Judgment of 14 June 1993

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078-19930614-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
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Bilingual Document File

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING

MARITIME DELIMITATION IN THE AREA
BETWEEN GREENLAND AND JAN MAYEN

(DENMARK v. NORWAY)

JUDGMENT OF 14JUNE 1993

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DE LA DELIMITATION MARITIME

DANS LA RÉGION SITUÉE
ENTRE LE GROENLAND ET JAN MAYEN

ARRÊTDU 14JUIN 1993 Official cita:ion
Maritime DelimitationintheArea betweenGreenland
andJanMayen, Judgment, I.C.J.Reports 1993,

Modeofficiel de cita:ion

Délimitatimaritimedanslarégisituée enleGroenland
etJanMayen, arrêt,.I.J.Recueil1993,

Salesnumber 635 1
ISSN 0074-4441 Nodevent:
ISBN 92-1-070693-5 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

1993
14 June YEAR 1993
General List
No.78
14 June 1993

CASE CONCERNING

MARITIME DELIMITATION IN THE AREA

BETWEEN GREENLAND AND JAN MAYEN

(DENMARK v. NORWAY)

Delimitationof the continentalshelfandfishery zones of twoStates withoppo-
sitecoasts - Maritime area thesubjectof thepresent proceedings - Request by
Applicantfor thedrawingof a singlelineof delimitation - Contentionof Respon-
dent that two separate but coincidentlines (median lines) are the appropriate

boundaries.
Claim by Norway that a continental shelf boundary is already "inplace" by
virtue of a 1965Agreement betweenthe Parties providingfor employmentof a
median line - Znterpretationof Agreement - Text, context andobjectandpur-
pose of Agreement - Subsequentpracticeof Parties - Scoperatione loci of the
Agreement.
Claimby Norwaythat a continental shelfboundary isalready "inplace"by the
effect between the Partiesof the 1958 GenevaConvention on the Continental
Shelf - Claim that Denmark had acceptedthat there wereno 'kpecialcircum-
stances"in the area.

Claimby Norway that Partiesbytheirconducthaverecognized applicability ofa
median line delimitationfor continentalshelf andfishery zones - Danish legis-
lativeacts- Diplomaticcontactsand exchanges - Positions expressedbyParties
at irhirdUnitedNations ConferenceontheLaw oftheSea.

Law applicableto the delimitation - Absence of agreement of Parties on a
singlemaritime boundary - 1958 GenevaConvention onthe ContinentalShelf
applicableto delimitation of the continentalshel- Customarylaw applicableto
fishery zones- Relationship of thislaw withthat governing exclusiveeconomic

zone.
Provisionaldrawing,as first step indelimitationprocess,of a median line that
may then be a4usted or shifted to ensurean equitableresult - Whetherappro-
priatefor continentalshelf - Whetherappropriatefor fishery zones - Factors requiringadjustment or shifting of provisionalline- "Specialcircumstances"
under 1958 GenevaConvention - "Relevantcircumstances"and customarylaw.

Special circumstancesand relevantcircumstancesin thepresent caseindicated
by the Parties- Disparityof lengthsof relevantcoasts - Whether200-mile line
from theGreenlandcoastequitableboundary - Accesstofishery resources- Pat-
ternof distributionoffish stocks Effect of ic- Effect on accessto waters-
Populationand socio-economicfactors - Security considerations- Conductof

theParties - 1980and 1981Agreementsbetween Norwayand IcelandonFishery
and ContinentalShelf Questions - Relationshipbetweenfisheryprotectionzone
round Svalbard (includingBeur Island) and economiczone of Norwegianmain-
land.

WhetherCourtshouldconfineitselfto "dec1aratory"judgmentor shoulddelimit
theboundary - Method of delimitation.

JUDGMENT

Present: President Sir Robert JENNINGSV ; ice-PresidentODA; Judges AGO,
SCHWEBEL,BEDJAOUI,NI, EVENSEN,TARASSOV,GUILLAUME,
SHAHABUDDEEA N, UILARMAWDSLEYW , EERAMANTRY, RANJEVA,
AJIBOLA J; dge ad hoc FISCHER R;egistrarVALENCIA-OSPINA.

In the case concerning maritime delimitation in the area between Greenland

and Jan Mayen,
between

the Kingdom.of Denmark,

represented by
Mr.TygeLehmann, Ambassador, LegalAdviser,Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

Mr. John Bernhard, Ambassador, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

as Agents;
Mr. Per Magid, Attorney,
as Agent and Advocate;

Mr. Eduardo Jiménezde Aréchaga,Professor of International Law, Law
School, Catholic Universityof Uruguay,
Mr. Derek W. Bowett, C.B.E, Q.C., F.B.A., Emeritus Whewell Professor of
International Law in the Universityof Cambridge,

as Counsel and Advocates;
Mr. Finn Lynge, Expert-Consultant for Greenland Affairs, Ministry of
Foreign Affairs,
Ms Kirsten Trolle, Expert-Consultant,Greenland Home Rule Authority,
Mr. Milan Thamsborg, Hydrographic Expert,

as Counsel and Experts; Mr. Jakob H~yrup, Head of Section, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Ms Aase Adamsen, Head of Section, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Frede Madsen, State Geodesist, Danish National Survey and Cadastre,

Mr. Ditlev Schwanenflügel,Assistant Attorney,
Mr. Olaf Koktvedgaard, Assistant Attorney,

as Advisers;
and

Ms Jeanett Probst Osborn, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Ms BirgitSkov,Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
as Secretaries,

and
the Kingdom of Nonvay,

represented by
Mr. Bj~rnHaug, Solicitor-General,
Mr. Per Tresselt,Consul-General, Berlin,

as Agents and Counsel;
Mr. Ian Brownlie,Q.C.,D.C.L., F.B.A., Chichele Professor of PublicInterna-
tional Law, University of Oxford; Fellow of AilSouls College, Oxford,

Mr. Keith Highet, Visiting Professor of International Law at the Fletcher
School of Law and Diplomacy and Member of the Bars of NewYork and
the District of Columbia,
Mr. Prosper Weil,Professor Emeritus at the Universitéde droit, d'économie
et de sciences sociales de Paris,
as Counsel and Advocates;

Mr. Morten Ruud, Director-General, Polar Division, Ministry of Justice,

Mr. Peter Gullestad, Director-General, Fisheries Directorate,
Commander P. B.Beazley,O.B.E., F.R.I.C.S., R.N. (Ret'd),

as Advisers ;
Ms Kristine Ryssdal, Assistant Solicitor-General,
Mr. Rolf Einar Fife, First Secretary, Permanent Mission to the United
Nations, New York,
as Counseliors;

Ms Nina Lund, Junior Executive Officer, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Ms Juliette Bernard, Clerk, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Ms Alicia Herrera, The Hague,

