Judgment of 15 February 1995

Document Number
087-19950215-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DE LA DÉLIMITATION MARITIME
ET DES QUESTIONS TERRITORIALES

ENTRE QATAR ET BAHREÏN
(QATAR c. BAHREIN)

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASECONCERNING MARITIME DELIMITATION

AND TERRITORIAL QUESTIONS
BETWEEN QATAR AND BAHRAIN

(QATAR vBAHRAIN)

JURISDICTION AND ADMISSIBILITY

JUDGMENT OF 15 FEBRUARY 1995 Mode officielde citation:
Délimitationmaritime et questions territoriales
entre Qatar et Bahrein, compétenceet recevabilité,arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1995, p. 6

Officia1citati:n
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions
between Qatar and Bahrain, Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1995, p. 6

ISSN 0074-4441 No de vente:
Salesnumber 657
ISBN 92-1-070720-6 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 1995 1995
15February
GeneralList
15 February1995 No. 87

CASECONCERNING MARITIME DELIMITATION

AND TERRITORIAL QUESTIONS

BETWEEN QATAR AND BAHRAIN

(QATAR v. BAHRAIN)

JURISDICTION AND ADMISSIBILITY

Jurisdiction of the Cour- Paragraph 1 of 1990 Doha Minutes - Reafjr-
mation by the Parties of theirprevious commitments- Scope of commitment
undertaken by the terms of the exchanges of letters of 1987 Work of the
TripartiteCornmittee.
Paragraph 2 of the 1990 Doha Minutes - Seisin of the Court - Arabic

expression "al-tarafan"- Interpretation of the text in accordance with the
ordinary meaning to be given to itsrms in their context and in the light of the
object andpurpose of the Minute- Recourse to supplementary means of inter-
pretation to seek confirmation of the interpretation drawn from the tex-
Travaux préparatoires - Circumstances in which the Minutes were adopted.
Links betweenjurisdiction andseisin- Unilateralseisi- Procedural con-
sequences binding onthe Parties.
Admissibility- Judgment of 1 July 1994 - Opportunity afforded to the
Parties by the Court tonsuresubmission to it of the entire dis-utSeparate

Act of Qatar - Formulation exactly describing the subject-matter of the dis-
pute.

JUDGMENT

Present: President BEDJAOUIV ;ice-President SCHWEBEL Ju;dges ODA, Sir
Robert JENNINGG S,UILLAUMS EH, AHABUDDEA ENU, ILAR-MAWDSLEY,
WEERAMANTR RAYN, JEVAH,ERCZEGH S,HI,FLEISCHHAUE KRO,ROMA;
Judges ad hoc VALTICOT SO, RREBSERNARDER Ze;gistrar VALENCIA-
OSPINA. In the caseconcerningmaritime delimitation and territorial questions between
Qatar and Bahrain,

between
the State of Qatar,
represented by

H.E. Mr. Najeeb Al-Nauimi, Minister Legal Adviser,
as Agent and Counsel;
Mr. Adel Sherbini, Legal Expert,

Mr. Sami Abushaikha, Legal Expert,
as Legal Advisers;
Mr. Jean-Pierre Quéneudec, Professorof International Law at the University
of Paris1,
Mr. Jean Salmon, Professor at the Université librede Bruxelles,
Mr. R. K. P. Shankardass, Senior Advocate, Supreme Court of India,
Former President of the International Bar Association,
Sir Ian Sinclair, K.C.M.G., Q.C., Barrister at Law, Member of the Institute

of International Law,
Sir Francis Vallat, G.B.E., K.C.M.G., Q.C., Professor emeritus of Interna-
tional Law at the University of London,
as Counsel and Advocates;
Mr. Richard Meese, Advocate, partner in Frere Cholmeley, Paris,
Miss Nanette E. Pilkington, Advocate, Frere Cholmeley, Paris,
Mr. David S. Sellers, Solicitor, Frere Cholmeley, Paris,

and

the State of Bahrain,
represented by
H.E. Mr. Husain Mohammed Al Baharna, Minister of State for Legal
Affairs, Barrister at Law, Member of the International Law Commission
of the United Nations,

as Agent and Counsel;
Mr. Derek W. Bowett, C.B.E., Q.C., F.B.A.,WhewellProfessor emeritus at
the University of Cambridge,
Mr. Keith Highet, Member of the Bars of the District of Columbia and New
York,
t Mr. Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga, Professoo rf International Law at the
Law School, Catholic University, Montevideo, Uruguay,
Mr. Elihu Lauterpacht, C.B.E., Q.C., Honorary Professor of International
Law and Director of the Research Centre for International Law, Univer-

sity of Cambridge; Member of the Institute of International Law,
Mr. Prosper Weil, Professor emeritus at the Universitéde droit, d'économie
et de sciencessociales de Paris,
as Counsel and Advocates;
Mr. Donald W. Jones, Solicitor, Trowers & Hamlins, London,
Mr. John H. A. McHugo, Solicitor, Trowers & Hamlins, London,
Mr. David Biggerstaff, Solicitor,Trowers & Hamlins, London,

as Counsel, composed as above,
after deliberation,

delivevs thefollowing Judgment:

1. On 8 July 1991 the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the State of Qatar
(hereinafter referred to as "Qatar") filed in the Registry of the Court an Appli-
cation instituting proceedings against the State of Bahrain (hereinafter referred
to as "Bahrain") in respect of certain disputes between the two States relating
to sovereignty over the Hawar islands, sovereign rights over the shoals of Dibal
and Qit'at Jaradah, and the delimitation of the maritime areas of the two States.
2. In its Application, Qatar founded the jurisdiction of the Court upon two
agreements between the Parties concluded in December 1987 and December
1990 respectively, the subject and scope of the commitment to jurisdiction
being determined, according to the Applicant, by a formula proposed by Bah-
rain to Qatar on 26 October 1988 and accepted by Qatar in December 1990
(hereinafter referred to as the "Bahraini formula").
3. By letters addressed to the Registrar of the Court on 14 July 1991 and

18August 1991,Bahrain contested the basis of jurisdiction invoked by Qatar.
4. By an Order dated 11 October 1991, the President of the Court, having
consulted the Parties in accordance with Article 31 of the Rules of Court, and
taking into account the agreement reached between them concerning pro-
cedure, decided that the written pleadings should first be addressed to the ques-
tions of the jurisdiction of the Court to entertain the dispute and of the admis-
sibility of the Application. By the same Order, the President fixed time-limits
for a Memorial by Qatar and a Counter-Memorial by Bahrain on the questions
ofjurisdiction and admissibility, and those pleadings were duly filedwithin the
time-limits so fixed.
5. By an Order dated 26 June 1992,the Court, considering that the filing of
further pleadings by the Parties was necessary, directed that a Reply by Qatar
and aRejoinder by Bahrain be filed on the questions ofjurisdiction and admis-
sibility,and fixedtime-limitstherefor; those pleadings were duly filedwithin the
time-limits so fixed.
6. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of

either of the Parties, each Party proceeded to exercise the right conferred by
Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the
case; Bahrain chose Mr. Nicolas Valticos, and Qatar Mr. JoséMaria Ruda.

7. At public hearings held between 28 February and 11 March 1994, the
Parties were heard on the questions of the Court's jurisdiction and the admissi-
bility of the Application.
8. The following submissions were presented by the Parties in the oral and
written proceedings:

On behalf of Qatar:
"the State of Qatar respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare,

rejecting al1contrary claims and submissions, that -
The Court has jurisdiction to entertain the dispute referred to in the
Application filed by Qatar on 8 July 1991and that Qatar's Application is
admissible."On behaSfof Bahrain:
"The State of Bahrain respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and

declare, rejecting al1contrary claims and submissions, that the Court is
without jurisdiction over the dispute brought before it by the Application
filed by Qatar on 8 July 1991."

9. By its Judgment of 1 July 1994,the Court found that the exchanges of
letters between the King of Saudi Arabia and the Amir of Qatar dated 19and
21 December 1987, and between the King of Saudi Arabia and the Amir of
Bahrain dated 19and 26 December 1987,and the document headed "Minutes"
and signed at Doha on 25 December 1990by the Ministers for Foreign Affairs
of Bahrain, Qatar and Saudi Arabia, were international agreements creating
rights and obligations for the Parties; and that, by the tesms of those agree-
ments, the Parties had undertaken to submit to the Court the whole of the dis-
pute between them, as circumscribed by the Bahraini fosmula. Having noted
that it had before it only an Application from Qatar setting out that State's
specificclaims in connection withthat formula, the Court decided to afford the
Parties the opportunity to submit to it the whole of the dispute. It fixed
30 November 1994as the time-limit within which the Parties were jointly or

separately to take action to that end; and reserved any other matters for sub-
sequent decision.
10. Judge ad hocRuda died on 7 July 1994and, by a letter dated 5 Septem-
ber 1994, the Agent of Qatar informed the Court that his Government had
chosen Mr. Santiago Torres Bernardez to replace him.
11. By a letter from the Agent of Bahrain dated 11 July 1994,and a letter
from the Agent of Qatar dated 2 November 1994,the Court was infosmed of
various measures taken by the Parties with a viewto complying with its Judg-
ment of 1July 1994.
12. On 30November 1994,within the time-limit laid down inthe Judgment
of 1 July 1994,the Agent of Qatar filed in the Registry a document entitled
"Act to comply with paragraphs (3) and (4) of operative paragraph 41 of the
Judgment of the Court dated 1July 1994".In the document, the Agent referred
to "the absence of an agreement between the Parties to act jointly" and
declared that he was thereby submitting to the Court "the whole of the dispute
between Qatar and Bahrain, as circumscribed by the text . . . referred to in the

1990Doha Minutes as the 'Bahraini fosmula'". He continued thus:
"The matters which would be referred to the Court were exhaustively

definedin the Tripartite Committee (seeparagraph 18of the Court's Judg-
ment of 1July 1994).The subject matters of the dispute were described in
identical terms in Bahrain's written pleadingsand in a draft special agree-
ment proposed by Bahrain on 20 June 1992 (see Bahrain's Rejoinder,
Annex 1.3,p. 113).
The followingsubjects fa11within the jurisdiction of the Court by virtue
of the rights and obligations created by the international agreements
of December 1987 and 25 December 1990 and are, by virtue of Qatar's
Application dated 5 July 1991and the present Act, submittedto the Court:

1. The Hawar Islands, including the island of Janan;
2. Fasht al Dibal and Qit'at Jaradah;
3. The archipelagic baselines;
4. Zubarah; 5. The areas for fishing for pearls and for fishing for swimming fish and

any other matters connected with maritime boundaries.
It is understood by Qatar that Bahrain defines its claim concerning
Zubarah as a claim of sovereignty.
Further to its Application Qatar requests the Court to adjudge and
declare that Bahrain has no sovereignty or other territorial right over the
island of Janan or over Zubarah, and that any claim by Bahrain concern-
ing archipelagic baselines and areas for fishing for pearls and swimming
fish would be irrelevant for the purpose of maritime delimitation in the

present case."
Qatar's "Act" was accompanied by the texts of severalletters and documents
exchanged between the Parties after the Judgment of 1July 1994"with a view
to reaching an agreement to ensure the submission to the Court of the whole of
the dispute by way of a joint act".

13. On 30November 1994,the Registry also received,by facsimile, a letter
from the Agent of Bahrain communicating to the Court a document entitled
"Report of the State of Bahrain to the International Court of Justice on the
attempt by the Parties to implement the Court's Judgment of 1stJuly, 1994".
In that "Report", the Agent stated that his Government had welcomed
the Judgment of 1 July 1994 and understood it as confirming that the sub-
mission to the Court of "the whole of the dispute" must be "consensual in
character, that is, a matter of agreement between the Parties". Yet, he
observed, Qatar's approach to the discussion had been dominated by two
features from which it had "resolutely declined to move in any way accept-
able to Bahrain". First, Qatar's proposals had "taken the form of documents
that can only be read as designed to fa11within the framework of the
maintenance of the case commenced by Qatar's Application of 8th July,
1991"; and, second, Qatar had denied Bahrain "the right to describe, define
or identify, in words of its own choosing, the matters which it wishes specifi-
cally to place in issue", and had opposed "Bahrain's right to include in the

list of matters in dispute the item of 'sovereignty over Zubarah'". The Agent
of Bahrain emphasized moreover that, following the breakdown of the
negotiations, the last draft joint act proposed by Bahrain had been with-
drawn and was no longer open to acceptance. Finally, the Agent explained
that, in his Government's opinion, the Judgment of 1July 1994implied that
the Parties "should bring their dispute before the Court on the basis of new,
and agreed, terms of reference". He confirmed Bahrain's conclusion that
"the Court does not have jurisdiction in the case commenced by the Qatari
Application of 8th July, 1991" and affirmed that, without Bahrain's consent,
there could be no curing that defect ofjurisdiction by means of an individual
act of Qatar making reference to sovereignty over Zubarah, whether through
an amendment to its original application or a fresh application.

The original of the "Report" of Bahrain was received in the Registry, by

courier, on 1 December 1994; it was accompanied by a separate volume of
"al1documents which have passed between the two sides since 1st July 1994".
Most of those documents were also appended to the Qatari "Act".

14. By letter dated 5 December 1994,which reached the Registry the same
day by facsimile, the Agent of Bahrain transmitted to the Court a document

8entitled "Comments by the State of Bahrain on the Qatari 'Act'of 30th Novem-
ber, 1994". In that document the Qatari "Act" was termed "inherently defec-
tive". Bahrain's Agent explainedthe position of his Government as follows:

"Nor does the Judgment use the words 'eitherof the Parties' to indicate
that one Party alone could complete the process of reference to the Court.
It is to 'the Partie-' and not to either or one of them - that the Court
afforded the opportunity to seiseit of the Case. This reflectsthe Court's
adherence to the dominant requirement of the consent of the Parties, no
less of the Respondent than of the Applicant.
It is the belief ofBahrain that when, in its Judgment, the Court spoke in
paragraph 41 (4) of 'separately',and in paragraph 38of 'separateActs'(in
the plural) by the Parties, the Court had in mind the prospect that the Par-
ties would conclude an agreement submitting the Case to the Court but

recognized the possibility that the Parties might decide to express that
agreement between them by concordant, and effectively identical, but
nonetheless separate Acts";
and, he continued,

"It is Bahrain's submissionthat the Court did not declare in its Judg-
ment of 1stJuly, 1994that it had jurisdiction in the Case brought before it
by virtue of Qatar's unilateral application of 1991. Consequently, if the
Court did not have jurisdiction at that time, then the Qatari separate Act
of 30th November, even when considered in the light of the Judgment,
cannot create that jurisdiction or effect a valid submission in the absence
of Bahrain's consent. Clearly, Bahrain has given no such consent."

Bahrain's Agent concludedthus:

"Every State possessesthe sovereign right to determine whether it con-
sentsto thejurisdiction of the Court and to determine the limits, conditions
and method of implementation of its consent. Every State also possesses
the sovereignright to declineto appear before the Court. Bahrain possesses
this right in the samemeasure as any other State. Bahrain has givenreasons
for its decision not to appear before the Court in the circumstances that
have developed onlyout of respect for, and as an act of courtesy towards,
the Court. However, it remains a fact that the absoluteness of Bahrain's
sovereign prerogative in this respect cannot be questioned."

15. A copy of each of the documents produced by Qatar and Bahrain and
mentioned in paragraphs 11 to 14 above was duly transmitted to the other
Party by the Registry upon receipt.

16. The Court begins by calling to mind that, by its Application filed
in the Registry on 8 July 1991, Qatar instituted proceedings before the

Court against Bahrain
"in respect of certain existing disputes between them relating to sov-

ereignty over the Hawar islands, sovereign rights over the shoals of
Dibal and Qit'at Jaradah, and the delimitation of the maritime areas
of the two States".According to Qatar, the two States:

"have made express commitments in the agreements of December
1987 . . and December 1990 . .,to refer their disputes to the . . .
Court".

As both Parties had "given their requisite consent through the interna-
tional agreements referred to above", the Court, according to Qatar, is in
a position "to exercisejurisdiction to adjudicate upon those disputes".
Bahrain maintained on the contrary that the 1990 Minutes did not
constitute a legally binding instrument. It went on to say that, in any
event, the combined provisions of the 1987exchangesof letters and of the
1990 Minutes were not such as to enable Qatar to seise the Court uni-
laterally. According to Bahrain, the Court therefore lacks jurisdiction
to adjudicate upon the dispute.
17. As stated above (paragraph 9), by its Judgment of 1July 1994the
Court found that the Parties had undertaken to submit to it the whole of
the dispute between them. It decided to afford the Parties the opportu-
nity to submit to it the whole of that dispute, and fixed 30 November
1994 as the time-limit within which they were, jointly or separately, to
take action to this end.
18. By a declaration made on the very day on which the Judgment was
delivered,the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Bahrain expressed his appre-
ciation of the decision thus reached and invited the representatives of
Qatar "to a meeting at the earliest possible opportunity in order to work
towards the signing of a joint submission". On 6 July 1994,the Agent of
Qatar, for his part, wrote to the Agent of Bahrain, expressing the hope
that they might meet "as earlyas possible ... to discusstogether whether it
would be possible to act jointly so as to ensure that the whole of the dis-

pute is placed before the Court" and expressing the conviction that they
would be able "to agree on a joint compliance with the decision of the
Court". After various exchanges of correspondence, the persons con-
cerned met in London on 6 October, 22 October and 14November 1994.
19. During the meeting of 6 October 1994, the Agent of Qatar pro-
posed that the two Agents should submit to the Court by ajoint letter the
whole of the dispute, as circumscribed by the Bahraini formula, in the
terms suggested by Bahrain during the meeting of the Tripartite Com-
mittee on 6 and 7 December 1988,namely:
"1. The Hawar Islands, including the island of Janan
2. Fasht al Dibal and Qit'at Jaradah

3. The archipelagic baselines
4. Zubarah
5. The areas for fishingfor pearls and for fishingfor swimmingfish
and any other matters connected with maritime boundaries."
On the occasion of that same meeting, the Agent of Bahrain proposed
the signature by the two Governments of a draft of a Special Agreement
whose object would be to seisethe Court of al1of the issuesas defined byeach of the Parties. Article II of the draft contained an introductory

phrase worded as follows: "The above request covers the following mat-
ters in dispute:-". But the sentence broke off there, with the result that
the questions forming the subject-matter of the dispute were not enumer-
ated. The Bahraini draft moreover raised various other questions, i.e., the
system of geographic CO-ordinatesto be used for the maritime delimita-
tion; the appointment of an expert by the Court for that delimitation;the
organization of the written proceedings; the final and binding character
of the Judgment; the entry into force and notification of the Special
Agreement, and its translation into Arabic from the original English.
20. At the second meeting, held on 22 October 1994, the Agent of
Qatar proposed a new text similar to its first, but dealing in addition with
the system of geographic CO-ordinatesto be employed, the language of
the written pleadings and the fixing of time-limits for theirsimdtaneous
filing. The Agent of Bahrain proposed, for his part, a joint initiative
taking the form of an Act signed by the two Agents and requesting
the Court to decide any question which might be a matter of difference
between the Parties. The Bahraini draft enumerated those matters, adopt-
ing the list proposed by Bahrain at the meeting of the Tripartite Com-

mittee on 6 and 7 December 1988, but specifying in addition, as to
points 1and 4, that the request to the Court concerned sovereignty over
the Hawar islands and sovereigntyover Zubarah. The document included
certain simplificationswith respect to the procedural questions raised in
the firsttext. It requested the Court to amend the title of the case to make
it clear that it would be dealt with, not pursuant toan Application by one
Party, but to a joint initiative by the two Parties, and inrder to comply
with "the pattern of names in other cases placed before the Court jointly
by the Parties".
In the course of thesame meeting, the Agent of Qatar once again pro-
posed that the subject of the dispute should be described in the Joint Act
in accordance with the terms contemplated in 1988,but further suggested
that two annexes should be appended thereto in which the Parties could
setforth their claimsin detail, and which would enable Bahrain to specify
its intention to lay claim to sovereignty over Zubarah. Bahrain rejected
"the proposa1 made by Qatar for a Joint Act, with two annexes, whether
with, or without, the itemization of the issues of dispute in the main body
of the Joint Act" and insisted that "sovereignty over Zubarah" ought to

appear in the main body of the Joint Act.
21. In a memorandum of 12 November 1994, Bahrain restated its
position particularly with respect to the appointment of a technical
expert by the Court, the fixing of procedural time-limits and the modifi-
cation of the title of the case; attached to this memorandum was the
text of a new draft joint act, which differed from the draft of 22 October
only in respect of the system of geographic CO-ordinatesto be used. No
progress was made at the third meeting, held on 14November 1994,dur-
ing which Qatar, for its part, presented a revised version of its 22 October
text. Subsequently, on 19 November 1994,the Agent of Qatar sent theAgent of Bahrain a fourth draft which included, after the enumeration of
the matters as they had previously been defined, a sentence in which the
two Parties declared:
"We understand that Bahrain defines its claim concerning Zuba-
rah as a claim of sovereignty."

