Judgment of 14 April 1981

Document Number
063-19810414-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

INTERNATIONALCOURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING THE

CONTINENTAL SHELF

(TUNISIA/LIBYANARAB JAMAHIRIYA)

APPLICATION BY MALTA FOR PERMISSION TO INTERVENE

JUDGMENT OF 14 APRIL 1981

COUR INTERNATIONALEDE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DU PLATEAU CONTINENTAL

(TUNISIE/JAMAHIRIYA ARABE LIBYENNE)

REQUÊTE DE MALTE À FIN D'INTERVENTION

ARRÊT DU 14 AVRIL 1981 Official citat:on
Continental Sheff (Tunisia/ Libyan Arab Jamahzriya),
Application to Jntervene, Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports 1981, p. 3.

Mode officiede citatio:
Plateau continent(Tunisie/Jamahiriyarabe libyenne),
requêteàfin d'intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1981, p. 3.

Salesnumber
NO de vent: 458 1
I 14 APRIL 1981

JUDGMENT

CASE CONCERNING THE CONTINENTAL SHELF
(TUNISIA/LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA)

APPLICATION BY MALTA FOR PERMISSION TO INTERVENE

AFFAIRE DU PLATEAU CONTINENTAL

(TUNISIE/JAMAHIRIYA ARABE LIBYENNE)

REQUÊTE DE MALTE À FIN D'INTERVENTION

14 AVRIL 191

ARRÊT INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
198 1
14 April YEAR 1981
Seneral List
No. 63
14 April 1981

CASE CONCERNING THE CONTINENTAL SHELF

(TUNISIA/ LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA)

APPLICATION BY MALTA FOR PERMISSION TO INTERVENE

Intervention under Article62 of the Statute- Legal interestwhich may be

uffected by the decision in the c-seObject of the intervention.

JUDGMENT

Present :President Sir Humphrey WALDOCK ; Vice-PresidentELIAS ;Judges
GROS, LACHS,MOROZOV,NAGENDRS AINGH,RUDA, MOSLER,ODA,
AGO, EL-ERIAN, SETTE-CAMARA, EL-KHANI, SCHWEBEL ;Judges ad

hoc EVENSEN, JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA ;Registrar TORRESBERNAR-
DEZ.

In the case concerning the continentalshelf,

between

the Republic of Tunisia,
represented by

H.E. Mr. Slim Benghazi, Ambassador of Tunisia tothe Netherlands,
as Agent,

Professor Sadok Belaïd, Professor agrégé, in the Faculty of Law, Political
Science and Economics, at the University of Tunis,
as CO-Agent and Counsel,
Professor R.Y. Jennings, Q.C., Whewell Professor of InternationaLaw in the

University of Cambridge,
as Counsel,

assisted by
Mr. J. P.Carver, Solicitor (Coward Chance),
Mr. Abdelwahab Chérif, Counsellor atthe Tunisian Embassy to the Nether-
lands,4 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

Mr. Samir Chaffai, Secretary at the Tunisian Embassy to the Nether-
lands,

and

the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jarnahiriya,
represented by

H.E. Mr. Kamel H. El Maghur, Ambassador,
as Agent,

Dr. Abdelrazeg El-Murtadi Suleiman, Professor of International Law at the
University of Garyounis,
as Counsel,

Sir Francis A. Vallat, K.C.M.G., Q.C.,
Professor Antonio Malintoppi, Professor in the Faculty of Law at the Uni-
versity of Rome,
Mr. Keith Highet, Member of the District of Columbia and New York
Bars,

as Counsel and Advocates,
and

Mr. Walter D. Sohier,
Mr. Rodman R. Bundy,
Mr. Richard Meese,
Mr. Michel Vodé,

as Counsel ;
Upon theapplication for permission to intervenesubmitted by theRepublic of
Malta,

represented by
Dr. Edgar Mizzi, Attorney-General of Malta,

as Agent and Counsel,
H.E. Mr. Emanuel Bezzina, Ambassador of Malta to the Netherlands,

assisted by
Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice, G.C.M.G., Q.C.,

as Consultant and Co-ordinator,
and by

Professor Pierre Lalive, Professor in the Faculty of Law at the University of
Geneva,and at theGraduate Institute of International Studies ;Member of
the Geneva Bar,
Mr. M. E. Bathurst, C.M.G., C.B.E., Q.C.,
Mr. E. Lauterpacht, Q.C.,

as Counsel,
and

Mr. M. C. Tynan, Solicitor (Bischoff and Co.),5 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

Composed as above,
After deliberation,

Delivers the following Judgment .

1. By a letter of 25 November 1978, received in the Registry of the Court on
1 December 1978, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Tunisia
notified the Court of a SpecialAgreement in the Arabiclanguage signed at Tunis
on 10 June 1977 between the Republic of Tunisia and the Socialist People's
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, providing for the submission to the Court of a dispute
concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf between those two States ; a
certified copy of the Special Agreement was enclosed with the letter, together
with a translation into French. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Sta-
tute, and to Article 39, paragraph 1,of the Rules of Court, a certified copy of the

notification and of the Special Agreement was forthwith transmitted to the
Government of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. By a letter of
14 February 1979, received in the Registry of the Court on 19 February 1979, the
Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
made a like notification to the Court, enclosing a further certified copy of the
Special Agreement in the Arabic language, together with a translation into
English.
2. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 3, of the Statute and to Article 42 of the
Rules of Court, copies of the notifications and Special Agreement were trans-
mitted to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the Members of the

United Nations and other States entitled to appear before the Court.
3. Since the Court did not include upon the bench ajudge of Tunisian or of
Libyan nationality, each of the Parties proceeded to exercise the right conferred
by Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute to choose ajudge ud hoc to sit in the
case. On 14 February 1979 the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya designated Mr. Eduardo
Jiménez de Aréchaga, and the Parties were informed on 25 April 1979, pursuant
to Article 35, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court that there was no objection to
this appointment ;on 11 December 1979 Tunisia designated Mr.Jens Evensen,
and on 7 February 1980 the Parties were informed that there was no objection to
this appointment.

4. By a letter of 18 August 1980, the Government of the Republic of Malta, in
reliance on Article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court asked to be furnished
with copies of the pleadings in the case, which at that date comprised the
Memorials filed on 30 May 1980, and documents annexed thereto. By letters
dated as hereafter indicated, the Governments of the following States had
previously submitted similar requests : the United States of America (12 June
1980) ; Canada (13 June 1980) ; Netherlands (18 June 1980) ; Argentina
(23 June 1980) ;and subsequently, on 8 October 1980, the Government of Ven-
ezuela also made a similar request. By letters of 24 November 1980, after the

views of the Parties had been sought, and objection had been raised by one of
them, the Registrar informed the Government of Malta and those other Gov-
ernments that the President of the Court had decided that the pleadings in the
case and documents annexed would not, for the present, be made available to
States not parties to the case. 5. The Counter-Memorials of the Parties to the case, as contemplated by the
Special Agreement of 10 June 1977, and in accordance with an Order made by
the President of the Court on 3 June 1980, were required to be filed within the
following time-limits :for the Counter-Mernorial of the Republic of Tunisia,
1 December 1980 ;for the Counter-Memorial of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,

2 February 1981. The Special Agreement, however, included a provision for a
possible further exchange of.pleadings, so that even when the Counter-Memo-
rials of the Parties had been filed, the date of the closure of the written pro-
ceedings, within the meaning of Article 81, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court,
would remain still to be finally determined. The Counter-Memorials were each,
in turn, filed within the appropriate time-limits, that of the Libyan Arab Jama-
hiriya being received in the Registry on 2 February 1981.
6. By a letter from the Prime Minister of the Republic of Malta dated
28 January 198 1 and received in the Registry of the Court on 30 January 1981,
the Government of Malta, invoking Article 62 of the Statute, submitted to the

Court a request for permission to intervene in the case. In accordance with
Article 83, paragraph 1,of the Rules of Court, certified copies of the Application
by Malta for permission to intervene were forthwith communicated to Tunisia
and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, the Parties to the case, and copies were also
transmitted, pursuant to paragraph 2 of that Article, to the Secretary-General of
the United Nations, the Members of the UnitedNations and other Statesentitled
to appear before the Court.
7. On 26 February 1981, within the time-limit fixed for that purpose by the
President of the Court as provided by Article 83, paragraph 1, of theRules of

Court, the Government of Tunisia and the Government of the Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya submitted written observations on the Application of Malta for
permission to intervene, in which they set out their respective reasons for con-
tending that the Application did not satisfy the conditions laid down by the
Statute and Rules of Court. The Parties and the Government of Malta were
therefore notified by letters of 3March 1981 that the Court would hold public
hearings, in accordance with Article 84, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, to
hear the observations of Malta, the State seeking to intervene, and those of the
Parties to the case, on the question whether the Application of Malta for per-

mission to intervene should be granted.
8. By a letter of 2 March 1981, received in the Registry of the Court on
4 March 1981, the Government of Malta notified the Court that in reliance on
Article 31, paragraph 3, of theStatute of the Court it nominated a judge ad hoc
"for the purpose of the intervention proceedings", and raised questions related to
the participation of the twojudges ad hoc designated by the Parties to the case,
suggesting that Tunisia and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya should be considered as
"in the same interest" in the proceedings on the application for permission to
intervene. The Court, sitting without the participation of the judges ad hoc,

decided on 7 March 1981that, on theirface, the matters which were thesubject of
the letter of 2 March 1981did not at that time fall within the ambit of Article 31
of the Statute of the Court ;that aState whichseeks to intervene under Article 62
of the Statute has no other right than to submit a request to be permitted to
intervene, and has yet to establishany status inrelation to thecase ; that pending
consideration of and decision on a request for permission to intervene, the
conditions under which Article 31of the Statute may become applicable do not
exist ;and therefore that the letter of 2 March 1981 being in the circumstancespremature, the matters to which it referred could not be taken under consider-
ation by the Court at that stage of the proceedings. By a letter from the Registrar
dated 7 March 1981 the Agent of Malta was informed of that decision.
9. On 19,20,2 1and 23 March 1981public hearings were held, in thecourse of
which the Court heard oral argument, on the question whether the permission to
irttervene under Article 62 of the Statute requested by Malta should be granted,
by the following representatives :

For the Repuhlic of Multu : Dr. Edgar Mizzi,
Professor Pierre Lalive,
Mr. M. E. Bathurst, C.M.G., C.B.E., Q.C.,
Mr. E. Lauterpacht, Q.C. ;
For the Sociulist People's
Libyan Aruh Jarnuhiriyu : H.E. Mr. Kamel H. El Maghur,
Sir Francis A. Vallat, K.C.M.G., Q.C.,
Professor Antonio Malintoppi,
Mr. Keith Highet ;

For the Republic of Tunisia : H.E. Mr. Slim Benghazi,
Professor Sadok Belaïd,
Professor R. Y. Jennings, Q.C.

10. No forma1 submissions were addressed to the Court by any of the three
Statesparticipating in theproceedings ; the principal contentions of these States
on the questions raised in the proceedings are however set out below (para-
graphs 12-16).

11. The Application of theRepublic of Malta (hereinafter referred to as
"Malta") submitting a request to the Court for permission to intervene is
based on Article 62 of the Statute of the Court which provides :

"1. Should a State consider that it has an interest of a legal nature
which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may submit a
request to the Court to be permitted to intervene.
2. It shall be for the Court to decide upon this request."

Such an application under Article 62 is required by Article 8 1, paragraph
2, of the Rules of Court to specify the case to which it relates and to set
out :

"(a) the interest of a legal nature which the State applying to inter-
vene considers may be affected by the decision in that case ;
(b) the precise object of the intervention ;
(c) any basis of jurisdiction which is claimed to exist as between the

State applying to intervene and the parties to the case".
Malta's Application to be permitted to intervene in the present caseset out
its contentions with respect to the matters specified in each of those three

subparagraphs, and those contentions were further explained and de-8 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

veloped in the oral argument addressed to the Court by its representatives
at the hearings. The Republic of Tunisia (hereinafter referred to as "Tu-
nisia") and the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (hereinafter
referred to as "Libya"), in written observations on the Application of

Malta, gave their respective reasons for maintaining that Malta's request
for permission to intervene did not satisfy the conditions set out in the
Statute and Rules of Court ;and their views were further explained and
developed in the oral argument of theirrepresentatives at thehearings. The
positions taken in thewritten and oral proceedings on these matters by the
three States concerned may be summarized as follows.

12. Malta maintains that no condition is prescribed by the Statute as
necessary to found a request for permission to intervene under Article 62

other than that the State seeking to intervene should "consider that it has
an interest of a legal nature which may be affectedby the decision" to be
given in a case. It points to the absence of any mention in Article 62 of the
existence of abasis ofjurisdiction between a State seeking to intervene and
the parties to a case as a condition of intervention. While noting and
complying with the provision in Article 81, paragraph 2 (c), of the Rules
requiring the Application to set out any basis of jurisdiction claimed to
exist as between the applicant State and the parties to the case, Malta
stresses that thisprovisiondid not figure in anyearlier version of the Rules.
That provision of the Rules, Malta contends, cannot have created a new
substantive condition of the grant of permission to intervene. The Court's

rule-making power, it argues, cannot be employed for the purpose of
introducing a requirement not expressed, and not to be found by any
process of necessary implication, in Article 62 of the Statute, which it
considers must prevail. Malta also calls attention to its declaration in
paragraph 22 of its Application that it is not its object to obtain from the
Courtby way of theintervention any form of ruling or decision concerning
Malta's own continental shelf boundaries with either or both of theparties
to this case. Counsel for Malta emphasized that it did not seek to be
admitted as a veritable "party" to the proceedings having a status on a
footing of complete equality with the Parties to the case, but was seeking
theproceduralposition of a"participant" by way of intervention. Since the

intervention for which it has applied would not seek any substantive or
operative decision against either Party, Malta further maintains that "no
question of jurisdiction in the strict sense of the word could arise" as
between Malta and the Parties to the Tunisia/Libya case.
13. The interest of a legal nature which Malta claims to possess in the
Tunisia/Libya case and considers may be affected by the decision is the
interest that, according to Malta, it has in the legal principles and rules for
determining the delimitation of the boundaries of its continental shelf.
Malta observes that "the continental shelf rights of Statesarederived from
law, as are alsotheprinciples and rules on the basis of which such areas areto be defined and delimited", and it contends that it has a "specific and
unique interest" in the present proceedings which arises out of its "in-
volvement in thefacts" of the Tunisia/Libya case. It is involved in the facts
of that case, it argues, by virtue of its geographical location vis-à-vis the
two Parties to the case. The effect of this would be, it urges, that any
pronouncement made by the Court in the context of the dispute between

Tunisia and Libya may "prove relevant in one way or another .. .to
Malta's own legal situation" and thus "inescapably .. . affect this situa-
tion". It would do so,according to Malta, by reason of the process of "the
identification and assessment of local or regional factors", required for the
delimitation of the boundary between Libya and Tunisia. In Malta's view
there can be little doubt that the Tunisia/Libya case, "considered in legal
and physical terms, meshes closely with the continental shelf interests of
the Republic of Malta". Stressing that the Statute requires only that the
interest be capable of being "affected", without any demonstration of its
being impaired or compromised being necessary, Counsel for Malta
pointed to a number of ways in which the interest of Malta would be so
affected. Amongst examples Counsel gave were the impact on a possible
equidistance line that might be drawn between Malta and the North

African mainland of the adoption in the delimitation between Libya and
Tunisia of any special baselines along their respective coasts ; or the
identification, in such delimitation, of any particular geographical or other
factorsfound to be relevant either as constituting "special circumstances"
or as a matter of the application of equitable principles. Malta, moreover,
contends that its interests will necessarily be affected by the Court's
decision in thecase notwithstanding the fact that, as stated in Article 59 of
the Statute, " the decision of the Court has no binding force exceptbetween
the parties and in respect of that particular case". It considers that its
interests might be affected not only by the forma1 operative part of the
Court's decision in the case, but by the "effective decision contained in the
Court's reasoning", which is bound to contain substantiveelements that in
content must inevitably have, or at any rate are likely to have, an impact
upon subsequent relations between Malta and Libya and Tunisia.

14. The precise object of Malta's interventionin the Tunisia/Libya case
is statedin the Application to be to enable Malta to submit its views to the
Court on theissuesraised in the pending casebefore the Courthas given its
decision in that case. At the hearing, Counsel for Malta explained that
what Malta seeks is "to make its submissions on those issues in the case
which subsequent examination of the pleadings rnight indicate could affect
Malta's interests". Malta however stresses that it is not its object "by way,
or in the course, of intervention" in the Tunisia/ Libya case,"to obtain any
form of ruling or decision from the Court concerning its continental shelf
boundaries with either or both of those countries". It draws attentionto the
fact that the very purpose of that case, as defined in the SpecialAgreement

of 10 June 1977, is to secure a statement from the Court of what the
appropriate law is, not to formulate claims on which the Parties ask the
Court to reach judgment. It argues that there isaccordingly no justificationfor suggesting that "the object of Malta in seeking to intervene must be

more exact,more precise, moreoperative in formal terms" than the object
of the Parties. Nor would it be correct, the Agent of Malta emphasized, to
conclude from Malta's insistence that it does not seek any ruling or deci-
sion of the Court against either Tunisia or Libya, that Malta does not
accept to be bound by the decision of the Court. Pointing out that the
extent to which an intervening State isbound by the decisions of the Court
is independent of acceptance or non-acceptance by that State, he declared
that by its Application to intervene Malta submits itself to al1 the conse-
quences and effects of intervention, whatever these may be. He further
maintained that the pertinence of Malta's request for intervention could in
no way be affected by the possibility that Malta might appear before the
Court as aprincipal party in parallel proceedings against one or both of the

Parties to the present case, since any decision given in such proceedings
would be bound to be rendered considerably later than that in the current
Tunisia/ Libya case.