as Technical Staff,

THECOURT,

composed as above,
after deliberation,
delivers thefollowingJudgment: 1. On 16 August 1988the Chargéd'affaires ad interimof the Embassy in
The Hague of the Kingdom of Denmark filed in the Registrv of the Court an
~~~lic&on instituting-proceedings against the Kingdomof Norway in respect
of a dis~ute concerning maritime delimitation between the Danish territow of
~reenland andthe ~oke~ian island ofJan Mayen. In order tofoundthe jks-
diction of the Court the Application relied on declarations made by the Parties
accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court under Article 36, para-
graph 2, of its Statute.

2. Pursuant to Article40,paragraph 2,of the Statute ofthe Court, the Appli-
cation was forthwith communicated by the Registrar to the Government of
Norway. In accordance withparagraph 3ofthat Article,al1other Statesentitled
to appear before the Court were notified by the Registrar of the Application.
3. By Orders made by the Court on 14October 1988and by the President
of the Court on 21 June 1990,time-limits were fixed for a Memorial and a
Counter-Memorial and for a Reply and a Rejoinder, respectively; these
pleadings were duly filed within the time-limits fixed therefor.

4. Since the Court included upon the bench a judge of Norwegian natio-
nality, but no judge of Danish nationality, the Government of Denmark, in
exerciseofitsright under Article 31,paragraph 2,ofthe Statute, chose Mr. Paul
Henning Fischer to sit asjudge ad hoc.
5. Betweenthedate offiling ofthe Replyof Denmark and the opening ofthe
oral proceedings a seriesof supplementaldocuments werefiledin turn by Den-

mark,by Norway, again by Denmark and againby Norway. Afterthe closure of
the written proceedings, the other Party was consulted in each case in accord-
ance with Article 56of the Rules of Court, and indicated that it had no objec-
tion to the production of the documents.
6. In accordance with Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the
Court, after ascertaining the views of the Parties,decided that copies of the
pleadings and annexed documents should be made accessible to the public
from the opening of the oral proceedings.
7. Atpublic hearings held between 11and 27January 1993,the Court heard
oral arguments addressed to it by the following:

FortheKingdomofDenmark: Mr.TygeLehmann,
Mr.John Bernhard,
Mr. Per Magid,
Mr.Eduardo Jiménezde Aréchaga,
Mr. Derek W. Bowett,Q.C.,
Mr. Finn Lynge,
MsKirstenTrolle,
Mr. Milan Thamsborg.

FortheKingdomofNorway : Mr. Bj~rnHaug,
Mr. PerTresselt,
Mr. Ian Brownlie,Q.C.,
Mr.Keith Highet,
Mr. Prosper Weil.
8. During the hearings, questions were addressed to both Parties by a Mem-
ber oftheCourt,and repliesweregivenin writing afterthe close ofthe hearings

in accordance with Article 61,paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court. 9. In the course of the written proceedings, the following submissions were
presented by the Partie:

Onbehalfof theKingdom ofDenmark.

in the Memorial:
"In view of the facts and arguments presented in Parts 1and II of this
Memorial,

May itplease the Court:
To adjudge and declare that Greenland isentitled to a full 200-milefish-
ery zone and continental shelf area vis-à-visthe island of Jan Mayen; and
consequently

To draw a singleline of delimitation of the fishing zone and continental
shelf area of Greenland inthe waters between Greenland andJan Mayen
at a distance of 200nautical miles measured from Greenland's baseline";

in the Reply:

"In view of the facts and the arguments presented in the Memorial and
this Reply,

May itplease the Court:
(1) To adjudge and declare that Greenland is entitled to a full 200-mile
fishery zone and continental shelf area vis-à-visthe island of Jan Mayen;
and consequently
(2) To draw a single line of delimitation of the fishery zone and conti-

nental shelf area of Greenland in the waters between Greenland and
Jan Mayen at a distance of 200nautical miles measuredfrom Greenland's
baseline, the appropriate part of which is given by straight lines (geo-
desics)joining the following points inthe indicated orde:*

PointNo. Designation LatitudeN LongitudeW

1 At Cape Russel 69"59'38"3 22" 19'18"2
2 At Cape Brewster 70"07'24"O 22"03'55"5
3 At Cape Lister 70"29'33"5 21"32'28"7
4 At Cape Hodgson 70"32'16"7 21°28'51"0
5 Rathbone Island SE 70"39'53"4 21"23'Olu4
6 Rathbone Island NE 70"40'14"7 21"23'OlM8
7 At Cape Topham 71" 19'56"O 21"37'57"O
8 Murray Island 71"32'45"3 21"40'000
9 Rock 72" 16'09"4 22"00'17"6
10 Franklin Island 72"38'57"2 21"40'04"7
11 Bontekoe Island 73"07'15"9 21" 12'09"O
12 Cape Broer Ruys SW 73"28'57"9 20"25'05"9
13 At Cape Broer Ruys 73"30'30"9 20"23'02"6

*BetweenpointsNo. 1and 2,3 and4, 12and 13,and 19and 20the baseline
followsthe low water markalong the coastline. The protrusive points on the
above-mentionedparts ofthe lowwatermarkare presentedin the sub-annexto
Annex58.Co-ordinatesofal1basepointsaregivenin WGS 84. PointNo. Designation LatitudeN LongitudeW
14 Arundel Island 73"45'49"4 20"03'28"9
15 At Cape Borlase Warren 74" 15'58"l 19"22'11"4
16 At Clark Bjerg 74"20'34"3 19"1l104"7
18"22'33"O
17 Lille Pendulum 74"36'43"9
18 At Cape Philip Broke 74"57'15"2 17"31'08"5
19 Cape Pansch S 75"00'34"8 17"22'20"4
20 At Cape Pansch 75" 08'37"5 17"19'01"6
21 Cape Bargen SE 75"21'26"l 17"50'52"2."

Onbehalfof theKingdomofNorway:
in the Counter-Memorial :

"Havingregardto the considerationsset forth inthis Counter-Memorial
and, inparticular, the evidencerelating to the relations ofthe Parties atthe
material times,

May itplease theCourtto adjudgeanddeclarethat:
(1) The median lineconstitutesthe boundary forthe purpose of delimi-
tation of the relevanteas of the continental shelf between Norway and
Denmark in the region between Jan Mayen and Greenland;

(2) The median line constitutes the boundary forthe purpose of delimi-
tation of the relevantreas of the fisheries zones between Norway and
Denmark in the region between Jan Mayen and Greenland;
(3) The Danish claims are without foundationand invalid, and that the
Submissionscontained in the Danish Memorial are rejected";

in the Rejoinder:
"Having regard to the considerations set forth in the Norwegian
Counter-Memorial and this Rejoinder,in particular, the evidencerelating
to the relations of the Parties at thematerial times, and maintaining
without changethe submissionspresented in the Counter-Memorial,

May itplease theCourt to adjudgeand declarethat:
(1) The median lineconstitutes the boundary forthe purpose of delimi-
tation of the relevanteas of the continental shelf between Norway and

Denmark in the region between Jan Mayen and Greenland;

(2) The median lineconstitutes the boundary forthe purpose of delimi-
tation of the relevanteas of the adjoining fisheries zones in the region
between Jan Mayen and Greenland;
(3) The Danish claims are without foundationand invalid, andthat the
Submissionscontained in the Danish Memorial are rejected."

10. In the course of the oral proceedings, the following submissions were
presented by the Parties:

Onbehalfof theKingdomofDenmark:

Submissions (1) and (2) identical to those in the Reply, reproduced in para-
graph 9 above, together with the following additional submissi:n "(3) If the Court, for any reason, does not find it possible to draw the
line of delimitation requested in paragraph (2), Denmark requests the
Court to decide, in accordance with international law and in light of the
facts and arguments developed by the Parties, where the line of delimita-
tion shall be drawn between Denmark's and Nonvay's fisheries zones and
continental shelf areas in the waters between Greenland and Jan Mayen,
andto draw that line."
Onbehalfof theKingdomofNorway:

Submissions (1)and (2) identical to those in the Rejoinder, reproduced in
paragraph 9 above, and submission (3)revised to rea:
"(3) The Danish claimsare without foundation and invalid, and thatthe
Danish submissions and claims are rejected."

11. The maritime area which is the subject of the present proceedings
before the Court isthat part of the AtlanticOcean lyingbetween the east

coast of Greenland and the island ofJan Mayen, north of Iceland and the
Denmark Straitbetween Greenland and Iceland, as indicated on sketch-
map No. 1 on page 45 of the present Judgment. The distance between
Jan Mayen and the east coast of Greenland is some 250 nautical miles
(463kilometres).The depth of the sea inthe area betweenthem is for the
most part rather less than 2,000 metres; it varies however between
3,000metres in the north of the area and 1,000metres in the south, and
there are a few sea-bed elevations, West of the southernmost part of
Jan Mayen, where the depth is no more than 500 metres. A number of
geographical,economic or otherfactshavebeenpresented tothe Court by
the Parties as pertaining to theregion with which the Court is to deal; it
willbe forthe Court in due course to decide whether any of these in law

affect the delimitation, as "special" circumstances or "relevant" circum-
stances.
12. Thewhole ofthe area with whichthe Court isconcerned liesnorth
of the Arctic Circle:the waters off the northern part of the east coast of
Greenland are permanently covered by compact ice. The area is much
affected by drift ice the extent of which varies according to the time of
year.
13. Sovereignty over Greenland and Jan Mayen appertains to Den-
mark and to Norway respectively.Greenland, whichhad previouslybeen
a Danish colony,has since 1953been an integral part of the Kingdom of

Denmark. A Danish Act of Parliament of 1978,and a referendum held in
Greenland in 1979,introduced home rule for Greenland. Jan Mayen,
which wasusedfrom 1922onby the Norwegian MeteorologicalInstitute,
was annexed by Nonvay in 1929,when Nonvegian sovereigntyover the
island was proclaimed. In 1930the island was integrated into the King-
dom of Norway as an inalienable part ofthe Realm. SKETCH-MAPNo.1

GREENLAND
SEA 46 MARITIMEDELIMITATION (JUDGMENT)

14. The total population of Greenland is about 55,000of whom about
6 per cent live in East Greenland. The fisheries sector in Greenland
employs about one-quarter ofthe labour force, and accounts for approxi-
mately 80per cent of total export earnings. The sea area with which the
Court is concerned comprises an important fishing ground for summer
capelin, the only fish which is commerciallyexploited in the area (para-
graph 73below).

15. Jan Mayenhas no settled population; it isinhabited solelyby tech-

nical and other staff,some 25in all, ofthe island's meteorologicalstation,
a LORAN-C station, and the coastal radio station. The island has a land-
ingfield, but noport; bulk supplies arebrought in by ship and unloaded
principally in Hvalrossbukta (Walrus Bay). Nonvegian activities in the
area between Jan Mayen and Greenland have included whaling,sealing,
and fishing for capelin and other species.These activities are carried out
by vesselsbased in mainland Norway,not inJan Mayen.

16. In 1976the Danish Parliament enacted legislationempowering the
Prime Minister to extend the existing Danish fishery zone so as to com-
prise waters"along the coasts ofthe Kingdom of Denmark7'delimited by
a fishinglimit 200milesfromthe relevantbaselines; such extensionmight
be for one area at a time. A limited extension of the Greenland fishery
zone wasbroughtinto force on 1January 1977;offthe east coast ofGreen-

land itonly applied asfarnorth aslatitude 67" N.According to Denmark,
among the reasons for this limitation was that extension further north
might cause certain difficulties in relation to the delimitation of the fish-
eryzones vis-à-visIceland and Jan Mayen. Byan Executive Order effec-
tive 1June 1980,Denmark extended to 200miles the fishery zone off the
east coast ofGreenland north oflatitude 67" N. It wasthere provided that
vis-à-vis Jan Mayen, fisheries jurisdiction would not, "until further
notice", be exercised beyond the median line. By an Executive Order
dated 31August 1981,jurisdiction wasasserted over the full200miles(see
paragraph 36below).

17.The Norwegian Parliament in 1976enacted legislation empower-
ing the Norwegian Government to establish 200-mile"economic zones"
around its coasts, and such a zone was established round mainland
Nonvay with effectfrom 8January 1977.Bya Royal Decree taking effect

on 29May 1980,the Nonvegian Government established a 200-milefish-
ery zone around Jan Mayen. This Decree provided that the zone should
not extend "beyond the median line in relation to Greenland". Between
1June 1980and 31August 1981the median line was thus the de factoline
between the areas where the two Parties exercised their respective fisher-
iesjurisdictions. 18. It will be convenient now to indicate how the Court proposes to
designate,forthe purposes ofthe presentJudgment,threemaritime areas
betweenGreenland and Jan Mayenwhichhavefeatured inthe arguments
of the Parties. Firstthere isthe area bounded by the single200-miledeli-
mitation line claimed by Denmark and the two coincident median lines
asserted by Norway;this area mayforconveniencebe calledthe "area of

overlapping claims",and isdelineated on sketch-map No. 1.Tothenorth,
it is closed by the intersection of the delimitation lines proposed by the
Parties; to the south it is limited by a line BCD on sketch-map No. 1
representingthe limitofthe 200-mileeconomiczoneclaimed byIceland l.
Denmark requeststhe Court to limititsdecisionto the areas north ofthat
line, a position whichis accepted by Norway.

19. A second area involved is as follows. Denmark claims an entitle-
mentto afull200-milecontinental shelfand fisheryzone offthe eastcoast
ofGreenland. Norwaylimitsitsclaimto the area onthe eastern sideofthe
median line,but this does not mean that it considers that Jan Mayen has
anylessentitlementto 200milesofcontinental shelfand fisheryzone than
hasthecoast ofGreenland.The areabetweenthe 200-milelineclaimedby

Denmark and a corresponding line drawn 200 nautical miles from the
baselines on the north-west coast of Jan Mayen has been referred to by
Norway asthe "potentialarea ofoverlapofclaims".Thisarea, alsoshown
on sketch-map No. 1,may for the purpose of the present Judgment con-
veniently be referred to as the "area of overlapping potential entitle-
ment".

20. Thirdly,Denmark initsMemorialhas put forwardwhatit termsthe
"area relevanttothedelimitation dispute", shownon sketch-mapNo. 1as
the area bounded by the lines HA; AE; the baselines alongthe coast of
Jan Mayen between E and F; FB; BCDG; and the baselines along the
coast of Greenland between G and H. Norway has denied that the term
"relevant area" has any independent legal significance, and has con-

tended that the area identified by Denmark is wholly irrelevant to any
delimitation,bearing no relation either to the geography of the region or
to legalprinciple.The Court notes howeverthatthe selection of pointsG
and H, which define the extent of the Greenland coastline used by
Denmark forcomparison withthelength ofthe coast ofJan Mayen,isnot
arbitrary.Point H isthe point on the Greenland coast which determines,
in conjunction with the appropriate point on the northern tip of
Jan Mayen(point E),the equidistanceline at itspoint ofintersection with
the Danish 200-mileline (point A).Similarly,point G is the point on the
Greenland coast which determines, in conjunction with the southern tip

lOnthemapsproducedbythe Parties,andreferredtoin argument,thepointscalled
CandD inthepresent Judgmenw t eredesignatedC, andDI[Note bytheRegistïy.]of Jan Mayen (point F), the equidistance line at its point of intersec-
tion (point D)withthe 200-mileline claimedby Iceland whichthe Parties
have agreed to be the southern limit of the delimitation requested of the
Court.

21. Denmark has calculated this "area relevant to the delimitation
dispute" as comprising some237,000square kilometres.Denmark calcu-
lates further that, of this area, approximately 96,000square kilometres
would by a median line be allocated to Norway, and approximately

141,000square kilometresto Denmark. Thesefigureshave not been chal-
lenged by Norway. If however one considers the area of overlapping
potential entitlement, as defined in paragraph 19 above, between the
200-mileline off the coast of Greenland and the 200-mileline round the
coast of Jan Mayen, the division of this area (totalling some
136,000square kilometres)by the median line would, in the understand-
ing of the Court, allot approximately 71,500 square kilometres to
Denmark, and between 64,500and 65,000square kilometresto Norway.

22. Aprincipalcontention ofNorwayisthat adelimitation has already
been established between Jan Mayen and Greenland. The effectof trea-
ties in forcebetween the Parties - a bilateral Agreementof 1965and the
1958Geneva Convention ontheContinental Shelf - hasbeen,according
to Norway,to establishthe median lineastheboundary ofthe continental
shelf of the Parties, and the practice of the Parties in respect of fishery
zoneshas represented a recognition of existingcontinental shelfbounda-

ries asbeing also applicable to the exerciseoffisheriesjurisdiction. Inde-
pendently of this question of the effect of the treaties, the "conjoint
conduct" ofthe Partieshas, Norwaymaintains,longrecognizedthe appli-
cabilityofamedian line delimitation intheir mutual relations, inthe con-
text both ofthe continental shelfand offisheryzones.These contentions,
that aboundary isalready inplace,willneed to be examined atthe outset.

23. Denmark and Norway concluded an Agreement on 8 December
1965concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf. The authentic
text ofthat Agreementwasin the Danish and Norwegian languages :the
Court was supplied with an Englishtranslation ofthe Agreement,which
hasnot been questioned. The Parties howeverdisagree asto the meaning

and the effectofthisAgreement.ThePreambleand Article 1ofthe Agree-
ment read as follows :
"The Govemment of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Govern-
ment of the Kingdom of Norway, having decided to establish the
common boundary between the parts of the continental shelf over which Denmark and Norway respectivelyexercise sovereignrights
for the purposes of the exploration and exploitation of natural
resources,have agreedas follows :

Article1
The boundary between those parts of the continental shelf over
which Norway and Denmark respectively exercise sovereignrights

shallbe the median line which at everypoint is equidistantfromthe
nearestpoints ofthe baselines from whichthe breadth ofthe territo-
rial sea of eachContractingParty ismeasured."

Article 2 provides that "In order that the principle set forth in Article 1

may be properly applied, the boundary shall consist of straight lines"
which are then defined by eight points, enumerated with the relevant
geodeticCO-ordinatesand asindicated on the chart thereto annexed; the
lines so defined lie in the Skagerrak and part of the North Sea,between
the mainland territories of Denmark and Norway.

24. It is clearthat the Agreementcontains no provisionforthe defini-
tion of the position of a median line specificallybetween Greenland and
Jan Mayen. Norway'scontention ishoweverthat the Agreement is a gen-
eral one between the two countries to treat the median line asthe line of
delimitation ofal1continental shelfboundaries betweenthemand that the
Agreementisaccordinglyunrestricted in itsarea of operation. Denmark,
on the other hand, contends that it is not an Agreementof such a general
application, but one relating exclusivelytothe Skagerrakand part ofthe
North Sea.It submitsthat thislimitation is evident from the terms of Ar-
ticle 2ofthe Agreement,which provides that "the boundary shall consist
ofstraightlines"passingthrough eightpointsinthe Skagerrakand part of

the North Sea.

25. Norway accordinglycontends that thetext ofArticle 1isgeneralin
scope,unqualified and without reservation,andthat the natural meaning
of that text must be "to establish definitivelythe basisforl1boundaries
whichwould eventuallyfa11to be demarcated" betweenthe Parties. In its
viewArticle 2,whichadmittedlyrelates onlytothe continental shelvesof
the two mainlands, "is concerned with demarcation".Norway deduces
that the Partiesare and remain committedtothe median lineprinciple of
the 1965Agreement, and that as and when the need for a more precise
definition of a continental shelfboundary between them in another area
might arise, they are bound to "demarcate" or delineate any suchbound-
ary onthat basis. Moreover sinceno reference isto be found in the 1965
Agreement to special circumstances, such as might affect the "demarca-
tion" oftheircontinental shelfboundaries, Norway submitsthat itisto be
concluded that both Parties atthat timefoundthat there wereno "special
circumstances". Denmark on the other hand argues that the object andpurpose ofthe Agreement is solelythe delimitation inthe Skagerrak and
part ofthe North Seaon a median linebasis.

26. The Court has to pronounce upon the interpretation to be givento
the 1965Agreement. The Preamble to the Agreement Statesthat the two
Governmentshavedecidedto establish"the commonboundary" between
the parts of the continental shelf over which Denmark and Norway
respectivelyexercisesovereignrights forthe purposes of exploration and
exploitation of natural resources. Similarly,Article 1also refers to "the
boundary between those parts ofthe continental shelf .. ."Consistently,
the Agreement also provides in Article 2that "the boundary shallconsist
ofstraightlines"passingthrough eightpoints in theNorth Sea.Thewords
"theboundary" in al1these three parts ofthe Agreement,expressedin the
singular,must referto the one boundary defined inArticle 2.If the inten-
tion had been otherwise,Article 2would havebeen soworded asto make
it clear that it is providing for only a part of the total boundaryntem-
plated by the Preamble and Article 1. Consideredinthe light of Article2
of the Agreement, the principle laid down in Article 1 is valid only as

regards the area mentioned in Article 2.

27. The 1965Agreementhasin anyeventtobe readin itscontext,in the
light of its object andpurpose. The Geneva Convention on the Conti-
nental Shelf, adopted in 1958,defined the term "continental shelf', in
Article 1,as referring:
"(a) to the seabed and subsoilofthe submarine areas adjacent to the
Coast but outside the area of the territorial sea, to a depth of

200 metres or, beyond that limit, to where the depth of the super-
jacent waters admits of the exploitation of the natural resources of
the said areas; (b)to the seabed and subsoil of similar submarine
areas adjacent to the coasts of islands".

By 1965both Parties had incorporated that definition of the continental
shelf given in the Convention into their domestic legislation (Danish

Decree of7June 1963,Art. 2(1);NorwegianDecree of31May 1963and
Law of 21June 1963,Art. 1).Denmark has therefore argued that in 1965
the two Parties could not have had the area between Greenland and
Jan Mayenin mind asthe subject of a potential future delimitation: both
Parties were asserting shelf rights under the definition of the shelfinthe
1958Convention (200 metres depth or the limit of exploitability).The
Court considersthatthe objectand purpose ofthe 1965Agreementwasto
provide simply forthe question of the delimitation in the Skagerrak and
part ofthe North Sea,wherethe whole sea-bed(withthe exception ofthe
"Norwegian Trough) consistsofcontinental shelf at adepth oflessthan
200metres,andthat there isnothingto suggestthat the Partieshadin mind
the possibilitythat a shelfboundary between Greenland and Jan Mayenmightonedayberequired, orintended that their ~~reementshouldapply

to such aboundary.

28. It isalso appropriateto takeintoaccount,for purposes ofinterpre-
tation ofthe 1965Agreement,the subsequentpractice ofthe Parties. The
Court first notes the terms of a Press Release issued by the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs of Nonvay on 8 December 1965,which refers to the
Agreementofthatdateas "thesecond Agreemententeredinto by Nonvay
concerningthe delimitation of the continental shelif n the North Sea"
(emphasis added) (thefirst having been an agreement of 10March 1965
withthe United Kingdom). More significantis a subsequenttreatyin the
samefield. On 15June 1979,Denmark and Norway concluded an Agree-
ment "concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf in the Area
between the Faroe Islands and Nonvay and concerning the Boundary
between the Fishery Zone around the Faroe Islands and the Norwegian
Economic Zone". According to that Agreement the continental shelf
boundary between the Faroe Islands and Nonvay was to be "the median
line" (Art. l), and the "boundary betweenthe fisheryzonenearthe Faroe

Islands and the Nonvegian economic zone" (Art. 4) was to follow the
boundary line which had been defined in Article 2 "in the application of
the median lineprinciplereferred to in Article 1".No reference whatever
was made in the 1979Agreementto the existence or contents of the 1965
Agreement. The Court considers that if the intention of the 1965Agree-
menthadbeen to committhe Partiestothe median linein al1ensuingshelf
delimitations, it would have beenreferred to in the 1979Agreement.

29. This absence of relationship between the 1965Agreement and the
1979Agreementis confirmed bythe terms ofthe officia1communication
of the latter text to Parliament by the Nonvegian Government.Proposi-
tion No. 63(1979-1980)to the Storting Statesthat:

"On 8December 1965Nonvay and Denmark signedan agreement
concerningthe delimitation ofthe continental shelfbetweenthe two
States.
The agreement did not cover the delimitation of the continental

shelfboundary in the area between Nonvay and the Faroe Islands."

Since,as noted above, the 1965Agreement did not contain any specific
exclusionofthe Faroe Islands area, or of anyother area,this statement is
consistentwith an interpretation ofthe 1965Agreement as applying only
to the region for which it specified a boundary line defined by co-
ordinates and a chart, i.e.,the Skagerrakand part ofthe North Sea.

30. The Court is thus of the viewthat the 1965Agreement should be
interpreted as adopting the median line only for the delimitation of the
continental shelf between Denmark and Norway in the Skagerrak andpart oftheNorth Sea.Itdidnot resultina median linedelimitation ofthe
continental shelfbetween Greenland andJan Mayen.
31. TheCourt thereforeturnstothe Nonvegianargumentbased on the
1958Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf(hereafter referred to
as"the 1958Convention"). BothDenmark and Nonvay areparties to that
Convention,and recognizethat theyremainbound byit;buttheydisagree
asto itsinterpretation and application.The 1958Convention, whichcame
into force on 10June 1964,was signed by Denmark on 29 April 1958.
Subsequently, Denmark ratified the 1958Convention on 12June 1963

and later Nonvay acceded to it on 9September 1971.Theissuecentres on
the purport of Article 6, paragraph 1, of the 1958Convention, which
reads :

"Where the same continental shelf isadjacent to the territories of
two or more Stateswhosecoastsare oppositeeach other,the bound-

ary of the continental shelf appertaining to such States shall be
determined by agreement between them. In the absence of agree-
ment,and unlessanother boundary lineisjustified byspecialcircum-
stances, the boundary is the median line, every point of which is
equidistant from the nearest points of the baselines from which the
breadth ofthe territorial sea of each State ismeasured."
Nonvay contends that adelimitation ofthe continental shelfboundary -

specifically,a median lineboundary - isalready "in place" asa result of
the effectofthisArticleofthe 1958Convention. Itconsidersthatthe effect
ofthe 1965Agreement,which providesforsuchaboundary and omitsany
mention of"special circumstances", isdeclaratoryofthe interpretation by
the Parties ofthe 1958Convention,in itsapplication to their geographical
situations,Le.,that nospecialcircumstanceswerepresent, oralternatively
thatthe Parties have "renounced the proviso ofArticle6" relatingto spe-
cialcircumstances.It willhoweverbe apparentthat this Nonvegian argu-
ment restson the contention, already rejected by the Court,thatthe 1965
Agreement was intended to apply generally, to delimitation other than
that specificallyprovided for, inthe Skagerrakand part ofthe North Sea.

32. Thus, in the view of the Court, the 1965delimitation Agreement
does not constitute an agreement that there were no special circum-
stances,and therefore does not havethe resultthat, pursuant to Article 6,
paragraph 1, of the 1958 Convention, the median line would be the
boundary.Apart from itsargumentbasedon the 1965Agreement, Nonvay
further argues that there are in fact no special circumstances withinthe
meaning of Article 6; and that, in the absence of an agreement, and of
special circumstances, that Articleoperates on a prescriptive and a self-
executingbasisto establish the median line asthe boundary. Thevalidity
of this argument will depend on whether the Court finds that there are
indeed specialcircumstances,a matterwhichwillbedealtwithbelow.TheCourt will therefore now turn to the arguments which Norway bases on
the conduct ofthe Parties and of Denmark in particular.

33. Norway contendsthat, up to someten yearsagoatleast,the Parties
by their "conjoint conduct" had long recognized the applicability of a
median line delimitation in their mutual relations. In the contention of
Norway,

"(a) the Danish Govemment hasby itsvarious public acts expressly
recognizedand adopted a median lineboundary initsrelations
with Norway both in the context of continental shelf delimita-
tion and inthecontextoffisherieszonedelimitation;

(b) the generalpattern of conduct on the part of the Danish Gov-
ernment constitutes acquiescence in, or tacit recognition of, a
median lineboundary initsrelations withNorway ;

(c) the consistentpattern of Danish conduct,together with knowl-
edge of the long-standingposition of the Norwegian Govern-
mentinthe matter ofmaritimedelimitation, prevents Denmark
from challenging the existence and validity of the median line
boundary between Greenland andJan Mayen,whichboundary
isconsequentlyopposable to Denmark;
(d) the consistentpattern of Danish conduct,together with knowl-
edge of the long-standingposition of the Norwegian Govem-

mentinthe matter of maritimedelimitation, prevents Denmark
fromassertingthe existenceand validityofa delimitationinthe
form ofthe outer limitof a 200-milefisheryzone and continen-
tal shelf area vis-à-visthe island of Jan Mayenn other words,
the claimpresentedin the DanishMemorial isnot opposable to
Norway".

WhileNorwaylayssomeemphasisonthe consistency,both chronological
and substantial, ofthe legislationand otheractions ofthe two Parties dur-
ing the period to be examined,it is the conduct of Denmark which has
primarily to be examinedin this connection.
34. On 7 June 1963,the Government of Denmark issued a Royal
Decreeconcerningthe ExerciseofDanish SovereigntyovertheContinen-
tal Shelf,Article2,paragraph 2,of whichprovidedthat

"Theboundary ofthe continental shelfinrelation to foreignStates
whose coastsare oppositethe coasts ofthe Kingdom of Denmark or
are adjacent to Denmark shall be determined in accordance with
Article6 of the Convention, that is to Say,in the absence of special
agreement,the boundary is the median line, everypoint of which is
equidistant from the nearest points of the baselines from which the
breadth ofthe territorial sea of each State ismeasured."Nonvay drawsattention to the omission in thistext ofanyreferenceto the
provision of Article 6 of the 1958Convention, "unless anotherboundary

line isjustified by specialcircumstances" and infers that, in the course of
the Danish legislativeprocess, the geographicalsituation ofthe Kingdom
of Denmark had been examined and no specialcircumstances had been
found that would cal1for delimitation on any other basis than a median
line. Denmark however observes that the Decree was, according to its
Preamble, promulgated in accordance with the 1958 Convention, and
expresslyextended the Danish claimto continental shelfasfar asthe Con-
vention allowed; it explains that special circumstanceshad in fact been
under contemplation in 1963,but were not mentioned specifically, the
intentionbeing that they werecomprised inthe reference to the 1958Con-
vention. In support of this it citedinteralia a passage of the legislative
history of a Danish Act of 9 June 1971laying down regulations for the
continental shelf. In the light ofhese indications, the Court is not per-
suaded that the Decree of 7 June 1963 supports the argument which
Nonvay seeks to base on conduct.

35. A Danish Actof 17December 1976empowered the PrimeMinister
of Denmark toproclaim200-nautical-milesfisheryzones in "waters along
the coasts of the Kingdom of Denmark", and Article 2 of that Act pro-
videdthat, in the absence of agreement,
"the delimitation of the fishing territory relative to foreign States
whose coasts are situated at a distance of lessan 400nautical miles
opposite the coasts of the Kingdom of Denmark or adjacent to
Denmark, shallbe a line which at everypoint isequidistant fromthe
nearest points on the baselines at the coasts of the two States (the

median line)".
In the view of the Court, this provisionis explained, in particular, by the
Parties' concernnot to aggravate the situation pending a definitivesettle-
ment ofthe boundary. TheDanish Government wasofthe viewthat itwas
inexpedient then to raise the question of delimitation, and the 200-mile
fishing limitwasthereforenot extendedbeyond 67" N offthe east coast of
Greenland. Nonvay itself had doubts whether a 200-mile zone around

Jan Mayen would be internationally acceptable, as is shown by a parlia-
mentary reply in 1980during a debate on a proposed agreementbetween
Nonvay and Iceland.The Court does nottherefore consider thatthe terms
ofthe Danishlegislation of 1976implyrecognition oftheappropriateness
of amedian line vis-à-visJan Mayen.

36. Danish fisheries jurisdiction was extended to the area between
Greenland and Jan Mayen by an Executive Order of 14 May 1980,
issued pursuant to the Act of 17 December 1976, and providing that
"the fishing territory in the waters surrounding Greenland", north of
latitude 67" on the east coast, should, "except where othenvise pro-vided in the Order, extend to 200miles from the baselines. The Order
alsoprovided that :

"Where the island of Jan Mayen liesopposite Greenland at a dis-
tance of less than 400 nautical miles,jurisdiction of fisheries shall
not, until further notice, be exercised beyond the line which every-
where is equidistant from the nearest points of the baselines of the
coasts concerned (median line)."

Norwayarguesthat in view ofthe referenceto the median line asbound-
aryinthe 1976Act,quoted above,byvirtue ofwhichthe ExecutiveOrder
was issued, the claims to 200 nautical miles went beyond the enabling
authorityconferred bythe Act.Apartfrom the questionwhetherthis issue
of viresisone forthe Court,the interna1validity ofthe Order isirrelevant
to itspossible significanceasan indication of Denmark's attitude to deli-
mitation. ButNorway also suggeststhat the Order itselfrecognizedthat it
would be inappropriate to implement the extension for which it pur-
ported to provide. Denmark howeverexplainsthatthe reasonfor showing
restraint in the enforcement of its fishing regulationsin this area was to
avoiddifficultieswith Norway. From earlierdiplomatic exchangesit was

clear that Norway contemplated an equidistance line delimiting the
waters between Jan Mayen and Greenland, and Denmark had indicated
that this would not be acceptable.The Court cannot regard the terms of
the 1980Executive Order (which was amended on 31 August 1981to
remove the restraint on exercisingjurisdiction beyond the median line),
eitherinisolation orin conjunction withotherDanish acts,ascommitting
Denmark to acceptance of a median lineboundary in the area.

37. Mention hasalreadybeenmade(paragraph 28above)oftheAgree-
ment of 15June 1979between the Parties concerning the delimitation
between Norway and the FaroeIslands. Norwayhasemphasizedthatthis
Agreement employed the median lineboth for the delimitation of conti-
nental shelf and for the boundary affecting fisheries. As the Court has
explained, the conclusion of the 1979Agreement militates against the

hypothesis that by the 1965Agreementthe Parties had agreed to employ
the median linefor al1future delimitations.Theuse ofthe median line in
theAgreementrelatingtothe delimitation betweenNorway and the Faroe
Islands doesnot support the Norwegianinterpretation ofthe 1976Danish
Act on fishery zones; nor does it commit Denmark to a median line
boundary in a quite different area.

38. Norway reliesalso on diplomaticcontacts and exchangesbetween
the Parties,particularlyinthe period 1979-1980,recorded inletters,notes
and minutesofdiscussionspresented tothe Court asannexestothe plead-
ings. It is true that Danish references in the course of these diplomatic
contacts to the unacceptability of amedian line delimitation were some-what unspecific, and in particular did not allude to legal arguments such
asthe provision inthe 1958Convention for "special circumstances". The
Danish statements were however, in the view of the Court, sufficient to
prevent the position of Denmark being prejudiced.

39. Norway invokes finally the positions expressed by the Parties on
the question of maritime delimitation during the Third United Nations
Conference on the Law of the Sea. Apart from the question whether a
decisionbythe Court maybebased onthe positionsexpressed by a State
at a diplomatic conferencefor the adoption of a multilateral convention,
the Court wouldobservethatthe delimitationmethod subscribedto inthe
context of the Conference by Denmark, among other States, including
Norway,wasa ruleofequidistancecombined withspecialcircumstances.

40. To sum up, the Agreement entered into between the Parties on

8 December 1965cannot be interpreted to mean, as contended by Nor-
way,thatthe Partieshavealready defined the continental shelfboundary
asthe median linebetweenGreenland andJan Mayen.Nor canthe Court
attribute such an effect to the provision of Article 6, paragraph 1,of the
1958Convention,so as to conclude that byvirtue of that Convention the
median lineisalreadythe continental shelfboundary betweenGreenland
andJan Mayen.Nor can sucha resultbe deduced from the conduct ofthe
Partiesconcerningthe continental shelfboundary andthe fisheryzone. In
consequence,the Court does not consider that a median lineboundary is
already "in place", either as the continental shelfboundary, or as that of
the fisheryzone.TheCourt willthereforenowproceed to examinethe law
applicable at present to the delimitation question still outstanding
between the Parties.

41. It willbe convenient in this connection to refer first to asagree-
ment between the Parties as to the nature of the task conferred on the
Court. Denmark asks the Court to draw a delimitation line, and has
indeed indicated, with precise CO-ordinatesw , here it considers that that
line should be. Nonvay however submits that the adjudication should
result in ajudgment which is "declaratory as to the basis of delimitation,
and which leaves the precise articulation (or demarcation) of the align-
mentto negotiationbetween the Parties". Thisargumentwillbe dealtwith
at a later stage of the present Judgment (paragraphs 88 ff.).The Parties
also differ on the question whether what is required is one delimitation
line or two lines, Denmark asking for "a singleline of delimitation ofthe
fisheryzone and continental shelfarea", and Nonvay contending thatthe
median line constitutes the boundary for delimitation of the continental
shelf,and constitutesalso theboundary forthe delimitation ofthe fisheryzone,i.e.,that thetwolineswouldcoincide,butthe twoboundaries would
remain conceptually distinct. In the pleadings of the Parties, and espe-
cially in the oral argument of Norway, some importance has been
attached to this difference between the ways in which the Parties have