By a letter dated 25 November 1994,the Agent of Bahrain rejected that
new proposal, recalling its position both on that point and on several
others, and invited the Agent of Qatar to give a positive response to his
offer of 12November. The Agent of Bahrain then informed the Agent of
Qatar, on 27 November 1994,that it seemed pointless to hold a fourth
meeting on 28 November.
22. As already mentioned (paragraph 12above), after the breakdown
of those negotiations, Qatar addressed to the Court on 30 November
1994an "Act to comply with paragraphs (3) and (4) of operative para-
graph 41 of the Judgment of the Court dated 1 July 1994". In its obser-
vations of 5 December 1994 on Qatar's Act, set out in paragraph 14
above, Bahrain stressed, however, that in its view

"the Court did not declare in its Judgment of 1st July, 1994that it
had jurisdiction in the Case brought before it by virtue of Qatar's
unilateral application of 1991. Consequently, if the Court did not
have jurisdiction at that time, then the Qatari separate Act of
30th November, even when considered in the light of the Judgment,
cannot create that jurisdiction or effect a valid submission in the
absence of Bahrain's consent."

23. The Court recalls that, in its Judgment of 1 July 1994,it reserved
for subsequent decision al1such matters as had not been decided in that
Judgment. It notes moreover that Bahrain maintains the objections that
it raised with respect to the Application of Qatar. Accordingly,it falls to
the Court to rule on those objections in the decision it must now give on
the one hand, on itsjurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute submitted
to it and, on the other, on the admissibility of the Application.

24. As stated above (paragraph 9), in its Judgrnent of 1July 1994,the
Court found
"that the exchanges of letters between the King of Saudi Arabia and
the Amir of Qatar dated 19and 21 December 1987,and between the
King of Saudi Arabia and the Amir of Bahrain dated 19 and
26 December 1987,and the document headed 'Minutes' and signed
atDoha on 25 December 1990by the Ministers for Foreign Affairs
of Bahrain, Qatar and Saudi Arabia, are international agreements
creating rights and obligations for the Parties"

and "that by the terms of those agreements the Parties have undertaken
to submit to the Court the whole of the dispute between them, as
circumscribed by the text proposed by Bahrain to Qatar on 26 Octo-
ber 1988, and accepted by Qatar in December 1990, referred to in
the 1990 Doha Minutes as the 'Bahraini formula"' (Z.C.J. Reports
1994, pp. 126-127,para. 41 (1)-(2)).
The Court must therefore pursue its examination of the content of the
obligations entered into by the Parties by the terms of the Agreements of

1987and 1990,in order to determine whether it has jurisdiction to adju-
dicate upon the dispute.
25. Paragraph 1 of the Doha Minutes places on record the agreement
of the Parties to "reafJirmwhat was agreed previouslybetween [them]".
Qatar and Bahrain both acknowledge that that expression covers the
commitments entered into by them in 1987; but Bahrain considers that
its scope is much more extensive and that, in particular, it covers every-
thing agreed upon by the Parties in the course of the meetings of the Tri-
partite Committee.
26. The Court willproceed, first of all, toefinethe precise scope of the
commitments which the Parties entered into in 1987and agreed to reaffirm
in 1990.In this regard, the essentialtexts concerningthejurisdiction of the
Court are points 1and 3 of the letters of 19December 1987.By accepting
those points, Qatar and Bahrain agreed, on the one hand, that

"Al1 the disputed matters shall be referred to the International
Court of Justice, at The Hague, for a final ruling binding upon both
parties, who shall have to execute its terms"

and, on the other, that a Tripartite Committee be formed

"for the purpose of approaching the International Court of Jus-
tice, and satisfying the necessary requirements to have the dispute
submitted to the Court in accordance with its regulations and
instructions so that a final ruling, binding upon both parties, be
issued".

Neither Qatar nor Bahrain denies having committed itself in accordance
with those texts; however, they differ as to the meaning to be given to
those texts when read together and, hence, as to the scope of that com-
mitment. Qatar maintains that, by that undertaking, the Parties clearly
and unconditionally conferred upon the Court jurisdiction to deal with
the disputed matters between them. The work of the Tripartite Commit-
tee was directed solely to considering the procedures to be followed to
implement the commitment thus made to seise the Court, and there was
nothing to show that any particular method or procedure ought to have
been followed to that end, provided that the seisin of the Court took
place "in accordance with its regulations and instructions". Bahrain on
the contrary maintains that the texts in question expressed only the Par-
ties' consent in principle to a seisin of the Court, but that such consentwas clearly subject to the conclusion of a Special Agreement marking the
end of the work of the Tripartite Cornmittee, setting forth the questions
to be put to the Court by mutual agreement and settling a number of
related procedural questions. Bahrain maintains that its interpretation of

the texts is corroborated by the subsequent conduct of the Parties, in so
far as the work of the Tripartite Comrnittee, in which the two Partiespar-
ticipated, was concerned exclusively with the drawing up of a Special
Agreement to submit the disputed matters to the Court.
27. The Court cannot agree with Bahrain in this respect. Neither in
point 1nor in point 3 of the letters of 19 December 1987can it find the
condition alleged by Bahrain to exist. It is indeed apparent from point 3
that the Parties did not envisage seisingthe Court without prior discus-
sion, in the Tripartite Committee, of the formalities required to do so.
But the two States had nonetheless agreed to submit to the Court al1the
disputed matters between them, and the Cornmittee's only function was
to ensure that this commitment was given effect, by assisting the Parties
to approach the Court and to seise it in the manner laid down by its
Rules. By the terms of point 3, neither of the particular modalities of
seisincontemplated by the Rules of Court was either favoured or rejected.
Moreover, there would have been nothing to prevent Bahrain's saying in
its reply of 26 December 1987that its acceptance of the Court's jurisdic-

tion was subject to the conclusion of a special agreement providing for
joint seisin of the Court. Yet the Court notes that Bahrain's letter
expresses its unreserved adhesion to the proposals made by the King of
Saudi Arabia.
28. The Court is not able either to accept the conclusions that Bahrain
draws from the subsequent conduct of the Parties. Indeed, while it is
undeniable that the Tripartite Committee focused exclusively upon the
attempt to finalize the text of a special agreement determining the sub-
ject-matter of the dispute, this does not at al1mean that the Parties took
that approach to be the only one sanctioned by the Agreement of 1987.
On the contrary, everything tends to suggest that, if the Committee
explored that possibility,it did so simplybecause that course appeared to
it, at the time, to be the most natural and the best suited to give effect to
the consent of the Parties.
29. The Tripartite Committee met for the last time in December 1988,
without the Parties having reached agreement either as to the "disputed
matters" or as to the "necessary requirements to have the dispute sub-
mitted to the Court". Furthermore the minutes of the meetings of the

Committee were diplomatic documents recording the state of progress of
the negotiations, which possessed no legally binding force. The Court
concludes that, from the standpoint of its jurisdiction, the only prior
commitment that the Parties intended to reaffirm in the international
agreement constituted by the Minutes of 25December 1990was the com-
mitment entered into in 1987,in accordance with the "Principles for the
Framework for Reaching a Settlement" of 1983,to submit to the Court
"al1the disputed matters" and to complywith the judgment to be handeddown by the Court. The Tripartite Committee ceased its activities

in December 1988at the instance of Saudi Arabia and without opposi-
tion from the Parties. As the Parties did not, at the time of signing the
Doha Minutes in December 1990, ask to have the Committee re-estab-
lished, the Court considers that paragraph 1 of those Minutes could only
be understood as contemplating the acceptance by the Parties of point 1
in the letters from the King of Saudi Arabia dated 19December 1987,to
the exclusion of point 3 in those same letters.

30. The Doha Minutes not only confirmed the agreement reached by
the Parties to submit their dispute to the Court, but also represented a
decisive step along the way towards a peaceful solution of that dispute,
by settling the controversial question of the definition of the "disputed
matters". This is one of the principal objects of paragraph 2 of the
Minutes which, in the translation that the Court willuse for the purposes
of the present Judgment, reads as follows:

"(2) The good officesof the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques,
King Fahd BenAbdul Aziz, shall continue between the two countries
until the month of Shawwal 1411A.H., corresponding to May 1991.
Once that period has elapsed, the two parties may submit the matter
to the International Court of Justice in accordance with the Bah-
raini formula, which has been accepted by Qatar, and with the pro-
cedures consequent on it. The good offices ofthe Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia willcontinue during the period when the matter is under arbi-
tration."

31. The long negotiations which preceded the conclusion of the 1990
Minutes showed the difficulties the Parties had constantly met in their
attempts to definethe entire dispute, because for each of them there were
sensitivitiesabout the express mention of certain aspects of that dispute.
The Bahraini formula was carefully constructed by Bahrain, and pro-
posed by it in October 1988,as a form of words which, whilst specifically
avoiding any express reference to those sensitive issues, would neverthe-
less sufficientlyclearlycomprehend the entire dispute. Paragraph 2 of the
Minutes, which formally placed on record Qatar's acceptance of the Bah-

raini formula, put an end to the persistent disagreement of the Parties as
to the subject of the dispute to be submitted to the Court. The agreement
to adopt the formula showed that the Parties were at one on the extent of
the Court's jurisdiction. The formula had thus achieved its purpose: it
set, in general but clear terms, the limits of the dispute the Court would
henceforth have to entertain.

32. The Parties nonetheless continue to differ on the question of the
method of seisin. For Qatar, paragraph 2 of the Minutes authorized aunilateral seisin of the Court by means of an application filed by one or
the other Party, whereas for Bahrain, on the contrary, that text only
authorized a joint seisin of the Court by means of a special agreement.
33. It is accordingly incumbent upon the Court to decidethe meaning
of the text in question by applying the rules of interpretation that it
recently had occasion to recall in the case concerning the Territorial Dis-
pute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad) :

"in accordance with customary international law, reflected in Ar-
ticle31 of the 1969Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, a
treaty must be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordi-
nary meaning to be givento its terms in their context and in the light
of its object and purpose. Interpretation must be based above al1
upon the text of the treaty. As a supplementary measure recourse
may be had to means of interpretation such asthe preparatory work
of the treaty and the circumstancesof its conclusion." (1.C.J. Reports
1994, Judgment, pp. 21-22,para. 41 .)

34. Throughout the proceedings, the Parties have devoted consider-
able attention to the meaning which, according to them, should be given
to the expression "al-tarafan" as used in the second sentenceof the origi-
nal Arabic text of paragraph 2 of the Doha Minutes. Qatar translates
those words as "the parties" and Bahrain as "the two parties". Both how-
ever recognize that the problem is not one of choosing between two
translations which do not, in themselves, provide an answer to the ques-
tion raised, but rather one of interpreting these Arabic terms in their con-
text. The dual form in Arabic serves simply to express the existence of
two units (the parties or the two parties), so what has to be determined is
whether the words, when used here in the dual form, have an alternative
or a cumulativemeaning: in the first case, the text would leaveeach of the
Parties with the option of acting unilaterally, and, in the second, it would

imply that the question be submitted to the Court by both Parties acting
in concert, either jointly or separately. Qatar and Bahrain each pro-
ceeded, before the Court, to a detailed analysis both of the more remote
context (paragraphs 1 and 3 of the Doha Minutes, and earlier texts pro-
duced in the case) and the more immediate context (other expressions
used in paragraph 2 of the Minutes) within which the words "al-tarafan"
were emp1oyed.-~atar deduces from this that those words have an alter-
native meaning in the text under consideration, and Bahrain, a cumula-
tive meaning implying a joint action.
35. The Court will first analyse the meaning and scope of the phrase
"Once that period has elapsed, the two parties may submit the matter to
the International Court of Justice." It notes the use in that phrase of the
verb "vzay", which, in its ordinary meaning, envisages a possibility, or
evena right. Accordingly,the expression "the two parties may submit the
matter to the .. .Court" suggestsin the first place, and in its most natural

sense, the option or right for them to seise the Court. Taken as such, in
its most ordinary meaning, that expression does not require a seisin byboth Parties acting in concert, but, on the contrary, allows a unilateral
seisin.
In the view of the Court, that interpretation is reinforced both by the

form of words and by the logical implications of the expression "Once
that period has elapsed", which constitutes the other component of the
phrase in question. Indeed, those words imply that the option or right to
move the Court was capable of being exercisedas soon as the time-limit
expired; this in turn necessarily implies the existence of an option or
a right of unilateral seisin. Any other interpretation would encounter
serious difficulties: it would deprive the phrase of its effect and could
well, moreover, lead to an unreasonable result.
In fact, the Court has difficulty in seeing why the 1990 Minutes, the
object and purpose of which were to advance the settlement of the dis-
pute by giving effectto the forma1commitment of the Parties to refer it
to the Court, would have been confined to opening up for them a possi-
bility of joint action which not only had always existed but, moreover,
had proved to be ineffective. On the contrary, the text assumes its full

meaning if it is taken to be aimed, for the purpose of accelerating the
dispute settlement process, at opening the way to a possibleunilateral sei-
sin of the Court in the event that the mediation of Saudi Arabia - some-
times referred to, as in the text under discussion,as "good offices" - had
failed to yield a positive result by May 1991.
36. The Court however considers that it still ought to look into the
possible implications, with respect to that latter interpretation, of the
conditions in which the Saudi mediation was to go forward according to
the actual text of the Minutes. According to the first sentence of
paragraph 2, the good officesof the King of Saudi Arabia were to "con-
tinue between the two countries until the month of. . .May 1991", and
in the terms of the third sentence of that same paragraph, those good
officeswere moreover to "continue during the period when the matter
is under arbitration" (meaning, in fact, before the Court). The text did
not however specify whether the good officeswere likewiseto continue

between the expiry of the May 1991 time-limit and the seisin of the
Court.
In the viewof the Court, this text can be read as affecting not only the
right of the Parties to seise the Court, but also the continuation of the
mediation. On that hypothesis, the process of mediation would have been
suspended in May 1991and could not have resumed prior to the seisin of
the Court. However, if that seisin had itself been subject to the negotia-
tion, and then to the conclusion, of a special agreement, any mediation
would have been ruled out during the course of that negotiation, which
could well have taken a long time. What was more, mediation would
have become impossibleif no agreement was reached between the Parties
and if as a result the Court was never seised. It could not have been the
purpose of the Minutes to delay the resolution of the dispute or to make
it more difficult. From that standpoint, the right of unilateral seisin was
the necessary complement to the suspension of mediation. Even if paragraph 2 of the Minutes were taken not to have suspended
the Saudi mediation between the expiry of the May 1991time-limit and

the seisin of the Court, and that time-limit exclusivelyaffected the right
of the Parties to resort to the Court, this interpretation wouldstill be con-
sistent with the conclusions reached by the Court in the previous para-
graph as to the modalities of seisin.
37. The Court will now apply itself to an analysis of the meaning and
scope of the terms "in accordance with the Bahraini formula, which has
been accepted by Qatar, and with the procedures consequent on it",
which conclude the second sentence of paragraph 2 of the Doha Minutes.
As has already been indicated (paragraph 31 above), the Minutes, in
specifying that the Parties might seisethe Court "in accordance with the
Bahraini formula, which has been accepted by Qatar", placed on record
both Qatar's acceptance of that formula and the agreement of the Parties
on the subject of the dispute which could be referred to the Court. The
Court must, however, ascertain whether, as is maintained by Bahrain,

that reference to the Bahraini formula and, in particular, to the "pro-
cedures consequent on it", further had the aim and effect of ruling out
any unilateral seisin.Bahrain recalls that the Bahraini formula, proposed
by it in 1988 - prior to the fifth meeting of the Tripartite Cornmittee -
was designed for inclusion in the text of a special agreement which was
then under negotiation. It stresses that the introductory sentence of the
formula and, in particular, the words "the Parties request the Court to
decide", clearly imply a joint seisin of the Court. Bahrain explains more-
over that the terms "and the procedures consequent onit" as employedin
paragraph 2 of the Doha Minutes, and which were inserted into those
Minutes at its request, relate to the Bahraini formula and are intended
precisely to indicate that the Parties ought jointly to take other measures
to give effect to the formula and bring the case before the Court. Qatar
for its part emphasizes that the very object of the Bahraini formula was

to enable each Party to submit its own claims to the Court; it considers
that the words "and the procedures consequent on it" relate solelyto the
proceedings before the Court in general, as the Parties merely intended to
defer, with regard to those matters, to the Statute and Rules of the Court,
rather than to rules they might themselves have defined by mutual agree-
ment.
38. The Court is aware that the Bahraini formula was originally
intended to be incorporated into the text of a specialagreement. However
it considers that the reference to that formula in the Doha Minutes must
be evaluated in the context of those Minutes rather than in the light of
the circumstances in which that formula was originallyconceived. In fact,
the negotiations carried on in 1988within the Tripartite Committee had
broken down and the Committee had ceased its activities. If the 1990
Minutes referred back to the Bahraini formula, it was in order to deter-
mine the subject-matter of the dispute which the Court would have to

entertain. But the formula was no longer an element in a special agree-
ment, which moreover never saw the light of day; it henceforth becamepart of a binding international agreement which itself determined the
conditions for seisin of the Court.
39. The Court furthermore considers, like Bahrain, that the words "on
it" that were used in paragraph 2 of the Doha Minutes in the expression

"the procedures consequent on it", can only - grammatically - relate to
the Bahraini formula. It must then determine what are, from a pro-
cedural standpoint, the necessary implications of the Bahraini formula
which have survived the change of context.The Court notes that the very
essence of that formula was, as Bahrain clearly stated to the Tripartite
Committee, to circumscribe the dispute with which the Court would have
to deal, while leaving it to each of the Parties to present its own claims
within the framework thus fixed. It was on that basis that Qatar, during
the sixth meeting of the Tripartite Committee, had suggested that the
proposed special agreement should be accompanied by two annexes,with
each State defining, in its annex, the matters in dispute that it wished to
refer to the Court. Bahrain, for its part, undertook to study that sugges-
tion. Given the failure to negotiate that special agreement, the Court

takes the view that the only procedural implication of the Bahraini for-
mula on which the Parties could have reached agreement in Doha was
the possibility that each of them might submit distinct claims to the
Court.
40. This conclusion accords with that drawn by the Court from the
interpretation of the phrase "Once that period has elapsed, the two par-
ties may submit the matter to the International Court of Justice." Con-
sequently, it seemsto the Court that the text of paragraph 2 of the Doha
Minutes, interpreted in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be
given to its terms in their context and in the light of theobject and pur-
pose of the said Minutes, allowed the unilateral seisin of the Court. In
these circumstances, the Court does not consider it necessary to resort to
supplementary means of interpretation in order to determine the meaning
of the Doha Minutes, particularly paragraph 2 thereof; however, as in

other cases (see for example Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jama-
hiviya/Chad), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1994, p. 27, para. 55), it consid-
ers that it can have recourse to such supplementary means in order to
seek a possible confirmation of its interpretation of the text. The Parties
have moreover themselves referred at length, in support of their respec-
tive arguments, to the travauxpréparatoiresof the Minutes of December
1990,as well as to the circumstances in which they were signed.

