic Relations of 18 April 1961;

...........................
(h) that the French Republic is under an obligation immediately

to cease and desist from breaching the obligations referred to
above and, to that end, shall in particular:
...........................

(ii) withdraw and cancel the summonses of the Head of State
of the Republic of Djibouti and of internationally pro-
tected Djiboutian nationals to testify as témoins assistés
[legally represented witnesses] in respect of subornation of
perjury in the ‘Case against X for the murder of Bernard

Borrel’.”
75. The Court notes that, despite a confined description of the subject

of the dispute (its “objet”) in the second paragraph of the Application,
the said Application, taken as a whole, has a wider scope which includes
the summonses sent to the Djiboutian President on 17 May 2005 and
those sent to other Djiboutian officials on 3 and 4 November 2004. The
Court will in due course examine the later summons addressed to the

President of Djibouti, as well as the arrest warrants issued against the
other Djiboutian officials.

35209 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

b) La réponse de la France à la requête

76. La Cour examinera maintenant, à la lumière du contenu de la
requête de Djibouti, la lettre, datée du 25 juillet 2006 et reçue au Greffe le
9 août 2006, par laquelle la France lui a fait savoir qu’elle acceptait sa
compétence aux conditions qui y sont indiquées.

77. Les passages pertinents de la réponse de la France à la requête de
Djibouti sont reproduits ci-dessous dans leur intégralité:
«J’ai l’honneur de vous faire connaître que la République fran-

çaise accepte la compétence de la Cour pour connaître de la requête
en application et sur le seul fondement de l’article 38, paragraphe 5,
[du Règlement] susmentionné.
La présente acceptation de la compétence de la Cour ne vaut
qu’aux fins de l’affaire, au sens de l’article 38, paragraphe 5 précité,

c’est-à-dire pour le différend qui fait l’objet de la requête et dans les
strictes limites des demandes formulées dans celle-ci par la Républi-
que de Djibouti.»

78. Cette réponse à la requête de Djibouti a un double objet: en pre-
mier lieu, conférer compétence à la Cour pour connaître de la requête de
Djibouti; et, en second lieu, s’assurer que seul le différend objet de la
requête, à l’exclusion de tout autre, soit examiné par la Cour.

79. Ce qu’aucune des Parties ne conteste, c’est que les demandes rela-
tives à la commission rogatoire de Djibouti en date du 3 novembre 2004,
et donc, en particulier, au respect de la convention d’entraide judiciaire
en matière pénale de 1986, relèvent de la compétence de la Cour. La
requête de Djibouti et la réponse de la France convergent sur ce point.

Il reste cependant à déterminer si une telle convergence existe égale-
ment en ce qui concerne les demandes relatives aux convocations adres-
sées par la France au président de Djibouti, au procureur de la Répu-
blique de Djibouti et au chef de la sécurité nationale djiboutienne,
ainsi qu’aux mandats d’arrêt délivrés à l’encontre de ces deux derniers

responsables.

c) Les conclusions de la Cour

80. La Cour doit donc décider tout d’abord s’il ressort de la requête et
de la réponse de la France à cette dernière, en date du 25 juillet 2006, que
les demandes relatives à la convocation adressée au président de Djibouti
le 17 mai 2005, ainsi qu’à celles adressées au chef de la sécurité nationale

et au procureur de la République de Djibouti les 3 et 4 novembre 2004,
respectivement, et le 17 juin 2005 relèvent de sa compétence.

81. La réponse, par laquelle la France a accepté la compétence de la
Cour, a permis qu’une procédure contentieuse soit engagée devant celle-

ci, sur la base de la requête de Djibouti. Dès réception de cette réponse,
l’affaire a été inscrite au rôle général de la Cour. Il est clair que, au vu de

36 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 209

(b) France’s response to the Application

76. The Court will now analyse the letter which France sent to the
Court, dated 25 July 2006 and received in the Registry on 9 August 2006,
whereby it accepted the Court’s jurisdiction on the conditions described
therein, in the light of the content of the Application of Djibouti.

77. The operative phrases in France’s response to Djibouti’s Applica-
tion are reproduced here in full:
“I have the honour to inform you that the French Republic con-

sents to the Court’s jurisdiction to entertain the Application pursu-
ant to and solely on the basis of said Article 38, paragraph 5 [of the
Rules of Court].
The present consent to the Court’s jurisdiction is valid only for the
purposes of the case within the meaning of Article 38, paragraph 5,

i.e. in respect of the dispute forming the subject of the Application
and strictly within the limits of the claims formulated therein by the
Republic of Djibouti.”

78. This response to Djibouti’s Application seeks first to provide the
Court with jurisdiction to entertain the Application of Djibouti, and
second, to ensure that only the dispute which is the subject of the
Application, to the exclusion of any others, would be dealt with by
the Court.

79. What is uncontested by both Parties is that the claims relating
to the Djiboutian letter rogatory of 3 November 2004 and thus the
question of compliance, in particular, with the 1986 Convention on
Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters are subject to the Court’s
jurisdiction. Djibouti’s Application and France’s response overlap on

this issue. What remains to be answered, however, is the question whether
such an overlap exists also as regards the claims relating to the
summonses sent by France to the Djiboutian President, the procureur
de la République of Djibouti and the Djiboutian Head of National
Security, as well as the arrest warrants issued against the latter two

officials.

(c) Findings of the Court

80. The Court is thus required to decide first, proceeding from the
Application and the French response thereto dated 25 July 2006, whether
the claims relating to the summons sent to the President of Djibouti on
17 May 2005, as well as the summonses sent to the Head of National

Security and the procureur de la République of Djibouti on 3 and
4 November 2004, respectively, and on 17 June 2005, fall within the
Court’s jurisdiction.
81. France’s response, whereby it accepted the jurisdiction of the
Court, allowed the contentious proceedings to be set in motion, on the

basis of Djibouti’s Application. It was upon receipt of this response that
the case was put on the Court’s General List. It is clear, on the basis of

36210 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

la requête de Djibouti, la France pouvait choisir soit d’accepter la com-
pétence de la Cour également à l’égard des prétendues violations des pri-
vilèges et immunités dus selon Djibouti à son chef de l’Etat et à certains
de ses hauts fonctionnaires, soit de refuser la compétence de la Cour sur

ces points. La question qui se pose est donc de savoir ce que la France a
décidé à ce sujet.
82. La France affirme que son consentement ne vaut que pour l’«objet
du différend» tel qu’énoncé sous cette rubrique au paragraphe 2 de la
requête, ce qui revient à dire qu’elle n’aurait consenti à conférer compé-

tence à la Cour que pour connaître de la demande de Djibouti relative à
la commission rogatoire.
83. La Cour estime cependant que la simple lecture de la lettre que la
France lui a adressée révèle que le consentement du défendeur, du fait des
termes que celui-ci a employés, n’est pas circonscrit au seul «objet du dif-

férend» tel qu’énoncé au paragraphe 2 de la requête.
Premièrement, ainsi qu’il a été relevé plus haut, il ressort de la requête,
lue dans son ensemble, que l’objet du différend est plus large que celui
qui est exposé au paragraphe 2. En outre, les expressions «objet de la
requête» — que la France emploie dans sa lettre d’acceptation — et

«objet du différend» ne sont pas équivalentes. Aussi, selon son sens ordi-
naire, le terme «requête» employé dans la lettre d’acceptation doit-il être
entendu comme désignant l’intégralité de la requête. Enfin, rien dans la
lettre d’acceptation de la France ne laisse entendre qu’elle souhaitait limi-
ter, comme elle aurait pu le faire, la portée de son consentement à un

aspect particulier de la requête. En faisant figurer dans sa lettre le membre
de phrase «pour le différend qui fait l’objet de la requête et dans les
strictes limites des demandes formulées dans celle-ci » (les italiques sont
de la Cour), la France a entendu empêcher Djibouti de présenter, à un
stade ultérieur de la procédure, des demandes qui, bien que pouvant ren-

trer dans l’objet du litige, auraient été nouvelles. S’agissant de l’emploi,
dans le membre de phrase considéré, de la conjonction de coordination
«et», la France a présenté divers arguments pour démontrer que les mots
utilisés dans la lettre ont été «soigneusement pesés». Dans ces circons-
tances, la Cour estime que la France, qui avait une parfaite connaissance

des demandes formulées par Djibouti dans sa requête, n’a pas cherché,
lorsqu’elle a adressé sa lettre du 25 juillet 2006 à la Cour, à exclure de la
compétence de la Cour certains aspects du différend faisant l’objet de la
requête.
84. S’agissant de la compétence ratione materiae, la Cour estime que
les demandes relatives aux deux questions auxquelles il est fait référence

dans la requête de Djibouti, à savoir le refus de la France d’exécuter la
commission rogatoire de Djibouti et les différentes convocations adres-
sées par les autorités judiciaires françaises, d’une part au président de
Djibouti le 17 mai 2005, et d’autre part à deux hauts fonctionnaires
djiboutiens les 3 et 4 novembre 2004 et 17 juin 2005, relèvent de sa

compétence.
85. La Cour examinera maintenant la question de sa compétence à

37 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 210

Djibouti’s Application, that France could have either chosen to consent
to the Court’s jurisdiction also in respect of alleged violations of the
privileges and immunities said to be owed to the Head of State of Dji-
bouti and certain of its senior officials, or that it could have chosen to

deny the Court jurisdiction over these matters. The question at hand is to
know what France decided in that regard.
82. France claims that its agreement is limited to the “subject of the
dispute” as it is described under that heading in paragraph 2 of the
Application, that is, that it consented to provide the Court with jurisdic-

tion solely to adjudicate the claim regarding the Djiboutian letter roga-
tory.
83. However, it is the view of the Court that, on the basis of a plain
reading of the text of France’s letter to the Court, by its choice of words,
the consent of the Respondent is not limited to the “subject of the dis-

pute” as described in paragraph 2 of the Application.
First, as observed above, the subject of the dispute appears from the
Application, viewed as a whole, to be broader than that specified in para-
graph 2. Further, the expression “subject of the Application” used in
France’s letter of acceptance is not the same as the expression “subject of

the dispute”. Furthermore, in accordance with its ordinary meaning, the
term “Application” used in the letter of acceptance must be read as com-
prising the entirety of the Application. Finally, there is nothing in France’s
letter of acceptance suggesting that it intended to limit the scope of its
consent, as it could have done, to any particular aspect of the Applica-

tion. By its inclusion in the letter of the phrase “in respect of the dispute
forming the subject of the Application and strictly within the limits of the
claims formulated therein” (emphasis added), France had intended to
prevent Djibouti from presenting claims at a later stage of the proceed-
ings which might have fallen within the subject of the dispute but which

would have been new claims. As regards the use of the conjunctive “and”
in the phrase in question, France presented several arguments aiming to
demonstrate that the wording employed in the letter was “carefully
weighed”. Given these circumstances, the Court finds that when France,
which had full knowledge of the claims formulated by Djibouti in its

Application, sent its letter of 25 July 2006 to the Court, it did not seek to
exclude certain aspects of the dispute forming the subject of the Applica-
tion from its jurisdiction.

84. With regard to jurisdiction ratione materiae, the Court finds that
the claims concerning both subject-matters referred to in Djibouti’s Appli-

cation, namely, France’s refusal to comply with Djibouti’s letter rogatory
and the summonses to appear sent by the French judiciary, on the one
hand to the President of Djibouti dated 17 May 2005, and on the other
hand to two senior Djiboutian officials dated 3 and 4 November 2004
and 17 June 2005, are within the Court’s jurisdiction.

85. The Court now examines the question of the Court’s jurisdiction

37211 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

l’égard de la convocation à témoigner adressée en 2007 au président de
Djibouti et des mandats d’arrêt délivrés en 2006 à l’encontre des hauts
fonctionnaires djiboutiens. Elle rappellera que, dans son mémoire, Dji-
bouti n’avait pas traité cette question. A l’audience, Djibouti a contesté

que ses demandes fondées sur les violations des immunités internatio-
nales intervenues après le 9 janvier 2006 (date du dépôt de la requête)
fussent, comme le prétend la France, irrecevables; il a fait valoir qu’il
s’était réservé le droit, dans sa requête, de «modifier et de compléter la
présente requête». Il a observé que les demandes fondées sur des viola-

tions du droit international en matière d’immunités survenues postérieu-
rement au 9 janvier 2006 ne sont pas «nouvelle[s] et extrinsèque[s] par
rapport aux demandes initiales» et qu’«elles se rapportent toutes à celles
formulées dans la requête et se fondent sur les mêmes moyens de droit».
Ces demandes ne transformeraient pas l’objet du différend tel qu’il a été

originellement soumis à la Cour, ni ne l’étendraient. Djibouti prétend que
les violations en question ne se seraient pas produites si la France s’était
acquittée des obligations auxquelles la requête se réfère, et s’appuie à cet
effet sur la jurisprudence de la Cour (Compétence en matière de pêcheries
(République fédérale d’Allemagne c. Islande), fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil

1974, p. 203). Lesdites violations constitueraient ainsi «un seul fait illicite
continu».
86. La Cour rappellera également l’argument de la France selon lequel,
même dans l’hypothèse où la Cour s’estimerait compétente pour connaî-
tre en principe des violations alléguées en matière de prévention des

atteintes à la personne, à la liberté ou à la dignité des personnes jouissant
d’une protection internationale, cette compétence ne pourrait s’exercer à
l’égard de faits survenus postérieurement au dépôt de la requête. Il en
irait ainsi de l’invitation à déposer adressée au président djiboutien le
14 février 2007 et des mandats d’arrêt délivrés le 27 septembre 2006

à l’encontre du chef de la sécurité nationale et du procureur de la Répu-
blique de Djibouti dans le cadre de la procédure ouverte du chef de
subornation de témoins (voir paragraphe 35 ci-dessus). A ce sujet, la
France rejette la thèse du demandeur, qui aboutit selon elle à l’élargis-
sement progressif de la juridiction de la Cour de manière incompatible

avec le principe du consensualisme.
87. Bien que la Cour n’ait pas jugé que le consentement de la France
était limité au contenu du paragraphe 2 de la requête de Djibouti, il res-
sort clairement de la lettre de la France que son consentement ne s’étend
pas au-delà de ce que contient ladite requête. Là où la compétence est
fondée sur le forum prorogatum, une attention toute particulière doit être

portée à l’étendue du consentement tel qu’il est circonscrit par l’Etat
défendeur. Les mandats d’arrêt à l’encontre de deux hauts fonctionnaires
djiboutiens ayant été délivrés postérieurement au dépôt de la requête de
Djibouti, ils ne sont mentionnés nulle part dans celle-ci. Lorsque la Cour
a examiné la question de sa compétence à l’égard de faits ou d’événe-

ments postérieurs au dépôt de la requête, elle a souligné la nécessité de
déterminer si ceux-ci se rapportaient aux faits ou événements relevant

38 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 211

over the witness summons of 2007 served on the President of Djibouti
and the arrest warrants of 2006 issued against the senior Djiboutian offi-
cials. It recalls that, in its Memorial, Djibouti did not address that ques-
tion. At the hearings, Djibouti disputed that its claims based on the

violations of international immunities which took place after 9 Janu-
ary 2006 (the date at which it filed the Application) were, as France
claims, inadmissible; it argued that it had reserved the right, in the Appli-
cation, “to amend and supplement the present Application”. Djibouti
noted that the claims based on violations of the international law on

immunities which took place after 9 January 2006 are not “new or extra-
neous to the initial claims” and that they “all relate to the claims set out
in the Application and are based on the same legal grounds”. They do
not transform the subject of the dispute as it was originally submitted to
the Court, nor do they extend it. Djibouti contends that these violations

would not have taken place if France had fulfilled the obligations to
which the Application refers, and relies on the jurisprudence of the Court
in this respect (Fisheries Jurisdiction (Federal Republic of Germany v.
Iceland), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974 , p. 203). Those viola-
tions thus constitute “one sole continuous wrongful act”.

86. The Court also recalls France’s argument that even if the Court
should find jurisdiction in principle to deal with the alleged violations
regarding the prevention of attacks on the person, liberty or dignity of

internationally protected persons, such jurisdiction could not be exercised
in respect of facts occurring subsequent to the filing of the Application.
That would be the case with the invitation to testify sent to the Djibou-
tian President on 14 February 2007, and with the arrest warrants issued
on 27 September 2006 against the Head of National Security and the pro-

cureur de la République of Djibouti in connection with the proceedings
opened for subornation of perjury (see paragraph 35 above). In this
respect, France rejects the Applicant’s argument, as it believes it would
result in a gradual extension of the jurisdiction of the Court in a way that
is incompatible with the principle of consensualism.

87. Although the Court has not found that France’s consent is limited
to what is contained in paragraph 2 of Djibouti’s Application, it is clear
from France’s letter that its consent does not go beyond what is in that
Application. Where jurisdiction is based on forum prorogatum, great care
must be taken regarding the scope of the consent as circumscribed by the

respondent State. The arrest warrants against the two senior Djiboutian
officials, having been issued after the date the Application was filed, are
nowhere mentioned therein. When the Court has examined its jurisdic-
tion over facts or events subsequent to the filing of the application, it has
emphasized the need to determine whether those facts or events were con-

nected to the facts or events already falling within the Court’s jurisdiction
and whether consideration of those later facts or events would transform

38212 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

déjà de sa compétence et si leur prise en considération aurait pour effet de
transformer la «nature du différend» (voir Compétence en matière de
pêcheries (République fédérale d’Allemagne c. Islande), fond, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 203, par. 72; LaGrand (Allemagne c. Etats-Unis

d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2001 , p. 483-484, par. 45; voir aussi
Certaines terres à phosphates à Nauru (Nauru c. Australie), exceptions
préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1992 , p. 264-267, par. 69-70; et Man-
dat d’arrêt du 11 avril 2000 (République démocratique du Congo c. Bel-
gique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2002 , p. 16, par. 36).

88. Dans aucune de ces affaires la compétence de la Cour n’était fon-
dée sur un forum prorogatum. Dans la présente espèce, où tel est le fon-
dement de sa compétence, la Cour est d’avis qu’il n’est pas pertinent de
savoir si les éléments postérieurs en question «dépassent l’objet déclaré
de [l]a requête» (comme l’a fait valoir la France, argument auquel Dji-

bouti a répondu en renvoyant à la jurisprudence de la Cour concernant la
faculté de modifier des conclusions). En ce qui concerne les mandats
d’arrêt délivrés à l’encontre des hauts fonctionnaires djiboutiens, ce qui
est décisif, selon la Cour, pour répondre à la question de savoir si elle est
compétente pour connaître des demandes relatives à ces mandats n’est

pas sa jurisprudence relative aux notions de «continuité» et de
«connexité», qui constituent des critères pertinents pour déterminer les
limites ratione temporis de sa compétence, mais ce que la France a
expressément accepté dans sa lettre du 25 juillet 2006. Sur ce point, la
France précise que son consentement ne vaut «qu’aux fins de l’affaire»,

c’est-à-dire «pour le différend qui fait l’objet de la requête et dans les
strictes limites des demandes formulées dans celle-ci par la République de
Djibouti».
Comme cela a déjà été mentionné, on ne trouve dans la requête de Dji-
bouti aucune demande portant sur les mandats d’arrêt. Bien que ces

mandats d’arrêt puissent être perçus comme un moyen d’exécuter les
convocations à témoigner, ils représentent de nouveaux actes juridiques
au sujet desquels la France ne peut être considérée comme ayant accepté
implicitement la compétence de la Cour. Par conséquent, les demandes
relatives aux mandats d’arrêt concernent des questions qui n’entrent pas

dans le champ de la compétence ratione materiae de la Cour. Etant par-
venue à cette conclusion, la Cour n’est pas tenue de se prononcer sur la
question de savoir si ces demandes découlaient ou non directement de
questions en litige au moment du dépôt de la requête.
89. La Cour examinera maintenant l’allégation du défendeur relative
à la convocation (l’invitation) adressée au président de Djibouti le 14 fé-

vrier 2007.
90. En l’espèce, la France a, selon la procédure prévue au para-
graphe 5 de l’article 38 du Règlement, accepté la compétence de la
Cour pour statuer sur les demandes formulées dans la requête de Dji-
bouti, déposée le 9 janvier 2006. La Cour examinera à présent ce que cela

implique pour la convocation du 14 février 2007, c’est-à-dire un évé-
nement survenu après le 9 janvier 2006.

39 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 212

the “nature of the dispute” (see Fisheries Jurisdiction (Federal Republic
of Germany v. Iceland), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974 , p. 203,
para. 72; LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2001, pp. 483-484, para. 45; see also Certain Phosphate

Lands in Nauru (Nauru v. Australia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1992, pp. 264-267, paras. 69-70; and Arrest Warrant of
11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium), Judg-
ment, I.C.J. Reports 2002 , p. 16, para. 36).

88. In none of these cases was the Court’s jurisdiction founded on
forum prorogatum. In the present case, where it is so founded, the Court
considers it immaterial whether these later elements would “go beyond
the declared subject of (the) Application” (as France argued, an argu-
ment against which Djibouti referred to the Court’s case law regarding

liberty to amend submissions). So far as the arrest warrants issued
against senior Djiboutian officials are concerned, in the Court’s view,
what is decisive is that the question of its jurisdiction over the claims
relating to these arrest warrants is not to be answered by recourse to
jurisprudence relating to “continuity” and “connexity”, which are criteria

relevant for determining limits ratione temporis to its jurisdiction, but by
that which France has expressly accepted in its letter of 25 July 2006.
There, France specifies that its consent is valid “only for the purposes of
the case”, that is, regarding “the dispute forming the subject of the Appli-
cation and strictly within the limits of the claims formulated therein by

the Republic of Djibouti”.

As was already mentioned, in Djibouti’s Application there are no
claims relating to arrest warrants. Although the arrest warrants could be

perceived as a method of enforcing the summonses, they represent new
legal acts in respect of which France cannot be considered as having
implicitly accepted the Court’s jurisdiction. Therefore, the claims relating
to the arrest warrants arise in respect of issues which are outside the
scope of the Court’s jurisdiction ratione materiae. Having arrived at this

conclusion, the Court does not have to rule on the question whether these
claims were or were not directly derived from matters in dispute at the
time of the Application.

89. The Court will now examine the Respondent’s contention relating
to the summons (invitation) sent to the President of Djibouti on 14 Feb-

ruary 2007.
90. In the present case, France has, under the procedure outlined in
Article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court, agreed to the Court’s
jurisdiction in relation to the claims described in Djibouti’s Application,
filed on 9 January 2006. The Court will have to examine the implications

for the summons of 14 February 2007, that is, an event occurring after
that date.

39213 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE ARRÊT )

91. Une convocation initiale avait été transmise par télécopie au
président de Djibouti le 17 mai 2005, à l’ambassade de Djibouti à
Paris, alors qu’il était en visite officielle en France. Cette convocation
a été rejetée par Djibouti, pour des raisons de forme et de fond. La

seconde convocation a été adressée le 14 février 2007: elle portait
sur la même affaire, l’invitation émanant du même juge, et concernait la
même question juridique; mais elle respectait cette fois la forme
requise en droit français. La convocation adressée le 14 février 2007
au président de la République de Djibouti n’était qu’une simple

répétition de la précédente, quoique la forme en eût été rectifiée.
Il apparaît dès lors qu’il s’agissait en substance de la même
convocation.
92. La Cour doit rechercher si la seconde convocation relève du consen-
tement mutuel tel que formulé dans la requête de Djibouti et dans la

réponse de la France.
93. Djibouti énonce les moyens de droit sur lesquels il fonde sa requête
au paragraphe 3 de celle-ci. Suivant cet énoncé, la requête est notamment
fondée sur:

«c) [la] violation par la République française de l’obligation, décou-
lant des principes établis du droit international général et cou-
tumier, de prévenir les atteintes à la personne, la liberté ou la
dignité d’une personne jouissant d’une protection internatio-
nale, que ce soit un chef d’Etat ou tout représentant, fonction-

naire ou personnalité officielle d’un Etat».

Ce moyen de droit, qui a trait à la demande de Djibouti relative aux
convocations à témoigner, fait expressément référence aux atteintes por-
tées à la personne d’un chef d’Etat et couvre, de ce fait, la convocation

adressée au chef de l’Etat djiboutien en 2005.
94. La réponse française à la requête de Djibouti, comme cela a été
mentionné plus haut, a été formulée afin de limiter le champ d’applica-
tion de la compétence de la Cour. La lettre d’acceptation de la France ne
contient cependant pas de restriction temporelle; en revanche, il y est pré-

cisé que la France a accepté la compétence de la Cour pour ce qui est des
«demandes formulées» dans la requête de Djibouti.
95. Sur la base de son examen de la requête de Djibouti et de la
réponse de la France, la Cour parvient à la conclusion que les Parties ont
accepté sa compétence pour connaître de la convocation adressée au pré-
sident de Djibouti le 17 mai 2005. Comme elle l’a indiqué plus haut

(paragraphe 91), la Cour estime, s’agissant de la convocation envoyée au
président le 14 février 2007, qu’il s’agit en substance de la même convoca-
tion, répétant simplement la précédente. La Cour conclut donc qu’elle a
compétence pour examiner ces deux convocations.