submitted their dispute to the Court; particularly the absence of any
agreementofthe Parties, ofthe kindto befound inthe SpecialAgreement
inthe caseconcerningDelimitationoftheMaritimeBoundaryinthe Gulfof
MaineArea,to askthe Court what was "the course ofthe singlemaritime
boundary that dividesthe continental shelf and fishery zones of Canada
and the United States of America" (I.C.J.Reports1984,p. 253).

42. Atfirst sight it might be thought thatasking for the drawing of a
singleline and askingforthe drawing oftwo coincident lines amountsin
practicalterms tothe samething.Thereis,however,in Norway'sview,this
important difference, that the two lines, even if coincident in location,
stem from differentstrands of the applicable law,the location of the one
being derived from the 1958Convention, and the location of the other
being derived from customary law.

43. There is no agreement between the Parties for a single maritime
boundary; the situation is thus quite different from that in the Guifof
Maine case. The Chamber of the Court was requested by the Special
Agreementin that caseto effect a single-line,dual-purpose delimitation;
it indicated that in itsview,on the basis ofuch an agreement,a delimita-
tion valid forboth continental shelfand the superjacent water column

"can onlybecarriedout bytheapplication ofacriterion, orcombina-
tion of criteria, which does not givepreferentialtreatment to one of
thesetwo objectstothe detriment oftheother, and atthe sametimeis
such asto be equallysuitableto the divisionof either ofthem" (ibid.,
p. 327,para. 194).

The Chamber decided that Article 6 of the 1958Convention could not,
because of the Parties'agreementto ask for a singlemaritimeboundary,
be applied for the determination of such a boundary. It obsewed that in
such a caseArticle6has no "mandatory force evenbetween Stateswhich
are parties to the Convention" (ibid.,p. 303,para. 124).The Court in the
present case is not empowered - or constrained - by any such agree-
mentfor a singledual-purposeboundary.
44. Furthermore,the Court has alreadyfound, contrary to the conten-
tion of Norway,that there is not a continental shelfboundary already "in
place". The Court accordingly does not have to express any viewon the
legalsituation which would have arisen ifthe continental shelfhad been

delimited,but the fisheryzoneshad not. It issufficientforitto note,as do
the Parties,that the 1958Convention isbindingupon them,that itgoverns
the continental shelf delimitation to be effected, and that it is certainlyasource ofapplicable law,differentfrom that governing the delimitation of
fisheryzones.The Court willthereforeexamineseparately the twostrands
oftheapplicable law :the effect ofArticle 6ofthe 1958Convention appli-
cable to the delimitation of the continental shelf boundary, and then the
effect ofthe customarylaw which governs the fisheryzone.

45. It may be obsemed thatthe Court has never had occasionto apply
the 1958Convention. In the North Sea ContinentalShelfcases, the Federal

Republic of Germany was not a party to the 1958Convention; similarly,
in the continental shelf cases between Tunisia and Libya and between
Libya and Malta, Libya was not a party to the 1958Convention. In the
GulfofMainecase, Canadaand the United States ofAmerica wereparties
to the 1958Convention; but they requested the Chamber to define "the
course ofthe single maritime boundary that divides the continental shelf
and fisheries zones", so that, as already noted, the Chamber considered
that the 1958Convention, being applicable to the continental shelf only,
did not govern the delimitationrequested. In the present case,both States
areparties to the 1958Convention and, there beingnojoint request fora
singlemaritimeboundary as inthe Gulfof Mainecase, the 1958Conven-
tion is applicable to the delimitation of the continental shelf between

Greenland and Jan Mayen.

46. The fact that itis the 1958Convention which applies to the conti-
nental shelf delimitation in this casedoes not mean that Article 6 thereof
can be interpreted and applied eitherwithout referenceto customary law
on the subject, or wholly independently of the fact that a fishery zone
boundary is also in question in these waters. The Anglo-French Court of
Arbitration in 1977placed Article 6 of the 1958Convention in the per-
spective of customary law in the much-quoted passage of its Decision,
that :

"the combined 'equidistance-special circumstances mle', in effect,
givesparticular expressionto a general nom that, failingagreement,
the boundary between Statesabutting on the same continental shelf
is to be determined on equitable principles7' (United Nations,
Reports of InternationalArbitral Awards (RIAA),Vol. XVIII, p. 45,
para. 70).

If the equidistance-specialcircumstances mle of the 1958Convention is,
in the light of this 1977Decision, to be regarded as expressing a general
nom based on equitable principles, it must be difficult to find any ma-
terial difference- at any rate in regard to delimitation between opposite
coasts - between the effect of Article 6 and the effect of the customary
mle which alsorequires a delimitationbased on equitableprinciples.The
Court in the case concerning the ContinentalShelf(Libyan Arab Jamahi-
riya/Malta), where it was asked only to delimit the continental shelf
boundary, expressed the viewthat "even though the present case relates only tothe delimitation ofthe
continental shelf and not tothat of the exclusiveeconomiczone,the
principles and rules underlying the latter concept cannot be left out
of consideration";

that "the two institutions - continental shelf and exclusive economic
zone - are linked together in modern law"; and that the result is "that
greaterimportance mustbe attributed to elements, such asdistancefrom
the Coast,whicharecommon to both concepts" (I.C.J.Reports1985,p. 33,
para. 33).
47. Regarding the law applicable to the delimitation of the fishery
zone,there appears tobeno decision of aninternational tribunalthat has
beenconceied only with a fishery zone; but there are cases involvinga
singledual-purposeboundary askedfor by the parties in a special agree-
ment, for example the Gulfof Maine case, already referred to, which
involved delimitation of "the continental shelf and fishery zones" of the
parties.Thequestion wasraised during the hearings ofthe relationship of
such zones to the concept of the exclusiveeconomiczone as proclaimed
bymanyStatesand definedin Article 55ofthe 1982United NationsCon-
vention on the Law of the Sea. Whatever that relationship may be, the
Court takesnote that the Parties adopt inthisrespectthe sameposition, in

that they seeno objection,forthe settlement ofthe present dispute,to the
boundary ofthe fisheryzonesbeing determined bythe lawgoverningthe
boundary ofthe exclusiveeconomic zone, which is customary law; how-
everthe Parties disagreeasto the interpretation ofthe noms of such cus-
tomary law.
48. Denmark and Norway are both signatories of the 1982United
NationsConvention onthe Lawofthe Sea,though neitherhas ratified it,
and itisnotin force.Therecanbenoquestiontherefore oftheapplication,
as relevant treaty provisions, of that Convention. The Court however
notes that Article 74, paragraph 1,and Article 83, paragraph 1,of that
Convention provide for the delimitation of the continental shelf and the
exclusiveeconomiczone between Stateswith opposite or adjacent coasts
to be effected

"by agreement on the basis of international law, as referred to in
Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, in
order to achievean equitable solution".

That statement of an "equitable solution" as the aim of any delimitation
process reflectsthe requirements of customary law asregardsthe delimi-
tation both of continental shelfand of exclusiveeconomic zones.

49. Turningfirst tothe delimitation of the continental shelf,since it is

governed by Article 6 of the 1958Convention, and the delimitation is
betweencoaststhatareopposite,it isappropriateto beginbytakingprovi-sionally the median line between the territorial sea baselines, and then
enquiring whether "special circumstances" require "another boundary
line". Such a procedure is consistent with the words in Article 6, "In the
absence of agreement, and unless another boundary line is justified by
specialcircumstances, the boundary isthe median line."

50. Judicial decisionson the basis ofthe customarylawgoverningcon-
tinental shelf delimitation between opposite coasts have likewise
regarded the median lineasaprovisionalline that maythen beadjusted or
shiftedin order to ensure an equitable result. The Court, in the Judgment
in the case concerning the Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jarnahiriyu/
Malta) alreadyreferredto (paragraph 46above), in which ittook particu-
laraccount ofthe Judgment inthe NorthSea ContinentalShelfcases, said :

"The Court has itself noted that the equitable nature of the equi-
distancemethod isparticularly pronounced in caseswhere delimita-
tion has to be effectedbetween States with opposite coasts." (I.C.J.
Reports 1985,p. 47,para. 62.)

Itthen went on to citethe passage inthe Judgment inthe North Sea Conti-
nental Shelfcases where the Court stated that the continental shelf off,
and dividing, opposite States "can ... only be delimited by means of a
median line" (I.C.J. Reports1969,p. 36,para. 57; see also p. 37,para. 58).
TheJudgment in the Libya/Malta case then continues :

"But itisinfactadelimitation exclusivelybetweenoppositecoasts
thatthe Court is,forthe first time, asked to deal with. It isclear that,
in these circumstances, the tracing of a median line between those
coasts, by way of a provisional step in a process to be continued by
other operations, isthe mostjudicious manner of proceeding with a
view to the eventual achievement of an equitable result." (I.C.J.
Reports 1985,p. 47,para. 62.)

51. Denmark has,itistrue, disputedtheappropriateness ofdrawing an
equidistanceline evenprovisionally as afirststepin the delimitationpro-
cess; and to this end it has recalled previous decisions of the Court: the
case concerning the Continental Shelf(Tunisia/Libyan ArabJamahiriya)
(I.C.J. Reports 1982,p. 79, para. 110);the case concerning Delimitation
of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulfof Maine Area (I.C.J. Reports 1984,
p. 297,para. 107);and indeed the case concerning the Continental Shelf
(Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) (I.C.J. Reports 1985, p. 37, para. 43).
These caseswere,asalreadyobserved(paragraph 45above),notgoverned
by Article6 of the 1958Convention, which specifically provides thatthe
median line be employed "unless another boundary line is justified by
special circumstances". The 1977 Anglo-French Court of Arbitration, on
the other hand, when applying Article 6 of the 1958Convention to thedelimitation between oppositecoasts in the Atlantic region, after observ-
ingthat "the obligation to apply the equidistanceprinciple is alwaysone
qualified by the condition 'unless another boundary line is justified by
special circumstances' " (RIAA, Vol.XVIII, p. 45, para. 70), began by
employing the equidistancemethod, and then adjustingthe result in the
light of special circumstances, namely the existence of the Scilly Isles
(ibid.,pp. 115-116,para. 248).In this respect it observed that

"it seems to the Court to be in accord not only with the legal rules
governingthecontinental shelfbutalsowithStatepracticeto seekthe
solution in a method modifying or varyingthe equidistancemethod
rather than to haverecoursetoa whollydifferentcriterion ofdelimi-
tation" (ibid.,p. 116,para. 249).

Inanyevent, al1that need besaidofthe decisionscitedbyDenmark isthat
the Court consideredthat the provisionaldrawing ofan equidistanceline
wasnota necessaryorobligatorystep in everycase; yetintwoofthe cases
mentioned (GulfofMaineandthe Libya/Malta case),wherethe delimita-
tion was between opposite coasts, it was found entirely appropriate to
beginwith suchaprovisional line.Thus,inrespectofthe continental shelf

boundary in the present case, even if it were appropriate to apply, not
Article 6ofthe 1958Convention,but customary lawconcerningthe con-
tinental shelf as developed in the decided cases, it is in accord withre-
cedents to begin with the median line as a provisional line and then to
ask whether "special circumstances" require any adjustment or shifting
ofthat line.

52. Turning now to the delimitation of the fishery zones, the Court
mustconsider,onthe basisofthesourceslistedinArticle38ofthe Statute
of the Court, the law applicable to the fishery zone, in the light also of
what has been said above (paragraph 47) as to the exclusive economic
zone.Oftheinternational decisionsconcernedwith dual-purpose bound-
aries, that inthe GulfofMainecase - in whichthe Chamber rejected the

application ofthe 1958Convention, and reliedupon the customarylaw -
isherematerial. Afternotingthat aparticular segmentofthe delimitation
was one between opposite coasts, the Chamber went on to questionthe
adoption ofthe median line "as finalwithoutmore ado", and drew atten-
tion to the "difference in length between the respective coastlines of the
two neighbouring States which border on the delimitationarea" and on
that basis affirmed "the necessity of applying to the median line as
initiallydrawn a correction which, though limited, will pay due heed to
the actual situation" (I.C.J.Reports1984,pp. 334-335,paras. 217,218).

53. This process clearlyapproximatesto that followedbythe Court in
respect of the Libya/Malta case in determining the continental shelfboundary betweenoppositecoasts. It followsthat itisalso anappropriate
starting-point in the present case; not leastecause the Chamber in the
GulfofMainecase, when dealing with the part of the boundary between
oppositecoasts,drewattention to the similarity ofthe effectofArticle 6of
the 1958 Convention in that situation, even though the Chamber had
already held that the 1958 Convention was not legally binding on the
Parties. Ithus appears that, both for the continental shelf and for the
fishery zones in this case, it is proper to begin the process of delimita-
tion by a median lineprovisionallydrawn.
54. The Court isnow called upon to examine everyparticular factor of
the case which might suggest an adjustment or shifting ofthe median line

provisionally drawn. The aim in each and every situation must be to
achieve "an equitable result". Fromthis standpoint,the 1958 Convention
requires the investigation of any "special circumstances"; the customary
lawbased upon equitableprinciples on the other hand requires the inves-
tigation of "relevant circumstances".
55. The concept of "special circumstances" was discussedat length at
the First United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,held in 1958.
It was included both in the Geneva Convention of 29 April 1958on the
Territorial Sea andthe ContiguousZone(Art. 12)and inthe GenevaCon-
vention of 29 April1958 on the Continental Shelf (Art. 6,paras. 1and 2).
It wasand remainslinked tothe equidistancemethodtherecontemplated,
so much so indeed that in 1977the Court of Arbitration in the case con-
cerning the delimitation of the continental shelf (United Kingdom/
France) was able to refer to the existence of a rule combining "equidis-
tance-special circumstances" (seeparagraph 46above). It isthus apparent
that special circumstances are those circumstanceswhich might modify

the result produced by an unqualified application of the equidistance
principle.Generalinternational law,asithasdevelopedthrough the case-
law of the Courtand arbitraljurisprudence, and through the work of the
Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, has employed
the concept of "relevant circumstances". Thisconcept can be describedas
a fact necessary to betaken into account in the delimitationprocess.

56. Although it is a matter of categorieswhich are different in origin
and in name, there isinevitably a tendencytowards assimilation between
thespecialcircumstances ofArticle 6ofthe 1958Convention and the rele-
vant circumstances under customary law, and this if only because they
both are intended to enable the achievement of an equitable result.This
must be especially true in the case of opposite coasts where, as has been
seen,thetendency ofcustomary law,liketheterms ofArticle 6,hasbeento
postulate the median line as leading prima facie to an equitable result.
It cannot be surprising if an equidistance-specialcircumstances rule pro-
duces much the same result as an equitable principles-relevant circum-

stances rule in the case of opposite coasts, whether in the case of a
delimitation of continental shelf, of fishery zone, or of an all-purpose
singleboundary. There is a furtherfinding of the Anglo-French Court ofArbitration to this effectwhen, after referring tothe rule in Article 6,and
to the mle of customary law based upon equitable principles and "rele-
vant" circumstances,it saidthat the double basis onwhichtheparties had
put their case,

"confirmstheCourt's conclusionthat thedifferent waysinwhichthe
requirements of 'equitable principles' or the effects of 'special cir-
cumstances'are put reflect differencesofapproach and terminology
rather than of substance" (RIAA, Vol.XVIII, p. 75,para. 148).

57. There hasbeen much argumentin the present case,both under the
heading of "special circumstances" and that of "relevant circumstances",
as to what circumstances arejuridically relevant to the delimitationpro-
cess.It maybe usefulto recallthe much-cited statementfromthe Court's
Judgmentinthe NorthSea ContinentalShelfcases :

"In fact,there is no legal limitto the considerations which States

may take account of for the purpose of making sure that they apply
equitableprocedures, and moreoften than not it isthe balancing-up
of al1such considerations that will produce this result rather than
reliance on one to the exclusion of al1others. The problem of the
relative weight to be accorded to different considerationsnaturally
varieswiththe circumstancesofthe case." (I.C.J.Reports1969,p. 50,
para. 93.)
It isto benoted that the Court in 1969wasaddressingthetask of Statesin

negotiation; indeed the entire 1969Judgment was necessarily thus as a
result ofthe terms ofthe special agreementbywhichthe casesweretaken
to the Court. In the Libya/Malta case the Court added the following
caveat :
"Yet although there may be no legal limit to the considerations
which Statesmaytake account of,this can hardly be tme fora court
applying equitable procedures. For a court, although there is

assuredly no closed list of considerations, it is evident that only
those that arepertinent to the institution ofthe continental shelfasit
has developed within the law, and to the application of equitable
principles to its delimitation, will qualify for inclusion. Othenvise,
the legal concept of continental shelf could itself be fundament-
ally changed by the introduction of considerations strange to its
nature." (I.C.J.Reports1985,p. 40,para. 48.)

58. Acourt called uponto giveajudgment declaratory ofthe delimita-
tion of a maritimeboundary, and afortioria court called uponto effecta
delimitation, will therefore have to determine "the relative weight to be
accordedto differentconsiderations"ineachcase; to thisend,it willcon- sult not only "the circumstances of the case" but also previous decided
cases and the practice of States. In thisrespectthe Court recalls the need,
referred to in theLibya/Malta case, for "consistency and a degree of
predictability" (Z.C.J.Reports 1985,p. 39,para. 45).

59. Having thus concluded that it is appropriate to have recourseto a
median line provisionallydrawn as a first stage in the delimitation pro-
cess,the Court nowturns to the questionwhether the circumstances ofthe
presentcaserequireadjustmentorshifting ofthat line, taking intoaccount
the arguments relied on by Norwayto justify the median line, and the cir-
cumstancesinvoked by Denmark asjustifying the 200-mileline. For that
purpose, theCourt willhave to consider ingreater detail the geographical
context of the dispute, which has already been outlined above (para-
graphs 11-21).The median line,shownon sketch-mapNo. 1(p.45above)
asthe lineAD, hasto be seeninthat context, and particularlyinrelation to
the three areas defined in paragraphs 18-20above. The "area of overlap-
ping claims", defined in paragraph 18 above, between the two lines
representing the Parties' claims,isofobviousrelevance to any caseinvolv-

ing opposed boundary claims. But maritime boundary claims have the
particular feature that there is an area of overlappingentitlements,in the
sense ofoverlapbetween the areas which eachStatewould havebeenable
to claim had it not been for the presence of the other State; this was the
basis of the principle of non-encroachment enunciated in the North Sea
Continental Shelf cases (Z.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 36, para. 57; p. 53,
para. 101(C) (1)).It is clear that inthis case a true perspective on the rela-
tionship of the opposing claims and the opposing entitlements is to be
gained by considering boththearea of overlappingclaims and the area of
overlappingpotential entitlement(paragraph 19 above).

60. Both Parties have brought to the Court's attention various circum-
stanceswhichtheyeachregardas appropriate tobetaken into account for
the purposes of the delimitation. Neither Party has however presented
these specificallyin the context ofthe possibleadjustment or shifting of a

median line provisionally drawn: Norway, because it argues that the
median line itself is the correct and equitable solution, and Denmark,
because it contends that the median line should not be used, even as a
provisional solution. Denmark does however assert that, on the basis of
the 1958Convention, it could contend

"that the island ofJan Mayen,par excellence,fallswithin the concept
of 'special circumstances' and should be given no effect on Green-

land's 200-milecontinental shelf area".The particular characteristics of Jan Mayen which Denmark regards as
justifying this vieware that it is smallin relation to the oppositecoasts of
Greenland, and that it cannot sustain and has not sustained human habi-
tation or economic life of its own (cf. Article 121,paragraph 3, of the
1982Convention on the Law of the Sea); more broadly Denmark has
referred in this connection to factors of geography,population,constitu-
tional status of the respective territories of Jan Mayen and Greenland,
socio-economicstructure,cultural heritage,proportionality, the conduct
ofthe Parties, and otherdelimitations inthe region.The Court willthere-
fore considerwhetherthese arefactorsrequiring an adjustment or a shift-
ing ofthe median line.

61. A first factor of a geophysical character, and one which has fea-
tured most prominentlyin the argument of Denmark, in regard to both
continental shelf and fishery zone, is the disparity or disproportion
between the lengths of the "relevant coasts", defined by Denmark asthe

coasts lying between points E and F on the coast of Jan Mayen, and G
and H on the coast of Greenland, defined as explained in paragraph 20
above. The following figures given by Denmark for the coastal lengths
have not been disputed by Nonvay. The lengths of the coastal fronts of
Greenland and Jan Mayen, defined as straight lines between G and H,
and between E and F, are: Greenland, approximately 504.3kilometres;
Jan Mayen, approximately 54.8 kilometres. If the distances between
G and H and between E and F are measured alongthe successivebase-
lines which generatethe median line,the total figuresare approximately
524 kilometres for Greenland and approximately 57.8 kilometres for
Jan Mayen(seesketch-mapNo.2,p.80below). Thustheratio betweenthe
coastofJan Mayenandthat ofGreenland is 1to9.2onthebasis ofthefirst
calculation, and 1to 9.1on the basis ofthe second.

62. Denmark considers,onthe basisofitsanalysisofthejurisprudence
of the Court and arbitral decisions,that proportionality in the lengths of
coastsisin the firstinstancea

"relevant circumstance or factor to be taken into consideration
together with othercriteria in order to adopt a method appropriate
for an equitabledelimitation line".

Secondlyit contends that such proportionality is a determiningfactor,in
the form of an arithmeticalratio,for testingthe equity ofthe delimitation
linearrived at. ForDenmark, these two conceptions of the factor of pro-
portionalityareapplicableconcurrently. Inthecircumstancesofthe pres-
ent case, Denmark argues that the disparity between the two relevant
coastallengths is obvious, and that evenwithout taking into accountthe
other relevant circumstances, a disparity of this nature shouldlead to a
delimitationline which respects Greenland's right to a maritimezone of
200miles. Denmark has observeciin this respectthat a geographical pro-portionality line which took into account the relationship between the
relevantcoastallengths ofGreenland andJan Mayen,and allocatedmari-
time areas in the same proportion, would be drawn more than 200miles
fromthe CoastofGreenland. Denmark did not howeversuggestthat such
aline,which itconsideredtobe "equitablein itsresult", couldbe adopted,
because itwouldbe incompatible withthe international legal régimegov-
erningthe right of Statesto claimsea areas offtheir coasts,the maximum
permissibleDanish claim thus beingadelimitationline 200milesfromthe
baselinesofGreenland. In Denmark'sview,the application ofArticle6of
the 1958Convention would lead to the sameresult.

63. Norwaycontendsthata comparison ofcoastallengthswouldresult
inthe present caseinan arbitrary refusa1to givefullweightto the relevant
circumstances which form part of the process of evolving an equitable

solution, and that such a comparison is irrelevant to the achievement of
equality oftreatment ofthe parties in delimitation.Referring to thejuris-
prudence of the Court, Norway also argues that proportionality (in the
formofafactorbased onthe ratio ofthe lengthsofthe respectivecoasts)is
not an independent principle of delimitation, but a test of the equitable-
nessofa resultarrived atbyother means.Furthermore, in Norway'sview,
there is no reason to require that the ratio of coastal lengths should be
taken into consideration in delimitation as a relevant determinative
circumstance, or even as a relevant circumstance tout court. Norway
takes the view finally that differences in the length of coasts have
never qualified as special circumstances for the purposes of Article 6 of
the 1958Convention.

64. Prima facie, a median line delimitation between opposite coasts
results in general in an equitable solution, particularly if the coasts in
question are nearly parallel. When, as in the present case, delimitation is
required between opposite coasts which are insufficiently far apart for

both to enjoy the full 200-mileextension of continental shelf and other
rights over maritime spaces recognizedby international law,the median
line will be equidistant also from the two 200-mile limits, and may
prima faciebe regarded as effectingan equitable division ofthe overlap-
ping area. However,astheCourt obsemed, in relation to the continental
shelf,in 1969,judicial treatment ofmaritimedelimitation doesnot involve
the sharing-out of somethingheld in undivided shares :

"Delimitation isaprocesswhichinvolvesestablishingthebounda-
ries of an area already,in principle, appertaining to the coastalState
and notthe determination denovoofsuchan area. Delimitationin an
equitable manner is one thing,but not the same thing as awarding a just and equitable share of a previously undelimited area, even
though in a number of casesthe results may be comparable, or even
identical." (North Sea Continental Sheg Z.C.J.Reports 1969,p. 22,
para. 18.)

Thus the lawdoes not requirea delimitationbased upon an endeavour to
share out an area of overlap on the basis of comparativefigures for the
length ofthe coastalfronts and the areasgenerated by them. Thetask ofa
tribunal isto define the boundary line between the areas under the mari-
time jurisdiction oftwo States;the sharing-out ofthearea isthereforethe
consequence of the delimitation,not vice versa.
65. Itisofcoursethisprima facieequitablecharacter whichconstitutes
the reason why the equidistance method, endorsed by Article 6 of the
1958Convention, has played an importantpart in the practice of States.
The application of that method to delimitations between oppositecoasts
produces, in most geographical circumstances,an equitable result. There
are however situations - and the presentcase isone such - in whichthe
relationship between the length of the relevant coasts and the maritime
areas generated by them by application ofthe equidistancemethod, is so

disproportionate that it has been found necessary to take this circum-
stanceintoaccountin order to ensure an equitablesolution.Thefrequent
references in the case-lawto the idea of proportionality - or dispropor-
tion - confirmthe importance ofthe proposition that an equitabledeli-
mitation must, in such circumstances,take into account the disparity
betweenthe respectivecoastal lengths of the relevant area.

66. One of the factors which the Court in the North Sea Continental
Sheifcasesindicated as to be taken into considerationin order to achieve
an equitablesolution was referred to by the Court as :

"the elementofareasonable degreeofproportionality, which adeli-
mitationcarriedout inaccordance withequitableprinciplesoughtto
bring about between the extent ofthe continental shelf areas apper-
tainingto the coastalState and the length ofitsCoastmeasuredinthe
general direction of the coastline" (I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 54,
para. 101(D)(3)).

The Anglo-French Court of Arbitrationin 1977,which was applyingthe
1958Convention,recalled,inreferenceto "an allegedprinciple of propor-
tionality by reference to length of coastlines" (RZAA,Vol.XVIII, p. 115,
para. 246), that "it is... a factor to be taken into account in appre-

ciatingthe effectsofgeographicalfeatures onthe equitable orinequitable
character ofadelimitation. .." (ibid.,p. 57,para. 99)and that "it isdispro-
portion rather than any generalprinciple of proportionality which is the
relevant criterion or factor" (ibid.,p. 58,para. 101).The relevance of this
factor was reaffirmed by the Court in other cases involving continental
shelf delimitation : Continental Sheif(Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya),
Judgment (Z.C.J.Reports 1982,pp. 43-44, para. 37); Continental Sheif (LibyanArabJamahiriya/Malta),Judgment(1.C.JR . eports1985,pp. 43-44,

para. 55); and by the Chamber in the Gulfof Mainecase in the context
of a single maritime boundary for the continental shelf and the fishery
zones. In that case theChamber observed :
"a maritime delimitation can ...not be established by a direct divi-
sion of the area in dispute proportional to the respectivelengths of
the coasts belonging to the parties in the relevant area, but it is
equally certain that a substantial disproportion to the lengths of
those coasts that resulted from a delimitationeffectedon a different

basiswouldconstitute a circumstancecalling for an appropriate cor-
rection" (DelimitationoftheMaritimeBoundaryintheGulfofMaine
Area,Judgment,Z.C.J.Reports 1984,p. 323,para. 185).

67. The practical implementation of the principle may sometimesbe
complicated,as inthe Libya/Malta case,bythe presence ofclaimsofthird
States,orby difficulties in defining with sufficientprecision which coasts
and which areas are to be treated as relevant. Such problems do not arise

in the present case. The possible claims of Iceland appear to be fully
covered by the 200-mile line (BCD on sketch-map No. 1, p. 45 above)
which the Parties are treating as the southern limit of the delimitation
requested of the Court. It is appropriate to treat as relevant the coasts
betweenpoints Eand Fand betweenpoints Gand Hon sketch-map No. 1,
in view of their role in generating the completecourse of the median line
provisionally drawn which is under examination. The question for the
Court is thus the following. Thedifferenceinlength ofthe relevantcoasts
is striking.Regard being had to the effects generated by it, does this dis-
parity constitute,for purposes ofthe 1958Convention, a "special circum-
stance", and as regards the delimitation of the fishery zones a "relevant
circumstance" for purposes of the rules of customary law, requiring an
adjustment or shiftingof the median line ?
68. A delimitation by the median linewould, in the view of the Court,
involve disregard ofthe geography ofthe coastal fronts of eastern Green-
land and of Jan Mayen. It is not a question of determining the equitable
nature of a delimitation as a function of the ratio of the lengths of the

coastsincomparison withthat ofthe areas generated bythe maritimepro-
jection ofthe points ofthe Coast(cf. ContinentalShelf(LibyanArabJama-
hiriya/Malta),Z.C.J.Reports1985,p. 46, para. 59),nor of "rendering the
situation of a State with an extensive coastline similarto that of a State
with a restricted coastline" (North Sea ContinentalShelf;I.C.J. Reports
1969,pp. 49-50,para. 91).Yet the differences in length of the respective
coasts of the Parties are so significant that this feature must beken into
consideration during the delimitationoperation. It shouldberecalled that
inthe GulfofMainecase the Chamber considered that a ratio of 1to 1.38,
calculatedin the Gulf of Maineasdefined bythe Chamber, was sufficient
to justify "correction" of a median line delimitation (Z.C.J.Reports1984,
p. 336,paras. 221-222).The disparity between the lengths of coasts thus constitutesa special circumstance within the meaning of Article 6,para-
graph 1,of the 1958Convention. Similarly,as regards the fishery zones,
the Court is of the opinion, in view ofthe great disparity of the lengths
of the coasts, that the application of theedian line leads to manifestly
inequitable results.
69. It follows that, in the light of the disparity of coastal lengths,the
median lineshouldbe adjusted or shiftedin such awayasto effecta deli-
mitation closer to the coast of Jan Mayen. It should, however, be made
clearthat taking account ofthe disparity of coastallengths does not mean
a direct and mathematical application of the relationship between the
lengthofthecoastalfront ofeasternGreenland andthat ofJan Mayen. As
the Court has observed:

"If sucha useofproportionality wereright, itisdifficultindeed to
seewhatroom wouldbe leftforanyotherconsideration;forit would
be at oncethe principle ofentitlementto continental shelfrights and
alsothemethod ofputting that principleintooperation.Its weakness
as abasis of argument, however,isthat the use of proportionality as
a method in its own right is wanting of support in the practice of
States, in the public expression of their views at (in particular) the
Third United Nations Conference on the Law ofthe Sea, or in the
jurisprudence." (Continental Shelf(LibyanArabJamahiriya/Malta),
Z.C.J.Reports1985,p. 45,para. 58.)

70. Nor do the circumstancesrequirethe Courttouphold the claimof
Denmark that the boundary line should be drawn 200 miles from the
baselines on the coast of eastern Greenland, i.e., a delimitation giving
Denmark maximumextensionofitsclaimto continental shelfand fishery
zone. The result of such a delimitation would be to leave to Norway
merelythe residual part (thepolygon ABFEAon sketch-map No. 1,p. 45
above) of the "area relevant to the delimitation dispute" as defined by
Denmark.Thedelimitationaccording tothe 200-milelinecalculatedfrom
the coasts of eastern Greenland may from a mathematical perspective

seem more equitable than that effected on the basis of the median line,
regard beinghadto thedisparity incoastallengths;butthis doesnot mean
thatthe resultisequitablein itself,whichisthe objectiveofeverymaritime
delimitationbased on law. The coast of Jan Mayen, no less than that of
eastern Greenland, generatespotential title to the maritime areas recog-
nizedby customarylaw,i.e.,inprinciple up to a limitof200milesfromits
baselines.To attribute to Norwaymerelytheresidual area leftafter giving
full effectto the eastern coast of Greenland would run whollycounter to
the rights of Jan Mayen and alsoto the demands of equity.

71. Atthis stageofitsanalysis,the Court thus considersthat neitherthe
median line nor the 200-mileline calculated from the coasts of easternGreenland inthe relevant area should be adopted as the boundary of the
continental shelf or of the fisheryzone. It follows that the boundary line
must be situated between these two lines described above, and located in
such a way that the solution obtained isjustified by the special circum-

stances contemplated by the 1958Convention onthe Continental Shelf,
and equitable on the basis of the principles and rules of customaryinter-
national law.The Court will therefore next consider what other circum-
stances may also affect the position of theboundary line.

72. The Court now turns to the question whether access to the
resources ofthe area of overlapping claims constitutes a factorrelevantto
the delimitation. So far as sea-bed resources are concerned, the Court
would recall what was said inthe ContinentalShelf(Libyan Arab Jamahi-
riya/Malta) case :

"The natural resources ofthe continental shelf under delimitation
'sofar as known or readilyascertainable' might well constituterele-
vantcircumstanceswhich itwould bereasonable to take into account
in a delimitation, as the Court stated in the North Sea Continental
Shelfcases (I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 54, para. 101 (D) (2)). Those
resources are the essential objective envisaged by Stateswhen they
put forwardclaims to sea-bed areas containing them." (I.C.J.Reports
1985,p. 41,para. 50.)

Little information has however been given to the Court in that respect,
although reference has been made to the possibility of there being
deposits of polymetallicsulphides and hydrocarbons inthe area.
73. With regard to fishing,both Parties have emphasized the import-
ance of their respective interestsin the marine resources of the area. The
Court isinformed thatthe principal exploitedfisheryresource ofthearea
between Greenland andJan Mayen iscapelin. This isa migratoryspecies,
and its migratorypattern varies with climaticconditions. In general, the
capelin spawn off the south Coast of Iceland in March and April; the
young capelin remain primarily in Icelandic waters,but in summer and
autumn some of the two- and three-year-old capelin extend their migra-
tory rangeto the waters between Greenland andJan Mayen,returning to

Icelandic waters in October.Norwegianrecords of capelin catchesfor the
years 1980,1981and 1984-1989showconcentrations ofstocksgenerally in
the southern part of the area of overlappingclaims,though sometimesas
far east as the waters round Jan Mayen itself; no geographical data for
catches in areas to the Westof the median line (whereNorwegian vessels
do not fish)havebeen produced, but it is agreed that capelin stocks gen-
erally extend also Westof the southern part of the area of overlapping
claims. 74. AnAgreementwas concluded between Greenland/Denmark, Ice-
land and Nonvay on 12June 1989requiring the CO-operationofthe three
parties on the conservation and management of the capelin stock in the

whole ofthe watersbetweenGreenland, Iceland andJan Mayen (Art. l),
and providing for the fixing by agreement of a total allowable catch for
each season (Art. 2), which is then distributed between Greenland, Ice-
land and Nonvay in the proportions 11 per cent, 78 per cent and
11per cent. Under a Fishery Agreement withthe European Community,
Greenland allocatesannually 40,000tons of capelintothe Community,of
which 10,000tons isreallocated byittothe Faroe Islands, andthe remain-
der hasbeen traded awaybytheEuropean Communityto Iceland against
a redfish quota in Icelandic waters. Payment is made by the European
Communityto Greenland whether thequota is fished ornot. Theremain-
der ofthe capelin quotaattributed to Greenland bythe 1989Agreementis
allotted to Greenland shipowners who charter Faroese vesselsto fish the