15. Libya, in its observations, has opposed the application of Malta on
the ground that thejurisdiction of the Court is governed by Article 36 of
the Statute, and contends that Malta does not possess any jurisdictional
link with both Parties within the meaning of that Article. It argues that
Article 62 of the Statute does not confer an independent title ofjurisdiction

upon a State seeking tointervene, that an intervention cannot be admitted
unless the Court is satisfied that there exists a valid jurisdictional link
between the parties and the intervening State, and that Article 81, para-
graph 2 (c)of the Rules of Court issimply an accurate interpretation of the
meaning and scope of Article 62 of the Statute in respect of jurisdiction.
Libya moreover contends that,in anyevent, for intervention to be possible
under Article 62 the legal interest invoked must be so related legally to the
subject-matter of theproceedings that, whatever the decision of the Court,
the legal interest will be affected, and that for the purposes of Article 62,
the "decision" of the Court referred to in the English text of that Article
does not includethe consideranda of thejudgment. Libya argues that Malta

does not in fact have any interest of a legal nature which might be affected
by the decision, inasmuch as the SpecialAgreement does not contemplate
a delimitation of the continental shelf by the Court, but by the Parties, nor
does it contemplate any delimitation of any continental shelf areas other
than those appertaining to Libya and Tunisia. Any interest of Malta in
respect of the delimitation of its continental shelf would, in Libya's view,
be safeguarded by the Court in delivering its judgment, and would be
adequately protected by Article 59 of the Statute. Furthermore, having
regard to Malta's indication of the object of its intended intervention,
Libyaalsoquestionswhether what Malta isseeking is an intervention at al1

within the meaning of Article 62 of the Statute, since it considers that the
purpose of intervention in contentious proceedings must be more than to"submit views". To comply with Article 81,paragraph 2 (b), of the Rules of
Court, a State seeking to intervenemust,Libya maintains, go further than a

mere assertion ; it must state theprecise object, the purpose of its intended
action, and not merely the means by which it intends to achieve that object.
If Malta is merely preoccupied with the principles and rules of law which
may hereafter be stated in the Court'sjudgment, this does not constitute a
proper or sufficien tjustification for intervention under Article 62.
16. Tunisia, for its part, considers that for Malta to be able to intervene
and be heard before judgment is rendered, it would be necessary for the
Government of Malta to prove the existence of a basis of jurisdiction
between it and the Parties to the case. Article 62 of the Statute must,
according to Tunisia, be read subject to the provisions of Article 36,
governing the jurisdiction of the Court ; and, in its view, from the over-
ridingprinciple of international law that jurisdiction is based upon consent

it follows that a basis of jurisdiction must always be a requirement of
intervention, at least where the State seeking to intervene wishes in any
degree to be a party. Referring to the English text of Article 62, Tunisia
further maintains that for the purposes of that Article the interest asserted
must be such as to be affected by the "decision" in the case, that is to Say
the operative clause, constituting resjudicatu between the parties, andnot
the reasoning in the judgment. It maintains that the Special Agreement
would not permit the Court to adjudicate upon the extent of the conti-
nental shelf boundaries of any State other than the Parties thereto ;
therefore, while conceding that Malta, in common with other States,has an
interest of a legal nature that might be "touched", but not "affected", by

the decision in the case, Tunisia argues that Malta's interest is not suffi-
cient to justify intervention under Article 62. The effect, in Tunisia's view,
of a decision by the Court on the principles and rules of international law
concerning continental shelf boundaries cannot of itself be a good reason
for intervention ; al1 factors taken into account in such a decision are
relative, and not necessarily applicable to other delimitations even in the
same geographical region, since the relevant circumstances must Vary in
accordance with the differing geographical relationships. Tunisia also
observes that, on the basis of the object of the intervention as explained by
Malta, the Application amounted to a request to intervene in a case in
order to argue points of generallaw,simply because theresulting judgment
might form an important precedent as a subsidiary means for the ascer-

tainment of the law ; and this Tunisia considers to be inadmissible, the
more so if Malta, as seemed to be its intention, does not propose to be
bound in any way by the precedent. Tunisia, indeed, suggests that the
avowed object of Malta has in fact already been achieved by the hearings
on the question of intervention,in view of the explanations Malta has there
been able to give of its preoccupations.12 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

17. The Court will now examine the legal problems involved in Malta's
request for permission to intervene in the present continental shelf case
between Tunisia and Libya. Certain objections have been raised to Malta7s
request by each of the Parties in relation to al1 three matters specified in

Article 81, paragraph 2, of the Court's Rules. One objection is that Malta
hasnot succeeded in showing the existence of "an interest of a legal nature
which may be affected by the decision in the case" within the meaning of
Article 62 of the Statute. Another is that the object of Malta's request, as
declared and defined in its Application, falls altogether outside the scope
of the form of intervention for whichArticle 62provides. The objection has
further been made that, even if not expressly mentioned in Article 62, a link
of jurisdiction between the States seeking to intervene and the parties to
thecase has necessarily, under Article 36 of the Statute, to be considered an
essential condition of the grant of permission tointervene,more especially
when the case is submitted to the Court by special agreement ; and that
Malta has not established any such jurisdictional link in the present
instance. The Court observes that under paragraph 2 of Article 62 it is for

the Court itself to decide upon any request for permission to intervene
under that Article. The Court, at the same time,emphasizes that it does not
consider paragraph 2 to confer upon it any general discretion to accept or
reject a request for permission to intervene for reasons simply of policy. On
the contrary, in the view of the Court the task entrusted to it by that
paragraph is to determine the admissibility or othenvise of the request by
reference to the relevant provisions of the Statute.
18. In the present case, if anyone of the objections raised by the Parties
should be found by the Court to be justified, it will clearly not be open to
the Court to give any further consideration to therequest. As the questions
of the interest of a legal nature which Malta alleges may be affected by the
Court's decision in the present case and of the object of Malta's interven-

tion are closely connected, the Court will examine these two questions
together.

19. The interest of a legal nature invoked by Malta does not relate toany
legal interest of its own directly in issue as between Tunisia and Libya in
the present proceedings or as between itself and either one of those coun-
tries. It concerns rather the potential implications of reasons which the
Court may give in its decision in the present case on matters in issue as
between Tunisia and Libya with respect to the delimitation of their con-

tinental shelves for a subsequent delimitation of Mal ta's own continental
shelf. In particular, as the Court has previously indicated, Malta says that
its legal interests may be affected by the Court's appreciation of certain
geographical and geomorphological features in the area and by its assess-
ment of their legal relevance and value as factors in the delimitation of
areas of the continental shelf which, it says, are adjacent to its own
continental shelf, as well as by any pronouncements by the Court on,forexample, the application of equitableprinciples or special circumstances in
regard to that area. The object of its intervention, Malta explains,would be
to enable it to submit its views on issues raised in the present case of the
kind just mentioned before the Court has given its decision in the case. At
the same time, however, Malta is at pains in paragraph 22 of its Applica-
tion to stress that :

"it is not Malta's object,by way, or in thecourse, of intervention in the
Libya/ Tunisia case, toobtain any form of ruling or decision from the
Court concerning its continental shelf boundaries with either or both
of those coun tries".

Moreover, to leave no doubt whatever on this point, Malta again under-
lines in paragraph 24 of its Application that the intervention for which it
requests permission "would not seek any substantive or operative decision
against either party".
20. The limited object of the intervention which Malta seeks has already
been referred to by the Court. Malta has explained that, in applying for
permission to intervene in the Tunisia/ Libya proceedings it "is not seeking
to appear as a plaintiff or claimant against either of those States, or to
assert any specific right against either of them as such". "Malta", its

Counsel said, "is not seeking to take sides" in the Tunisia/Libya case, or
"to obtain from the Court a decision on the continental shelf boundary"
between itself and Tunisia and Libya. Such a determination, Malta
recognized, would not be the proper object either of the present Applica-
tion or of the intervention if it were allowed.
21. The limit thus placed by the Government of Malta on the scope of
the intervention which it seeks, and the very character of that intervention,
raise both the question whether its Application is really based on an
interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision in the
Tunisia/ Libya case, and the question whether the form of intervention for

which Article 62 of the Statute provides includes the intervention that is
the object of Malta's Application. The Statute of the Court provides for
two different forms of intervention : one under Article 62 which allows a
State to request permission to intervene if it should consider itself to have
"an interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision in the
case" ;and the other under Article 63which gives parties to a convention
the construction of which is in question in a case "the right to intervene in
the proceedings". The two Articles with their two forms of intervention,
the records show, were taken into the present Statute directly from the
corresponding Articles 62 and 63 of the Statute of the Permanent Court of
International Justice and with only minor changes of language.

22. Article 62 had no forerunner in State practice in 1920, being intro-
duced into the draft Statute by the Advisory Committee of Jurists in the
course of their consideration of what is now Article 63. The Committee
had before it, inter alia, a plan for the Court previously worked out by a
Conference of Five Neutra1 Powers, paragraph 1 of Article 48 of whichread :"Whenever a disputesubmitted to the Court affectstheinterests of a
third State, the latter may intervene in the case." When the Advisory
Committee began its consideration of Article 63 of the Statute, the sug-
gestion was made that it should be completedby the addition of Article 48
of the Five Powers plan. The point having been made that "the interests
affected must be legitimate interests", the President of the Advisory Com-
mittee, Baron Descamps, proposed :

"Should a State consider that it has an interest of a legal nature,
which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may submit a
request to the Court to be perrnitted to intervene. It will be for the
Court to decide upon this request."

This formula was adopted bytheCommittee,subject to revision, and it was
decided to make the new provision a separate articleinserted immediately
before Article 63. In the French text - the text established by the Com-
mittee - it was sought to make the phrase "un intérêtd'ordre juridique le
concernant est en cause" more precise by revising it so as to read "un
intérêtd'ordre juridique est pour lui en cause". In the English text, the
corresponding phrase "interest of a legal nature which may be affected by
the decision in the case" was at the same time completed by adding the
words "as a third party". What was intended to be the precise significance

of that addition is not stated in the Committee's records. However, when
the words "as a third party" added to the English text are read together
with the revised wording of the French text "est pour lui en cause", it
becomes clear that the interest of a legal nature to which Article 62 was
intended to refer was an interest which is in issue in the proceedings and
consequently one that "may be affected by the decision in the case".
23. When the Permanent Court began, in 1922, to consider its rules of
procedure for applying Article 62 of the Statute, it became apparent that
different views were held as to the object and form of the intervention
allowed under that Article, and also as to theneed for a basis ofjurisdiction
vis-à-vis the parties to the case. Some Members of the Permanent Court

took the view that only an interest of a legal nature in the actual subject of
the dispute itself would justify the intervention under Article 62 ; others
considered that it would be enough for the State seeking to intervene to
show that its interests might be affected by the position adopted by the
Court in the particular case. Similarly, while some Members of the Court
regarded the existence of a link ofjurisdiction with theparties to the case as
a further necessary condition for intervention under Article 62, others
thought that it would be enough simply to establish the existence of an
interest of a legal nature whichmight be affected by theCourt's decision in
the case. The outcome of the discussionwas that it was agreed not to try to

resolve in the Rules of Court the various questions which had been raised,
but to leave them to be decided as and when they occurred in practice and
in the light of the circumstances of each particular case.
24. In the event, the Permanent Court was confronted with intervention
under Article 62 in only one case, the S.S. "Wimbledon" case, in whichPoland's application to intervene had been framed on the basis of that
Article. In the application, however, Poland had referred to its participa-
tion in the Treaty of Versailles,the provisions of which regarding the Kiel
Canal were the subject-matter of the case ;and at the suggestion of one of
the Parties to the case it supplemented the basis of its applicationby also
invokingArticle 63, before the Court came to pronounceupon it. As to the
Parties to the case, they did not raise any objection to Poland's interven-

tion. The Permanent Court decided to uphold the application simply on
the basis of Article 63 and found it unnecessary to consider whether the
intervention might equally have been "justified by an interest of a legal
nature, within the meaning of Article 62 of the Statute" (P. C.I.J., Series A,
No. 1, pp. 11 -14). Thus when the Permanent Court revised its Rules it had
not had any real experience of the operation of Article 62 in practice ; and
in consequence itsfurther debates on the Rules do not throw agreat deal of
new light on the problems involved in the application of that Article. For
present purposes it is enough to Say that in these debates the differences of
view as to the precise object or objects of intervention contemplated by
Article 62 and as to the need for ajurisdictional link with the parties to the

case still remained to be decided. At the same time, it seems to have been
assumed that a State permitted to intervene under Article 62 would
become a "party" to the case. That was only to be expected as the English
text of Article 62 then spoke specifically of permission to intervene "as a
third party".
25. When the present Statute was drafted, a change was made in the
English text of paragraph 1 of Article 62 :the words "as a third party",
which had no corresponding expression in the French text, were omitted.
This was done in the Comrnittee of Jurists responsible for preparing the
new Statute on the basis of a proposal from its drafting committee which
considered the phrase to be "misleading". The Rapporteur of the Com-
mittee at the same time underlined in his report that no change had been

found necessary in the French text and that the elimination of the phrase
"as a third party" from the English text was not intended to "change the
sense thereof".
26. The present Court was first led to address itself to the problems of
interventionin 195 1in the context of Article 63 of the Statute when Cuba,
as a party to the Havana Convention of 1928 on Asylum, filed a decla-
ration of intervention in the Haya de la Torre case (1.C.J. Reports 1951, pp.
74, 76-77). In that case the Court stressed that, under Article 63, inter-
vention by a party to a convention the construction of which is in issue in
the proceedings is a matter of right. At the same time, however, it also

underlined that the right to intervene under Article 63 is confined to the
point of interpretation which is in issue in the proceedings, and does not
extend to general intervention in the case. Intervention under Article 62 of
the Statute was brought briefly, if very indirectly, to the Court's notice
three years later in thecase concerning Monetary GoIdRemoved from Rome
in 1943 (1.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 32). Subsequently, these and other prob-
lems involved in the application of Articles 62 and 63 of the Statute were16 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

studied within the Courtandits Committee for the Revision of the Rules of
Court.
27. In 1974 one of the fundamental questions raised in connection with
Article 62 - the question whether or not a link of jurisdiction with the
parties to the case is necessary - was directly raised when Fiji applied for

permission to intervene in the Nuclear Tests cases. These cases having
become moot, the court did not itself make any pronouncement on that
aspect of Fiji's application for permission to intervene under Article 62. A
number of Judges, on the other hand, drew attention to it in declarations
appended to the Court's Ordersin the matter (1C ..J. Reports 1974, pp. 530,
535) emphasizing itsimportance. Afterwards, on the completion in 1978 of
the revision of the Rules, the Courtintroduced,in Article 81,paragraph 2,
thereof, a new subparagraph (c)requiring an applicationfor permission to
intervene under Article 62 of the Statute to specify :"any basis of juris-
diction whichisclaimed to exist as between the State applying to intervene

and the parties to the case". This it did in order to ensure that, when the
question did arise in a concrete case, it would be in possession of al1 the
elements which might be necessary for its decision. At the same time the
Court left any question with which it might in future be confronted in
regard to intervention to be decided on the basis of the Statute and in the
light of the particular circumstances of each case.Accordingly, it is on the
basis of the applicable provisions of the Statute and in the light of the
particular circumstances of the present case that the Court will now
examine whether the interest of a legal nature in the caseinvoked by Malta
and the stated object of Malta's intervention are such as to justify the

granting of its request for permission to intervene.

28. The Court has earlier in this Judgment (paragraphs 13, 14, 19 and
20) set out the contentions by which Malta seeks to justify its request for
permission to intervene in the present casebetween Tunisia and Libya. As
appears from that summary, the interest of a legal nature which Malta
invokes consists essentially in its possible concern with anyfindings of the

Court, identifying and assessing the relevance of local or regional, geo-
graphical or geomorphological factors in the delimitation of the Libya/
Tunisia continental shelf, and with any pronouncements made by the
Court regarding, for example, the significance of special circumstances or
the application of equitable principles in that delimitation. Any such
findings or pronouncements, in Malta's view, arecertain or likely to affect
or have repercussions upon Malta's own rights and legal interests in the
continental shelf,whenever there may be similarities or analogies between
their basic factors and those of the rights and legal interests on which the

Court has pronounced. Malta points to a number of specificgeographical
and geomorphological features as possible subjects of findings or pro-
nouncements of the Court whichmighthaverepercussions on Malta's legal
interest in regard to the continental shelf ; and it maintains that, given the17 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

particular geography of the area, Malta would have a continental shelf
boundary with both Libya and Tunisia andthat the boundaries between al1
three States would converge at a single, as yet undetermined, point.

29. Thus, what Malta fears is that in its decision in the present case the

reasoning of the Court regarding particular geographical and geomorpho-
logical factors, specialcircumstances or the application of equitable prin-
ciples may afterwards have a prejudicial effect on Malta's own legal
interests in future settlement of its own continental shelf boundaries with
Libya and Tunisia. At thehearing Malta underlined thatit isonlyelements
in the Tunisia/ Libya case of such a kind that are theobject of its request for
permission to intervene, and also thatit is not concernedwith the choice of
the particular line to delimit the boundary as between those two countries.
It further underlined that it is not concerned with the laying down of
general principles by the Court as between Libya and Tunisia.
30. In order to determine the precise implications of Malta's request for
permission to intervene, the Court must have regard to the description

which has been given by Malta of the nature of its legal interest and the
object of its intervention. The Court notes that Malta does not base its
request for permission to intervene simply on an interest in the Court's
pronouncements in the case regarding the applicable general principles
and rules of international law. In its Application and at the hearing Malta
haslaid heavy emphasis on thefact thatit bases its request on quite specific
elements in the Tunisia/Libya case. It described these elements in its
Application only in generalterms, and then gave thefollowing as exarnples
of what it has in mind :

"(1) the question of the particular factors, equitable or other, which
determine the character of boundariesin theseabed bordered by
Libya, Tunisia and Malta ;
(2) thequestion of whetherequidistance as a principle or method of
delimitation gives effect to such factors in accordance with
international law ;
(3) the effect of any geomorphic features of the relevant seabed

areas that separate Malta from the African coasts ;
(4) the question of applicable base-lines, including bay-closing
lines ;
(5) the question of whether there is a concept of coastline propor-
tionality which a State may validly invoke as a method of
delimiting its seabed boundaries with other States".