* * *

40 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 213

91. A first summons to appear was sent by facsimile to the Djiboutian
President on 17 May 2005 at the Djiboutian Embassy in Paris while he
was on an official visit to France. It was rejected by Djibouti, for reasons
of form and substance. The second summons was sent on 14 February

2007: it was in relation to the same case, as the invitation was issued by
the same judge, and it was in relation to the same legal question; how-
ever, this time it followed the proper form under French law. The sum-
mons sent to the President of Djibouti on 14 February 2007 was but a
repetition of the preceding one, even though it had been corrected as to

form. Consequently, it is apparent that, in its substance, it is the same
summons.

92. The Court must consider whether the second summons is covered
by the mutual consent represented by the terms of the Djiboutian Appli-

cation and the French response.
93. Djibouti lists the legal grounds on which it bases its Application in
the latter’s paragraph 3. According to the wording found therein, the
Application is, inter alia, founded on:

“(c) violation by the French Republic of the obligation, deriving
from established principles of customary and general interna-
tional law, to prevent attacks on the person, freedom or dig-
nity of an internationally protected person, whether a Head of
State or any representative or official of a State”.

This ground, which relates to Djibouti’s claim regarding the witness
summonses, refers expressly to the attacks on the person of a Head of
State and also extends, therefore, to the summons addressed to the Dji-

boutian Head of State in 2005.
94. The French response to Djibouti’s Application, as already men-
tioned above, was worded to limit the scope of the Court’s jurisdiction.
The French letter of acceptance did not, however, contain a temporal
limitation; rather, it specified that France accepted the jurisdiction of the

Court in relation to the “claims formulated” in Djibouti’s Application.

95. Pursuant to its examination of Djibouti’s Application and of
France’s response, the Court reaches the conclusion that the Parties had
accepted its jurisdiction to deal with the summons addressed to the Presi-
dent of Djibouti on 17 May 2005. As regards the summons addressed to

the President on 14 February 2007, as has already been indicated above
(paragraph 91), the Court finds that it is the same summons in its sub-
stance, as it is simply a repetition of the first. The Court thus finds that it
has jurisdiction to examine both.

* * *

40214 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

III. L A VIOLATION ALLÉGUÉE DU TRAITÉ D ’AMITIÉ ET DE COOPÉRATION
ENTRE LA F RANCE ET D JIBOUTI DU 27 JUIN 1977

96. Le traité d’amitié et de coopération entre la France et Djibouti a
été signé le 27 juin 1977, date à laquelle Djibouti accéda à l’indépen-
dance. Il a été ensuite ratifié par les parties et est entré en vigueur le

31 octobre 1982 (Nations Unies, Recueil des traités, vol. 1482, p. 194).

Djibouti soutient que la France a violé l’obligation générale de coopé-
ration prévue par le traité d’amitié et de coopération en ne coopérant pas

avec lui dans le cadre de la procédure d’information judiciaire relative à
l’affaire Borrel, en portant atteinte à la dignité et à l’honneur du chef de
l’Etat djiboutien et d’autres autorités djiboutiennes, et en agissant ainsi
au mépris des principes d’égalité, de respect mutuel et de paix énoncés à

l’article premier du traité.
97. Dans le préambule du traité, les présidents des deux Etats expri-
ment leur désir «de développer et renforcer les liens d’amitié entre leurs
deux pays, et la coopération entre la République française et la Républi-

que de Djibouti dans les domaines politique, militaire, économique,
monétaire, culturel, social et technique». A l’article premier du traité, les
parties «décident de fonder les relations de leurs deux pays sur l’égalité, le
respect mutuel et la paix»; l’article 2 fait état de leur «ferme volonté de
préserver et raffermir» l’amitié et la coopération existant entre leurs deux

pays, d’Œuvrer au renforcement de la paix et de la sécurité, ainsi que de
«favoriser toute coopération internationale visant à promouvoir la paix
et le progrès culturel, économique et social». Le premier paragraphe de
l’article 3 comporte une obligation de concertation en vue de garantir la

stabilité de la monnaie de Djibouti, tandis que le second contient des enga-
gements relatifs au développement économique des deux pays. L’article 4
porte sur la coopération «dans les domaines de la culture, des sciences,
de la technique et de l’éducation». A l’article 5, les parties s’engagent

à favoriser la coopération, les échanges d’expériences et d’information
entre leurs «organismes nationaux publics et privés» et entre leurs «ins-
titutions économiques, sociales et culturelles». L’article 6 prévoit l’éta-
blissement d’une «commission franco-djiboutienne de coopération», dont

le fonctionnement est régi par les dispositions de l’article 7 du traité. La
commission est chargée de «veiller à la mise en Œuvre des principes et à la
poursuite des objectifs définis dans le ... traité et dans les conventions et
accords particuliers passés entre les deux gouvernements»; sa compé-

tence s’étend à «[t]outes les relations de coopération ainsi qu[’à] l’applica-
tion des différents accords conclus entre les deux Etats».
98. Se référant à l’affaire des Plates-formes pétrolières (République
islamique d’Iran c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique) (C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II) ,
p. 814, par. 28), Djibouti soutient que l’article premier du traité doit être

considéré comme «fixant un objectif à la lumière duquel les autres dis-
positions du traité doivent être interprétées et appliquées». Selon Dji-
bouti, l’obligation générale de coopération découlerait de l’objet et du

41 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 214

III. HE A LLEGED V IOLATION OF THE T REATY OF F RIENDSHIP AND

C O-OPERATION BETWEEN F RANCE AND D JIBOUTI OF27 JUNE 1977

96. The Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation between France and
Djibouti was signed on 27 June 1977, that is, on the date on which Dji-

bouti gained independence. The Treaty was subsequently ratified by the
Parties and entered into force on 31 October 1982 (United Nations,
Treaty Series (UNTS), Vol. 1482, p. 196).
Djibouti argues that France violated a general obligation of co-opera-

tion provided for by the Treaty of Friendship and Co-operation through
the following acts: not co-operating with it in the context of the judicial
investigation into the Borrel case; attacking the dignity and honour of
the Djiboutian Head of State and other Djiboutian authorities; and act-

ing in disregard of the principles of equality, mutual respect and peace set
out in Article 1 of the Treaty.
97. In the Preamble to the Treaty, the Presidents of the two States
express their desire “to develop and strengthen the friendly relations

between their two countries, and the co-operation between the French
Republic and the Republic of Djibouti in the political, military, eco-
nomic, financial, cultural, social and technical fields”. In Article 1 of the
Treaty, the Parties “decide to found the relations between their two coun-

tries on equality, mutual respect and peace”; Article 2 expresses their
“firm desire to preserve and strengthen” the existing co-operation and
friendship, to work to fortify peace and security, as well as to “foster all
international co-operation promoting peace and social, economic and

cultural progress”. The first paragraph of Article 3 embodies an obliga-
tion of consultation in favour of the stability of the currency of Djibouti,
while the second paragraph contains undertakings relating to the eco-
nomic development of the two countries. Article 4 deals with co-opera-

tion “in the areas of culture, science, technology and education”. In Arti-
cle 5, the Parties promise to foster co-operation, the sharing of experience,
and the exchange of information between their “public and private
national organizations” and their “cultural, social and economic institu-

tions”. Article 6 provides for the establishment of a “France-Djibouti
Co-operation Commission”, whose functioning is governed by rules set
out in Article 7 of the Treaty. The task of the Commission is “to oversee
the implementation of the principles and the pursuit of the objectives

defined in the . . . Treaty and in the conventions and specific agreements
entered into between the two Governments”; its jurisdiction is to com-
prise “[a]ll relations of co-operation, as well as the application of the vari-
ous agreements entered into between the two States”.

98. Djibouti contends that Article 1 of the Treaty should be regarded
as “fixing an objective, in the light of which the other Treaty provisions
are to be interpreted and applied”, making reference to the case concern-
ing Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America)

(I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II) , p. 814, para. 28). According to Djibouti, that
general obligation allegedly arises from the object and purpose of the

41215 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

but du traité interprété à la lumière de ses articles premier, 2 et 4, et de
son préambule. Djibouti allègue également que l’objectif des Parties,
lorsqu’elles ont choisi d’exprimer ces obligations sous la forme d’un
traité, était de se lier «au moyen d’un véritable engagement juridique

déclenchant tous les effets d’un authentique accord international». Dji-
bouti note à ce propos que la majorité des dispositions du traité (arti-
cles premier à 5) sont libellées en termes d’obligations; selon lui, que le
traité ait été ratifié par le président de la République française sans auto-
risation parlementaire «ne change rien au fait qu’il consacre des obliga-

tions de nature juridique».
99. Djibouti fait valoir que l’obligation générale de coopération pré-
vue par le traité a un caractère synallagmatique et qu’il s’y est conformé
en faisant preuve d’un «esprit de collaboration exemplaire» et en
déployant de bonne foi tous les efforts possibles afin de faire la lumière

sur l’affaire Borrel. La France, en revanche, aurait violé les obligations de
réciprocité et de bonne foi lui incombant en matière de coopération.
100. Djibouti soutient également que, outre l’obligation générale de
coopération, le traité prescrit des obligations spécifiques de coopérer dans
tous les domaines visés par ses dispositions de manière indicative et non

pas exhaustive. Djibouti prétend en conséquence que la coopération judi-
ciaire en matière pénale relève des engagements découlant des articles 3 et
5 du traité. S’appuyant sur l’article 6 du traité, Djibouti affirme que
celui-ci

««chapeaute» tous les autres accords bilatéraux successifs, dont la
convention de 1986, et doit être observé dans tous les domaines dont
ceux-ci s’occupent. Autrement dit, tous ces accords postérieurs à

1977 doivent être interprétés et appliqués à la lumière de l’objet et du
but du traité de 1977 et des engagements en matière de coopération
qui en découlent.»

Djibouti en déduit que toute violation grave d’un accord spécifique pos-
térieur, tel que la convention de 1986, se traduirait automatiquement et
simultanément par la violation du traité.
101. La France soutient que toute interprétation du traité aboutissant

à la reconnaissance de l’existence d’une obligation générale de coopéra-
tion qui lui serait juridiquement opposable dans l’exécution de la com-
mission rogatoire internationale irait non seulement à l’encontre des
termes du traité, mais aussi de son objet, de son but, de son contexte
et de la volonté des parties. Se fondant sur les principes d’interprétation
dégagés par la Cour dans le cas d’autres traités d’amitié et se référant

aux affaires des Plates-formes pétrolières (République islamique d’Iran
c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique) (C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II) , p. 814, par. 28) et
des Activités militaires et paramilitaires au Nicaragua et contre celui-ci
(Nicaragua c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique) (C.I.J. Recueil 1986, p. 137,
par. 273), la France souligne notamment que l’article premier du traité ne

fait que poser de grands principes, que l’article 2 exprime une volonté
commune de poursuivre certains objectifs qui ne peuvent constituer des

42 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 215

Treaty as interpreted on the basis of its Articles 1, 2 and 4, and its Pre-
amble. Djibouti also argues that the goal pursued by the Parties, in
choosing to express these obligations in the form of a treaty, was to be
bound “by means of a genuine legal commitment giving rise to all the

effects of an authentic international agreement”. Djibouti observes in this
respect that the majority of the provisions of the Treaty (Arts. 1-5) are
clearly expressed as obligations, and considers that the fact that the
Treaty was ratified by the President of the French Republic without par-
liamentary approval “does not in any way change the fact that it estab-

lishes obligations of a legal kind”.
99. Djibouti argues that the general obligation of co-operation
enshrined in the Treaty creates reciprocal obligations which it has hon-
oured by manifesting an “exemplary spirit of co-operation” and making
all possible good-faith efforts to shed light on the Borrel case. In con-

trast, France is said to have violated the obligations of reciprocity and
good faith incumbent upon it in terms of co-operation.
100. Djibouti also maintains that, in addition to the general obligation
of co-operation, the Treaty provides for specific obligations to co-operate
in all the areas which the Treaty covers, in an indicative rather than an

exhaustive manner. Djibouti thus claims that judicial co-operation in
criminal matters falls within the undertakings deriving from Articles 3
and 5 of the Treaty. Relying on Article 6 of the Treaty, Djibouti argues
that the Treaty:

“‘oversees’, so to speak, all the other successive bilateral agreements,
including the 1986 Convention, and must be observed in all areas
with which they are concerned. In other words, all agreements sub-

sequent to 1977 must be interpreted and applied in the light of the
object and purpose of the 1977 Treaty and the undertakings regard-
ing co-operation that derive from it.”

Djibouti concludes from this that any serious violation of a subsequent
specific agreement, such as the 1986 Convention, automatically and
simultaneously gives rise to a breach of the Treaty.
101. France argues that any interpretation of the Treaty resulting in

the acknowledgment of the existence of a general obligation to co-
operate which is legally binding on France in respect of the execution of
the international letter rogatory is inconsistent not only with the wording
of the Treaty, but also with its object, its purpose, its context, and the will
of the parties. Basing itself on the principles of interpretation established
by the Court with regard to other friendship treaties, and referring to the

cases concerning Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States
of America) (I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II) , p. 814, para. 28) and Military and
Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United
States of America) (I.C.J. Reports 1986, p. 137, para. 273), France
emphasizes in particular that Article 1 of the Treaty merely lays down

guiding principles, that Article 2 expresses a common desire to pursue
certain objectives which cannot constitute legal obligations, and that

42216 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

obligations juridiques, et que les obligations juridiques que le traité
contient par ailleurs (articles 3 et 4) sont sans rapport avec la coopération
judiciaire en matière pénale. En ce qui concerne l’article 5, la France
remarque que son libellé ne traduit qu’une obligation de comportement

«assez lâche», que les autorités judiciaires n’y sont pas visées et que le
domaine de cet article «ne peut s’étendre au-delà du domaine du traité
lui-même», qui ne vise pas la coopération judiciaire. La France ajoute
que son interprétation du traité est étayée par le fait que celui-ci a été
ratifié par le président de la République sans autorisation parlementaire;

or, s’il avait — à l’instar de la convention de 1986 — comporté des obli-
gations juridiques précises, une telle autorisation aurait été requise par
l’article 53 de la Constitution française.
102. La France conteste par ailleurs que l’article 6 «chapeaute» tous
les autres accords bilatéraux, notant en particulier que ni les dispositions

du traité ni celles de la convention de 1986 n’établissent de lien juridique
entre les deux instruments. De ce fait, aucune violation de la convention
de 1986 ne pourrait avoir d’effet au titre du traité de 1977.
103. La France en déduit que les principes énoncés dans le traité de
1977 ne peuvent en eux-mêmes «être à l’origine d’une violation du droit

international». Elle soutient enfin que le rattachement des principes de
bonne foi et de réciprocité au traité est artificiel, sur le plan formel, et que
ces principes doivent être appréciés en relation avec des obligations pré-
cises qui figurent, selon la requête, dans la convention de 1986, et non
dans le traité de 1977. La France renvoie ainsi l’examen de la question de

la réciprocité à l’analyse des violations de la convention de 1986 alléguées
par Djibouti.
104. La Cour relève que, en dépit de l’intention générale de promou-
voir le respect mutuel énoncée à l’article premier du traité de 1977, l’objet
principal du traité est le développement de la coopération dans les do-

maines économique, monétaire, social et culturel. Les dispositions de fond
du traité sont libellées en termes d’objectifs à atteindre, d’amitié à encou-
rager et de bonne volonté à développer. Mais, si elles renvoient à la réalisa-
tion d’aspirations, elles n’en sont pas pour autant vides de contenu juri-
dique. Les obligations mutuelles prévues par le traité sont des obligations

juridiques, exprimées sous la forme d’obligations de comportement
— en l’occurrence d’obligations de coopérer —, de caractère vague
et général, qui imposent aux parties d’Œuvrer en vue d’atteindre certains
objectifs, lesquels sont définis comme des avancées dans des domaines
donnés, ainsi qu’en matière de paix et de sécurité; certaines procédures et
certains arrangements institutionnels doivent leur permettre d’atteindre

ces objectifs. Que la France ait ratifié le traité sans juger nécessaire de le
soumettre à l’approbation parlementaire ne change rien au fait que ledit
traité crée des obligations juridiques qui relèvent de la catégorie définie
ci-dessus.
105. L’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale, question qui fait l’objet de

la convention de 1986, n’est pas mentionnée parmi les domaines de coo-
pération énumérés dans le traité d’amitié de 1977. La coopération judi-

43 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 216

the legal obligations contained within the Treaty (Arts. 3 and 4) have
nothing to do with judicial co-operation in criminal matters. With regard
to Article 5, France points out that the wording used reflects a “fairly
vague” obligation to act, that it does not relate to the judicial authorities,

and that the area covered by the Article “cannot extend beyond the scope
of the Treaty itself”, which does not address judicial co-operation. In
addition, France claims that its interpretation of the Treaty is supported
by the fact that it was ratified by the President of the Republic without
the need for parliamentary approval, and that, had the Treaty involved

specific legal obligations (as was the case for the 1986 Convention), such
approval would have been required by Article 53 of its Constitution.

102. France further disputes that Article 6 “oversees” all of the other
successive bilateral agreements, noting in particular that neither the pro-

visions of the Treaty nor those of the 1986 Convention establish a legal
link between the two instruments. In this respect, no violation of the
1986 Convention could give rise to any effects under the Treaty of 1977.
103. France concludes that the principles embodied in the Treaty of
1977 cannot by themselves “give rise to a violation of international law”.

Furthermore, it contends that the manner in which the principles of good
faith and reciprocity are linked to the Treaty is, formally speaking, artifi-
cial, and that the said principles should be examined in relation to specific
obligations which are contained, according to the Application, in the
1986 Convention and not in the Treaty of 1977. France thus addresses

the issue of reciprocity in dealing with the violations of the 1986 Conven-
tion that are alleged by Djibouti.
104. The Court observes that, notwithstanding the broad intention to
promote mutual respect as described in Article 1 of the Treaty of 1977,
the principal objective of the Treaty is the development of co-operation

in the economic, monetary, social and cultural fields. Its substantive pro-
visions speak of objectives to be attained, friendship to be fostered and
goodwill to be developed. While these provisions refer to the realization
of aspirations, they are not bereft of legal content. The respective obliga-
tions of the Treaty are obligations of law, articulated as obligations of

conduct or, in this case, of co-operation, of a broad and general nature,
committing the Parties to work towards the attainment of certain objec-
tives defined as progress in a variety of fields, as well as in matters relat-
ing to peace and security. These goals are to be achieved by the employ-
ment of certain procedures and institutional arrangements. That France
has ratified the Treaty without finding it necessary to submit it for par-

liamentary approval does not alter the fact that the Treaty creates legal
obligations of the kind just described.

105. Mutual assistance in criminal matters, the subject regulated by

the 1986 Convention, is not a matter mentioned among the fields of co-
operation enumerated in the Treaty of 1977. Judicial co-operation is

43217 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE ARRÊT )

ciaire n’est ainsi pas visée par les engagements et les procédures régis par
le paragraphe 2 de l’article 3 et les articles 5 et 6 du traité. Se pose donc
la question de savoir si ce traité peut avoir un effet juridique sur la
convention de 1986, alors même que celle-ci porte sur un type de coopé-

ration qui n’y est pas envisagé.
106. De l’avis du demandeur, une relation de cette nature existe entre
les deux instruments à un double titre: premièrement, la conven-
tion d’entraide judiciaire de 1986 doit être interprétée à la lumière
des liens d’amitié existant entre les Etats qui y sont parties et, deuxième-

ment, toute violation «grave» de la convention de 1986 doit être consi-
dérée comme constituant un manquement «majeur» au traité d’amitié
de 1977.
107. La Cour a été amenée à examiner des questions semblables dans
deux précédentes affaires. En l’affaire des Activités militaires et parami-

litaires au Nicaragua et contre celui-ci (Nicaragua c. Etats-Unis d’Amé-
rique), au stade du fond, elle fut ainsi appelée à se prononcer sur le sens
et la portée d’un traité d’amitié, de commerce et de navigation conclu
en 1956 entre les deux Etats. Elle statua en ces termes:

«[L]a Cour est priée de dire qu’un Etat qui a conclu un traité
d’amitié s’oblige par celui-ci, aussi longtemps qu’il reste en vigueur,
à s’abstenir de tout acte envers l’autre partie qui puisse être consi-

déré comme inamical, même s’il ne viole pas en lui-même une obliga-
tion internationale. Un tel engagement pourrait, bien entendu, être
expressément stipulé dans un traité ou même paraître découler néces-
sairement de son texte: mais, dans le cadre du droit international
coutumier, il n’est pas évident que la pratique effective des Etats

témoigne de l’existence d’une règle d’une aussi vaste portée. Même
lorsqu’un traité d’amitié est en cause, il doit nécessairement exister
une distinction entre la grande catégorie des actes inamicaux et la
catégorie plus étroite d’actes tendant à faire échouer le but et l’objet
du traité. Ce but et cet objet sont de manifester une amitié effective

dans les domaines précis prévus par le traité, et non une amitié en un
sens vague et général.» (Fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1986 , p. 136-137,
par. 273.)

La Cour estima ainsi que, si l’article premier du traité conclu entre les
Etats-Unis et le Nicaragua créait bien une obligation générale de se com-
porter envers l’autre partie de manière amicale, cette obligation ne s’éten-
dait pas à l’ensemble des relations entre les parties, mais se limitait aux
domaines précis régis par le traité.

108. De la même manière, dans sa décision préliminaire sur la compé-
tence en l’affaire des Plates-formes pétrolières (République islamique
d’Iran c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique) , la Cour fut appelée à interpréter l’ar-
ticle premier du traité d’amitié, de commerce et de droits consulaires
conclu en 1955 entre l’Iran et les Etats-Unis, qui disposait: «Il y aura

paix stable et durable et amitié sincère» entre les deux Etats. L’Iran sou-
tenait que cet article imposait aux parties une obligation positive, alors

44 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 217

therefore not subject to the undertakings and procedures governed by
Article 3, paragraph 2, and Articles 5 and 6 of the Treaty. Therefore the
question arises whether the Treaty of 1977 can have any juridical impact
on the 1986 Convention, despite the fact that the Convention deals with

a kind of co-operation which is not envisaged in the Treaty of 1977.
106. In the view of the Applicant, such a relationship between the two
instruments exists in two regards: first, the 1986 Convention on Mutual
Assistance must be construed in the light of the ties of friendship existing
between the Parties to it; and second, any “serious” violation of the 1986

Convention must be regarded as a “major” violation of the 1977 Treaty
of Friendship.

107. The Court has had occasion to address similar questions in two
earlier cases. At the merits stage of the case concerning Military and

Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United
States of America), the Court had to determine the purport and scope of
a treaty of friendship, commerce and navigation concluded in 1956
between the two States. In its own words,

“[T]he Court is asked to rule that a State which enters into a
treaty of friendship binds itself, for so long as the Treaty is in force,
to abstain from any act towards the other party which could be clas-

sified as an unfriendly act, even if such act is not in itself the breach
of an international obligation. Such a duty might of course be
expressly stipulated in a treaty, or might even emerge as a necessary
implication from the text; but as a matter of customary international
law, it is not clear that the existence of such a far reaching rule is

evidenced in the practice of States. There must be a distinction, even
in the case of a treaty of friendship, between the broad category of
unfriendly acts, and the narrower category of acts tending to defeat
the object and purpose of the Treaty. That object and purpose is the
effective implementation of friendship in the specific fields provided

for in the Treaty, not friendship in a vague general sense.” (Merits,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986 , pp. 136-137, para. 273.)

Thus, the Court ruled that, while Article I of the United States-Nicara-
guan Treaty did create a general obligation to act towards the other party
in a friendly manner, that obligation did not extend to all relations
between the parties, but rather was restricted to the specific fields regu-
lated by the treaty.

108. Similarly, in its preliminary ruling on jurisdiction in the case of
the Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America),
the Court was called upon to interpret Article I of the Treaty of Amity,
Economic Relations and Consular Rights concluded in 1955 between
Iran and the United States, providing that “[t]here shall be firm and

enduring peace and sincere friendship” between the two States. Iran con-
tended that this Article imposed a positive obligation on the parties,

44218 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE ARRÊT )

que, pour les Etats-Unis, l’article premier ne faisait qu’exprimer des aspi-
rations.
109. La Cour entreprit là encore de replacer dans son contexte la
clause générale énoncée à l’article premier. Elle considéra «qu’une for-

mulation aussi générale ne [pouvait] être interprétée indépendamment de
l’objet et du but du traité dans lequel elle [était] insérée» (Plates-formes
pétrolières (République islamique d’Iran c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique),
exception préliminaire, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II) , p. 813, par. 27).
Elle souligna ceci:

«L’article premier ne saurait ... être interprété comme incorporant
dans le traité l’ensemble des dispositions du droit international

concernant de telles relations... Par voie de conséquence, l’article
premier doit être regardé comme fixant un objectif à la lumière
duquel les autres dispositions du traité doivent être interprétées et
appliquées.» (Ibid., p. 814, par. 28.)