capelin for a feeper kilooffish taken. Denmark has emphasized that this
method ofexploitation offisheryresourcesshouldbe viewedasatempor-
ary arrangement pending the build-up of the capacity of the Greenland
fishingfleet.Denmark has stressedthat independently ofthe quotas allo-

catedto various foreignStates,the quotas established for EastGreenland
account for overhalfthe totalquotas fixed for al1Greenland waters,and
stated that Greenland benefits economicallyfrom al1fishing within the
Greenland zone. Denmark has also stressed the dependence of the Inuit
population of Greenland on the exploitation of the resources of the east
Coast of Greenland, particularly where sealing and whaling are con-
cerned. Norway has indicated that the waters between Jan Mayen and
Greenland have longbeen the scene of Nonvegian whaling, sealing and
fishing, and that the various fishing activities in the Jan Mayen area
account for more than 8 per cent of the total quantity of Nonvegian
catches,and that they contribute to the fragileeconomy ofthe Nonvegian
coastal communities.

75. As has happened in a number of earlier maritime delimitation

disputes, the Parties are essentially in conflict over access to fishery
resources :this explains the emphasis laid on the importance of fishing
activitiesfortheirrespectiveeconomies and onthetraditional character of
the differenttypes offishingcarried outbythe populations concerned. In
the GulfofMaine case,which concerned a singlemaritime boundary for
continental shelf and fishery zones, the Chamber dealing with the case
recognized the need to take account of the effectsof the delimitation on
the Parties'respectivefishing activitiesby ensuring that the delimitation
should not entai1 "catastrophic repercussions for the livelihood and
economic well-being of the population of the countries concerned"
(I.C.J. Reports 1984,p. 342,para. 237). In the light of this case-law,the
Court has to consider whether any shifting or adjustment of the medianline, as fishery zone boundary, would be required to ensure equitable
accessto the capelin fisheryresources forthe vulnerablefishing commu-
nitiesconcerned.
76. It appears to the Court that the seasonal migration of the capelin
presents a pattern which, north of the 200-mileline claimed by Iceland,
may be said to centre on the southern part of the area of overlapping
claims,approximatelybetween that lineand theparallel of 72"North lati-
tude, and thatthe delimitation ofthe fisheryzoneshould reflectthis fact.
Itisclearthat nodelimitationinthe areacouldguaranteetoeachPartythe
presencein everyyearoffishablequantities ofcapelininthe zoneallotted
to itbythe line.It appears howeverto the Court thatthe median lineistoo
farto the west for Denmark to be assured of an equitable accessto the
capelin stock,sinceit would attribute to Norway the whole ofthearea of
overlapping claims. For this reason also the median line thus requires to
be adjusted or shiftedeastwards (cf.paragraph 71above).

77. In this context the Court has to consider another factor of a geo-
physical character brought to its attention, namelythe presence of ice in
the waters of the region. The waters off the northern segment of the east
coastofGreenland arepermanently coveredbycompactice,and the East
Greenland Current runs south alongthat coast,carryingwith itenormous
quantities of drifting polar ice. As a result, first, direct access to coastal
waters from that coast north of Cape Brewster (point G) is practically
impossible throughout the year, so that fishing vessels operating in the
region have to be based on other parts ofthe coast. Secondly,the area of
overlapping claimsisitselfaffectedbydrift ice :atitsminimumextension,
the drift ice reaches about half-way between the Greenland coast and
Jan Mayen, and then extends overvirtuallythe whole of the area during
themonths ofFebruaryto May,decreasingagainfromJune to September.
Maps produced by both Parties, based on statistical evaluation of long-
termsatelliteobservations, are consistentinindicatingthe extentto which
the regionisaffectedbyice.It iscommongroundbetween the Partiesthat

a 40per centcover ofdrift icerenders ordinarynavigation and al1fishing
activitiesimpossible.Denmark arguesaccordinglythatthe 200-milezone
off theGreenland coastwhich itclaimswould not in fact provide Green-
land with200milesofexploitablesea, and thatthe median lineproposed
byNorwaywouldineffectleaveto Denmarkonly 10per centofthewaters
in whichfishing ismade possible bythe absence ofice.Neither party has
commented on the possible significance of the presence of ice for the
practical exploration and exploitation ofthe sea-bed of the area of over-
lapping claims. 78. In the present case the question has been argued of the effect on
access to marine resources of the presence of drift ice; especially within
the Arctic Circle, this geophysicalfeature does of coursehave a substan-
tial impact on human activity. Perennial ice may significantly hinder
access to the resources of the region, and thus constitute a special geo-
graphical feature of it. However, in the present case, the Court is
informed that capelin, if found in a given year in fishable quantities in
the southern part of the area of overlapping claims, are so found at
the time of year (July-September) when the drift ice cover has retreated
north-westwards. In April, when the ice cover is most extensive, there is
no capelin and no other known fishable species in the waters between
Jan Mayen and Greenland. The Court is therefore satisfied that while

ice constitutes a considerableseasonal restriction of access to the waters,
it does not materially affect access to migratory fishery resources in the
southern part of the area of overlapping claims.

79. Denmark considers as also relevant to the delimitation the major
differencesbetween Greenland andJan Mayen asregardspopulation and
socio-economicfactors. It has pointed outthat Jan Mayenhas no settled
population, asonly 25personstemporarily inhabit the island for purposes
of their employment (paragraph 15above); indeed, in Denmark's view,
Jan Mayen cannot sustain and has not sustained human habitation or
economic life of its own.As alreadynoted (paragraph 14above) thetotal
population of Greenland is 55,000,of which some 6 per cent live in East
Greenland. Asregardssocio-economicfactors, Denmark hasemphasized

the importance for Greenland of fishing and fisheries-related activities,
which constitute the mainstay of its economy; Norwegian fishing inter-
ests in the waters surrounding Jan Mayen are however the interests
of mainland Norway, not ofJan Mayen assuch,where thereareno fisher-
men. Denmark has also relied on whatit refers to as the "cultural factor",
the attachment ofthe people ofGreenland totheir land and the surround-
ing sea, in the light of which it would, Denmark contends,be difficult if
not impossible forthe Greenlanders to accept thatthe sea area within the
200-milezone offtheir Coastshould be curtailed in deferenceto the inter-
ests of the people of a remote and highly developedindustrial State.

80. Although Denmark has employed the terminology of Article 121,
paragraph 3, of the 1982United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea, which provides that "rocks which cannot sustain human habitation

or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economiczone or
continental shelf', itoes not argue thatJan Mayen has no entitlement tocontinentalshelf or fisheryzones,but that whenmaritimeboundaries are
to be established between that island and the territories of Iceland and
Greenland, the island of Jan Mayen cannot be accorded full effect,but
only partial effect, a contention which the Court has already found un-
acceptable (paragraph 70 above). Nor, in the viewof the Court, does the
"cultural factor" point to a different conclusion.The question iswhether
the sizeand specialcharacter ofJan Mayen'spopulation, and the absence
of locallybased fishing,are circumstances which affectthe delimitation.

TheCourt wouldobservethatthe attribution ofmaritime areasto the ter-
ritory ofa State,which,byitsnature,isdestined tobe permanent, is alegal
process based solely on the possession by the territory concerned of a
coastline.TheCourt finds relevantinthe present disputethe observations
it had occasionto make,concerningcontinental shelfdelimitation,in the
ContinentalShelf(LibyanArabJamahiriya/Malta)case :

"The Court does not howeverconsider that a delimitation should
be influenced by the relative economicposition of the two Statesin
question,in such a waythatthearea of continental shelfregarded as
appertaining to the less rich of the two States would be somewhat
increased in order to compensate for its inferiority in economic
resources. Such considerations are totally unrelated to the underly-
ing intention of the applicable rules of international law. It is clear
that neither therules determiningthe validity of legal entitlement to
the continental shelf, nor those concerning delimitation between
neighbouring countries, leaveroom for any considerations of econ-
omicdevelopment ofthe Statesin question. Whilethe concept ofthe
exclusiveeconomiczone has, from the outset, included certain spe-
cialprovisions forthe benefit of developingStates, those provisions
have not related to the extent of such areas nor to their delimitation
between neighbouring States,but merelyto the exploitation of their
resources." (I.C.J.Reports1985,p. 41,para. 50.)

The Court therefore concludes that, in the delimitation to be effectedin
this case, there is no reason to consider either the limited nature of the
population of Jan Mayen or socio-economicfactors as circumstancesto
be taken into account.
81. Nonvay has argued, in relation to the Danish claim to a 200-mile
zone off Greenland, that

"the drawingofaboundary closerto oneStatethan to another would
imply an inequitable displacement of the possibility of the former
Stateto protect interests which require protection".

It considersthat, whilecourtshavebeenunwillingto allowsuchconsider-
ations ofsecurityto intrudeupon themajortask ofestablishinga primary
boundary in accordance with the geographical criteria, they are con-
cerned to avoid creating conditions of imbalance. The Court considersthat the observation in the Libya/Malta Judgment (I.C.J. Reports 1985,
p.42,para. 5l),that "securityconsiderations are ofcoursenot unrelatedto
the concept ofthe continentalshelf",constitutedaparticular application,
to the continental shelf, with which the Court was then dealing, of a gen-
eral observation concerning al1maritime spaces. In the present case the
Court has already rejected the 200-mile line. In the Continental Shelf
(LibyanArabJamahi+a/Malta) case,the Court was satisfied that

"the delimitation whichwillresultfrom the application ofthepresent
Judgment is ... not so near to the Coastof either Party as to make
questions of securitya particular consideration in the present case"
(I.C.J. Reports1985,p. 42,para. 51).

The Court is similarlysatisfied inthe present caseasregardsthe delimita-
tion to be described below.
82. With regard to the conduct of the Parties concerning the relevant
area, itis first to be noted that that conduct is characterized by the care

they have taken not to aggravate the dispute and by their adherence to
the positions of principle they have adopted for the delimitation. That
conduct has already been considered by the Court (paragraphs 33-39)in
relation tothe argument of Norwaythatthe Parties,bytheir conduct, have
already recognized the applicability of amedian line delimitation,a con-
tention whichtheCourtdid not accept.Thequestion ofthe conduct ofthe
Parties has now to be considered in another context, that of a contention
by Denmark, relating primarily to acts of Norway. The contention is
that, as in the Continental Shelf(Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) case
(I.C.J.Reports1982,p. 84,para. 1 18),the conduct ofthe Parties isa highly
relevant factor in the choice of the appropriate method of delimitation
where such conducthas indicated some particular method as being likely
toproduce an equitableresult.Inthis respect, Denmark reliesonthe mari-
time delimitationbetween Norway and Iceland, and on a boundary line
established by Norwaybetween the economiczone of mainland Norway
and the fishery protection zone of the Svalbard Archipelago (Bear
Island - Bjarnaya).

83. Byan Agreement concerning Fishery and Continental ShelfQues-
tions between Norway and Iceland dated 28 May 1980,a Conciliation
Commission was set up to submit recommendations regarding the
dividing line for the shelf area between Iceland and Jan Mayen (Art. 9).
Bya subsequent Agreement,dated 22October 1981,Norway and Iceland
indicated that by entering intothe earlieragreementthey had agreed

"that Iceland's economiczoneshall extend to 200nautical milesalso
in the areas between Iceland and Jan Mayen where the distance
between the baselines is lessthan 400nautical miles" (Preamble);the Agreement provided furtherthat
"the dividing line between the parties' sections of the continental
shelf in thearea betweenIceland andJan Mayen shallbe the same as
the dividingline for the parties' economic zones" (Art. 1).

Asfor Bear Island, the southernmostisland inthe SvalbardArchipelago,
it is lessthan 400 nautical miles north of the Nonvegian mainland.
Although subject to the special provisions of the SpitsbergenTreaty of
9 February 1920,it is part of the Kingdom of Nonvay. On 3 June 1977
Nonvay, by a Royal Decree, established a fisheryprotection zone around
Svalbard,including Bear Island, the outer limit of which was to be 200
miles from the baselines; the Decree however further provided that the
zone "shall furthermore be delimited by the outer limit of the economic
zone off the Nonvegian mainland" (Sec. 1,para. 3). Denmark contends

that Nonvayhas thus accepted that Jan Mayenvis-à-visIceland, and Bear
Island vis-à-vismainland Nonvay,not onlycouldnot have a delimitation
effected by a median line but should not cut into the respective 200-mile
zones of Iceland and mainland Nonvay.

84. In this caseNonvay has denied thatthe Agreements between Nor-
way and Iceland constituterelevant conduct or a precedent, arguing that
they represent a political concession in favour of an island State heavily
dependent on its fisheries and moreover enjoying special relations with
Nonvay. It has recalled that Nonvay protested when Iceland first estab-
lished its 200-mile zone, and that Iceland has traditionally been very
active,particularlywherefisheries wereconcerned,in the waters between
its own coasts andJan Mayen, which hasnot beenthe case of Greenland.
With regard to the treatment of Bear Island, Nonvay has stressed that
Svalbard,including Bear Island, is part of the Kingdom of Nonvay, so
that there is no question of an international delimitation of overlapping

areas.

85. So far as Bear Island is concerned, this territory is situated in a
region unrelated to thearea of overlapping claimsnow to be delimited. In
that respect, the Court would observethat there canbe nolegalobligation
for a party to a dispute to transpose, forthe settlement of that dispute, a
particular solutionpreviously adopted by itina differentcontext. Even if
the Svalbarddelimitationbe treated as international, Nonvay is no more
bound by that solution than Denmark is bound to apply in the present
dispute the method of equidistance used to effect delimitation between
Nonvay and Denmark in the Skagerrak and part of the North Sea or off
the Faroe Islands.

86. Denmark's argumentbased onthe Agreements concludedbetween
Iceland and Nonvay forthe delimitation ofthe areas south ofJan Mayen
deservesparticular consideration, inasmuch asthose instrumentsdirectlyconcernJan Mayen itself.ByinvokingagainstNonvay the Agreementsof
1980and 1981,Denmark isseekingtoobtain byjudicial meansequalityof
treatment with Iceland. It is understandable that Denmark should seek
such equality of treatment. But in the context of relations governed by
treaties, it is alwaysforthe parties concerned toecide, by agreement,in
what conditionstheir mutual relations can bestbe balanced. In the parti-
cular caseofmaritimedelimitation,international lawdoes not prescribe,
with a view to reaching an equitable solution, the adoption of a single
method for the delimitation of the maritime spaces on al1sides of an
island, or for the whole of the coastal front of a particular State,rather
than, ifdesired,varyingsystemsofdelimitationforthevarious parts ofthe
Coast.The conduct of the parties will in many cases therefore have no
influence on such a delimitation.The fact that the situation governed by
the Agreements of 1980and 1981shares with the present dispute certain
elements (identity of the island, participation of Nonvay) is of no more

than forma1weight.For these reasons,the Court concludes thatthe con-
duct of the Parties does not constitute an element which could influence
the operation of delimitation inthe present case.

87. Having thus completed its examination of the geophysical and
other circumstancesbrought to its attention as appropriate to be taken
into account forthe purposes of the delimitation ofthe continental shelf
and the fishery zones, the Court has come to the conclusion that the

median line adopted provisionallyfor both, as first stage inthe delimita-
tion, should be adjusted or shifted to become a line such as to attribute a
larger area of maritime space to Denmark than would the median line.
Thelinedrawn by Denmark 200nautical milesfromthe baselines ofeast-
ern Greenland would howeverbe excessiveas an adjustment, and would
beinequitablein itseffects.Thedelimitationline musttherefore bedrawn
withinthearea ofoverlappingclaims,betweenthe linesproposed byeach
Party. The Court willtherefore now proceed to examine the question of
the preciseposition ofthat line.

88. In its Counter-Memorial, Nonvay argued that

"the adjudication should resultin ajudgment which isdeclaratoryas
to thebases ofdelimitation,and which leavesthe precisearticulation
(or demarcation) of the alignment to negotiation between the
Parties", and itssubmissionswere,and haveremained,limited to arequest forwhat
it terms a "declaratory"judgment in favour of the median line. Sincethe
Court does not consider that the median line constitutes the boundaries
whichresultfrom the application ofthe relevantlaw,itisunable to uphold
those submissions.The Court is also unable to uphold the submission of
Denmark that a delimitation line should be drawn 200 miles from the
baselines of eastern Greenland, according to specific CO-ordinates sup-
plied by Denmark. Atthe hearings however Denmark presented an addi-
tional and alternative submission (paragraph 10 above) whereby the
Court is asked

"to decide, in accordance with international law and in light of the
facts and argumentsdeveloped by the Parties,where the line of deli-
mitation shall be drawn between Denmark's and Norway'sfisheries
zones and continental shelf areas in the waters between Greenland
and Jan Mayen, and todrawthatline"(emphasis added).

At the final hearing it was stated-on behalf of Norway, in relation to
the final Danish submissions, that Norway maintained the position
expressedin its Counter-Mernorial, and quoted above.
89. To giveonly abroad indication of themannerin which the defini-
tion of the delimitation line should be fixed, and to leave the matter for
the further agreement of the Parties, as urged by Norway, would in the
Court's viewnot be a completedischarge of its duty to determine the dis-
pute. The Court is satisfied that it shoulddefine the delimitation line in
such a waythat any questionswhich might stillremain would be matters

strictlyrelating tohydrographic technicalitieswhich the Parties, with the
help oftheirexperts, can certainly resolve.Thearea of overlappingclaims
in this case is defined by the median line and the 200-mile line from
Greenland, and those lines are both geometrical constructs; there might
be differences of opinion over basepoints, but given defined basepoints,
the two lines followautomatically.The median line provisionallydrawn
as first stage inthe delimitationprocesshas accordinglybeen defined by
reference to the basepoints indicated by the Parties on the coasts of
Greenland andJan Mayen. Similarlythe Court may define the delimita-
tion line, now to be indicated, by reference to that median line andto the
200-mileline calculated by Denmark from the basepoints on the Coastof
Greenland. Accordinglythe Court willproceed to establish such adelimi-
tation, using for this purpose the baselines and CO-ordinateswhich the
Parties themselves have been content to employ in their pleadings and
oral argument. 90. TheCourt hasfound (paragraph 44above)that itisbound to apply,
and it has applied,the lawapplicableto the continental shelf and the law
applicable tothe fisheryzones. Having done so,it has arrived at the con-
clusion that the median line provisionally drawn, employed as starting-
point for the delimitation of the continental shelf and the fishery zones,
must be adjusted or shifted so as to attribute a larger area of maritime
spacesto Denmark. Sofar asthe continental shelfisconcerned,there isno
requirement that the linebe shiftedeastwardsconsistentlythroughout its
length :ifotherconsiderations mightpoint to anotherform ofadjustment,

to adopt it would be within the measure of discretion conferred on the
Court by the need to arrive at an equitable result. For the fishery zones,
equitable accessto the resources of the southern part of the area ofver-
lapping claimshastobeassured by asubstantialadjustment or shiftingof
the median line provisionally drawn in that region. In the view of the
Court the delimitation now to be described, whereby the position of the
delimitation lines for the two categories of maritime spaces is identical,
constitutes,inthe circumstancesofthis case,aproper applicationboth of
the law applicable to the continental shelf and of that applicable to the
fisheryzones.

91. The delimitation line is to lie between the median line and the
200-mileline from the baselines of eastern Greenland. It will run from
point Ainthe north,the point ofintersection ofthose two lines,to apoint
on the 200-mile line drawn from the baselines claimed by Iceland,
between points D and Bon sketch-map No. 2 (p. 80below). For the pur-
poses ofdefinition ofthe line,and withaviewto makingproper provision
for equitable access to fisheryresources,the area of overlapping claims

will be divided into three zones, as follows. Greenland's 200-mileline
(betweenpoints Aand Bon sketch-mapNo. 2)showstwomarked changes
of direction, indicated on the sketch-map as points1and J; similarlythe
median line shows two corresponding changes of direction, marked as
points K and L. Straight lines drawn between point 1and point K, and
between point J and point L, thus divide the area of overlapping claims
into three zones, to be referred to, successivelyfrom south to north, as
zone 1,zone2 and zone 3.

92. The southernmost zone, zone 1, corresponds essentially to the
principalfishingareareferred to inparagraph 73above.Inthe view ofthe
Court, the two Parties should enjoy equitable access to the fishing
resourcesofthiszone. Forthis purpose apoint, to be designatedpoint M,
is identified on the 200-mileline claimed by Iceland between points B
and D, and equidistant from those points, and a line is drawn from
point Mso asto intersectthe line between point J and L,at apoint desig-
nated point N, so as to divide zone 1into two parts of equal area. The
dividingline is shown on sketch-map No. 2asthe line between points N

and M. Sofar aszones 2 and 3are concerned, it is a question of drawing
the appropriate conclusions, in the application of equitable principles, 80 MARITIMEDELIMITATION(JUDGMENT)

20'W 10'W

SKETCH-MAPNo 2

GREENLAND

SEA

750 -75'
N N

GREENLAND

1

700 70'
N N

NORWEGIAN
SEA
Kolbeln.eyfrom the circumstance of the marked disparity in coastal lengths, dis-
cussed in paragraphs61 to 71above. The Court considers that an equal

division of the whole area of overlapping claims would givetoo great a
weight to this circumstance.aking into account the equal division of
zone 1,it considers that the requirements of equitywould be met by the
following division of the remainder of the area of overlapping claims
a point (O on sketch-map No.2) isto be determined on the linebetween
1 and K such that the distance from 1 to O is twice the distance from
O to K; the delimitation of zone2and 3 is then effected by the straight

line from point N to this point 0, and the straight line from point O to
point A.

93. TheCO-ordinatesofthe various points mentionedhavebeen calcu-
lated asfollows on the basis ofthe information supplied by each Party to
the Court as to the base points on the coasts of its territory, and are
included here for the information ofthe Parties

(WorldGeodetic System, 1984)

LatitudeNorth LongitudeWest
74"21'46.9" 5" 00'27.7" = A

72"28'35.9" 9" 23'09.4" = 1
71'32'58.4" 11"11'23.6" =J
69"34'43.3" 12"09'25.5" = B
69"38'26.8" 12"43'21.1" = C
70" 12' 50.5" 15" 10'21.8" = D
72"07'16.0 14"40'25.4" = L
73"01'42.5" 12" 25'23.2" = K

69"54'26.9" 13" 38'01.0" =, M
71"50'00.8" 12"50'48.2" = N
72" 50'58.7" 11"23'23.2" = O

Al1straight lines referred to in paragra91sand 92 are geodetic lines.

94. For these reasons,

By fourteen votesto one,

Decidesthat, withinthe limitsdefined
(1) to the north bythe intersection ofthe lineofequidistancebetween the
coastsofEasternGreenland andthewesterncoastsofJan Mayenwith

the 200-milelimit calculated as from the said coasts of Greenland,
indicated onsketch-map No.2 aspoint A,and(2) to the south, by the 200-mile limit around Iceland, as claimed by
Iceland, between the points of intersection of that limit with the two
said lines,indicated on sketch-map No. 2aspoints Band D,

the delimitationline that dividesthecontinental shelfand fisheryzones of
the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of Nonvay istobe drawn as
set out in paragraphs and 92of the present Judgment.

IN FAVOUR:PresidentSirRobertJennings; Vice-Presidt da; JudgesAgo,
Schwebel,Bedjaoui,Ni, Evensen, Tarassov,Guillaume,Shahabuddeen,
AguilarMawdsley,Weeramantry, Ranjeva,Ajibola.
AGAINST:JudgeadhocFischer.

Done in English and in French, the Englishtext being authoritative,at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this fourteenth day of June, one thousand

nine hundred and ninety-three, in three copies, one of which will be
placed in the archives of the Courtand the others transmitted to the
ernment of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Govemment of the King-
dom of Nonvay, respectively.

(Signed) R. Y. JENNINGS,
President.

(Signed) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA,
Registrar.

Vice-President ODA, Judges EVENSENA , GUILARMAWDSLEYand
RANJEVa ppend declarations tothe Judgment of the Court.

Vice-PresidentODA,JudgesSCHWEBE SH,AHABUDDEEN, WEERAMANTRY
and AJIBOLa Append separate opinions to the Judgment of the Court.

Judge ad hoc FISCHERappends a dissenting opiniontotheJudgment of
the Court.

(Initialled) R.Y.J.
(Initialled) E.V.O.

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING

MARITIME DELIMITATION IN THE AREA
BETWEEN GREENLAND AND JAN MAYEN

(DENMARK v. NORWAY)

JUDGMENT OF 14JUNE 1993

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DE LA DELIMITATION MARITIME

DANS LA RÉGION SITUÉE
ENTRE LE GROENLAND ET JAN MAYEN

ARRÊTDU 14JUIN 1993 Official cita:ion
Maritime DelimitationintheArea betweenGreenland
andJanMayen, Judgment, I.C.J.Reports 1993,

Modeofficiel de cita:ion

Délimitatimaritimedanslarégisituée enleGroenland
etJanMayen, arrêt,.I.J.Recueil1993,

Salesnumber 635 1
ISSN 0074-4441 Nodevent:
ISBN 92-1-070693-5 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

1993
14 June YEAR 1993
General List
No.78
14 June 1993

CASE CONCERNING

MARITIME DELIMITATION IN THE AREA

BETWEEN GREENLAND AND JAN MAYEN

(DENMARK v. NORWAY)

Delimitationof the continentalshelfandfishery zones of twoStates withoppo-
sitecoasts - Maritime area thesubjectof thepresent proceedings - Request by
Applicantfor thedrawingof a singlelineof delimitation - Contentionof Respon-
dent that two separate but coincidentlines (median lines) are the appropriate

boundaries.
Claim by Norway that a continental shelf boundary is already "inplace" by
virtue of a 1965Agreement betweenthe Parties providingfor employmentof a
median line - Znterpretationof Agreement - Text, context andobjectandpur-
pose of Agreement - Subsequentpracticeof Parties - Scoperatione loci of the
Agreement.
Claimby Norwaythat a continental shelfboundary isalready "inplace"by the
effect between the Partiesof the 1958 GenevaConvention on the Continental
Shelf - Claim that Denmark had acceptedthat there wereno 'kpecialcircum-
stances"in the area.

Claimby Norway that Partiesbytheirconducthaverecognized applicability ofa
median line delimitationfor continentalshelf andfishery zones - Danish legis-
lativeacts- Diplomaticcontactsand exchanges - Positions expressedbyParties
at irhirdUnitedNations ConferenceontheLaw oftheSea.

Law applicableto the delimitation - Absence of agreement of Parties on a
singlemaritime boundary - 1958 GenevaConvention onthe ContinentalShelf
applicableto delimitation of the continentalshel- Customarylaw applicableto
fishery zones- Relationship of thislaw withthat governing exclusiveeconomic

zone.
Provisionaldrawing,as first step indelimitationprocess,of a median line that
may then be a4usted or shifted to ensurean equitableresult - Whetherappro-
priatefor continentalshelf - Whetherappropriatefor fishery zones - Factors COUR INTERNATIONALEDE JUSTICE

ANNÉE 1993 1993
14 juin
Rôle général
14 juin 1993 no78

AFFAIRE DE LA DÉLIMITATION MARITIME

DANS LA RÉGION SITUÉE

ENTRE LE GROENLAND ETJAN MAYEN

(DANEMARK c. NORVÈGE)

Délimitationdu plateau continental etdes zones depêchede deux Etats dont
les côtes se font face- Zone maritime faisant l'objet dela présenteaffaire

- Demandedela Partierequérantetendantau tracéd'une ligneuniquededélimi-
tation - Prétentiondu défendeurselonlaquelledeux lignesséparéem s ais coïnci-
dentes (lignesmédianes)constitueraienltes lignesde délimitationappropriées.
Prétentionde la Norvège selon laquelleune lignede délimitationdu plateau
continentalseraitdéjà «en place))en vertud'unaccordde 1965 entrelesParties
prévoyantl'emploi d'une ligne médiane - Interprétationde l'accord - Texte,
contexte, et objet et but de l'accord Pratiqueultérieure des Parties- Portée
ratione locide I'accordde 1965.
Prétentionde la Norvège selon laquelleune ligne de délimitationdu plateau
continentalseraitdéjà«enplace ))en raisonde l'effetproduit entre lesPartiespar
la conventionde Genèvede 1958sur leplateau continental - Prétention selon
laquelle le Danemark aurait acceptéqu'il n'y avait pas de «circonstances
spéciales))dans la région.

Prétentionde la Norvège selon laquelle lesarties,parleurconduite, auraient
reconnuI'applicabilitéd'une délimitationselon la ligne médianepour leplateau
continentaletleszonesdepêche -Actes législatifsdanois- Contactset échanges
diplomatiques - PositionsexpriméesparlesParties à la troisièmeconférencedes
Nations Uniessurledroitde la mer.
Droitapplicableà ladélimitation- Absenced'accorddes Partiessur une ligne
uniquepour la délimitation maritime - Conventionde Genèvede 1958sur le
plateau continentalapplicable à la délimitationdu plateau continental- Droit
coutumierapplicableauxzonesdepêche - Relationsdecedroitavecceluigouver-
nant lazone économique exclusive.
Ligne médianetracée à titreprovisoirecommepremièreétape del'opération de
délimitation,pouvantêtre ensuite ajustée oudéplacéepour parvenir à un résultat
équitable - Questionde savoir si cette méthode estappropriée pour le plateau requiringadjustment or shifting of provisionalline- "Specialcircumstances"
under 1958 GenevaConvention - "Relevantcircumstances"and customarylaw.

Special circumstancesand relevantcircumstancesin thepresent caseindicated
by the Parties- Disparityof lengthsof relevantcoasts - Whether200-mile line
from theGreenlandcoastequitableboundary - Accesstofishery resources- Pat-
ternof distributionoffish stocks Effect of ic- Effect on accessto waters-
Populationand socio-economicfactors - Security considerations- Conductof

theParties - 1980and 1981Agreementsbetween Norwayand IcelandonFishery
and ContinentalShelf Questions - Relationshipbetweenfisheryprotectionzone
round Svalbard (includingBeur Island) and economiczone of Norwegianmain-
land.

WhetherCourtshouldconfineitselfto "dec1aratory"judgmentor shoulddelimit
theboundary - Method of delimitation.

JUDGMENT

Present: President Sir Robert JENNINGSV ; ice-PresidentODA; Judges AGO,
SCHWEBEL,BEDJAOUI,NI, EVENSEN,TARASSOV,GUILLAUME,
SHAHABUDDEEA N, UILARMAWDSLEYW , EERAMANTRY, RANJEVA,
AJIBOLA J; dge ad hoc FISCHER R;egistrarVALENCIA-OSPINA.

In the case concerning maritime delimitation in the area between Greenland

and Jan Mayen,
between

the Kingdom.of Denmark,

represented by
Mr.TygeLehmann, Ambassador, LegalAdviser,Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

Mr. John Bernhard, Ambassador, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

as Agents;
Mr. Per Magid, Attorney,
as Agent and Advocate;

Mr. Eduardo Jiménezde Aréchaga,Professor of International Law, Law
School, Catholic Universityof Uruguay,
Mr. Derek W. Bowett, C.B.E, Q.C., F.B.A., Emeritus Whewell Professor of
International Law in the Universityof Cambridge,

as Counsel and Advocates;
Mr. Finn Lynge, Expert-Consultant for Greenland Affairs, Ministry of
Foreign Affairs,
Ms Kirsten Trolle, Expert-Consultant,Greenland Home Rule Authority,
Mr. Milan Thamsborg, Hydrographic Expert,

as Counsel and Experts;continental- Questionde savoirsi elle est appropriépour les zones depêche
- Facteursappelant un ajustement ou déplacementde la ligne provisoire -
«Circonstancesspéciales»selon la conventionde Genèvede 1958 - «Circons-
tancespertinentes))et droit coutumier.
Circonstances spécialest circonstancespertinentes indiquéepar les Parties
dans laprésenteaffaire- Disparitédes longueursdes côtespertinentes- Ques-
tion de savoirsi la ligne des 200millesmesuréepartir de la côtedu Groenland

constitueune lignede délimitation équitab-e Accèsaux ressourceshalieutiques
- Localisationgéographique desstocksdepoisson - Effet desglace- Effet sur
l'accèsaux eaux - Populationetfacteurssocio-économique s Considérationsde
sécurité- Conduitedes Parties - Accordsde 1980 et 1981entre la Norvègeet
l'Islandeen matièredepêche etdeplateau continental- Relation entrelazonede
protectionde lapêcheautour du Svalbard (y compris l'îleaux Ours) et la zone
économique de la Norvègecontinentale.
QuestiondesavoirsilaCourdoitselimiter à unjugement «déclaratoire»oudoit
fixer lalignede délimitatio- Méthode de délimitation.

Présents:Sir Robert JENNINGS P,résident;M. ODA,Vice-PrésidentM ; M. AGO,
SCHWEBEB L, DJAOUI,NI, EVENSEN T,ARASSOG VU, ILLAUMS E, AHA-
BUDDEEN A,GUILAR MAWDSLEY W ,EERAMANTR RYA,NJEVAA,JIBOLA,
juges ;M. FIscHE~,jugeadhoc; M.VALENCIA-OSPIG NrAef,fr.

En l'affairede la délimitation maritimedansla région situéentre le Groen-

land et Jan Mayen,
entre

le Royaume du Danemark,

représentépar
M. TygeLehmann, ambassadeur, conseillerjuridique, ministèredes affaires
étrangères,
M. John Bernhard, ambassadeur, ministèredes affaires étrangères,

commeagents;
M. Per Magid, avocat,
comme agent et avocat;

M. Eduardo Jiménezde Aréchaga,professeur de droit international à la
facultéde droit de l'universitécatholique deUruguay,
M. Derek W. Bowett,C.B.E.,Q.C., F.B.A.,professeur éméritede droit inter-
nationalà l'universitéde Cambridge (chaire Whewell),
comme conseils et avocats;

M. Finn Lynge,expert-consultant pour les affaires du Groenland, ministère
des affaires étrangères,
Mme Kirsten Trolle, expert-consultant, autorité territoriale du Groenland,
M. Milan Thamsborg, expert en hydrographie,

comme conseils et experts; Mr. Jakob H~yrup, Head of Section, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Ms Aase Adamsen, Head of Section, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Mr. Frede Madsen, State Geodesist, Danish National Survey and Cadastre,

Mr. Ditlev Schwanenflügel,Assistant Attorney,
Mr. Olaf Koktvedgaard, Assistant Attorney,

as Advisers;
and

Ms Jeanett Probst Osborn, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Ms BirgitSkov,Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
as Secretaries,

and
the Kingdom of Nonvay,

represented by
Mr. Bj~rnHaug, Solicitor-General,
Mr. Per Tresselt,Consul-General, Berlin,

as Agents and Counsel;
Mr. Ian Brownlie,Q.C.,D.C.L., F.B.A., Chichele Professor of PublicInterna-
tional Law, University of Oxford; Fellow of AilSouls College, Oxford,

Mr. Keith Highet, Visiting Professor of International Law at the Fletcher
School of Law and Diplomacy and Member of the Bars of NewYork and
the District of Columbia,
Mr. Prosper Weil,Professor Emeritus at the Universitéde droit, d'économie
et de sciences sociales de Paris,
as Counsel and Advocates;

Mr. Morten Ruud, Director-General, Polar Division, Ministry of Justice,

Mr. Peter Gullestad, Director-General, Fisheries Directorate,
Commander P. B.Beazley,O.B.E., F.R.I.C.S., R.N. (Ret'd),

as Advisers ;
Ms Kristine Ryssdal, Assistant Solicitor-General,
Mr. Rolf Einar Fife, First Secretary, Permanent Mission to the United
Nations, New York,
as Counseliors;

Ms Nina Lund, Junior Executive Officer, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Ms Juliette Bernard, Clerk, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Ms Alicia Herrera, The Hague,

as Technical Staff,

THECOURT,

composed as above,
after deliberation,
delivers thefollowingJudgment: M. Jacob H~ymp, chef de section, ministère des affaires étrangères,
MmeAase Adamsen, chef de section, ministère des affaires étrangères,
M. Frede Madsen, expert de 1'Etaten géodésie, service topographique et
cadastral danois,
M. Ditlev Schwanenflügel, avocat auxiliaire,
M. Olaf Koktvedgaard, avocat auxiliaire,

comme conseillers ;
et

MmeJeanett Probst Osborn, ministère des affaires étrangères,
MmeBirgit Skov,ministère des affaires étrangères,
comme secrétaires,

le Royaume de Norvège,
représentépar
M. Bjorn Haug, procureur général,
M. Per Tresselt, consul général, Berlin,

comme agents et conseils;
M. Ian Brownlie, Q.C., D.C.L., F.B.A., professeur de droit international
public a l'université d'Oxford, titulaire de la chaire Chichele; Fellowde

l'Al1Souls College d'Oxford,
M. Keith Highet, professeur invitéde droitinternational a la Fletcher School
of Lawand Diplomacy et membre desbarreaux de New York et du district
de Columbia,
M. Prosper Weil,professeur émérite àl'universitéde droit, d'économie etde
sciencessociales de Paris,
comme conseils et avocats;

M. Morten Ruud, directeur généralde la division des questions polaires,
ministèrede lajustice,
M. Peter Gullestad, directeur générad l e la direction des pêcheries,
le capitaine de frégate P.B. Beazley, O.B.E., F.R.I.C.S., R.N. (en retraite),

MmeKristine Ryssdal, procureur généraa ldjoint,
M. Rolf Einar Fife, premier secrétaire, missionpermanente de la Norvège
auprèsde l'organisation des Nations Unies à New York,
comme conseillers;

MmeNina Lund,fonctionnaireadministratif,ministère des affairesétrangères,
MmeJuliette Bernard, agent administratif, ministère des affaires étrangères,
MmeAlicia Herrera, La Haye,
comme personnel technique,

LACOUR,
ainsi composée,

aprèsdélibéré en chambre du conseil,
rend l'arrêstuivant: 1. On 16 August 1988the Chargéd'affaires ad interimof the Embassy in
The Hague of the Kingdom of Denmark filed in the Registrv of the Court an
~~~lic&on instituting-proceedings against the Kingdomof Norway in respect
of a dis~ute concerning maritime delimitation between the Danish territow of
~reenland andthe ~oke~ian island ofJan Mayen. In order tofoundthe jks-
diction of the Court the Application relied on declarations made by the Parties
accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court under Article 36, para-
graph 2, of its Statute.