These specific elements on which Malta bases its request were further
particularized at thehearing, when its Counselspeltthem out for the Court
pointbypoint.Coast by Coast, bay by bay,island by island,sea area by sea
area, Counsel for Malta indicated local and regional factors which it
claimed as having possible relevance in determining the continental shelf18 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

boundaries of the States concerned. He also referred to various drilling
concessions that have been granted in the region, and to correspondence
between Malta and Libya and Malta and Tunisia regarding their respec-
tive continental shelf claims. He further referred to the existence of a
Special Agreement between Libya and Malta for the purpose of bringing
their differences concerning their continental shelf claims before the

Court, which now remains to be notified to the Court.
31. Malta thus makes it plain that the legal interest which it alleges and
on the basis of which it seeks to justify its request for permission to
intervene would concern matters which are, or may be, directly in issue
between the Parties in the Tunisia/Libya case. These matters, as Malta
presents them, are part of the very subject-matter of the present case. Yet,
Malta has at the same time made it plain that it is not the object of its
intervention to submit its own interest in those matters for decision as
between itself and Libya or as between itself and Tunisia now in that case.
In its Application and at the hearing, as has already been stated, Malta
underlined that itisnot itsobject "by way, or in thecourse, of intervention
in the Libya/ Tunisia case, toobtain anyform of ruling or decision from the

Court concerning its continental shelf boundaries with either or both of
those countries". However, even while thus disavowing any intention of
puttingits own rights in issue in thepresent case, Malta emphasized that its
"object and interest in intervening does relate to the general area in which
those two States also claim continental shelf rights". In short, Malta's
position in its argument before the Court assumesexistingrights of Malta
to areas of continental shelf opposable to the claims of the two States
Parties to the dispute before the Court. In effect, therefore, Malta in its
request is asking the Court to give a decision in the casebetween Tunisia
and Libya which in some measure would prejudge the merits of Malta's
own claimsagainst Tunisiaand against Libya in its separate disputes with
each of those States.

32. Thus, the intervention for which Malta seeks permission from the
Court would allow Malta to submit arguments to the Courtupon concrete
issues forming an essential part of the case between Tunisia and Libya.
Malta would moreover do so, not objectively asa kind of amicus curiae, but
as a closely interested participant in the proceedings intent upon seeing
those issues resolved in themanner mostfavourable to Malta. Nor would it
be the object of Malta's intervention at the same time to submit its own
legal interest inthe subject-matter of the case for decision as between itself
and Libya or as between itself and Tunisia in the present proceedings.
Malta, in short, seeks permission to enter into the proceedings in the case
but to do so without assumingthe obligations of a party to the case within

the meaning of the Statute, and in particular of Article 59 under which the
decision in the case would hereafter be bindingupon Malta in its relations
with Libya and Tunisia. If in the present Application Malta were seeking
permission to submit its own legal interest in the subject-matter of the case
for decision by the Court, and to become a party to the case, anotherquestion would clearly cal1 for the Court's immediate consideration. That
is the question mentioned in the Nuclear Tests cases, whether a link of
jurisdiction with the parties to the case is a necessary condition of a grant of
permission to intervene under Article 62 of the Statute. Indeed, it was
suggested by Libya and Tunisia that the limit placed by Malta on the
object of its intervention is to be explained by its desire to avoid, or mini-
mize, the question of a need for ajurisdictional link with the Parties.
33. Clearly, as Malta asserts, it has a certain interest in the Court's

treatment of the physical factors and legal considerations relevant to the
delimitation of the continental shelf boundaries of Stateswithin the central
Mediterranean region that is somewhat more specific and direct than that
of States outside that region. Evenso, Malta's interest is of the same kind as
the interests of other States within the region. But what Malta hasto show
in order to obtain permission to intervene under Article 62 of the Statute is
an interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the Court's decision
in the present casebetween Tunisia and Libya. This case hasbeen brought
before the Court by a Special Agreement between those two countries
under which the Court is requested to decide what are the principles and
rules of international law which may be applied and to indicate the prac-
tical way to apply them in the delimitation of the areas of continental shelf

appertaining to Libya and Tunisia. That is the case before the Courtand it
is one in which Tunisia and Libya put in issue their claims with respect to
the matters covered by the SpecialAgreement. Accordingly,having regard
to the terms of Article59 of the Statute, the Court's decision in the case will
certainly be binding upon Tunisia and Libya with respect to those matters.
Malta now requests permission to intervene on the assumption that it has
an interest of a legal nature that isinissue in theproceedings in that case. It
seeks permission to submit its vjews with respect to the applicable prin-
ciples and rules of international law, not merely from the point of view of
their operation as between Libya and Tunisia but also of their operation as
between those States and Malta itself. Yet Malta attaches to its request an

express reservation that its intervention is not to have the effect of putting
in issue its ownclaims with regard to those same matters vis-à-vis Libya and
Tunisia. This being so, the very character of the intervention for which
Malta seekspermission shows, in the view of the Court, that the interest oa
legal nature invoked by Malta cannot be considered to be one "which may
be affected by the decision in the case" within the meaning of Article 62 of
the Statute.
34. Likewise, it does not appear to the Court that the direct yet limited
form of participation in the subject-matter of the proceedings for which
Malta here seeks permission could properly be admitted as falling within
the terms of the intervention for which Article 62 of the Statute provides.
What Malta in effect seeks to secure by its application isthe opportunity to

argue in the present case in favour of a decision in which the Court would
refrain from adopting and applying particular criteria that it might other-
wise consider appropriate for the delimitation of the continental shelf of
Libya and Tunisia. In short, it seeks an opportunity to submit arguments tothe Court with possibly prejudicial effects on the interests either of Libya
or of Tunisia in their mutual relations with one another. To allow such a
form of "intervention" would, in the particular circumstances of the
present case, also leave the Parties quite uncertain as to whether and how
far they should consider their own separate legal interests vis-à-vis Malta
as in effect constituting part of the subject-matter of the present case. A
State seeking to intervene under Article 62 of the Statute is, in the view of
the Court, clearly not entitled to place the parties to the case in such a

position, and this is the more so since it would not be submittingits own
claims to decision by the Court nor be exposing itself to counter-
claims.
35. Malta has voiced the preoccupations which ithas regarding possible
implications for its own interests of the Court's findings and pronounce-
ments on particular elements in the present case between Tunisia and
Libya. The Court understands those preoccupations ; even so, for the
reasons which have been set out in this Judgment, the request for permis-
sion to intervene is not one to which, under Article 62 of the Statute, the
Court may accede. TheCourt at the same time thinks it proper tostatethat
it has necessarily and at al1 times to be sensible of the limits of the
jurisdiction conferred upon it by its Statute and by the parties to the case

before it. The findings at which it arrives and the reasoning by which it
reaches those findings in the casebetween Tunisia and Libya will therefore
inevitably be directed exclusively to the matters submitted to the Court in
the Special Agreement concluded between those States and on which its
jurisdiction in the present case is based. It follows that no conclusions or
inferences may legitimatelybe drawn from those findings or that reasoning
with respect to rights or claims of other States not parties to the case.

36. Having reached the conclusion, for the reasons set out in thepresent
Judgment, that Malta's request for permission to interveneis in any event
not one to which it can accede, the Court findsit unnecessary to decide in
the present case the question whether the existence of a valid link of

jurisdiction with the parties to the case is an essential condition for the
granting of permission to intervene under Article 62 of the Statute.

37. For these reasons,
THE COURT,

Unanimously,

Finds that the Application of the Republic of Malta, filed in the Registry
of the Court on 30 January 1981. for permission to intervene in the pro-
ceedings under Article 62 of the Statute of the Court, cannot be
granted. Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this fourteenth day of April, one thousand
nine hundred and eighty-one, in four copies, one of which will be placed in

the archives of the Court and the others transrnittedto the Government of
the Republic of Tunisia, the Government of the Socialist People's Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya, and the Government of the Republic of Malta, respec-
tively .

(Signed) Humphrey WALDOCK,
Presiden t.

(Signed) Santiago TORRESBERNARDEZ,
Regis trar.

Judges Mo~ozov, ODAand SCHWEBE append separate opinions to the
Judgment of the Court.

(Initialled)H.W.
(Initialled) S.T.B.

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONALCOURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING THE

CONTINENTAL SHELF

(TUNISIA/LIBYANARAB JAMAHIRIYA)

APPLICATION BY MALTA FOR PERMISSION TO INTERVENE

JUDGMENT OF 14 APRIL 1981

COUR INTERNATIONALEDE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DU PLATEAU CONTINENTAL

(TUNISIE/JAMAHIRIYA ARABE LIBYENNE)

REQUÊTE DE MALTE À FIN D'INTERVENTION

ARRÊT DU 14 AVRIL 1981 Official citat:on
Continental Sheff (Tunisia/ Libyan Arab Jamahzriya),
Application to Jntervene, Judgment, 1.C.J. Reports 1981, p. 3.

Mode officiede citatio:
Plateau continent(Tunisie/Jamahiriyarabe libyenne),
requêteàfin d'intervention, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1981, p. 3.

Salesnumber
NO de vent: 458 1
I 14 APRIL 1981

JUDGMENT

CASE CONCERNING THE CONTINENTAL SHELF
(TUNISIA/LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA)

APPLICATION BY MALTA FOR PERMISSION TO INTERVENE

AFFAIRE DU PLATEAU CONTINENTAL

(TUNISIE/JAMAHIRIYA ARABE LIBYENNE)

REQUÊTE DE MALTE À FIN D'INTERVENTION

14 AVRIL 191

ARRÊT INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
198 1
14 April YEAR 1981
Seneral List
No. 63
14 April 1981

CASE CONCERNING THE CONTINENTAL SHELF

(TUNISIA/ LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA)

APPLICATION BY MALTA FOR PERMISSION TO INTERVENE

Intervention under Article62 of the Statute- Legal interestwhich may be

uffected by the decision in the c-seObject of the intervention.

JUDGMENT

Present :President Sir Humphrey WALDOCK ; Vice-PresidentELIAS ;Judges
GROS, LACHS,MOROZOV,NAGENDRS AINGH,RUDA, MOSLER,ODA,
AGO, EL-ERIAN, SETTE-CAMARA, EL-KHANI, SCHWEBEL ;Judges ad

hoc EVENSEN, JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA ;Registrar TORRESBERNAR-
DEZ.

In the case concerning the continentalshelf,

between

the Republic of Tunisia,
represented by

H.E. Mr. Slim Benghazi, Ambassador of Tunisia tothe Netherlands,
as Agent,

Professor Sadok Belaïd, Professor agrégé, in the Faculty of Law, Political
Science and Economics, at the University of Tunis,
as CO-Agent and Counsel,
Professor R.Y. Jennings, Q.C., Whewell Professor of InternationaLaw in the

University of Cambridge,
as Counsel,

assisted by
Mr. J. P.Carver, Solicitor (Coward Chance),
Mr. Abdelwahab Chérif, Counsellor atthe Tunisian Embassy to the Nether-
lands, COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

ANNÉE 1981 1981
Rôle général
no63

AFFAIRE DU PLATEAU CONTINENTAL

(TUNISIE/ JAMAHIRIYA ARABE LIBYENNE)

REQUÊTE DE MALTE À FIN D'INTERVENTION

Intervention fondée sur l'article62 du St-tuIntérêt juridiqueen cuus-
Objet de l'intervention.

Présents: Sir Humphrey WALDOCK, Président; M. ELIAS, Vice-Président;
MM. GROS, LACHS,MOROZOV,NAGENDRASINGH,RUDA,MOSLER,
ODA,AGO,EL-ERIAN, SETTE-CAMARA EL, -KHANI,SCHWEBEL,~U~~ ;S
MM. EVENSEN,JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA uges ad hoc ;M. TORRES
BERNARDEZ ,reffier.

En l'affaire du plateau continental,

entre

la République tunisienne,
représentée par

S. Exc. M. Slim Benghazi, ambassadeur de Tunisie aux Pays-Bas,
comme agent,
M. Sadok Belaïd, professeur agrégé à la faculté de droit et des sciences
politiques et économiques de l'université de Tunis,

comme coagent et conseil,
M. R. Y. Jennings, Q.C., professeur Whewell de droit internationàll'Uni-
versité de Cambridge,
comme conseil,

assistés par
M. J. P. Carver,solicito(Coward Chance),
M. Abdelwahab Chérif, conseiller àl'ambassade de Tunisie aux Pays-Bas,4 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

Mr. Samir Chaffai, Secretary at the Tunisian Embassy to the Nether-
lands,

and

the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jarnahiriya,
represented by

H.E. Mr. Kamel H. El Maghur, Ambassador,
as Agent,

Dr. Abdelrazeg El-Murtadi Suleiman, Professor of International Law at the
University of Garyounis,
as Counsel,

Sir Francis A. Vallat, K.C.M.G., Q.C.,
Professor Antonio Malintoppi, Professor in the Faculty of Law at the Uni-
versity of Rome,
Mr. Keith Highet, Member of the District of Columbia and New York
Bars,

as Counsel and Advocates,
and

Mr. Walter D. Sohier,
Mr. Rodman R. Bundy,
Mr. Richard Meese,
Mr. Michel Vodé,

as Counsel ;
Upon theapplication for permission to intervenesubmitted by theRepublic of
Malta,

represented by
Dr. Edgar Mizzi, Attorney-General of Malta,

as Agent and Counsel,
H.E. Mr. Emanuel Bezzina, Ambassador of Malta to the Netherlands,

assisted by
Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice, G.C.M.G., Q.C.,

as Consultant and Co-ordinator,
and by

Professor Pierre Lalive, Professor in the Faculty of Law at the University of
Geneva,and at theGraduate Institute of International Studies ;Member of
the Geneva Bar,
Mr. M. E. Bathurst, C.M.G., C.B.E., Q.C.,
Mr. E. Lauterpacht, Q.C.,

as Counsel,
and

Mr. M. C. Tynan, Solicitor (Bischoff and Co.), M. Samir Chaffai, secrétaire à l'ambassade de Tunisie aux Pays-Bas,

la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne populaire et socialiste,
représentée par
S. Exc.M. Kamel H. El Maghur, ambassadeur,

comme agent,
M. Abdelrazeg El-Murtadi Suleiman, professeur de droit international à
l'université de Garyounis,

comme conseil,
sir FrancisA. Vallat, K.C.M.G., Q.C.,
M. Antonio Malintoppi, professeur à la faculté de droit de l'université de
Rome,
M. Keith Highet, membre des barreaux du district de Columbia et de New
York,

comme conseils et avocats,

M. Walter D. Sohier,
M. Rodman R. Bundy,
M. Richard Meese,
M. Michel Vodé,
comme conseils ;

Sur la requête à fin d'intervention déposée par la République de Malte,

représentée par
M. Edgar Mizzi, Attorne-y-Cenerul de Malte,

comme agent et conseil,
S. Exc. M. Emanuel Bezzina, ambassadeur de Malte aux Pays-Bas,
comme coagent,

assistés par
sir Gerald Fitzmaurice, G.C.M.G., Q.C.,
comme consultant et coordonnateur,

et par
M. Pierre Lalive,professeur àla facultéde droitde l'université de Genèveet à
l'Institut universitaire de hautesétudes internationales, membre du barreau
de Genève,
M. M. E. Bathurst, C.M.G., C.B.E., Q.C.,
M. E. Lauterpacht, Q.C.,
comme conseils,

et
M. M. C. Tynan, solicito(Bischoff and Co.),5 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

Composed as above,
After deliberation,

Delivers the following Judgment .

1. By a letter of 25 November 1978, received in the Registry of the Court on
1 December 1978, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Tunisia
notified the Court of a SpecialAgreement in the Arabiclanguage signed at Tunis
on 10 June 1977 between the Republic of Tunisia and the Socialist People's
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, providing for the submission to the Court of a dispute
concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf between those two States ; a
certified copy of the Special Agreement was enclosed with the letter, together
with a translation into French. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 2, of the Sta-
tute, and to Article 39, paragraph 1,of the Rules of Court, a certified copy of the

notification and of the Special Agreement was forthwith transmitted to the
Government of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. By a letter of
14 February 1979, received in the Registry of the Court on 19 February 1979, the
Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
made a like notification to the Court, enclosing a further certified copy of the
Special Agreement in the Arabic language, together with a translation into
English.
2. Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 3, of the Statute and to Article 42 of the
Rules of Court, copies of the notifications and Special Agreement were trans-
mitted to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the Members of the

United Nations and other States entitled to appear before the Court.
3. Since the Court did not include upon the bench ajudge of Tunisian or of
Libyan nationality, each of the Parties proceeded to exercise the right conferred
by Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute to choose ajudge ud hoc to sit in the
case. On 14 February 1979 the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya designated Mr. Eduardo
Jiménez de Aréchaga, and the Parties were informed on 25 April 1979, pursuant
to Article 35, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court that there was no objection to
this appointment ;on 11 December 1979 Tunisia designated Mr.Jens Evensen,
and on 7 February 1980 the Parties were informed that there was no objection to
this appointment.