Dans ce contexte, la Cour conclut que

«l’objectif de paix et d’amitié proclamé à l’article premier du traité
de 1955 [était] de nature à éclairer l’interprétation des autres dispo-
sitions du traité... L’article premier n’est ainsi pas sans portée juri-
dique pour une telle interprétation, mais il ne saurait, pris isolément,

fonder la compétence de la Cour.» (Ibid., p. 815, par. 31.)

110. La Cour fait observer que, si, dans l’affaire des Plates-formes
pétrolières, la question qu’elle était appelée à trancher était celle de savoir
comment interpréter les dispositions d’un traité à la lumière de la clause
générale contenue dans l’article premier de ce même traité, elle consiste,
en l’espèce, à décider si le traité de 1977 peut avoir une incidence sur des

obligations énoncées dans un autre traité (à savoir les obligations prévues
par la convention de 1986). Cette question ne s’était posée dans aucune
des deux affaires mentionnées plus haut. Conformément aux conclusions
de la Cour dans les affaires des Activités militaires et paramilitaires au
Nicaragua et contre celui-ci et des Plates-formes pétrolières , les principes

énoncés d’un commun accord par Djibouti et par la France aux arti-
cles premier et 2 du traité de 1977 peuvent apporter un éclairage sur
l’interprétation qu’appellent les autres dispositions de ce même traité. La
question de savoir si ces principes peuvent également influer sur l’inter-
prétation et l’application d’obligations (à savoir celles énoncées dans la
convention de 1986) dont le traité de 1977 ne fait pas état demeure en

revanche à trancher.
111. Au regard de la jurisprudence mentionnée ci-dessus, la Cour
pourrait répondre à cette question par l’affirmative si la convention
de 1986 visait expressément la coopération dans un domaine qu’aurait
spécifié au préalable le traité de 1977. Or, tel n’est pas le cas: le champ de

coopération prévu par le traité ne couvre pas le domaine judiciaire.

45 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 218

whereas the United States submitted that Article I was simply a state-
ment of aspiration.
109. The Court proceeded once again to put the general clause stipu-
lated in Article I in context. It considered “that such a general formula-

tion cannot be interpreted in isolation from the object and purpose of the
Treaty in which it is inserted” (Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v.
United States of America), I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II) , p. 813, para. 27).
The Court emphasized:

“Article I cannot be interpreted as incorporating into the Treaty
all of the provisions of international law concerning such relations . . .

It follows that Article I must be regarded as fixing an objective, in
the light of which the other Treaty provisions are to be interpreted
and applied.” (Ibid., p. 814, para. 28.)

Against this background the Court concluded:

“that the objective of peace and friendship proclaimed in Article I of
the Treaty of 1955 is such as to throw light on the interpretation of
the other Treaty provisions . . . Article I is thus not without legal
significance for such an interpretation, but cannot, taken in isola-

tion, be a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court.” (Ibid., p. 815,
para. 31.)

110. The Court observes that, whereas in the Oil Platforms case the
question before the Court was how to interpret provisions of the same
treaty in the light of the general clause of Article I of the same treaty, in
the present case the question is whether the Treaty of 1977 can bear on
obligations of a different treaty, namely those contained in the 1986 Con-

vention. This issue did not arise in either of the two earlier cases men-
tioned. In accordance with the findings of the Court in the Military and
Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua and Oil Platforms cases,
the principles agreed by Djibouti and France in Articles 1 and 2 of the
Treaty of 1977 can throw light on the interpretation to be made of the

other provisions in that same Treaty. Whether these principles may also
inform the way in which obligations extraneous to the Treaty of 1977,
namely, those of the 1986 Convention, are to be understood and applied,
has yet to be determined.

111. In the light of the case law of the Court mentioned above, a posi-
tive answer to this question could perhaps be given if the 1986 Conven-
tion referred to and specified co-operation in an area previously chosen
by the 1977 Treaty. However, this is not the case; the fields of co-opera-

tion envisaged in the Treaty do not include co-operation in the judicial
field.

45219 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

112. De l’avis de la Cour, le paragraphe 3 de l’article 31 de la conven-

tion de Vienne sur le droit des traités du 23 mai 1969 est pertinent à cet
égard. Cette disposition énonce que, aux fins de l’interprétation d’un
traité, «[i]l sera tenu compte, en même temps que du contexte: ... c) de
toute règle pertinente de droit international applicable dans les relations

entre les parties». Elle doit être considérée comme une codification du
droit international coutumier (voir Ile de Kasikili/Sedudu (Botswana/Na-
mibie), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (II) , p. 1075, par. 18) et, partant, elle
s’applique aux relations conventionnelles entre Djibouti et la France exa-

minées en l’espèce en dépit du fait que ni l’un ni l’autre ne sont parties à
la convention de Vienne.
113. Les dispositions du traité d’amitié et de coopération de 1977 sont
des «règle[s] pertinente[s]» au sens de l’alinéa c) du paragraphe 3 de

l’article 31 de la convention de Vienne. Il en est ainsi en dépit du fait
qu’elles sont formulées d’une manière large et générale, dans la mesure
où elles expriment des aspirations. Conformément à la plus fondamentale
de ces règles, les relations entre les deux pays doivent être régies par les

principes d’égalité et de respect mutuel, et la coopération et l’amitié doi-
vent être préservées et renforcées. Bien que ceci ne donne pas d’indication
précise en ce qui concerne l’application concrète de la convention de
1986, cette dernière n’en doit pas moins être interprétée et appliquée

d’une manière qui prenne en considération l’amitié et la coopération
posées par la France et par Djibouti comme constituant le fondement de
leurs relations mutuelles dans le traité de 1977.
114. La Cour reconnaît donc que le traité d’amitié et de coopération

de 1977 a une certaine incidence sur l’interprétation et l’application de la
convention d’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale de 1986. Mais là
s’arrête, en termes juridiques, la relation entre les deux instruments. Une
interprétation de la convention de 1986 prenant dûment en compte

l’esprit d’amitié et de coopération mentionné dans le traité de 1977 ne
saurait priver une partie à la convention de la possibilité d’en invoquer
une clause autorisant, dans certaines circonstances, la non-exécution de
l’une des obligations qu’elle impose. La Cour ne peut donc faire siennes

les conclusions de plus ample portée avancées par le demandeur quant à
l’effet du traité de 1977 sur la convention de 1986.

* * *

IV. L A VIOLATION ALLÉGUÉE DE LA CONVENTION D ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE

EN MATIÈRE PÉNALE ENTRE LA FRANCE ET D JIBOUTI
DU 27 SEPTEMBRE 1986

115. La requête déposée par Djibouti le 9 janvier 2006 porte par

ailleurs sur la violation alléguée de la convention d’entraide judiciaire en
matière pénale signée le 27 septembre 1986 entre la France et Djibouti, et

46 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE JUDGMENT ) 219

112. In the view of the Court, Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Vienna
Convention on the Law of Treaties of 23 May 1969 is pertinent as
regards this matter. It states that, in interpreting a treaty, “[t]here shall be
taken into account, together with the context: . . . (c) any relevant rules

of international law applicable in the relations between the parties”. This
provision is to be regarded as a codification of customary international
law (see Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana/Namibia), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1999 (II), p. 1075, para. 18) and is therefore applicable to the

treaty relations between Djibouti and France under consideration in the
present case despite the fact that neither Djibouti nor France is a party to
the Vienna Convention.
113. The provisions of the 1977 Treaty of Friendship and Co-opera-

tion are “relevant rules” within the meaning of Article 31, para-
graph (3) (c), of the Vienna Convention. That is so even though they are
formulated in a broad and general manner, having an aspirational char-

acter. According to the most fundamental of these rules, equality and
mutual respect are to govern relations between the two countries; co-op-
eration and friendship are to be preserved and strengthened. While this
does not provide specific operational guidance as to the practical applica-

tion of the Convention of 1986, that Convention must nevertheless be
interpreted and applied in a manner which takes into account the friend-
ship and co-operation which France and Djibouti posited as the basis of
their mutual relations in the Treaty of 1977.

114. The Court thus accepts that the Treaty of Friendship and Co-op-
eration of 1977 does have a certain bearing on the interpretation and
application of the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters

of 1986. But this is as far as the relationship between the two instruments
can be explained in legal terms. An interpretation of the 1986 Convention
duly taking into account the spirit of friendship and co-operation stipu-

lated in the 1977 Treaty cannot possibly stand in the way of a party to
that Convention relying on a clause contained in it which allows for non-
performance of a conventional obligation under certain circumstances.
The Court can thus not accede to the far-reaching conclusions on the

impact of the Treaty of 1977 upon the Convention of 1986 put forward
by the Applicant.

*
* *

IV. THE A LLEGED V IOLATION OF THECONVENTION
ON M UTUAL ASSISTANCE INC RIMINALM ATTERS BETWEEN FRANCE

AND D JIBOUTI OF27 SEPTEMBER 1986

115. The Application filed by Djibouti on 9 January 2006 also relates
to the alleged violation of the Convention on Mutual Assistance in

Criminal Matters between France and Djibouti, which was signed on

46220 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )
er
entrée en vigueur entre les deux Etats le 1 août 1992 (Nations Unies,
Recueil des traités, vol. 1695, p. 298). La violation de cette convention
serait constituée par le refus de la France d’exécuter la commission

rogatoire décernée le 3 novembre 2004 par les autorités judiciaires
djiboutiennes.
Djibouti a tout d’abord allégué que, selon l’article premier de la
convention, la France est tenue d’exécuter la commission rogatoire inter-
nationale. Il a ajouté en deuxième lieu que la France s’est engagée à

procéder à cette exécution en janvier 2005 et qu’elle n’a pas respecté
cet engagement. Enfin, Djibouti a soutenu, à titre subsidiaire, que la
France a violé l’obligation en question lorsque, par la suite, elle lui a fait
connaître son refus d’exécuter la commission rogatoire.
La Cour examinera successivement ces trois points.

**

1) L’obligation d’exécuter la commission rogatoire internationale

116. Selon Djibouti, l’obligation d’exécuter la commission rogatoire
internationale est prévue à l’article premier de la convention de 1986, qui

dispose:
«Les deux Etats s’engagent à s’accorder mutuellement, selon les
dispositions de la présente convention, l’entraide judiciaire la plus

large possible dans toute procédure visant des infractions dont la
répression est, au moment où l’entraide est demandée, de la compé-
tence des autorités judiciaires de l’Etat requérant.»

Il en découle, de l’avis du demandeur, la réciprocité dans les engage-
ments et l’obligation d’exécuter la commission rogatoire internationale.
117. Djibouti considère que cet article impose aux deux parties l’obli-
gation de réciprocité dans la mise en Œuvre de la convention. Il ajoute

que les autorités judiciaires françaises ont bénéficié de son assistance et de
sa coopération à maintes reprises depuis 1996 et qu’il était en droit d’en
attendre la réciprocité lorsqu’il a introduit, le 3 novembre 2004, sa propre
commission rogatoire internationale.

118. La France ne conteste pas que Djibouti ait parfaitement exécuté
les commissions rogatoires internationales émanant de ses autorités judi-
ciaires, mais elle estime que les demandes d’entraide judiciaire doivent
être appréciées, comme le prévoit la convention de 1986, au cas par cas.
Pour la France, le différend qui l’oppose à Djibouti porte sur l’exécution

d’une commission rogatoire précise, sans que puisse être invoquée, à son
sujet, la question de la réciprocité.

*

119. La Cour examinera maintenant l’argument de la réciprocité dans
la mise en Œuvre de la convention de 1986, tel qu’invoqué par Djibouti.

47 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 220

27 September 1986 and entered into force on 1 August 1992 (UNTS,
Vol. 1695, p. 298). The violation of that Convention is said to lie in
France’s refusal to execute the letter rogatory issued on 3 November 2004
by the Djiboutian judicial authorities.

Djibouti claimed in the first place that Article 1 of the Convention
places France under an obligation to execute the international letter
rogatory. It added in the second place that France undertook to carry
this out in January 2005 and that it failed to perform this undertaking.

Lastly, Djibouti contended, as a subsidiary argument, that France
breached the obligation in question when it gave Djibouti notice of its
refusal to execute the letter rogatory.
The Court will examine in turn these three points.

**

(1) The obligation to execute the international letter rogatory

116. According to Djibouti, the obligation to execute the international
letter rogatory is laid down in Article 1 of the 1986 Convention, which
provides that:

“The two States undertake to afford each other, in accordance
with the provisions of this Convention, the widest measure of mutual
assistance in proceedings in respect of offences the punishment of
which, at the time of the request for assistance, falls within the juris-

diction of the judicial authorities of the requesting State.”
The Applicant contends that this creates reciprocity in commitments

and an obligation to execute the international letter rogatory.
117. Djibouti considers that this Article imposes on the two Parties an
obligation of reciprocity in implementing the Convention. It adds that
the French judicial authorities have benefited from its assistance and co-
operation on a number of occasions since 1996 and that it was entitled to

expect reciprocity from France when it submitted its own international
letter rogatory on 3 November 2004.
118. France does not dispute that Djibouti fully executed the interna-
tional letters rogatory issued by French judicial authorities, but it main-
tains that requests for mutual assistance must be assessed case by case, as

the 1986 Convention provides. In the view of France, its dispute with Dji-
bouti is over the execution of a specific letter rogatory and no issue of
reciprocity can arise in regard to it.

*
119. The Court now turns to arguments relating to reciprocity in the

implementation of the Convention of 1986 that have been raised by Dji-
bouti.

47221 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

Dans les relations entre Djibouti et la France, l’article premier de la
convention de 1986 prévoit que les obligations qu’elle énonce seront
mises en Œuvre de façon mutuelle.
Il faut donc en revenir aux dispositions conventionnelles pour appré-

cier au cas par cas si l’Etat a failli ou non à ses obligations en matière
d’entraide judiciaire. La Cour fait observer que, dans la présente espèce,
le concept de réciprocité a été invoqué en vue d’étayer la thèse selon
laquelle, si un Etat donne suite à une demande d’entraide judiciaire,
l’autre doit, en conséquence, faire de même. La Cour estime cependant

que, s’agissant de la convention de 1986, chaque demande d’entraide
judiciaire doit être appréciée, selon ses mérites propres, par chaque Par-
tie. De plus, le concept de réciprocité tel qu’invoqué par Djibouti prive-
rait de tout effet les exceptions énumérées à l’article 2. La Cour relève
qu’il n’est prescrit nulle part dans ce texte que l’octroi par un Etat d’une

assistance dans un dossier donné impose à l’autre de faire de même
lorsqu’il est sollicité à son tour.

La Cour considère, en conséquence, que Djibouti ne peut se fonder sur
le principe de réciprocité pour demander l’exécution de la commission

rogatoire internationale qu’il a introduite auprès des autorités judiciaires
françaises.

**

120. La Cour en vient maintenant à l’examen de l’obligation d’exécu-
ter la commission rogatoire internationale prévue à l’article premier de la
convention de 1986 et précisée, selon Djibouti, à l’article 3, paragraphe 1,
de celle-ci, dans les termes suivants:

«L’Etat requis fera exécuter, conformément à sa législation, les
commissions rogatoires relatives à une affaire pénale qui lui seront
adressées par les autorités judiciaires de l’Etat requérant et qui ont

pour objet d’accomplir des actes d’instruction ou de communiquer
des pièces à conviction, des dossiers ou des documents.»

121. Pour Djibouti, le libellé de cet article confirme que l’Etat requis
est tenu d’exécuter la commission rogatoire internationale, dans la mesure
où il contient une «obligation de résultat». Le demandeur ajoute que, si
ce texte prévoit que l’exécution doit se faire «conformément à la législa-
tion» de l’Etat requis, il ne faut voir là qu’une indication de la procédure
à suivre pour la réalisation de cette «obligation de résultat» et non un

moyen de s’y soustraire. A ce propos, Djibouti estime que la France ne
peut invoquer son droit interne pour se soustraire à son obligation d’exé-
cuter la commission rogatoire internationale. Il s’appuie à ce sujet sur
l’article 27 de la convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités, qui codifie
le droit coutumier en la matière, selon lequel: «Une partie ne peut

invoquer les dispositions de son droit interne comme justifiant la non-
exécution d’un traité.»

48 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 221

In the relations between Djibouti and France, Article 1 of the Conven-
tion of 1986 refers to mutuality in the performance of the obligations laid
down therein.
Thus, it is the provisions of the Convention which must be looked to in

determining case by case whether or not a State has breached its mutual
assistance obligations. The Court notes that in the present case, the con-
cept of reciprocity has been invoked in support of the contention that the
execution by one State of a request for mutual assistance requires as a
consequence the other State to do the same. However, the Court consid-

ers that, so far as the 1986 Convention is concerned, each request for
legal assistance is to be assessed on its own terms by each Party. More-
over, the way in which the concept of reciprocity is advanced by Djibouti
would render without effect the exceptions listed in Article 2. The Court
observes that the Convention nowhere provides that the granting of

assistance by one State in respect of one matter imposes on the other
State the obligation to do likewise when assistance is requested of it in
turn.
The Court accordingly considers that Djibouti cannot rely on the prin-
ciple of reciprocity in seeking execution of the international letter roga-

tory it submitted to the French judicial authorities.

**

120. The Court will now turn to examining the obligation to execute
the international letter rogatory set out in Article 1 of the 1986 Conven-
tion and, according to Djibouti, elaborated in Article 3, paragraph 1, of
the Convention, in the following terms:

“The requested State shall execute in accordance with its law any
letters rogatory relating to a criminal matter and addressed to it by
the judicial authorities of the requesting State for the purpose of

procuring evidence or transmitting articles to be produced in evi-
dence, records or documents.”

121. Djibouti argues that the wording of this Article confirms that the
requested State is required to execute the international letter rogatory,
since it contains an “obligation of result”. The Applicant adds that, while
the provision does state that execution must take place “in accordance
with [the] law” of the requested State, this must be interpreted as simply
an indication of the procedure to be followed in performing this “obliga-

tion of result”, not a means for shirking it. In this regard, Djibouti con-
tends that France may not invoke its internal law to escape its obligation
to execute the international letter rogatory and, in support of this conten-
tion, relies on Article 27 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Trea-
ties as the codification of customary law on the subject, which provides:

“A party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification
for its failure to perform a treaty.”

48222 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

122. La France, de son côté, affirme que, selon le sens naturel et
ordinaire de l’article 3 de la convention, le résultat recherché, à
savoir la transmission du dossier Borrel, est rattaché au moyen d’y
parvenir, consistant à respecter la procédure interne du pays requis.

Dans ces conditions, un tel moyen conditionne le résultat, qui n’est
jamais acquis tant que la procédure n’a pas été menée à son terme.
La France ajoute que l’article 3 en question doit être lu dans son
contexte, par référence à l’article premier, qui prévoit que l’entraide
judiciaire est «la plus large possible», et à l’article 2, selon lequel

celle-ci «pourra être refusée». Il faut par ailleurs tenir compte
de l’objet et du but du traité, qui est l’entraide judiciaire en
matière pénale «visant des infractions dont la répression est, au
moment où l’entraide est demandée, de la compétence des autorités
judiciaires de l’Etat requérant». Enfin, la France prétend n’avoir

pas cherché à s’exonérer de sa responsabilité en s’abritant derrière
sa législation interne, puisqu’elle a cherché, au contraire, à appli-
quer les termes de la convention, qui renvoie elle-même à ladite
législation.

*

123. La Cour constate qu’il doit être satisfait à l’obligation d’exécuter
les commissions rogatoires internationales, visée à l’article 3 de la conven-
tion de 1986, dans le respect de la procédure prévue par la législation de

l’Etat requis. C’est ainsi que le sort qui doit être réservé à la demande
d’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale dépend manifestement de la déci-
sion des autorités nationales compétentes, selon la procédure prévue
par la législation de l’Etat requis. Celui-ci doit certes veiller à ce que sa
procédure soit déclenchée, mais il n’en garantit pas pour autant le

résultat, dans le sens de la transmission du dossier qui fait l’objet de
la commission rogatoire. Interprété dans son contexte, comme le
prévoit la règle coutumière reflétée au paragraphe 1 de l’article 31
de la convention de Vienne de 1969 sur le droit des traités, l’article 3
de la convention de 1986 doit être lu en conjonction avec les articles

premier et 2 de celle-ci. Si, selon l’article premier, l’entraide judiciaire
doit être «la plus large possible», c’est qu’il existe des situations
où elle ne pourra pas être envisagée. Quant à l’article 2, il prévoit des cas
où «[l]’entraide judiciaire pourra être refusée». Il en découle que
ceux qui sont appelés à se prononcer sur ces questions le feront en
appliquant les dispositions de l’article 2 ou d’autres articles de la

convention pouvant conduire au rejet de la demande de l’Etat
requérant.
124. La Cour, ayant ainsi précisé le sens de l’article 3 de la convention
de 1986, ne voit pas en quoi la règle coutumière reflétée à l’article 27 de la
convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités serait applicable en l’espèce.

En fait, l’Etat requis invoque ici son droit interne non pas pour justifier la
prétendue non-exécution des obligations internationales figurant dans la

49 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 222

122. France asserts that, under the natural and ordinary meaning of
the terms in Article 3 of the Convention, the desired outcome, that is, the
transmission of the Borrel file, is linked with the means to that end, con-
sisting of respecting the internal procedure of the requested State. Accord-

ingly, the means determines the outcome, which is never achieved until
the procedure has been completed. France adds that Article 3 must be
read in its context, by reference to Article 1, which provides for the “wid-
est measure” of mutual assistance, and to Article 2, under which assist-
ance “may be refused”. Further, account must be taken of the object and

purpose of the treaty, which is mutual assistance in criminal matters “in
respect of offences the punishment of which, at the time of the request for
assistance, falls within the jurisdiction of the judicial authorities of the
requesting State”. Finally, France claims that it has not tried to escape
responsibility by hiding behind its internal law, since, on the contrary, it

is seeking to apply the terms of the Convention, which itself refers to that
law.

*

123. The Court observes that the obligation to execute international
letters rogatory laid down in Article 3 of the 1986 Convention is to be
realized in accordance with the procedural law of the requested State.

Thus, the ultimate treatment of a request for mutual assistance in crimi-
nal matters clearly depends on the decision by the competent national
authorities, following the procedure established in the law of the requested
State. While it must of course ensure that the procedure is put in motion,
the State does not thereby guarantee the outcome, in the sense of the

transmission of the file requested in the letter rogatory. Interpreted in
context, as called for by the rule of customary law reflected in Article 31,
paragraph 1, of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties,
Article 3 of the 1986 Convention must be read in conjunction with Arti-
cles 1 and 2 of the Convention. While Article 1 does provide that there

must be “the widest measure” of mutual assistance, there are cases in
which it will not be possible. Article 2, for its part, describes situations in
which “[a]ssistance may be refused”. It follows that those who are empow-
ered to address these matters will do so by applying the provisions of
Article 2 or of other Articles in the Convention that may lead to the
rejection of the requesting State’s démarche.

124. Having thus clarified the purport of Article 3 of the 1986 Conven-
tion, the Court sees no reason why the rule of customary law reflected in
Article 27 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties would be

applicable in this instance. In fact, here the requested State is invoking its
internal law not to justify an alleged failure to perform the international

49223 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

convention de 1986, mais, bien au contraire, pour assurer l’application de
celles-ci conformément aux termes de ladite convention.

**

2) L’engagement allégué de la France d’exécuter la commission

rogatoire internationale émanant de Djibouti

125. La Cour passera maintenant à l’examen de l’engagement qu’aurait
pris la France d’exécuter la commission rogatoire internationale trans-
mise par Djibouti.

Elle rappellera tout d’abord que, dans sa lettre du 17 juin 2004, le pro-
cureur de la République de Djibouti avait demandé au procureur de la
République près le tribunal de grande instance de Paris de lui communi-
quer le dossier Borrel (voir paragraphe 24 ci-dessus). Le ministère fran-
çais de la justice, par lettre du 1 octobre 2004, a réagi comme suit à cette

demande:

«le juge d’instruction chargé du dossier, seul compétent pour déli-
vrer les copies des pièces (ce qui matériellement représente 35 tomes),
estime que ce courrier ne revêt pas les formes requises par la conven-
tion franco-djiboutienne d’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale du
27 septembre 1986 et refuse d’exécuter cette demande».