2. Pursuant to Article40,paragraph 2,of the Statute ofthe Court, the Appli-
cation was forthwith communicated by the Registrar to the Government of
Norway. In accordance withparagraph 3ofthat Article,al1other Statesentitled
to appear before the Court were notified by the Registrar of the Application.
3. By Orders made by the Court on 14October 1988and by the President
of the Court on 21 June 1990,time-limits were fixed for a Memorial and a
Counter-Memorial and for a Reply and a Rejoinder, respectively; these
pleadings were duly filed within the time-limits fixed therefor.

4. Since the Court included upon the bench a judge of Norwegian natio-
nality, but no judge of Danish nationality, the Government of Denmark, in
exerciseofitsright under Article 31,paragraph 2,ofthe Statute, chose Mr. Paul
Henning Fischer to sit asjudge ad hoc.
5. Betweenthedate offiling ofthe Replyof Denmark and the opening ofthe
oral proceedings a seriesof supplementaldocuments werefiledin turn by Den-

mark,by Norway, again by Denmark and againby Norway. Afterthe closure of
the written proceedings, the other Party was consulted in each case in accord-
ance with Article 56of the Rules of Court, and indicated that it had no objec-
tion to the production of the documents.
6. In accordance with Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the
Court, after ascertaining the views of the Parties,decided that copies of the
pleadings and annexed documents should be made accessible to the public
from the opening of the oral proceedings.
7. Atpublic hearings held between 11and 27January 1993,the Court heard
oral arguments addressed to it by the following:

FortheKingdomofDenmark: Mr.TygeLehmann,
Mr.John Bernhard,
Mr. Per Magid,
Mr.Eduardo Jiménezde Aréchaga,
Mr. Derek W. Bowett,Q.C.,
Mr. Finn Lynge,
MsKirstenTrolle,
Mr. Milan Thamsborg.

FortheKingdomofNorway : Mr. Bj~rnHaug,
Mr. PerTresselt,
Mr. Ian Brownlie,Q.C.,
Mr.Keith Highet,
Mr. Prosper Weil.
8. During the hearings, questions were addressed to both Parties by a Mem-
ber oftheCourt,and repliesweregivenin writing afterthe close ofthe hearings

in accordance with Article 61,paragraph 4, of the Rules of Court. 1. Le 16 août 1988, le chargé d'affairespar intérim de l'ambassade du
Royaume du Danemark à La Haye a déposéau Greffe de la Cour une requête
introduisant une instance contre le Royaume de Norvègeau sujet d'un diffé-
rend relatif la délimitation maritimeentre leterritoiredanois du Groenland et
l'île norvégiennede Jan Mayen. La requête invoque,pour fonder la compé-
tence dela Cour, les déclarationspar lesquelles les Parties ont acceptéla juri-
diction obligatoire de la Cour, ainsi qu'il est prévu au paragraphe 2 de
l'article 36de son Statut.

2. Conformémentau paragraphe 2 de l'article 40 du Statut de la Cour, la
requêtea été immédiatement communiqué pear le Greffier au Gouvernement
de la Norvège.Conformémentau paragraphe 3 du même article, leGreffier en
a informétous les autres Etats admisà ester devant la Cour.
3. Par une ordonnance rendue par la Cour le 14 octobre 1988et par une
ordonnance prise par le Présidentde laCour le 21juin 1990,des délaisont été
fixéspour le dépôtd'un mémoire et d'un contre-mémoire ainsq iue pour le
dépôt d'une réplique etd'une duplique, respectivement; ces pièces ont été
dûment déposéesdans les délais fixés à cet effet.
4. La Cour comptant sur le siègeun juge de nationaliténorvégienne, mais
aucun juge de nationalitédanoise, le Gouvernement du Danemark, dans l'exer-
cice du droit que lui confère leparagraphe 2 de l'article 31du Statut, a désigné
M. Paul Henning Fischer pour siégeren qualitédejuge ad hoc.
5. Entre la date du dépôt de la répliqdu Danemark et l'ouverture de la pro-
cédureorale, une sériede documentssupplémentairesont été présentés succes-
sivement par le Danemark et par la Norvège, et à nouveau par le Danemark,
puis par la Norvège. Aprèsla clôture de la procédureécrite,la Partie adverse a

étéconsultéedans chaque cas conformément à l'article 56du Règlementde la
Cour, etellea indiquéqu'ellene s'opposait paslaproduction de cesdocuments.
6. Conformémentau paragraphe 2 de l'article 53 du Règlement,la Cour,
après s'être renseignéaeuprès des Parties, a décidéque des exemplaires des
piècesde procédureet des documents annexésseraient rendus accessibles au
public àl'ouverture de la procédureorale.
7. Au cours des audiences publiques tenues entre le 11et le 27janvier 1993,
la Cour a entendu les exposésoraux qu'ont prononcés devantelle :

PourleRoyaumeduDanemark: M. TygeLehmann,
M. John Bernhard,
M. PerMagid,
M. Eduardo Jiménezde Aréchaga,
M. Derek W.Bowett,Q.C.,
M. Finn Lynge,
MmeKirsten Trolle,
M. Milan Thamsborg.
PourleRoyaumedeNorvège: M. Bj~rnHaug,

M. PerTresselt,
M. Ian Brownlie,Q.C.,
M. Keith Highet,
M. Prosper Weil.
8. Aucoursdesaudiences,desquestionsont étéposéesauxdeuxPartie psar un
membrede la Cour, et ilya été répondp uar écrit aprèsla clôturede la procédure
orale conformémentau paragraphe 4 del'article61du Règlementde la Cour. 9. In the course of the written proceedings, the following submissions were
presented by the Partie:

Onbehalfof theKingdom ofDenmark.

in the Memorial:
"In view of the facts and arguments presented in Parts 1and II of this
Memorial,

May itplease the Court:
To adjudge and declare that Greenland isentitled to a full 200-milefish-
ery zone and continental shelf area vis-à-visthe island of Jan Mayen; and
consequently

To draw a singleline of delimitation of the fishing zone and continental
shelf area of Greenland inthe waters between Greenland andJan Mayen
at a distance of 200nautical miles measured from Greenland's baseline";

in the Reply:

"In view of the facts and the arguments presented in the Memorial and
this Reply,

May itplease the Court:
(1) To adjudge and declare that Greenland is entitled to a full 200-mile
fishery zone and continental shelf area vis-à-visthe island of Jan Mayen;
and consequently
(2) To draw a single line of delimitation of the fishery zone and conti-

nental shelf area of Greenland in the waters between Greenland and
Jan Mayen at a distance of 200nautical miles measuredfrom Greenland's
baseline, the appropriate part of which is given by straight lines (geo-
desics)joining the following points inthe indicated orde:*

PointNo. Designation LatitudeN LongitudeW

1 At Cape Russel 69"59'38"3 22" 19'18"2
2 At Cape Brewster 70"07'24"O 22"03'55"5
3 At Cape Lister 70"29'33"5 21"32'28"7
4 At Cape Hodgson 70"32'16"7 21°28'51"0
5 Rathbone Island SE 70"39'53"4 21"23'Olu4
6 Rathbone Island NE 70"40'14"7 21"23'OlM8
7 At Cape Topham 71" 19'56"O 21"37'57"O
8 Murray Island 71"32'45"3 21"40'000
9 Rock 72" 16'09"4 22"00'17"6
10 Franklin Island 72"38'57"2 21"40'04"7
11 Bontekoe Island 73"07'15"9 21" 12'09"O
12 Cape Broer Ruys SW 73"28'57"9 20"25'05"9
13 At Cape Broer Ruys 73"30'30"9 20"23'02"6

*BetweenpointsNo. 1and 2,3 and4, 12and 13,and 19and 20the baseline
followsthe low water markalong the coastline. The protrusive points on the
above-mentionedparts ofthe lowwatermarkare presentedin the sub-annexto
Annex58.Co-ordinatesofal1basepointsaregivenin WGS 84. 9. Aucours de laprocédureécrite,lesconclusionsci-aprèsont étéprésentées
par les Partie:

Au nom du Royaume du Danemark:
dans le mémoire :

«Au vu des faits et arguments exposésdansla première etla deuxième
partie du présent mémoire,

Plaise a la Cour:
De dire etjuger que le Groenland a droit àunezone entièrede pêcheet
de plateau continental de 200milles facàl'îledeJan Mayen; et en consé-
quence

De tracer une ligne unique de délimitationde la zone de pêcheet du
plateau continental duGroenlanddans leseaux situéesentre le Groenland
et Jan Mayen à une distance de 200 milles marins mesurée à partir de la
ligne de base du Groenland »;
dans la réplique:

«Au vu des faits et arguments exposés dans le mémoire et dans la
présente réplique,

Plaiseàla Cour:
1) De dire etjuger que le Groenland a droiàune zone entièrede pêche
et de plateau continental de 200 milles facà l'île de Jan Mayen; et en
conséquence

2) De tracer une ligne unique de délimitationde la zone de pêcheet du
plateau continental du Groenland dans leseaux situéesentre leGroenland
et Jan Mayen à une distance de 200 milles marins mesurée à partir de la
ligne de base du Groenland, dont le tronçon approprié est représentépar
des lignes droites (géodésiques)joignantles points ci-après,dans l'ordre
indiqué *:

Pointno Désignation Latitudenord Longitudeouest
1 Cap Russel 69"59'38"3 22" 19'18"2
2 Cap Brewster 70"07'240 22"03'55"5
3 Cap Lister 70"29'33"5 21"32'28"7
4 Cap Hodgson 70"32'16"7 21°28'51"0
5 Ile Rathbone SE 70"39'53"4 21"23'01"4
6 Ile Rathbone NE 70"40'14"7 21"23'Olu8
7 Cap Topham 71" 19'56"O 21"37'57"O
8 Ile Murray 71"32'45"3 21"40100"0

9 Rocher 72" 16'09"4 22"00'17"6
10 Ile Franklin 72"38'57"2 21"40'04"7
11 Ile Bontekoe 73"07'15"9 21" 12'09"O
12 Cap Broer Ruys SW 73"28'57"9 20"25'05"9
13 Cap Broer Ruys 73"30'309 20"23'02"6

*Entrelespointsnos 1et 2,3et4,12et 13et 19et 20,la lignedebase suit la
susmentionnésde la laissede basse mer,sontprésentsansla sous-annexedeonçons
l'annexe58.Lescoordonnées de touslespoints debaseont étécalculéessurla
base du systèmeGS 84. PointNo. Designation LatitudeN LongitudeW
14 Arundel Island 73"45'49"4 20"03'28"9
15 At Cape Borlase Warren 74" 15'58"l 19"22'11"4
16 At Clark Bjerg 74"20'34"3 19"1l104"7
18"22'33"O
17 Lille Pendulum 74"36'43"9
18 At Cape Philip Broke 74"57'15"2 17"31'08"5
19 Cape Pansch S 75"00'34"8 17"22'20"4
20 At Cape Pansch 75" 08'37"5 17"19'01"6
21 Cape Bargen SE 75"21'26"l 17"50'52"2."

Onbehalfof theKingdomofNorway:
in the Counter-Memorial :

"Havingregardto the considerationsset forth inthis Counter-Memorial
and, inparticular, the evidencerelating to the relations ofthe Parties atthe
material times,

May itplease theCourtto adjudgeanddeclarethat:
(1) The median lineconstitutesthe boundary forthe purpose of delimi-
tation of the relevanteas of the continental shelf between Norway and
Denmark in the region between Jan Mayen and Greenland;

(2) The median line constitutes the boundary forthe purpose of delimi-
tation of the relevantreas of the fisheries zones between Norway and
Denmark in the region between Jan Mayen and Greenland;
(3) The Danish claims are without foundationand invalid, and that the
Submissionscontained in the Danish Memorial are rejected";

in the Rejoinder:
"Having regard to the considerations set forth in the Norwegian
Counter-Memorial and this Rejoinder,in particular, the evidencerelating
to the relations of the Parties at thematerial times, and maintaining
without changethe submissionspresented in the Counter-Memorial,

May itplease theCourt to adjudgeand declarethat:
(1) The median lineconstitutes the boundary forthe purpose of delimi-
tation of the relevanteas of the continental shelf between Norway and

Denmark in the region between Jan Mayen and Greenland;

(2) The median lineconstitutes the boundary forthe purpose of delimi-
tation of the relevanteas of the adjoining fisheries zones in the region
between Jan Mayen and Greenland;
(3) The Danish claims are without foundationand invalid, andthat the
Submissionscontained in the Danish Memorial are rejected."

10. In the course of the oral proceedings, the following submissions were
presented by the Parties:

Onbehalfof theKingdomofDenmark:

Submissions (1) and (2) identical to those in the Reply, reproduced in para-
graph 9 above, together with the following additional submissi:n Désignation Latitudenord Longitude ouest
Pointno
14 Ile Arundel 73"45'49"4 20"03'28"9
15 Cap Borlase Warren 74" 15'58"l 19"22'1lU4
16 Clark Bjerg 74"20'34"3 19"11104"7
17 Lille Pendulum 74"36'43"9 18"22'33"O
18 Cap Philip Broke 74"57'15"2 17"3lrO8"5
19 Cap Pansch S 75"00'34"8 17"22'204
20 Cap Pansch 75"08'37"5 17"19'01"6
21 Cap B~rgenSE 75"21'26"l 17"50'52"2.»

Au nomdu Royaume de Norvège:

dans le contre-mémoire :

Vules considérations développées dans le présent contre-mémoireet,
en particulier, lesélémentsde preuve relatifs aux relations entre lesParties
aux moments pertinents,
Plaiseà la Courde dire etjuger:

1) Que la ligne médiane constitue la ligne de séparation auxfins de la
délimitation des étendues pertinentes du plateau continental entre la
Norvège et le Danemark dans la région située entreJan Mayen et le
Groenland ;
2) Que la ligne médiane constitue la ligne de séparation auxfins de la
délimitation des étendues pertinentes deszonesde pêche entre laNorvège
et le Danemark dans la région située entreJan Mayen et le Groenland;
3) Que les demandes du Danemark sont sans fondement ni validité, et

que lesconclusionsfigurant dans lemémoiredu Danemark sont rejetées ));
dans la duplique

«Vu les considérations développéesdans le contre-mémoire de la
Norvège et dans la présenteduplique et, en particulier, les élémentsde
preuve relatifs aux relations entre les Parties aux moments pertinents, et
les conclusions présentées dans le contre-mémoire étant maintenues
inchangées,

Plaiseà la Courde dire etjuger.
1) Que la ligne médiane constitue la ligne de séparationaux fins de la
délimitation des étendues pertinentes du plateau continental entre la
Norvège et le Danemark dans la région situéeentre Jan Mayen et le

Groenland;
2) Que la ligne médiane constitue la ligne de séparation auxfins de la
délimitation des étendues pertinentes des zonesde pêche adjacentesdans
la région situéeentre Jan Mayen et le Groenland;
3) Que les demandes du Danemark sont sans fondement ni validité, et
que lesconclusionsfigurant dans lemémoiredu Danemark sont rejetées.»

10. Au cours de la procédure orale, les conclusions ci-après ont été présen-
téespar les Parties:

Au nomdu Royaume du Danemark:

Conclusions 1 et 2 identiques à celles présentéesdans la réplique et repro-
duites au paragraphe 9 ci-dessus,avec la conclusion additionnelle ci-aprè: "(3) If the Court, for any reason, does not find it possible to draw the
line of delimitation requested in paragraph (2), Denmark requests the
Court to decide, in accordance with international law and in light of the
facts and arguments developed by the Parties, where the line of delimita-
tion shall be drawn between Denmark's and Nonvay's fisheries zones and
continental shelf areas in the waters between Greenland and Jan Mayen,
andto draw that line."
Onbehalfof theKingdomofNorway:

Submissions (1)and (2) identical to those in the Rejoinder, reproduced in
paragraph 9 above, and submission (3)revised to rea:
"(3) The Danish claimsare without foundation and invalid, and thatthe
Danish submissions and claims are rejected."