41. The travaux préparatoiresof the Doha Minutes must be used with
caution in the present case, on account of their fragmentary nature. In

the absence of any document relating the progress of the negotiations,
they appear to be confined to two draft texts submitted by Saudi Arabia
and Oman successively and the amendments made to the latter. Qatardenies that the Saudi Arabian draft can be regarded as an element of the
travaux préparatoires,since it says that it was never sent the draft in
question. The Omani draft unquestionably served asthe basis for the text
finally adopted at Doha; the only amendment was to the second sentence

of the second paragraph of that draft which read as follows: "Once that
period has elapsed, either of the two parties may submit the matter to the
International Court of Justice."
Itis not a matter of dispute between the Parties that the words "in
accordance with the Bahraini formula, which has been accepted by
Qatar" were added at the request of Qatar; nor do the Parties deny that
it was at Bahrain's initiative that the expression "al-tarafan" was substi-
tuted for the words "either of the two parties" and that it was also Bah-
rain which requested the insertion of the words "and with the procedures
conseauent on it" at the end of the sentence. On the other hand. the Par-
ties diSagree on the consequences to be drawn from these améndments
for the interpretation of the text of the Minutes. Bahrain maintains that
its amendments are clear evidence of its consistent adoption of an

approach excluding any possibility of referring the dispute to the Court
by means of a unilateral application; it emphasizes that Qatar made no
objection whatsoever to the adoption of those amendments. Qatar, for its
part, contends that the Omani draft provides ample proof that there was
no plan to hold other negotiations in order to induce the Parties to agree
to submit the dispute jointly to the Court. On the contrary, according to
Qatar, the draft clearly envisaged the possibility for the Parties to seise
the Court unilaterally, and if neither Qatar nor Saudi Arabia nor Oman
raised any objections to the amendments proposed by Bahrain, it was
because none of them considered that those amendments substantially
altered the rights and obligations of the Parties or the aims pursued by
the draft; rather, in Qatar's view,the insertion of the words "and with the
procedures consequent on it" reflected Bahrain's intention to enable each
Party to formulate its own claims and to submit them to the Court in

order to safeguard its own interests.
The Court notes that the initial Omani draft expressly authorized a
seisin by one or the other of the Parties, and that that formulation was
not accepted. But the text finallyadopted did not provide that the seisinof
the Court could only be brought about by the two Parties acting in con-
cert, whether jointly or separately. The Court is unable to see why the
abandonment of a form of words corresponding to the interpretation
given by Qatar to the Doha Minutes should imply that they must be
interpreted in accordance with Bahrain's thesis. As a result, it does not
consider that the travaux préparatoires,in the form in which they have
been submitted to it - i.e., limited to the various drafts mentioned above
- can provide it with conclusive supplementary elements for the inter-
pretation of the text adopted; whatever may have been the motives of

each of the Parties, theCourt can only confine itselfto the actual terms of
the Minutes as the ex~ression of their common intention. and to the
interpretation of them hhich it has already given. 42. In support of their arguments, the Parties have also invoked the
circumstances in which the Minutes were signed. In the opinion of the
Court those circumstances do not - any more than the travauxprépara-
toires - provide any conclusivesupplementary elements for the interpre-
tation of the text. The Court realizes that the principal concern at the
meeting of the Co-operation Council of Arab States of the Gulf, held at
Doha in December 1990,was not the achievement of a settlement between
Bahrain and Qatar but the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait; moreover,
it takes the view that this circumstance could explain why the Parties
were not able to reach agreement on a more explicit text. However, the
Court does not consider, in the light of the information contained in the
record, that more precise conclusions capable of otherwise supporting the
interpretation of the Minutes given above can be drawn directly from the

particular situation created by the Gulf crisis and the consideration of
that situation at Doha.

43. The Court has still to examine one other argument put forward by
Bahrain to contest its jurisdiction in this case. According to Bahrain,
even if the Doha Minutes were to be interpreted as not ruling out uni-
lateral seisin, that would still not authorize one of the Parties to seisethe
Court by way of an Application. Bahrain argues, in effect, that seisin is
not merely a procedural matter but a question of jurisdiction; that con-
sent to unilateral seisin is subject to the same conditions as consent to

judicial settlement and must therefore be unequivocal and indisputable;
and that, where the texts are silent, joint seisin must by default be the
only solution. Qatar, for its part, distinguishes between seisin and juris-
diction and explains that, while the wishes of the Parties, as expressed in
the agreements in force, are of decisive importance for the purpose of
establishingjurisdiction, the validity of the seisinmust on the other hand
be evaluated essentially from the standpoint of the Statute and the Rules
of Court, subject to any special provision to which the Parties may have
agreed.
The Court does not consider it necessary to dwell at length on the
links which exist betweenjurisdiction and seisin. It is true that, as an act
instituting proceedings, seisin is a procedural step independent of the
basis ofjurisdiction invoked and, as such, is governed by the Statute and

the Rules of Court. However, the Court is unable to entertain a case so
long as the relevant basis of jurisdiction has not been supplemented by
the necessary act of seisin: from this point of view, the question of
whether the Court was validly seised appears to be a question of juris-
diction. There is no doubt that the Court's jurisdiction can only be
established on the basis of the will of the Parties, as evidenced by the
relevant texts. But in interpreting the text of the Doha Minutes, the
Court has reached the conclusion that it allows a unilateral seisin. Oncethe Court has been validly seised, both Parties are bound by the pro-
cedural consequenceswhich the Statute and the Rules make applicable to
the method of seisin employed. It is therefore not necessary to examine
Bahrain's arguments based on the discretionary nature of the choice of a
method of seisin or the drawbacks for Bahrain of being placed in the
position of respondent.

44. In its Judgment of 1July 1994,the Court found that the exchanges
of letters of December 1987 and the Minutes of December 1990 were
international agreements creating rights and obligations for the Parties,
and that by the terms of those agreements the Parties had undertaken to
submit to it the whole of the dispute between them. In the present Judg-
ment, the Court has noted that, at Doha, the Parties had reaffirmed their

consent to its jurisdiction and determined the subject-matter of the dis-
pute in accordance with the Bahraini formula; it has further noted that
the Doha Minutes allowed unilateral seisin. The Court considers, conse-
quently, that it has jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute.

45. Having thus established its jurisdiction, the Court still has to deal
with certain problems of admissibility. Bahrain stated before the Court
that it was prepared not to contest the admissibility of the Application as
framed by Qatar on 8 July 1991,reserving the right to reviewits position
if Qatar itself were to challenge the admissibility of any claim Bahrain
might intend to submit at a later stage. However, Bahrain has reproached
Qatar with having limited the scope of the dispute, which the Bahraini
formula was meant to cover, only to those questions set out in Qatar's
Application.
46. In its Judgment of 1 July 1994, the Court, after referring to the
Principles for the Framework for Reaching a Settlement adopted by the
Parties in 1983,emphasized that, according to the 1987Agreement, "al1
the disputed matters shall be referred to the International Court of Jus-
tice, at The Hague". Turning to an analysis of the Minutes of December
1990, the Court found that "the authors of the Bahraini formula con-
ceived of it with a viewto enabling the Court to be seisedof the whole of

those questions . ..within the general framework thus adopted" (1.C.J.
Reports 1994, pp. 124-125,para. 37).
The Court consequently decided in the same Judgment:
"to afford the Parties the opportunity to ensure the submission to
the Court of the entire dispute as it is comprehended within the 1990
Minutes and the Bahraini formula, to which they have both agreed.
Such submission of the entire dispute could be effected by ajoint act by both Parties with, if need be, appropriate annexes, or by separate
acts. Whichever of these methods is chosen, the result should be that
the Court has before it 'any matter of territorial right or other title
or interest which may be a matter of difference between'the Parties,
and a request that it 'draw a singlemaritime boundary between their
respectivemaritime areas of seabed, subsoil and superjacent waters'."
(Z.C.J. Reports 1994, p. 125,para. 38.)

It also fixed 30 November 1994 as the deadline for joint or separate
action by the Parties to submit the whole of the dispute to the Court.

47. Following the failure of the negotiations between the Parties sum-
marized in paragraphs 18 to 21 above, Qatar, by a separate act of
30 November 1994, submitted to the Court "the whole of the dispute

between Qatar and Bahrain, as circumscribed" by the Bahraini formula.
Accordingly, it referred the following matters to the Court:
"1. The Hawar Islands, including the island of Janan;
2. Fasht al Dibal and Qit'at Jaradah;
3. The archipelagic baselines;
4. Zubarah;
5. The areas for fishingfor pearls and for fishingfor swimmingfish

and any other matters connected with maritime boundaries."
48. The dispute is thus described in the very terms used by Bahrain at
the sixth meeting of the Tripartite Committee held on 6 and 7 December
1988.Nor does it differ from the dispute described in the draft joint acts
proposed by Bahrain on 22 October and 12November 1994,and subse-
quently withdrawn by it, except in so far as these latter related to sover-
eignty over the Hawar islands and sovereignty over Zubarah. It is clear,
however, that claims of sovereignty over the Hawar islands and over

Zubarah may be presented by either of the Parties, from the moment that
the matter of the Hawar islands and that of Zubarah are referred to the
Court. As a consequence, it appears that the form of words used by
Qatar accurately described the subject of the dispute. In the circum-
stances, the Court, while regretting that no agreement could be reached
between the Parties as to how it should be presented, concludes that it is
now seisedof the whole of the dispute, and that the Application of Qatar
is admissible.
49. Within the framework thus defined, it falls to Qatar to present its
submissions to the Court, as it falls to Bahrain to present its own. To this
end, after it has ascertained the views of the Parties, the Court will issue
an Order fixing the time-limits for the simultaneous filing of the written
pleadings, in accordance with paragraph 39 of the Judgment of 1 July
1994. 50. For these reasons,

(1) By 10 votes to 5,
Finds that it has jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute submitted

to it between the State of Qatar and the State of Bahrain;
IN FAVOUR P residentBedjaoui; Judges Sir Robert Jennings, Guillaume,
Aguilar-Mawdsley,Weeramantry, Ranjeva,Herczegh,Shi, Fleischhauer;
Judge ad hocTorres Bernardez;
AGAINST: Vice-PresidentSchwebel; Judges Oda, Shahabuddeen, Koroma;
Judge ad hoc Valticos.

(2) By 10 votes to 5,

Finds that the Application of the State of Qatar as formulated on
30 November 1994 is admissible.
IN FAVOUR P residentBedjaoui; Judges Sir Robert Jennings, Guillaume,
Aguilar-Mawdsley,Weeramantry, Ranjeva,Herczegh, Shi,Fleischhauer;
Judge ad hocTorres Bernardez;
AGAINST Vice-PresidentSchwebel; Judges Oda, Shahabuddeen, Koroma;
Judge ad hoc Valticos.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this fifteenth day of February, one thou-
sand nine hundred and ninety-five, in three copies, one of which will be
placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the
Government of the State of Qatar and the Government of the State of
Bahrain, respectively.

(Signed) Mohammed BEDJAOUI,

President.

(Signed) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA,
Registrar.

Vice-President SCHWEBEJ Lu,dges ODA,SHAHABUDDEaE nd KOROMA,
and Judge ad hoc VALTICOaS ppend dissenting opinions to the Judgrnent
of the Court.

(Initialled) M.B.

(Initialled) E.V.O.

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DE LA DÉLIMITATION MARITIME
ET DES QUESTIONS TERRITORIALES

ENTRE QATAR ET BAHREÏN
(QATAR c. BAHREIN)

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASECONCERNING MARITIME DELIMITATION

AND TERRITORIAL QUESTIONS
BETWEEN QATAR AND BAHRAIN

(QATAR vBAHRAIN)

JURISDICTION AND ADMISSIBILITY

JUDGMENT OF 15 FEBRUARY 1995 Mode officielde citation:
Délimitationmaritime et questions territoriales
entre Qatar et Bahrein, compétenceet recevabilité,arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1995, p. 6

Officia1citati:n
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions
between Qatar and Bahrain, Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1995, p. 6

ISSN 0074-4441 No de vente:
Salesnumber 657
ISBN 92-1-070720-6 COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

1995 ANNÉE 1995
15 février
Rôle général
no 87 15 févrie1995

AFFAIRE DE LA DÉLIMITATION MARITIME

ET DES QUESTIONS TERRITORIALES
ENTRE QATAR ET BAHREÏN

Compétencede la Cour - Paragraphe 1 du procès-verbalde Doha de 1990
- Réaffirmationpar les Parties deleurs engagenlentsantérie-rsPortéedes
engagementspris aux termes des échanges delettres de 1987 Travaux de la
commission tripartite.
Paragraphe 2 du procès-verbal deDoha de 1990 - Saisine de la Cour-
Expression arabe «al-tarafan - Interprétation dutexte suivant le sens ordi-
naireà attribueràses termes dans leur contexteàela lumière de l'objetet du
but duprocès-verbal- Recoursà des moyens complémentairesd'interprétation

aux fins de confirmation del'interprétationtiréedu texteravaux prépara-
toires- Circonstances dans lesquellesleprocès-verbal aétéadopté.
Liens entre compétenceet saisine Saisine unilatéra-e Conséquencespro-
cédurales s'imposantaux Parties.
Recevabilité- Arrêtdu 1" juillet 199- Occasion donnéeaux Parties par
la Cour de lui soumettre l'ensembledu différend Démarcheindividuelle de
Qatar - Formulation décrivantexactement l'objet du litige.

Présents: M. BEDJAOUP I,résident; M. SCHWEBEV Li,ce-Président;M. ODA,
sir Robert JENNINGS M, M. GUILLAUMS E, AHABUDDEA ENU, ILAR-
MAWDSLEW YE, ERAMANTR RAY, JEVAH,ERCZEGS HH, I,FLEISCHHAUER,

KOROMA, juges; MM. VALTICOT SO, RREBERNARDE juZg,es ad hoc;
M. VALENCIA-OSPIG Nref,fier. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAR 1995 1995
15February
GeneralList
15 February1995 No. 87

CASECONCERNING MARITIME DELIMITATION

AND TERRITORIAL QUESTIONS

BETWEEN QATAR AND BAHRAIN

(QATAR v. BAHRAIN)

JURISDICTION AND ADMISSIBILITY

Jurisdiction of the Cour- Paragraph 1 of 1990 Doha Minutes - Reafjr-
mation by the Parties of theirprevious commitments- Scope of commitment
undertaken by the terms of the exchanges of letters of 1987 Work of the
TripartiteCornmittee.
Paragraph 2 of the 1990 Doha Minutes - Seisin of the Court - Arabic

expression "al-tarafan"- Interpretation of the text in accordance with the
ordinary meaning to be given to itsrms in their context and in the light of the
object andpurpose of the Minute- Recourse to supplementary means of inter-
pretation to seek confirmation of the interpretation drawn from the tex-
Travaux préparatoires - Circumstances in which the Minutes were adopted.
Links betweenjurisdiction andseisin- Unilateralseisi- Procedural con-
sequences binding onthe Parties.
Admissibility- Judgment of 1 July 1994 - Opportunity afforded to the
Parties by the Court tonsuresubmission to it of the entire dis-utSeparate

Act of Qatar - Formulation exactly describing the subject-matter of the dis-
pute.

JUDGMENT

Present: President BEDJAOUIV ;ice-President SCHWEBEL Ju;dges ODA, Sir
Robert JENNINGG S,UILLAUMS EH, AHABUDDEA ENU, ILAR-MAWDSLEY,
WEERAMANTR RAYN, JEVAH,ERCZEGH S,HI,FLEISCHHAUE KRO,ROMA;
Judges ad hoc VALTICOT SO, RREBSERNARDER Ze;gistrar VALENCIA-
OSPINA.7 DÉLIMITATION MARITIME ET QUESTIONS TERRITORIALES (ARRÊT)

En l'affaire de la délimitationmaritime et des questions territoriales entre
Qatar et Bahreïn,

entre
1'Etatde Qatar,

représentépar
S. Exc. M. Najeeb Al-Nauimi, ministre conseillerjuridique,
comme agent et conseil;

M. Adel Sherbini, expertjuridique,
M. Sami Abushaikha, expert juridique,
comme conseillersjuridiques;
M. Jean-Pierre Quéneudec, professeurde droit international a l'universitéde

Paris 1,
M. Jean Salmon, professeur à l'universitélibre de Bruxelles,
M. R. K. P. Shankardass, Senior Advocate a la Cour suprêmede l'Inde,
ancien président de l'Associationinternationale du barreau,
sir lan Sinclair, K.C.M.G., Q.C., Barrister at Law, membre de l'Institut de
droit international,
sir Francis Vallat, G.B.E., K.C.M.G., Q.C., professeur émérite dderoit inter-
national a l'université deLondres,
comme conseilset avocats;

M. Richard Meese, avocat, associédu cabinet Frere Cholmeley, Paris,
M'leNanette E. Pilkington, avocat, cabinet Frere Cholmeley, Paris,
M. David S. Sellers,Solicitor, cabinet Frere Cholmeley, Paris,
et

1'Etatde Bahreïn,
représentépar

S. Exc. M. Husseïn Mohammed Al Baharna, ministre d'Etat chargé des
affaires juridiques, Barrister at Law, membre de la Commission du droit
international de l'Organisation desNations Unies,
comme agent et conseil;

M. Derek W. Bowett, C.B.E., Q.C., F.B.A., professeur émérite, ancietn itu-
laire de la chaire Whewellà l'universitéde Cambridge,
M. Keith Highet, membre des barreaux du district de Columbia et de New
York,
M. Eduardo Jiménez deAréchaga,professeur de droit international a la
facultéde droit de l'université catholiquede Montevideo, Uruguay,
M. Elihu Lauterpacht, C.B.E., Q.C., professeur honoraire de droit interna-
tional et directeur du Research Centre for International Law de l'univer-
sité deCambridge; membre de l'Institut de droit international,
M. Prosper Weil,professeur émérite a l'universitéde droit, d'économieet de
sciencessociales de Paris,

comme conseils et avocats;
M. Donald W. Jones, Solicitor, cabinet Trowers et Hamlins, Londres,
M. John H. A. McHugo, Solicitor, cabinet Trowers et Hamlins, Londres,
M. David Biggerstaff,Solicitor, cabinet Trowers et Hamlins, Londres,
comme conseils. In the caseconcerningmaritime delimitation and territorial questions between
Qatar and Bahrain,

between
the State of Qatar,
represented by

H.E. Mr. Najeeb Al-Nauimi, Minister Legal Adviser,
as Agent and Counsel;
Mr. Adel Sherbini, Legal Expert,

Mr. Sami Abushaikha, Legal Expert,
as Legal Advisers;
Mr. Jean-Pierre Quéneudec, Professorof International Law at the University
of Paris1,
Mr. Jean Salmon, Professor at the Université librede Bruxelles,
Mr. R. K. P. Shankardass, Senior Advocate, Supreme Court of India,
Former President of the International Bar Association,
Sir Ian Sinclair, K.C.M.G., Q.C., Barrister at Law, Member of the Institute

of International Law,
Sir Francis Vallat, G.B.E., K.C.M.G., Q.C., Professor emeritus of Interna-
tional Law at the University of London,
as Counsel and Advocates;
Mr. Richard Meese, Advocate, partner in Frere Cholmeley, Paris,
Miss Nanette E. Pilkington, Advocate, Frere Cholmeley, Paris,
Mr. David S. Sellers, Solicitor, Frere Cholmeley, Paris,

and

the State of Bahrain,
represented by
H.E. Mr. Husain Mohammed Al Baharna, Minister of State for Legal
Affairs, Barrister at Law, Member of the International Law Commission
of the United Nations,

as Agent and Counsel;
Mr. Derek W. Bowett, C.B.E., Q.C., F.B.A.,WhewellProfessor emeritus at
the University of Cambridge,
Mr. Keith Highet, Member of the Bars of the District of Columbia and New
York,
t Mr. Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga, Professoo rf International Law at the
Law School, Catholic University, Montevideo, Uruguay,
Mr. Elihu Lauterpacht, C.B.E., Q.C., Honorary Professor of International
Law and Director of the Research Centre for International Law, Univer-

sity of Cambridge; Member of the Institute of International Law,
Mr. Prosper Weil, Professor emeritus at the Universitéde droit, d'économie
et de sciencessociales de Paris,
as Counsel and Advocates;
Mr. Donald W. Jones, Solicitor, Trowers & Hamlins, London,
Mr. John H. A. McHugo, Solicitor, Trowers & Hamlins, London,
Mr. David Biggerstaff, Solicitor,Trowers & Hamlins, London,

as Counsel, ainsi composée,
après délibéré ec nhambre du conseil,

rend l'arrêt suivant:

1. Le 8 juillet 1991, le ministre des affaires étrangèresde 1'Etat de Qatar
(dénommé ci-après ((Qatar») a déposéau Greffe de la Cour une requêteintro-
duisant une instance contre 1'Etatde Bahreïn (dénommé ci-après ~Bahreïn)))
au sujet de certains différendsentre les deux Etats relatiàsla souverainetésur
les îles Hawar, aux droits souverains sur les hauts-fonds deDibal et de Qit'at
Jaradah, et à la délimitation des zones maritimes entre les deux Etats.
2. Dans sa requête,Qatar fondait la compétence de laCour sur deux accords

que les Parties avaient conclus en décembre1987et en décembre1990,respec-
tivement; selon le demandeur, l'objet et la portéede l'engagement ainsi pris en
ce qui concerne la compétence dela Cour étaientdéterminéspar une formule
proposée a Qatar par Bahreïn le 26 octobre 1988 et acceptéepar Qatar en
décembre1990(dénommée ci-aprèlsa «formule bahreïnite »).
3. Par lettres adresséesau Greffier de la Cour le 14juillet 1991et le 18août
1991,Bahreïn a contesté la base de compétence invoquép ear Qatar.
4. Par ordonnance en date du 11octobre 1991,le Président dela Cour, après
avoir consultéles Parties en vertu de l'article 31 du Règlement,et compte tenu
de l'accord intervenuentre ellesau sujet de la procédure, adécidéque lespièces
de la procédure écriteporteraient d'abord sur la question de la compétence de
la Cour pour connaître du différendet sur celle de la recevabilité dela requête.
Par cette mêmeordonnance, le Présidenta fixédes délaispour le dépôtd'un
mémoire deQatar et d'un contre-mémoire de Bahreïnsur lesquestions de com-
pétenceet de recevabilité;ces piècesont étédûment déposéesdans les délais

ainsi fixés.
5. Par ordonnance en date du 26juin 1992,la Cour, considérant quela pré-
sentation d'autres piècesde procédurepar les Parties étaitnécessaire,a prescrit
la présentation d'une réplique deQatar et d'une duplique de Bahreïn sur les
questions de compétenceet de recevabilité, eta fixédes délaispour le dépôtde
ces pièces;celles-ciont étédûment déposéesdans les délais ainsifixés.
6. La Cour ne comptant sur le siègeaucun juge de la nationalitédes Parties,
chacune d'elles a procédé,dans l'exercice du droit que lui confère le para-
graphe 3 de l'article 31 du Statuà,la désignationd'unjuge ad hoc pour siéger
en l'affaire: Bahreïn a désigné M. Nicolas Valticos, et Qatar M. JoséMaria
Ruda.
7. Au cours d'audiences publiques tenues entre le 28 février etle 11 mars
1994, lesParties ont été entenduessur les questions de compétencede la Cour
et de recevabilitéde la requête.
8. Dans la procédure écrite et laprocédure orale,les conclusions ci-aprèsont