4. By a letter of 18 August 1980, the Government of the Republic of Malta, in
reliance on Article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court asked to be furnished
with copies of the pleadings in the case, which at that date comprised the
Memorials filed on 30 May 1980, and documents annexed thereto. By letters
dated as hereafter indicated, the Governments of the following States had
previously submitted similar requests : the United States of America (12 June
1980) ; Canada (13 June 1980) ; Netherlands (18 June 1980) ; Argentina
(23 June 1980) ;and subsequently, on 8 October 1980, the Government of Ven-
ezuela also made a similar request. By letters of 24 November 1980, after the

views of the Parties had been sought, and objection had been raised by one of
them, the Registrar informed the Government of Malta and those other Gov-
ernments that the President of the Court had decided that the pleadings in the
case and documents annexed would not, for the present, be made available to
States not parties to the case. ainsi composée,

après délibéréen chambre du conseil,

rend I'urrêt suivant :
1. Par lettre du 25 novembre 1978 reçue au Greffe de la Courle ler décembre
1978, le ministre des affaires étrangères de la République tunisienneanotifié àla
Cour un compromis en langue arabe signé à Tunis le 10 juin 1977 entre la

République tunisienne et la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne populaire et socialiste, en
vue de soumettre à la Courun différend concernant la délimitation du plateau
continental entre ces deux Etats ; une copie certifiée conforme du compromis
étaitjointe à cette lettre,ainsi qu'une traduction en français. Conformément à
l'article 40, paragraphe 2, du Statut et àl'article 39, paragraphe 1,du Règlement
de laCour, une copie certifiéeconforme de la notification etdu compromisa été
transmise immédiatement au Gouvernement de la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne
populaire et socialiste. Par lettre du 14 février 1979 reçue au Greffe de la Courle

19 février 1979, le secrétaire aux affaires étrangères de la Jamahiriya arabe
libyenne populaire et socialiste a fait une notification similaireà la Cour et y a
joint une autre copie certifiée conforme du compromis en langue arabe ainsi
qu'une traduction en anglais.

2. Conformément à l'article 40, paragraphe 3, du Statut et à l'article 42 du
Règlement, des copies des notifications et du compromis ont ététransmises au
Secrétaire général des Nations Unies, aux Membres des Nations Unies et aux

autres Etats admis à ester devant la Cour.
3. La Cour ne comptant sur le siège aucun juge de nationalité tunisienne ou
libyenne, chacune des Parties s'est prévalue du droit que lui confère l'article 31,
paragraphe 3, du Statut, de procéder à la désignation d'un juge ad hoc pour
siéger en l'affaire. Le 14 février 1979 la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne a désigné
M. Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga, et le 25 avril 1979 les Parties ont étéinfor-
mées, conformément à l'article 35, paragraphe 3, du Règlement, que cette dési-
gnation ne soulevait pas d'objection ;le 11décembre 1979 la Tunisie a désigné
M. Jens Evensen, et le 7 février 1980 les Parties ont étéinformées que cette

désignation ne soulevait pas d'objection.
4. Par lettre du 18 août 1980, le Gouvernement de la République de Malte,
s'appuyant sur l'article 53, paragraphe 1,du Règlement de la Cour, a demandé à
avoir communication des pièces de procédureen l'affaire, constituées à cette date
par les mémoires déposésle 30 mai 1980, et des documents y annexés. Par lettre
portant les dates indiquées ci-après, les Gouvernements des Etats suivants
avaient précédemment formulé des demandes analogues :Etats-Unis d'Amé-
rique ( 12juin 1980) ; Canada (13juin 1980) ; Pays-Bas (18juin 1980) ;Argen-
tine (23 juin 1980) ; par la suite, le 8octobre 1980, le Gouvernement du Vene-

zuela a présenté une demande dans le même sens. Par lettres du 24 novembre
1980,les Parties ayant été consultées et l'une d'elles ayant élevéune objection, le
Greffier a informé le Gouvernement de Malte et les autres gouvernements
susmentionnés que le Président de la Cour avait décidé que les pièces de pro-
cédure et les documents y annexés ne seraient pas pour le moment mis à la
disposition d'Etats autres que les Parties à l'affaire. 5. The Counter-Memorials of the Parties to the case, as contemplated by the
Special Agreement of 10 June 1977, and in accordance with an Order made by
the President of the Court on 3 June 1980, were required to be filed within the
following time-limits :for the Counter-Mernorial of the Republic of Tunisia,
1 December 1980 ;for the Counter-Memorial of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,

2 February 1981. The Special Agreement, however, included a provision for a
possible further exchange of.pleadings, so that even when the Counter-Memo-
rials of the Parties had been filed, the date of the closure of the written pro-
ceedings, within the meaning of Article 81, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court,
would remain still to be finally determined. The Counter-Memorials were each,
in turn, filed within the appropriate time-limits, that of the Libyan Arab Jama-
hiriya being received in the Registry on 2 February 1981.
6. By a letter from the Prime Minister of the Republic of Malta dated
28 January 198 1 and received in the Registry of the Court on 30 January 1981,
the Government of Malta, invoking Article 62 of the Statute, submitted to the

Court a request for permission to intervene in the case. In accordance with
Article 83, paragraph 1,of the Rules of Court, certified copies of the Application
by Malta for permission to intervene were forthwith communicated to Tunisia
and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, the Parties to the case, and copies were also
transmitted, pursuant to paragraph 2 of that Article, to the Secretary-General of
the United Nations, the Members of the UnitedNations and other Statesentitled
to appear before the Court.
7. On 26 February 1981, within the time-limit fixed for that purpose by the
President of the Court as provided by Article 83, paragraph 1, of theRules of

Court, the Government of Tunisia and the Government of the Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya submitted written observations on the Application of Malta for
permission to intervene, in which they set out their respective reasons for con-
tending that the Application did not satisfy the conditions laid down by the
Statute and Rules of Court. The Parties and the Government of Malta were
therefore notified by letters of 3March 1981 that the Court would hold public
hearings, in accordance with Article 84, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, to
hear the observations of Malta, the State seeking to intervene, and those of the
Parties to the case, on the question whether the Application of Malta for per-

mission to intervene should be granted.
8. By a letter of 2 March 1981, received in the Registry of the Court on
4 March 1981, the Government of Malta notified the Court that in reliance on
Article 31, paragraph 3, of theStatute of the Court it nominated a judge ad hoc
"for the purpose of the intervention proceedings", and raised questions related to
the participation of the twojudges ad hoc designated by the Parties to the case,
suggesting that Tunisia and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya should be considered as
"in the same interest" in the proceedings on the application for permission to
intervene. The Court, sitting without the participation of the judges ad hoc,

decided on 7 March 1981that, on theirface, the matters which were thesubject of
the letter of 2 March 1981did not at that time fall within the ambit of Article 31
of the Statute of the Court ;that aState whichseeks to intervene under Article 62
of the Statute has no other right than to submit a request to be permitted to
intervene, and has yet to establishany status inrelation to thecase ; that pending
consideration of and decision on a request for permission to intervene, the
conditions under which Article 31of the Statute may become applicable do not
exist ;and therefore that the letter of 2 March 1981 being in the circumstances PLATEAU CONTINENTAL (ARRÊT) 6

5. Les contre-mémoires des Parties à l'instance devaient, aux termes du com-
promis du 10juin 1977 eten exécutiond'une ordonnance du Président de la Cour
endate du 3juin 1980, êtredéposésdans lesdélais suivants : le contre-mémoire
de la République tunisienne pour le ler décembre 1980 ;lecontre-mémoire de la
Jamahiriya arabe Libyenne pour le 2 février 1981. Le compromis prévoyait
cependant la possibilité d'un échange de pièces additionnelles, de sorte que,
mêmequand les Parties auraient déposéleurs contre-mémoires, ladate de clôture

de la procédure écriteau sens de l'article 81,paragraphe 1,du Règlement devrait
encore êtredéfinitivement fixée. Les contre-mémoires ont étésuccessivement
déposésdans les délais prévus,le contre-mémoire libyen étant parvenu au Greffe
le 2 février 1981.

6. Par lettre du premier ministre de la République de Malte datée du 28jan-
vier 1981 et reçue au Greffe le 30janvier 1981, le Gouvernement de Malte, se
fondant sur l'article 62 du Statut, a soumis à la Cour une requête à fin d'inter-

vention dans l'instance. Conformément à l'article 83, paragraphe 1, du Règle-
ment des copies certifiées conformes de la requête maltaise ont étéimmédiate-
ment transmises à la Tunisieet à la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne, Parties àl'affaire,
et descopies en ont également ététransmises, conformément au paragraphe 2 du
mêmearticle,au Secrétairegénéraldes Nations Unies,aux Membres desNations
Unies et aux autres Etats admis à ester devant la Cour.

7. Le 26 février 1981,dans ledélai fixéàceteffet par lePrésident de la Couren
application de l'article 83, paragraphe 1,du Règlement,les Gouvernementsde la
Tunisie et de la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne ont soumis'des observations écrites
sur la requête de Malte à fin d'intervention où ils exposaient respectivement les
raisons qui les conduisaient à affirmer que la requête ne remplissait pas les
conditions spécifiéespar le Statut et par le Règlement. Les Parties et le Gou-
vernement de Malte ont étéavisés en conséquence, par lettres du 3mars 198 1,
quela Cour tiendrait audience conformément àl'article 84, paragraphe 2, de son

Règlement pour entendre les observationsde Malte, Etat demandant à interve-
nir, et celles des Parties àl'instance sur la question de savoir si la requête àfin
d'intervention de Malte devait êtreadmise.

8. Par lettre du 2 mars 1981,reçue au Greffele4 mars 1981,le Gouvernement
de Malte a aviséla Cour que,s'appuyant sur l'article 3,paragraphe 3, du Statut,
il désignait un juge ud hoc <(aux fins de la procédure sur l'intervention )),et a
soulevé des questions au sujet de la participation desdeux juges ad hoc désignés
par les Parties à l'instance, estimant que la Tunisie et la Jamahiriya arabe

libyenne devaient êtreconsidérées comme faisant <cause commune )en cette
procédure. La Cour, siégeant sans la participation des juges ad hoc, a décidé le
7 mars 1981 que les questions traitées dans la lettre du 2 mars 1981 n'entraient
manifestement pas àce stade dans le cadre de l'article 31du Statut de la Cour ;
qu'un Etat désireuxd'intervenir en vertu de l'article 62 du Statut n'a d'autre droit
que celui de demander l'autorisation de le faire, et que son statut par rapport à
l'instance reste à établir ;que, tant que la requête a fin d'intervention n'a pas fait
l'objet d'un examen et d'une décision, les conditions dans lesquellesl'article 31

peut éventuellement devenirapplicable n'existent pas ;etque, la lettredu 2 mars
1981 étant, dans ces conditions, prématurée, la Cour ne pouvait prendre en
considération àce stade de la procédure les questions qui yétaient évoquées.Parpremature, the matters to which it referred could not be taken under consider-
ation by the Court at that stage of the proceedings. By a letter from the Registrar
dated 7 March 1981 the Agent of Malta was informed of that decision.
9. On 19,20,2 1and 23 March 1981public hearings were held, in thecourse of
which the Court heard oral argument, on the question whether the permission to
irttervene under Article 62 of the Statute requested by Malta should be granted,
by the following representatives :

For the Repuhlic of Multu : Dr. Edgar Mizzi,
Professor Pierre Lalive,
Mr. M. E. Bathurst, C.M.G., C.B.E., Q.C.,
Mr. E. Lauterpacht, Q.C. ;
For the Sociulist People's
Libyan Aruh Jarnuhiriyu : H.E. Mr. Kamel H. El Maghur,
Sir Francis A. Vallat, K.C.M.G., Q.C.,
Professor Antonio Malintoppi,
Mr. Keith Highet ;

For the Republic of Tunisia : H.E. Mr. Slim Benghazi,
Professor Sadok Belaïd,
Professor R. Y. Jennings, Q.C.

10. No forma1 submissions were addressed to the Court by any of the three
Statesparticipating in theproceedings ; the principal contentions of these States
on the questions raised in the proceedings are however set out below (para-
graphs 12-16).

11. The Application of theRepublic of Malta (hereinafter referred to as
"Malta") submitting a request to the Court for permission to intervene is
based on Article 62 of the Statute of the Court which provides :

"1. Should a State consider that it has an interest of a legal nature
which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may submit a
request to the Court to be permitted to intervene.
2. It shall be for the Court to decide upon this request."

Such an application under Article 62 is required by Article 8 1, paragraph
2, of the Rules of Court to specify the case to which it relates and to set
out :

"(a) the interest of a legal nature which the State applying to inter-
vene considers may be affected by the decision in that case ;
(b) the precise object of the intervention ;
(c) any basis of jurisdiction which is claimed to exist as between the

State applying to intervene and the parties to the case".
Malta's Application to be permitted to intervene in the present caseset out
its contentions with respect to the matters specified in each of those three

subparagraphs, and those contentions were further explained and de-lettre du 7 mars 1981, le Greffier a informé l'agent de Malte de cette déci-
sion.

9. Au cours d'audiences publiques tenues les 19, 20, 21 et 23 mars 1981, la
Cour a entendu, sur la question de savoir si la requêtede Malte à fin d'inter-
vention fondée sur l'article 62 du Statut devait êtreadmise, les plaidoiries des
représentants ci-après :

pour la Républiquede Malte : M. Edgar Mizzi,
M. Pierre Lalive,
M. M. E. Bathurst, C.M.G., C.B.E., Q.C.,
M. E. Lauterpacht, Q.C. ;
pour la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne
populaire et socialiste : S. Exc. M. Kamel H. El Maghur,
sir Francis A. Vallat, K.C.M.G., Q.C.,
M. Antonio Malintoppi,
M. Keith Highet ;

pour la République tunisienne : S. Exc. M. Slim Benghazi,
M. Sadok Belaïd,
M. R. Y. Jennings, Q.C.

10. Aucun des trois Etats participant à la procédure n'a présentéde conclu-
sionsformelles àla Cour ;les thèsesprincipales de ces Etats sur les questions en
jeu sont présentéesci-après (paragraphes 12-16).

11. La requêtepar laquelle la République de Malte (dénommée ci-après

Malte) demande à intervenir devant la Cour se fonde sur l'article 62 du
Statut, qui dispose :
1. Lorsqu'un Etat estimeque, dans un différend, un intérêtd'or-
dre juridique est pour lui en cause, il peut adresser à la Cour une

requête, à fin d'intervention.
2. La Cour décide. ))
Aux termes de l'article 81, paragraphe 2, du Règlement,une requête à fin
d'intervention fondéesur l'article 62 du Statutdoit préciserl'affaire qu'elle

concerne et spécifier :
a) l'intérêtd'ordre juridique qui, selon 1'Etat demandant à interne-
nir, est pour lui en cause ;
b) l'objet précis de l'intervention ;

c) toute base de compétence qui, selon 1'Etat demandant à inter-
venir, existerait entre lui et les parties )).
La requêtepar laquelle le Gouvernement de Maltedemande à intervenir en
l'espèce énumérait les arguments de ce gouvernement sur les points visés

dans chacun destroisalinéas reproduits ci-dessus, et ces arguments ont été8 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

veloped in the oral argument addressed to the Court by its representatives
at the hearings. The Republic of Tunisia (hereinafter referred to as "Tu-
nisia") and the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (hereinafter
referred to as "Libya"), in written observations on the Application of

Malta, gave their respective reasons for maintaining that Malta's request
for permission to intervene did not satisfy the conditions set out in the
Statute and Rules of Court ;and their views were further explained and
developed in the oral argument of theirrepresentatives at thehearings. The
positions taken in thewritten and oral proceedings on these matters by the
three States concerned may be summarized as follows.

12. Malta maintains that no condition is prescribed by the Statute as
necessary to found a request for permission to intervene under Article 62

other than that the State seeking to intervene should "consider that it has
an interest of a legal nature which may be affectedby the decision" to be
given in a case. It points to the absence of any mention in Article 62 of the
existence of abasis ofjurisdiction between a State seeking to intervene and
the parties to a case as a condition of intervention. While noting and
complying with the provision in Article 81, paragraph 2 (c), of the Rules
requiring the Application to set out any basis of jurisdiction claimed to
exist as between the applicant State and the parties to the case, Malta
stresses that thisprovisiondid not figure in anyearlier version of the Rules.
That provision of the Rules, Malta contends, cannot have created a new
substantive condition of the grant of permission to intervene. The Court's

rule-making power, it argues, cannot be employed for the purpose of
introducing a requirement not expressed, and not to be found by any
process of necessary implication, in Article 62 of the Statute, which it
considers must prevail. Malta also calls attention to its declaration in
paragraph 22 of its Application that it is not its object to obtain from the
Courtby way of theintervention any form of ruling or decision concerning
Malta's own continental shelf boundaries with either or both of theparties
to this case. Counsel for Malta emphasized that it did not seek to be
admitted as a veritable "party" to the proceedings having a status on a
footing of complete equality with the Parties to the case, but was seeking
theproceduralposition of a"participant" by way of intervention. Since the

intervention for which it has applied would not seek any substantive or
operative decision against either Party, Malta further maintains that "no
question of jurisdiction in the strict sense of the word could arise" as
between Malta and the Parties to the Tunisia/Libya case.
13. The interest of a legal nature which Malta claims to possess in the
Tunisia/Libya case and considers may be affected by the decision is the
interest that, according to Malta, it has in the legal principles and rules for
determining the delimitation of the boundaries of its continental shelf.
Malta observes that "the continental shelf rights of Statesarederived from
law, as are alsotheprinciples and rules on the basis of which such areas arerepris et complétésal'audience dans les plaidoiries de ses représentants. La
République tunisienne (dénommée ci-après la Tunisie) et la Jamahiriya
arabe libyenne populaire et socialiste (dénommée ci-après la Libye) ont
exposé, dans des observations écrites sur la requête maltaise, les raisons
qu'elles avaientrespectivement de soutenir que la demanded'intervention
de Malte ne remplit pas les conditions spécifiéespar le Statut et par le
Règlement ;leur argumentation a été reprise et complétéedans les plai-
doiries de leurs représentants. Les positions adoptées par les trois Etats
intéresséspendant lesprocéduresécrite et oralepeuvent se résumer comme
suit.