11. The maritime area which is the subject of the present proceedings
before the Court isthat part of the AtlanticOcean lyingbetween the east

coast of Greenland and the island ofJan Mayen, north of Iceland and the
Denmark Straitbetween Greenland and Iceland, as indicated on sketch-
map No. 1 on page 45 of the present Judgment. The distance between
Jan Mayen and the east coast of Greenland is some 250 nautical miles
(463kilometres).The depth of the sea inthe area betweenthem is for the
most part rather less than 2,000 metres; it varies however between
3,000metres in the north of the area and 1,000metres in the south, and
there are a few sea-bed elevations, West of the southernmost part of
Jan Mayen, where the depth is no more than 500 metres. A number of
geographical,economic or otherfactshavebeenpresented tothe Court by
the Parties as pertaining to theregion with which the Court is to deal; it
willbe forthe Court in due course to decide whether any of these in law

affect the delimitation, as "special" circumstances or "relevant" circum-
stances.
12. Thewhole ofthe area with whichthe Court isconcerned liesnorth
of the Arctic Circle:the waters off the northern part of the east coast of
Greenland are permanently covered by compact ice. The area is much
affected by drift ice the extent of which varies according to the time of
year.
13. Sovereignty over Greenland and Jan Mayen appertains to Den-
mark and to Norway respectively.Greenland, whichhad previouslybeen
a Danish colony,has since 1953been an integral part of the Kingdom of

Denmark. A Danish Act of Parliament of 1978,and a referendum held in
Greenland in 1979,introduced home rule for Greenland. Jan Mayen,
which wasusedfrom 1922onby the Norwegian MeteorologicalInstitute,
was annexed by Nonvay in 1929,when Nonvegian sovereigntyover the
island was proclaimed. In 1930the island was integrated into the King-
dom of Norway as an inalienable part ofthe Realm. «3) Si,pour quelqueraisonquecesoit,laCoursetrouvedansl'impos-
sibilitéde tracer la ligne dedélimitation demandéeu paragraphe 2, le
Danemarkprie la Courde décider,enconformitéavecledroitinternatio-
naletàlalumière desfaitsetdes argumentsmisenavantparlesParties,où
la ligne dedélimitation doit être tracée enezones de pêche et lepla-
teau continentaldu Danemarket de la Norvègedans les eauxcomprises
entreleGroenlandetJan Mayen,etdetracercette ligne. »
Au nomdu Royaumede Norvège:

Conclusions 1et2 identiquesà cellesprésentéedsans la dupliqueet repro-
duitesau paragraphe 9 ci-dessus,etconclusion3modifiéecommesuit:
«3) Que lesdemandesdu Danemarksontsansfondementnivaliditée ,t
quelesconclusionsetdemandesdu Danemarksontrejetées. ))

11. La région maritime, objetde la présente affaire devantla Cour, est
la partie de l'océan Atlantiquequi s'étendentre la côte orientale du
Groenland et l'île de Jan Mayen, au nord de l'Islande et du détroitdu
Danemark qui séparele Groenland de l'Islande, comme indiquésur le

croquis no 1,page 45 du présent arrêtL. a distance entre Jan Mayen et la
côte orientale du Groenland est d'environ 250 milles marins (463 kilo-
mètres).Laprofondeur de la mer,dans la régionqui lessépare,esten géné-
ral inférieureà2000mètres:ellevarie toutefois entre 3000mètresdans le
nord de la région et 1000mètresdans le sud, et il existe quelques hauts-
fonds, à l'ouest de la partie la plus méridionale de Jan Mayen, où la
profondeur n'est passupérieure à 500mètres. Uncertain nombre de faits
géographiques, économiques ou autres ont été présentés à la Cour
par les Parties comme concernant la région qu'elleaura à examiner;
c'està la Cour qu'ilappartiendra de décider, le moment venu, sicertains
de ces faits influent en droit sur la délimitationtitre de circonstances

«spéciales»ou de circonstances ({pertinentes D.
12. L'ensemble de'la zone dont s'occupe la Cour est situéau nord du
cerclepolaire arctique:leseaux au large delapartie nord de la côte orien-
tale du Groenland sont en permanence recouvertes par la banquise. La
régionestconsidérablement affectée par lesglacesdérivantes,dont l'éten-
due varie selon l'époquede l'année.
13. LeGroenland relèvedela souverainetédu Danemark etJan Mayen
de celle de la Norvège.Le Groenland, qui étaitauparavant une colonie
danoise, fait partie intégrantedu Royaume du Danemark depuis 1953.
Une loi adoptéepar le Parlement danois en 1978et un référendum orga-
niséau Groenland en 1979ont instauré l'autonomie interne du Groen-
land. Jan Mayen, qui a été utilisée à partir de 1922 par l'Institut

météorologique norvégiena, étéannexép ear la Norvègeen 1929,lorsque
a été proclamée la souveraineté norvégiennesur l'île.En 1930,l'îlea été
intégréeau Royaume de Norvège en tant que partie inaliénable du
Royaume. SKETCH-MAPNo.1

GREENLAND
SEA CROQUIS No1

MER DU

GROENLAND

75: -75'
N N

GROENLAND
A

i

-70"
N

MER DE
NORVÈGE
Kolbeiasey

1

650
N ISLANDE

20'W 10%' 46 MARITIMEDELIMITATION (JUDGMENT)

14. The total population of Greenland is about 55,000of whom about
6 per cent live in East Greenland. The fisheries sector in Greenland
employs about one-quarter ofthe labour force, and accounts for approxi-
mately 80per cent of total export earnings. The sea area with which the
Court is concerned comprises an important fishing ground for summer
capelin, the only fish which is commerciallyexploited in the area (para-
graph 73below).

15. Jan Mayenhas no settled population; it isinhabited solelyby tech-

nical and other staff,some 25in all, ofthe island's meteorologicalstation,
a LORAN-C station, and the coastal radio station. The island has a land-
ingfield, but noport; bulk supplies arebrought in by ship and unloaded
principally in Hvalrossbukta (Walrus Bay). Nonvegian activities in the
area between Jan Mayen and Greenland have included whaling,sealing,
and fishing for capelin and other species.These activities are carried out
by vesselsbased in mainland Norway,not inJan Mayen.

16. In 1976the Danish Parliament enacted legislationempowering the
Prime Minister to extend the existing Danish fishery zone so as to com-
prise waters"along the coasts ofthe Kingdom of Denmark7'delimited by
a fishinglimit 200milesfromthe relevantbaselines; such extensionmight
be for one area at a time. A limited extension of the Greenland fishery
zone wasbroughtinto force on 1January 1977;offthe east coast ofGreen-

land itonly applied asfarnorth aslatitude 67" N.According to Denmark,
among the reasons for this limitation was that extension further north
might cause certain difficulties in relation to the delimitation of the fish-
eryzones vis-à-visIceland and Jan Mayen. Byan Executive Order effec-
tive 1June 1980,Denmark extended to 200miles the fishery zone off the
east coast ofGreenland north oflatitude 67" N. It wasthere provided that
vis-à-vis Jan Mayen, fisheries jurisdiction would not, "until further
notice", be exercised beyond the median line. By an Executive Order
dated 31August 1981,jurisdiction wasasserted over the full200miles(see
paragraph 36below).

17.The Norwegian Parliament in 1976enacted legislation empower-
ing the Norwegian Government to establish 200-mile"economic zones"
around its coasts, and such a zone was established round mainland
Nonvay with effectfrom 8January 1977.Bya Royal Decree taking effect

on 29May 1980,the Nonvegian Government established a 200-milefish-
ery zone around Jan Mayen. This Decree provided that the zone should
not extend "beyond the median line in relation to Greenland". Between
1June 1980and 31August 1981the median line was thus the de factoline
between the areas where the two Parties exercised their respective fisher-
iesjurisdictions. 14. La population totale du Groenland est d'environ cinquante-cinq
millehabitants, dont quelque sixpour centviventàl'estdu Groenland. Le
secteurgroenlandais de la pêche emploie environun quart de la popula-
tion activeet produit approximativementquatre-vingts pour cent du total
des recettes d'exportation. La zone maritime qui intéresse la Cour
comporte un territoire de pêcherichel'étéen capelan, le seulpoisson qui

fasse l'objet d'une exploitation commerciale dans cette zone (para-
graphe 73ci-après).
15. L'île de Jan Mayen n'a pas de population établie de manière
permanente; elle est habitée seulement par le personnel technique et
autre, soitenvironvingt-cinqpersonnes au total, de la station météorolo-
gique de l'île, d'une station LORAN-C et de la station radio côtière.
L'île possède un terrain d'atterrissage, mais pas de port; les appro-
visionnements volumineux parviennent par mer et sont déchargés, le
plus souvent, à Hvalrossbukta (la baie du Morse). Dans la régioncom-
prise entre Jan Mayen et le Groenland, la Norvègea pratiqué notamment
la chasse à la baleine et la chasse au phoque, ainsi que la pêcheau
capelan et à d'autres espèces.Ces activitéssont exercéespar des navires
dont les ports d'attache sont situés en Norvège continentale et non à

Jan Mayen.
16. En 1976,le Parlement danoisaadoptéune loihabilitant lepremier
ministre àétendrela zonede pêche danoise existantede façon à y inclure
les eaux ((bordant les côtes du Royaume de Danemark» délimitéespar
une lignesituéeà 200millesdes lignesdebase pertinentes;une telleexten-
sionpouvaitêtreeffectuéezonepar zone.Uneextensionlimitée delazone
de pêchedu Groenland apris effet le le'janvier 1977;au large de la côte
orientale du Groenland, cette extension n'a été appliquéev,ers le nord,
que jusqu'au 67eparallèle. Selon le Danemark, l'une des raisons de cette
limitation était qu'une extension plus au nord risquait de soulever
certainesdifficultésen cequiconcerneladélimitationdeszones depêche
face àl'Islande eà Jan Mayen.Pardécretprenant effet le lerjuin 1980,le
Danemark aétendu à 200milles,aunorddu 67eparallèle,lazone depêche

situéeau large de la côte orientale du Groenland. Il était prévu dansce
décretque lajuridiction en matièrede pêche ne serait pasexercée,face à
Jan Mayen, au-delà de la ligne médiane «jusquYànouvel ordre ». Par
décret du31 août 1981cettejuridiction a été affirmée sur la totalité des
200milles (voirle paragraphe 36ci-après).
17. En 1976, le Parlement norvégien a adopté une loi habilitant le
gouvernement àétablirune «zone économique» de 200 milles au large
des côtes du pays, et une telle zone a étéétablieau large de la Norvège
continentale avec effet au 8janvier 1977.Par décretroyal ayant pris effet
le 29mai 1980,le Gouvernement norvégiena établiune zone de pêchede
200 milles au large de Jan Mayen. Ce décret disposait que cettezone ne
devraitpas s'étendre«au-delà de la ligne médianepar rapport auGroen-
land». Entre le lerjuin 1980et le 31 août 1981,la ligne médiane a ainsi

constituéla lignedefacto entre les zones dans lesquelles les Parties exer-
çaient leurjuridiction respectiveen matière de pêche. 18. It will be convenient now to indicate how the Court proposes to
designate,forthe purposes ofthe presentJudgment,threemaritime areas
betweenGreenland and Jan Mayenwhichhavefeatured inthe arguments
of the Parties. Firstthere isthe area bounded by the single200-miledeli-
mitation line claimed by Denmark and the two coincident median lines
asserted by Norway;this area mayforconveniencebe calledthe "area of

overlapping claims",and isdelineated on sketch-map No. 1.Tothenorth,
it is closed by the intersection of the delimitation lines proposed by the
Parties; to the south it is limited by a line BCD on sketch-map No. 1
representingthe limitofthe 200-mileeconomiczoneclaimed byIceland l.
Denmark requeststhe Court to limititsdecisionto the areas north ofthat
line, a position whichis accepted by Norway.

19. A second area involved is as follows. Denmark claims an entitle-
mentto afull200-milecontinental shelfand fisheryzone offthe eastcoast
ofGreenland. Norwaylimitsitsclaimto the area onthe eastern sideofthe
median line,but this does not mean that it considers that Jan Mayen has
anylessentitlementto 200milesofcontinental shelfand fisheryzone than
hasthecoast ofGreenland.The areabetweenthe 200-milelineclaimedby

Denmark and a corresponding line drawn 200 nautical miles from the
baselines on the north-west coast of Jan Mayen has been referred to by
Norway asthe "potentialarea ofoverlapofclaims".Thisarea, alsoshown
on sketch-map No. 1,may for the purpose of the present Judgment con-
veniently be referred to as the "area of overlapping potential entitle-
ment".

20. Thirdly,Denmark initsMemorialhas put forwardwhatit termsthe
"area relevanttothedelimitation dispute", shownon sketch-mapNo. 1as
the area bounded by the lines HA; AE; the baselines alongthe coast of
Jan Mayen between E and F; FB; BCDG; and the baselines along the
coast of Greenland between G and H. Norway has denied that the term
"relevant area" has any independent legal significance, and has con-

tended that the area identified by Denmark is wholly irrelevant to any
delimitation,bearing no relation either to the geography of the region or
to legalprinciple.The Court notes howeverthatthe selection of pointsG
and H, which define the extent of the Greenland coastline used by
Denmark forcomparison withthelength ofthe coast ofJan Mayen,isnot
arbitrary.Point H isthe point on the Greenland coast which determines,
in conjunction with the appropriate point on the northern tip of
Jan Mayen(point E),the equidistanceline at itspoint ofintersection with
the Danish 200-mileline (point A).Similarly,point G is the point on the
Greenland coast which determines, in conjunction with the southern tip

lOnthemapsproducedbythe Parties,andreferredtoin argument,thepointscalled
CandD inthepresent Judgmenw t eredesignatedC, andDI[Note bytheRegistïy.] 18. Il convient d'indiquer maintenant comment la Cour entend dési-
gner, aux fins du présent arrêt, troiszones maritimes situées entre le
Groenland etJan Mayen, etdont ila été faitétatdans l'argumentation des
Parties.Il ya enpremier lieulazonelimitéepar laligneunique de délimi-

tation des 200millesque revendique le Danemark et par les deux lignes
médianes coïncidentes que réclame laNorvège. Cette zone peut par
commodité être dénommée «zone de chevauchement des revendica-
tions» ;elleestreprésentéesur lecroquisno1.Elle estferméeaunord par
l'intersection deslignesde délimitationproposéespar lesParties; au sud,
lazoneestlimitéepar une ligne(BCDsurlecroquis no1)quireprésentela
limitedela zoneéconomiquede 200millesque revendiquel'Islande l.Le
Danemark demande àla Courde limitersadécisionaux espacessituésau
nord de cette ligne, ceque la Norvègeaccepte.

19. La deuxième zone en cause est la suivante. Le Danemark reven-
dique un droit à un plateau continental et à une zone de pêche des
200 milles, sans aucune amputation, au large de la côte orientale du
Groenland. La Norvège limitesa demande à la zonesituéedu côté estde
la lignemédiane,maiscelane signifiepas qu'elle estimequeJan Mayena
moins droit àun plateau continental età une zone de pêchede 200milles
que la côte du Groenland. La zone comprise entre la lignedes 200milles
revendiquée par le Danemark et une ligne correspondante tracée à
200 milles marins à partir des lignes de base de la côte nord-ouest de
Jan Mayena été qualifiéepar la Norvègede «zone potentielle de chevau-

chementdesrevendications B.Cettezone,figuréeégalemens turlecroquis
no 1, peut, aux finsdu présent arrêt, êtreplus commodément dénommée
«zone de chevauchementdestitrespotentiels o.
20. En troisièmelieu, le Danemark a mis en avant, dans son mémoire,
cequ'ilappellela «zone pertinente auregard du différendsurladélimita-
tion», figuréesur le croquis no 1 comme la zone circonscrite par les
lignesHAetAE,leslignesdebase lelongdela côtedeJan Mayenentre E
et F, les lignes FB et BCDG, et les lignes de base le long de la côte du
Groenland entre G et H. La Norvègea contestéque l'expression «zone

pertinente)) ait, en soi, une signification en termes juridiques et elle a
soutenu que lazoneidentifiéepar leDanemark esttotalement dépourvue
de pertinence pour effectuer une délimitation,faute d'avoir un rapport
quelconque soit aveclagéographiedela région,soitaveclesprincipes du
droit. LaCour relèvetoutefois que lechoixdespoints G et H, quidéfinis-
sentlalongueurdescôtes duGroenlanddont leDanemarksesert auxfins
de comparaison avecla longueur de la côte deJan Mayen,n'estpas arbi-
traire. Lepoint H estlepoint dela côteduGroenland qui détermine,avec
le point approprié del'extrémité nord de Jan Mayen (point E), la ligne

d'équidistance en son point d'intersection avecla lignedes200millesdu

1Surles cartes produitesparles Partiesauxquellesil a été fait réargu-ce dla'n
mentation,lespointsmarquéCetD dansleprésentarrêttaientdésignsarleslettres
Cl et DI.[NotduGreffe.]of Jan Mayen (point F), the equidistance line at its point of intersec-
tion (point D)withthe 200-mileline claimedby Iceland whichthe Parties
have agreed to be the southern limit of the delimitation requested of the
Court.

21. Denmark has calculated this "area relevant to the delimitation
dispute" as comprising some237,000square kilometres.Denmark calcu-
lates further that, of this area, approximately 96,000square kilometres
would by a median line be allocated to Norway, and approximately

141,000square kilometresto Denmark. Thesefigureshave not been chal-
lenged by Norway. If however one considers the area of overlapping
potential entitlement, as defined in paragraph 19 above, between the
200-mileline off the coast of Greenland and the 200-mileline round the
coast of Jan Mayen, the division of this area (totalling some
136,000square kilometres)by the median line would, in the understand-
ing of the Court, allot approximately 71,500 square kilometres to
Denmark, and between 64,500and 65,000square kilometresto Norway.

22. Aprincipalcontention ofNorwayisthat adelimitation has already
been established between Jan Mayen and Greenland. The effectof trea-
ties in forcebetween the Parties - a bilateral Agreementof 1965and the
1958Geneva Convention ontheContinental Shelf - hasbeen,according
to Norway,to establishthe median lineastheboundary ofthe continental
shelf of the Parties, and the practice of the Parties in respect of fishery
zoneshas represented a recognition of existingcontinental shelfbounda-

ries asbeing also applicable to the exerciseoffisheriesjurisdiction. Inde-
pendently of this question of the effect of the treaties, the "conjoint
conduct" ofthe Partieshas, Norwaymaintains,longrecognizedthe appli-
cabilityofamedian line delimitation intheir mutual relations, inthe con-
text both ofthe continental shelfand offisheryzones.These contentions,
that aboundary isalready inplace,willneed to be examined atthe outset.

23. Denmark and Norway concluded an Agreement on 8 December
1965concerning the delimitation of the continental shelf. The authentic
text ofthat Agreementwasin the Danish and Norwegian languages :the
Court was supplied with an Englishtranslation ofthe Agreement,which
hasnot been questioned. The Parties howeverdisagree asto the meaning

and the effectofthisAgreement.ThePreambleand Article 1ofthe Agree-
ment read as follows :
"The Govemment of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Govern-
ment of the Kingdom of Norway, having decided to establish the
common boundary between the parts of the continental shelf overDanemark(point A).Demême,le point G estlepoint delacôtedu Groen-
land qui détermine,avecl'extrémité sud de Jan Mayen (point F), la ligne
d'équidistance en sonpoint d'intersection (point D) avec la ligne des
200 milles revendiquéepar l'Islande, que les Parties s'accordent pour
considérercomme la limite sud de la délimitationdemandée à la Cour.
21. Le Danemark a calculé la superficiede la «zone pertinente au
regard du différendsur la délimitation » comme étantd'environ 237000
kilomètrescarrés.Le Danemark calcule en outre que, sur cette zone,
approximativement 96000 kilomètres carrés seraient, par une ligne
médiane, attribués à la Norvège, etenviron 141000kilomètrescarrésau
Danemark.Ceschiffresn'ont pas été contestéspar la Norvège.Toutefois,
si l'on considère la zonede chevauchement des titres potentiels, telle

qu'elleestdéfinieauparagraphe 19ci-dessus,entrelalignedes200milles
au large de la côte du Groenland et la lignedes 200milles au large de la
côtedeJan Mayen,ladivision decettezone(représentantautotal quelque
136000 kilomètrescarrés)par la ligne médiane attribuerait, commele
constate la Cour, environ 71500kilomètrescarrésau Danemark et entre
64500et 65000kilomètrescarrés àla Norvège.

22. Une desallégationsprincipalesde la Norvège estqu'une délimita-
tion a déjà été effectuéeentJ ran Mayen et le Groenland. Lestraités en
vigueurentrelesParties - un accordbilatéralde 1965etla convention de
Genèvesur le plateau continental de 1958 - ont eu pour effet, selon la
Norvège, d'établir laligne médiane comme ligne de délimitation du
plateau continentaldesParties, etlapratique suiviepar celles-cienfait de
zones de pêche impliquequ'ellesont reconnu que les lignesde délimita-
tion existantes du plateau continental s'appliquent aussià l'exercicede
la juridiction en matièrede pêche. Selon laNorvège,indépendamment
de cette question de l'effet des traités,les Parties, par leur ((conduite
conjointe »,auraient reconnu depuislongtemps quelalignemédianeétait

applicable dans leurs relations mutuelles en ce qui concerne la délimita-
tion tant du plateau continental que deszones de pêche. Ces allégations,
selon lesquelles une ligne de délimitationest déjàen place, devront être
analyséesen premierlieu.
23. Le Danemark et la Norvège ont conclu le 8 décembre1965un
accord relatifà la délimitationdu plateau continental. Le texte authen-
tique de cetaccord estétabli endanois etennorvégien :ilena étéfournà i
la Cour une traduction anglaise,qui n'a pas été contestée.Toutefoisl,es
Parties s'opposent sur le sens et l'effet de cet accord. Le préambuleet
l'article premierde l'accord selisentcomme suit:

«Le Gouvernement du Royaume du Danemark et le Gouverne-
ment du Royaume de Norvège,ayant décidé d'établir la lignd ee
séparation entreles parties du plateau continental sur lesquelles le which Denmark and Norway respectivelyexercise sovereignrights
for the purposes of the exploration and exploitation of natural
resources,have agreedas follows :

Article1
The boundary between those parts of the continental shelf over
which Norway and Denmark respectively exercise sovereignrights

shallbe the median line which at everypoint is equidistantfromthe
nearestpoints ofthe baselines from whichthe breadth ofthe territo-
rial sea of eachContractingParty ismeasured."

Article 2 provides that "In order that the principle set forth in Article 1

may be properly applied, the boundary shall consist of straight lines"
which are then defined by eight points, enumerated with the relevant
geodeticCO-ordinatesand asindicated on the chart thereto annexed; the
lines so defined lie in the Skagerrak and part of the North Sea,between
the mainland territories of Denmark and Norway.

24. It is clearthat the Agreementcontains no provisionforthe defini-
tion of the position of a median line specificallybetween Greenland and
Jan Mayen. Norway'scontention ishoweverthat the Agreement is a gen-
eral one between the two countries to treat the median line asthe line of
delimitation ofal1continental shelfboundaries betweenthemand that the
Agreementisaccordinglyunrestricted in itsarea of operation. Denmark,
on the other hand, contends that it is not an Agreementof such a general
application, but one relating exclusivelytothe Skagerrakand part ofthe
North Sea.It submitsthat thislimitation is evident from the terms of Ar-
ticle 2ofthe Agreement,which provides that "the boundary shall consist
ofstraightlines"passingthrough eightpointsinthe Skagerrakand part of

the North Sea.

25. Norway accordinglycontends that thetext ofArticle 1isgeneralin
scope,unqualified and without reservation,andthat the natural meaning
of that text must be "to establish definitivelythe basisforl1boundaries
whichwould eventuallyfa11to be demarcated" betweenthe Parties. In its
viewArticle 2,whichadmittedlyrelates onlytothe continental shelvesof
the two mainlands, "is concerned with demarcation".Norway deduces
that the Partiesare and remain committedtothe median lineprinciple of
the 1965Agreement, and that as and when the need for a more precise
definition of a continental shelfboundary between them in another area
might arise, they are bound to "demarcate" or delineate any suchbound-
ary onthat basis. Moreover sinceno reference isto be found in the 1965
Agreement to special circumstances, such as might affect the "demarca-
tion" oftheircontinental shelfboundaries, Norway submitsthat itisto be
concluded that both Parties atthat timefoundthat there wereno "special
circumstances". Denmark on the other hand argues that the object and Danemark et la Norvège,respectivement,exercentdes droits souve-
rains aux fins de l'exploration et de l'exploitation des ressources
naturelles, sont convenusdes dispositionssuivantes :

Articlepremier
La ligne de séparation entrelesparties du plateau continental sur
lesquelles le Danemark et la Norvège,respectivement,exercent des

droitssouverainssera lalignemédianedonttous lespoints sont équi-
distants des points les plus proches des lignes de base à partir
desquelles est mesurée la largeurde la mer territoriale de chacune
des Parties contractantes. »

L'article2 prévoitque: Pour que le principe énoncé à l'article premier
soit convenablementappliqué,la ligne de séparationconsistera enlignes
droitesD, lesquellessont ensuite définiespar huit points, énumérés avec
lescoordonnéesgéodésiquespertinentes reportéessurunecarte annexée
à l'accord; les lignes ainsi définiesse trouvent dans le Skagerraket une
partie de la mer du Nord, entre lesparties continentales du Danemark et
de la Norvège.
24. 11est clair que l'accord ne contient pas de disposition ayant pour
objet de définir spécifiquementla position d'une ligne médianeentre le
Groenland et Jan Mayen. La Norvègeaffirme cependantque cet instru-
ment constitue un accord général entreles deux pays pour traiter la ligne

médianecommelignedeséparation auxfinsde touteslesdélimitationsde
plateau continental entre eux et qu'il n'existeen conséquenceaucune
restriction quant au champ d'application géographique de l'accord. Le
Danemark, au contraire, soutient qu'il s'agit là non pas d'un accord
d'application aussigénérale,mais d'unaccord concernant exclusivement
leSkagerraketunepartie de lamerdu Nord. Ilfaitvaloir quecettelimita-
tion ressortà l'évidencedes termes de l'article2 de l'accord, qui dispose
que «la ligne de séparation consistera en lignes droites» passant par
huit points dans le Skagerraket unepartie de la mer du Nord.
25. Dans cette perspective, la Norvègesoutient que le texte de l'ar-
ticle premier est de portéegénérale, sans limitation niréserve, etque le

sens ordinaire de ce texte doit être((qu'ilétablit définitivement la base
pour toutesleslignesdedélimitationqu'ilappartiendrait enfin decompte
[aux Parties] de démarquer». Selon la Norvège,l'article 2, qui ne vise
certes que leplateau continental de la partie continentale des deux pays,
((concernela démarcation»L . a Norvègeen conclut que lesPartiessont et
demeurenttenues de seconformer au principe de la lignemédianeretenu
par l'accord de 1965,et que, au cas où une définition plus précisede la
ligne de délimitationdu plateau continental dans une autre zone devien-
drait nécessaire,ellesseraient dans l'obligationde procéderà la((démar-
cation)) ou au tracé d'une telleligne de délimitationsur cette base. De

plus, l'accord de 1965ne faisant pas mention de circonstances spéciales
de nature à influer sur la «démarcation» du plateau continental des
deuxParties,la Norvègeconsidèrequ'ilfaut endéduirequecelles-ciont àpurpose ofthe Agreement is solelythe delimitation inthe Skagerrak and
part ofthe North Seaon a median linebasis.