C’est dans ces conditions que le juge d’instruction auprès du tribunal
me
de première instance de Djibouti, M Leila Mohamed Ali, a ouvert, le
3 novembre 2004, une information judiciaire du chef d’assassinat sur la
personne de Bernard Borrel et adressé aux autorités judiciaires françaises
une commission rogatoire internationale demandant la transmission du

dossier Borrel.
Sollicité de son côté par l’ambassadeur de Djibouti à Paris pour hâter
la procédure, le directeur de cabinet du ministre français de la justice lui
a répondu de la façon suivante, par lettre du 27 janvier 2005:

«J’ai demandé à ce que tout soit mis en Œuvre pour que la copie
du dossier de l’instruction judiciaire relative au décès de Mon-

sieur Bernard Borrel soit transmise au ministre de la justice et des
affaires pénitentiaires et musulmanes de la République de Djibouti
avant la fin du mois de février 2005 (ce délai s’explique par le volume
du dossier dont il y a lieu de faire la copie).
J’ai par ailleurs demandé au procureur de Paris de faire en sorte

que ce dossier ne connaisse aucun retard injustifié.»

126. Djibouti, se fondant sur cette lettre, soutient qu’il s’agissait là
d’un engagement du directeur de cabinet (qui liait le ministère français
de la justice et l’Etat français dans son ensemble) et que, au vu de cet
engagement, il pouvait légitimement s’attendre à ce que le dossier lui
soit transmis. Il ajoute qu’une déclaration du porte-parole du ministère

50 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 223

obligations contained in the 1986 Convention, but, on the contrary, to
apply them according to the terms of that Convention.

**

(2) The alleged undertaking by France to execute the international
letter rogatory requested by Djibouti

125. The Court will now turn to the undertaking that France is claimed

to have given to execute the international letter rogatory transmitted by
Djibouti.
It will first recall that, by letter of 17 June 2004, the procureur de la
République of Djibouti asked the procureur de la République at the Paris
Tribunal de grande instance to transmit the Borrel file to him (see para-

graph 24 above). The French Ministry of Justice responded to the request
as follows, by letter dated 1 October 2004:

“the investigating judge responsible for the case, who alone is com-
petent to hand over copies of the documents (which in material
terms amount to 35 volumes), takes the view that this letter is not in
the form required by the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Crimi-

nal Matters between France and Djibouti of 27 September 1986 and
refuses to execute this request”.

These were the circumstances under which the investigating judge at
the Djibouti Tribunal de première instance , Ms Leila Mohamed Ali,
opened a judicial investigation on 3 November 2004 into the murder of
Bernard Borrel and addressed an international letter rogatory to the
French judicial authorities, seeking the transmission of the Borrel file.

Having been requested by Djibouti’s Ambassador in Paris to expedite
the process, the Principal Private Secretary to the French Minister of Jus-
tice responded as follows in a letter dated 27 January 2005:

“I have asked for all steps to be taken to ensure that a copy of the
record of the investigation into the death of Mr. Bernard Borrel is
transmitted to the Minister of Justice and Penal and Muslim Affairs
of the Republic of Djibouti before the end of February 2005 (such

time being required because of the volume of material to be copied).

I have also asked the procureur in Paris to ensure that there is no
undue delay in dealing with this matter.”

126. Basing itself on this letter, Djibouti has argued that this response
amounted to an undertaking by the Principal Private Secretary (which
was binding on the French Ministry of Justice and the French State as a

whole) and that the undertaking gave rise to a legitimate expectation on
Djibouti’s part that the file would be transmitted. It has added that a

50224 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE ARRÊT )

français des affaires étrangères du 29 janvier 2005 (voir paragraphe 27
ci-dessus) est venue confirmer la lettre du 27 janvier du directeur
de cabinet du ministre de la justice.

Cette lettre est considérée par Djibouti comme la réponse officielle du
ministère de la justice de l’Etat requis à la commission rogatoire de l’Etat
requérant, et cela conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 14 de la
convention de 1986, qui dispose que «[l]es commissions rogatoires pré-

vues à l’article 3 seront adressées par le ministère de la justice de l’Etat
requérant...». Le ministère de la justice français aurait également, selon
Djibouti, donné des instructions au procureur de la République, respon-
sable, d’après le droit français (article 694-2 du Code de procédure pénale
français), de l’exécution des commissions rogatoires internationales.

L’Etat français aurait donc pris l’engagement d’exécuter l’obligation pré-
vue par la convention de 1986 et ne s’y serait pas conformé.
127. La France, pour sa part, dénie toute promesse ou engagement du
ministère français de la justice, qui ne pouvait intervenir en violation de

l’article 3 de la convention de 1986, selon lequel l’exécution de la commis-
sion rogatoire doit se faire «conformément à [l]a législation» de l’Etat
requis, ce qui implique, selon elle, une décision préalable du juge d’ins-
truction.

*

128. La Cour note, tout d’abord, que les termes de la lettre du 27 jan-
vier 2005, pris dans leur sens ordinaire, ne comportent pas d’engagement
formel, de la part du directeur de cabinet du ministre de la justice, de

transmettre le dossier Borrel; il s’agissait plutôt d’informer l’ambassa-
deur de Djibouti en France de ce qu’il avait fait afin de déclencher la pro-
cédure légale rendant possible cette transmission. Il est vrai que, en pré-
cisant que tout serait mis en Œuvre pour qu’une telle transmission soit
opérée avant la fin du mois suivant (février 2005), le directeur de cabinet

a pu laisser croire à ses interlocuteurs que ce n’était qu’une question de
formalités à accomplir et que la procédure déboucherait automatique-
ment sur la transmission du dossier.
129. Il ne faut toutefois pas perdre de vue que le directeur de cabinet

répondait à une demande pressante de l’ambassadeur pour hâter la trans-
mission du dossier. De toute façon, il ne pouvait s’engager définitivement
puisque la législation française (article 694-2 du Code de procédure
pénale français) réserve l’exécution des commissions rogatoires au juge
d’instruction, par exception à l’exécution par le procureur de la Répu-

blique, dans les cas où celles-ci concernent les actes de l’instruction
elle-même (ce que le directeur de cabinet du ministre de la justice avait
rappelé à son homologue des affaires étrangères dans sa lettre susmen-
tionnée du 1 eroctobre 2004 (voir paragraphe 125) et ce dont Djibouti
avait connaissance). Cette compétence exclusive du juge d’instruction en

la matière a été affirmée par l’arrêt du 19 octobre 2006 de la chambre

51 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 224

statement on 29 January 2005 by the spokesman of the French Ministry
of Foreign Affairs (see paragraph 27 above) confirmed the letter of
27 January from the Principal Private Secretary to the Minister of Jus-
tice.

Djibouti considers the letter to be the official response by the Ministry
of Justice of the requested State to the requesting State’s letter rogatory,
in accordance with Article 14, paragraph 1, of the 1986 Convention,
which provides that: “[l]etters rogatory referred to in Article 3 shall be
addressed by the Ministry of Justice of the requesting State”. Djibouti

alleges that the French Ministry of Justice also gave instructions to the
procureur de la République , to whom French law (Art. 694-2 of the
French Code of Criminal Procedure) assigns the responsibility for execut-
ing international letters rogatory. The French State is thus said to have
given an undertaking to perform the obligation established by the

1986 Convention and to have failed to honour it.
127. France denies that any promise or undertaking was given by the
French Ministry of Justice, which could not act in contravention of Arti-
cle 3 of the 1986 Convention, requiring execution of the letter rogatory to
be “in accordance with [the] law” of the requested State, and this, in its

view, calls for a decision by the investigating judge before execution.

*

128. The Court first notes that the terms of the letter of 27 Janu-
ary 2005, when given their ordinary meaning, entail no formal undertak-
ing by the Principal Private Secretary to the Minister of Justice to trans-
mit the Borrel file; the letter rather informed the Ambassador of Djibouti
to France of the steps that had been undertaken to set in motion the legal

process to make possible the transmission of the file. It is true that, in
stating that all steps would be taken to ensure that such transmission
would be effected before the end of the following month (February 2005),
the Principal Private Secretary might have led his interlocutors to believe
that it was simply a question of formalities and that the process would

automatically result in transmission of the file.
129. It must however be kept in mind that the Principal Private Sec-
retary was responding to the Ambassador’s urgent request to expedite
transmission of the file. In any event, he could not have given a definitive
commitment, because French law (Art. 694-2 of the French Code of
Criminal Procedure) grants the authority to execute letters rogatory

exclusively to investigating judges, by way of exception to execution by a
procureur de la République , where the letters concern measures taken in
the investigation itself (which the Principal Private Secretary to the Min-
ister of Justice pointed out in his above-mentioned letter of 1 Octo-
ber 2004 (see paragraph 125) to his counterpart at the Ministry of For-

eign Affairs, and as had become known to Djibouti). The exclusive
competence of the investigating judge in this regard was affirmed in the

51225 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE ARRÊT )

de l’instruction de la cour d’appel de Paris, qui souligne que la décision
de délivrer une copie du dossier «relève de l’appréciation du magistrat
instructeur» (voir paragraphe 37 ci-dessus).

130. En conséquence, la Cour considère que la lettre du 27 janvier 2005,
de par son contenu et les circonstances de fait et de droit dans lesquelles
elle a été préparée, ne comporte pas, en elle-même, d’engagement juri-
dique de la France d’exécuter la commission rogatoire internationale
qui lui a été transmise par Djibouti le 3 novembre 2004.

**

3) Le refus opposé par la France à l’exécution de la commission

rogatoire internationale

131. Djibouti a d’abord fait observer dans son mémoire que la France
ne pouvait pas invoquer les dispositions de l’article 2, alinéa c),d el
convention de 1986. En premier lieu, il paraîtrait fort discutable selon lui
qu’un juge d’instruction puisse être seul en mesure d’apprécier si les inté-

rêts fondamentaux d’un Etat peuvent être compromis par l’exécution
d’une commission rogatoire internationale. Djibouti considère que ce
type d’appréciation, portant sur un risque éventuel pour la souveraineté,
la sécurité, l’ordre public ou d’autres intérêts essentiels d’un Etat, doit
par nature relever des organes les plus élevés de cet Etat. Tout en ayant

pris acte ultérieurement, au cours de la procédure orale, de l’arrêt de la
chambre de l’instruction de la cour d’appel de Paris du 19 octobre 2006
(voir paragraphe 37 ci-dessus), Djibouti fait observer que, selon lui, le
droit français ne pouvait être interprété comme accordant au seul juge
d’instruction autorité pour juger des intérêts essentiels de l’Etat. De l’avis

de Djibouti, le principe de l’indépendance de la justice ne doit pas
conduire un Etat à ignorer complètement les règles de coopération de
bonne foi et d’égalité entre Etats qui s’imposent à lui en vertu du droit
international général.
132. S’agissant des motifs du refus mentionnés dans le soit-transmis,

Djibouti soutient qu’aucun détournement de la loi française ne saurait
résulter du fait que des pièces déclassifiées seraient communiquées à une
autorité étrangère (et non pas seulement au juge français), dès lors que le
dossier est accessible aux parties à l’instruction judiciaire ouverte en
France et que les documents déclassifiés en question n’apparaîtraient pas
de nature à compromettre les intérêts essentiels de la France. Djibouti

conteste par ailleurs que puisse être invoquée à l’encontre de sa demande
l’impossibilité d’une transmission même partielle du dossier. Il fait valoir
à cet égard que les quelques pages déclassifiées et versées audit dossier ne
peuvent avoir «imprégné l’ensemble» de celui-ci.
133. En outre, Djibouti rappelle que son ambassadeur en France n’a

jamais reçu la lettre du 31 mai 2005 qui lui aurait été envoyée par le direc-
teur des affaires criminelles et des grâces du ministère français de la jus-

52 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 225

19 October 2006 judgment of the Chambre de l’instruction of the Paris
Court of Appeal, which notes that the decision to make available a copy
of the file “is at the discretion of the investigating judge” (see para-
graph 37 above).

130. Accordingly, the Court considers that, by virtue of its content
and the factual and legal circumstances surrounding it, the letter of
27 January 2005 does not, by itself, entail a legal undertaking by France
to execute the international letter rogatory transmitted to it by Djibouti
on 3 November 2004.

**

(3) France’s refusal to execute the international letter rogatory

131. At first, Djibouti noted in its Memorial that France cannot rely
on the provisions of Article 2 (c) of the Convention of 1986. In the first
place, according to it, it would seem highly debatable whether an inves-
tigating judge alone is in a position to assess whether the fundamental

interests of a State could be damaged by execution of an international
letter rogatory. Djibouti considers that this type of assessment, concern-
ing a possible risk to the sovereignty, security, ordre public or other
essential interests of a State, must by its nature lie with the highest organs
of that State. Having later taken note in the hearings of the judgment of

the Chambre de l’instruction of the Paris Court of Appeal of 19 October
2006 (see paragraph 37 above), Djibouti nonetheless maintains that
French law could not be interpreted as giving the said investigating judge
sole authority to determine the essential interests of the State. According
to Djibouti, the independence of the judicial system must not lead a State

to ignore entirely the rules of co-operation in good faith and equality
between States which that State must observe under general international
law.

132. Concerning the reasons of the refusal mentioned in the soit-trans-

mis, Djibouti maintains that no détournement of French law could result
from the declassified documents being transmitted to a foreign authority
(and not merely to the French judge), when the parties to the judicial
investigation opened in France have access to the file and the declassified
documents in question would not appear likely to compromise the essen-
tial interests of France. Moreover, Djibouti disputes that its request can

be countered by the assertion that it is impossible to hand over even a
part of the file. It contends in this respect that the few pages which have
been declassified and included in the record cannot have “permeated the
entire file”.
133. Djibouti recalls that its Ambassador to France never received the

letter of 31 May 2005 which was supposedly sent to him by the Director
of Criminal Affairs and Pardons at the French Ministry of Justice,

52226 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

tice, informant Djibouti du refus par le juge d’instruction de la demande
d’entraide judiciaire. Il souligne également que la France, dans la lettre
adressée le 6 juin 2005 par son ambassadeur à Djibouti au ministre dji-
boutien des affaires étrangères, a omis de motiver son refus «unilatéral»

d’entraide judicaire, en violation de l’article 17 de la convention de 1986.
Ce faisant, Djibouti rappelle qu’il n’a pris connaissance des motifs réels
du refus, tels que reflétés par le soit-transmis du juge Clément du
8 février 2005, que du fait du dépôt par la France de son contre-mémoire
le 13 juillet 2007, ce qui ne saurait être pris en compte rétroactivement en

tant qu’élément constitutif d’un refus au titre de la convention.
134. La Cour observe que les deux Parties conviennent que l’article 2
et l’article 17 doivent être lus en conjonction l’un avec l’autre, même si
elles n’en tirent pas les mêmes conséquences. Selon Djibouti, l’obligation
de motiver est une condition de la validité du refus. Il observe à ce sujet

que la simple référence à l’article 2, alinéa c), doit être considérée au
mieux comme une forme de «notification» très générale qui, à son sens,
n’équivaut certainement pas à une «motivation». Cette observation
s’appliquerait a fortiori en l’absence de toute mention explicite de l’une
des raisons énoncées à l’article 2, alinéa c).

135. Djibouti admet enfin que l’article 2, alinéa c), donne une grande
marge d’appréciation à l’Etat requis lorsque celui-ci décide de refuser
l’entraide judiciaire, puisque c’est lui qui «estime que l’exécution de la
demande est de nature à porter atteinte à sa souveraineté, à sa sécurité, à
son ordre public ou à d’autres de ses intérêts essentiels». Mais, selon Dji-

bouti, même dans l’exécution de ce qu’il qualifie de «self-judging clause»,
l’Etat requis doit agir de façon raisonnable et de bonne foi. Il ajoute que,
de toute façon, l’obligation de motiver impose à l’Etat requis d’aller au-
delà de la simple référence à l’article 2, alinéa c), et de donner les raisons
qui, dans le cas d’espèce, justifient sa décision; faute de quoi celle-ci ne

serait pas valide.
136. Concernant la compétence du magistrat instructeur pour appré-
cier seul les intérêts fondamentaux de la France, celle-ci souligne qu’il
n’appartient pas à un autre Etat de déterminer de quelle manière elle doit
organiser ses propres procédures, ni d’interpréter le droit français de

manière contraire à l’arrêt que la cour d’appel de Paris a rendu le
19 octobre 2006 ou au soit-transmis du juge d’instruction Clément, qui
confirment la position de la France à ce sujet.
La France fait observer que les questions pénales sont de celles qui,
plus que d’autres, touchent à la souveraineté nationale des Etats et à leur
sécurité, à leur ordre public, ou à d’autres intérêts essentiels, tels que visés

à l’article 2, alinéa c), de la convention de 1986.
137. S’agissant des motifs invoqués dans le soit-transmis et qui auraient
fondé son refus de transmission du dossier à Djibouti, la France soutient
que, aux termes de la loi du 8 juillet 1998 instituant une commission
consultative du secret de la défense nationale, seule l’autorité judiciaire

française peut disposer des documents déclassifiés qu’elle a le pouvoir de
solliciter, et que la transmission, même après déclassification, de notes

53 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 226

informing Djibouti of the investigating judge’s refusal of the request for
mutual assistance. Djibouti also emphasizes that France, in the letter
from its Ambassador in Djibouti to the Djiboutian Minister for Foreign
Affairs of 6 June 2005, omitted to provide any reason whatsoever for its

“unilateral” refusal of mutual assistance, in violation of Article 17 of the
Convention of 1986. Djibouti thus recalls that it only learned the reasons
for the refusal, as reflected by the soit-transmis of Judge Clément of
8 February 2005, through the filing of France’s Counter-Memorial on
13 July 2007, which should not be retroactively considered as an integral

part of the refusal under the Convention.
134. The Court observes that, while the Parties concur that Article 2
and Article 17 must be read in conjunction, they do not draw the same
inferences from this. According to Djibouti, the obligation to give rea-
sons is a condition of the validity of the refusal. Djibouti points out in

this respect that the mere mention of Article 2 (c) is at best to be con-
sidered as a very general sort of “notification”, which is in its opinion
certainly not the same as providing “reasons”. The same would apply a
fortiori in the absence of any explicit reference to one of the reasons listed
in Article 2 (c).

135. Djibouti acknowledges that under Article 2 (c) the requested
State enjoys wide discretion in deciding to refuse mutual assistance, since
it is the requested State which “considers that execution of the request is
likely to prejudice its sovereignty, its security, its ordre public or other of
its essential interests”. But, Djibouti contends, even in reliance on what it

describes as a “self-judging clause”, the requested State must act reason-
ably and in good faith. It adds that, in any case, the obligation to give
reasons requires the requested State to go beyond a bald reference to
Article 2 (c) and to state the reasons justifying its decision in the specific
case, failing which the decision is not valid.

136. As regards the competence of the investigating judge alone to
assess the fundamental interests of France, France points out that it is
not for another State to determine how France should organize its own
procedures, nor to interpret French law in a manner contrary to the judg-

ment handed down by the Paris Court of Appeal on 19 October 2006 or
to the soit-transmis handed down by Judge Clément, which confirm
France’s position in this respect.
France points out that penal matters, more than others, affect the
national sovereignty of States and their security, ordre public and other
essential interests, as mentioned in Article 2 (c) of the Convention of

1986.
137. As regards the reasons advanced in the soit-transmis which alleg-
edly justify its refusal to transmit the file to Djibouti, France explains
that, under the terms of the Law of 8 July 1998 establishing a National
Defence Secrets Consultative Committee, the French judiciary alone may

have possession of the declassified documents which it is entitled to
request, and that the communication to a foreign authority of notes pre-

53227 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

émises par les services de renseignement français à une autorité étrangère
est de nature à compromettre les intérêts essentiels de la France. La France
prétend que la protection du « secret-défense» relève des motifs énoncés à
l’article 2, alinéa c), de la convention de 1986. Pour justifier son choix de

ne pas même transmettre une partie du dossier, elle fait valoir que les
notes déclassifiées ont été utilisées par le juge d’instruction de manière
telle que l’ensemble de ce dossier a été imprégné des informations qu’elles
contenaient, et qu’il n’était dès lors plus possible de transmettre celui-ci
simplement expurgé desdites informations. La France ajoute à ce propos

qu’il ne s’agit pas, comme le prétend Djibouti, de deux pages de docu-
ments déclassifiés, mais de près de vingt-cinq notes transmises au juge.
138. La France affirme en outre avoir non seulement informé Djibouti
dès le 31 mai 2005, par une lettre du directeur des affaires criminelles et
des grâces du ministère de la justice à l’ambassadeur de Djibouti en

France, de la décision négative du magistrat instructeur quant à la
demande d’entraide judiciaire en question, mais avoir également motivé
explicitement son refus, en mentionnant l’article 2, alinéa c),d el
convention de 1986.
139. L’article 17 n’imposant, selon elle, aucune obligation de notifica-

tion, la France soutient par ailleurs qu’il suffit que le refus se réfère expli-
citement à l’article 2, alinéa c), cette référence constituant la motivation
prévue à l’article 17. Elle considère que l’obligation de motiver le refus
d’entraide judiciaire n’est pas une condition de la licéité du refus aux
termes de l’article 2, alinéa c), mais une condition distincte résultant de

l’article 17 de la convention. La France précise que ces deux dispositions
sont éloignées l’une de l’autre dans le texte de la convention de 1986, et
que la validité de la décision de refus de l’entraide au titre de l’article 2,
alinéa c), n’est pas affectée par l’absence de motivation au titre de l’ar-
ticle 17. La France rejette en outre l’idée qu’elle aurait dû aller au-delà

d’une simple référence à l’article 2, alinéa c), afin de motiver sa décision
de refus.

*

140. La Cour se doit de rappeler dans quelles conditions les autorités
judiciaires françaises ont pris la décision de refuser l’exécution de la com-
mission rogatoire internationale et comment cette décision a été notifiée à
Djibouti. La commission rogatoire internationale du 3 novembre 2004 a
été d’abord transmise, par lettre du 18 janvier 2005, au procureur général
près la cour d’appel de Paris par le directeur des affaires criminelles et des

grâces au ministère de la justice. Le procureur a été chargé de l’exécuter
«en liaison avec le juge d’instruction chargé du dossier». Le directeur a
tenu, en outre, à souligner que ce dossier contenait «des pièces suscepti-
bles de porter atteinte à [la] souveraineté, à [la] sécurité, à [l’]ordre public
ou à d’autres intérêts essentiels de la nation» et il a mentionné l’article 2,

alinéa c), de la convention du 27 septembre 1986, qui permet à l’Etat
requis de refuser d’exécuter l’entraide judiciaire.

54 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 227

pared by the French intelligence services, even after declassification, is
likely to prejudice the essential interests of France. France claims that the
protection of defence secrets falls under the grounds set out in Arti-
cle 2 (c) of the Convention of 1986. To justify the non-transmission of

even a part of the file, France contends that the declassified notes were
used by the investigating judge in such a way that the information they
contain runs through the whole of the file, and that therefore, it was not
possible to transmit a file from which they had simply been removed.
France adds on this subject that what is at issue here is not, as Djibouti

claims, two pages of declassified documents, but some 25 notes transmit-
ted to the judge.
138. France asserts that not only did it inform Djibouti on
31 May 2005, in a letter from the Director of Criminal Affairs and Par-
dons at the Ministry of Justice to the Ambassador of Djibouti to France,

of the investigating judge’s refusal of the request for mutual assistance
concerned, but that it also gave explicit reasons for its refusal by referring
to Article 2 (c) of the Convention of 1986.

139. Since in its view Article 17 imposes no obligation to notify,

France further contends that explicit citation of Article 2 (c) in the
refusal suffices as the statement of reasons required by Article 17. It con-
siders that the obligation to give reasons for a refusal of mutual assist-
ance is not a condition for the lawfulness of the refusal under Arti-
cle 2 (c), but a separate condition arising under Article 17 of the

Convention. France adds that the two provisions are removed from each
other in the text of the 1986 Convention and that the validity of the deci-
sion under Article 2 (c) to refuse to give assistance is unaffected by the
lack of a statement of reasons under Article 17. Nor does France accept
that it would need to have done more than make a mere reference to

Article 2 (c) as a statement of reasons for its decision of refusal.

*

140. The Court must review the circumstances under which the French
judicial authorities took the decision to refuse to execute the interna-
tional letter rogatory and the way in which the decision was notified to
Djibouti. The international letter rogatory of 3 November 2004 was first
forwarded, by letter dated 18 January 2005, from the Director of Crimi-
nal Affairs and Pardons at the Ministry of Justice to the Public Prosecu-

tor at the Paris Court of Appeal. The Public Prosecutor was instructed to
execute it “in collaboration with the investigating judge responsible for
the case”. The Director took care to point out that the file contained
“documents likely to prejudice [the] sovereignty, [the] security, [the] ordre
public or other essential interests of the nation” and he cited Article 2 (c)

of the Convention of 27 September 1986, allowing a requested State to
refuse to provide mutual assistance.