12. Malte affirme qu'en vertu de l'article 62 du Statut il suffit, pour

fonder une requête à fin d'intervention, que 1'Etat demandant à intervenir
« estimeque, dans un differend, un intérêtd'ordrejuridique est pour lui en
cause ))et souligne que l'article 62 ne fait aucune mention de l'existence
d'une basede compétence entre 1'Etat demandant àintervenir et les parties
à l'instance comme condition de l'intervention. Tout en prenant notede la
disposition de l'article 81,paragraphe 2 c),du Règlement suivantlaquelle
la requête àfin d'intervention doit spécifier toute base de compétencequi,
selon 1'Etat demandant àintervenir,existerait entreluiet les parties, ettout
en s'y conformant, Malte souligne que cette disposition, qui ne figurait
dans aucune version antérieure du Règlement, ne saurait avoirimposéune
nouvelle condition de fond pour l'octroi de l'autorisation d'intervenir.
D'après Malte,lepouvoirréglementairede la Cour ne peut êtreutilisépour
introduire une prescription ne figurant pas à l'article 62 du Statut et ne
pouvant être déduite comme conséquence nécessaire de cet article,lequel,
estime-t-elle, doit prévaloir en la matière. Malte appelle également l'at-
tention sur le paragraphe 22 desa requête,où elle déclareque son objectif
n'est pas d'obtenir, sous couvert de l'intervention, un prononcé ou une

décisionquelconque de la Cour au sujet deslimites de son plateau conti-
nental par rapport aux deux Parties à l'instance ou à l'une d'elles. Un
conseil de Malte a souligné que Malte ne cherchait pas à se joindre à
l'instance comme véritable partie ))sur un pied de complèteégalitéavec
les Parties àl'affaire, maisdésirait par sonintervention assumer la position
procédurale de ((participant )).L'intervention de Malte n'ayant pas pour
objet d'aboutir à une décision de fond ou à une décisionobligatoire contre
l'une ou l'autre Partie, Malte précise qu'(( aucunequestion de compétence
au strict sens de ce terme ne peut se poser ))entre Malte et les Parties à
l'affaire Tunisie/ Libye.
13. L'intérêt d'ordrejuridique queMalte dit posséder etqui serait pour
elle en cause dans l'affaire Tunisie/Libye est celui que présentent de son
point de vue les principes et règles de droit régissant la détermination des
limites de son plateaucontinental. Malte souligne que ((les titres des Etats
sur le plateau continental dérivent du droit, de mêmeque les principes et
règlesd'après lesquelsles zones dont il s'agit sont définiesetdélimitées u etto be defined and delimited", and it contends that it has a "specific and
unique interest" in the present proceedings which arises out of its "in-
volvement in thefacts" of the Tunisia/Libya case. It is involved in the facts
of that case, it argues, by virtue of its geographical location vis-à-vis the
two Parties to the case. The effect of this would be, it urges, that any
pronouncement made by the Court in the context of the dispute between

Tunisia and Libya may "prove relevant in one way or another .. .to
Malta's own legal situation" and thus "inescapably .. . affect this situa-
tion". It would do so,according to Malta, by reason of the process of "the
identification and assessment of local or regional factors", required for the
delimitation of the boundary between Libya and Tunisia. In Malta's view
there can be little doubt that the Tunisia/Libya case, "considered in legal
and physical terms, meshes closely with the continental shelf interests of
the Republic of Malta". Stressing that the Statute requires only that the
interest be capable of being "affected", without any demonstration of its
being impaired or compromised being necessary, Counsel for Malta
pointed to a number of ways in which the interest of Malta would be so
affected. Amongst examples Counsel gave were the impact on a possible
equidistance line that might be drawn between Malta and the North

African mainland of the adoption in the delimitation between Libya and
Tunisia of any special baselines along their respective coasts ; or the
identification, in such delimitation, of any particular geographical or other
factorsfound to be relevant either as constituting "special circumstances"
or as a matter of the application of equitable principles. Malta, moreover,
contends that its interests will necessarily be affected by the Court's
decision in thecase notwithstanding the fact that, as stated in Article 59 of
the Statute, " the decision of the Court has no binding force exceptbetween
the parties and in respect of that particular case". It considers that its
interests might be affected not only by the forma1 operative part of the
Court's decision in the case, but by the "effective decision contained in the
Court's reasoning", which is bound to contain substantiveelements that in
content must inevitably have, or at any rate are likely to have, an impact
upon subsequent relations between Malta and Libya and Tunisia.

14. The precise object of Malta's interventionin the Tunisia/Libya case
is statedin the Application to be to enable Malta to submit its views to the
Court on theissuesraised in the pending casebefore the Courthas given its
decision in that case. At the hearing, Counsel for Malta explained that
what Malta seeks is "to make its submissions on those issues in the case
which subsequent examination of the pleadings rnight indicate could affect
Malta's interests". Malta however stresses that it is not its object "by way,
or in the course, of intervention" in the Tunisia/ Libya case,"to obtain any
form of ruling or decision from the Court concerning its continental shelf
boundaries with either or both of those countries". It draws attentionto the
fact that the very purpose of that case, as defined in the SpecialAgreement

of 10 June 1977, is to secure a statement from the Court of what the
appropriate law is, not to formulate claims on which the Parties ask the
Court to reach judgment. It argues that there isaccordingly no justificationelle estime avoir un ((intérêtspécial et unique )) en l'instance en cours,

parce qu'elle serait ((concernée par les faits ))de l'affaire Tunisie/Libye.
Elle est concernée par ces faits, affirme-t-elle, en raison de sa situation
géographique par rapport aux deux Parties à l'instance. Il en résulte selon
elle que tout prononcé de la Cour dans lecontexte du litige entre la Tunisie
et la Libye peut ((se révélerpertinent d'une façon ou d'une autre pour la

situation juridique de Malte )) et donc ((affecter inévitablement cette
situation ))Il en serait ainsi,selonMalte, en raison du processus d'a iden-
tification et d'évaluation des facteurs locaux ou régionaux ))que nécessi-
terait la détermination de la limite entre la Libye et la Tunisie. Pour Malte,
il ne fait guère de doute que l'affaire Tunisie/Libye, des points de vue
juridique et physique,touche de près les intérêtsdela République de Malte

sur le plateau continental )).Soulignantque la seule exigence du Statut est
quel'intérêtpuisse être en cause ))sans qu'il yaitlieu dedémontrer qu'il
serait négativement affecté ou compromis, les conseils de Malte ont indi-
qué de quelles diverses façons l'intérêt de Malte pourrait se trouver en
cause. Ils citent comme exemples l'effet qu'aurait, sur une ligne d'équi-
distance quipourrait être tracée entre Malte et le continent nord-africain,

l'adoption dans la délimitation entre la Libye et la Tunisiede toute ligne de
base spéciale le longdescôtes de ces deux Etats, ou l'identification, lorsde
cette délimitation, de tous facteurs géographiques ou autres considérés
comme pertinents, soit à titre de ((circonstances spéciales )),soit par
application de principes équitables. Malte soutient au surplus que ses

intérêts seront nécessairement en cause en l'espèce, malgré les termes de
l'article 59 du Statut suivantlequel ((la décision de la Cour n'est obligatoire
que pour les parties enlitige et dans le cas qui a été décidé ))Malte estime
que ses intérêtsseront mis en cause, non seulement par le dispositif formel
de la décisionque rendra la Cour,mais par la décision qui se dégagera en
fait desmotifs ))lesquelsne pourront manquer de comporter deséléments

de fond qui, par leur teneur, auront une incidenceinévitable ou au moins
probable sur les relations ultérieures entre Malte,d'une part, et la Libye et
la Tunisie, de l'autre.

14. L'objet précis de l'intervention de Malte en l'affaire Tunisie/Libye
est, selon les termes de la requête, de lui permettre d'exposer ses vues à la
Cour sur les points soulevés dans l'instance avant que la Cour ne se soit

prononcée. A l'audience les conseils de Malte ont expliqué que le souhait
de Malte était de pouvoir exposer ses vues sur les questions en jeu dans
l'affaire qui, après examenultérieur des pièces de procédure, paraîtraient
de nature à mettre en cause ses intérêts )).Malte souligne cependant que
son objectif n'est pas d'obtenir, sous couvert ou au cours d'une inter-
vention )) dans l'affaire Tunisie/Libye, ((un prononcé ou une décision

quelconque de la Cour au sujetdes limites de son plateau continental par
rapport à ces deuxpays ou à l'un d'eux )).Malte relève que le but mêmede
l'instance, tel que le définit le compromis du 10juin 1977, est d'obtenir de
la Cour un énoncédu droit applicable etnonde formuler des demandes sur
lesquelles la Cour serait priée de statuer. Elle soutient que rien par con-for suggesting that "the object of Malta in seeking to intervene must be

more exact,more precise, moreoperative in formal terms" than the object
of the Parties. Nor would it be correct, the Agent of Malta emphasized, to
conclude from Malta's insistence that it does not seek any ruling or deci-
sion of the Court against either Tunisia or Libya, that Malta does not
accept to be bound by the decision of the Court. Pointing out that the
extent to which an intervening State isbound by the decisions of the Court
is independent of acceptance or non-acceptance by that State, he declared
that by its Application to intervene Malta submits itself to al1 the conse-
quences and effects of intervention, whatever these may be. He further
maintained that the pertinence of Malta's request for intervention could in
no way be affected by the possibility that Malta might appear before the
Court as aprincipal party in parallel proceedings against one or both of the

Parties to the present case, since any decision given in such proceedings
would be bound to be rendered considerably later than that in the current
Tunisia/ Libya case.

15. Libya, in its observations, has opposed the application of Malta on
the ground that thejurisdiction of the Court is governed by Article 36 of
the Statute, and contends that Malta does not possess any jurisdictional
link with both Parties within the meaning of that Article. It argues that
Article 62 of the Statute does not confer an independent title ofjurisdiction

upon a State seeking tointervene, that an intervention cannot be admitted
unless the Court is satisfied that there exists a valid jurisdictional link
between the parties and the intervening State, and that Article 81, para-
graph 2 (c)of the Rules of Court issimply an accurate interpretation of the
meaning and scope of Article 62 of the Statute in respect of jurisdiction.
Libya moreover contends that,in anyevent, for intervention to be possible
under Article 62 the legal interest invoked must be so related legally to the
subject-matter of theproceedings that, whatever the decision of the Court,
the legal interest will be affected, and that for the purposes of Article 62,
the "decision" of the Court referred to in the English text of that Article
does not includethe consideranda of thejudgment. Libya argues that Malta

does not in fact have any interest of a legal nature which might be affected
by the decision, inasmuch as the SpecialAgreement does not contemplate
a delimitation of the continental shelf by the Court, but by the Parties, nor
does it contemplate any delimitation of any continental shelf areas other
than those appertaining to Libya and Tunisia. Any interest of Malta in
respect of the delimitation of its continental shelf would, in Libya's view,
be safeguarded by the Court in delivering its judgment, and would be
adequately protected by Article 59 of the Statute. Furthermore, having
regard to Malta's indication of the object of its intended intervention,
Libyaalsoquestionswhether what Malta isseeking is an intervention at al1

within the meaning of Article 62 of the Statute, since it considers that the
purpose of intervention in contentious proceedings must be more than toséquent n'autorise à exiger que l'intervention de Malte ait un objet plus
exact, plus précis ou plus formellementexécutoire ))que celui des Parties.
L'agent de Malte a souligné qu'il n'était pas non plus exact deconclureque,
parce que Malte insiste sur le fait qu'elle ne cherche à obtenir de la Cour
aucun prononcécontre la Tunisieou la Libye, elle n'accepte pas d'êtreliée
par sadécision. Rappelant que la mesure dans laquelleun Etat intervenant

est liépar les décisions de la Cour ne dépend pas de son acceptation ou de
son refus, l'agent de Malte a déclaréqu'en demandant à intervenirMalte se
soumet à toutes les conséquences et à tous les effets de l'intervention, quels
qu'ils puissent être. Il a en outre soutenu que la possibilité d'une compa-
rution de Malte comme partie principaledevant la Cour,dans uneinstance
parallèle introduite contre l'une desParties àla présente affaireou contre
les deux, ne diminuait en rien la pertinence de la demande d'intervention
maltaise, puisqu'une decision dans une telle instance serait forcément

rendue beaucoup plus tard que dans l'affaire Tunisie/Libye.

15. Dans ses observations, la Libyes'oppose àla requête de Maltepour
la raison que la compétence de la Cour est régiepar l'article 36 du Statutet
elle soutient queMalte ne peut se prévaloird'aucun lienjuridictionnel avec
l'une ou l'autre des Parties au sens de cet article. Elle affirme que l'ar-
ticle 62 du Statut ne confère pas de titre dejuridiction indépendant à un

Etat demandant à intervenir, qu'une intervention ne peut êtreadmiseque
si la Cour s'est assurée qu'il existe un lienjuridictionnel valable entre les
Parties et 1'Etat intervenant,et que l'article 81,paragraphe 2 c), du Règle-
ment ne fait qu'interpréter exactement lesens et la portée del'article 62 du
Statut pour ce qui est de la compétence.La Libye soutient en outre que de
toutefaçon, pour qu'une intervention fondée sur l'article 62 soit possible,
l'intérêt d'ordrejuridique invoquédoit présenter avec l'objet de l'instance
un lien de connexitéjuridique tel que, quelle quesoit la décision de la Cour,
cet intérêtse trouvera affecté et que,auxfins de l'article 62, ladecision ))
de la Cour viséedans le texte anglaisne comprendpas les motifs de l'arrêt.

La Libye fait valoir que Malte n'a pas en fait d'intérêt d'ordre juridique
susceptibled'être mis en cause, étant donné que le compromis n'envisage
pas une délimitation du plateau continental effectuée parla Cour mais par
les Parties, et n'envisage pas non plus une délimitation de zones de plateau
continentalautres que celles qui relèvent de la Libye etde la Tunisie. Tout
intérêtde Malte quant à la délimitation de son plateau continental sera,
d'après la Libye, protégépar la Courquand elle statuera et adéquatement
sauvegardé par l'article 59 du Statut. En outre, se fondant surla manière
dont Malte définit le but de son intervention, la Libye conteste qu'il

s'agisse d'une intervention au sens de l'article 62 du Statut, puisque à son
avis une intervention dans une instance contentieuse ne doit pas simple-
ment viser à ((exposer des vues )).Pour satisfaire aux conditions de l'ar-
ticle81,paragraphe 2 b), du Règlement,un Etatdemandant à intervenirne"submit views". To comply with Article 81,paragraph 2 (b), of the Rules of
Court, a State seeking to intervenemust,Libya maintains, go further than a

mere assertion ; it must state theprecise object, the purpose of its intended
action, and not merely the means by which it intends to achieve that object.
If Malta is merely preoccupied with the principles and rules of law which
may hereafter be stated in the Court'sjudgment, this does not constitute a
proper or sufficien tjustification for intervention under Article 62.
16. Tunisia, for its part, considers that for Malta to be able to intervene
and be heard before judgment is rendered, it would be necessary for the
Government of Malta to prove the existence of a basis of jurisdiction
between it and the Parties to the case. Article 62 of the Statute must,
according to Tunisia, be read subject to the provisions of Article 36,
governing the jurisdiction of the Court ; and, in its view, from the over-
ridingprinciple of international law that jurisdiction is based upon consent

it follows that a basis of jurisdiction must always be a requirement of
intervention, at least where the State seeking to intervene wishes in any
degree to be a party. Referring to the English text of Article 62, Tunisia
further maintains that for the purposes of that Article the interest asserted
must be such as to be affected by the "decision" in the case, that is to Say
the operative clause, constituting resjudicatu between the parties, andnot
the reasoning in the judgment. It maintains that the Special Agreement
would not permit the Court to adjudicate upon the extent of the conti-
nental shelf boundaries of any State other than the Parties thereto ;
therefore, while conceding that Malta, in common with other States,has an
interest of a legal nature that might be "touched", but not "affected", by

the decision in the case, Tunisia argues that Malta's interest is not suffi-
cient to justify intervention under Article 62. The effect, in Tunisia's view,
of a decision by the Court on the principles and rules of international law
concerning continental shelf boundaries cannot of itself be a good reason
for intervention ; al1 factors taken into account in such a decision are
relative, and not necessarily applicable to other delimitations even in the
same geographical region, since the relevant circumstances must Vary in
accordance with the differing geographical relationships. Tunisia also
observes that, on the basis of the object of the intervention as explained by
Malta, the Application amounted to a request to intervene in a case in
order to argue points of generallaw,simply because theresulting judgment
might form an important precedent as a subsidiary means for the ascer-

tainment of the law ; and this Tunisia considers to be inadmissible, the
more so if Malta, as seemed to be its intention, does not propose to be
bound in any way by the precedent. Tunisia, indeed, suggests that the
avowed object of Malta has in fact already been achieved by the hearings
on the question of intervention,in view of the explanations Malta has there
been able to give of its preoccupations.doit pas, selon la Libye, se contenter d'une simple assertion ; il doit
indiquer l'objet précis, le but de l'intervention qu'il envisage, et pas sim-
plement les moyens par lesquels il entend atteindre ce but. Si Malte ne fait
que s'intéresser aux principes et règles de droit que l'arrêt de la Cour
pourrait ultérieurement énoncer, cela ne constitue pas une justification
appropriée ni suffisante pour une intervention fondée sur l'article 62.