26. The Court has to pronounce upon the interpretation to be givento
the 1965Agreement. The Preamble to the Agreement Statesthat the two
Governmentshavedecidedto establish"the commonboundary" between
the parts of the continental shelf over which Denmark and Norway
respectivelyexercisesovereignrights forthe purposes of exploration and
exploitation of natural resources. Similarly,Article 1also refers to "the
boundary between those parts ofthe continental shelf .. ."Consistently,
the Agreement also provides in Article 2that "the boundary shallconsist
ofstraightlines"passingthrough eightpoints in theNorth Sea.Thewords
"theboundary" in al1these three parts ofthe Agreement,expressedin the
singular,must referto the one boundary defined inArticle 2.If the inten-
tion had been otherwise,Article 2would havebeen soworded asto make
it clear that it is providing for only a part of the total boundaryntem-
plated by the Preamble and Article 1. Consideredinthe light of Article2
of the Agreement, the principle laid down in Article 1 is valid only as

regards the area mentioned in Article 2.

27. The 1965Agreementhasin anyeventtobe readin itscontext,in the
light of its object andpurpose. The Geneva Convention on the Conti-
nental Shelf, adopted in 1958,defined the term "continental shelf', in
Article 1,as referring:
"(a) to the seabed and subsoilofthe submarine areas adjacent to the
Coast but outside the area of the territorial sea, to a depth of

200 metres or, beyond that limit, to where the depth of the super-
jacent waters admits of the exploitation of the natural resources of
the said areas; (b)to the seabed and subsoil of similar submarine
areas adjacent to the coasts of islands".

By 1965both Parties had incorporated that definition of the continental
shelf given in the Convention into their domestic legislation (Danish

Decree of7June 1963,Art. 2(1);NorwegianDecree of31May 1963and
Law of 21June 1963,Art. 1).Denmark has therefore argued that in 1965
the two Parties could not have had the area between Greenland and
Jan Mayenin mind asthe subject of a potential future delimitation: both
Parties were asserting shelf rights under the definition of the shelfinthe
1958Convention (200 metres depth or the limit of exploitability).The
Court considersthatthe objectand purpose ofthe 1965Agreementwasto
provide simply forthe question of the delimitation in the Skagerrak and
part ofthe North Sea,wherethe whole sea-bed(withthe exception ofthe
"Norwegian Trough) consistsofcontinental shelf at adepth oflessthan
200metres,andthat there isnothingto suggestthat the Partieshadin mind
the possibilitythat a shelfboundary between Greenland and Jan Mayenl'époque constatéqu'il n'existait pas de «circonstances spéciales». Le
Danemark, par contre,soutientque l'objet etlebut de l'accord sontseule-
mentladélimitationdans le Skagerrak etune partiede la mer du Nord sur
la base d'une lignemédiane.
26. La Cour doit se prononcer sur l'interprétation qu'il convient de
donner del'accord de 1965. Lepréambulede celui-cidispose que lesdeux
gouvernements ont décidé d'établir «la ligne de séparation)) entre les
parties du plateau continental sur lesquelles le Danemark et la Norvège,
respectivement,exercentdesdroitssouverainsaux fins de l'exploration et

de l'exploitation des ressources naturelles. D'une manière analogue,
l'article premiermentionne aussi ((la ligne de séparation entrelesparties
du plateau continental ..))encause. Logiquement, l'accord prévoitaussi à
l'article2que laligne deséparation consisteraen lignesdroites »passant
par huitpoints dela mer du Nord. Lesmots laligne de séparation )dans
cestroisparties de l'accord, employésau singulier,doivent seréférer àla
ligne de délimitation définie à l'article 2. Si l'intention avait étéautre,
l'article 2 aurait étérédigde manière à préciserqu'ilne concernequ'une
partie de l'ensemble de la ligne de délimitationenvisagéepar le préam-
bule etI'article premier.Considéré àlalumièredel'article2del'accord,le

principe posé à l'article premier ne vaut qu'en ce qui concerne la zone
mentionnée à l'article 2.
27. En tout état de cause, l'accord de 1965 doit être lu dans son
contexte, à lalumièrede son objet et de sonbut. La convention de Genève
surleplateau continental, adoptéeen 1958,définit,en sonarticlepremier,
l'expression ((plateau continental ))de la manière suivante :

«a) lelitde la meretle sous-soldes régionssous-marinesadjacentes
aux côtes,mais situéesen dehors de la mer territoriale, jusqu'à une
profondeur de 200mètresou, au-delà de cettelimite,jusqu'au point
où la profondeur des eaux surjacentes permet l'exploitation des
ressourcesnaturelles desdites régions;b)le lit dela mer et lesous-sol
des régionssous-marines analogues qui sont adjacentes aux côtes
des îles».

En 1965,lesdeuxPartiesavaientincorporé dans leurlégislationinternela
définition du plateau continental donnée dans la convention (décret
danoisdu 7 juin 1963,art. 2,par. 1 ;décretnorvégiendu 31mai 1963et loi
du 21 juin 1963,art. premier). C'est pourquoi le Danemark a soutenu
qu'en 1965lesdeuxParties nepouvaientsonger à larégioncompriseentre
le Groenland et Jan Mayencommeobjetpotentiel d'une future délimita-

tion :l'une et l'autre faisaientvaloirenmatière de plateau continental des
droitsconformes àladéfinitiondu plateau figurant dans laconvention de
1958(profondeur de200mètresou limited'exploitabilité).La Cour consi-
dèreque l'objet et lebut de l'accord de 1965étaientsimplementde régler
la question de la délimitationdans le Skagerrak et une partie de la mer du
Nord, zoneoù lefond de lamer (à l'exception de la ((fossenorvégienne»)
est entièrement constituépar un plateau continental d'une profondeur
inférieure à200mètres,et que rien ne porte à croire que les Parties aientmightonedayberequired, orintended that their ~~reementshouldapply

to such aboundary.

28. It isalso appropriateto takeintoaccount,for purposes ofinterpre-
tation ofthe 1965Agreement,the subsequentpractice ofthe Parties. The
Court first notes the terms of a Press Release issued by the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs of Nonvay on 8 December 1965,which refers to the
Agreementofthatdateas "thesecond Agreemententeredinto by Nonvay
concerningthe delimitation of the continental shelif n the North Sea"
(emphasis added) (thefirst having been an agreement of 10March 1965
withthe United Kingdom). More significantis a subsequenttreatyin the
samefield. On 15June 1979,Denmark and Norway concluded an Agree-
ment "concerning the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf in the Area
between the Faroe Islands and Nonvay and concerning the Boundary
between the Fishery Zone around the Faroe Islands and the Norwegian
Economic Zone". According to that Agreement the continental shelf
boundary between the Faroe Islands and Nonvay was to be "the median
line" (Art. l), and the "boundary betweenthe fisheryzonenearthe Faroe

Islands and the Nonvegian economic zone" (Art. 4) was to follow the
boundary line which had been defined in Article 2 "in the application of
the median lineprinciplereferred to in Article 1".No reference whatever
was made in the 1979Agreementto the existence or contents of the 1965
Agreement. The Court considers that if the intention of the 1965Agree-
menthadbeen to committhe Partiestothe median linein al1ensuingshelf
delimitations, it would have beenreferred to in the 1979Agreement.

29. This absence of relationship between the 1965Agreement and the
1979Agreementis confirmed bythe terms ofthe officia1communication
of the latter text to Parliament by the Nonvegian Government.Proposi-
tion No. 63(1979-1980)to the Storting Statesthat:

"On 8December 1965Nonvay and Denmark signedan agreement
concerningthe delimitation ofthe continental shelfbetweenthe two
States.
The agreement did not cover the delimitation of the continental

shelfboundary in the area between Nonvay and the Faroe Islands."

Since,as noted above, the 1965Agreement did not contain any specific
exclusionofthe Faroe Islands area, or of anyother area,this statement is
consistentwith an interpretation ofthe 1965Agreement as applying only
to the region for which it specified a boundary line defined by co-
ordinates and a chart, i.e.,the Skagerrakand part ofthe North Sea.

30. The Court is thus of the viewthat the 1965Agreement should be
interpreted as adopting the median line only for the delimitation of the
continental shelf between Denmark and Norway in the Skagerrak and D~LIMITATION MARITIME (ARR~T) 51

envisagéla possibilité qu'un jourune délimitationdu plateau entre le
Groenland etJan Mayenpourrait êtrenécessaire,ou entendu rendre leur
accord applicable àune telle délimitation.
28. Ilconvientaussi,aux fins del'interprétationdel'accordde 1965,de
tenir compte de la pratique ultérieure des Parties.La Cour note d'abord
lestermes d'un communiquéde pressepubliépar le ministèrenorvégien
desaffairesétrangèresle8décembre 1965,qui seréfèreà l'accordde cette
date commeétant «le deuxièmeaccord conclupar la Norvègeconcernant
la délimitationduplateau continentadl ansla merduNord» (les italiques
sont de la Cour) (lepremier ayant étun accord du 10mars 1965conclu
avecleRoyaume-Uni).Plussignificatifestun traitésigné par lasuitedans
le mêmedomaine :le 15juin 1979,le Danemark et la Norvègeont conclu

un accord «relatifàla délimitationdu plateau continental dans la région
situéeentre lesîles Féroéetla Norvègeainsi qu'àla délimitation entrela
zone de pêcheau large des îles Féroéet la zone économique norvé-
gienne».Conformément à cet accord,la ligne de délimitationdu plateau
continental entre les îles Féroéet la Norvège devait être «la ligne
médianeu (art. premier), et «la ligne de délimitation entre la zone de
pêche auxabords des îles Féroéet la zone économique norvégienne»
(art. 4) devait suivre la ligne de délimitation qui avait été dàel'ar-
ticle 2«aux fins de l'application du principe de la ligne médianevisà
l'article premier)). L'accord de 1979ne contenait aucune mention de
l'existenceni de la teneur de l'accordde 1965. LaCour estimeque, si les
Parties avaient eu l'intention dans l'accordde 1965de s'engagerappli-
querlalignemédianepour touteslesdélimitationsultérieuresdu plateau,

ily aurait étéfaitréférencdans l'accordde 1979.
29. Cette absence de rapport entrel'accordde 1965etl'accordde 1979
est confirméepar lestermes de la communicationofficielle de ce dernier
texte au Parlement par le Gouvernement norvégien.La proposition no63
(1979-1980)au Stortingcontient lepassage suivant:

«Le 8 décembre1965,la Norvège et leDanemark ont signéun
accord concernant la délimitationdu plateau continental entre les
deux Etats.
L'accordne portait pas sur la délimitationdu plateau continental
dans la zone situéeentre la Norvège etlesîles Féro».

Etant donné que, comme il est indiqué ci-dessus, l'accord de 1965
n'excluaitpas expressémentde son champ d'application géographiquela

zonedesîlesFéroén ,i aucuneautre zone,cettedéclarationestconforme à
une interprétationde l'accord de 1965selonlaquelle celui-cis'applique-
rait exclusivementàla régionpour laquelle il spécifiaitune lignede déli-
mitation définiepar des coordonnéesetune carte, c'est-à-direle Skager-
rak et unepartie de la mer du Nord.
30. La Cour estime dès lorsque l'accord de 1965doit être interprété
commeneretenant lalignemédianepour ladélimitationdu plateau conti-
nental du Danemark etde la Norvègequedans le Skagerraket unepartiepart oftheNorth Sea.Itdidnot resultina median linedelimitation ofthe
continental shelfbetween Greenland andJan Mayen.
31. TheCourt thereforeturnstothe Nonvegianargumentbased on the
1958Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf(hereafter referred to
as"the 1958Convention"). BothDenmark and Nonvay areparties to that
Convention,and recognizethat theyremainbound byit;buttheydisagree
asto itsinterpretation and application.The 1958Convention, whichcame
into force on 10June 1964,was signed by Denmark on 29 April 1958.
Subsequently, Denmark ratified the 1958Convention on 12June 1963

and later Nonvay acceded to it on 9September 1971.Theissuecentres on
the purport of Article 6, paragraph 1, of the 1958Convention, which
reads :

"Where the same continental shelf isadjacent to the territories of
two or more Stateswhosecoastsare oppositeeach other,the bound-

ary of the continental shelf appertaining to such States shall be
determined by agreement between them. In the absence of agree-
ment,and unlessanother boundary lineisjustified byspecialcircum-
stances, the boundary is the median line, every point of which is
equidistant from the nearest points of the baselines from which the
breadth ofthe territorial sea of each State ismeasured."
Nonvay contends that adelimitation ofthe continental shelfboundary -

specifically,a median lineboundary - isalready "in place" asa result of
the effectofthisArticleofthe 1958Convention. Itconsidersthatthe effect
ofthe 1965Agreement,which providesforsuchaboundary and omitsany
mention of"special circumstances", isdeclaratoryofthe interpretation by
the Parties ofthe 1958Convention,in itsapplication to their geographical
situations,Le.,that nospecialcircumstanceswerepresent, oralternatively
thatthe Parties have "renounced the proviso ofArticle6" relatingto spe-
cialcircumstances.It willhoweverbe apparentthat this Nonvegian argu-
ment restson the contention, already rejected by the Court,thatthe 1965
Agreement was intended to apply generally, to delimitation other than
that specificallyprovided for, inthe Skagerrakand part ofthe North Sea.

32. Thus, in the view of the Court, the 1965delimitation Agreement
does not constitute an agreement that there were no special circum-
stances,and therefore does not havethe resultthat, pursuant to Article 6,
paragraph 1, of the 1958 Convention, the median line would be the
boundary.Apart from itsargumentbasedon the 1965Agreement, Nonvay
further argues that there are in fact no special circumstances withinthe
meaning of Article 6; and that, in the absence of an agreement, and of
special circumstances, that Articleoperates on a prescriptive and a self-
executingbasisto establish the median line asthe boundary. Thevalidity
of this argument will depend on whether the Court finds that there are
indeed specialcircumstances,a matterwhichwillbedealtwithbelow.The D~LIMITATIONMARITIME (ARRÊT) 52

de la mer du Nord. Il n'en est pas résultéune délimitation du plateau
continental selon la ligne médiane entrele Groenland et Jan Mayen.
31. La Cour passe donc àl'argument tirépar la Norvègede la conven-

tion de Genèvesur le plateau continental de 1958(ci-aprèsdénomméela
((convention de 1958»). Le Danemark et la Norvègesont l'un et l'autre
parties à cette convention et reconnaissent qu'ils demeurent liéspar cet
instrument; en revanche, les deux Etats ne sont pas d'accord sur son
interprétation et son application. La convention de 1958, entrée en
vigueurle IOjuin 1964,aétésignép ear leDanemark le29avril 1958.Par la
suite, le Danemark l'a ratifiéele 12juin 1963et, plus tard, la Norvège
y a adhéréle 9 septembre 1971. La question concerne essentiellement
la portée du paragraphe 1 de l'article 6 de la convention de 1958,qui
est ainsilibellé

«Dans le cas où un mêmeplateau continental est adjacent aux
territoires de deux ou plusieurs Etats dont les côtes se font face, la
délimitation du plateau continental entre ces Etats est déterminée
par accord entre ces Etats. A défaut d'accord, et a moins que des
circonstances spécialesne justifient une autre délimitation,celle-ci
est constituéepar la lignemédianedont tous lespoints sont équidis-
tants despoints lesplusproches des lignesdebase àpartir desquelles
est mesuréela largeur de la mer territoriale de chacun de ces Etats.

La Norvègesoutient qu'une ligne de délimitationdu plateau continental
- plus précisémentune délimitation selonla ligne médiane - setrouve
déjà «en place» par l'effet de cet article de la convention de 1958.Elle
considèreque I'accordde 1965,quiprévoitune telle ligne de délimitation
et omettoute mention de «circonstances spéciales »,vaut effet déclaratif
de l'interprétationdonnée dela convention de 1958par les Parties, dans
son application à leur situation géographique respective: à savoir soit

qu'il n'existaitpas de circonstancesspéciales,soit que lesParties «avaient
renoncé àla clause de l'article 6»concernant les circonstancesspéciales.
Il est clair cependantque cetteargumentation de la Norvège sefondesur
l'allégation, déjà rejetear la Cour, selonlaquelle I'accordde 1965était
destiné à s'appliquer de façon générale, c'est-à-dirà d'autres délimita-
tions que celle qu'il prévoyait expressément, dans le Skagerrak et une
partie de la mer du Nord.
32. Ainsi,del'avisdelaCour, I'accorddedélimitationde 1965ne signi-
fie pas que les Partiesétaientd'accordpour considérerqu'il n'existaitpas
de circonstances spéciales, et que, par voie de conséquence, la ligne
médiane constituerait la ligne de délimitation conformémentau para-
graphe 1 de I'article 6 de la convention de 1958. Indépendamment de
l'argument fondé sur l'accord de 1965,la Norvègesoutient par ailleurs

qu'il n'existepas, enfait, de circonstancesspécialesau sens de l'article 6;
et que, en l'absence d'accord et de circonstances spéciales, cet article
s'applique à titre impératif et autoexécutoire et établitla ligne médiane
comme ligne de délimitation.La valeur de cet argument dépendrade la
décision de la Cour quant à l'existence éventuelle de circonstancesCourt will therefore now turn to the arguments which Norway bases on
the conduct ofthe Parties and of Denmark in particular.

33. Norway contendsthat, up to someten yearsagoatleast,the Parties
by their "conjoint conduct" had long recognized the applicability of a
median line delimitation in their mutual relations. In the contention of
Norway,

"(a) the Danish Govemment hasby itsvarious public acts expressly
recognizedand adopted a median lineboundary initsrelations
with Norway both in the context of continental shelf delimita-
tion and inthecontextoffisherieszonedelimitation;

(b) the generalpattern of conduct on the part of the Danish Gov-
ernment constitutes acquiescence in, or tacit recognition of, a
median lineboundary initsrelations withNorway ;

(c) the consistentpattern of Danish conduct,together with knowl-
edge of the long-standingposition of the Norwegian Govern-
mentinthe matter ofmaritimedelimitation, prevents Denmark
from challenging the existence and validity of the median line
boundary between Greenland andJan Mayen,whichboundary
isconsequentlyopposable to Denmark;
(d) the consistentpattern of Danish conduct,together with knowl-
edge of the long-standingposition of the Norwegian Govem-

mentinthe matter of maritimedelimitation, prevents Denmark
fromassertingthe existenceand validityofa delimitationinthe
form ofthe outer limitof a 200-milefisheryzone and continen-
tal shelf area vis-à-visthe island of Jan Mayenn other words,
the claimpresentedin the DanishMemorial isnot opposable to
Norway".

WhileNorwaylayssomeemphasisonthe consistency,both chronological
and substantial, ofthe legislationand otheractions ofthe two Parties dur-
ing the period to be examined,it is the conduct of Denmark which has
primarily to be examinedin this connection.
34. On 7 June 1963,the Government of Denmark issued a Royal
Decreeconcerningthe ExerciseofDanish SovereigntyovertheContinen-
tal Shelf,Article2,paragraph 2,of whichprovidedthat

"Theboundary ofthe continental shelfinrelation to foreignStates
whose coastsare oppositethe coasts ofthe Kingdom of Denmark or
are adjacent to Denmark shall be determined in accordance with
Article6 of the Convention, that is to Say,in the absence of special
agreement,the boundary is the median line, everypoint of which is
equidistant from the nearest points of the baselines from which the
breadth ofthe territorial sea of each State ismeasured."spéciales,ce que la Cour examinera ci-dessous. Elle va donc aborder

maintenant les arguments que la Norvège fonde sur la conduite des
Parties, et en particulier sur celledu Danemark.
33. La Norvègesoutient que, jusqu'à il y a une dizaine d'annéesau
moins, les Parties ont, par leur «conduite conjointe», reconnu depuis
longtempsl'applicabilité d'une délimitation selon la lignemédiandeans
leursrelations mutuelles. Selonla Norvège:

«a) par divers actes publics, le Gouvernement danois a expressé-
mentreconnu et adoptélalignededélimitationconstituée parla
lignemédianedans sesrelations avecla Norvègeauxfins de la
délimitation tant du plateau continental que des zones de
pêche;
b) la conduite généraledu Gouvernement danois vaut acquiesce-
ment àla ligne de délimitation constituéepar la lignemédiane
ou reconnaissancetacite de cettelignedans sesrelations avecla
Norvège ;
c) la conduite constante du Danemark et la connaissance qu'il

avait de la position traditionnelle du Gouvernement norvégien
en matièrede délimitation maritimelui interdisentde contester
l'existenceetlavaliditédelalignededélimitationconstituée par
la lignemédianeentre leGroenland etJan Mayen, etcetteligne
luiestpar conséquentopposable;
d) laconduiteconstantedu Danemark etla connaissancequ'ilavait
de la position traditionnelle du Gouvernement norvégienen
matièrededélimitationmaritimeluiinterdisentd'affirmerl'exis-
tence et la validitéd'une ligne de délimitationconstituéepar la
limite extérieured'une zone de pêcheet d'une zonede plateau
continental d'une largeurde 200 milles marins face à l'île de
Jan Mayen: en d'autres termes, la prétentionformuléedans le
mémoireduDanemarkn'estpasopposable àlaNorvège».

La Norvège metune certaine insistance àsoulignerla cohérence, àla fois
dans letemps etsur lefond, desacteslégislatifset autres desdeux Parties
pendant lapériode à examiner,mais c'estavanttoutla conduite du Dane-

mark qui doit être analyséecet égard.
34. Le 7 juin 1963,le Gouvernement du Danemark a pris un décret
royal relatif l'exercicede la souveraineté danoisesur le plateau conti-
nental, dont leparagraphe 2 de l'article2 disposait ce qui suit:

«La ligne de délimitationdu plateau continental par rapport aux
Etatsétrangersdont lescôtesfontfaceà cellesdu Royaumedu Dane-
mark ou sont adjacentes au Danemark doit être déterminée confor-
mément à l'article 6 de la convention: autrement dit,à défaut
d'accord ladélimitationestconstituéepar lalignemédianedonttous
lespoints sont équidistants despointslesplus proches des lignes de
base à partir desquelles est mesurée la largeurde la mer territoriale
de chacun de cesEtats. »Nonvay drawsattention to the omission in thistext ofanyreferenceto the
provision of Article 6 of the 1958Convention, "unless anotherboundary

line isjustified by specialcircumstances" and infers that, in the course of
the Danish legislativeprocess, the geographicalsituation ofthe Kingdom
of Denmark had been examined and no specialcircumstances had been
found that would cal1for delimitation on any other basis than a median
line. Denmark however observes that the Decree was, according to its
Preamble, promulgated in accordance with the 1958 Convention, and
expresslyextended the Danish claimto continental shelfasfar asthe Con-
vention allowed; it explains that special circumstanceshad in fact been
under contemplation in 1963,but were not mentioned specifically, the
intentionbeing that they werecomprised inthe reference to the 1958Con-
vention. In support of this it citedinteralia a passage of the legislative
history of a Danish Act of 9 June 1971laying down regulations for the
continental shelf. In the light ofhese indications, the Court is not per-
suaded that the Decree of 7 June 1963 supports the argument which
Nonvay seeks to base on conduct.

35. A Danish Actof 17December 1976empowered the PrimeMinister
of Denmark toproclaim200-nautical-milesfisheryzones in "waters along
the coasts of the Kingdom of Denmark", and Article 2 of that Act pro-
videdthat, in the absence of agreement,
"the delimitation of the fishing territory relative to foreign States
whose coasts are situated at a distance of lessan 400nautical miles
opposite the coasts of the Kingdom of Denmark or adjacent to
Denmark, shallbe a line which at everypoint isequidistant fromthe
nearest points on the baselines at the coasts of the two States (the

median line)".
In the view of the Court, this provisionis explained, in particular, by the
Parties' concernnot to aggravate the situation pending a definitivesettle-
ment ofthe boundary. TheDanish Government wasofthe viewthat itwas
inexpedient then to raise the question of delimitation, and the 200-mile
fishing limitwasthereforenot extendedbeyond 67" N offthe east coast of
Greenland. Nonvay itself had doubts whether a 200-mile zone around

Jan Mayen would be internationally acceptable, as is shown by a parlia-
mentary reply in 1980during a debate on a proposed agreementbetween
Nonvay and Iceland.The Court does nottherefore consider thatthe terms
ofthe Danishlegislation of 1976implyrecognition oftheappropriateness
of amedian line vis-à-visJan Mayen.

36. Danish fisheries jurisdiction was extended to the area between
Greenland and Jan Mayen by an Executive Order of 14 May 1980,
issued pursuant to the Act of 17 December 1976, and providing that
"the fishing territory in the waters surrounding Greenland", north of
latitude 67" on the east coast, should, "except where othenvise pro-La Norvège attire l'attention sur l'omission, dans ce texte, de toute

mention de ladisposition de l'article6de laconvention de 195:«à moins
que des circonstances spéciales ne justifient une autre délimitation et
elleenconclutqu'au moment de légiférelre Royaume du Danemark a dû
analyser sa propre situation géographique et n'y a découvert aucune
circonstancespécialeappelantune délimitationsurune autrebase que la
lignemédiane.Le Danemark observe cependantque le décretétait,selon
sonpréambule,promulguéconformément àlaconvention de 1958etqu'il
étendaitexpressémentlarevendicationdanoise sur leplateau continental
aussiloin que lepermettaitla convention; ilexpose que descirconstances
spéciales avaient en fait étéenvisagéesen 1963, mais ne furent pas
mentionnées expressément, l'intention ayant étéde les couvrir par le
renvoi àla convention de 1958.A l'appui deson argument il cite notam-
ment un passage des travaux préparatoires d'une loi danoise du 9 juin

1971portant réglementationdu plateau continental. A la lumièrede ces
indications,la Cour n'estpas persuadéeque le décretdu7juin 1963four-
nit une base à l'argumentation que la Norvège cherche à tirer de la
conduite des Parties.
35. Une loi du 17 décembre 1976 habilitait le premier ministre du
Danemark à proclamer une zone de pêchede 200milles marins dans «les
eaux bordant les côtes du Royaume du Danemark»; l'article 2 de ladite
loi disposait que, en l'absence d'accord spécial,

«la délimitationdu territoire de pêchepar rapport aux Etats étran-
gers dont lescôtessont situées une distanceinférieure à400milles
marins en face des côtes du Royaume du Danemark ou dans une
position adjacente au Danemark, sera constituée par une ligne dont
chaque point estéquidistant despoints lesplusproches des lignes de
base des côtesdesdeux Etats (ligne médiane) D.