été présentée psar les Parties:
Au nom de Qatar:

«1'Etat de Qatar prie respectueusement la Cour de dire et juger, rejetant
toutes revendications et conclusions contraires, que:
La Cour a compétencepour statuer sur le différendqui lui a été soumis
dans la requête déposépear Qatar le 8 juillet 1991 et que la requête de
Qatar est recevable.» composed as above,
after deliberation,

delivevs thefollowing Judgment:

1. On 8 July 1991 the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the State of Qatar
(hereinafter referred to as "Qatar") filed in the Registry of the Court an Appli-
cation instituting proceedings against the State of Bahrain (hereinafter referred
to as "Bahrain") in respect of certain disputes between the two States relating
to sovereignty over the Hawar islands, sovereign rights over the shoals of Dibal
and Qit'at Jaradah, and the delimitation of the maritime areas of the two States.
2. In its Application, Qatar founded the jurisdiction of the Court upon two
agreements between the Parties concluded in December 1987 and December
1990 respectively, the subject and scope of the commitment to jurisdiction
being determined, according to the Applicant, by a formula proposed by Bah-
rain to Qatar on 26 October 1988 and accepted by Qatar in December 1990
(hereinafter referred to as the "Bahraini formula").
3. By letters addressed to the Registrar of the Court on 14 July 1991 and

18August 1991,Bahrain contested the basis of jurisdiction invoked by Qatar.
4. By an Order dated 11 October 1991, the President of the Court, having
consulted the Parties in accordance with Article 31 of the Rules of Court, and
taking into account the agreement reached between them concerning pro-
cedure, decided that the written pleadings should first be addressed to the ques-
tions of the jurisdiction of the Court to entertain the dispute and of the admis-
sibility of the Application. By the same Order, the President fixed time-limits
for a Memorial by Qatar and a Counter-Memorial by Bahrain on the questions
ofjurisdiction and admissibility, and those pleadings were duly filedwithin the
time-limits so fixed.
5. By an Order dated 26 June 1992,the Court, considering that the filing of
further pleadings by the Parties was necessary, directed that a Reply by Qatar
and aRejoinder by Bahrain be filed on the questions ofjurisdiction and admis-
sibility,and fixedtime-limitstherefor; those pleadings were duly filedwithin the
time-limits so fixed.
6. Since the Court included upon the Bench no judge of the nationality of

either of the Parties, each Party proceeded to exercise the right conferred by
Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in the
case; Bahrain chose Mr. Nicolas Valticos, and Qatar Mr. JoséMaria Ruda.

7. At public hearings held between 28 February and 11 March 1994, the
Parties were heard on the questions of the Court's jurisdiction and the admissi-
bility of the Application.
8. The following submissions were presented by the Parties in the oral and
written proceedings:

On behalf of Qatar:
"the State of Qatar respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare,

rejecting al1contrary claims and submissions, that -
The Court has jurisdiction to entertain the dispute referred to in the
Application filed by Qatar on 8 July 1991and that Qatar's Application is
admissible."9 DÉLIMITATION MARITIME ET QUESTIONS TERRITORIALES (ARRÊT)

Au nom de Bahreïn:

~L'Etat de Bahreïn prie respectueusement la Cour de dire et juger, reje-
tant toutes revendications et conclusions contraires, qu'elle n'apas com-
pétencepour statuer sur le différendqui lui a été soumisdans la requête
déposéepar Qatar le 8juillet 1991.))

9. Par arrêtdu lerjuillet 1994,la Cour a dit que les échanges de lettresentre
le roi d'Arabie saoudite et l'émir deQatar, datéesdes 19et 21 décembre1987,
et entre le roi d'Arabiesaoudite et l'émir de Bahreïn, datées des19 et 26 dé-
cembre 1987,ainsi que le document intitulé«procès-verbal», signé a Doha le
25 décembre1990par les ministres des affaires étrangèresde Bahreïn, de Qatar
et de l'Arabie saoudite, constituaient des accords internationaux créant des
droits et des obligations pour les Parties; et qu'aux termes de ces accords les
Parties avaient pris l'engagement de soumettre a la Cour l'ensemble du diffé-
rend qui les oppose, tel que circonscrit par la formule bahreïnite. Ayant noté
qu'elle disposait seulementd'une requête deQatar exposant lesprétentionsspé-
cifiquesde cet Etat dans le cadre de cette formule, la Cour a décidéde donner

aux Parties l'occasion de lui soumettre l'ensemble du différend.Elle a fixéau
30 novembre 1994la date d'expiration du délaidans lequel les Parties devaient
agir conjointement ou individuellement à cette fin, et a résertoute autre ques-
tion pour décision ultérieure.
10. M. Ruda, juge ad hoc, est décédé le 7juillet 1994et, par lettre du 5 sep-
tembre 1994, l'agent de Qatar a fait savoir à la Cour que son gouvernement
avait désignépour le remplacer M. Santiago Torres Bernardez.
11. Par une lettre de l'agent de Bahreïn en date dul juillet 1994et une lettre
de l'agent de Qatar en date du 2 novembre 1994, la Cour a été informée de
diverses mesures prises par les Parties aux fins de se conformerà son arrêtdu
le'juillet 1994.
12. Le 30 novembre 1994, dans le délaifixépar l'arrêtdu le' juillet 1994,
l'agent deQatar a déposéau Greffe un document intitulé((Démarchetendant
à donner effet aux points 3 et 4 du paragraphe 41 de l'arrêtrendu par la Cour
le 1" juillet 1994)). L'agent faisait état, dans ce document, de l'«absence

d'... accord des Parties pour agir conjointement))et y déclaraitsoumettre a la
Cour ((l'ensembledu différendqui oppose Qatar a Bahreïn, tel que circonscrit
dans le texte ..que le procès-verbal deDoha de 1990dénomme la «formule
bahreïnite)). Il poursuivait en ces termes:

«Les questions qui devaient êtresoumises à la Cour ont étédéfiniesde
façon exhaustive par la commission tripartite (voir le paragraphe 18 de
l'arrêtde la Cour du le'juillet 1994).L'objet du différenda été décrit en
termes identiques dans les piècesécrites de Bahreïn etdans un projet de
compromis qu'il a proposé le 20 juin 1992 (voir duplique de Bahreïn,
annexe 1.3, p. 113).
Conformément aux droits et obligations crééspar les accords interna-
tionaux de décembre1987et du 25 décembre1990,les questions suivantes
relèvent dela compétence dela Cour, et lui sont soumises en vertu de la
requêteintroduite par Qatar le 5juillet 1991et de la présentedémarche:

1. Les îles Hawar, y compris l'îlede Janan;
2. Fasht al Dibal et Qit'at Jaradah;
3. Les lignes de base archipélagiques;
4. Zubarah;On behaSfof Bahrain:
"The State of Bahrain respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and

declare, rejecting al1contrary claims and submissions, that the Court is
without jurisdiction over the dispute brought before it by the Application
filed by Qatar on 8 July 1991."

9. By its Judgment of 1 July 1994,the Court found that the exchanges of
letters between the King of Saudi Arabia and the Amir of Qatar dated 19and
21 December 1987, and between the King of Saudi Arabia and the Amir of
Bahrain dated 19and 26 December 1987,and the document headed "Minutes"
and signed at Doha on 25 December 1990by the Ministers for Foreign Affairs
of Bahrain, Qatar and Saudi Arabia, were international agreements creating
rights and obligations for the Parties; and that, by the tesms of those agree-
ments, the Parties had undertaken to submit to the Court the whole of the dis-
pute between them, as circumscribed by the Bahraini fosmula. Having noted
that it had before it only an Application from Qatar setting out that State's
specificclaims in connection withthat formula, the Court decided to afford the
Parties the opportunity to submit to it the whole of the dispute. It fixed
30 November 1994as the time-limit within which the Parties were jointly or

separately to take action to that end; and reserved any other matters for sub-
sequent decision.
10. Judge ad hocRuda died on 7 July 1994and, by a letter dated 5 Septem-
ber 1994, the Agent of Qatar informed the Court that his Government had
chosen Mr. Santiago Torres Bernardez to replace him.
11. By a letter from the Agent of Bahrain dated 11 July 1994,and a letter
from the Agent of Qatar dated 2 November 1994,the Court was infosmed of
various measures taken by the Parties with a viewto complying with its Judg-
ment of 1July 1994.
12. On 30November 1994,within the time-limit laid down inthe Judgment
of 1 July 1994,the Agent of Qatar filed in the Registry a document entitled
"Act to comply with paragraphs (3) and (4) of operative paragraph 41 of the
Judgment of the Court dated 1July 1994".In the document, the Agent referred
to "the absence of an agreement between the Parties to act jointly" and
declared that he was thereby submitting to the Court "the whole of the dispute
between Qatar and Bahrain, as circumscribed by the text . . . referred to in the

1990Doha Minutes as the 'Bahraini fosmula'". He continued thus:
"The matters which would be referred to the Court were exhaustively

definedin the Tripartite Committee (seeparagraph 18of the Court's Judg-
ment of 1July 1994).The subject matters of the dispute were described in
identical terms in Bahrain's written pleadingsand in a draft special agree-
ment proposed by Bahrain on 20 June 1992 (see Bahrain's Rejoinder,
Annex 1.3,p. 113).
The followingsubjects fa11within the jurisdiction of the Court by virtue
of the rights and obligations created by the international agreements
of December 1987 and 25 December 1990 and are, by virtue of Qatar's
Application dated 5 July 1991and the present Act, submittedto the Court:

1. The Hawar Islands, including the island of Janan;
2. Fasht al Dibal and Qit'at Jaradah;
3. The archipelagic baselines;
4. Zubarah; 10 DÉLIMITATION MARITIME ET QUESTIONS TERRITORIALES (ARRET)

5. Les zones désignéespour la pêche des perleset pour la pêche des pois-
sons et toutes autres questions liéesaux limites maritimes.
Qatar considère que Bahreïn définit sa revendication concernant Zuba-

rah comme une revendication de souveraineté.
Comme suite à sa requête,Qatar prie la Cour de dire et juger que
Bahreïn n'a aucune souveraineténi aucun autre droit territorial sur l'îlede
Janan et sur Zubarah, et que toute revendication de Bahreïn concernant
les lignes de base archipélagiques et les zones désignéespour la pêche des
perles et des poissons serait dénuée de pertinenceaux fins de la délimita-
tion maritime dans la présente instance.»

La «démarche» de Qatar étaitaccompagnéedu texte de plusieurs lettres et
documents échangésentre les Parties après le prononcé de l'arrêtdu le'juillet
1994 «en vue de parvenir à un accord pour soumettre à la Cour l'ensemble du
différendpar une démarche conjointe)).
13. Le 30 novembre 1994est en outre parvenue au Greffe, par télécopie, une
lettre de l'agent de Bahreïn sous le couvert de laquelle celui-ci faisait tenir
Cour un document intitulé((Rapport de 1'Etat de Bahreïn à la Cour interna-
tionale de Justice sur la tentative faite par les Parties pour donner effetarrêt
rendu par la Cour le lerjuillet 1994)).L'agent indiquait dans ce «rapport» que
son gouvernement s'étaitfélicité de l'arrêtdu le'juillet 1994et qu'il avait inter-
prétécelui-cicomme confirmant que la soumission à la Cour de ((l'ensembledu

différend))devait avoir ((un caractère consensuel, c'est-à-dire faire l'objet d'un
accord entre les Parties)). Or, exposait-il, Qatar avait abordé la discussion dans
un esprit marqué par deux caractéristiques dont il avait ((absolument refusé de
s'écarterpour aller dans un sens acceptable pour Bahreïn)). En premier lieu, les
propositions de Qatar avaient ((revêtula forme de documents qui ne [pou-
vaient] être interprétés quecomme devant s'inscrire dans le cadre du maintien
de l'affaire introduite par la requêtede Qatar du 8juillet 1991»; et, en second
lieu, Qatar avait déniéà Bahreïn «le droit de décrire, définirou identifier, selon
les termes choisis par Bahreïn lui-même,les questions que ce dernier souhai-
t[ait] précisément voir incluredans le litige)), et s'était opposé au «droit de
Bahreïn de faire figurer sur la liste des questions en litige un point intitulé
veraineté sur Zubarahn. L'agent de Bahreïn soulignait en outre qu'à la suite

de l'échec des négociations le dernierprojet de démarche conjointeproposépar
Bahreïn avait été retiret n'était plusouvert àacceptation. Enfin, l'agent expli-
quait que, de l'avis de son gouvernement, l'arrêtdu le'juillet 1994impliquait
que les Parties((devaient porter leur différenddevant la Cour sur la base d'une
demande nouvelle et formuléed'un commun accord)). Il confirmait la conclu-
sion de Bahreïn selon laquelle la Cour((n'apas compétencedans l'affaire intro-
duite par la requêteque Qatar a déposéele 8 juillet 1991» et affirmait qu'en
l'absence de consentement de Bahreïn il ne pouvait êtreremédié àce défautde
compétencepar une démarcheindividuelle de Qatar faisant référence à la sou-
verainetésurZubarah, que cette démarche prenne la formed'un amendement à
sa requête originelleou d'une nouvelle requête.
L'exemplaire original du «rapport» de Bahreïn a été reçuau Greffe, par

courrier spécial,lele' décembre 1994;il étaitaccompagnéd'un recueil de «tous
les documents échangésentre les deux Parties du le'juillet 1994à cejour». La
plupart de ces documents étaient aussi produits en annexe à la ((démarche»de
Qatar.
14. Par lettre du5décembre1994,parvenue au Greffe le mêmejour par télé-
copie, l'agent de Bahreïn a transmisà la Cour un document intitulé((Observa- 5. The areas for fishing for pearls and for fishing for swimming fish and

any other matters connected with maritime boundaries.
It is understood by Qatar that Bahrain defines its claim concerning
Zubarah as a claim of sovereignty.
Further to its Application Qatar requests the Court to adjudge and
declare that Bahrain has no sovereignty or other territorial right over the
island of Janan or over Zubarah, and that any claim by Bahrain concern-
ing archipelagic baselines and areas for fishing for pearls and swimming
fish would be irrelevant for the purpose of maritime delimitation in the

present case."
Qatar's "Act" was accompanied by the texts of severalletters and documents
exchanged between the Parties after the Judgment of 1July 1994"with a view
to reaching an agreement to ensure the submission to the Court of the whole of
the dispute by way of a joint act".

13. On 30November 1994,the Registry also received,by facsimile, a letter
from the Agent of Bahrain communicating to the Court a document entitled
"Report of the State of Bahrain to the International Court of Justice on the
attempt by the Parties to implement the Court's Judgment of 1stJuly, 1994".
In that "Report", the Agent stated that his Government had welcomed
the Judgment of 1 July 1994 and understood it as confirming that the sub-
mission to the Court of "the whole of the dispute" must be "consensual in
character, that is, a matter of agreement between the Parties". Yet, he
observed, Qatar's approach to the discussion had been dominated by two
features from which it had "resolutely declined to move in any way accept-
able to Bahrain". First, Qatar's proposals had "taken the form of documents
that can only be read as designed to fa11within the framework of the
maintenance of the case commenced by Qatar's Application of 8th July,
1991"; and, second, Qatar had denied Bahrain "the right to describe, define
or identify, in words of its own choosing, the matters which it wishes specifi-
cally to place in issue", and had opposed "Bahrain's right to include in the

list of matters in dispute the item of 'sovereignty over Zubarah'". The Agent
of Bahrain emphasized moreover that, following the breakdown of the
negotiations, the last draft joint act proposed by Bahrain had been with-
drawn and was no longer open to acceptance. Finally, the Agent explained
that, in his Government's opinion, the Judgment of 1July 1994implied that
the Parties "should bring their dispute before the Court on the basis of new,
and agreed, terms of reference". He confirmed Bahrain's conclusion that
"the Court does not have jurisdiction in the case commenced by the Qatari
Application of 8th July, 1991" and affirmed that, without Bahrain's consent,
there could be no curing that defect ofjurisdiction by means of an individual
act of Qatar making reference to sovereignty over Zubarah, whether through
an amendment to its original application or a fresh application.

The original of the "Report" of Bahrain was received in the Registry, by

courier, on 1 December 1994; it was accompanied by a separate volume of
"al1documents which have passed between the two sides since 1st July 1994".
Most of those documents were also appended to the Qatari "Act".

14. By letter dated 5 December 1994,which reached the Registry the same
day by facsimile, the Agent of Bahrain transmitted to the Court a document

811 DÉLIMITATION MARITIME ET QUESTIONS TERRITORIALES (ARRÊT)

tions de 1'Etatde Bahreïn concernant la ((démarche»de Qatar du 30novembre
1994)).Dans ce document, la «démarche»de Qatar étaitqualifiéed'c<intrinsè-
quement imparfaite)).L'agent de Bahreïn expliquait la position de son gouver-
nement en ces termes:
«la Cour n'emploie jamaisdans son arrêtl'expression«l'une ou l'autredes

Parties))pour indiquer qu'une Partie pouvaitseulesoumettreledifférendàla
Cour. C'est«aux Parties» - et non à l'uneou l'autre ou l'uned'entre elles
- que la Cour a donnél'occasion dela saisir de l'affaire. Ce qui montre
clairement que la Cour s'en tient à l'exigencefondamentale du consente-
ment des Parties, aussi bien celui du défendeurque celui du demandeur.
Bahreïn est convaincu qu'enemployant, dans son arrêt,au point 4 du
paragraphe 41, le mot «individuellement» et au paragraphe 38 les mots
((démarchesindividuelles))(au pluriel) des Parties, la Cour envisageait la
possibilitéque les Parties concluent un accord pour soumettre l'affaàrla
Cour, tout en reconnaissant qu'elles pourraient décider d'exprimer cet

accord entre elles par des démarchesconcordantes et effectivement iden-
tiques, mais néanmoinsindividuelles»;
et il poursuivait:

«Bahrein pense que la Cour n'a pasdit dans son arrêtdu 1" juillet 1994
qu'elleétaitcompétentepour connaître de l'affaireintroduite par la requête
unilatérale deQatar de 1991.Il s'ensuit que si la Cour n'était pascompé-
tenteà l'époque,la démarcheindividuellede Qatardu 30novembre, même
analyséeà la lumièrede l'arrêt,ne saurait établircette compétenceni saisir
valablement la Cour en l'absence du consentement de Bahreïn. A l'évi-

dence, Bahreïn n'a pas donnépareil consentement. ))
Enfin, l'agent de Bahreïn concluait commesuit:

«Chaque Etat possède le droit souverain de déciders'il consent à la
compétencede la Cour et de déterminerles limites, conditions et moda-
litésd'application de ce consentement. Chaque Etat possède égalementle
droit souverain de refuser de seprésenterdevant la Cour. Bahreïn possède
ce droit, au mêmetitre que tout autre Etat. C'est uniquement par respect
et courtoisie envers la Cour que Bahreïn a exposéles raisons de sa déci-
sion de ne pas se présenter, dans ces conditions, devant elle. La préro-
gative souveraine de Bahreïn en la matière n'en demeure pas moins

absolue.»
15. Une copie de chacun des documents produits par Qatar et Bahreïn men-
tionnésaux paragraphes 11 à 14 ci-dessus a étédûment transmise à l'autre
Partie par le Greffe dès leur réception.