16. La Tunisie considère pour sa part que, pour que Malte puisse
intervenir et êtreentendue avant le prononcé de l'arrêt, il serait nécessaire
qu'elle établisse l'existence d'une base de compétence entre elle-même et
les Parties à l'affaire. L'article 62 du Statut doit, selon la Tunisie, s'enten-
dre sous réserve desdispositions de l'article 36 qui régitla compétence de la
Cour ; et ildécoule à son avis du principe suprêmesuivantlequel, endroit
international, la juridiction repose sur le consentement que l'existence
d'une base de compétence est nécessairement et dans tous les cas une

condition préalable de l'intervention, au moins quand 1'Etat demandant à
intervenir souhaite, à quelque degré que ce soit, agir comme une partie.
Prenant argument du texte anglais de l'article 62, la Tunisie soutient en
outre que l'intérêt invoquédoit être de nature à pouvoir êtreaffecté par la
decision )>en l'espèce, c'est-à-dire par son dispositif, qui constitue la
chose jugée entre les parties, et non par ses motifs. Elle fait valoir que le
compromis ne permet pas à la Cour de se prononcer sur l'étendue des
limites du plateau continental d'un autreEtat que les signataires du com-
promis ; par suite, tout en reconnaissant que Malte possède, à l'instar

d'autres Etats,un intérêtd'ordre juridique que pourrait toucher )>mais
non <(affecter )>,la décision en l'espèce, la Tunisie maintient que l'intérêt
de Malte n'est pas suffisant pour justifier une intervention en vertu de
l'article 62. D'après la Tunisie, l'effet d'une décision de la Cour sur les
principes et règles du droit international en matière de limites du plateau
continental ne saurait en soi constituer un motif d'intervention ;tous les
facteurs pris en considération dans cette décision seraient relatifs et ne
s'appliqueraient pas nécessairement à d'autres délimitations, mêmedans
la région géographique considérée,puisque les circonstances pertinentes
doivent varier en fonction des différentes relations géographiques. La

Tunisie relève aussi que, sil'on s'en rapporte à l'objet de l'intervention tel
que Malte l'a présenté, la requête revient à exprimer le désir d'intervenir
dans une affaire pourdébattre de questions de droit général,au seul motif
que l'arrêt futur pourrait constituer un précédent important en tant que
moyen subsidiaire de détermination du droit, ce qui,d'après la Tunisie,est
inadmissible, et plus encore si, comme il semblerait, Malte entend n'être
liéeen aucune façon par ce précédent. La Tunisieestimeen fait que l'objet
déclaréde Malte a déjàétéaccompli par les audiences sur l'intervention, vu
les explications que Malte a pu y donner au sujet de ses préoccupa-
tions.12 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

17. The Court will now examine the legal problems involved in Malta's
request for permission to intervene in the present continental shelf case
between Tunisia and Libya. Certain objections have been raised to Malta7s
request by each of the Parties in relation to al1 three matters specified in

Article 81, paragraph 2, of the Court's Rules. One objection is that Malta
hasnot succeeded in showing the existence of "an interest of a legal nature
which may be affected by the decision in the case" within the meaning of
Article 62 of the Statute. Another is that the object of Malta's request, as
declared and defined in its Application, falls altogether outside the scope
of the form of intervention for whichArticle 62provides. The objection has
further been made that, even if not expressly mentioned in Article 62, a link
of jurisdiction between the States seeking to intervene and the parties to
thecase has necessarily, under Article 36 of the Statute, to be considered an
essential condition of the grant of permission tointervene,more especially
when the case is submitted to the Court by special agreement ; and that
Malta has not established any such jurisdictional link in the present
instance. The Court observes that under paragraph 2 of Article 62 it is for

the Court itself to decide upon any request for permission to intervene
under that Article. The Court, at the same time,emphasizes that it does not
consider paragraph 2 to confer upon it any general discretion to accept or
reject a request for permission to intervene for reasons simply of policy. On
the contrary, in the view of the Court the task entrusted to it by that
paragraph is to determine the admissibility or othenvise of the request by
reference to the relevant provisions of the Statute.
18. In the present case, if anyone of the objections raised by the Parties
should be found by the Court to be justified, it will clearly not be open to
the Court to give any further consideration to therequest. As the questions
of the interest of a legal nature which Malta alleges may be affected by the
Court's decision in the present case and of the object of Malta's interven-

tion are closely connected, the Court will examine these two questions
together.

19. The interest of a legal nature invoked by Malta does not relate toany
legal interest of its own directly in issue as between Tunisia and Libya in
the present proceedings or as between itself and either one of those coun-
tries. It concerns rather the potential implications of reasons which the
Court may give in its decision in the present case on matters in issue as
between Tunisia and Libya with respect to the delimitation of their con-

tinental shelves for a subsequent delimitation of Mal ta's own continental
shelf. In particular, as the Court has previously indicated, Malta says that
its legal interests may be affected by the Court's appreciation of certain
geographical and geomorphological features in the area and by its assess-
ment of their legal relevance and value as factors in the delimitation of
areas of the continental shelf which, it says, are adjacent to its own
continental shelf, as well as by any pronouncements by the Court on,for 17. La Cour va maintenant examiner les problèmes juridiques que
soulève la requête maltaise à fin d'intervention dans la présente affairede
plateaucontinentalentre la Tunisie et la Libye. ChacunedesParties a élevé
certaines objections contre cette requête, sur chacun des trois aspects
spécifiés à l'article 81,paragraphe 2, du Règlement. Une de ces objections
est que Malte n'a pas établi l'existence d'un (intérêtd'ordre juridique ))
qui soit pour elle (en cause ))au sens de l'article 62 du Statut. Une autre

objection est que l'objet de la demande maltaise, tel qu'il est annoncé et
défini dans la requête,est tout àfait étranger aumoded'intervention visé à
l'article 62. Il est objecté enfin que, même si l'article 62 n'en fait pas
mention expresse, un lienjuridictionnel entre 1'Etat demandant à inter-
venir et les parties àl'instance, conformément àl'article 36 du Statut, doit
nécessairement êtreconsidéré comme une condition essentielle de l'auto-
risation d'intervenir, en particulier quand la Cour a étésaisie par com-
promis, et que Malte n'a pas établi l'existence d'un lien juridictionnel
semblable en la présente espèce. La Cour relève qu'en vertu du para-

graphe 2de l'article 62 c'est à la Cour elle-mêmequ'il appartientde décider
de toute demande d'intervention invoquant cet article. Elle souligne en
mêmetemps qu'elle ne considèrepas que le paragraphe 2 lui confère une
sorte de pouvoirdiscrétionnaireluipermet tant d'accepter ou de rejeter une
requête à fin d'intervention pour de simples raisons d'opportunité. Au
contraire, de l'avis de la Cour, la fonction que lui confie ce paragraphe est
de déterminer si la requête est admissible ou non par application des
dispositions pertinentes du Statut.

18. En l'occurrence, si la Cour en venait à conclure que l'une quelcon-
que des objections élevéespar les Parties est fondée, il lui serait de toute
évidence impossiblede donner suite àla demande. La question de l'intérêt
d'ordre juridique qui, selon Malte, serait en cause en la présente espèce et
celle de l'objet de son intervention étant étroitement liées, la Cour exa-
minera ces deux questions ensemble.

19. L'intérêt d'ordrejuridique invoqué par Malte ne se rattache à aucun
intérêtjuridique lui appartenant enpropre qui seraitdirectement en cause
dans la présenteinstance entre la Tunisie et la Libye, ouentre Malteet l'un
ou l'autre de ces Etats. Il concerne en réalitél'effet qu'auraient éventuel-
lement, sur une délimitation ultérieure du plateau continental de Malte,
des considérationsque la Courpourrait formuler dans sa décision à propos
depointsen litige entre la Tunisieet la Libye relativement à la délimitation
de leurs plateaux continentaux. Ainsi que la Cour l'a indiqué plus haut,
Malte fait valoir en particulier que ses intérêtsjuridiques peuvent être
affectés par l'appréciation que portera la Cour sur certaines caractéristi-

ques géographiqueset géomorphologiques de la région et par l'évaluation
qu'elle fera de leur pertinence et de leur valeur juridiques en tant que
facteurs dans la délimitation de zones que Malte considère comme adja-example, the application of equitableprinciples or special circumstances in
regard to that area. The object of its intervention, Malta explains,would be
to enable it to submit its views on issues raised in the present case of the
kind just mentioned before the Court has given its decision in the case. At
the same time, however, Malta is at pains in paragraph 22 of its Applica-
tion to stress that :

"it is not Malta's object,by way, or in thecourse, of intervention in the
Libya/ Tunisia case, toobtain any form of ruling or decision from the
Court concerning its continental shelf boundaries with either or both
of those coun tries".

Moreover, to leave no doubt whatever on this point, Malta again under-
lines in paragraph 24 of its Application that the intervention for which it
requests permission "would not seek any substantive or operative decision
against either party".
20. The limited object of the intervention which Malta seeks has already
been referred to by the Court. Malta has explained that, in applying for
permission to intervene in the Tunisia/ Libya proceedings it "is not seeking
to appear as a plaintiff or claimant against either of those States, or to
assert any specific right against either of them as such". "Malta", its

Counsel said, "is not seeking to take sides" in the Tunisia/Libya case, or
"to obtain from the Court a decision on the continental shelf boundary"
between itself and Tunisia and Libya. Such a determination, Malta
recognized, would not be the proper object either of the present Applica-
tion or of the intervention if it were allowed.
21. The limit thus placed by the Government of Malta on the scope of
the intervention which it seeks, and the very character of that intervention,
raise both the question whether its Application is really based on an
interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision in the
Tunisia/ Libya case, and the question whether the form of intervention for

which Article 62 of the Statute provides includes the intervention that is
the object of Malta's Application. The Statute of the Court provides for
two different forms of intervention : one under Article 62 which allows a
State to request permission to intervene if it should consider itself to have
"an interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the decision in the
case" ;and the other under Article 63which gives parties to a convention
the construction of which is in question in a case "the right to intervene in
the proceedings". The two Articles with their two forms of intervention,
the records show, were taken into the present Statute directly from the
corresponding Articles 62 and 63 of the Statute of the Permanent Court of
International Justice and with only minor changes of language.

22. Article 62 had no forerunner in State practice in 1920, being intro-
duced into the draft Statute by the Advisory Committee of Jurists in the
course of their consideration of what is now Article 63. The Committee
had before it, inter alia, a plan for the Court previously worked out by a
Conference of Five Neutra1 Powers, paragraph 1 of Article 48 of whichcentes à son plateau continental, ainsi que par tout prononcé de la Cour
portant par exemple sur l'application de principes équitables ou de cir-
constances spéciales en ce quiconcernecette région. L'objet de l'interven-
tion serait, selon Malte, de lui permettre d'exposer ses vues sur les pro-
blèmes de cette nature débattus en l'espèce, avant que la Cour n'ait rendu
sonarrêt. Malteprend cependant soin, au paragraphe 22 de sa requête,de
souligner que :

((l'objectif de Malte n'est pas d'obtenir, sous couvert ou au cours
d'une intervention dans l'affaire Libye/ Tunisie, un prononcé ou une
décision quelconque de la Cour au sujet des limites de son plateau
continental par rapport à ces deux pays ou à l'un d'eux )).

Et, pour ne laisser subsister aucun doute, Malte souligne à nouveau au
paragraphe 24 de sa requêteque ((l'intervention n'a pas pour objetd'abou-
tir à une décision de fond ou à une décision obligatoire contre l'une ou
l'autre Partie )).
20. La Cour a déjà fait mention de l'objet limité de l'intervention
envisagée par Malte. Celle-ci a expliqué que, en demandant à intervenir
dans l'affaire Tunisie/Libye, elle ((ne cherche pas à comparaître comme

demandeur contre l'un ou l'autre de ces Etats, ni à faire valoir un droit
spécifique en tant que tel contre eux )). Malte,a dit l'un de ses conseils,ne
cherche pas à prendre parti ))dans l'affaire'~unisie/~ib~e ni à obtenirde
la Courunedécision sur la limite du plateau continental ))entre elle-même
et la Tunisie et la Libye. Malte reconnaît qu'une telle détermination ne
serait l'objet légitime, ni de la présente requête, ni de l'intervention si
celle-ci était admise.
21. La limiteainsi fixéepar leGouvernementdeMalte àla portéede son
intervention éventuelle et lecaractère mêmede cetteintervention amènent
à poser deuxquestions :la requêtese fonde-t-elle réellement surun intérêt
d'ordrejuridique pouvantêtreen cause dans ledifférend Tunisie/ Libye ? le

mode d'intervention prévu par l'article 62 du Statut comprend-il l'inter-
vention faisant l'objet de la requête maltaise ? Le Statut prévoit deux
modes d'intervention différents :l'article 62 autorise unEtat à demander à
intervenir s'il estime avoir ((un intérêtd'ordre juridique ))qui soit ((pour
lui en cause ));l'article 63 reconnaît aux parties à une convention dont
l'interprétation est en cause (le droit d'intervenir au procès )).Il ressort de
la documentation que les deux articles du présent Statut prévoyant ces
deuxmodes d'intervention sont repris directementdesarticles 62 et 63 du
Statut de la Courpermanente de Justice internationale avec desretouches
mineures.

22. L'article 62 n'avait aucun précédent dans la pratique des Etats en

1920, et le comité consultatif de juristes l'a introduit dans le projet de
Statut lors de l'examen de l'article 63 actuel. Le comité était saisi, entre
autres textes,d'un projet relatifà la Cour, préalablement élaboré par une
conférence de cinq Puissances neutres, dont l'article 48, paragraphe 1,read :"Whenever a disputesubmitted to the Court affectstheinterests of a
third State, the latter may intervene in the case." When the Advisory
Committee began its consideration of Article 63 of the Statute, the sug-
gestion was made that it should be completedby the addition of Article 48
of the Five Powers plan. The point having been made that "the interests
affected must be legitimate interests", the President of the Advisory Com-
mittee, Baron Descamps, proposed :

"Should a State consider that it has an interest of a legal nature,
which may be affected by the decision in the case, it may submit a
request to the Court to be perrnitted to intervene. It will be for the
Court to decide upon this request."

This formula was adopted bytheCommittee,subject to revision, and it was
decided to make the new provision a separate articleinserted immediately
before Article 63. In the French text - the text established by the Com-
mittee - it was sought to make the phrase "un intérêtd'ordre juridique le
concernant est en cause" more precise by revising it so as to read "un
intérêtd'ordre juridique est pour lui en cause". In the English text, the
corresponding phrase "interest of a legal nature which may be affected by
the decision in the case" was at the same time completed by adding the
words "as a third party". What was intended to be the precise significance

of that addition is not stated in the Committee's records. However, when
the words "as a third party" added to the English text are read together
with the revised wording of the French text "est pour lui en cause", it
becomes clear that the interest of a legal nature to which Article 62 was
intended to refer was an interest which is in issue in the proceedings and
consequently one that "may be affected by the decision in the case".
23. When the Permanent Court began, in 1922, to consider its rules of
procedure for applying Article 62 of the Statute, it became apparent that
different views were held as to the object and form of the intervention
allowed under that Article, and also as to theneed for a basis ofjurisdiction
vis-à-vis the parties to the case. Some Members of the Permanent Court

took the view that only an interest of a legal nature in the actual subject of
the dispute itself would justify the intervention under Article 62 ; others
considered that it would be enough for the State seeking to intervene to
show that its interests might be affected by the position adopted by the
Court in the particular case. Similarly, while some Members of the Court
regarded the existence of a link ofjurisdiction with theparties to the case as
a further necessary condition for intervention under Article 62, others
thought that it would be enough simply to establish the existence of an
interest of a legal nature whichmight be affected by theCourt's decision in
the case. The outcome of the discussionwas that it was agreed not to try to

resolve in the Rules of Court the various questions which had been raised,
but to leave them to be decided as and when they occurred in practice and
in the light of the circumstances of each particular case.
24. In the event, the Permanent Court was confronted with intervention
under Article 62 in only one case, the S.S. "Wimbledon" case, in which PLATEAU CONTINENTAL (ARRÊT) 14

étaitainsirédigé : (tLorsqu'un différend sou amlisCourtoucheles
intérêtsd'un Etat tiers, celui-ci a le droit d'intervenir au procès. ))Quand le

comité consultatif a abordé l'examen de l'article 63 du Statut, l'un de ses
membres a suggéréde compléter cet article par l'adjonction de l'article 48
du projet descinq Puissances. Comme on faisait observer que <(les intérêts
en jeu doivent êtredes intérêtslégitimes O, le baron Descamps, qui pré-
sidait le comité consultatif, a proposé le texte suivant :

((Lorsqu'un Etat estime que dans un différend un intérêtd'ordre
juridique le concernant est en cause, il peut adresser à la Cour une
requête, à fin d'intervention. La Cour décide. ))

Cette formule a étéadoptée par lecomité,sous réserve de remaniements de
forme, et il a étédécidé de faire de la nouvelle dispositionun articledistinct
qui viendrait immédiatement avant l'article 63. Dans le texte français -
qui était le texte établi par le comité -, les mots ((un intérêt d'ordre

juridique le concernant est en cause ))ont étéremplacés, dans un souci de
précision, par les mots un intérêtd'ordrejuridique estpour lui en cause )).
En mêmetemps, dans le texte anglais,les mots correspondants ((interest of
a legal nature which may be affected by the decision in the case ))ont été
complétéspar les mots as a third party ))Les procès-verbaux du comité ne
fournissent aucune indication sur la portée exacte que devait avoir cette
adjonction.Toutefois, quand lesmots <(as a third party ))ainsi insérésdans

le texte anglais sont rapprochés de la formule reviséedu texte français ((est
pour lui en cause )),ildevientévidentquel'intérêt d'ordrejuridique dont il
devait s'agir à l'article 62 était un intérêt enjeu dans le procès et donc un
intérêt pouvant être affecté par la décision.
23. Quand, en 1922, la Cour permanente a entamé l'examen des règles
deprocédure relatives à l'application de l'article 62 du Statut, ilest apparu
que les opinions différaient sur l'objet et la forme de l'intervention envi-

sagée par cet article, ainsi que sur la nécessité d'une base de compétence
par rapport aux parties à l'instance. Certains membres de la Cour perma-
nenteestimaient que seul un intérêtd'ordrejuridique à l'égard de l'objet du
différend lui-mêmejustifierait l'intervention envertu de l'article 62 ; selon
d'autres, il suffirait que 1'Etat demandant à intervenir démontre que ses
intérêtspuissent êtreaffectés par la position prise par la Cour en l'espèce.
De même, alors que certains membres de la Cour considéraient que

l'existence d'un lienjuridictionnel avec les parties à l'instance était aussi
une condition nécessaire de l'intervention fondée sur l'article 62, d'autres
pensaient que 1'Etat intervenant pouvait se borner à établir l'existence d'un
intérêtd'ordrejuridique susceptibled'être mis en cause. En conclusion il a
étéconvenudene pas essayer de résoudre dans le Règlementles différentes
questions qui avaient été soulevées, mais de les laisser de côté pour être
tranchées à mesure qu'elles se présenteraient dansla pratique, en fonction
des circonstances de chaque espèce.