54228 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

Le juge d’instruction Clément fut ensuite saisie par le procureur de la
République et elle lui fit connaître sa décision par lettre du 8 février 2005
à laquelle était jointe une copie du document intitulé «soit transmis»,
adressé le même jour au doyen des juges d’instruction. Ce document a été

considéré par la chambre de l’instruction de la cour d’appel de Paris,
dans son arrêt du 19 octobre 2006, comme une décision, relevant de
l’appréciation du seul juge d’instruction, en réponse à la demande
d’entraide judiciaire de Djibouti. Cette décision n’a pas été transmise aus-
sitôt aux autorités djiboutiennes; il a fallu attendre le 31 mai 2005 pour

que, selon la France, le directeur des affaires criminelles et des grâces en
informe par lettre l’ambassadeur de Djibouti à Paris en ces termes:

«Après un examen attentif, le juge d’instruction a, par décision
judiciaire non susceptible de recours, estimé que l’article 2 c) de
la convention franco-djiboutienne d’entraide pénale du
27 septembre 1986 devait recevoir application et ne permettait pas

de réserver une réponse favorable à la demande de vos autorités
judiciaires.»

141. Djibouti nie que son ambassadeur à Paris ait jamais reçu cette
lettre et affirme ne pas avoir eu connaissance de son contenu avant
que le défendeur ne la soumette à la Cour (voir paragraphe 133 ci-
dessus); celle-ci devrait donc, selon lui, être ignorée et considérée
comme inexistante.

142. A la question que le président Higgins lui a posée à l’audience,
quant à savoir si elle gardait trace des lettres qu’elle adressait à des repré-
sentants d’autres Etats, la France a répondu que son ministère des af-
faires étrangères n’avait pas pour pratique d’adresser à ses «homologues
étrangers» des lettres recommandées avec accusé de réception et qu’elle

n’était, en conséquence, pas en mesure d’attester l’envoi de la lettre du
31 mai 2005 à l’ambassadeur de Djibouti en France. Elle a dès lors indi-
qué ne pas pouvoir apporter la preuve que celui-ci l’avait reçue. La
France admet que le seul élément de preuve qu’elle a produit au sujet de
la transmission de la lettre du 31 mai 2005 est un bordereau d’envoi

adressé à l’ambassadeur de France à Djibouti par le ministère des affaires
étrangères portant la date du 16 juin 2005 et mentionnant la lettre du
31 mai 2005. Elle affirme que ce bordereau confirme, en tout état de
cause, l’existence de ladite lettre.

*

143. La Cour relève que la France n’allègue pas que la lettre du
31 mai 2005 ait été remise à l’ambassadeur de Djibouti à Paris ou à l’un
de ses collaborateurs par les voies diplomatiques usuelles. Elle n’apporte
pas la preuve que cette lettre aurait été envoyée par la voie postale ou

acheminée par porteur. Elle ne fournit même pas la preuve que le départ
de la lettre aurait été enregistré dans un bureau d’ordre du ministère de la

55 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 228

The procureur de la République subsequently referred the matter to
Judge Clément, who informed him of her decision by letter dated 8 Feb-
ruary 2005, to which was attached a copy of a document entitled “soit-
transmis” and which was communicated on the same day to the senior

investigating judge. In a judgment dated 19 October 2006, the Chambre
de l’instruction of the Paris Court of Appeal considered that document to
be a decision, lying within the discretion of the investigating judge alone,
in response to Djibouti’s request for mutual assistance. The decision was
not immediately communicated to the Djiboutian authorities; it was not

until 31 May 2005 that, according to France, the Director of Criminal
Affairs and Pardons informed Djibouti’s Ambassador in Paris by letter
that:

“After giving the matter careful attention, the investigating judge,
by a judicial decision not open to appeal, considered that Arti-
cle 2 (c) of the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Mat-
ters between France and Djibouti of 27 September 1986 had to be

applied and that this did not allow a favourable response to be given
to the request from your judicial authorities.”

141. Djibouti denies that its Ambassador in Paris ever received this
letter and claims to have had no knowledge of the content of the letter
until the Respondent submitted it to the Court (see paragraph 133
above): it should, according to Djibouti, therefore be disregarded and
deemed non-existent.

142. Responding to the question on this point put to it during the oral
proceedings by President Higgins regarding whether France keeps any
records of letters which are sent by it to officials of other States, France
replied that it was not the practice of the French Ministry of Foreign
Affairs to send registered letters with acknowledgment of receipt to its

“foreign counterparts” and that it was therefore unable to provide proof
substantiating the despatch of the letter of 31 May 2005 to the Ambas-
sador of Djibouti to France. Thus, France claimed to be unable to prove
receipt by the Ambassador. France recognizes that the only evidence it
has submitted regarding the transmission of the letter of 31 May 2005 is

a despatch Note dated 16 June 2005, wherein reference to the letter of
31 May 2005 is made, sent by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the
Ambassador of France to Djibouti. However, France does claim that this
despatch Note confirms, in any event, the existence of the said letter.

*

143. The Court observes that France does not allege that the letter of
31 May 2005 was delivered to Djibouti’s Ambassador in Paris or to a
member of his staff through the usual diplomatic channels. It does not
adduce evidence that the letter was sent by post or conveyed by courier.

It does not even offer evidence that the despatch of the letter was
recorded in a mail registry at the Ministry of Justice or the Ministry of

55229 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE ARRÊT )

justice ou du ministère des affaires étrangères, selon la pratique en usage
au sein des administrations françaises. Compte tenu de la nature de cette

lettre et des circonstances ainsi rappelées, la Cour n’est pas en mesure de
prendre en considération ce document dans l’examen de la présente
affaire.
144. La Cour relève par ailleurs que, peu de temps auparavant, le mi-
nistre des affaires étrangères de Djibouti avait, le 18 mai 2005, écrit à

l’ambassadeur de France à Djibouti pour lui rappeler que la France
n’avait toujours pas honoré «ses engagements» de transmettre le dossier
visé par la commission rogatoire. En réponse, l’ambassadeur de France
adressa au ministre, le 6 juin 2005, une lettre de refus ainsi libellée: «je

suis au regret de vous informer que nous ne sommes pas en mesure de
donner suite à cette demande». La Cour note que Djibouti n’a pas
répondu à cette lettre pour s’inquiéter des motifs d’un tel refus.

*

145. La Cour entamera l’examen de l’article 2 de la convention de
1986 en relevant que, même si la France est fondée à dire que les termes
de l’article 2 donnent un très large pouvoir discrétionnaire à l’Etat requis,

l’exercice de ce pouvoir demeure soumis à l’obligation de bonne foi codi-
fiée à l’article 26 de la convention de Vienne de 1969 sur le droit des trai-
tés (voir Certains intérêts allemands en Haute-Silésie polonaise, fond,
arrêt, 1926, C.P.J.I. série A n o 7, p. 30, et Zones franches de la Haute-
Savoie et du Pays de Gex, arrêt, 1932, C.P.J.I. série A/B n o 46, p. 167;

sur la compétence de la Cour à l’égard de dispositions accordant un large
pouvoir discrétionnaire, voir Activités militaires et paramilitaires au
Nicaragua et contre celui-ci (Nicaragua c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), fond,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1986 , p. 116, par. 222, et Plates-formes pétrolières

(République islamique d’Iran c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2003, p. 183, par. 43). Il doit ainsi être démontré que les motifs
du refus d’exécution de la commission rogatoire relevaient des cas prévus
par l’article 2. De plus, la convention dispose (à l’article 3) que la décision

de ne pas y donner suite doit avoir été prise par les personnes investies
de cette autorité selon le droit de l’Etat requis. La Cour examinera l’en-
semble de ces éléments.
146. La Cour ne saurait accepter l’argument de Djibouti selon lequel,
en droit français, les questions de sécurité et d’ordre public ne pourraient

être réglées par le seul pouvoir judiciaire. La Cour n’ignore pas qu’à un
certain moment le ministère de la justice a joué un rôle très actif dans le
traitement de ces questions. Cependant, la chambre de l’instruction de la
cour d’appel de Paris, dans son arrêt du 19 octobre 2006, a désigné

l’organe habilité à répondre en dernier ressort aux demandes de commis-
sion rogatoire. Elle a jugé que la question de l’application d’une façon
ou d’une autre de l’article 2 de la convention de 1986 à une demande
formulée par un Etat relevait du seul juge d’instruction (qui dispose
d’informations émanant des services gouvernementaux concernés).

56 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 229

Foreign Affairs, in accordance with French administrative practice. Hav-
ing regard to the nature of the letter and the circumstances described
above, the Court cannot take this document into consideration in its
examination of the present case.

144. The Court further observes that shortly before that, on
18 May 2005, Djibouti’s Minister for Foreign Affairs had written to
France’s Ambassador to Djibouti to point out that France had not as yet
honoured “its commitments” to transmit the file requested in the letter

rogatory. In reply, France’s Ambassador sent the Minister a letter of
refusal on 6 June 2005, worded as follows: “I regret to inform you that
we are not in a position to comply with this request”. The Court notes
that Djibouti never responded to this letter to inquire into the grounds
for the refusal.

*

145. The Court begins its examination of Article 2 of the 1986 Con-
vention by observing that, while it is correct, as France claims, that the

terms of Article 2 provide a State to which a request for assistance has
been made with a very considerable discretion, this exercise of discretion
is still subject to the obligation of good faith codified in Article 26 of the
1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (see Certain German
Interests in Polish Upper Silesia, Merits, Judgment No. 7, 1926, P.C.I.J.,

Series A, p. 30, and Free Zones of Upper Savoy and the District of Gex,
Judgment, 1932, P.C.I.J., Series A/B, No. 46 , p. 167; for the competence
of the Court in the face of provisions giving wide discretion, see Military
and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v.
United States of America), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1986 ,

p. 116, para. 222, and Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United
States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2003 , p. 183, para. 43).
This requires it to be shown that the reasons for refusal to execute the
letter rogatory fell within those allowed for in Article 2. Further, the
Convention requires (in Art. 3) that the decision not to execute the letter

must have been taken by those with the authority so to decide under the
law of the requested State. The Court will examine all of these elements.
146. The Court is unable to accept the contention of Djibouti that,
under French law, matters relating to security and ordre public could not
fall for determination by the judiciary alone. The Court is aware that the
Ministry of Justice had at a certain time been very active in dealing with

such issues. However, where ultimate authority lay in respect of the
response to a letter rogatory was settled by the Chambre de l’instruction
of the Paris Court of Appeal in its judgment of 19 October 2006. It held
that the application in one way or another of Article 2 of the 1986 Con-
vention to a request made by a State is a matter solely for the investigat-

ing judge (who will have available information from relevant government
departments). The Court of Appeal further determined that such a deci-

56230 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

La cour d’appel a en outre conclu qu’une telle décision du juge d’instruc-
tion constituait une décision judiciaire, et non un avis donné au pouvoir
exécutif. La présente Cour ne peut faire autrement que d’accepter les
conclusions de la cour d’appel de Paris sur ce point.

147. Pour ce qui est de la question de savoir si les autorités compé-
tentes ont pris leur décision de bonne foi et en conformité avec l’article 2
de la convention de 1986, la Cour rappelle que, dans son soit-transmis du
8 février 2005, le juge Clément expose les motifs de sa décision de ne pas
faire droit à la demande d’entraide. Le juge Clément y explique que la

transmission du dossier avait été estimée «contraire aux intérêts essentiels
de la France» dans la mesure où celui-ci contenait des documents «secret-
défense» qui avaient été déclassifiés, ainsi que des informations et des
témoignages sur une autre affaire en cours. Cette motivation est formulée
notamment comme suit:

«Nous avons sollicité au cours de notre information à plusieurs
reprises les ministères de l’intérieur et de la défense afin d’obtenir

communication de documents classés secret-défense.
La commission consultative du secret de la défense nationale a
donné un avis favorable à la déclassification de certaines pièces.

Les ministères susmentionnés, suivant cet avis, nous ont transmis

ces documents.
Faire droit à la demande du juge djiboutien reviendrait à détour-
ner les termes de la loi française en permettant la communication de
pièces qui ne sont accessibles qu’au seul juge français.
Communiquer notre dossier aurait pour conséquence de livrer

indirectement des documents des services de renseignement français
à une autorité politique étrangère.
Sans concourir en aucune façon à la manifestation de la vérité,
cette transmission compromettrait gravement les intérêts fondamen-
taux du pays et la sécurité de ses agents.»

148. Il n’apparaît pas clairement, à la lecture de ce soit-transmis, pour-
quoi le juge Clément a estimé qu’il n’était pas possible de ne transmettre

qu’une partie du dossier, même après avoir retiré ou noirci certains docu-
ments, comme cela a été suggéré par Djibouti au cours de la procédure
orale. Ce n’est que par les écritures et les plaidoiries de la France que la
Cour a appris que les documents et informations provenant des services
de renseignement étaient indissociables de l’ensemble du dossier. La Cour
estime néanmoins que les motifs qui ont été invoqués par le juge Clément

entrent dans les prévisions de l’article 2, alinéa c), de la convention
de 1986.
149. La Cour se penchera maintenant sur l’argument de Djibouti selon
lequel la France a violé l’article 17 de la convention de 1986, qui dispose
que «[t]out refus d’entraide judiciaire sera motivé».

150. La Cour ne saurait admettre, comme la France le soutient, qu’il
n’y aurait eu aucune violation de l’article 17, au motif que Djibouti aurait

57 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 230

sion by an investigating judge is a decision in law, and not an advice to
the executive. It is not for this Court to do other than accept the findings
of the Paris Court of Appeal on this point.

147. As to whether the decision of the competent authority was made
in good faith, and falls within the scope of Article 2 of the 1986 Conven-
tion, the Court recalls that Judge Clément’s soit-transmis of 8 Febru-
ary 2005 states the grounds for her decision to refuse the request for
mutual assistance, explaining why transmission of the file was considered

to be “contrary to the essential interests of France”, in that the file con-
tained declassified “defence secret” documents, together with information
and witness statements in respect of another case in progress. The rea-
soning is expressed in part as follows:

“On several occasions in the course of our investigation, we have
requested the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Defence to

communicate documents classified under ‘defence secrecy’.
The Commission consultative du secret de la défense nationale
delivered a favourable opinion on the declassification of certain
documents.
The above-mentioned ministries, following that opinion, transmit-

ted those documents to us.
To accede to the Djiboutian judge’s request would amount to an
abuse of French law by permitting the handing over of documents
that are accessible only to the French judge.
Handing over our record would entail indirectly delivering French

intelligence service documents to a foreign political authority.

Without contributing in any way to the discovery of the truth,
such transmission would seriously compromise the fundamental
interests of the country and the security of its agents.”

148. It is not evident from this soit-transmis why Judge Clément found
that it was not possible to transmit part of the file, even with some docu-

ments removed or blackened out, as suggested by Djibouti during the
oral proceedings. It was only through the written and oral pleadings of
France that the Court has been informed that the intelligence service
documents and information permeated the entire file. However, the Court
finds that those reasons that were given by Judge Clément do fall within
the scope of Article 2 (c) of the 1986 Convention.

149. The Court now turns to Djibouti’s claim that France has violated
Article 17 of the 1986 Convention. Article 17 provides that “[r]easons
shall be given for any refusal of mutual assistance”.

150. The Court cannot accept that, as France contends, there was no
violation of Article 17, as Djibouti in any event knew that Article 2 (c)

57231 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

en tout état de cause été informé que l’article 2, alinéa c), avait été
invoqué. La France cite à cette fin le paragraphe 146 du mémoire de Dji-
bouti, dans lequel il est fait allusion à une lettre du 11 février 2005 en

ces termes:
«comme semblerait l’indiquer une lettre du juge d’instruction pari-
me
sien, M Sophie Clément, en date du 11 février 2005, le refus d’exé-
cution de la commission rogatoire demandée par Djibouti serait
motivé par le fait que la justice française considère la transmission
du dossier Borrel aux autorités judiciaires djiboutiennes comme
étant «contraire aux intérêts fondamentaux de la France»».

En réponse à une question du juge ad hoc Guillaume, le conseil de Dji-
bouti a répondu que la Partie djiboutienne n’était pas en possession de la

lettre évoquée dans le mémoire, et qu’elle avait supposé, sur la base
d’informations diffusées par les médias français, qu’une telle lettre, sou-
levant une question d’intérêt fondamental, avait été envoyée à cette
période par le juge Clément. La Cour ne peut conclure, comme la France

le lui demande, que Djibouti savait que l’article 2, alinéa c), avait été
invoqué. Si Djibouti a certes pu disposer en fin de compte de certaines
informations à travers la presse, un tel mode de diffusion d’informations
ne saurait être pris en compte aux fins de l’application de l’article 17.
151. La Cour ne peut pas davantage retenir l’argument de la France

selon lequel, Djibouti ayant eu connaissance des motifs du refus de la
demande dans le cadre de la présente procédure, il n’y aurait pas eu viola-
tion de l’article 17. L’obligation juridique de motiver le refus d’exécuter
une commission rogatoire ne saurait être remplie du seul fait que l’Etat
requérant a pris connaissance des documents pertinents dans le cadre du

procès de nombreux mois plus tard.
152. Aucun motif n’ayant été avancé dans la lettre du 6 juin 2005 (voir
paragraphe 144 ci-dessus), la Cour conclut que la France a manqué à son
obligation au titre de l’article 17 de la convention de 1986.
La Cour fait observer que, même si elle avait acquis la conviction

que la lettre du 31 mai 2005 avait été transmise, la simple référence à
l’article 2, alinéa c), qu’elle était censée contenir n’aurait pas suffi à
satisfaire à l’obligation incombant à la France au titre de l’article 17.
Quelques brèves explications supplémentaires auraient été de mise.

Il ne s’agit pas là simplement d’une question de courtoisie. L’Etat requis
dispose ainsi de la possibilité de démontrer sa bonne foi en cas de refus
de la demande. Cela peut aussi permettre à l’Etat requérant de détermi-
ner si sa demande de commission rogatoire pourrait être modifiée de
manière à éviter les obstacles à son exécution énoncés à l’article 2.

153. Ayant estimé que les raisons pour lesquelles la France avait invo-
qué l’article 2, alinéa c), relevaient de cette disposition, mais que la
France n’avait pas satisfait à son obligation au titre de l’article 17, la
Cour examinera maintenant la question de savoir si, comme l’affirme Dji-
bouti, une violation de l’article 17 exclut tout recours à l’article 2, ali-

néa c), qui aurait autrement été possible. La Cour rappelle que la France

58 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 231

was being invoked. To this end, France cites paragraph 146 of
Djibouti’s Memorial, which alludes to a letter of 11 February 2005 as
follows:

“As a letter dated 11 February 2005 from the Paris investigating
judge, Ms Sophie Clément, would appear to indicate, the refusal to

execute the letter rogatory presented by Djibouti was based on the
fact that the French judiciary viewed the transmission of the Borrel
file to the Djiboutian judicial authorities as ‘contrary to France’s
fundamental interests’.”

In response to a question from Judge ad hoc Guillaume, counsel for
Djibouti responded that they did not possess the letter referred to in the
Memorial, having made an assumption based on information circulated
by the French media that a letter to that effect had been sent around that

time by Judge Clément, which raised an issue of fundamental interest.
The Court cannot draw the conclusion that France seeks that Djibouti
knew Article 2 (c) had been invoked. If the information eventually came
to Djibouti through the press, the information disseminated in this way
could not be taken into account for the purposes of the application of

Article 17.
151. Equally, the Court is unable to accept the contention of France
that the fact that the reasons have come within the knowledge of Djibouti
during these proceedings means that there has been no violation of Arti-
cle 17. A legal obligation to notify reasons for refusing to execute a letter

rogatory is not fulfilled through the requesting State learning of the rele-
vant documents only in the course of litigation, some long months later.

152. As no reasons were given in the letter of 6 June 2005 (see para-
graph 144 above), the Court concludes that France failed to comply with

its obligation under Article 17 of the 1986 Convention.
The Court observes that even if it had been persuaded of the transmis-
sion of the letter of 31 May 2005, the bare reference it was said to contain
to Article 2 (c) would not have sufficed to meet the obligation of France
under Article 17. Some brief further explanation was called for. This is

not only a matter of courtesy. It also allows the requested State to sub-
stantiate its good faith in refusing the request. It may also enable the
requesting State to see if its letter rogatory could be modified so as to
avoid the obstacles to implementation enumerated in Article 2.

153. Having found that France’s reliance on Article 2 (c) was for rea-
sons that fell under that provision, but that it has not complied with its
obligation under Article 17, the Court now considers whether, as Dji-
bouti has contended, a violation of Article 17 precludes a reliance on

Article 2 (c) that might otherwise be available. The Court recalls that
France maintained that Articles 2 and 17 impose distinct and unrelated
58232 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

a soutenu que les articles 2 et 17 imposent des obligations distinctes et
dépourvues de lien entre elles, faisant notamment valoir qu’ils sont éloi-
gnés l’un de l’autre dans le texte de la convention (voir paragraphe 139
ci-dessus).

La réponse à cette question est à rechercher dans une interprétation de
la convention de 1986 à la lumière des règles coutumières telles que reflé-
tées par les articles 31 et 32 de la convention de Vienne de 1969 sur le
droit des traités.
154. Le fait que les articles 2 et 17 soient, d’une certaine manière, liés

est indéniable. L’article 2 indique quelles sont les exceptions à la mise en
Œuvre de l’entraide judiciaire et l’article 17 se réfère à l’obligation de don-
ner les motifs qui justifient l’invocation de telles exceptions en cas de
refus d’entraide. Le lien juridique qui existe entre ces articles ne saurait
être établi par l’interprétation de l’une ou de l’autre de ces dispositions

«suivant [son] sens ordinaire», étant donné que la convention ne contient
aucune disposition consacrée à un tel lien. Sachant que les termes d’un
traité doivent être interprétés «dans leur contexte et à la lumière de son
objet et de son but», la Cour observera ce qui suit.
155. L’objet de la convention d’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale

de 1986 est de prévoir l’entraide judiciaire la plus large possible (ar-
ticle premier), les refus étant limités à une série d’exceptions autorisées.

156. La Cour relève que les articles 2 et 17 figurent dans des sections
différentes de la convention de 1986. Elle note à cet égard que celle-ci

contient d’autres dispositions qui, tout comme l’article 2, autorisent dans
certains cas un refus de l’entraide judiciaire devant être motivé en vertu
de l’article 17. Ainsi, le paragraphe 2 de l’article 10 précise les cas dans
lesquels le «transfèrement [d’une personne détenue]» au sens du para-
graphe 1 dudit article peut être refusé. La Cour note au surplus qu’il

est courant, dans des conventions comparables, que de telles disposi-
tions soient ainsi agencées (voir par exemple la convention européenne
d’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale du 20 avril 1959 (Nations Unies,
Recueil des traités, vol. 472, art. 2 et 19); la convention relative à l’en-
traide judiciaire en matière pénale entre la France et l’Espagne du

9 avril 1969 (ibid., vol. 746, art. 4, 7 et 14); et la convention d’entraide
judiciaire en matière pénale entre le Mexique et la France du 27 janvier
1994 (ibid., vol. 1891, art. 4 et 20)). La Cour considère dès lors qu’aucune
conséquence juridique ne peut être déduite de l’agencement du texte
de la convention.
Par ailleurs, la Cour observe qu’un certain lien existe entre les articles

2 et 17, en ceci que les raisons pouvant motiver un refus d’entraide judi-
ciaire, raisons que l’article 17 impose de donner, couvrent les cas énoncés
à l’article 2. Cependant, les articles 2 et 17 prévoient des obligations dis-
tinctes et il ne ressort pas des termes de la convention que le recours à
l’article 2 est subordonné au respect de l’article 17. Du reste, si telle avait

été l’intention des parties, cela aurait été expressément stipulé dans la
convention.

59 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 232

obligations, and claimed in particular that they are removed from each
other in the text of the Convention (see paragraph 139 above).

This question is to be answered by an interpretation of the 1986 Con-
vention according to the rules of customary law reflected in Articles 31
and 32 of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.

154. That Articles 2 and 17 are in a sense linked is undeniable. Arti-

cle 2 refers to possible exceptions to the granting of mutual assistance
and Article 17 to the duty to give reasons for the invocation of such
exceptions in refusing mutual assistance. The legal relationship between
these cannot be answered by interpretation of either of these provisions
“in accordance with [its] ordinary meaning”, as no provision exists in the

Convention on the relationship between these Articles. Having regard to
the requirement that the terms of a treaty are to be interpreted “in their
context and in the light of its object and purpose”, the Court makes the
following observations.
155. The object of the 1986 Convention on Mutual Assistance in

Criminal Matters is to provide for mutual assistance to the fullest extent
possible (Art. 1), with refusals being limited to a category of permitted
exceptions.
156. The Court observes that Articles 2 and 17 are located in different
sections of the 1986 Convention. It notes in this regard that the Conven-

tion contains other provisions which, like Article 2, in certain cases
authorize a refusal to provide mutual assistance which requires reasons
to be given in accordance with Article 17. For example, Article 10, para-
graph 2, indicates certain situations where the “transfer [of a] person in
custody”, in the sense of paragraph 1 of that Article, could be refused.