16. La Cour rappellera tout d'abord que, par sa requête déposéeau
Greffe le 8 juillet 1991, Qatar a introduit devant la Cour une instance
contre Bahreïn

«au sujet de certains différends existant entre eux relativement à la
souveraineté sur les îles Hawar, aux droits souverains sur les hauts-
fonds de Dibal et de Qit'at Jaradah et à la délimitation des zones

maritimes entre les deux Etats».entitled "Comments by the State of Bahrain on the Qatari 'Act'of 30th Novem-
ber, 1994". In that document the Qatari "Act" was termed "inherently defec-
tive". Bahrain's Agent explainedthe position of his Government as follows:

"Nor does the Judgment use the words 'eitherof the Parties' to indicate
that one Party alone could complete the process of reference to the Court.
It is to 'the Partie-' and not to either or one of them - that the Court
afforded the opportunity to seiseit of the Case. This reflectsthe Court's
adherence to the dominant requirement of the consent of the Parties, no
less of the Respondent than of the Applicant.
It is the belief ofBahrain that when, in its Judgment, the Court spoke in
paragraph 41 (4) of 'separately',and in paragraph 38of 'separateActs'(in
the plural) by the Parties, the Court had in mind the prospect that the Par-
ties would conclude an agreement submitting the Case to the Court but

recognized the possibility that the Parties might decide to express that
agreement between them by concordant, and effectively identical, but
nonetheless separate Acts";
and, he continued,

"It is Bahrain's submissionthat the Court did not declare in its Judg-
ment of 1stJuly, 1994that it had jurisdiction in the Case brought before it
by virtue of Qatar's unilateral application of 1991. Consequently, if the
Court did not have jurisdiction at that time, then the Qatari separate Act
of 30th November, even when considered in the light of the Judgment,
cannot create that jurisdiction or effect a valid submission in the absence
of Bahrain's consent. Clearly, Bahrain has given no such consent."

Bahrain's Agent concludedthus:

"Every State possessesthe sovereign right to determine whether it con-
sentsto thejurisdiction of the Court and to determine the limits, conditions
and method of implementation of its consent. Every State also possesses
the sovereignright to declineto appear before the Court. Bahrain possesses
this right in the samemeasure as any other State. Bahrain has givenreasons
for its decision not to appear before the Court in the circumstances that
have developed onlyout of respect for, and as an act of courtesy towards,
the Court. However, it remains a fact that the absoluteness of Bahrain's
sovereign prerogative in this respect cannot be questioned."

15. A copy of each of the documents produced by Qatar and Bahrain and
mentioned in paragraphs 11 to 14 above was duly transmitted to the other
Party by the Registry upon receipt.

16. The Court begins by calling to mind that, by its Application filed
in the Registry on 8 July 1991, Qatar instituted proceedings before the

Court against Bahrain
"in respect of certain existing disputes between them relating to sov-

ereignty over the Hawar islands, sovereign rights over the shoals of
Dibal and Qit'at Jaradah, and the delimitation of the maritime areas
of the two States".12 DÉLIMITATION MARITIME ET QUESTIONS TERRITORIALES (ARRET)

Selon Qatar, les deux Etats:
«se sont l'un et l'autre expressément engagés,dans leurs accords de
décembre1987 ..et de décembre 1990 ...à soumettre leurs diffé-
rends à la Cour)).

Les deux Parties ayant ((donnéleur consentement par les accords inter-
nationaux susvisés)),laCour serait en mesure, selon Qatar, ((d'exercersa
compétencepour se prononcer sur ces différends)).
Bahreïn a soutenu au contraire que le procès-verbal de 1990 ne cons-
tituait pas un instrument juridiquement contraignant. Il a ajouté qu'en
tout étatde cause les dispositions combinées des échanges de lettres de
1987 et du procès-verbal de 1990 ne permettaient pas à Qatar de saisir
unilatéralement la Cour. Selon Bahreïn, la Cour ne serait dèslors pas
compétentepour statuer sur le différend.

17. Comme il a été rappelé ci-dessu(sparagraphe 9), la Cour,par arrêt
du le'juillet 1994,a dit que les Parties avaient pris l'engagement de lui
soumettre l'ensembledu différend quiles oppose. Elle a décidédedonner
aux Parties l'occasion delui soumettre l'ensemble dece différendet afixé
au 30 novembre 1994 la date d'expiration du délaidans lequel celles-ci
devaient agir conjointement ou individuellement à cette fin.
18. Par déclaration faitele jour mêmedu prononcé de l'arrêt,le mi-
nistre des affaires étrangères de Bahreïns'est félicide la décision ainsi
prise et a invitélesreprésentantsde Qata«à une réunion qui devrait avoir
lieu dèsque possible afin de préparer la signature d'un texte commun à
soumettre àla Cour)). Le 6juillet 1994,l'agent de Qatar écrivaitde son
côté àl'agent de Bahreïn en formulant lesouhait qu'ils puissentserencon-
trer«le plus rapidement possible ...pour discuter de la possibilité d'agir
conjointement pour soumettre à la Cour l'ensemble du différend))et en
exprimant la conviction qu'il serait possible «de convenir d'une dé-

marche conjointe visant à donner effet à la décision de laCour)). Après
divers échanges de correspondance, les intéressésse réunirentà Londres
les6 octobre, 22 octobre et 14 novembre 1994.
19. Lors de la réunion du 6 octobre 1994, l'agent de Qatar proposa
que les deux agents soumettent par lettre conjointeà la Cour l'ensemble
du différend, tel que circonscritpar la formule bahreïnite, dans les termes
avancéspar Bahreïn lors de la réunion de la commission tripartite des
6 et 7 décembre1988, à savoir:

«1. Les îles Hawar, y compris l'îlede Janan;
2. Fasht al Dibal et Qit'at Jaradah;
3. Les lignes de base archipélagiques;
4. Zubarah;
5. Les zones désignéep sour la pêche desperles et pour la pêche des
poissons et toutes autres questions liéesaux limites maritimes.))

A l'occasion de cette mêmeréunion, l'agent de Bahreïn proposa la
signature par les deux gouvernements d'un projet de compromis ayant
pour objet de saisir la Cour de l'ensemble des questions tellesque définiesAccording to Qatar, the two States:

"have made express commitments in the agreements of December
1987 . . and December 1990 . .,to refer their disputes to the . . .
Court".

As both Parties had "given their requisite consent through the interna-
tional agreements referred to above", the Court, according to Qatar, is in
a position "to exercisejurisdiction to adjudicate upon those disputes".
Bahrain maintained on the contrary that the 1990 Minutes did not
constitute a legally binding instrument. It went on to say that, in any
event, the combined provisions of the 1987exchangesof letters and of the
1990 Minutes were not such as to enable Qatar to seise the Court uni-
laterally. According to Bahrain, the Court therefore lacks jurisdiction
to adjudicate upon the dispute.
17. As stated above (paragraph 9), by its Judgment of 1July 1994the
Court found that the Parties had undertaken to submit to it the whole of
the dispute between them. It decided to afford the Parties the opportu-
nity to submit to it the whole of that dispute, and fixed 30 November
1994 as the time-limit within which they were, jointly or separately, to
take action to this end.
18. By a declaration made on the very day on which the Judgment was
delivered,the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Bahrain expressed his appre-
ciation of the decision thus reached and invited the representatives of
Qatar "to a meeting at the earliest possible opportunity in order to work
towards the signing of a joint submission". On 6 July 1994,the Agent of
Qatar, for his part, wrote to the Agent of Bahrain, expressing the hope
that they might meet "as earlyas possible ... to discusstogether whether it
would be possible to act jointly so as to ensure that the whole of the dis-

pute is placed before the Court" and expressing the conviction that they
would be able "to agree on a joint compliance with the decision of the
Court". After various exchanges of correspondence, the persons con-
cerned met in London on 6 October, 22 October and 14November 1994.
19. During the meeting of 6 October 1994, the Agent of Qatar pro-
posed that the two Agents should submit to the Court by ajoint letter the
whole of the dispute, as circumscribed by the Bahraini formula, in the
terms suggested by Bahrain during the meeting of the Tripartite Com-
mittee on 6 and 7 December 1988,namely:
"1. The Hawar Islands, including the island of Janan
2. Fasht al Dibal and Qit'at Jaradah

3. The archipelagic baselines
4. Zubarah
5. The areas for fishingfor pearls and for fishingfor swimmingfish
and any other matters connected with maritime boundaries."
On the occasion of that same meeting, the Agent of Bahrain proposed
the signature by the two Governments of a draft of a Special Agreement
whose object would be to seisethe Court of al1of the issuesas defined by13 DÉLIMITATION MARITIME ET QUESTIONS TERRITORIALES (ARRÉT)

par chacune des Parties. L'article II du projet comportait un membre de
phrase introductif libellécomme suit: «cette demande porte sur les ques-
tions litigieusessuivantes:». Mais la phrase s'interrompait là, de sorte
que les questions faisant l'objet du différendn'y étaientpas énumérées.
Le projet de Bahreïn soulevait par ailleurs diverses autres questions: sys-
tèmede coordonnéesgéographiques à utiliser pour la délimitation mari-
time; nomination d'un expert par la Cour en vue de cette délimitation;
organisation de la procédure écrite; caractèredéfinitif etobligatoire de
l'arrêt;entrée en vigueur et notification du compromis; traduction en

arabe du texte original anglais de celui-ci.
20. Lors de la deuxièmeréunion,tenue le 22 octobre 1994,l'agent de
Qatar proposa un nouveau texte, analogue au premier, mais traitant en
outre du système de coordonnées géographiques à utiliser, de la langue
des piècesde procédure et de la fixation des délaispour leur dépôtsimul-
tané.L'agent de Bahreïn proposa, quant àlui, une démarche conjointe
prenant la forme d'un acte signépar les deux agents et priant la Cour de
trancher toute question qui pouvait faire l'objet d'un différendentre les
Parties. Le projet bahreïnite énuméraitces questions en reprenant la liste
proposée par Bahreïn lors de la réunion de la commission tripartite
des 6 et 7 décembre1988,mais en précisant enoutre, pour ce qui est des
points 1 et 4, que la demande adressée à la Cour concernait la souverai-

neté sur les îles Hawar et la souveraineté sur Zubarah. Le document
comportait quelques simplifications en ce qui concerne les questions
procéduralesabordées dansle premier texte. Il priait la Cour de modifier
le titre de l'affaire pour bien montrer que celle-ci serait examinéà la
suite, non pas d'une requête unilatérale d'unePartie, mais d'une dé-
marche conjointe des deux Parties, et pour se conformer «à la présenta-
tion qui est d'usage dans les affaires soumisàsla Cour conjointement ».
Au cours de la mêmeréunion,l'agent deQatar proposa ànouveau que
l'objet du litige soit décrit dans la démarche conjointe selonles termes
envisagésen 1988,mais suggéraen outre que soient jointes à cette dé-
marche deux annexes dans lesquellesles Parties pourraient expliciterleurs
prétentions, et grâce auxquelles Bahreïn pourrait préciser qu'ilentendait

présenter des revendications de souverainetésur Zubarah. Bahreïn rejeta
«la proposition qatarie de démarche conjointe accompagnée de deux
annexes, que les questions en litige soient énuméréesu non dans la par-
tie principale de la démarcheconjointe)) et insista pour que la ((souverai-
netésur Zubarah» figure dans le texte mêmede la démarche.
21. Dans un mémorandumdu 12novembre 1994,Bahreïn réaffirma sa
position notamment en ce qui concerne la désignation d'un expert tech-
nique par la Cour, la fixation des délais de procédureet la modification
du titre de l'affaire;ce mémorandum étaitjoint le texte d'un nouveau
projet de démarche conjointe qui ne différaitdu projet du 22 octobre
qu'en ce qui concerne le systèmede coordonnéesgéographiques à utiliser.
Aucun progrès ne fut réalisé lors de la troisièmeréunion, tenue le

14 novembre 1994,au cours de laquelle Qatar présenta de son côté une
version reviséede son texte du 22 octobre. Puis, le 19 novembre 1994,each of the Parties. Article II of the draft contained an introductory

phrase worded as follows: "The above request covers the following mat-
ters in dispute:-". But the sentence broke off there, with the result that
the questions forming the subject-matter of the dispute were not enumer-
ated. The Bahraini draft moreover raised various other questions, i.e., the
system of geographic CO-ordinatesto be used for the maritime delimita-
tion; the appointment of an expert by the Court for that delimitation;the
organization of the written proceedings; the final and binding character
of the Judgment; the entry into force and notification of the Special
Agreement, and its translation into Arabic from the original English.
20. At the second meeting, held on 22 October 1994, the Agent of
Qatar proposed a new text similar to its first, but dealing in addition with
the system of geographic CO-ordinatesto be employed, the language of
the written pleadings and the fixing of time-limits for theirsimdtaneous
filing. The Agent of Bahrain proposed, for his part, a joint initiative
taking the form of an Act signed by the two Agents and requesting
the Court to decide any question which might be a matter of difference
between the Parties. The Bahraini draft enumerated those matters, adopt-
ing the list proposed by Bahrain at the meeting of the Tripartite Com-

mittee on 6 and 7 December 1988, but specifying in addition, as to
points 1and 4, that the request to the Court concerned sovereignty over
the Hawar islands and sovereigntyover Zubarah. The document included
certain simplificationswith respect to the procedural questions raised in
the firsttext. It requested the Court to amend the title of the case to make
it clear that it would be dealt with, not pursuant toan Application by one
Party, but to a joint initiative by the two Parties, and inrder to comply
with "the pattern of names in other cases placed before the Court jointly
by the Parties".
In the course of thesame meeting, the Agent of Qatar once again pro-
posed that the subject of the dispute should be described in the Joint Act
in accordance with the terms contemplated in 1988,but further suggested
that two annexes should be appended thereto in which the Parties could
setforth their claimsin detail, and which would enable Bahrain to specify
its intention to lay claim to sovereignty over Zubarah. Bahrain rejected
"the proposa1 made by Qatar for a Joint Act, with two annexes, whether
with, or without, the itemization of the issues of dispute in the main body
of the Joint Act" and insisted that "sovereignty over Zubarah" ought to

appear in the main body of the Joint Act.
21. In a memorandum of 12 November 1994, Bahrain restated its
position particularly with respect to the appointment of a technical
expert by the Court, the fixing of procedural time-limits and the modifi-
cation of the title of the case; attached to this memorandum was the
text of a new draft joint act, which differed from the draft of 22 October
only in respect of the system of geographic CO-ordinatesto be used. No
progress was made at the third meeting, held on 14November 1994,dur-
ing which Qatar, for its part, presented a revised version of its 22 October
text. Subsequently, on 19 November 1994,the Agent of Qatar sent thel'agent de Qatar adressa à celui de Bahreïn un quatrième projet dans
lequelfigurait, aprèsl'énumération des questiontsellesqu'antérieurement
formulées,une phrase par laquelle les deux Parties auraient déclaré:
«Nous considéronsque Bahreïn définitsa revendication concer-

nant Zubarah comme une revendication de souveraineté. »
Par lettre du 25 novembre 1994,l'agent de Bahreïn rejeta cette nouvelle
proposition en rappelant ses positions tant sur ce point que sur divers
autres et invita l'agent deQatarà répondreposivitement à son offre du
12 novembre. Puis l'agent de Bahreïn fit connaître à celui de Qatar, le
27 novembre 1994,qu'il lui paraissait inutile de tenirune quatrième réu-

nion le 28 novembre.
22. Comme il a déjà été indiqu( paragraphe 12 ci-dessus), à la suite
de l'échecde ces négociations,Qatar a présentéle 30 novembre 1994 à
la Cour une ((démarche tendant à donner effet aux points 3 et 4 du
paragraphe 41 de l'arrêtrendu par la Cour le le'juillet 1994)).Dans ses
observations du 5 décembre1994sur la démarche deQatar, exposéesau
paragraphe 14ci-dessus, Bahreïn a cependant souligné qu'à son opinion

«la Cour n'a pas dit dans son arrêt dule'juillet 1994qu'elle était
compétente pour connaître de l'affaire introduite par la requête
unilatéralede Qatar de 1991. Il s'ensuit que si la Cour n'étaitpas
compétente à l'époque, la démarche individuelle de Qatar du
30 novembre, mêmeanalysée à la lumière del'arrêt,ne saurait éta-
blir cette compétence ni saisir valablementla Cour en l'absence de
consentement de Bahreïn. ))

23. La Cour rappellera qu'elleavait, dans son arrêtdu le'juillet 1994,
réservépour décisionultérieure toute question non tranchée dansledit
arrêt.Ellenote par ailleursque Bahreïnmaintient lesexceptions qu'ilavait
formulées à l'encontre de la requêtede Qatar. Il appartient dèslorà la
Cour de seprononcer sur cesexceptionsdans la décisionqu'elledoit main-
tenant rendre en cequi concerned'unepart sa compétencepour statuer sur
le différendqui lui est soumis etd'autre part la recevabilitéde la requête.

24. Comme il a été rappelé ci-dessu(paragraphe 9), la Cour, dans son
arrêtdu le'juillet 1994,a dit
«que leséchangesde lettresentre leroi d'Arabie saoudite et l'émir de
Qatar, datées des19 et 21 décembre1987, et entre le roi d'Arabie

saoudite et l'émir de Bahreïn, datées des19 et 26 décembre1987,
ainsi que le document intitulé «procès-verbal», signé à Doha le
25décembre1990par lesministres des affairesétrangères de Bahreïn,
de Qatar et de l'Arabie saoudite, constituent des accords internatio-
naux créantdes droits et des obligations pour les Parties))Agent of Bahrain a fourth draft which included, after the enumeration of
the matters as they had previously been defined, a sentence in which the
two Parties declared:
"We understand that Bahrain defines its claim concerning Zuba-
rah as a claim of sovereignty."

By a letter dated 25 November 1994,the Agent of Bahrain rejected that
new proposal, recalling its position both on that point and on several
others, and invited the Agent of Qatar to give a positive response to his
offer of 12November. The Agent of Bahrain then informed the Agent of
Qatar, on 27 November 1994,that it seemed pointless to hold a fourth
meeting on 28 November.
22. As already mentioned (paragraph 12above), after the breakdown
of those negotiations, Qatar addressed to the Court on 30 November
1994an "Act to comply with paragraphs (3) and (4) of operative para-
graph 41 of the Judgment of the Court dated 1 July 1994". In its obser-
vations of 5 December 1994 on Qatar's Act, set out in paragraph 14
above, Bahrain stressed, however, that in its view

"the Court did not declare in its Judgment of 1st July, 1994that it
had jurisdiction in the Case brought before it by virtue of Qatar's
unilateral application of 1991. Consequently, if the Court did not
have jurisdiction at that time, then the Qatari separate Act of
30th November, even when considered in the light of the Judgment,
cannot create that jurisdiction or effect a valid submission in the
absence of Bahrain's consent."

23. The Court recalls that, in its Judgment of 1 July 1994,it reserved
for subsequent decision al1such matters as had not been decided in that
Judgment. It notes moreover that Bahrain maintains the objections that
it raised with respect to the Application of Qatar. Accordingly,it falls to
the Court to rule on those objections in the decision it must now give on
the one hand, on itsjurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute submitted
to it and, on the other, on the admissibility of the Application.