24. Il se trouve que la Courpermanente n'a connu d'intervention fondée
sur l'article 62 que dans une seule affaire, celle du Vapeur Wimbledon, dansPoland's application to intervene had been framed on the basis of that
Article. In the application, however, Poland had referred to its participa-
tion in the Treaty of Versailles,the provisions of which regarding the Kiel
Canal were the subject-matter of the case ;and at the suggestion of one of
the Parties to the case it supplemented the basis of its applicationby also
invokingArticle 63, before the Court came to pronounceupon it. As to the
Parties to the case, they did not raise any objection to Poland's interven-

tion. The Permanent Court decided to uphold the application simply on
the basis of Article 63 and found it unnecessary to consider whether the
intervention might equally have been "justified by an interest of a legal
nature, within the meaning of Article 62 of the Statute" (P. C.I.J., Series A,
No. 1, pp. 11 -14). Thus when the Permanent Court revised its Rules it had
not had any real experience of the operation of Article 62 in practice ; and
in consequence itsfurther debates on the Rules do not throw agreat deal of
new light on the problems involved in the application of that Article. For
present purposes it is enough to Say that in these debates the differences of
view as to the precise object or objects of intervention contemplated by
Article 62 and as to the need for ajurisdictional link with the parties to the

case still remained to be decided. At the same time, it seems to have been
assumed that a State permitted to intervene under Article 62 would
become a "party" to the case. That was only to be expected as the English
text of Article 62 then spoke specifically of permission to intervene "as a
third party".
25. When the present Statute was drafted, a change was made in the
English text of paragraph 1 of Article 62 :the words "as a third party",
which had no corresponding expression in the French text, were omitted.
This was done in the Comrnittee of Jurists responsible for preparing the
new Statute on the basis of a proposal from its drafting committee which
considered the phrase to be "misleading". The Rapporteur of the Com-
mittee at the same time underlined in his report that no change had been

found necessary in the French text and that the elimination of the phrase
"as a third party" from the English text was not intended to "change the
sense thereof".
26. The present Court was first led to address itself to the problems of
interventionin 195 1in the context of Article 63 of the Statute when Cuba,
as a party to the Havana Convention of 1928 on Asylum, filed a decla-
ration of intervention in the Haya de la Torre case (1.C.J. Reports 1951, pp.
74, 76-77). In that case the Court stressed that, under Article 63, inter-
vention by a party to a convention the construction of which is in issue in
the proceedings is a matter of right. At the same time, however, it also

underlined that the right to intervene under Article 63 is confined to the
point of interpretation which is in issue in the proceedings, and does not
extend to general intervention in the case. Intervention under Article 62 of
the Statute was brought briefly, if very indirectly, to the Court's notice
three years later in thecase concerning Monetary GoIdRemoved from Rome
in 1943 (1.C.J. Reports 1954, p. 32). Subsequently, these and other prob-
lems involved in the application of Articles 62 and 63 of the Statute werelaquelle la demande d'intervention présentée parla Pologne s'appuyait sur
cet article. Dans la requête la Pologne mentionnait cependant sa partici-
pation au traité de Versailles, dont les dispositions relatives au canal de

Kiel constituaient l'objet de l'instance ; et, à la suggestion de l'une des
Parties à celle-ci, elle a complété la base de sa requête en invoquant aussi
l'article 63, avant que la Cour ne se soit prononcée. Quant aux Parties à
l'instance, elles n'ont opposé aucune objection à l'intervention de la Po-
logne. La Cour permanente a décidéde recevoir la requête sur la base de
l'article 63, et n'a pas jugé utile de rechercher si l'intervention aurait pu

également être ((justifiée par un intérêtd'ordre juridique, au sens de
l'article 62 du Statut ))(C.P.J.I. sérieA no 1, p. 11-14). Ainsi, lorsque la
Cour permanente a revisé son Règlement, elle n'avait en réalité aucune
expérience de l'application pratique de l'article 62 ; il en résulte que ses
débats ultérieurs sur le Règlementn'apportent guère de lumièresnouvelles
sur les problèmesquepouvait soulever la mise en Œuvrede cet article. Aux
fins du présent arrêt,il suffira d'indiquer que, dans ces débats, les diver-
gences sur l'objet ou les objets précis d'intervention envisagés par l'arti-
cle 62 et sur la nécessitéd'un lienjuridictionnel avec les parties àl'instance

restaient àrésoudre. Il semble néanmoins que l'on ait envisagé qu'un Etat
admis àintervenir en vertu de l'article 62 deviendrait partie à l'affaire,
comme il fallait du reste s'y attendre, le texte anglais de l'article 62 faisant
alors expressément état de l'intervention (as a third party )).

25. Au moment de la rédaction du Statut actuel, un changement a été
apportéau texte anglais de l'article 62, paragraphe 1. Les mots ((asa third
party )),qui n'avaient pas d'équivalent dans le texte français, ont été

supprimés. Cette décision a été prise par le comité de juristes chargé
d'élaborer le nouveau Statut,sur la base d'une proposition de son comité
de rédaction qui considérait ces termes comme équivoques )).Le rap-
porteur du comitéa cependant soulignéqu'il n'avait pas été jugé nécessaire
d'amender le texte français et que l'élimination des mots as a third
party ))dans le texte anglais n'en altér[ait] pas le sens )).

26. La Cour actuellea été amenée à se préoccuper pour la premièrefois
des problèmes d'intervention en 1951, dans le contexte de l'article 63 du

Statut, quand Cuba,en qualité departie à la conventionde La Havane sur
le droit d'asile de 1928, adéposéune déclaration d'intervention en l'affaire
Haya de la Torre (C.I.J. Recueil 1951, p. 74, 76-77). Dans cette affaire, la
Cour a souligné qu'en vertu de l'article 63 l'intervention d'une partie à une
convention dont l'interprétation est en cause constitue un droit. Elle a
souligné en mêmetempsque le droit d'intervenir en vertu del'article 63 est
limité à la question qu'il s'agit d'interpréter en l'espèce et n'autorise pas
uneintervention générale en l'affaire. L'intervention fondée sur l'article 62

du Statut aretenubrièvement,encorequetrèsindirectement,l'attention de
la Cour trois ans plus tard dans l'affaire de l'Or monétairepris à Rome en
1943 (C.I.J. Recueil 1954, p. 32). Depuis lors, la Cour et le comité pour la
revision du Règlement établi par ses soins ont étudiéles problèmes qui16 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

studied within the Courtandits Committee for the Revision of the Rules of
Court.
27. In 1974 one of the fundamental questions raised in connection with
Article 62 - the question whether or not a link of jurisdiction with the
parties to the case is necessary - was directly raised when Fiji applied for

permission to intervene in the Nuclear Tests cases. These cases having
become moot, the court did not itself make any pronouncement on that
aspect of Fiji's application for permission to intervene under Article 62. A
number of Judges, on the other hand, drew attention to it in declarations
appended to the Court's Ordersin the matter (1C ..J. Reports 1974, pp. 530,
535) emphasizing itsimportance. Afterwards, on the completion in 1978 of
the revision of the Rules, the Courtintroduced,in Article 81,paragraph 2,
thereof, a new subparagraph (c)requiring an applicationfor permission to
intervene under Article 62 of the Statute to specify :"any basis of juris-
diction whichisclaimed to exist as between the State applying to intervene

and the parties to the case". This it did in order to ensure that, when the
question did arise in a concrete case, it would be in possession of al1 the
elements which might be necessary for its decision. At the same time the
Court left any question with which it might in future be confronted in
regard to intervention to be decided on the basis of the Statute and in the
light of the particular circumstances of each case.Accordingly, it is on the
basis of the applicable provisions of the Statute and in the light of the
particular circumstances of the present case that the Court will now
examine whether the interest of a legal nature in the caseinvoked by Malta
and the stated object of Malta's intervention are such as to justify the

granting of its request for permission to intervene.

28. The Court has earlier in this Judgment (paragraphs 13, 14, 19 and
20) set out the contentions by which Malta seeks to justify its request for
permission to intervene in the present casebetween Tunisia and Libya. As
appears from that summary, the interest of a legal nature which Malta
invokes consists essentially in its possible concern with anyfindings of the

Court, identifying and assessing the relevance of local or regional, geo-
graphical or geomorphological factors in the delimitation of the Libya/
Tunisia continental shelf, and with any pronouncements made by the
Court regarding, for example, the significance of special circumstances or
the application of equitable principles in that delimitation. Any such
findings or pronouncements, in Malta's view, arecertain or likely to affect
or have repercussions upon Malta's own rights and legal interests in the
continental shelf,whenever there may be similarities or analogies between
their basic factors and those of the rights and legal interests on which the

Court has pronounced. Malta points to a number of specificgeographical
and geomorphological features as possible subjects of findings or pro-
nouncements of the Court whichmighthaverepercussions on Malta's legal
interest in regard to the continental shelf ; and it maintains that, given theviennent d'être mentionnés, entre autres problèmes soulevés par l'appli-
cation des articles 62 et 63 du Statut.

27. En 1974, l'une des questions fondamentales soulevées à propos de
l'article 62 - celle de savoir si un lien juridictionnel avec les parties à
l'instance est nécessaire - s'est directement posée quand Fidji a demandé à
intervenir dans les affairesdes Essais nucléaires.Ces affaires étant plus tard
devenues sans objet, la Cour ne s'est pas prononcée sur cet aspect de la
requête fidjienne à fin d'intervention au titre de l'article 62. En revanche,
dans des déclarations jointes aux ordonnances rendues par la Cour en
l'espèce (C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 530 et 535), plusieurs juges ont appelé

l'attention sur la question et en ont souligné l'importance. Par la suite,
lorsqu'elle a terminé en 1978 la revision desonRèglement, la Coura ajouté
à l'article 81,paragraphe 2, un nouvel alinéa c) prévoyantqu'une requête à
fin d'intervention fondée sur l'article 62 du Statut doit spécifier : ((toute
base de compétence qui, selon 1'Etat demandant à intervenir, existerait
entreluiet les parties )).Il s'agissait de faire en sorte que,quand la question
se poserait effectivement dans un cas concret, la Cour dispose de tous les
élémentséventuellement nécessaires à sa décision. En mêmetemps la Cour
s'est réservéde tranchersur la base du Statutet eu égard aux circonstances

particulières de l'espèce toute question qui pourrait se poser à l'avenir en
matière d'intervention. En conséquence c'est en se fondant sur les dispo-
sitions applicables du Statut et au vu des circonstancesparticulières de la
présente espèce que la Cour examinera maintenant si l'intérêt d'ordre
juridique que Malte invoque en l'occurrence et l'objet déclaré de son
intervention sont de nature à justifier l'autorisation d'intervenir.

28. La Cour a résumé plus haut dans le présent arrêt(paragraphes 13,
14, 19et 20) les arguments avancés par Malte pourjustifier sarequête àfin
d'intervention dans l'affaire en instance entre la Tunisie et la Libye.
Comme on levoit d'après ce résumé,l'essence de l'intérêt d'ordrejuridique
invoqué par Malte est que Malte pourrait être concernée par toute con-
clusion de la Cour sur l'identité et la pertinence de facteurs locaux ou
régionaux, géographiquesou géomorphologiques,aux fins de la délimita-
tion du plateau continental entre la Libye et la Tunisie,ainsi que par tout
prononcé portant par exemple sur l'incidence de circonstances spéciales
ou l'application de principes équitables dans cette délimitation. Toute

conclusion ou tout prononcé semblable aurait, selonMalte,une incidence
ou des répercussionssoit certaines,soitprobables sur les droits et intérêts
juridiques propres de Malte par rapport au plateau continental, dès lors
que les facteurs sur lesquels ils se fondent et ceux des droits et intérêts
juridiques sur lesquels la Cour se serait prononcée présenteraient des
similitudesou des analogies. Malte cite plusieurs caractéristiques géogra-
phiques et géomorphologiques précises qui pourraient faire l'objet de
conclusions ou de prononcés de la Cour et avoir des répercussions sur17 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

particular geography of the area, Malta would have a continental shelf
boundary with both Libya and Tunisia andthat the boundaries between al1
three States would converge at a single, as yet undetermined, point.

29. Thus, what Malta fears is that in its decision in the present case the

reasoning of the Court regarding particular geographical and geomorpho-
logical factors, specialcircumstances or the application of equitable prin-
ciples may afterwards have a prejudicial effect on Malta's own legal
interests in future settlement of its own continental shelf boundaries with
Libya and Tunisia. At thehearing Malta underlined thatit isonlyelements
in the Tunisia/ Libya case of such a kind that are theobject of its request for
permission to intervene, and also thatit is not concernedwith the choice of
the particular line to delimit the boundary as between those two countries.
It further underlined that it is not concerned with the laying down of
general principles by the Court as between Libya and Tunisia.
30. In order to determine the precise implications of Malta's request for
permission to intervene, the Court must have regard to the description

which has been given by Malta of the nature of its legal interest and the
object of its intervention. The Court notes that Malta does not base its
request for permission to intervene simply on an interest in the Court's
pronouncements in the case regarding the applicable general principles
and rules of international law. In its Application and at the hearing Malta
haslaid heavy emphasis on thefact thatit bases its request on quite specific
elements in the Tunisia/Libya case. It described these elements in its
Application only in generalterms, and then gave thefollowing as exarnples
of what it has in mind :

"(1) the question of the particular factors, equitable or other, which
determine the character of boundariesin theseabed bordered by
Libya, Tunisia and Malta ;
(2) thequestion of whetherequidistance as a principle or method of
delimitation gives effect to such factors in accordance with
international law ;
(3) the effect of any geomorphic features of the relevant seabed

areas that separate Malta from the African coasts ;
(4) the question of applicable base-lines, including bay-closing
lines ;
(5) the question of whether there is a concept of coastline propor-
tionality which a State may validly invoke as a method of
delimiting its seabed boundaries with other States".

These specific elements on which Malta bases its request were further
particularized at thehearing, when its Counselspeltthem out for the Court
pointbypoint.Coast by Coast, bay by bay,island by island,sea area by sea
area, Counsel for Malta indicated local and regional factors which it
claimed as having possible relevance in determining the continental shelfl'intér jurtidiqud eeMalte àl'égar dduplateau continen ;eatMalte fait
valoir que, vu la géographie de la région, elle posséderait une limite de
plateau continental commune avec la Libye et avec la Tunisie et que les
limites entre les trois Etats convergeraient en un point unique qui resteà
déterminer.
29. Ainsi la craintede Malteestque, dans la décisionque rendra la Cour
en l'espèce, les motifs traitant des facteurs géographiqueset géomorpho-
logiques particuliers, des circonstances spéciales ou de l'application de
principeséquitablespuissent par la suite avoir un effet préjudiciable sur ses
intérêtsjuridiques dansun règlement futur relatif aux limites de son propre
plateau continental avec la Libye et la Tunisie. A l'audience Malte a
soulignéquedeséléments de ce genre en l'affaire Tunisie/Libye constituent
le seul objetdesa demanded'intervention et qu'elle ne se préoccupepas du
choix d'une ligne de délimitation particulière entre ces deux pays. Elle a
souligné en outre qu'elle ne se préoccupe pas de l'énoncépar la Cour de
principes généraux applicables entre la Libye et la Tunisie.
30. Pour apprécier les implications précises de la demande d'interven-
tion de Malte, la Cour doit prendre en considération la définition qu'a
donnée Malte de la nature de son intérêtjuridique et de l'objet de son
intervention. La Courconstate queMalte ne fondepas sa demande sur un
simple intérêt à l'égard des prononcés de la Cour concernant les prin-
cipes et règles de droit internationalapplicables à titre général. Dans sa
demande atraitauàidesélémentsparticuliers de l'affaireTunisie/Libye.Danssa
la requête Malte a évoquéces élémentsen termes généraux,puisillustré ce
qu'elle envisageait par les exemples .suivants:

<<1) la question desfacteurs particuliers, équitablesou autres, déter-
minant le caractère des limites du fond de la mer bordé par la
Libye, la Tunisie et Malte ;
2) la question de savoir si l'équidistance en tant que principe ou
méthode de délimitation donne effet à ces facteurs conformé-
ment au droit international ;
3) l'effet de toute caractéristique géomorphique des zones perti-
nentes du fond des mers séparant Malte des côtes africaines ;
4) la question des lignes de base applicables, y compris les lignes
5) la question de savoir s'il existe une notion de proportionnalité
par rapport au littoral qu'un Etat puisse valablement invoquer
comme méthode de délimitation du fondde mer luirevenant par
rapport à d'autres Etats. )>

Ces éléments bien définis sur lesquels Malte fonde sa demande ont été
encore précisés àl'audience lorsqu'un conseil de Malte les aanalysés point
par point àl'intention de la Cour. Le conseil a indiqàéla Cour, côteaprès
côte, baie après baie,île après île, zone maritime aprèszone martime, les
facteurs locaux et régionaux qui pourraient selon Malte influer sur la18 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

boundaries of the States concerned. He also referred to various drilling
concessions that have been granted in the region, and to correspondence
between Malta and Libya and Malta and Tunisia regarding their respec-
tive continental shelf claims. He further referred to the existence of a
Special Agreement between Libya and Malta for the purpose of bringing
their differences concerning their continental shelf claims before the

Court, which now remains to be notified to the Court.
31. Malta thus makes it plain that the legal interest which it alleges and
on the basis of which it seeks to justify its request for permission to
intervene would concern matters which are, or may be, directly in issue
between the Parties in the Tunisia/Libya case. These matters, as Malta
presents them, are part of the very subject-matter of the present case. Yet,
Malta has at the same time made it plain that it is not the object of its
intervention to submit its own interest in those matters for decision as
between itself and Libya or as between itself and Tunisia now in that case.
In its Application and at the hearing, as has already been stated, Malta
underlined that itisnot itsobject "by way, or in thecourse, of intervention
in the Libya/ Tunisia case, toobtain anyform of ruling or decision from the

Court concerning its continental shelf boundaries with either or both of
those countries". However, even while thus disavowing any intention of
puttingits own rights in issue in thepresent case, Malta emphasized that its
"object and interest in intervening does relate to the general area in which
those two States also claim continental shelf rights". In short, Malta's
position in its argument before the Court assumesexistingrights of Malta
to areas of continental shelf opposable to the claims of the two States
Parties to the dispute before the Court. In effect, therefore, Malta in its
request is asking the Court to give a decision in the casebetween Tunisia
and Libya which in some measure would prejudge the merits of Malta's
own claimsagainst Tunisiaand against Libya in its separate disputes with
each of those States.