Furthermore, the Court notes that it is common, in comparable conven-
tions, for similar provisions to be so deployed (see, for example, Euro-
pean Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters of 20 April
1959 (UNTS, Vol. 472, Arts. 2 and 19); Convention Concerning Recip-
rocal Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters between France and Spain of

9 April 1969 (ibid., Vol. 746, Arts. 4, 7 and 14); and Convention on Judi-
cial Assistance in Criminal Matters between Mexico and France of
27 January 1994 (ibid., Vol. 1891, Arts. 4 and 20)). The Court therefore
considers that no legal inference is to be drawn from the arrangement of
the text of the Convention.
On the other hand, the Court observes that there is a certain relation-

ship between Articles 2 and 17 in the sense that the reasons that may jus-
tify refusals of mutual assistance which are to be given under Article 17
include the grounds specified in Article 2. At the same time, Articles 2
and 17 provide for distinct obligations, and the terms of the Convention
do not suggest that recourse to Article 2 is dependent upon compliance

with Article 17. Further, had it been so intended by the Parties, this
would have been expressly stipulated in the Convention.

59233 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

La Cour estime dès lors que la France, bien que n’ayant pas respecté

l’article 17, pouvait se prévaloir de l’article 2, alinéa c), et que, par
voie de conséquence, il n’y a pas eu violation de l’article premier de la
convention.

* * *

V. L ES VIOLATIONS ALLÉGUÉES DE L ’OBLIGATION DE PRÉVENIR

LES ATTEINTES À LA PERSONNE ,LA LIBERTÉ OU LA DIGNITÉ
D’UNE PERSONNE JOUISSANT D ’UNE PROTECTION INTERNATIONALE

157. Djibouti considère que la France, en adressant des convocations
à témoigner au chef de l’Etat de Djibouti et à de hauts fonctionnaires de

ce pays, a violé «l’obligation, découlant des principes établis du droit
international général et coutumier, de prévenir les atteintes à la personne,
la liberté ou la dignité d’une personne jouissant d’une protection interna-
tionale». Pour Djibouti, il s’agit, d’une part, d’une obligation de carac-

tère négatif de ne pas commettre d’actes susceptibles de porter atteinte à
la protection de ces personnes et, d’autre part, d’une obligation positive
de prendre toutes les mesures appropriées pour prévenir les atteintes à la
liberté, à l’honneur et la dignité de ces personnes. Djibouti invoque, à

l’appui de ses allégations de violation, la convention sur la prévention et
la répression des infractions contre les personnes jouissant d’une protec-
tion diplomatique, y compris les agents diplomatiques, signée à New
York le 14 décembre 1973.

158. La France fait valoir que la convention de 1973 est sans perti-
nence en l’espèce, dans la mesure où elle concerne exclusivement la pré-
vention des infractions définies à l’article 2, soit:

«Le fait intentionnel:

a) de commettre un meurtre, un enlèvement ou une autre attaque
contre la personne ou la liberté d’une personne jouissant d’une
protection internationale;
b) de commettre, en recourant à la violence, contre les locaux offi-

ciels, le logement privé ou les moyens de transport d’une per-
sonne jouissant d’une protection internationale une attaque de
nature à mettre sa personne ou sa liberté en danger.»

Pour la France, les infractions visées par cette convention n’ont rien
à voir avec les faits en cause dans cette affaire, à savoir les atteintes

alléguées aux immunités de juridiction et à l’honneur et à la dignité de
personnalités djiboutiennes.

*

159. La Cour relève que la convention de 1973 a pour objet la préven-
tion des infractions graves contre les personnes jouissant d’une protection

60 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 233

The Court thus finds that, in spite of the non-respect by France of
Article 17, the latter was entitled to rely upon Article 2 (c) and that, con-
sequently, Article 1 of the Convention has not been breached.

*
* *

V. T HE ALLEGED V IOLATIONS OF THEO BLIGATION TOP REVENT ATTACKS
ON THE P ERSON,F REEDOM OR DIGNITY OF AN INTERNATIONALLY
P ROTECTED PERSON

157. Djibouti considers that France, by sending witness summonses to
the Head of State of Djibouti and to senior Djiboutian officials, has vio-
lated “the obligation deriving from established principles of customary

and general international law to prevent attacks on the person, freedom
or dignity of an internationally protected person”. For Djibouti, this is
on the one hand an obligation of a negative kind, to refrain from com-

mitting acts that are likely to prejudice the protection of these persons,
and on the other hand an affirmative obligation to take all appropriate
measures to prevent attacks on their freedom, honour and dignity. Dji-
bouti invokes the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of

Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic
Agents, signed in New York on 14 December 1973, in support of these
claimed violations.

158. France has argued that the Convention of 1973 has no relevance
in this case, inasmuch as it concerns solely the prevention of crimes
defined in Article 2 thereof, namely:

“The intentional commission of:

(a) a murder, kidnapping or other attack upon the person or lib-
erty of an internationally protected person;

(b) a violent attack upon the official premises, the private accom-
modation or the means of transport of an internationally pro-
tected person likely to endanger his person or liberty.”

For France, the crimes referred to in this convention have nothing to

do with the facts at issue in this case, namely the alleged attacks on the
immunities from jurisdiction enjoyed by leading Djiboutian figures and
on their honour and dignity.

*

159. The Court notes that the purpose of the 1973 Convention is to

prevent serious crimes against internationally protected persons and to

60234 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

internationale et la poursuite pénale d’auteurs présumés de ces infrac-
tions. Elle n’est pas applicable, en conséquence, à la question spécifique

de l’immunité de juridiction à l’égard d’une convocation à témoigner
adressée à certaines personnes dans le cadre d’une instruction pénale, et
la Cour ne peut la prendre en considération dans la présente affaire.
160. La Cour examinera en premier lieu les atteintes alléguées à l’immu-
nité de juridiction ou à l’inviolabilité du chef de l’Etat de Djibouti, puis

celles alléguées aux immunités des autres ressortissants djiboutiens.

**

1) Les atteintes alléguées à l’immunité de juridiction
ou à l’inviolabilité du chef de l’Etat de Djibouti

161. Djibouti met en cause deux convocations à témoigner émises dans
l’affaire Borrel par le juge d’instruction français Clément à l’encontre du
président de la République de Djibouti, le 17 mai 2005 et le 14 février 2007
respectivement. La Cour examinera successivement ces deux convoca-
tions.

a) La convocation à témoigner adressée au chef de l’Etat de Djibouti
le 17 mai 2005

162. C’est au cours d’une visite officielle que le chef de l’Etat de Dji-
bouti rendait, à Paris, au président de la République française que le juge
d’instruction en charge de l’affaire Borrel a adressé, le 17 mai 2005, par
simple télécopie, à l’ambassade de Djibouti en France, une convocation à

témoigner au président de Djibouti, l’invitant à se présenter en personne
à son bureau le lendemain, le 18 mai 2005, à 9 h 30 du matin.
163. D’après Djibouti, outre le fait que cette convocation était inac-
ceptable dans la forme, elle constituait un élément de contrainte puisque,

selon l’article 101 du Code de procédure pénale français: «Lorsqu’il est
cité ou convoqué, le témoin est avisé que, s’il ne comparaît pas ou s’il
refuse de comparaître, il pourra y être contraint par la force publique en
application des dispositions de l’article 109.» Djibouti relève, certes, que

cet avertissement n’a été mentionné ni dans cette convocation du
17 mai 2005 ni dans celle adressée auparavant à l’ambassadeur de Dji-
bouti en France, le 21 décembre 2004, mais fait observer qu’il figure bien
dans une autre convocation, celle destinée à M me Geneviève Foix, égale-
ment citée à témoigner dans le cadre de l’affaire Borrel. Cette convoca-
me
tion, adressée à M Foix le 15 octobre 2007 à l’hôpital Bouffard de
Djibouti, comportait le passage suivant:

«Si vous ne comparaissez pas ou si vous refusez de comparaître,
vous pourrez y être contraint par la force publique en application
des dispositions de l’article 109 du Code de procédure pénale.
Le témoin est également informé que l’article 434-15-1 du Code

61 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 234

ensure the criminal prosecution of presumed perpetrators of such crimes.
It is consequently not applicable to the specific question of immunity
from jurisdiction in respect of a witness summons addressed to certain
persons in connection with a criminal investigation, and the Court can-

not take account of it in this case.
160. The Court will first examine the alleged attacks on the immunity
from jurisdiction or the inviolability of the Djiboutian Head of State,
before turning to those against the other Djiboutian nationals.

**

(1) The alleged attacks on the immunity from jurisdiction or

the inviolability of the Djiboutian Head of State

161. Djibouti calls into question two witness summonses in the Borrel
case, issued by the French investigating judge, Judge Clément, to the
President of the Republic of Djibouti on 17 May 2005 and 14 Febru-
ary 2007, which the Court will examine in turn.

(a) The witness summons addressed to the Djiboutian Head of State on

17 May 2005

162. During an official visit by the Djiboutian Head of State to the
President of the French Republic in Paris, the investigating judge respon-
sible for the Borrel case sent a witness summons to the President of Dji-
bouti on 17 May 2005, simply by facsimile to the Djiboutian Embassy in

France, inviting him to attend in person at the judge’s office at 9.30 a.m.
the following day, 18 May 2005.
163. For Djibouti, this summons was not only inappropriate as to its
form, but was an element of constraint, since according to Article 101 of
the French Code of Criminal Procedure: “Where he is summoned or sent

for, the witness is informed that if he does not appear or refuses to
appear, he can be compelled to by the law enforcement agencies in
accordance with the provisions of Article 109.” Djibouti does indeed note
that this warning was not referred to either in this summons of 17 May
2005 or in that previously addressed to Djibouti’s Ambassador to France

on 21 December 2004, but observes that it is included in another sum-
mons, that was sent to Ms Geneviève Foix, a person also asked to testify
in connection with the Borrel case. This summons was addressed to her
at the Hôpital Bouffard in Djibouti on 15 October 2007 in the proceed-
ings and contained the following passage:

“If you fail to attend or refuse to attend, you may be compelled to
do so by the law enforcement agencies, in accordance with the pro-

visions of Article 109 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.
The witness is further informed that, under Article 434-15-1 of the

61235 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

pénal punit d’une amende de 3750 euros le fait de ne pas comparaî-
tre sans excuses ni justifications devant nous.»

Cependant, selon Djibouti, même si cet avertissement n’a pas été inclus

dans la convocation adressée à son chef de l’Etat, l’article 109 du Code de
procédure pénale ou l’article 434-15-1 du Code pénal français restent
applicables et, par conséquent, le défaut du chef de l’Etat à comparaître
est également punissable en droit français et peut conduire à l’usage de la
force publique.

164. En outre, Djibouti relève que, dès le 18 mai 2005, son ambassa-
deur à Paris a adressé une lettre au ministre français des affaires étran-
gères protestant contre la convocation adressée au chef de l’Etat, la
considérant comme «nulle et non avenue dans le fond et dans la forme»,
et demandant que les mesures nécessaires soient prises à l’encontre du

juge d’instruction. L’ambassadeur indiquait au ministre que la télécopie
de convocation avait été envoyée le 17 mai 2005 à 15 h 51 et que, à
16 h 12, l’Agence France-Presse en faisait une annonce publique. Dji-
bouti fait remarquer que le ministre n’a pas répondu à l’ambassadeur ni
adressé de lettre d’excuses au chef de l’Etat comme cela avait été fait pré-

cédemment, par lettre du 14 janvier 2005, lorsque l’ambassadeur lui-
même avait fait l’objet d’une convocation à témoigner. Le ministre des
affaires étrangères français s’est contenté de faire parvenir à l’ambassa-
deur de Djibouti la transcription d’un entretien accordé par son porte-
parole sur une station de radio française rappelant que «tout chef d’Etat

en exercice bénéficie de l’immunité de juridiction lors de son déplacement
à l’étranger». C’est ce que le porte-parole du ministre français des affaires
étrangères devait réitérer dans son point de presse du 19 mai 2005.
165. Djibouti déduit de l’absence d’excuses et de la non-annulation de
la convocation que l’atteinte à l’immunité ainsi qu’à l’honneur et à la

dignité du chef de l’Etat s’est poursuivie. Il ajoute que la France est tenue
de prendre des mesures préventives afin de préserver l’immunité et la
dignité d’un chef d’Etat en visite officielle sur son territoire, en se fondant
sur l’article 29 de la convention de Vienne sur les relations diplomatiques.
Pour Djibouti, la France s’est rendue coupable «de faits illicites interna-

tionaux consistant en des manquements aux principes de la courtoisie
internationale et aux règles coutumières et conventionnelles afférentes
aux immunités».
166. La France, de son côté, rappelle qu’elle «reconnaît pleinement, et
sans restriction, le caractère absolu de l’immunité de juridiction et, à plus
forte raison, d’exécution dont disposent les chefs d’Etat étrangers», tout

en soutenant que la convocation à témoigner d’un chef d’Etat étranger ne
porte en aucune manière atteinte à celui-ci.
Elle souligne à cet effet que le chef d’Etat de Djibouti a été convoqué
comme simple témoin, c’est-à-dire comme une personne dont la déposi-
tion paraît utile au juge d’instruction pour la manifestation de la vérité

(alinéa 1 de l’article 101 du Code de procédure pénale français); cela par
opposition à la convocation en qualité de témoin assisté, c’est-à-dire

62 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 235

Penal Code, failure to attend without excuse or justification is pun-
ishable by a fine of J3,750.”

For Djibouti, however, even though such a warning was not included

in the summons addressed to the Head of State, Article 109 of the French
Code of Criminal Procedure and Article 434-15-1 of the French Penal
Code could still be applied. Consequently, the non-appearance of the
Head of State is likewise punishable under French law and may lead to
the use of public force.

164. Djibouti further notes that as of 18 May 2005, its Ambassador in
Paris sent a letter to the French Minister for Foreign Affairs protesting at
the summons issued to the Head of State, describing it as “null and void
in content and in form” and asking for the necessary measures to be
taken against the investigating judge. The Ambassador informed the

Minister that the facsimile containing the summons had been sent at
3.51 p.m. on 17 May 2005, and that at 4.12 p.m., Agence France-Presse
was publicly reporting it. Djibouti has pointed out that the Minister did
not reply to the Ambassador nor send a letter of apology to the Head of
State, as had been done previously, by letter of 14 January 2005, when

the Ambassador himself had been the subject of a witness summons. The
French Minister for Foreign Affairs merely sent Djibouti’s Ambassador
the transcript of an interview given by his spokesman to a French radio
station, recalling that “all incumbent Heads of State enjoy immunity
from jurisdiction when travelling internationally”. This was in due course

reiterated by the spokesman of France’s Minister for Foreign Affairs in
his press report of 19 May 2005.

165. Djibouti has inferred from the absence of an apology and from
the fact that the summons was not declared void that the attack on the

immunity, honour and dignity of the Head of State has continued. It has
added that France is required to take preventive measures to protect the
immunity and dignity of a Head of State who is on its territory on an
official visit, relying on Article 29 of the Vienna Convention on Diplo-
matic Relations. For Djibouti, France has made itself responsible for

“internationally wrongful acts consisting of infringements of the princi-
ples of international comity and of the customary and conventional rules
relating to immunities”.
166. France, for its part, has recalled that it “fully recognizes, without
restriction, the absolute nature of the immunity from jurisdiction and,
even more so, from enforcement that is enjoyed by foreign Heads of

State”, while arguing that the summoning of a foreign Head of State as a
witness is in no sense an attack on him.
It points out in this respect that the Djiboutian Head of State was sum-
moned as an ordinary witness, in other words as a person whose state-
ment appears useful to the investigating judge for the discovery of the

truth (Art. 101, first paragraph, of the French Code of Criminal Proce-
dure); this is in contrast to a summons as a témoin assisté, i.e., a person

62236 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

comme une personne sur laquelle pèsent des indices de participation,
«comme auteur ou complice, à la commission des infractions dont le juge
d’instruction est saisi» (alinéa 2 de l’article 113-2 du Code de procédure
pénale français).

167. Se référant à l’arrêt de la Cour dans l’affaire du Mandat d’arrêt
du 11 avril 2000 (République démocratique du Congo c. Belgique) (arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2002, p. 29-30, par. 70-71), la France prétend que seule la
limitation de la liberté d’action nécessaire à un chef d’Etat étranger pour
s’acquitter de sa fonction est de nature à méconnaître l’immunité de juri-

diction pénale et l’inviolabilité dont il jouit.
168. Selon la France, c’est l’article 656 du Code de procédure pénale
français qui s’applique à la déposition d’un chef d’Etat. Cette disposition
prévoit que

«[l]a déposition écrite d’un représentant d’une puissance étrangère
est demandée par l’entremise du ministre des affaires étrangères. Si
la demande est agréée, cette déposition est reçue par le premier pré-

sident de la cour d’appel ou par le magistrat qu’il aura délégué.»
La convocation à témoigner adressée au chef de l’Etat de Djibouti

n’est, d’après la France, qu’une simple invitation qui ne lui impose
aucune obligation. Elle n’est, selon le défendeur, ni contraignante ni exé-
cutoire, et ne peut, de ce fait, porter atteinte à l’immunité de juridiction
pénale ou à l’inviolabilité dont jouit le chef de l’Etat. Et si, selon l’ar-
ticle 31, paragraphe 2, de la convention de Vienne sur les relations diplo-

matiques du 18 avril 1961, «[l]’agent diplomatique n’est pas obligé de
donner son témoignage», rien, selon la France, n’interdit de le lui deman-
der. Elle admet cependant que la convocation du chef de l’Etat de Dji-
bouti n’a pas respecté dans la forme les prescriptions de l’article 656 du
Code de procédure pénale français.

169. La France, dans ses plaidoiries, a accepté de reprendre à son
compte la formule de la résolution adoptée par l’Institut de droit inter-
national sur «Les immunités de juridiction et d’exécution du chef d’Etat
et de gouvernement en droit international» à sa session de Vancouver
en 2001, selon laquelle les autorités d’un Etat étranger doivent prendre

«toutes mesures raisonnables pour empêcher qu’il soit porté atteinte à [la
personne d’un chef d’Etat étranger], à sa liberté ou à sa dignité». Mais
elle considère cependant qu’il n’y a pas d’atteinte à la liberté ou à la
dignité du président de Djibouti dans le fait de l’inviter à «[d]ire toute la
vérité», dans la mesure où il «est entièrement libre de garder sa part de
vérité s’il le souhaite sans que nul ne puisse le lui reprocher».

*

170. La Cour a déjà rappelé dans l’affaire du Mandat d’arrêt du
11 avril 2000 (République démocratique du Congo c. Belgique) «qu’il est

clairement établi en droit international que ... certaines personnes occu-
pant un rang élevé dans l’Etat, telles que le chef de l’Etat..., jouissent

63 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 236

against whom there is evidence that he could have participated, “as the
perpetrator or accomplice, in committing the offence of which the inves-
tigating judge is seised” (Art. 113-2, second paragraph, of the French
Code of Criminal Procedure).

167. Referring to the Judgment of the Court in the case concerning the
Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v.
Belgium) (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2002 , pp. 29-30, paras. 70-71), France
contends that only limiting the freedom of action he requires in order to
perform his duties might fail to respect the immunity from criminal juris-

diction and the inviolability of a foreign Head of State.
168. According to France, it is Article 656 of the French Code of
Criminal Procedure that applies to the statement of a Head of State. The
said Article provides that

“The written statement of the representative of a foreign Power is
requested through the intermediary of the Minister for Foreign
Affairs. If the application is granted, the statement is received by the

president of the appeal court or by a judge delegated by him.”
The witness summons addressed to Djibouti’s Head of State is, in

France’s view, purely an invitation which imposes no obligation on him.
According to the Respondent, it is neither binding nor enforceable, and
therefore cannot infringe the immunity from criminal jurisdiction or the
inviolability of a Head of State. And while, under the terms of Article 31,
paragraph 2, of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of

18 April 1961, “[a] diplomatic agent is not obliged to give evidence as a
witness”, France takes the view that nothing prevents him from being
asked to do so. However, it admits that, in terms of form, the summons
addressed to the Djiboutian Head of State did not comply with the pro-
visions of Article 656 of the French Code of Criminal Procedure.

169. France, in its pleadings, has endorsed the terms of the resolution
adopted by the Institut de droit international at its meeting in Vancouver
in 2001 on “Immunities from Jurisdiction and Execution of Heads of
State and Government in International Law”, according to which the
authorities of a foreign State must take “all reasonable steps to prevent

any infringement of a [Head of State’s] person, liberty or dignity”. How-
ever, it does not believe that there has been an attack on the freedom or
dignity of the President of Djibouti as a result of inviting him to “tell the
whole truth”, inasmuch as he “is entirely at liberty to maintain his
silence, if he so wishes, without anyone being able to criticize him for it”.

*

170. The Court has already recalled in the Arrest Warrant of
11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) case “that

in international law it is firmly established that . . . certain holders of
high-ranking office in a State, such as the Head of State . . . enjoy immu-

63237 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

dans les autres Etats d’immunités de juridiction, tant civiles que pénales»
(arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2002 , p. 20-21, par. 51). Un chef d’Etat jouit en
particulier «d’une immunité de juridiction pénale et d’une inviolabilité
totales» qui le protègent «contre tout acte d’autorité de la part d’un

autre Etat qui ferait obstacle à l’exercice de ses fonctions» (ibid.,p.22,
par. 54). Ainsi, pour apprécier s’il y a eu atteinte ou non à l’immunité
du chef de l’Etat, il faut vérifier si celui-ci a été soumis à un acte d’auto-
rité contraignant; c’est là l’élément déterminant.
171. En l’occurrence, la Cour constate que la convocation adressée par

le juge d’instruction français, le 17 mai 2005, au président de la Répu-
blique de Djibouti n’était pas assortie des mesures de contrainte prévues
par le Code de procédure pénale français en son article 109; il s’agissait
en effet d’une simple invitation à témoigner, que le chef de l’Etat pouvait
accepter ou refuser librement. Par conséquent, il n’a pas été porté atteinte,

de la part de la France, aux immunités de juridiction pénale dont jouit le
chef de l’Etat, puisque aucune obligation ne lui a été imposée dans le cadre
de l’instruction de l’affaire Borrel. Le porte-parole du ministère français
des affaires étrangères, dans ses déclarations des 17 et 18 mai 2005, a rap-
pelé le respect par la France de ces immunités. Quant à la convocation en

question, elle n’a pas eu de suite, ayant été dès le départ considérée par
Djibouti, dans une lettre du 18 mai 2005 adressée par son ambassadeur à
Paris au ministre français des affaires étrangères, comme «nulle et non
avenue dans le fond comme dans la forme», et «ne respect[ant] même pas
les dispositions de la loi française».

172. Cependant, la Cour se doit de relever que le juge d’instruction
Clément a adressé la convocation au président de Djibouti sans tenir
compte des procédures formelles prévues par l’article 656 du Code de
procédure pénale français, qui porte sur la «déposition écrite d’un repré-
sentant d’une puissance étrangère». La Cour considère que, en invitant

un chef d’Etat à déposer par simple télécopie et en lui fixant d’autorité un
délai extrêmement bref pour se présenter à son bureau, le juge d’instruc-
tion Clément n’a pas agi conformément à la courtoisie due à un chef
d’Etat étranger. En outre, la législation française elle-même prend en
compte les exigences de la courtoisie internationale lorsqu’elle impose des

procédures particulières pour recueillir le témoignage des représentants
des puissances étrangères, en prévoyant par exemple que la transmission
de toute demande de témoignage devra être effectuée par le biais du mi-
nistère des affaires étrangères et que le témoignage devra être reçu par le
premier président de la cour d’appel (article 656 du Code de procédure
pénale français) (voir paragraphe 31 ci-dessus).