24. As stated above (paragraph 9), in its Judgrnent of 1July 1994,the
Court found
"that the exchanges of letters between the King of Saudi Arabia and
the Amir of Qatar dated 19and 21 December 1987,and between the
King of Saudi Arabia and the Amir of Bahrain dated 19 and
26 December 1987,and the document headed 'Minutes' and signed
atDoha on 25 December 1990by the Ministers for Foreign Affairs
of Bahrain, Qatar and Saudi Arabia, are international agreements
creating rights and obligations for the Parties"

and15 DÉLIMITATION MARITIME ET QUESTIONS TERRITORIALES (ARRÊT)

«qu'aux termes de ces accords les Parties ont pris l'engagement de
soumettre à la Cour l'ensembledu différendqui les oppose, tel que
circonscrit dans le texte proposépar Bahreïnà Qatar le 26 octobre
1988,et acceptépar Qatar en décembre1990,que leprocès-verbal de
Doha de 1990 dénomme la ((formule bahreïnite)) (C.I.J. Recueil
1994, p. 126-127,par. 41, points 1 et 2).
La Cour doit dès lors examiner plus avant le contenu des obligations

contractéespar les Parties aux termes des accords de 1987 et de 1990,
aux fins de déterminer si elle est compétentepour statuer sur le diffé-
rend.
25. Le paragraphe 1 du procès-verbal de Doha consigne l'accord des
Parties pour ((réaf5rmer ce dont [elles] étaient convenues précédem-
ment». Qatar et Bahreïn reconnaissent que cette expression couvre les
engagements auxquels ils ont souscrit en 1987;mais Bahreïn considère
que sa portéeest beaucoup plus large et qu'elle englobenotamment tout
ce dont les Parties sont convenues au cours des travaux de la commission
tripartite.
26. La Cour s'attachera tout d'abord à définir laportée exacte des
engagements pris par les Parties en 1987,qu'ellesont entendu réaffirmer

en 1990. A cet égard,les textes essentielsconcernant la compétence de la
Cour sont lespoints 1et 3 des lettres du 19décembre1987.En les accep-
tant, Qatar et Bahreïn sont convenus d'une part que:
«Toutes les questions en litige seront soumiseà la Cour interna-
tionale de Justice,La Haye, pour qu'ellerende une décisiondéfini-
tive et obligatoire pour les deux parties, qui devront en exécuterles

dispositions,
et d'autre part que soit constituée une commissiontripartite

«en vue d'entrer en rapport avecla Cour internationale de Justice et
d'accomplir les formalités requisespour que le différend soit soumis
à la Cour conformément à son Règlementet à ce qu'elleprescrira,
afin que la Cour puisse rendre une décision définitiveet obligatoire
pour les deux parties)).
Ni Qatar ni Bahreïn ne contestent s'être engagés conformément à ces
textes; toutefois, ils sont en désaccordsur le sens à attribuer auxdits

textes considérés conjointementet, partant, sur la portéede cet engage-
ment. SelonQatar, en y souscrivant,lesParties ont conféré compétencà la
Cour, de façon claire et inconditionnelle, pour connaître des questions en
litige entre elles. Les travaux de la commission tripartite avaient seule-
ment pour but d'examiner les procédures à suivre pour mettre en Œuvre
l'engagement ainsi pris de saisir laCour; et rien n'indiquait qu'ileût fallu
suivreà cet effetune méthodeou une procédure particulière,pourvu que
la saisine de la Cour ait lieu ((conformément à son Règlement et à ce
qu'elle prescrira)). Pour Bahreïn, au contraire, les textes en question
exprimaient seulement un consentement de principe des Partiesà saisirla
Cour, mais ledit consentement était clairementsubordonné à la conclu- "that by the terms of those agreements the Parties have undertaken
to submit to the Court the whole of the dispute between them, as
circumscribed by the text proposed by Bahrain to Qatar on 26 Octo-
ber 1988, and accepted by Qatar in December 1990, referred to in
the 1990 Doha Minutes as the 'Bahraini formula"' (Z.C.J. Reports
1994, pp. 126-127,para. 41 (1)-(2)).
The Court must therefore pursue its examination of the content of the
obligations entered into by the Parties by the terms of the Agreements of

1987and 1990,in order to determine whether it has jurisdiction to adju-
dicate upon the dispute.
25. Paragraph 1 of the Doha Minutes places on record the agreement
of the Parties to "reafJirmwhat was agreed previouslybetween [them]".
Qatar and Bahrain both acknowledge that that expression covers the
commitments entered into by them in 1987; but Bahrain considers that
its scope is much more extensive and that, in particular, it covers every-
thing agreed upon by the Parties in the course of the meetings of the Tri-
partite Committee.
26. The Court willproceed, first of all, toefinethe precise scope of the
commitments which the Parties entered into in 1987and agreed to reaffirm
in 1990.In this regard, the essentialtexts concerningthejurisdiction of the
Court are points 1and 3 of the letters of 19December 1987.By accepting
those points, Qatar and Bahrain agreed, on the one hand, that

"Al1 the disputed matters shall be referred to the International
Court of Justice, at The Hague, for a final ruling binding upon both
parties, who shall have to execute its terms"

and, on the other, that a Tripartite Committee be formed

"for the purpose of approaching the International Court of Jus-
tice, and satisfying the necessary requirements to have the dispute
submitted to the Court in accordance with its regulations and
instructions so that a final ruling, binding upon both parties, be
issued".

Neither Qatar nor Bahrain denies having committed itself in accordance
with those texts; however, they differ as to the meaning to be given to
those texts when read together and, hence, as to the scope of that com-
mitment. Qatar maintains that, by that undertaking, the Parties clearly
and unconditionally conferred upon the Court jurisdiction to deal with
the disputed matters between them. The work of the Tripartite Commit-
tee was directed solely to considering the procedures to be followed to
implement the commitment thus made to seise the Court, and there was
nothing to show that any particular method or procedure ought to have
been followed to that end, provided that the seisin of the Court took
place "in accordance with its regulations and instructions". Bahrain on
the contrary maintains that the texts in question expressed only the Par-
ties' consent in principle to a seisin of the Court, but that such consentsion, au terme des travaux de la commission tripartite, d'un compromis
exposant les questions qui seraient poséeà la Cour d'un commun accord
et réglant un certainnombre de questions deprocédure connexes.Bahreïn
soutient que son interprétation des textes est corroboréepar la conduite
ultérieure des Parties, dans la mesure où les travaux de la commission
tripartite, auxquels les deux Parties ont pris part, ont portéexclusivement
sur la rédaction d'un compromis en vue de soumettre les questions en
litigeàla Cour.
27. La Cour ne peut partager les vues de Bahreïn à ce propos. Elle ne
trouve ni dans le point 1 ni dans le point 3 des lettres du 19 décembre

1987la condition alléguée par Bahreïn. Certes il ressort du point 3 que les
Parties n'envisageaient pas une saisine de la Cour sans discussion préa-
lable, au sein de la commission tripartite, des formalités requises cet
effet. Mais les deux Etats n'en avaient pas moins convenu de soumettreà
la Cour toutes les questions en litigeentre eux et la commission avait seu-
lement pour rôle d'assurer l'exécution de cet engagementen aidant les
Partiesà entrer en rapport avecla Cour et àla saisir dans les formes pres-
crites par son Règlement. Aux termes du point 3, aucune des modalités
particulières de saisine prévuespar le Règlement n'étaitprivilégiéeou
exclue. Au surplus, rien ne se serait opposé à ce que Bahreïn indiquât
dans sa réponsedu 26 décembre1987que son acceptation de la compé-

tence de la Cour étaitsubordonnée à la conclusion d'un compromis pré-
voyant la saisineconjointe de celle-ci.Or la Cour constate que la lettre de
Bahreïn exprime son adhésion sans réserve aux propositions du roi
d'Arabie saoudite.
28. La Cour ne saurait davantage faire siennes les conclusions que
Bahreïn tire de la conduite ultérieure desParties. En effet, s'il est indé-
niable que la commission tripartite s'est attachéeexclusivementà tenter
de mettre au point le texte d'un compromis fixant l'objet du différend,
cela ne signifienullement que les Parties aient considéré que c'était la
seule voie ouverte par l'accord de 1987.Au contraire, tout porteàcroire
que si la commission a exploré cettevoie, c'est simplement parce que
celle-cilui a paru, l'époque, la plus naturelle etla plus propàedonner

effet au consentement des Parties.

29. La commission tripartite s'est réunie pour la dernière fois en
décembre1988, sans que les Parties soient parvenues à un accord sur la
définition des((questions en litige» ni sur les ((formalités requisespour
que le différend soit soumisà la Cour». Par ailleurs, les procès-verbaux
des réunions de la commission étaient des documents diplomatiques
consignant l'état d'avancementdes négociations,qui ne possédaientpas
de valeur juridique contraignante. La Cour en conclut que, du point de
vue de sa compétence,le seul engagement antérieur que les Parties ont
entendu réaffirmerdans l'accord international que constitue le procès-
verbal du 25 décembre 1990 est l'engagement qu'elles avaient pris en

1987, conformément aux ((principes pour un cadre de règlement)) de
1983,de soumettre à la Cour ((toutes les questions en litige))et d'exécuterwas clearly subject to the conclusion of a Special Agreement marking the
end of the work of the Tripartite Cornmittee, setting forth the questions
to be put to the Court by mutual agreement and settling a number of
related procedural questions. Bahrain maintains that its interpretation of

the texts is corroborated by the subsequent conduct of the Parties, in so
far as the work of the Tripartite Comrnittee, in which the two Partiespar-
ticipated, was concerned exclusively with the drawing up of a Special
Agreement to submit the disputed matters to the Court.
27. The Court cannot agree with Bahrain in this respect. Neither in
point 1nor in point 3 of the letters of 19 December 1987can it find the
condition alleged by Bahrain to exist. It is indeed apparent from point 3
that the Parties did not envisage seisingthe Court without prior discus-
sion, in the Tripartite Committee, of the formalities required to do so.
But the two States had nonetheless agreed to submit to the Court al1the
disputed matters between them, and the Cornmittee's only function was
to ensure that this commitment was given effect, by assisting the Parties
to approach the Court and to seise it in the manner laid down by its
Rules. By the terms of point 3, neither of the particular modalities of
seisincontemplated by the Rules of Court was either favoured or rejected.
Moreover, there would have been nothing to prevent Bahrain's saying in
its reply of 26 December 1987that its acceptance of the Court's jurisdic-

tion was subject to the conclusion of a special agreement providing for
joint seisin of the Court. Yet the Court notes that Bahrain's letter
expresses its unreserved adhesion to the proposals made by the King of
Saudi Arabia.
28. The Court is not able either to accept the conclusions that Bahrain
draws from the subsequent conduct of the Parties. Indeed, while it is
undeniable that the Tripartite Committee focused exclusively upon the
attempt to finalize the text of a special agreement determining the sub-
ject-matter of the dispute, this does not at al1mean that the Parties took
that approach to be the only one sanctioned by the Agreement of 1987.
On the contrary, everything tends to suggest that, if the Committee
explored that possibility,it did so simplybecause that course appeared to
it, at the time, to be the most natural and the best suited to give effect to
the consent of the Parties.
29. The Tripartite Committee met for the last time in December 1988,
without the Parties having reached agreement either as to the "disputed
matters" or as to the "necessary requirements to have the dispute sub-
mitted to the Court". Furthermore the minutes of the meetings of the

Committee were diplomatic documents recording the state of progress of
the negotiations, which possessed no legally binding force. The Court
concludes that, from the standpoint of its jurisdiction, the only prior
commitment that the Parties intended to reaffirm in the international
agreement constituted by the Minutes of 25December 1990was the com-
mitment entered into in 1987,in accordance with the "Principles for the
Framework for Reaching a Settlement" of 1983,to submit to the Court
"al1the disputed matters" and to complywith the judgment to be handed 17 DÉLIMITATION MARITIME ET QUESTIONS TERRITORIALES (ARRÊT)

l'arrêt quecelle-cirendrait. La commission tripartite a cessé sesactivités
en décembre 1988 sur les instances de l'Arabie saoudite et sans que les
Parties s'y soient opposées.Les Parties n'ayant pas demandé,lors de la

signature du procès-verbal de Doha en décembre1990,le rétablissement
de la commission, la Cour considère que le paragraphe 1 de ce procès-
verbal ne pouvait viser que l'acceptation par les Parties du point 1 des
lettres du roi d'Arabie saoudite en date du 19 décembre1987, à l'exclu-
sion du point 3 de ces mêmeslettres.

30. Le procès-verbal de Doha a non seulement confirmé l'accorddes
Parties à l'effet de soumettre leur différenà la Cour, mais aussi cons-
titué unpas décisifsur la voie de la solution pacifique de ce différenden
réglantle problème controversé de la définition des((questions en litige)).
C'est là l'un des objets principaux du paragraphe 2 du procès-verbal, qui,
dans la traduction que la Cour utilisera aux fins du présentarrêt,se lit

comme suit:
((2) Les bons offices du Serviteur des deux Lieux saints, le roi
Fahd Ben Abdul Aziz, se poursuivront entre les deux pays jusqu'au

mois de chawwal 1411 de l'hégire,correspondant à mai 1991. A
l'expiration dece délai,les deux parties pourront soumettre la ques-
tionà la Cour internationale de Justice conformément à la formule
bahreïnite, qui a été acceptépear Qatar, et aux procédures quien
découlent. Les bonsofficesde l'Arabie saoudite sepoursuivront pen-
dant que la question sera soumise à l'arbitrage))

31. Les longues négociationsqui avaient précédé la conclusion du pro-
cès-verbal de 1990 avaient mis en évidenceles difficultésauxquelles les
Parties s'étaient constamment heurtéesdans leurs efforts pour définir
l'ensembledu différend, carpour chacune d'ellesla mention expresse de
certains aspects de ce différend soulevaitdes questions délicates.La for-
mule bahreïnite, minutieusement élaboréepar Bahreïn et proposéepar lui
en octobre 1988,étaitlibelléeen des termes qui tendaient précisément à
évitertoute référenceexpliciteà ces questions délicates,tout en circons-

crivant de façon suffisamment claire l'ensemble du différend. Lepara-
graphe 2 du procès-verbal,en consignant formellement l'acceptation, par
Qatar, de la formule bahreïnite, mettait fin au désaccord persistant des
Parties sur l'objet du différendsoumettre àla Cour. L'adoption conven-
tionnelle de la formule exprimait l'accord des Parties sur l'étendue de la
compétence dela Cour. La formule avait ainsi atteint son but: elle fixait
en termes généraux, mais clairs,les limites du différenddont la Cour
aurait désormais à connaître.
32. Les Parties n'en demeurent pas moins en désaccordsur la question
du mode de saisine. Pour Qatar, le paragraphe 2 du procès-verbal per-down by the Court. The Tripartite Committee ceased its activities

in December 1988at the instance of Saudi Arabia and without opposi-
tion from the Parties. As the Parties did not, at the time of signing the
Doha Minutes in December 1990, ask to have the Committee re-estab-
lished, the Court considers that paragraph 1 of those Minutes could only
be understood as contemplating the acceptance by the Parties of point 1
in the letters from the King of Saudi Arabia dated 19December 1987,to
the exclusion of point 3 in those same letters.

30. The Doha Minutes not only confirmed the agreement reached by
the Parties to submit their dispute to the Court, but also represented a
decisive step along the way towards a peaceful solution of that dispute,
by settling the controversial question of the definition of the "disputed
matters". This is one of the principal objects of paragraph 2 of the
Minutes which, in the translation that the Court willuse for the purposes
of the present Judgment, reads as follows:

"(2) The good officesof the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques,
King Fahd BenAbdul Aziz, shall continue between the two countries
until the month of Shawwal 1411A.H., corresponding to May 1991.
Once that period has elapsed, the two parties may submit the matter
to the International Court of Justice in accordance with the Bah-
raini formula, which has been accepted by Qatar, and with the pro-
cedures consequent on it. The good offices ofthe Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia willcontinue during the period when the matter is under arbi-
tration."

31. The long negotiations which preceded the conclusion of the 1990
Minutes showed the difficulties the Parties had constantly met in their
attempts to definethe entire dispute, because for each of them there were
sensitivitiesabout the express mention of certain aspects of that dispute.
The Bahraini formula was carefully constructed by Bahrain, and pro-
posed by it in October 1988,as a form of words which, whilst specifically
avoiding any express reference to those sensitive issues, would neverthe-
less sufficientlyclearlycomprehend the entire dispute. Paragraph 2 of the
Minutes, which formally placed on record Qatar's acceptance of the Bah-

raini formula, put an end to the persistent disagreement of the Parties as
to the subject of the dispute to be submitted to the Court. The agreement
to adopt the formula showed that the Parties were at one on the extent of
the Court's jurisdiction. The formula had thus achieved its purpose: it
set, in general but clear terms, the limits of the dispute the Court would
henceforth have to entertain.

32. The Parties nonetheless continue to differ on the question of the
method of seisin. For Qatar, paragraph 2 of the Minutes authorized a mettait une saisine unilatéralede la Cour par voie de requêteprésentée

par l'une ou l'autre Partie; pour Bahreïn, au contraire, ce texte n'autori-
sait qu'une saisine conjointe de la Cour par voie de compromis.
33. Il incombe dès lors à la Cour de déterminerle sens du texte en
question, en appliquant les règlesd'interprétationqu'ellea récemmenteu
l'occasion de rappeler en l'affaire du Différendterritorial (Jarnahiriya
arabe libyenne/Tchad) :

«selon le droit international coutumier qui a trouvé sonexpression
dans l'article 31 de la convention de Vienne de 1969sur le droit des
traités,un traité doit être interprée bonne foi suivant le sens ordi-
naire à attribuerà ses termes dans leur contexte et à la lumière de
son objet et de son but. L'interprétation doit être fondée avanttout
sur le texte du traitélui-même.Il peut être fait appeà titre complé-
mentaire à des moyens d'interprétationtels lestravaux préparatoires
et les circonstances dans lesquelles le traité a été conclu.))(C.I.J.
Recueil 1994, arrêt,p. 21-22,par. 41.)

34. Tout au long de l'instance, les Parties ont consacré d'importants
développementsau sens qu'il conviendrait selon elles de reconnaître à
l'expression «al-tarafan)), utilisée dans la deuxième phrase du texte
original arabe du paragraphe 2 du procès-verbalde Doha. Qatar traduit
ces mots par «les parties» et Bahreïn par «les deux parties)). L'un et
l'autre reconnaissent toutefois que le problèmen'est pas de choisir entre
deux traductions qui n'apportent pas, en elles-mêmes,de réponse à la

question posée,maisd'interprétercesmots arabes pris dans leur contexte.
La forme du duel, en arabe, exprime en effet simplement l'existencede
deux unités(les parties ou les deux parties); or ce qu'il s'agit de déter-
miner, c'estsi lesmots iciutilisésau duel ont un sens alternatifoucurnu-
latif: dans le premier cas, le texte laisseraià chacune des Parties la
faculté d'agir unilatéralementet, dans le second, il impliquerait que la
question soit soumise àla Cour par les deux Parties agissant de concert,
soit conjointement, soit séparément.Qatar et Bahreïn ont tous deux pro-
cédéd , evant la Cour, àune analyseminutieuse du contexte tant éloigné
(paragraphes 1 et 3 du procès-verbal de Doha, et textes antérieurs pro-
duits en l'affaire) que rapproché (autres expressions utiliséesau para-

graphe 2 du procès-verbal)dans lequel s'inscrivent les termes «al-tava-
fan ));Qatar en déduitque ces termes ont, dans le texte àl'examen, un
sens alternatif, et, Bahreïn, un sens cumulatif impliquant une action
conjointe.
35. La Cour analysera d'abord le sens et la portée du membre de
phrase «A l'expiration de ce délai,les deux parties pourront soumettre la
question à la Cour internationale de Justice)). Elle note l'utilisation, dans
ce membre de phrase, du verbe «pouvoir», qui, dans son sens ordinaire,
vise une possibilité, voireun droit. Ainsi, l'expressionles deux parties
pourront soumettrela question àla Cour» évoqueen premier lieu et de la
façon la plus naturelle la faculté ou le droit pour elles de saisir la Cour;
prise comme telle, dans son sens le plus ordinaire, cette expressionunilateral seisin of the Court by means of an application filed by one or
the other Party, whereas for Bahrain, on the contrary, that text only
authorized a joint seisin of the Court by means of a special agreement.
33. It is accordingly incumbent upon the Court to decidethe meaning
of the text in question by applying the rules of interpretation that it
recently had occasion to recall in the case concerning the Territorial Dis-
pute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad) :

"in accordance with customary international law, reflected in Ar-
ticle31 of the 1969Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, a
treaty must be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordi-
nary meaning to be givento its terms in their context and in the light
of its object and purpose. Interpretation must be based above al1
upon the text of the treaty. As a supplementary measure recourse
may be had to means of interpretation such asthe preparatory work
of the treaty and the circumstancesof its conclusion." (1.C.J. Reports
1994, Judgment, pp. 21-22,para. 41 .)

34. Throughout the proceedings, the Parties have devoted consider-
able attention to the meaning which, according to them, should be given
to the expression "al-tarafan" as used in the second sentenceof the origi-
nal Arabic text of paragraph 2 of the Doha Minutes. Qatar translates
those words as "the parties" and Bahrain as "the two parties". Both how-
ever recognize that the problem is not one of choosing between two
translations which do not, in themselves, provide an answer to the ques-
tion raised, but rather one of interpreting these Arabic terms in their con-
text. The dual form in Arabic serves simply to express the existence of
two units (the parties or the two parties), so what has to be determined is
whether the words, when used here in the dual form, have an alternative
or a cumulativemeaning: in the first case, the text would leaveeach of the
Parties with the option of acting unilaterally, and, in the second, it would

imply that the question be submitted to the Court by both Parties acting
in concert, either jointly or separately. Qatar and Bahrain each pro-
ceeded, before the Court, to a detailed analysis both of the more remote
context (paragraphs 1 and 3 of the Doha Minutes, and earlier texts pro-
duced in the case) and the more immediate context (other expressions
used in paragraph 2 of the Minutes) within which the words "al-tarafan"
were emp1oyed.-~atar deduces from this that those words have an alter-
native meaning in the text under consideration, and Bahrain, a cumula-
tive meaning implying a joint action.
35. The Court will first analyse the meaning and scope of the phrase
"Once that period has elapsed, the two parties may submit the matter to
the International Court of Justice." It notes the use in that phrase of the
verb "vzay", which, in its ordinary meaning, envisages a possibility, or
evena right. Accordingly,the expression "the two parties may submit the
matter to the .. .Court" suggestsin the first place, and in its most natural

sense, the option or right for them to seise the Court. Taken as such, in
its most ordinary meaning, that expression does not require a seisin byn'impose pas une saisine par les deux Parties agissant de concert, mais

permet bien au contraire une saisineunilatérale.
De l'avis de laCour, cette interprétation est confortéetant par le libellé
que par les implications logiques de l'expression «A l'expiration de ce
délai)),qui constitue l'autre composante du membre de phrase considéré.
En effet, ces mots impliquent que la facultéou le droit de saisir la Cour
pouvaient êtreexercés dèsque le délaiavait expiré;ils impliquent dèslors
nécessairementl'existence d'une faculté oud'un droit de la saisir unila-
téralement. Toute autre interprétation se heurterait à de sérieusesdiffi-
cultés:elle priverait le membre de phrase de son effet utile et risquerait
en outre d'aboutir àdes résultats déraisonnables.
De fait, la Cour voit mal pourquoi le procès-verbal de 1990, dont
l'objet et le but étaient de faire progresser le règlement du différend en

donnant effet à l'engagement formel des Parties d'en saisir la Cour, se
serait contentéde leur ouvrir une possibilité d'action communequi, non
seulement, avait toujours existé,mais, en outre, s'était avéréienefficace.
Le texte prend au contraire tout son sens s'ilest compris comme visant,
aux fins d'accélérerle processus de règlement du différend, à ouvrir la
voie à une éventuelle saisine unilatérale dela Cour dans le cas où la
médiation del'Arabie saoudite - parfois qualifiée,comme dans le texte
ici considéré, de((bons offices)- n'aurait pas abouti à un résultat posi-
tif en mai 1991.
36. La Cour estime cependant devoir encore examiner les implications
éventuelles,au regard de cette dernière interprétation, des conditions

dans lesquelles la médiation saoudienne devait se dérouler selonle texte
mêmedu procès-verbal. Aux termes de la première phrase du para-
graphe 2, les bons offices du roi d'Arabie saoudite devaient ((se pour-
suivr[e]entre les deux paysjusqu'au mois de ..mai 1991»;et aux termes
de la troisième phrase du mêmeparagraphe, ces bons officesdevaient en
outre «se poursuivr[e] pendant que la question sera[it] soumise à l'arbi-
trage)) (c'est-à-dire en faàtla Cour). Toutefois, le texte ne précisaitpas
si les bons offices devaient aussi se poursuivre entre la venueàéchéance
du délaien mai 1991et la saisine de la Cour.