32. Thus, the intervention for which Malta seeks permission from the
Court would allow Malta to submit arguments to the Courtupon concrete
issues forming an essential part of the case between Tunisia and Libya.
Malta would moreover do so, not objectively asa kind of amicus curiae, but
as a closely interested participant in the proceedings intent upon seeing
those issues resolved in themanner mostfavourable to Malta. Nor would it
be the object of Malta's intervention at the same time to submit its own
legal interest inthe subject-matter of the case for decision as between itself
and Libya or as between itself and Tunisia in the present proceedings.
Malta, in short, seeks permission to enter into the proceedings in the case
but to do so without assumingthe obligations of a party to the case within

the meaning of the Statute, and in particular of Article 59 under which the
decision in the case would hereafter be bindingupon Malta in its relations
with Libya and Tunisia. If in the present Application Malta were seeking
permission to submit its own legal interest in the subject-matter of the case
for decision by the Court, and to become a party to the case, anotherdétermination deslimitesde plateau continental des Etats intéressés. Ila
également fait état de diverspermis de forage accordés dansla région etde
correspondances entre Malte et la Libye et Malte et la Tunisie au sujet de
leurs prétentions respectives sur leplateau continental. Le conseil de Malte
a mentionné en outre l'existence d'un compromis entre la Libye et Malte,
qui n'a pas encoreété notifié à la Cour, en vue de soumettre à celle-ci leurs
prétentions divergentes sur le plateau continental.

31. Il ressort donc desdéclarations de Maltequel'intérêtjuridique dont
elle fait état et sur lequel elle se fonde pour justifier sa demande d'inter-
vention porterait sur des questions qui sont, ou peuvent être, directement
en jeu entre les Parties en l'affaire Tunisie/ Libye. Ces questions, telles que
Malte les présente, font partie de l'objet même de l'affaire en cours.
Pourtant Malte précise en mêmetemps que sonintervention ne vise pas à
soumettre son propre intérêt dans ces questions à une décision entre elle et
la Libye ou entre elle et la Tunisieen la présente affaire. Dans sa requête et
à l'audience, ainsi qu'on l'a déjà vu, Malte a souligné que son objectif
n'est pas d'obtenir, sous couvert ou au cours d'une intervention dans

l'affaire Libye/Tunisie, un prononcé ou une décision quelconque de la
Cour au sujetdeslimites de sonplateau continental par rapport à ces deux
pays ou àl'un d'eux ))Pourtant, bien qu'elle écarteainsitoute intentionde
mettre ses propres droits en cause, Malte souligne que l'objet de son
interventionet l'intérêtqu'elle a àintervenirconcernent la régiongénérale
dans laquelle ces deux Etats revendiquent également des droits sur le
plateau continental )).Bref, la position de Malte, dans l'argumentation
qu'elle adéveloppéedevant la Cour, suppose l'existence dedroitsde Malte
sur des zones de plateau continental, qui seraient opposables aux préten-
tionsdesdeux Etats Parties au différend soumis à la Cour. Par conséquent
Malte demande en réalitépar sa requête que la Cour rende, dans l'affaire

entre la Tunisie et la Libye,unedécisionquipréjugerait enquelquesorte le
fondde ses propres prétentionscontre la Tunisie etcontre la Libye dans ses
différends avec chacun de ces deux Etats.
32. Ainsi l'intervention que Malte voudrait être autorisée à faire lui
permettrait de présenter des arguments à la Cour sur des problèmes
concrets constituant une partie essentielle de l'instance entre la Tunisie et
la Libye. Quiplus est, Malte pourrait agir ainsi, non pas objectivement et
comme une sorte d'amicus curiae, mais en tant que participant intéresséde
près auprocès ettenant àce que ces problèmessoient résolus de la manière
qui lui serait la plus favorable. L'objet de l'interventionde Malte ne serait
pas non plus de soumettre son propre intérêt juridique à l'égard de l'objet
de l'instance à une décision entre elle-même et la Libye ou entre elle-même

et la Tunisie dans le procès en cours. En un mot, Malte demande à entrer
dans le procès mais sans assumer les obligations d'une partie au sens du
Statut, et en particulier de l'article 59, en vertu duquel la décisionrendue
en l'espèce serait parla suiteobligatoire pour Malte dans ses relations avec
la Libye et la Tunisie. Si, par la présente requête, Malte demandait à
soumettre à la décision de la Cour son propreintérêt juridique par rapport
à l'objet de l'affaire, àtdevenir partie à celle-ci, la Couraurait sans aucunquestion would clearly cal1 for the Court's immediate consideration. That
is the question mentioned in the Nuclear Tests cases, whether a link of
jurisdiction with the parties to the case is a necessary condition of a grant of
permission to intervene under Article 62 of the Statute. Indeed, it was
suggested by Libya and Tunisia that the limit placed by Malta on the
object of its intervention is to be explained by its desire to avoid, or mini-
mize, the question of a need for ajurisdictional link with the Parties.
33. Clearly, as Malta asserts, it has a certain interest in the Court's

treatment of the physical factors and legal considerations relevant to the
delimitation of the continental shelf boundaries of Stateswithin the central
Mediterranean region that is somewhat more specific and direct than that
of States outside that region. Evenso, Malta's interest is of the same kind as
the interests of other States within the region. But what Malta hasto show
in order to obtain permission to intervene under Article 62 of the Statute is
an interest of a legal nature which may be affected by the Court's decision
in the present casebetween Tunisia and Libya. This case hasbeen brought
before the Court by a Special Agreement between those two countries
under which the Court is requested to decide what are the principles and
rules of international law which may be applied and to indicate the prac-
tical way to apply them in the delimitation of the areas of continental shelf

appertaining to Libya and Tunisia. That is the case before the Courtand it
is one in which Tunisia and Libya put in issue their claims with respect to
the matters covered by the SpecialAgreement. Accordingly,having regard
to the terms of Article59 of the Statute, the Court's decision in the case will
certainly be binding upon Tunisia and Libya with respect to those matters.
Malta now requests permission to intervene on the assumption that it has
an interest of a legal nature that isinissue in theproceedings in that case. It
seeks permission to submit its vjews with respect to the applicable prin-
ciples and rules of international law, not merely from the point of view of
their operation as between Libya and Tunisia but also of their operation as
between those States and Malta itself. Yet Malta attaches to its request an

express reservation that its intervention is not to have the effect of putting
in issue its ownclaims with regard to those same matters vis-à-vis Libya and
Tunisia. This being so, the very character of the intervention for which
Malta seekspermission shows, in the view of the Court, that the interest oa
legal nature invoked by Malta cannot be considered to be one "which may
be affected by the decision in the case" within the meaning of Article 62 of
the Statute.
34. Likewise, it does not appear to the Court that the direct yet limited
form of participation in the subject-matter of the proceedings for which
Malta here seeks permission could properly be admitted as falling within
the terms of the intervention for which Article 62 of the Statute provides.
What Malta in effect seeks to secure by its application isthe opportunity to

argue in the present case in favour of a decision in which the Court would
refrain from adopting and applying particular criteria that it might other-
wise consider appropriate for the delimitation of the continental shelf of
Libya and Tunisia. In short, it seeks an opportunity to submit arguments todoute a examiner immédiatement une autre question. Ils'agitde la ques-

tion, évoquée dans les affaires des Essais nucléaires, de savoir si un lien
juridictionnel avec les partiesà l'instance constitue une condition néces-
saire de l'intervention fondée sur l'article 62 du Statut. En fait la Libye et la
Tunisie ont émisl'opinion que la limite assignée par Malte àl'objet de son
intervention s'explique par sondésir d'éluder ou de minimiser la nécessité
d'un lienjuridictionnel avec les Parties.
33. Il n'est pas douteux que, comme elle le soutient, Malte possède,
quant à la manière dont la Cour traitera les facteurs physiques et les
considérationsjuridiques concernant la délimitation du plateau continen-

tal des Etats dans la région de la Méditerranée centrale, un certain intérêt
qui est sensiblement plus spécifique et plus direct que celui des Etats
étrangers àcetterégion. Il resteque cet intérêtn'est paspar nature différent
des intérêtsd'autres Etats de la région. Or, ce que Malte doit établir pour
pouvoir intervenir en vertu de l'article 62 du Statut, c'est l'existence d'un
intérêtd'ordre juridique susceptible d'être affecté par la décision de la
Cour dans la présente affaire entre la Tunisie et la Libye. L'affaire a été
portée devant la Cour par un compromisconclu entre ces deux Etats,par
lequel la Cour est appelée à décider des principes et règles de droit inter-
national pouvant être appliqués et à indiquer la manière pratique de les
appliquer dansla délimitation deszonesdeplateau continental relevant de
la Libye et de la Tunisie. Telle est l'affaire soumiseà la Cour, affaire dans
laquelle la Tunisie et la Libye mettent en jeu leurs prétentions concernant

les questions viséesdans le compromis. Par conséquent, si l'on considère
les termes de l'article 59 du Statut, la décision rendue par la Cour en
l'espèce liera certainement la Tunisie et la Libye pour ce qui est de ces
questions.Malte demande àprésent àintervenir en partant de l'hypothèse
qu'un intérêtd'ordre juridique est pour elle en cause dans l'affaire. Elle
demande à exposer ses vues sur les principes et règles applicables du droit
international, non seulement dans l'optique de leur application entre la
Libye et la Tunisiemais aussi dans celle de leur applicationentre ces Etats
et elle-même.Pourtant Malte assortit sa requête d'une réserve expresse en
vertu de laquellesonintervention ne doit pas avoir pour effet demettreen
jeu ses propres prétentions quant à ces mêmes questions vis-à-vis de la
Libye et de la Tunisie. Cela étant, le caractère même de l'intervention
demandée par Malte montre, de l'avis de la Cour, que l'intérêt d'ordre
juridique invoqué par ellene peut être considérécomme susceptibled'être

en cause en l'espèce au sens de l'article 62 du Statut.
34. De même,il ne semble pas à la Cour que le mode de participation
directe, encoreque limitée, à l'objet de l'instanceà laquelle prétend Malte
puisse êtreconsidéré à bon droit comme entrant dans le cadre de l'inter-
vention prévue à l'article 62 du Statut. Ce que Malte recherche en réalité
par sarequête, c'est que l'occasion lui soitofferte de plaider, en la présente
instance, en faveur d'une décision dans laquelle la Cour s'abstiendrait
d'adopter ou d'appliquer des critères qu'elle aurait pu sans cela juger
appropriés aux fins de la délimitation du plateau continentalentre la Libye
et la Tunisie. Bref, Maltevoudrait avoir l'occasion de développerdevant lathe Court with possibly prejudicial effects on the interests either of Libya
or of Tunisia in their mutual relations with one another. To allow such a
form of "intervention" would, in the particular circumstances of the
present case, also leave the Parties quite uncertain as to whether and how
far they should consider their own separate legal interests vis-à-vis Malta
as in effect constituting part of the subject-matter of the present case. A
State seeking to intervene under Article 62 of the Statute is, in the view of
the Court, clearly not entitled to place the parties to the case in such a

position, and this is the more so since it would not be submittingits own
claims to decision by the Court nor be exposing itself to counter-
claims.
35. Malta has voiced the preoccupations which ithas regarding possible
implications for its own interests of the Court's findings and pronounce-
ments on particular elements in the present case between Tunisia and
Libya. The Court understands those preoccupations ; even so, for the
reasons which have been set out in this Judgment, the request for permis-
sion to intervene is not one to which, under Article 62 of the Statute, the
Court may accede. TheCourt at the same time thinks it proper tostatethat
it has necessarily and at al1 times to be sensible of the limits of the
jurisdiction conferred upon it by its Statute and by the parties to the case

before it. The findings at which it arrives and the reasoning by which it
reaches those findings in the casebetween Tunisia and Libya will therefore
inevitably be directed exclusively to the matters submitted to the Court in
the Special Agreement concluded between those States and on which its
jurisdiction in the present case is based. It follows that no conclusions or
inferences may legitimatelybe drawn from those findings or that reasoning
with respect to rights or claims of other States not parties to the case.

36. Having reached the conclusion, for the reasons set out in thepresent
Judgment, that Malta's request for permission to interveneis in any event
not one to which it can accede, the Court findsit unnecessary to decide in
the present case the question whether the existence of a valid link of

jurisdiction with the parties to the case is an essential condition for the
granting of permission to intervene under Article 62 of the Statute.

37. For these reasons,
THE COURT,

Unanimously,

Finds that the Application of the Republic of Malta, filed in the Registry
of the Court on 30 January 1981. for permission to intervene in the pro-
ceedings under Article 62 of the Statute of the Court, cannot be
granted.Cour des arguments susceptib dlesvoirun effetpréjudiciable su lers
intérêtsde la Libye ou de la Tunisie dans leurs relations mutuelles.Auto-
riser une telle (intervention ))dans les circonstancesparticulières de l'es-
pèce laisserait de surcroît les Parties dans l'incertitude sur le pointde savoir
si, et dans quelle mesure, elles doivent considérer leurs propres intérêts
juridiques vis-à-vis de Malte comme faisantpartie enréalitéde l'objet de la
présente instance. De l'avis de la Cour,un Etat demandant à intervenir en
vertu de l'article 62 du Statut n'a manifestement pas le droit de mettre les
parties à l'instance dans cette situation, et cela d'autant moins qu'il ne
soumettrait pas ses propres prétentions à la décision de la Cour et ne

s'exposerait à aucune demande reconventionnelle.
35. Malte a exprimé ses préoccupations au sujet des effets éventuels
pour ses propresintérêts des constatations et prononcés de la Cour sur des
aspects particuliers de la présente affaire entre la Tunisie et la Libye. La
Cour comprend ces préoccupations ; il n'empêche que, pour les motifs
énoncésdans le présent arrêt,la demande d'intervention n'est pas de celles
auxquelles la Cour puisse accéder en vertu de l'article 62 du Statut. La
Cour croit en mêmetemps devoir souligner qu'il lui incombe nécessaire-
ment et en toute circonstance de demeurer consciente des limites de la
compétence que lui reconnaissent son Statut et les parties qui lui ont
soumis un différend. Les conclusionsauxquelles elle arrivera et les motifs
par lesquels elle y parviendra dans l'affaire entre la Tunisie et la Libye

porteront donc inéluctablement, et à titre exclusif, sur les questionsdont
elle a étésaisie par le compromis entre ces deux Etats sur lequel sa
compétence est fondée en l'espèce. Il s'ensuit qu'aucune inférence ni
déduction ne saurait légitimement êtretirée de ces conclusions ni de ces
motifs pour ce qui est des droits ou prétentions d'Etats qui ne sont pas
parties à l'affaire.
36. Etant parvenue, pour les motifs énoncés dans le présent arrêt, àla
conclusion que, de toute manière, la requête de Malte àfin d'intervention
n'est pas de celles auxquelles elle puisse accéder, la Cour n'estime pas
nécessaire de décider en l'espèce si l'existence d'un lien juridictionnel
valable avec les parties à l'instance contitue une condition essentielle
pour qu'un Etat puisse être admis à intervenir en vertu de l'article 62
du Statut.

37. Par ces motifs,

à l'unanimité,

dit que la requête de la République de Malte, déposée au Greffe de la
Cour le 30janvier 1981, à fin d'intervention dans l'instance sur la base de
l'article 62 du Statut de la Cour, ne peut être admise. Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this fourteenth day of April, one thousand
nine hundred and eighty-one, in four copies, one of which will be placed in

the archives of the Court and the others transrnittedto the Government of
the Republic of Tunisia, the Government of the Socialist People's Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya, and the Government of the Republic of Malta, respec-
tively .

(Signed) Humphrey WALDOCK,
Presiden t.

(Signed) Santiago TORRESBERNARDEZ,
Regis trar.

Judges Mo~ozov, ODAand SCHWEBE append separate opinions to the
Judgment of the Court.

(Initialled)H.W.
(Initialled) S.T.B. PLATEAU CONTINENTAL (ARRÊT) 21

Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au palais de la
Paix,à La Haye, le quatorze avril mil neuf cent quatre-vingt-un, enquatre
exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposé aux archives de la Cour et dont les

autresseront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de la République
tunisienne, auGouvernement de la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne populaire et
socialiste et au Gouvernement de la République de Malte.

Le Président,
(Signé)Humphrey WALDOCK.

Le Greffier,
(Signé)Santiago TORRESBERNARDEZ.

MM. Mo~ozov, ODAet SCHWEBEL j,ges, joignentàl'arrêt lesexposés
de leur opinion individuelle.

(Paraphé) H.W.

(Paraphé) S.T.B.

ICJ document subtitle

Application by Malta for Permission to Intervene

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 14 April 1981

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