Il est regrettable que ces procédures n’aient pas été respectées par le
juge d’instruction et que, tout en en étant conscient, le ministère français
des affaires étrangères n’ait pas présenté des excuses au président de Dji-
bouti, comme il l’avait fait précédemment à l’ambassadeur de Djibouti en
France, qui s’était trouvé dans une situation similaire (voir paragraphe 34

ci-dessus).
173. La Cour a pris acte de toutes les imperfections de forme qui

64 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 237

nities from jurisdiction in other States, both civil and criminal” (Judg-
ment, I.C.J. Reports 2002 , pp. 20-21, para. 51). A Head of State enjoys in
particular “full immunity from criminal jurisdiction and inviolability”
which protects him or her “against any act of authority of another State

which would hinder him or her in the performance of his or her duties”
(ibid., p. 22, para. 54). Thus the determining factor in assessing whether
or not there has been an attack on the immunity of the Head of State lies
in the subjection of the latter to a constraining act of authority.
171. In the present case, the Court finds that the summons addressed

to the President of the Republic of Djibouti by the French investigating
judge on 17 May 2005 was not associated with the measures of constraint
provided for by Article 109 of the French Code of Criminal Procedure; it
was in fact merely an invitation to testify which the Head of State could
freely accept or decline. Consequently, there was no attack by France on

the immunities from criminal jurisdiction enjoyed by the Head of State,
since no obligation was placed upon him in connection with the investi-
gation of the Borrel case. The spokesman of the French Ministry of For-
eign Affairs, in his statements of 17 and 18 May 2005, recalled that
France respected these immunities. As regards the summons in question,

it was not further acted upon, having been considered from the outset by
Djibouti, in a letter of 18 May 2005 from its Ambassador in Paris to the
French Minister for Foreign Affairs, as “null and void in content and in
form” and “not even observ[ing] the provisions of French law”.

172. However, the Court must note that the investigating judge,
Judge Clément, addressed the summons to the Djiboutian President not-
withstanding the formal procedures laid down by Article 656 of the
French Code of Criminal Procedure, which deals with the “written state-
ment of the representative of a foreign Power”. The Court considers that

by inviting a Head of State to give evidence simply through sending him
a facsimile and by setting him an extremely short deadline without con-
sultation to appear at her office, Judge Clément failed to act in accord-
ance with the courtesies due to a foreign Head of State. Moreover,
French law itself takes account of the demands of international courtesy

in laying down specific procedures for the testimony of representatives of
foreign Powers, for example by requiring that all requests for a statement
be transmitted through the intermediary of the Minister for Foreign
Affairs, and that the statement be received by the first president of the
Court of Appeal (Art. 656 of the French Code of Criminal Procedure)
(see paragraph 31 above).

It is regrettable that these procedures were not complied with by the
investigating judge and that, whilst being aware of that fact, the French
Ministry of Foreign Affairs did not offer apologies to the Djiboutian
President, as it had done previously to Djibouti’s Ambassador when he
found himself in a similar situation (see paragraph 34 above).

173. The Court has taken note of all the formal defects under French

64238 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

entourent, au regard du droit français, la convocation adressée le
17 mai 2005 par le juge Clément au chef de l’Etat de Djibouti; elle consi-
dère cependant que celles-ci ne constituent pas, en elles-mêmes, une viola-
tion par la France de ses obligations internationales relatives à l’immu-

nité de juridiction pénale et à l’inviolabilité des chefs d’Etat étrangers.
Néanmoins, ainsi que la Cour l’a indiqué plus haut, des excuses s’impo-
saient de la part de la France.
174. La Cour rappelle que la règle de droit international coutumier
reflétée à l’article 29 de la convention de Vienne sur les relations diplo-

matiques, bien que concernant les agents diplomatiques, est nécessaire-
ment applicable aux chefs d’Etat. Cette disposition est ainsi rédigée:

«La personne de l’agent diplomatique est inviolable. Il ne peut
être soumis à aucune forme d’arrestation ou de détention. L’Etat
accréditaire le traite avec le respect qui lui est dû, et prend toutes
mesures appropriées pour empêcher toute atteinte à sa personne, sa
liberté et sa dignité.»

Elle se traduit par des obligations positives à la charge de l’Etat d’accueil,
pour ce qui est des actes de ses propres autorités, et par des obligations de

prévention concernant les actes éventuels de particuliers. Elle impose
notamment aux Etats d’accueil l’obligation de protéger l’honneur et la
dignité des chefs d’Etat, en relation avec leur inviolabilité.
175. Djibouti a fait valoir que la communication à l’Agence France-
Presse, en violation du secret de l’instruction, d’informations relatives à

la convocation à témoigner de son chef de l’Etat doit être considérée
comme une atteinte à l’honneur ou à la dignité de celui-ci. La Cour fait
observer que, s’il avait été prouvé par Djibouti que ces informations
confidentielles avaient été communiquées aux médias par des instances
judiciaires françaises, cela aurait pu, dans les circonstances de la visite

officielle du chef de l’Etat de Djibouti en France, constituer non seule-
ment une violation du droit français, mais aussi une violation par la
France de ses obligations internationales. Cependant, la Cour doit recon-
naître qu’elle ne dispose d’aucune preuve convaincante établissant que les
instances judiciaires françaises sont à l’origine de la diffusion des infor-

mations confidentielles en question.

**

b) La convocation à témoigner adressée au chef de l’Etat de Djibouti
le 14 février 2007

176. La Cour constate, en ce qui concerne cette seconde convocation,
que le juge d’instruction a cette fois adressé une lettre, le 14 février 2007,
au ministre de la justice, dans laquelle il exprimait le souhait de «recueillir
le témoignage de M. Ismaël Omar Guelleh, président de la République de

Djibouti, dans le cadre de l’instruction [du chef d’assassinat de Ber-
nard Borrel]». Le juge a demandé au ministre de prendre l’attache de son

65 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 238

law surrounding the summons addressed to the Djiboutian Head of State
on 17 May 2005 by Judge Clément; however, it considers that these do
not in themselves constitute a violation by France of its international
obligations regarding the immunity from criminal jurisdiction and the

inviolability of foreign Heads of State. Nevertheless, as the Court has
indicated above, an apology would have been due from France.

174. The Court recalls that the rule of customary international law
reflected in Article 29 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Rela-

tions, while addressed to diplomatic agents, is necessarily applicable to
Heads of State. This provision reads as follows:

“The person of a diplomatic agent shall be inviolable. He shall not
be liable to any form of arrest or detention. The receiving State shall
treat him with due respect and shall take all appropriate steps to pre-
vent any attack on his person, freedom or dignity.”

This provision translates into positive obligations for the receiving State
as regards the actions of its own authorities, and into obligations of pre-

vention as regards possible acts by individuals. In particular, it imposes
on receiving States the obligation to protect the honour and dignity of
Heads of State, in connection with their inviolability.
175. Djibouti has claimed that the communication to Agence France-
Presse, in breach of the confidentiality of the investigation, of informa-

tion concerning the witness summons addressed to its Head of State, is to
be regarded as an attack on his honour or dignity. The Court observes
that if it had been shown by Djibouti that this confidential information
had been passed from the offices of the French judiciary to the media,
such an act could have constituted, in the context of an official visit by

the Head of State of Djibouti to France, not only a violation of French
law, but also a violation by France of its international obligations. How-
ever, the Court must recognize that it does not possess any probative evi-
dence that would establish that the French judicial authorities are the
source behind the dissemination of the confidential information in ques-

tion.

**

(b) The witness summons addressed to the Djiboutian Head of State on
14 February 2007

176. The Court observes, as regards this second witness summons,
that on this occasion the investigating judge sent a letter to the Minister
of Justice on 14 February 2007 in which she expressed the wish “to
obtain the testimony of Mr. Ismaël Omar Guelleh, President of the

Republic of Djibouti, in connection with the inquiry [into the murder of
Bernard Borrel]”. The judge asked the Minister to make contact with the

65239 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

homologue des affaires étrangères afin «qu’il sollicite l’agrément de
M. Ismaël Omar Guelleh pour cette déposition». Dans la lettre qu’il a
adressée le 15 février 2007 au ministre des affaires étrangères, le ministre
de la justice souligne que la demande du juge a été formulée «sur le fon-

dement de l’article 656 du Code de procédure pénale». La demande en
question a été acheminée à son destinataire par l’intermédiaire du service
de transmission de la présidence de la République française. Le
20 février 2007, le ministre des affaires étrangères a informé son homo-
logue de la justice que «le président Guelleh n’entendait pas répondre à

cette requête [du juge d’instruction pour recueillir son témoignage]».
177. Djibouti considère que «la suite donnée aux faits survenus le
14 février 2007 semble avoir pris la tournure d’une démarche se rappro-
chant de la procédure définie à l’article 656», mais il conteste le moment
qui a été choisi par le juge d’instruction pour y procéder. Il rappelle

ainsi que cette seconde convocation a été émise le 14 février 2007 lors du
séjour du président de Djibouti en France à l’occasion de la vingt-
quatrième conférence des chefs d’Etat d’Afrique et de France qui devait
se tenir à Cannes les 15 et 16 février 2007. Pour Djibouti, le juge d’instruc-
tion a cherché le meilleur moment pour médiatiser sa demande. Quant au

ministère français des affaires étrangères, il aurait pu, selon Djibouti,
attendre que le président Ismaël Omar Guelleh soit rentré à Djibouti
pour lui adresser une invitation à déposer par écrit. En outre, Djibouti
affirme que les autorités judiciaires ont informé la presse très tôt puisque
l’information a été relayée le jour même, le 14 février 2007, par de nom-

breux organes de presse, certains indiquant la détenir de «sources judi-
ciaires». En tout état de cause, Djibouti considère que le président a été
placé dans une situation «d’autant plus embarrassante que le défendeur
n’a pas jugé bon à l’époque de présenter des excuses» et qu’il n’a pas, de
ce fait, cherché à remédier «aux atteintes à l’immunité, à l’honneur et à la

dignité du président djiboutien».

178. La France, pour sa part, considère que, en ce qui concerne la
convocation du 14 février 2007, le juge d’instruction a suivi la procédure
prévue par l’article 656 du Code de procédure pénale français et que, de

toute façon, le refus du président de la République d’y donner suite a mis
un point final à cet épisode. Dans ces conditions, une telle invitation à
déposer par écrit «ne saurait être considérée comme méconnaissant les
immunités dont bénéficie un chef d’Etat ... ou comme portant atteinte en
quoi que ce soit à sa dignité».
Après avoir rappelé que la presse était libre, même si l’on peut regretter

certains échos donnés à ces actes de procédure, la France estime que sa
responsabilité ne s’en trouve pas engagée. La convocation du 14 février
2007 a, selon elle, été adressée avec tous les égards dus au prési-
dent Ismaël Omar Guelleh et ne pouvait nullement porter atteinte à son
honneur ou à sa dignité.

*

66 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 239

Minister for Foreign Affairs “with a view to seeking the consent of
Mr. Ismaël Omar Guelleh to giving such a statement”. In his letter of
15 February 2007 to the Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Minister of Jus-
tice noted that the judge’s request had been presented “on the basis of

Article 656 of the Code of Criminal Procedure”. The request concerned
was relayed to its recipient by the transmission service of the Presidency
of the French Republic. On 20 February 2007, the Minister for Foreign
Affairs informed the Minister of Justice that “President Guelleh does not
intend to respond to this request [from the investigating judge seeking to

obtain his testimony]”.
177. Djibouti considers that “[t]he follow-up to these events on 14 Feb-
ruary 2007 seems to have developed into an approach which would come
close to the Article 656 procedure”, but it contests the propriety of the
time chosen by the investigating judge for taking this action. It thus

recalls that this second witness summons was issued on 14 February 2007,
when the President of Djibouti was in France for the 24th Conference of
Heads of State of Africa and France which was to be held in Cannes on
15 and 16 February 2007. For Djibouti, the investigating judge was seek-
ing the best time to achieve media coverage of her request. As for the

French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Djibouti takes the view that it could
have waited until President Ismaël Omar Guelleh had returned home
before sending him an invitation to testify in writing. Moreover, Djibouti
asserts that the judiciary informed the press at a very early stage, since
the information was reported the same day, 14 February 2007, by several

news agencies, some of them indicating that they had received it from
“judicial sources”. In any event, Djibouti considers that the President
was placed in a situation “which obviously was an embarrassment . . .
especially so, since the Respondent at the time did not see any need to
apologize” and that France has consequently not sought to make up for

“the damage inflicted on the immunity, the honour and the dignity of the
President of Djibouti”.
178. France, for its part, considers that as regards the summons of
14 February 2007, the investigating judge applied the procedure laid
down by Article 656 of the French Code of Criminal Procedure and that,

in any case, the refusal of the President of the Republic of Djibouti to
respond to her request drew a line under the episode. In these circum-
stances, such an invitation to testify in writing “cannot be regarded as
failing to respect the immunities enjoyed by a foreign Head of State . . .
or as an attack of any kind on his dignity”.
Pointing out that it has a free press, even if some of the reporting of

these procedural steps in the media may be regretted, France contends
that this does not engage its responsibility. In its view, the summons of
14 February 2007 was addressed to President Ismaël Omar Guelleh with
all the necessary respect and was not in any way an attack on his honour
or dignity.

*

66240 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

179. La Cour constate que l’invitation à déposer du 14 février 2007
adressée par le juge Clément au président de Djibouti a été effectuée en
suivant la procédure prévue à l’article 656 du Code de procédure pénale
français et donc dans le respect de la législation française. L’agrément du

chef d’Etat est ici expressément sollicité pour cette demande de témoi-
gnage, qui a été transmise par l’intermédiaire des autorités et selon les
formes prévues par la loi. Cet acte n’a pu porter atteinte aux immunités
de juridiction du chef de l’Etat de Djibouti.

180. Par ailleurs, la Cour ne considère pas qu’il y ait eu atteinte à l’hon-
neur ou à la dignité du président du seul fait que cette invitation lui a été
adressée alors qu’il se trouvait en France pour participer à une conférence
internationale. La Cour fait à nouveau observer que, s’il avait été prouvé
par Djibouti que des informations confidentielles avaient été communi-

quées aux médias par des instances judiciaires françaises, cela aurait pu,
dans les circonstances de la participation du chef de l’Etat de Djibouti à
une conférence internationale en France, constituer non seulement une vio-
lation du droit français, mais aussi une violation par la France de ses obli-
gations internationales. Cependant, la Cour doit à nouveau reconnaître,

comme elle l’a fait précédemment au sujet de la convocation du 17 mai
2005 (voir paragraphe 175 ci-dessus), qu’elle ne dispose d’aucune preuve
convaincante établissant que les instances judiciaires françaises sont à l’ori-
gine de la diffusion des informations confidentielles en question.

**

2) Les atteintes alléguées aux immunités prétendument dues
au procureur de la République et au chef de la sécurité nationale

de Djibouti

181. Dans la requête qu’il a déposée le 9 janvier 2006, Djibouti se
réfère aux convocations en qualité de témoins assistés qui ont été adres-
sées à de hauts fonctionnaires djiboutiens. Djibouti soutient que ces
convocations à témoigner violent des obligations internationales, tant

conventionnelles que découlant du droit international général, notam-
ment les principes et règles relatifs aux privilèges, prérogatives et immu-
nités diplomatiques énoncés dans la convention de Vienne du 18 avril 1961
sur les relations diplomatiques et les principes établis dans la convention
du 14 décembre 1973 sur la prévention et la répression des infractions
contre des personnes jouissant d’une protection internationale, y compris

les agents diplomatiques. Ces demandes ont été développées dans le
mémoire de Djibouti.
182. MM. Djama Souleiman Ali et Hassan Said Khaireh avaient été
convoqués par le juge Belin afin de comparaître en France le 16 décembre
2004 en qualité de témoins assistés. Deux autres convocations leur ont été

adressées par le juge Bellancourt, juge d’instruction auprès du tribunal de
grande instance de Versailles, aux fins d’être entendus, toujours en qualité

67 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 240

179. The Court finds that the invitation to testify of 14 February 2007
addressed by Judge Clément to the President of Djibouti was issued fol-
lowing the procedure laid down by Article 656 of the French Code of
Criminal Procedure, and therefore in accordance with French law. The

consent of the Head of State is expressly sought in this request for testi-
mony, which was transmitted through the intermediary of the authorities
and in the form prescribed by law. This measure cannot have infringed
the immunities from jurisdiction enjoyed by the Djiboutian Head of
State.

180. Moreover, the Court does not consider that there was an attack
on the honour or dignity of the President merely because this invitation
was sent to him when he was in France to attend an international con-
ference. The Court observes again that if it had been proven by Djibouti
that this confidential information had been passed from the offices of the

French judiciary to the media, such an act could, in the context of the
attendance of the Head of State of Djibouti at an international confer-
ence in France, have constituted not only a violation of French law, but
also a violation by France of its international obligations. However, the
Court must again recognize, as it has already done regarding the sum-

mons of 17 May 2005 (see paragraph 175 above), that it has not been
provided with probative evidence which would establish that the French
judicial authorities were the source behind the dissemination of the con-
fidential information at issue here.

**

(2) The alleged attacks on the immunities said to be enjoyed by the
procureur de la République and the Head of National Security

of Djibouti

181. In its Application filed on 9 January 2006 Djibouti makes refer-
ence to the issuing of summonses as témoins assistés to senior Djiboutian
officials. Djibouti claims that these witness summonses have violated
international obligations, both conventional and deriving from general

international law, notably the principles and rules governing the diplo-
matic privileges, prerogatives and immunities laid down in the Vienna
Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 18 April 1961 and the principles
established in the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of
Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic
Agents of 14 December 1973. These claims were elaborated in the Memo-

rial of Djibouti.

182. Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali and Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh were
summoned by Judge Belin to appear in France on 16 December 2004 as
témoins assistés. Two further summonses were issued to them by the

investigating judge at the Versailles Tribunal de grande instance ,
Judge Bellancourt, to appear, again as témoins assistés, on 13 Octo-

67241 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

de témoins assistés, le 13 octobre 2005; ces convocations ont été trans-
mises au ministre de la justice de Djibouti par son homologue français.
183. Le juge Bellancourt a été informé par lettre du 11 octobre 2005,
émanant de l’avocat des deux personnes convoquées aux fins d’être

entendues, que «ces deux personnes, l’un fonctionnaire, l’autre magistrat,
ne [pouvaient] déférer à cette convocation». Après avoir rappelé toute la
coopération déjà offerte par Djibouti dans le cadre de l’affaire Borrel,
cette lettre ajoutait que «la République de Djibouti, Etat souverain, ne
[pouvait] accepter que cette coopération avec l’ancienne puissance colo-

niale se fasse à sens unique et [que] les deux personnes convoquées
[n’étaient] donc pas autorisées à témoigner».
184. La Cour rappelle que, selon la législation française,

«[t]oute personne mise en cause par un témoin ou contre laquelle il
existe des indices rendant vraisemblable qu’elle ait pu participer,
comme auteur ou complice, à la commission des infractions dont le
juge d’instruction est saisi» (article 113-2 du Code de procédure

pénale français)
peut faire l’objet d’une convocation à témoigner en qualité de témoin as-

sisté. L’hypothèse ici envisagée par le droit français est celle où des soup-
çons pèsent sur la personne concernée sans que ceux-ci soient considérés
comme suffisants pour procéder à sa «mise en examen». L’intéressé est
dans l’obligation de se présenter devant le juge sous peine d’y être
contraint par la force publique (article 109 du Code de procédure pénale

français), au moyen d’un mandat d’arrêt émis à son encontre. Comme la
Cour l’a déjà indiqué ci-dessus (paragraphe 35), les deux mandats d’arrêt
européens qui ont été émis le 27 septembre 2006 contre MM. Djama Sou-
leiman Ali et Hassan Said Khaireh ne relèvent pas de sa compétence en la
présente espèce.

185. Djibouti a tout d’abord soutenu que le procureur de la Répu-
blique et le chef de la sécurité nationale bénéficiaient d’immunités de juri-
diction pénale et de l’inviolabilité à titre personnel. Par la suite, au cours
de la procédure orale, le demandeur a «excl[u] totalement ... que l’on puisse
prétendre que des personnes revêtant la qualité d’organe d’un Etat, même

de rang élevé, jouissent d’immunités personnelles (dites ratione perso-
nae)». Il s’est alors placé sur le terrain «des immunités fonctionnelles, ou
ratione materiae » qui auraient été «seules en jeu» en ce qui concerne les
deux fonctionnaires. Selon Djibouti, c’est un principe de droit internatio-
nal que nul ne peut être tenu pénalement responsable des actes accomplis
à titre d’organe de l’Etat, et, si un tel principe connaît quelques excep-

tions, il ne fait aucun doute que ces dernières ne jouent pas en l’espèce.
S’étant placé sur le terrain de l’immunité ratione materiae, Djibouti
— hormis une brève mention dans son mémoire — n’a plus évoqué, à
l’appui des immunités dont devraient bénéficier les deux fonctionnaires,
la convention du 8 décembre 1969 sur les missions spéciales, convention

à laquelle d’ailleurs ni lui-même ni le défendeur ne sont parties.
186. La France considère tout d’abord, en réponse à l’argumentation

68 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 241

ber 2005; these summonses were transmitted to the Minister of Justice of
Djibouti by his French counterpart.
183. Judge Bellancourt was informed, by a letter from the lawyer of
the two individuals summoned, dated 11 October 2005, that “these two

persons, one an official and the other a judge, cannot comply with that
summons”. After recalling all the co-operation provided until then by
Djibouti in connection with the Borrel case, this letter added that “the
Republic of Djibouti, as a sovereign State, cannot accept one-way co-
operation of this kind with the former colonial Power, and the two indi-

viduals summoned are therefore not authorized to give evidence”.

184. The Court recalls that, according to French legislation,

“[a]ny person implicated by a witness or against whom there is evi-
dence making it seem probable that he could have participated, as
the perpetrator or accomplice, in committing the offence of which
the investigating judge is seised” (Art. 113-2 of the French Code of

Criminal Procedure)
may be summoned as a témoin assisté. The situation envisaged here by

French law is one where suspicions exist regarding the person in ques-
tion, without these being considered sufficient grounds to proceed with a
“mise en examen”. The person concerned is obliged to appear before the
judge, on pain of being compelled to do so by the law enforcement agen-
cies (Art. 109 of the French Code of Criminal Procedure), through the

issuing of an arrest warrant against him. As the Court has explained
above (paragraph 35), the two European arrest warrants issued on 27 Sep-
tember 2006 against Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali and Mr. Has-
san Said Khaireh are outside its jurisdiction in the present case.

185. Djibouti initially contended that the procureur de la République
and the Head of National Security benefited from personal immunities
from criminal jurisdiction and inviolability. Subsequently, during the oral
proceedings, the Applicant declared that it “entirely rejects the idea
that...personsenjoyingthestatusofanorganofState,evenofahigh

rank, benefit from personal immunity (also known as ratione personae)”.
It then argued in terms of “functional immunity, or ratione materiae”,
which it claimed was “the only category concerned” as regards the two
officials. For Djibouti, it is a principle of international law that a person
cannot be held as individually criminally liable for acts performed as an
organ of State, and while there may be certain exceptions to that rule,

there is no doubt as to its applicability in the present case.
Having framed its argument in terms of immunity ratione materiae,
Djibouti, other than a brief mention in its Memorial, made no further
reference, in support of the immunities which the two officials were said
to enjoy, to the Convention on Special Missions of 8 December 1969, to

which, moreover, neither it nor the Respondent is a party.
186. In response to Djibouti’s initial argument, France considers firstly

68242 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

initiale de Djibouti, que, du fait de leurs fonctions essentiellement in-
ternes, le procureur de la République et le chef de la sécurité nationale ne
bénéficient pas d’une immunité de juridiction pénale et d’une inviolabilité
absolues ratione personae.

187. C’est à l’audience que Djibouti a, pour la toute première fois,
reformulé ses demandes concernant le procureur de la République et le
chef de la sécurité nationale. Il a alors été soutenu que le procureur de la
République et le chef de la sécurité nationale bénéficiaient d’immunités
fonctionnelles:

«Ce que la Partie djiboutienne demande à la Cour[, c’]est de
reconnaître qu’un Etat ne saurait considérer une personne revêtant

la qualité d’organe d’un autre Etat comme pénalement responsable,
à titre individuel, des actes accomplis en cette qualité officielle, c’est-
à-dire dans l’exercice de ses fonctions. Ces actes, en effet, sont à
considérer, en droit international, comme attribuables à l’Etat pour
le compte duquel l’organe agit, et non pas à l’individu-organe.»

*

188. La Cour relève que soutenir une telle thèse revient, en subs-
tance, à invoquer l’immunité de l’Etat djiboutien, dont le procureur
de la République et le chef de la sécurité nationale seraient censés
bénéficier.

189. La France, en réponse à cette nouvelle formulation de la thèse de
Djibouti selon laquelle ses fonctionnaires bénéficieraient d’une immunité
de juridiction pénale à l’égard de la France, a indiqué que cette préten-
tion appelait une décision au cas par cas par les juges nationaux. Une
solution contraire aurait selon la France «une portée dévastatrice et

signifierait qu’il suffit à tout fonctionnaire, quels que soient son grade et
ses fonctions, d’affirmer qu’il agissait dans le cadre de ses fonctions pour
échapper à toute poursuite pénale dans un Etat étranger». Les immuni-
tés fonctionnelles n’étant pas absolues, c’est, selon la France, à la justice
de chaque pays qu’il appartient d’apprécier, en cas de poursuites pénales

à l’encontre d’une personne, si celle-ci, du fait des actes de puissance
publique accomplis par elle dans le cadre de ses fonctions, devrait béné-
ficier, en tant qu’agent de l’Etat, de l’immunité de juridiction pénale
reconnue aux Etats étrangers (la France a illustré son propos en faisant
référence à l’arrêt de la chambre criminelle de la Cour de cassation fran-
çaise du 23 novembre 2004 dans l’affaire du naufrage du pétrolier

Erika). Or, selon la France, les deux hauts fonctionnaires concernés ne
se sont jamais prévalus, devant le juge pénal français, des immunités
aujourd’hui invoquées en leur nom par Djibouti; la Cour ne dispose
donc pas, de ce fait, d’éléments suffisants pour se prononcer. En consé-
quence, en les convoquant aux fins de les entendre en qualité de témoins

assistés, le juge d’instruction n’a enfreint, selon la France, aucune obliga-
tion internationale.