De l'avis de la Cour, ce texte peut êtrecompris comme affectant non
seulement le droit des Parties de saisir la Cour, mais aussi la poursuite de

la médiation. En pareille hypothèse,le processus de médiation aurait été
suspendu en mai 1991 et n'aurait pu reprendre avant la saisine de la
Cour. Mais si cette saisineavait elle-même étésubordonnée àla négocia-
tion puis à la conclusion d'un compromis, toute médiation aurait été
excluependant le cours de cette négociation, qui risquait deseprolonger.
Bien plus, la médiation serait devenue impossiblesi aucun accord n'était
intervenu entre les Parties et si de ce fait la Cour n'avait jamaissaisie.
Or le but du procès-verbal ne pouvait êtrede retarder le règlement du
différendou de le rendre plus malaisé.Dans cette perspective, le droit de
saisine unilatérale étaitle complémentnécessairede la suspension de la
médiation.both Parties acting in concert, but, on the contrary, allows a unilateral
seisin.
In the view of the Court, that interpretation is reinforced both by the

form of words and by the logical implications of the expression "Once
that period has elapsed", which constitutes the other component of the
phrase in question. Indeed, those words imply that the option or right to
move the Court was capable of being exercisedas soon as the time-limit
expired; this in turn necessarily implies the existence of an option or
a right of unilateral seisin. Any other interpretation would encounter
serious difficulties: it would deprive the phrase of its effect and could
well, moreover, lead to an unreasonable result.
In fact, the Court has difficulty in seeing why the 1990 Minutes, the
object and purpose of which were to advance the settlement of the dis-
pute by giving effectto the forma1commitment of the Parties to refer it
to the Court, would have been confined to opening up for them a possi-
bility of joint action which not only had always existed but, moreover,
had proved to be ineffective. On the contrary, the text assumes its full

meaning if it is taken to be aimed, for the purpose of accelerating the
dispute settlement process, at opening the way to a possibleunilateral sei-
sin of the Court in the event that the mediation of Saudi Arabia - some-
times referred to, as in the text under discussion,as "good offices" - had
failed to yield a positive result by May 1991.
36. The Court however considers that it still ought to look into the
possible implications, with respect to that latter interpretation, of the
conditions in which the Saudi mediation was to go forward according to
the actual text of the Minutes. According to the first sentence of
paragraph 2, the good officesof the King of Saudi Arabia were to "con-
tinue between the two countries until the month of. . .May 1991", and
in the terms of the third sentence of that same paragraph, those good
officeswere moreover to "continue during the period when the matter
is under arbitration" (meaning, in fact, before the Court). The text did
not however specify whether the good officeswere likewiseto continue

between the expiry of the May 1991 time-limit and the seisin of the
Court.
In the viewof the Court, this text can be read as affecting not only the
right of the Parties to seise the Court, but also the continuation of the
mediation. On that hypothesis, the process of mediation would have been
suspended in May 1991and could not have resumed prior to the seisin of
the Court. However, if that seisin had itself been subject to the negotia-
tion, and then to the conclusion, of a special agreement, any mediation
would have been ruled out during the course of that negotiation, which
could well have taken a long time. What was more, mediation would
have become impossibleif no agreement was reached between the Parties
and if as a result the Court was never seised. It could not have been the
purpose of the Minutes to delay the resolution of the dispute or to make
it more difficult. From that standpoint, the right of unilateral seisin was
the necessary complement to the suspension of mediation.20 DÉLIMITATION MARITIME ET QUESTIONS TERRITORIALES (ARRET)

Mêmesileparagraphe 2 du procès-verbalétait compriscomme n'ayant
pas suspendula médiation saoudienneentre la venue à échéance du délai
en mai 1991et la saisine de la Cour, ce délaiaffectant exclusivement le

droit des Parties de recourirà celle-ci, cette interprétation demeurerait
compatible aveclesconclusions auxquelles la Cour est parvenue au para-
graphe précédent ence qui concerne les modalitésde saisine.
37. La Cour s'attachera maintenant àl'analyse du sens et de la portée
des termes ((conformément à la formulebahreïnite, qui a été acceptéear
Qatar, et aux procédures qui en découlent)), sur lesquels s'achèvela
deuxièmephrase du paragraphe 2 du procès-verbal de Doha. Comme elle
l'a déjàindiqué (paragraphe 31 ci-dessus), le procès-verbal, enprécisant
que les Parties pourraient saisir la Cour ((conformément à la formule
bahreïnite, qui a étéacceptéepar Qatar)), consignaità la fois l'accepta-
tion par Qatar de ladite formule et l'accord des Parties sur l'objet du dif-
férendqui pouvait être porté devant la Cour.La Cour doit toutefois

rechercher si, comme le soutient Bahreïn, cette référenceà la formule
bahreïnite, et en particulierux procédures quien découlent)),avaiten
outre Dourbut et woureffet d'emwêchetroute saisineunilatérale.Bahreïn
rappefle que la fokule bahreïniti, qu'il avait proposéeen 1988,avant la
tenue de la cinquièmeréunionde la commission tripartite, étaitdestinée
figurer dans le texte d'un compromis, alors en cours de négociation; etil
souligne que la phrase introductive de la formule et en particulier les
mots «les parties prient la Cour de trancher)) impliquaient clairement
une saisine conjointe de celle-ci. Bahreïn explique par ailleurs que les
termes «aux procédures quien découlent)),qu'utilisele paragraphe 2 du
procès-verbal deDoha, et qui ont étéinsérésdans ledit procès-verbaàsa
demande, se rapportent à la formule bahreïnite et tendaient précisément

à indiquer que les Parties devaient prendre conjointement d'autres me-
sures wour donner effet à la formule et worter l'affaire devant la Cour.
Qatar, pour sa part, souligne que l'objet mêmede la formule bahreïnite
étaitde permettre àchaque Partie de soumettre sespropres prétentionsà
la Cour; il estimeque lesmots «aux procédures quien découlent»seréfè-
rent seulementà la procédure devant laCour en générall,esParties ayant
simplement entendu s'en remettre, pour ce qui est de ces questions, au
Statut et au Règlementde la Cour, et non à des règlesqu'ellesauraient
pu définir d'uncommun accord entre elles.
38. La Cour n'ignore pas que la formule bahreïnite était à l'origine
destinéeà être incorporée dansle texte d'un compromis. Mais elleconsi-

dère quela référencefaite dans le procès-verbal deoha à cette formule
doit êtreappréciéedans le contexte de ce procès-verbal plutôt qu'au
regard des circonstances dans lesquelles ladite formule a étéconçue à
l'origine.En effet, les négociationsmenéesen 1988au sein de la commis-
sion tripartite avaient échouéet ladite commission avait cesséses acti-
vités.Sile procès-verbalde 1990renvoyait àla formulebahreïnite, c'était
en vue de déterminerl'objet dudifférenddont la Cour auraità connaître.
Mais la formule ne constituait plus un élémentd'un compromis, qui
n'avait d'ailleurs jamais vu le jour; elle s'inscrivait désormais dans le Even if paragraph 2 of the Minutes were taken not to have suspended
the Saudi mediation between the expiry of the May 1991time-limit and

the seisin of the Court, and that time-limit exclusivelyaffected the right
of the Parties to resort to the Court, this interpretation wouldstill be con-
sistent with the conclusions reached by the Court in the previous para-
graph as to the modalities of seisin.
37. The Court will now apply itself to an analysis of the meaning and
scope of the terms "in accordance with the Bahraini formula, which has
been accepted by Qatar, and with the procedures consequent on it",
which conclude the second sentence of paragraph 2 of the Doha Minutes.
As has already been indicated (paragraph 31 above), the Minutes, in
specifying that the Parties might seisethe Court "in accordance with the
Bahraini formula, which has been accepted by Qatar", placed on record
both Qatar's acceptance of that formula and the agreement of the Parties
on the subject of the dispute which could be referred to the Court. The
Court must, however, ascertain whether, as is maintained by Bahrain,

that reference to the Bahraini formula and, in particular, to the "pro-
cedures consequent on it", further had the aim and effect of ruling out
any unilateral seisin.Bahrain recalls that the Bahraini formula, proposed
by it in 1988 - prior to the fifth meeting of the Tripartite Cornmittee -
was designed for inclusion in the text of a special agreement which was
then under negotiation. It stresses that the introductory sentence of the
formula and, in particular, the words "the Parties request the Court to
decide", clearly imply a joint seisin of the Court. Bahrain explains more-
over that the terms "and the procedures consequent onit" as employedin
paragraph 2 of the Doha Minutes, and which were inserted into those
Minutes at its request, relate to the Bahraini formula and are intended
precisely to indicate that the Parties ought jointly to take other measures
to give effect to the formula and bring the case before the Court. Qatar
for its part emphasizes that the very object of the Bahraini formula was

to enable each Party to submit its own claims to the Court; it considers
that the words "and the procedures consequent on it" relate solelyto the
proceedings before the Court in general, as the Parties merely intended to
defer, with regard to those matters, to the Statute and Rules of the Court,
rather than to rules they might themselves have defined by mutual agree-
ment.
38. The Court is aware that the Bahraini formula was originally
intended to be incorporated into the text of a specialagreement. However
it considers that the reference to that formula in the Doha Minutes must
be evaluated in the context of those Minutes rather than in the light of
the circumstances in which that formula was originallyconceived. In fact,
the negotiations carried on in 1988within the Tripartite Committee had
broken down and the Committee had ceased its activities. If the 1990
Minutes referred back to the Bahraini formula, it was in order to deter-
mine the subject-matter of the dispute which the Court would have to

entertain. But the formula was no longer an element in a special agree-
ment, which moreover never saw the light of day; it henceforth became21 DÉLIMITATION MARITIME ET QUESTIONS TERRITORIALES (ARRÊT)

cadre d'un accord international obligatoire qui déterminaitlui-même les
conditions de saisine de la Cour.

39. La Cour estime par ailleurs, comme Bahreïn, que lemot «en)>,uti-
liséau paragraphe 2 du procès-verbal de Doha dans l'expression «aux
procéduresqui en découlent»,ne peut, grammaticalement, que serappor-
ter àla formule bahreïnite. Elle doit donc déterminerquelles sont, d'un
point de vueprocédural,lesimplications nécessairesdela formule bahreï-
nite qui auraient survécuau changement de contexte. La Cour constate
que l'essencemêmede cette formule était,comme Bahreïn l'a clairement
exposédevant la commission tripartite, de circonscrire le différenddont
la Cour aurait à connaître, tout en laissaàtchacune des Parties le soin
de présenter ses propres prétentions dans le cadre ainsi fixé.C'est sur
cette base que Qatar avait, lors de la sixièmeréunion de la commission
tripartite, proposé que le compromis envisagé soitaccompagné dedeux

annexes, chaque Etat définissant,dans son annexe, les points en litige
qu'il souhaitait porter devant la Cour; Bahreïn s'était engagépour sa
part àétudiercette proposition. Eu égardà l'échecde la négociationde ce
compromis, la Cour est d'avis que la seule implication procéduralede la
formule bahreïnite sur laquelle les Parties aient pu s'accorder Doha
était lapossibilitépour chacune d'ellesde présenteà la Cour des préten-
tions distinctes.
40. Cette conclusion rejoint celleque la Cour a tiréede l'interprétation
du membre de phrase «A l'expiration de ce délai,les deux parties pour-
ront soumettre la questionà la Cour internationale de Justice)). Il appa-
raît en conséquence à la Cour que le texte du paragraphe 2 du procès-
verbal de Doha, interprété suivantle sens ordinaire à attribuerà ses

termes dans leur contexteetà la lumièrede l'objet et du but dudit procès-
verbal, permettait la saisine unilatérale de la Cour. Dans ces conditions,
la Cour ne considèrepas nécessairede faire appel à des moyens complé-
mentaires d'interprétation pour déterminer le sens du procès-verbal de
Doha, et en particulier de son paragraphe 2; toutefois, comme dans
d'autres affaires (voir par exempleDifférendterritorial (Jamahiriya arabe
libyenne/Tchad), arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1994, p. 27, par. 55), elle estime
pouvoir recourir à ces moyens complémentairespour y rechercher une
confirmation éventuellede l'interprétation qu'elle a tiréedu texte. Les
Parties se sont d'ailleurs elles-mêmesamplement référées, à l'appui de
leurs thèses respectives, aux travaux préparatoires du procès-verbal de
décembre1990,ainsi qu'aux circonstances dans lesquelles il a été signé.

41. Les travaux préparatoires du procès-verbal de Doha doivent en
l'espèceêtreutilisésavecprudence, du fait de leur caractère fragmentaire.
Ils paraissent se réduire, en l'absencede tout document retraçantI'évo-
lution des négociations,àdeux projets de texte successivementprésentés
par l'Arabiesaoudite et Oman, ainsi qu'aux amendements apportés à cepart of a binding international agreement which itself determined the
conditions for seisin of the Court.
39. The Court furthermore considers, like Bahrain, that the words "on
it" that were used in paragraph 2 of the Doha Minutes in the expression

"the procedures consequent on it", can only - grammatically - relate to
the Bahraini formula. It must then determine what are, from a pro-
cedural standpoint, the necessary implications of the Bahraini formula
which have survived the change of context.The Court notes that the very
essence of that formula was, as Bahrain clearly stated to the Tripartite
Committee, to circumscribe the dispute with which the Court would have
to deal, while leaving it to each of the Parties to present its own claims
within the framework thus fixed. It was on that basis that Qatar, during
the sixth meeting of the Tripartite Committee, had suggested that the
proposed special agreement should be accompanied by two annexes,with
each State defining, in its annex, the matters in dispute that it wished to
refer to the Court. Bahrain, for its part, undertook to study that sugges-
tion. Given the failure to negotiate that special agreement, the Court

takes the view that the only procedural implication of the Bahraini for-
mula on which the Parties could have reached agreement in Doha was
the possibility that each of them might submit distinct claims to the
Court.
40. This conclusion accords with that drawn by the Court from the
interpretation of the phrase "Once that period has elapsed, the two par-
ties may submit the matter to the International Court of Justice." Con-
sequently, it seemsto the Court that the text of paragraph 2 of the Doha
Minutes, interpreted in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be
given to its terms in their context and in the light of theobject and pur-
pose of the said Minutes, allowed the unilateral seisin of the Court. In
these circumstances, the Court does not consider it necessary to resort to
supplementary means of interpretation in order to determine the meaning
of the Doha Minutes, particularly paragraph 2 thereof; however, as in

other cases (see for example Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jama-
hiviya/Chad), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1994, p. 27, para. 55), it consid-
ers that it can have recourse to such supplementary means in order to
seek a possible confirmation of its interpretation of the text. The Parties
have moreover themselves referred at length, in support of their respec-
tive arguments, to the travauxpréparatoiresof the Minutes of December
1990,as well as to the circumstances in which they were signed.

41. The travaux préparatoiresof the Doha Minutes must be used with
caution in the present case, on account of their fragmentary nature. In

the absence of any document relating the progress of the negotiations,
they appear to be confined to two draft texts submitted by Saudi Arabia
and Oman successively and the amendments made to the latter. Qatar22 DÉLIMITATION MARITIME ET QUESTIONS TERRITORIALES (ARRÊT)

dernier. Qatar conteste que le projet de l'Arabie saoudite puisse être
regardécomme un élément detsravaux préparatoires, caril soutient que ce
projet ne lui a jamais été communiquéQ . uant au projet omanais, il a

incontestablement servi de baseau texte finalementadopté à Doha; seulea
été modifiée la deuxièm perase du deuxièmeparagraphe dudit projet, qui
se lisait comme suit: «A l'expiration de ce délai,l'une ou l'autre des deux
parties pourra soumettre la question àla Cour internationale de Justice))
Il n'est pascontesté entreles Parties que les mots ((conformémentà la
formule bahreïnite, qui a été acceptép ear Qatar)) ont étéajoutés à la
demande de Qatar; lesParties ne contestent pas davantage que c'està l'ini-
tiativede Bahreïn que l'expression«al-tavafan »a été substituéeautxermes
«l'une ou l'autre desdeuxparties))et que c'estégalementBahreïnqui a sol-
licitél'insertion desmots«et aux procédures quien découlent)) à la fin de

la phrase. En revanche, les Parties sont en désaccord surles conséquences
qu'il y aurait lieu de tirer de ces amendements pour l'interprétation du
texte du procès-verbal. Bahreïn soutient que les amendements qu'il a ainsi
présentés témoignent clairement de ce qu'il s'en est constamment tenu à
une approche excluant toute idéede soumission du différend à la Cour
par voie de requête unilatérale;il souligne que Qatar ne s'est nullement
opposé à l'adoption de ces amendements. Qatar, pour sa part, expose que
le projet d'Oman prouve abondamment qu'il n'était pasenvisagéde tenir
d'autres négociationspour amener les Parties à s'entendre sur une sou-

mission conjointe du différend àla Cour. Tout au contraire, selon Qatar,
le projet envisageaitclairement la possibilitépour les Parties de saisiruni-
latéralementla Cour et si, ni Qatar, nil'Arabie saoudite, ni Oman n'ont
soulevéd'objection à l'encontre des amendements suggérés par Bahreïn,
c'est qu'aucun d'eux n'a considéré quc eeux-cimodifiaient de façon subs-
tantielle les droits et obligations des Parties ou les objectifspoursuivis par
le projet; bien plus, Qatar explique que l'insertion des mots «et aux
procédures quien découlent)) reflétaitpour lui l'intention de Bahreïn de
permettre à chaque Partie de formuler ses propres prétentions et de les
présenter à la Cour afin de sauvegarder ses intérêts.
La Cour constate que le projet omanais initial autorisait explicite-

ment une saisine par l'une ou l'autre des Parties et que cette formulation
n'a pas étéretenue. Mais le texte finalement agrééne dispose pas que la
saisine de la Cour ne peut êtreopéréeque par les deux Parties agissant
de concert, soit conjointement, soit séparément.La Cour ne voit pas
pourquoi l'abandon d'une rédaction correspondant à l'interprétation
que Qatar donne du procès-verbal de Doha impliquerait que celui-ci
dût êtreinterprété selon la thèse de Bahreïn. En conséquence elle
n'estime pas pouvoir tirer des travaux préparatoires tels qu'ils lui ont
été présentés- c'est-à-dire réduits aux divers projets susmentionnés-
d'éléments complémentaires déterminants pour l'interprétation du texte

agréé;quelles qu'aient pu êtreles motivations de chacune des Parties,
la Cour ne peut que s'en tenir aux termes mêmesdu procès-verbal tra-
duisant leur commune intention et à l'interprétation qu'elle en a déjà
donnée.denies that the Saudi Arabian draft can be regarded as an element of the
travaux préparatoires,since it says that it was never sent the draft in
question. The Omani draft unquestionably served asthe basis for the text
finally adopted at Doha; the only amendment was to the second sentence

of the second paragraph of that draft which read as follows: "Once that
period has elapsed, either of the two parties may submit the matter to the
International Court of Justice."
Itis not a matter of dispute between the Parties that the words "in
accordance with the Bahraini formula, which has been accepted by
Qatar" were added at the request of Qatar; nor do the Parties deny that
it was at Bahrain's initiative that the expression "al-tarafan" was substi-
tuted for the words "either of the two parties" and that it was also Bah-
rain which requested the insertion of the words "and with the procedures
conseauent on it" at the end of the sentence. On the other hand. the Par-
ties diSagree on the consequences to be drawn from these améndments
for the interpretation of the text of the Minutes. Bahrain maintains that
its amendments are clear evidence of its consistent adoption of an

approach excluding any possibility of referring the dispute to the Court
by means of a unilateral application; it emphasizes that Qatar made no
objection whatsoever to the adoption of those amendments. Qatar, for its
part, contends that the Omani draft provides ample proof that there was
no plan to hold other negotiations in order to induce the Parties to agree
to submit the dispute jointly to the Court. On the contrary, according to
Qatar, the draft clearly envisaged the possibility for the Parties to seise
the Court unilaterally, and if neither Qatar nor Saudi Arabia nor Oman
raised any objections to the amendments proposed by Bahrain, it was
because none of them considered that those amendments substantially
altered the rights and obligations of the Parties or the aims pursued by
the draft; rather, in Qatar's view,the insertion of the words "and with the
procedures consequent on it" reflected Bahrain's intention to enable each
Party to formulate its own claims and to submit them to the Court in

order to safeguard its own interests.
The Court notes that the initial Omani draft expressly authorized a
seisin by one or the other of the Parties, and that that formulation was
not accepted. But the text finallyadopted did not provide that the seisinof
the Court could only be brought about by the two Parties acting in con-
cert, whether jointly or separately. The Court is unable to see why the
abandonment of a form of words corresponding to the interpretation
given by Qatar to the Doha Minutes should imply that they must be
interpreted in accordance with Bahrain's thesis. As a result, it does not
consider that the travaux préparatoires,in the form in which they have
been submitted to it - i.e., limited to the various drafts mentioned above
- can provide it with conclusive supplementary elements for the inter-
pretation of the text adopted; whatever may have been the motives of

each of the Parties, theCourt can only confine itselfto the actual terms of
the Minutes as the ex~ression of their common intention. and to the
interpretation of them hhich it has already given. 42. Les Parties ont également invoqué, à l'appui de leurs thèses, les
circonstances dans lesquelles le procès-verbal a étésigné.La Cour est
d'avis que, pas plus que les travaux préparatoires, ces circonstances ne
fournissent d'éléments complémentaires déterminants pour l'interpréta-
tion du texte. La Cour n'ignore pas qu'à la réunion du Conseil de
coopération des Etats arabes du Golfe, tenue à Doha en décembre1990,
la préoccupation principale n'était pas la solution du différend entre

Bahreïn et Qatar, mais le conflit entre l'Iraq et le Koweït; elle pense
d'ailleurs que cette circonstance pourrait expliquer que les Parties n'aient
pu s'accorder sur un texte plus explicite.Toutefois, elle n'estime pas être
en mesure, au vu des élémentscontenus au dossier, de tirer directement
de la situation particulière crééepar la crise du Golfe, et de sa prise
en considération à Doha, des conclusions plus précisesqui pourraient
autrement conforter l'interprétation du procès-verbal qu'elle a retenue
ci-dessus.