69 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 242

that the procureur de la République and the Head of National Security do
not, given the essentially internal nature of their functions, enjoy absolute
immunity from criminal jurisdiction or inviolability ratione personae.

187. In the oral pleadings before the Court, Djibouti for the very first
time reformulated its claims in respect of the procureur de la République
and Head of National Security. It was then asserted that the procureur de
la République and the Head of National Security were entitled to func-
tional immunities:

“What Djibouti requests of the Court is to acknowledge that a
State cannot regard a person enjoying the status of an organ of

another State as individually criminally liable for acts carried out in
that official capacity, that is to say in the performance of his duties.
Such acts, indeed, are to be regarded in international law as attrib-
utable to the State on behalf of which the organ acted and not to the
individual acting as the organ.”

*

188. The Court observes that such a claim is, in essence, a claim of
immunity for the Djiboutian State, from which the procureur de la
République and the Head of National Security would be said to benefit.

189. France, in replying to this new formulation of Djibouti’s argu-
ment that its State officials were immune from the criminal jurisdiction of
France, stated that such a claim would fall to be decided on a case-by-
case basis by national judges. The contrary, according to France, “would
be devastating and would signify that all an official, regardless of his rank

or functions, needs to do is assert that he was acting in the context of his
functions to escape any criminal prosecution in a foreign State”. As func-
tional immunities are not absolute, it is, in France’s view, for the justice
system of each country to assess, when criminal proceedings are insti-
tuted against an individual, whether, in view of the acts of public author-

ity performed in the context of his duties, that individual should enjoy, as
an agent of the State, the immunity from criminal jurisdiction that is
granted to foreign States (France illustrates its argument by citing the
judgment of 23 November 2004 of the Chambre criminelle of the French
Cour de cassation in the case concerning the sinking of the oil tanker
Erika). However, according to France, the two senior officials concerned

have never availed themselves before the French criminal courts of the
immunities which Djibouti now claims on their behalf; the Court does
not therefore, in view of that fact, have sufficient evidence available to it
to make a decision. Consequently, by summoning them to appear as
témoins assistés, the investigating judge did not, in France’s view, violate

any international obligation.

69243 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

190. La Cour relève en outre que Djibouti a par la suite répondu en
ces termes:

«Quant aux fonctionnaires, soit ils agissent ès qualités, et alors
leur responsabilité pénale personnelle ne peut être invoquée; soit ils
agissent en leur capacité personnelle, auquel cas aucune immunité
fonctionnelle ne saurait jouer à leur avantage. Ici aussi, il n’y a donc

pas de place à vrai dire pour une quelconque présomption qui fasse
pencher a priori et in abstracto la balance d’un côté ou de l’autre. La
question n’est pas de présumer quoi que ce soit, mais de vérifier
concrètement ce qu’il en est, bien entendu lorsque le problème de
l’immunité est soulevé.»

191. La Cour note qu’il n’a pas été «concrètement vérifié» devant elle
que les actes à l’origine des convocations à témoigner adressées aux inté-

ressés en qualité de témoins assistés par la France étaient effectivement
des actes accomplis dans le cadre de leurs fonctions en tant qu’organes de
l’Etat.
192. La Cour relève que, lors de son premier tour de plaidoiries, Dji-
bouti a soutenu que l’immunité découlant du fait que MM. Djama Sou-

leiman Ali et Hassan Said Khaireh bénéficiaient, dans l’exercice de leurs
fonctions, du statut d’organes de l’Etat djiboutien était désormais le seul
argument invoqué par Djibouti concernant ces derniers. Au second tour
de plaidoiries, Djibouti est quelque peu revenu sur cette position, se réfé-
rant à cet argument comme constituant sa «thèse principale» à l’égard

des immunités dont bénéficiaient MM. Djama Souleiman Ali et Has-
san Said Khaireh.
193. Dans le même temps, il ne ressort pas clairement du libellé des
conclusions finales de Djibouti que l’immunité de l’Etat constitue son
moyen principal, les moyens relatifs aux immunités diplomatiques ou

autres immunités personnelles du procureur de la République et du chef
de la sécurité nationale ayant été abandonnés; dans sa septième conclu-
sion finale, Djibouti prie en effet la Cour de dire et juger

«[q]ue la République française a violé son obligation [découlant] des
principes du droit international coutumier et général de prévenir les
atteintes à la personne, à la liberté et à l’honneur du procureur géné-
ral de la République de Djibouti et du chef de la sécurité nationale
de la République de Djibouti».

Ces conclusions finales ne sont pas formulées en des termes montrant
clairement s’il s’agit d’immunités diplomatiques ou d’immunités de l’Etat.

Il ne semble donc pas évident pour la Cour que l’argument selon lequel
M. Djama Souleiman Ali et M. Hassan Said Khaireh bénéficiaient
d’immunités fonctionnelles en tant qu’organes de l’Etat demeure la thèse
unique ou la thèse principale avancée par Djibouti.
194. La Cour constate tout d’abord qu’il n’existe en droit internatio-

nal aucune base permettant d’affirmer que les fonctionnaires concernés
étaient admis à bénéficier d’immunités personnelles, étant donné qu’il ne

70 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 243

190. The Court notes further that Djibouti later responded as fol-
lows:

“As for officials, either they act in their official capacity, in which
case their personal criminal liability cannot be invoked, or they act
in a private capacity, in which case no functional immunity can
operate to their benefit. In this instance too there is really no place

for the least presumption which might a priori and in the abstract tilt
the scales one way or another. The issue is not to presume anything
whatsoever, but to verify concretely the acts in question, when of
course the issue of immunity has been raised.”

191. The Court observes that it has not been “concretely verified”
before it that the acts which were the subject of the summonses as

témoins assistés issued by France were indeed acts within the scope of
their duties as organs of State.

192. The Court has noted that, in its first round of pleadings, Djibouti
asserted that the claim of immunity arising from the fact that the persons

concerned enjoyed the status of an organ of Djibouti, acting in the per-
formance of their duties, was now the only argument relied upon in
respect of Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali and Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh. In its
second round of pleadings, Djibouti withdrew somewhat from that posi-
tion, referring to the said claim as being its “principal argument” in

respect of the immunities enjoyed by Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali and
Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh.
193. At the same time, the final submissions of Djibouti are not clearly
articulated in terms of a main claim of State immunity, with diplomatic
or other personal immunities of the procureur de la République and Head

of National Security having been abandoned, as is shown in Djibouti’s
final seventh submission, which requested the Court to adjudge and
declare

“[t]hat the French Republic has violated its obligation pursuant to
the principles of customary and general international law to prevent
attacks on the person, freedom and honour of the procureur général
of the Republic of Djibouti and the Head of National Security of the
Republic of Djibouti”.

These final submissions are not clearly couched in the language of either
diplomatic or State immunities. It is thus not apparent to the Court that

the claim that Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali and Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh
benefited from functional immunities as organs of State remains as the
only or the principal argument being made by Djibouti.

194. The Court notes first that there are no grounds in international

law upon which it could be said that the officials concerned were entitled
to personal immunities, not being diplomats within the meaning of the

70244 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

s’agissait pas de diplomates au sens de la convention de Vienne de 1961
sur les relations diplomatiques et que la convention de 1969 sur les mis-
sions spéciales n’est pas applicable en l’espèce.
195. La Cour doit aussi faire observer que ces diverses demandes en

matière d’immunité n’ont été portées à la connaissance de la France, aux
fins d’étayer les protestations émises contre l’émission des convocations
en question, ni dans le cadre d’échanges diplomatiques ni devant un
organe judiciaire français. Ainsi qu’il a été rappelé plus haut, les autorités
françaises ont au contraire été informées que, si le procureur de la Répu-

blique de Djibouti et le chef de la sécurité nationale de Djibouti n’allaient
pas déférer aux convocations qui leur étaient adressées, c’était en raison
du refus de la France d’accéder à la demande de transmission du dossier
Borrel aux autorités judiciaires djiboutiennes.
196. A aucun moment les juridictions françaises (devant lesquelles on

aurait pu s’attendre à ce que l’immunité de juridiction fût soulevée), ni
d’ailleurs la Cour, n’ont été informées par le Gouvernement de Djibouti
que les actes dénoncés par la France étaient des actes de l’Etat djiboutien,
et que le procureur de la République et le chef de la sécurité nationale
constituaient des organes, établissements ou organismes de celui-ci char-

gés d’en assurer l’exécution.
L’Etat qui entend invoquer l’immunité pour l’un de ses organes est
censé en informer les autorités de l’autre Etat concerné. Cela devrait per-
mettre à la juridiction de l’Etat du for de s’assurer qu’elle ne méconnaît
aucun droit à l’immunité, méconnaissance qui pourrait engager la res-

ponsabilité de cet Etat. Par ailleurs, l’Etat qui demande à une juridiction
étrangère de ne pas poursuivre, pour des raisons d’immunité, une procé-
dure judiciaire engagée à l’encontre de ses organes assume la responsabi-
lité pour tout acte internationalement illicite commis par de tels organes
dans ce contexte.

197. Compte tenu de tous ces éléments, la Cour ne saurait accueillir les
sixième et septième conclusions finales de Djibouti.

*

198. La Cour observe que Djibouti, parmi les moyens de droit invo-
qués concernant le traitement réservé à MM. Djama Souleiman Ali et
Hassan Said Khaireh, a également contesté la licéité de la compétence
alléguée par la France à l’égard des événements ayant abouti à l’émission,
le 8 septembre 2005, des convocations à témoigner en qualité de témoins
assistés des deux intéressés.

M. Djama Souleiman Ali, procureur de la République de Djibouti,
s’est rendu à Bruxelles au début de 2002, et peut-être en décembre 2001,
pour, est-il soutenu, convaincre M. Mohamed Saleh Alhoumekani, un
ancien membre de la garde présidentielle, en présence de l’avocat de celui-
ci, de revenir sur son témoignage (voir paragraphe 35 ci-dessus).

199. Cela devait par la suite constituer un motif essentiel de la plainte
avec constitution de partie civile en subornation de témoins engagée le

71 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 244

Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 1961, and the Conven-
tion on Special Missions of 1969 not being applicable in this case.

195. The Court must also observe that these various claims regarding

immunity were not made known to France, whether through diplomatic
exchanges or before any French judicial organ, as a ground for objecting
to the issuance of the summonses in question. As recalled above, the
French authorities rather were informed that the Djiboutian procureur de
la République and Head of National Security would not respond to the

summonses issued to them because of the refusal of France to accede to
the request for the Borrel file to be transmitted to the Djiboutian judicial
authorities.

196. At no stage have the French courts (before which the challenge to

jurisdiction would normally be expected to be made), nor indeed this
Court, been informed by the Government of Djibouti that the acts com-
plained of by France were its own acts, and that the procureur de la
République and the Head of National Security were its organs, agencies
or instrumentalities in carrying them out.

The State which seeks to claim immunity for one of its State organs is
expected to notify the authorities of the other State concerned. This
would allow the court of the forum State to ensure that it does not fail to
respect any entitlement to immunity and might thereby engage the respon-

sibility of that State. Further, the State notifying a foreign court that
judicial process should not proceed, for reasons of immunity, against its
State organs, is assuming responsibility for any internationally wrongful
act in issue committed by such organs.

197. Given all these elements, the Court does not uphold the sixth and
seventh final submissions of Djibouti.

*

198. The Court notes that as a component element of its legal argu-
ments relating to the treatment of Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali and Mr. Has-
san Said Khaireh, Djibouti has further challenged the lawfulness of the
assertion of jurisdiction by France over the events leading to the issuance
of the witness summonses as témoins assistés to Mr. Djama Soulei-
man Ali and Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh on 8 September 2005.

Mr. Djama Souleiman Ali, procureur de la République of Djibouti,
travelled to Brussels at the beginning of 2002 and possibly in Decem-
ber 2001, allegedly to persuade Mr. Mohamed Saleh Alhoumekani, a
former presidential guard, in the presence of his lawyer, to withdraw the
evidence he was to give (see paragraph 35 above).

199. This was later to constitute a central allegation in the civil action
for subornation of perjury filed on 19 November 2002 by Mrs. Borrel.

71245 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )
me
19 novembre 2002 par M Borrel. M. Hassan Said Khaireh a été accusé
d’avoir exercé, à Djibouti, diverses pressions sur M. Ali Abdillahi Iftin
afin qu’il produise un témoignage discréditant les déclarations de

M. Mohamed Saleh Alhoumekani (voir paragraphe 35 ci-dessus).
Djibouti a contesté la compétence de la France sur ces questions, étant
donné que les faits s’étaient produits hors de France et mettaient en cause
des personnes ne possédant pas la nationalité française.
200. La Cour fait remarquer que Djibouti ne l’a pas priée, dans sa

requête du 9 janvier 2006, de dire et juger que la France n’avait pas
compétence pour connaître des actes qui auraient été commis par
MM. Djama Souleiman Ali et Hassan Said Khaireh à Bruxelles et à Dji-
bouti respectivement. Dès lors, une telle affirmation ne saurait entrer
dans le cadre de ce que la France, aux termes de la lettre qu’elle a adres-

sée à la Cour le 25 juillet 2006, a accepté de voir trancher par celle-ci. En
conséquence, la Cour s’abstiendra de toute observation sur l’argumenta-
tion consacrée par chacune des Parties à cette question.

*
* *

VI. R EMÈDES

201. Dans ses conclusions finales, Djibouti a sollicité un certain

nombre de remèdes qui constitueraient selon lui une réparation appro-
priée pour les violations alléguées de la convention de 1986 et d’autres
règles du droit international.
202. Ayant conclu que les motifs que la France a invoqués, de bonne
foi, au titre de l’article 2, alinéa c), entraient dans les prévisions de la

convention de 1986, la Cour n’ordonnera pas la communication du dos-
sier Borrel expurgé de certaines pages, comme Djibouti l’avait demandé à
titre subsidiaire et précisé plus avant en réponse à la question posée à
l’audience par le juge Bennouna. N’ayant aucune connaissance du contenu

de ce dossier, la Cour n’aurait en tout état de cause pas été en mesure
d’ordonner une telle communication.
203. La Cour a conclu qu’il y avait eu violation, de la part de la
France, de l’obligation qu’elle tient de l’article 17 de la convention
de 1986. S’agissant des remèdes possibles, la Cour n’ordonnera pas la pu-

blication des motifs indiqués dans le soit-transmis du juge Clément, à
l’origine du refus de la demande d’entraide judiciaire, ceux-ci ayant été
entre-temps rendus publics.
204. La Cour considère que sa conclusion selon laquelle la France a
violé l’obligation qui était la sienne envers Djibouti au titre de l’article 17

constitue une satisfaction appropriée.

* * *

72 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 245

Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh was accused of having exerted, in Djibouti,
various forms of pressure on Mr. Ali Abdillahi Iftin to make him pro-
duce testimony which would discredit the statements of Mr. Mohamed
Saleh Alhoumekani (see paragraph 35 above).

Djibouti challenged France’s jurisdiction over these matters as matters
being outside of France and arising between persons not of French
nationality.
200. The Court observes that Djibouti did not in its Application of
9 January 2006 ask the Court to find that France lacked jurisdiction as

regards the acts alleged to have been engaged in by Mr. Djama Soulei-
man Ali and Mr. Hassan Said Khaireh in Brussels and Djibouti respec-
tively. That being so, such a contention cannot fall within the scope of
what France, in its letter to the Court dated 25 July 2006, has accepted
shall be determined by the Court. Accordingly, the Court makes no

observation on the contention of each of the Parties on this matter.

* * *

VI. R EMEDIES

201. Djibouti has in its final submissions requested various remedies
which it regarded as constituting appropriate redress for claimed viola-
tions of the 1986 Convention and other rules of international law.

202. Having found that the reasons invoked by France, in good faith,
under Article 2 (c) fall within the provisions of the 1986 Convention, the
Court will not order the Borrel file to be transmitted with certain pages
removed, as Djibouti has requested in the alternative and specified in

more detail in response to the question put by Judge Bennouna during
the hearings. Nor, in any event, would it have been in a position so to do,
having itself no knowledge of the contents of the file.

203. The Court has found a violation by France of its obligation
under Article 17 of the 1986 Convention. As regards possible remedies

for such a violation, the Court will not order the publication of the rea-
sons underlying the decision, as specified in the soit-transmis of Judge Clé-
ment, to refuse the request for mutual assistance, these having in the
meantime passed into the public domain.
204. The Court determines that its finding that France has violated its

obligation to Djibouti under Article 17 constitutes appropriate satisfac-
tion.

* * *

72246 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ’ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

VII. D ISPOSITIF

205. Par ces motifs,

L A C OUR ,

1) S’agissant de la compétence de la Cour,

a) A l’unanimité,

Dit qu’elle a compétence pour statuer sur le différend relatif à l’exécu-
tion de la commission rogatoire adressée par la République de Djibouti à
la République française le 3 novembre 2004;

b) Par quinze voix contre une,

Dit qu’elle a compétence pour statuer sur le différend relatif à la
convocation en tant que témoin adressée le 17 mai 2005 au président de
la République de Djibouti, et aux convocations en tant que témoins as-

sistés adressées les 3 et 4 novembre 2004 et 17 juin 2005 à deux hauts
fonctionnaires djiboutiens;
me
POUR :M Higgins, président ; M. Al-Khasawneh, vice-président ;
MM. Ranjeva, Shi, Koroma, Buergenthal, Owada, Simma, Tomka, Keith,
Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, juges; MM. Guillaume, Yusuf,
juges ad hoc;
CONTRE : M. Parra-Aranguren, juge;

c) Par douze voix contre quatre,

Dit qu’elle a compétence pour statuer sur le différend relatif à la
convocation en tant que témoin adressée le 14 février 2007 au président

de la République de Djibouti;
POUR :M me Higgins, président ; M. Al-Khasawneh, vice-président ; MM. Shi,
Koroma, Buergenthal, Owada, Simma, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Ben-

nouna, Skotnikov, juges; M. Yusuf, juge ad hoc;
CONTRE : MM. Ranjeva, Parra-Aranguren, Tomka, juges; M. Guillaume,
juge ad hoc;

d) Par treize voix contre trois,

Dit qu’elle n’a pas compétence pour statuer sur le différend relatif aux
mandats d’arrêt délivrés le 27 septembre 2006 à l’encontre de deux hauts
fonctionnaires djiboutiens;

POUR :M me Higgins, président ; M. Al-Khasawneh, vice-président ; MM. Ran-
jeva, Shi, Koroma, Parra-Aranguren, Buergenthal, Simma, Tomka, Keith,
Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, juges; M. Guillaume, juge ad hoc;

CONTRE : MM. Owada, Skotnikov, juges; M. Yusuf, juge ad hoc;

2) S’agissant des conclusions finales présentées par la République de
Djibouti au fond,

a) A l’unanimité,

Dit que la République française, en ne motivant pas le refus qu’elle a

73 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 246

VII. O PERATIVE C LAUSE

205. For these reasons,

T HE C OURT ,

(1) As regards the jurisdiction of the Court,

(a) Unanimously,
Finds that it has jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute concerning

the execution of the letter rogatory addressed by the Republic of Djibouti
to the French Republic on 3 November 2004;

(b) By fifteen votes to one,

Finds that it has jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute concerning
the summons as witness addressed to the President of the Republic of
Djibouti on 17 May 2005, and the summonses as “témoins assistés”
(legally assisted witnesses) addressed to two senior Djiboutian officials on

3 and 4 November 2004 and 17 June 2005;
IN FAVOUR: President Higgins; Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges Ran-
jeva, Shi, Koroma, Buergenthal, Owada, Simma, Tomka, Keith,
Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov; Judges ad hoc Guillaume, Yusuf;

AGAINST: Judge Parra-Aranguren;

(c) By twelve votes to four,

Finds that it has jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute concerning
the summons as witness addressed to the President of the Republic of
Djibouti on 14 February 2007;

IN FAVOUR : President Higgins; Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges Shi,
Koroma, Buergenthal, Owada, Simma, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Ben-
nouna, Skotnikov; Judge ad hoc Yusuf;
AGAINST: Judges Ranjeva, Parra-Aranguren, Tomka; Judge ad hoc Guil-

laume;
(d) By thirteen votes to three,

Finds that it has no jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute con-

cerning the arrest warrants issued against two senior Djiboutian officials
on 27 September 2006;
IN FAVOUR: President Higgins; Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges Ran-

jeva, Shi, Koroma, Parra-Aranguren, Buergenthal, Simma, Tomka, Keith,
Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna; Judge ad hoc Guillaume;
AGAINST: Judges Owada, Skotnikov; Judge ad hoc Yusuf;

(2) As regards the final submissions of the Republic of Djibouti on the
merits,

(a) Unanimously,

Finds that the French Republic, by not giving the Republic of Djibouti

73247 QUESTIONS CONCERNANT L ENTRAIDE JUDICIAIRE (ARRÊT )

adressé à la République de Djibouti d’exécuter la commission rogatoire
présentée par celle-ci le 3 novembre 2004, a manqué à son obligation
internationale au titre de l’article 17 de la convention d’entraide judiciaire

en matière pénale entre les deux Parties, signée à Djibouti le 27 sep-
tembre 1986, et que la constatation de cette violation constitue une
satisfaction appropriée;

b) Par quinze voix contre une,

Rejette le surplus des conclusions finales présentées par la République
de Djibouti.

POUR :M me Higgins, président ; M. Al-Khasawneh, vice-président ; MM. Ran-
jeva, Shi, Koroma, Parra-Aranguren, Buergenthal, Owada, Simma, Tomka,

Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, juges; M. Guillaume,
juge ad hoc;
CONTRE : M. Yusuf, juge ad hoc.

Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de
la Paix, à La Haye, le quatre juin deux mille huit, en trois exemplaires,

dont l’un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et les autres seront
transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de la République de Djibouti
et au Gouvernement de la République française.

Le président,
(Signé) Rosalyn H IGGINS .

Le greffier,

(Signé) Philippe C OUVREUR .

MM. les juges R ANJEVA ,K OROMA et PARRA -A RANGUREN joignent à
l’arrêt les exposés de leur opinion individuelle; M. le juge WADA joint
une déclaration à l’arrêt; M. le jugeOMKA joint à l’arrêt l’exposé de son

opinion individuelle; MM. les juges K EITH et SKOTNIKOV joignent des
déclarations à l’arrêt; M. le juge ad hocUILLAUME joint une déclaration
à l’arrêt; M. le juge ad hoc USUF joint à l’arrêt l’exposé de son opinion

individuelle.

(Paraphé) R.H.

(Paraphé) Ph.C.

74 QUESTIONS OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE (JUDGMENT ) 247

the reasons for its refusal to execute the letter rogatory presented by the
latter on 3 November 2004, failed to comply with its international obliga-
tion under Article 17 of the Convention on Mutual Assistance in Crimi-

nal Matters between the two Parties, signed in Djibouti on 27 September
1986, and that its finding of this violation constitutes appropriate satis-
faction;

(b) By fifteen votes to one,

Rejects all other final submissions presented by the Republic of Dji-
bouti.

IN FAVOUR: President Higgins; Vice-President Al-Khasawneh; Judges Ran-
jeva, Shi, Koroma, Parra-Aranguren, Buergenthal, Owada, Simma,

Tomka, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov; Judge ad hoc
Guillaume;
AGAINST: Judge ad hoc Yusuf.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this fourth day of June, two thousand and

eight, in three copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the
Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the Republic of
Djibouti and the Government of the French Republic, respectively.

(Signed) Rosalyn H IGGINS,
President.

(Signed) Philippe C OUVREUR ,

Registrar.

Judges R ANJEVA ,K OROMA ,P ARRA -ARANGUREN append separate
opinions to the Judgment of the Court; Judge O WADA appends a declara-
tion to the Judgment of the Court; Judge T OMKA appends a separate

opinion to the Judgment of the Court; Judges K EITH and S KOTNIKOV
append declarations to the Judgment of the Court; Judge ad hoc G UIL-
LAUME appends a declaration to the Judgment of the Court; Judge

ad hoc Y USUF appends a separate opinion to the Judgment of the Court.

(Initialled) R.H.

(Initialled) Ph.C.

74

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 4 June 2008

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