43. La Cour doit encore examiner un autre argument avancé par
Bahreïn pour contester sa compétenceen l'espèce.Selon Bahreïn, même

si le procès-verbal de Doha devait êtreinterprété comme n'excluantpas
la saisine unilatérale,cela ne saurait pour autant autoriser l'une desPar-
tiesà saisirla Cour par voie de requête. Bahreïn faiten effetvaloir que la
saisinen'est pas une simple question de procédure, maisune question de
compétence; quele consentement à la saisine unilatéraleest soumis aux
mêmesconditions que le consentement au règlement judiciaire et doit
donc être nonéquivoqueet indiscutable; et que, dans le silencedestextes,
la saisine conjointe constitue la solution par défaut.Qatar, pour sa part,
distingue la saisine de la compétence en expliquant que, si la volonté des
Parties, telle qu'expriméedans les accords en vigueur, est déterminante
aux fins d'établir la compétence, la validité de la saiseoit en revanche
s'apprécier essentiellementau regard du Statut et du Règlement de la
Cour, sous réservede toute disposition spécialedont les Parties auraient
pu convenir.
La Cour ne croit pas devoir consacrer de longs développements aux

liensqui existent entre compétenceet saisine.Certes,commeacteintroduc-
tif d'instance, la saisine est un acte de procédure autonome par rapport
àla base de compétence invoquée;et, àce titre, elleest régiepar le Statut
et le Règlement de la Cour. La Cour ne saurait cependant connaître
d'une affaire tant que la base de compétence considérée n'a pas trouvé
son complémentnécessairedans un acte de saisine: de ce point de vue, la
question de savoir si la Cour a été valablement saisapparaît comme une
question de compétence.Or il ne fait pas de doute que la compétence de
la Cour ne peut êtreétablie qu'en recherchant la volontédes Parties, telle
qu'elle résultedes textes pertinents. Mais en interprétant le texte du pro-
cès-verbal de Doha, la Cour est arrivéeà la conclusion qu'il permet la 42. In support of their arguments, the Parties have also invoked the
circumstances in which the Minutes were signed. In the opinion of the
Court those circumstances do not - any more than the travauxprépara-
toires - provide any conclusivesupplementary elements for the interpre-
tation of the text. The Court realizes that the principal concern at the
meeting of the Co-operation Council of Arab States of the Gulf, held at
Doha in December 1990,was not the achievement of a settlement between
Bahrain and Qatar but the conflict between Iraq and Kuwait; moreover,
it takes the view that this circumstance could explain why the Parties
were not able to reach agreement on a more explicit text. However, the
Court does not consider, in the light of the information contained in the
record, that more precise conclusions capable of otherwise supporting the
interpretation of the Minutes given above can be drawn directly from the

particular situation created by the Gulf crisis and the consideration of
that situation at Doha.

43. The Court has still to examine one other argument put forward by
Bahrain to contest its jurisdiction in this case. According to Bahrain,
even if the Doha Minutes were to be interpreted as not ruling out uni-
lateral seisin, that would still not authorize one of the Parties to seisethe
Court by way of an Application. Bahrain argues, in effect, that seisin is
not merely a procedural matter but a question of jurisdiction; that con-
sent to unilateral seisin is subject to the same conditions as consent to

judicial settlement and must therefore be unequivocal and indisputable;
and that, where the texts are silent, joint seisin must by default be the
only solution. Qatar, for its part, distinguishes between seisin and juris-
diction and explains that, while the wishes of the Parties, as expressed in
the agreements in force, are of decisive importance for the purpose of
establishingjurisdiction, the validity of the seisinmust on the other hand
be evaluated essentially from the standpoint of the Statute and the Rules
of Court, subject to any special provision to which the Parties may have
agreed.
The Court does not consider it necessary to dwell at length on the
links which exist betweenjurisdiction and seisin. It is true that, as an act
instituting proceedings, seisin is a procedural step independent of the
basis ofjurisdiction invoked and, as such, is governed by the Statute and

the Rules of Court. However, the Court is unable to entertain a case so
long as the relevant basis of jurisdiction has not been supplemented by
the necessary act of seisin: from this point of view, the question of
whether the Court was validly seised appears to be a question of juris-
diction. There is no doubt that the Court's jurisdiction can only be
established on the basis of the will of the Parties, as evidenced by the
relevant texts. But in interpreting the text of the Doha Minutes, the
Court has reached the conclusion that it allows a unilateral seisin. Oncesaisine unilatérale.Une fois la Cour valablement saisie, les conséquences

procéduralesque le Statut et le Règlementattachent au mode de saisine
utilisé s'imposentaux deux Parties. La Cour n'a dèslors pas à examiner
lesarguments tiréspar Bahreïn de la nature discrétionnairedu choix d'un
mode de saisineni des désavantages qu'ily aurait pour luià êtreplacé en
position de défendeur.

44. Dans son arrêtdu le' juillet 1994,la Cour a dit que leséchanges de
lettres de décembre1987 et le procès-verbal de décembre1990 consti-
tuaient des accords internationaux créant des droits et des obligations
pour les Parties; et qu'aux termes de ces accords les Parties avaient pris
l'engagement de lui soumettre l'ensemble du différendqui les oppose.
Dans le présentarrêt, la Coura constaté qu'à Doha les Parties avaient
réaffirmé leur consentement à sa compétence etfixél'objet du différend
conformément àla formule bahreïnite; ellea constatéen outre que lepro-

cès-verbalde Doha permettait la saisine unilatérale.La Cour considère
par suite qu'ellea compétencepour statuer sur le différend.

45. Ayant ainsi établi sa compétence, laCour doit encore aborder cer-
tains problèmes de recevabilité. Bahreïna indiqué devant laCour qu'il
étaitdisposé à ne pas contester la recevabilité de la requtelle que pré-
sentéepar Qatar le 8juillet 1991,seréservant de revoir sa positionau cas
où Qatar lui-même mettrait en cause la recevabilitédetoute demandeque
Bahreïn entendrait ultérieurement formuler. Toutefois Bahreïn a fait
griefà Qatar d'avoir limité laportéedu différend, quela formule bahreï-
nite étaitcenséecouvrir, aux seulesquestions énoncées dans la requête de
Qatar.
46. Dans son arrêt du le'juillet 1994,la Cour, après avoir rappeléles
principes pour un cadre de règlement retenuspar les Parties en 1983, a
soulignéque, selon l'accord de1987,((toutesles questions en litigeseront

soumises à la Cour internationale de Justiceà La Haye)).Puis, analysant
le procès-verbal de décembre1990,la Cour a conclu que «les auteurs de
la formule bahreïnite l'avaient conçue..en vue de permettre que la Cour
soit saisie de l'ensemble de ces questions...dans le cadre général ainsi
agréé» (C.I.J. Recueil 1994, p. 124-125,par. 37).

La Cour a en conséquence décidé dans le mêmearrêt

«de donner aux Parties l'occasion de luisoumettre l'ensemble du dif-
férendtel qu'il est circonscritpar le procès-verbal de 1990et la for-
mule bahreïnite, que toutes deux ont acceptés. Unetelle soumission
de l'ensemble du différend pourra résulter soit d'une démarchethe Court has been validly seised, both Parties are bound by the pro-
cedural consequenceswhich the Statute and the Rules make applicable to
the method of seisin employed. It is therefore not necessary to examine
Bahrain's arguments based on the discretionary nature of the choice of a
method of seisin or the drawbacks for Bahrain of being placed in the
position of respondent.

44. In its Judgment of 1July 1994,the Court found that the exchanges
of letters of December 1987 and the Minutes of December 1990 were
international agreements creating rights and obligations for the Parties,
and that by the terms of those agreements the Parties had undertaken to
submit to it the whole of the dispute between them. In the present Judg-
ment, the Court has noted that, at Doha, the Parties had reaffirmed their

consent to its jurisdiction and determined the subject-matter of the dis-
pute in accordance with the Bahraini formula; it has further noted that
the Doha Minutes allowed unilateral seisin. The Court considers, conse-
quently, that it has jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute.

45. Having thus established its jurisdiction, the Court still has to deal
with certain problems of admissibility. Bahrain stated before the Court
that it was prepared not to contest the admissibility of the Application as
framed by Qatar on 8 July 1991,reserving the right to reviewits position
if Qatar itself were to challenge the admissibility of any claim Bahrain
might intend to submit at a later stage. However, Bahrain has reproached
Qatar with having limited the scope of the dispute, which the Bahraini
formula was meant to cover, only to those questions set out in Qatar's
Application.
46. In its Judgment of 1 July 1994, the Court, after referring to the
Principles for the Framework for Reaching a Settlement adopted by the
Parties in 1983,emphasized that, according to the 1987Agreement, "al1
the disputed matters shall be referred to the International Court of Jus-
tice, at The Hague". Turning to an analysis of the Minutes of December
1990, the Court found that "the authors of the Bahraini formula con-
ceived of it with a viewto enabling the Court to be seisedof the whole of

those questions . ..within the general framework thus adopted" (1.C.J.
Reports 1994, pp. 124-125,para. 37).
The Court consequently decided in the same Judgment:
"to afford the Parties the opportunity to ensure the submission to
the Court of the entire dispute as it is comprehended within the 1990
Minutes and the Bahraini formula, to which they have both agreed.
Such submission of the entire dispute could be effected by ajoint act conjointe des deux Parties, accompagnéeau besoin d'annexes appro-
priées, soit de démarches individuelles.Quelle que soit cependant la
méthode ainsi choisie,elle devra avoir pour effet que la Cour soit
saisiede ((toute question relatiàeun droit territorial oàtout autre
titre ou intérêt qui peut faire l'objet d'un difféentre» les Parties
et d'une demande de ((tracer une limite maritime unique entre leurs
zones maritimes respectives, comprenant les fonds marins, le sous-
sol et les eaux surjacentes.(C.I.J. Recueil 1994, p. 125,par. 38.)

La Cour a en outre fixéau 30 novembre 1994la date d'expiration du
délaidans lequel les Parties devaient agir conjointement ou individuelle-
ment en vue de lui soumettre l'ensembledu différend.
47. A la suite de l'échecdes négociations entre les Parties, résumées
aux paragraphes 18 à 21 ci-dessus, Qatar, par démarche individuelledu
30 novembre 1994, a soumis à la Cour ((l'ensemble du différend qui
oppose Qatar et Bahreïn, tel que circonscrit» par la formule bahreïnite.
A ce titre, il a soumià la Cour les questions suivantes:

«1. Les îles Hawar, y compris l'îlede Janan;
2. Fasht al Dibal et Qit'at Jaradah;
3. Les lignes de base archipélagiques;
4. Zubarah;
5. Les zones désignéep sour la pêchedes perles et pour la pêchedes
poissons et toutes autres questions liéesaux limites maritimes.))

48. Le différend ainsi décritl'est dans les termes mêmesavancés Dar
Bahreïn lors de la sixièmeréunion de la commissiontripartite des 6 et
7 décembre1988.Il ne diffère en outre de celui décritdans les projets de
démarcheconjointe proposéspar Bahreïn les 22 octobre et 12novembre
1994, et retiréspar lui depuis lors, que dans la mesure où ces derniers

visaient la souverainetésur les îlesHawar et la souverainetésur Zubarah.
Mais il est clair que des revendications de souverainetésur les îles Hawar
et sur Zubarah peuvent êtreprésentéespar l'une ou l'autre des Parties,
dèslors que la question des îles Hawar et celledeZubarah sont soumises
à la Cour. Par suite, il apparaît que la formulation retenue par Qatar
décrivait exactement l'objetdu litige. Dans ces conditions, la Cour, tout
en regrettant qu'un accord n'ait pu intervenir entre les Parties quant à
ses modalités deprésentation, est amenée à constater qu'elle estmainte-
nant saisie de l'ensemble du différend, et que la requête deQatar est
recevable.
49. Dans le cadre ainsi défini,il appartient à Qatar de présenter à la
Cour sespropres conclusions comme il appartient a Bahreïn de présenter
les siennes. A cet effet, la Cour fixera par voie d'ordonnance, après s'être
renseignéeauprès des Parties, les délaisdans lesquels il sera procédéau

dépôtsimultané despiècesde la procédure écrite, conformémena tu para-
graphe 39 de l'arrêtdu le'juillet 1994. by both Parties with, if need be, appropriate annexes, or by separate
acts. Whichever of these methods is chosen, the result should be that
the Court has before it 'any matter of territorial right or other title
or interest which may be a matter of difference between'the Parties,
and a request that it 'draw a singlemaritime boundary between their
respectivemaritime areas of seabed, subsoil and superjacent waters'."
(Z.C.J. Reports 1994, p. 125,para. 38.)

It also fixed 30 November 1994 as the deadline for joint or separate
action by the Parties to submit the whole of the dispute to the Court.

47. Following the failure of the negotiations between the Parties sum-
marized in paragraphs 18 to 21 above, Qatar, by a separate act of
30 November 1994, submitted to the Court "the whole of the dispute

between Qatar and Bahrain, as circumscribed" by the Bahraini formula.
Accordingly, it referred the following matters to the Court:
"1. The Hawar Islands, including the island of Janan;
2. Fasht al Dibal and Qit'at Jaradah;
3. The archipelagic baselines;
4. Zubarah;
5. The areas for fishingfor pearls and for fishingfor swimmingfish

and any other matters connected with maritime boundaries."
48. The dispute is thus described in the very terms used by Bahrain at
the sixth meeting of the Tripartite Committee held on 6 and 7 December
1988.Nor does it differ from the dispute described in the draft joint acts
proposed by Bahrain on 22 October and 12November 1994,and subse-
quently withdrawn by it, except in so far as these latter related to sover-
eignty over the Hawar islands and sovereignty over Zubarah. It is clear,
however, that claims of sovereignty over the Hawar islands and over

Zubarah may be presented by either of the Parties, from the moment that
the matter of the Hawar islands and that of Zubarah are referred to the
Court. As a consequence, it appears that the form of words used by
Qatar accurately described the subject of the dispute. In the circum-
stances, the Court, while regretting that no agreement could be reached
between the Parties as to how it should be presented, concludes that it is
now seisedof the whole of the dispute, and that the Application of Qatar
is admissible.
49. Within the framework thus defined, it falls to Qatar to present its
submissions to the Court, as it falls to Bahrain to present its own. To this
end, after it has ascertained the views of the Parties, the Court will issue
an Order fixing the time-limits for the simultaneous filing of the written
pleadings, in accordance with paragraph 39 of the Judgment of 1 July
1994. 50. Par ces motifs,

1) Par dix voix contre cinq,
Dit qu'elle a compétencepour statuer sur le différendentre 1'Etat de
Qatar et 1'Etatde Bahreïn, qui lui est soumis;

POUR: M. BedjaouiPrésident;sirRobertJennings,MM.Guillaume, Aguilar-
Mawdsley,Weeramantry, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi,Fleischhauer, juges;
M. Torres Bernardez,jugead hoc;
CONTRE: M. Schwebel, Vice-Président;MM. Oda, Shahabuddeen,Koroma,
juges; M.Valticosjuge ad hoc.
2) Par dix voix contre cinq,

Dit que la requête de1'EtatdeQatar telle que formuléele 30novembre
1994est recevable.

POUR: M. BedjaouiPrésident;sirRobertJenningsMM. Guillaume, Aguilar-
Mawdsley,Weeramantry, Ranjeva, Herczegh, Shi,Fleischhauer, juges;
M. Torres Bernardezjuge ad hoc;
CONTRE: M. Schwebel, Vice-Président;MM. Oda, Shahabuddeen,Koroma,
juges;M. Valticosjuge ad hoc.

Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au Palais de
la Paix,a La Haye, le quinze février mil neufcent quatre-vingt-quinze, en
trois exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux archives de la Cour et les
autres seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement de 1'Etat de
Qatar et au Gouvernement de 1'Etatde Bahreïn.

Le Président,
(Signé) Mohammed BEDJAOUI.

Le Greffier,
(Signé) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA.

M. SCHWEBEV L,ice-Président,MM. ODA,SHAHABUDDE etEKOROMA,
juges, et M. VALTICOjS u,ge ad hoc,joignentà l'arrêtles exposésde leur
opinion dissidente.

(Paraphé) M.B.
(Paraphé) E.V.O. 50. For these reasons,

(1) By 10 votes to 5,
Finds that it has jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute submitted

to it between the State of Qatar and the State of Bahrain;
IN FAVOUR P residentBedjaoui; Judges Sir Robert Jennings, Guillaume,
Aguilar-Mawdsley,Weeramantry, Ranjeva,Herczegh,Shi, Fleischhauer;
Judge ad hocTorres Bernardez;
AGAINST: Vice-PresidentSchwebel; Judges Oda, Shahabuddeen, Koroma;
Judge ad hoc Valticos.

(2) By 10 votes to 5,

Finds that the Application of the State of Qatar as formulated on
30 November 1994 is admissible.
IN FAVOUR P residentBedjaoui; Judges Sir Robert Jennings, Guillaume,
Aguilar-Mawdsley,Weeramantry, Ranjeva,Herczegh, Shi,Fleischhauer;
Judge ad hocTorres Bernardez;
AGAINST Vice-PresidentSchwebel; Judges Oda, Shahabuddeen, Koroma;
Judge ad hoc Valticos.

Done in French and in English, the French text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this fifteenth day of February, one thou-
sand nine hundred and ninety-five, in three copies, one of which will be
placed in the archives of the Court and the others transmitted to the
Government of the State of Qatar and the Government of the State of
Bahrain, respectively.

(Signed) Mohammed BEDJAOUI,

President.

(Signed) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA,
Registrar.

Vice-President SCHWEBEJ Lu,dges ODA,SHAHABUDDEaE nd KOROMA,
and Judge ad hoc VALTICOaS ppend dissenting opinions to the Judgrnent
of the Court.

(Initialled) M.B.

(Initialled) E.V.O.

ICJ document subtitle

Jurisdiction and Admissibility

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 15 February 1995

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