De l'avisdela Cour, cettedispositions'expliqueenparticulier par lesouci
qu'avaient les Parties de ne pas aggraver la situation dans l'attente d'un
règlementdéfinitifde la délimitation.Aussi le Gouvernement danois a-
t-il estimé l'époquequ'il étaitinopportun de souleverla question de la
délimitation,et la limite de 200millespour lazone de pêchen'a donc pas
étéportéeau-delàdu 67eparallèleau large de la côteorientale du Groen-
land. La Norvègeelle-mêmedoutait qu'une zonede200millesau large de
Jan Mayen serait acceptable sur le plan international, comme en atteste
une réponse donnéeen 1980 à une questionlors d'un débatparlementaire
sur un projet d'accord entre la Norvège et l'Islande. En conséquence,la
Cour n'estime pas que les dispositions de la législationdanoise de 1976

impliquent reconnaissance du caractère approprié de la ligne médiane
face àJan Mayen.
36. Lajuridiction du Danemark en matièrede pêchea étéétendue à la
régionsituée entrele Groenland et Jan Mayen par un décretdu 14mai
1980,pris en vertu de la loi du 17décembre 1976et disposant que «le
territoire de pêchedans les eaux entourant le Groenland)),au nord du
67eparallèle surla côteorientale, s'étendrait, «sauf lorsqu'il en est autre-vided in the Order, extend to 200miles from the baselines. The Order
alsoprovided that :

"Where the island of Jan Mayen liesopposite Greenland at a dis-
tance of less than 400 nautical miles,jurisdiction of fisheries shall
not, until further notice, be exercised beyond the line which every-
where is equidistant from the nearest points of the baselines of the
coasts concerned (median line)."

Norwayarguesthat in view ofthe referenceto the median line asbound-
aryinthe 1976Act,quoted above,byvirtue ofwhichthe ExecutiveOrder
was issued, the claims to 200 nautical miles went beyond the enabling
authorityconferred bythe Act.Apartfrom the questionwhetherthis issue
of viresisone forthe Court,the interna1validity ofthe Order isirrelevant
to itspossible significanceasan indication of Denmark's attitude to deli-
mitation. ButNorway also suggeststhat the Order itselfrecognizedthat it
would be inappropriate to implement the extension for which it pur-
ported to provide. Denmark howeverexplainsthatthe reasonfor showing
restraint in the enforcement of its fishing regulationsin this area was to
avoiddifficultieswith Norway. From earlierdiplomatic exchangesit was

clear that Norway contemplated an equidistance line delimiting the
waters between Jan Mayen and Greenland, and Denmark had indicated
that this would not be acceptable.The Court cannot regard the terms of
the 1980Executive Order (which was amended on 31 August 1981to
remove the restraint on exercisingjurisdiction beyond the median line),
eitherinisolation orin conjunction withotherDanish acts,ascommitting
Denmark to acceptance of a median lineboundary in the area.

37. Mention hasalreadybeenmade(paragraph 28above)oftheAgree-
ment of 15June 1979between the Parties concerning the delimitation
between Norway and the FaroeIslands. Norwayhasemphasizedthatthis
Agreement employed the median lineboth for the delimitation of conti-
nental shelf and for the boundary affecting fisheries. As the Court has
explained, the conclusion of the 1979Agreement militates against the

hypothesis that by the 1965Agreementthe Parties had agreed to employ
the median linefor al1future delimitations.Theuse ofthe median line in
theAgreementrelatingtothe delimitation betweenNorway and the Faroe
Islands doesnot support the Norwegianinterpretation ofthe 1976Danish
Act on fishery zones; nor does it commit Denmark to a median line
boundary in a quite different area.

38. Norway reliesalso on diplomaticcontacts and exchangesbetween
the Parties,particularlyinthe period 1979-1980,recorded inletters,notes
and minutesofdiscussionspresented tothe Court asannexestothe plead-
ings. It is true that Danish references in the course of these diplomatic
contacts to the unacceptability of amedian line delimitation were some-mentdisposé»dans ledécret, à200millesdeslignesde base. Il prévoyait
égalementque :
«Là où l'îlede Jan Mayen fait face au Groenland àune distance
inférieureà400millesmarins lajuridiction en matièrede pêche ne

sera pas exercée,jusqu'à nouvel ordre, au-delà de la ligne donttous
lespoints sont équidistants des pointslesplus proches des lignes de
base des côtesconcernées(lignemédiane).»
LaNorvègesoutientqu'étantdonnéquelalignemédianeétaitconsidérée
comme la ligne de délimitationdans la loi précitéede 1976,en vertu de

laquelle le décret a été pris, les revendicationportant sur 200 milles
marins outrepassaient les limites des pouvoirs conféréspar la loi. Mais
peu importe desavoirsiceproblèmedecompétenceconcernelaCour; en
effet,lavaliditédu décretendroit interne estsansrapport avecsa signifi-
cationpossibleen tant qu'indicede l'attitudedu Danemark enmatièrede
délimitation.Mais la Norvège estimeen outre que le décret lui-même
reconnaissait qu'il serait inapproprié de donner effetl'extensionqu'il
étaitcenséétabliC r.ependant, leDanemarkexpliqueque, s'ilafaitpreuve
de retenue dans l'application de ses règlementssur la pêchedans la
région, c'étaiatfin d'éviterdes difficultés avec la Norvège. D'après la
correspondance diplomatique antérieure, il était clairque la Norvège
envisageait une ligne d'équidistance pour délimiter les eaux entre
Jan Mayen et le Groenland, et le Danemark avait indiqué que cela ne
serait pas acceptable. La Cour ne saurait considérerque les termes du

décretde 1980(modifié le 31août 1981pour mettre fin à la restriction
visant l'exercice de la juridiction au-delà de la ligne médiane),qu'ils
soientpris isolémentoudanslecontexted'autres textesdanois,obligentle
Danemark à accepter une délimitation selonla ligne médianedans la
région.
37. Il a déjà été fait mention (paragraph28ci-dessus)de l'accord du
15juin 1979entrelesPartiesrelatifà ladélimitationentrelaNorvègeetles
îles FéroéL. a Norvègea soulignéquecet accord a pris pour base la ligne
médianeàlafoispour la délimitationdu plateau continental etpour celle
deszonesdepêche.CommelaCour l'a expliqué,laconclusiondel'accord
de 1979milite contre l'hypothèse selon laquelle,en vertu de l'accord de
1965,les Partiesétaient convenuesd'utiliser la lignemédianepour toutes
lesdélimitationsfutures.L'emploidelalignemédianedans l'accord rela-

tifà la délimitation entre laNorvègeet les îles Féroén'apporte aucun
soutien à l'interprétation norvégiennede la loi danoise de 1976sur les
zones depêche;il ne saurait davantagerendre obligatoire pour le Dane-
mark la délimitation selon la ligne médianedans une régiontout à fait
différente.
38. La Norvègeinvoque aussi les contacts et échanges diplomatiques
intervenusentre lesParties,surtoutpendant lapériode1979-1980t,elsque
consignésdans des lettres, notes et minutes d'entretiens présentésà la
Cour comme annexes aux piècesde procédure écrite. Il est vrai que le
Danemark, lors de ces contacts diplomatiques, n'a pas développéunewhat unspecific, and in particular did not allude to legal arguments such
asthe provision inthe 1958Convention for "special circumstances". The
Danish statements were however, in the view of the Court, sufficient to
prevent the position of Denmark being prejudiced.

39. Norway invokes finally the positions expressed by the Parties on
the question of maritime delimitation during the Third United Nations
Conference on the Law of the Sea. Apart from the question whether a
decisionbythe Court maybebased onthe positionsexpressed by a State
at a diplomatic conferencefor the adoption of a multilateral convention,
the Court wouldobservethatthe delimitationmethod subscribedto inthe
context of the Conference by Denmark, among other States, including
Norway,wasa ruleofequidistancecombined withspecialcircumstances.

40. To sum up, the Agreement entered into between the Parties on

8 December 1965cannot be interpreted to mean, as contended by Nor-
way,thatthe Partieshavealready defined the continental shelfboundary
asthe median linebetweenGreenland andJan Mayen.Nor canthe Court
attribute such an effect to the provision of Article 6, paragraph 1,of the
1958Convention,so as to conclude that byvirtue of that Convention the
median lineisalreadythe continental shelfboundary betweenGreenland
andJan Mayen.Nor can sucha resultbe deduced from the conduct ofthe
Partiesconcerningthe continental shelfboundary andthe fisheryzone. In
consequence,the Court does not consider that a median lineboundary is
already "in place", either as the continental shelfboundary, or as that of
the fisheryzone.TheCourt willthereforenowproceed to examinethe law
applicable at present to the delimitation question still outstanding
between the Parties.

41. It willbe convenient in this connection to refer first to asagree-
ment between the Parties as to the nature of the task conferred on the
Court. Denmark asks the Court to draw a delimitation line, and has
indeed indicated, with precise CO-ordinatesw , here it considers that that
line should be. Nonvay however submits that the adjudication should
result in ajudgment which is "declaratory as to the basis of delimitation,
and which leaves the precise articulation (or demarcation) of the align-
mentto negotiationbetween the Parties". Thisargumentwillbe dealtwith
at a later stage of the present Judgment (paragraphs 88 ff.).The Parties
also differ on the question whether what is required is one delimitation
line or two lines, Denmark asking for "a singleline of delimitation ofthe
fisheryzone and continental shelfarea", and Nonvay contending thatthe
median line constitutes the boundary for delimitation of the continental
shelf,and constitutesalso theboundary forthe delimitation ofthe fishery argumentation détaillée à l'encontre d'une délimitation selon la ligne
médianeetqu'en particulier il n'apas faitétatd'argumentsjuridiques, tels
que la disposition de la convention de 1958relative aux «circonstances
spéciales».De l'avisdela Cour, lesdéclarationsdu Danemarksuffisaient
cependant à empêcherqu'il soit portéatteinteà la position danoise.
39. La Norvège invoque finalement les positions exprimées par les
Parties, en matièrede délimitation maritime, lors de la troisième confé-
rencedesNations Unies sur ledroit delamer. En dehors de la question de
savoir siune décisiondela Cour pourrait sefonder surlespositionsexpri-
méesparun Etatlorsd'une conférencediplomatiqueréuniepouradopter

une conventionmultilatérale,la Cour note que laméthodededélimitation
qui avaitétéavancéed ,ans le contexte de la conférence,par le Danemark
et d'autres Etats, dont la Norvège, étaitune règlecombinant I'équidis-
tance et les circonstancesspéciales.
40. En résumé,l'accord conclu entreles Parties le 8décembre1965ne
saurait êtreinterprétécomme signifiant,ainsi que le soutient la Norvège,
que lesParties ont déjàdéfinilalignededélimitationdu plateau continen-
tal entre le Groenland et Jan Mayen comme étantla ligne médiane. La
Cour ne peut pas non plus attribuerun tel effetà la disposition du para-
graphe 1de l'article 6de la convention de 1958et en conclurequ'en vertu
de cette convention la lignemédiane constitue déjà la ligne de délimita-
tion du plateau continental entre le Groenland et Jan Mayen. Une telle
conséquencene saurait davantage êtredéduitede la conduite des Parties

concernant la délimitation du plateau continental et de la zone de pêche.
La Cour ne considère donc pas qu'une ligne de délimitation constituée
par lalignemédianeestdéjà «enplace »,soit commeligne de délimitation
du plateau continental, soit comme ligne de délimitationde la zone de
pêche.La Cour va donc maintenant aborder l'examen du droit actuelle-
ment applicable à la question de délimitationencore en suspens entre les
Parties.

41. Acesujet,ilconvient de relevertout d'abord que lesPartiesne sont
pas d'accord sur la nature de la tâche qu'elles ont confiéela Cour. Le
Danemark demande à la Cour de tracer une ligne de délimitation et a
mêmeindiqué, en en précisant les coordonnées, où devrait selon lui se

trouverl'emplacement de cette ligne.Pour sapart, la Norvègedéclareque
ladécisiondoitintervenirsouslaformed'unjugement «déclaratoireence
qui concerne les bases de la délimitation,tout en laissant aux Parties le
soin de négocierl'articulation (oula démarcation)précisedu tracé P.Cet
argument sera examinéplus loin dans le présent arrêt (paragraphes88et
suivants). Les Partiesne sont pas non plus d'accord sur le point de savoir
s'il faut envisager une ou deux lignes de délimitation, le Danemark
demandant aune ligneunique de délimitationde la zone de pêche etdu
plateau continental)), et la Norvège soutenant que la ligne médiane
constituela ligne de séparationpour la délimitationdu plateaucontinen-zone,i.e.,that thetwolineswouldcoincide,butthe twoboundaries would
remain conceptually distinct. In the pleadings of the Parties, and espe-
cially in the oral argument of Norway, some importance has been
attached to this difference between the ways in which the Parties have
submitted their dispute to the Court; particularly the absence of any
agreementofthe Parties, ofthe kindto befound inthe SpecialAgreement
inthe caseconcerningDelimitationoftheMaritimeBoundaryinthe Gulfof
MaineArea,to askthe Court what was "the course ofthe singlemaritime
boundary that dividesthe continental shelf and fishery zones of Canada
and the United States of America" (I.C.J.Reports1984,p. 253).

42. Atfirst sight it might be thought thatasking for the drawing of a
singleline and askingforthe drawing oftwo coincident lines amountsin
practicalterms tothe samething.Thereis,however,in Norway'sview,this
important difference, that the two lines, even if coincident in location,
stem from differentstrands of the applicable law,the location of the one
being derived from the 1958Convention, and the location of the other
being derived from customary law.

43. There is no agreement between the Parties for a single maritime
boundary; the situation is thus quite different from that in the Guifof
Maine case. The Chamber of the Court was requested by the Special
Agreementin that caseto effect a single-line,dual-purpose delimitation;
it indicated that in itsview,on the basis ofuch an agreement,a delimita-
tion valid forboth continental shelfand the superjacent water column

"can onlybecarriedout bytheapplication ofacriterion, orcombina-
tion of criteria, which does not givepreferentialtreatment to one of
thesetwo objectstothe detriment oftheother, and atthe sametimeis
such asto be equallysuitableto the divisionof either ofthem" (ibid.,
p. 327,para. 194).

The Chamber decided that Article 6 of the 1958Convention could not,
because of the Parties'agreementto ask for a singlemaritimeboundary,
be applied for the determination of such a boundary. It obsewed that in
such a caseArticle6has no "mandatory force evenbetween Stateswhich
are parties to the Convention" (ibid.,p. 303,para. 124).The Court in the
present case is not empowered - or constrained - by any such agree-
mentfor a singledual-purposeboundary.
44. Furthermore,the Court has alreadyfound, contrary to the conten-
tion of Norway,that there is not a continental shelfboundary already "in
place". The Court accordingly does not have to express any viewon the
legalsituation which would have arisen ifthe continental shelfhad been

delimited,but the fisheryzoneshad not. It issufficientforitto note,as do
the Parties,that the 1958Convention isbindingupon them,that itgoverns
the continental shelf delimitation to be effected, and that it is certainlyatal, et constitueégalementla ligne de séparationpour la délimitation des
zones depêche;ces deux lignes de séparation coïncideraient donc, mais
les délimitations demeureraient conceptuellement distinctes. Dans les
écrituresdesParties,maissurtout dans lesplaidoiries de la Norvège,une
certaine importance a étéattribuée àla façon différentedont les Parties
ont ainsi soumisleur différend à la Cour, et en particulieàl'absencede
tout accord entre les Parties, semblable au compromis qui existait dans
l'affairede la Délimitationde lafrontièremaritimedans la régiondu golfe

du Maine pour demander à la Chambre de déterminer«le tracéde la
frontière maritimeunique divisant le plateau continental et leszones de
pêchedu Canada et des Etats-Unis d'Amérique» (C.I.J. Recueil 1984,
p. 253).
42. A premièrevue, on pourrait penser que demander le tracé d'une
ligneunique et demander le tracéde deux lignes coïncidentes revient en
pratique au mêmeN . éanmoins,del'avisdela Norvège,ilexisteune diffé-
rence importanteen ce sens que les deux lignes,mêmesi ellescoïncident
par leur emplacement, ont leur origine dans des branches différentesdu
droitapplicable :l'emplacementdel'une découleraitde laconvention sur
le plateau continental de 1958;celuide l'autre résulteraitdu droit coutu-
mier.
43. Les Parties ne se sont pas misesd'accord en l'espècepour deman-

der une délimitation maritime unique.La situation est donc toute diffé-
rente de celle qui prévalait dans l'affairedu Golfedu Maine. Dans cette
affaire,la Chambre de la Cour devait,en vertu du compromis,effectuer
une délimitationpar ligne unique àdouble fin; elle a indiquéqu'à son
avis,surla base d'un tel accord,une délimitationvalable à la foispour le
plateau continental et la colonne d'eau surjacente

«ne saurait êtreeffectuéqeuepar l'application d'un critèreoud'une
combinaisondecritèresquinefavorisepas l'undecesdeuxobjets au
détrimentde l'autre et soit en mêmetemps susceptible de convenir
également àune division de chacun d'eux» (ibid., p. 327,par. 194).

La Chambre a décidé que l'articlede la convention de 1958ne pouvait,

enraison del'accord despartiespour demander une lignede délimitation
unique, êtreappliquéafin de déterminerune telle ligne de délimitation.
Elle a préciséqu'en pareille hypothèse l'article6 n'a pas de «caractère
contraignant, mêmeentre Etats parties à la convention» (ibid.,p. 303,
par. 124).En l'espèce,la Cour n'estpas habilitée à agir - ni contrainte
d'agir- par un tel accordprévoyantune délimitationuniqueàdoublefin.
44. Par ailleurs,la Cour a déjàjugé,contrairement à ceque soutient la
Norvège, qu'iln'y a pas de ligne de délimitationdu plateau continental
déjà «en place»en l'espèce.Par suite laCour n'aura pas à prendre parti
sur la situation de droittellequ'elle seseraitprésentsileplateau conti-
nental avait étédélimité, mais nonles zones de pêche. Il lui suffira de
constater, aveclesParties, que la convention de 1958estobligatoirepour
elles,qu'elle gouvernela délimitationdu plateau continental à opéreretsource ofapplicable law,differentfrom that governing the delimitation of
fisheryzones.The Court willthereforeexamineseparately the twostrands
oftheapplicable law :the effect ofArticle 6ofthe 1958Convention appli-
cable to the delimitation of the continental shelf boundary, and then the
effect ofthe customarylaw which governs the fisheryzone.

45. It may be obsemed thatthe Court has never had occasionto apply
the 1958Convention. In the North Sea ContinentalShelfcases, the Federal

Republic of Germany was not a party to the 1958Convention; similarly,
in the continental shelf cases between Tunisia and Libya and between
Libya and Malta, Libya was not a party to the 1958Convention. In the
GulfofMainecase, Canadaand the United States ofAmerica wereparties
to the 1958Convention; but they requested the Chamber to define "the
course ofthe single maritime boundary that divides the continental shelf
and fisheries zones", so that, as already noted, the Chamber considered
that the 1958Convention, being applicable to the continental shelf only,
did not govern the delimitationrequested. In the present case,both States
areparties to the 1958Convention and, there beingnojoint request fora
singlemaritimeboundary as inthe Gulfof Mainecase, the 1958Conven-
tion is applicable to the delimitation of the continental shelf between

Greenland and Jan Mayen.

46. The fact that itis the 1958Convention which applies to the conti-
nental shelf delimitation in this casedoes not mean that Article 6 thereof
can be interpreted and applied eitherwithout referenceto customary law
on the subject, or wholly independently of the fact that a fishery zone
boundary is also in question in these waters. The Anglo-French Court of
Arbitration in 1977placed Article 6 of the 1958Convention in the per-
spective of customary law in the much-quoted passage of its Decision,
that :

"the combined 'equidistance-special circumstances mle', in effect,
givesparticular expressionto a general nom that, failingagreement,
the boundary between Statesabutting on the same continental shelf
is to be determined on equitable principles7' (United Nations,
Reports of InternationalArbitral Awards (RIAA),Vol. XVIII, p. 45,
para. 70).

If the equidistance-specialcircumstances mle of the 1958Convention is,
in the light of this 1977Decision, to be regarded as expressing a general
nom based on equitable principles, it must be difficult to find any ma-
terial difference- at any rate in regard to delimitation between opposite
coasts - between the effect of Article 6 and the effect of the customary
mle which alsorequires a delimitationbased on equitableprinciples.The
Court in the case concerning the ContinentalShelf(Libyan Arab Jamahi-
riya/Malta), where it was asked only to delimit the continental shelf
boundary, expressed the viewthatqu'elle constitue certainement une source de droit applicable, différente
de celle régissantla délimitation deszones de pêche.La Cour, en consé-
quence, examinera séparémentles deux branches du droit applicable, à
savoir l'effetde l'article6dela convention de 1958,applicable àladélimi-
tation du plateau continental, et ensuite l'effet du droit coutumier régis-
sant la zone de pêche.

45. Il est permis d'observer que la Cour n'a jamais eu l'occasion
d'appliquer la convention de 1958.Dans lesaffaires du Plateau continen-
tal de la mer du Nord, la République fédérale d'Allemagnen'étaitpas
partie àla convention; de même,dans les affaires du plateau continental
entrelaTunisie etla Libye,puisentre la Libyeet Malte, la Libyen'étaitpas
partie àla convention. Dans l'affaire du Golfedu Maine,le Canada et les
Etats-Unis d'Amérique étaient parties à la convention, mais ils ont
demandé à la Chambre d'indiquer «le tracé de la frontière maritime
unique divisant le plateau continental et leszones de pêche »,sibien que
la Chambre, comme il a déjà été indiqué, a considér que la convention,
étant applicable au seul plateau continental, ne régissait pas la délimita-

tion demandée. Dans la présente affaire,les deux Etats sont parties à la
convention de 1958,et,puisqu'il n'ya pas eu dedemande commune pour
une limite maritime unique comme dans l'affaire du Golfe du Maine, la
convention estapplicable à la délimitationdu plateau continental entre le
Groenland et Jan Mayen.
46. Lefaitquelaconvention de 1958s'applique en l'espèce àladélimi-
tation du plateau continental ne signifiepas qu'ilsoitpossibled'interpré-
ter et d'appliquer l'article6 sans référenceau droit coutumier en la
matière,ou sanstenir aucun compte de ce qu'une délimitationde la zone
de pêcheest aussi en cause dans la région.En 1977,le tribunal arbitral
franco-britannique asituél'article6delaconvention de 1958dans lapers-

pective du droitcoutumier dans lepassagesuivant de la sentence,souvent
cité:
«la règlecombinant «équidistance-circonstancesspéciales»consti-
tue l'expressionparticulière d'unenormegénéralesuivantlaquellela
limite entre des Etats qui donnent sur le mêmeplateau continental

doit,enl'absence d'accord, êtredéterminéeselondesprincipes équi-
tables» (Nations Unies, Recueil des sentences arbitrales (RSA),
vol.XVIII, p. 175,par. 70).
Si,à la lumière de cette sentence de 1977,la règleéquidistance-circons-
tances spéciales de la convention de 1958doit être considérée comme

l'expression d'une norme généralefondéesurdesprincipes équitables, il
doit être difficilede trouver une différenceappréciable - tout au moins
en ce qui concerne une délimitation entre côtes se faisant face - entre
l'effetde l'articletl'effetde la règlecoutumièrequirequiert également
une délimitationfondéesur desprincipes équitables. La Cour, enl'affaire
du Plateau continental (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Malte), où il lui était
seulement demandé de déterminer la ligne de délimitation du plateau
continental, a exprimé l'avisque, "even though the present case relates only tothe delimitation ofthe
continental shelf and not tothat of the exclusiveeconomiczone,the
principles and rules underlying the latter concept cannot be left out
of consideration";

that "the two institutions - continental shelf and exclusive economic
zone - are linked together in modern law"; and that the result is "that
greaterimportance mustbe attributed to elements, such asdistancefrom
the Coast,whicharecommon to both concepts" (I.C.J.Reports1985,p. 33,
para. 33).
47. Regarding the law applicable to the delimitation of the fishery
zone,there appears tobeno decision of aninternational tribunalthat has
beenconceied only with a fishery zone; but there are cases involvinga
singledual-purposeboundary askedfor by the parties in a special agree-
ment, for example the Gulfof Maine case, already referred to, which
involved delimitation of "the continental shelf and fishery zones" of the
parties.Thequestion wasraised during the hearings ofthe relationship of
such zones to the concept of the exclusiveeconomiczone as proclaimed
bymanyStatesand definedin Article 55ofthe 1982United NationsCon-
vention on the Law of the Sea. Whatever that relationship may be, the
Court takesnote that the Parties adopt inthisrespectthe sameposition, in

that they seeno objection,forthe settlement ofthe present dispute,to the
boundary ofthe fisheryzonesbeing determined bythe lawgoverningthe
boundary ofthe exclusiveeconomic zone, which is customary law; how-
everthe Parties disagreeasto the interpretation ofthe noms of such cus-
tomary law.
48. Denmark and Norway are both signatories of the 1982United
NationsConvention onthe Lawofthe Sea,though neitherhas ratified it,
and itisnotin force.Therecanbenoquestiontherefore oftheapplication,
as relevant treaty provisions, of that Convention. The Court however
notes that Article 74, paragraph 1,and Article 83, paragraph 1,of that
Convention provide for the delimitation of the continental shelf and the
exclusiveeconomiczone between Stateswith opposite or adjacent coasts
to be effected

"by agreement on the basis of international law, as referred to in
Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, in
order to achievean equitable solution".

That statement of an "equitable solution" as the aim of any delimitation
process reflectsthe requirements of customary law asregardsthe delimi-
tation both of continental shelfand of exclusiveeconomic zones.

49. Turningfirst tothe delimitation of the continental shelf,since it is

governed by Article 6 of the 1958Convention, and the delimitation is
betweencoaststhatareopposite,it isappropriateto beginbytakingprovi- «bien que la présente affaire n'ait trait qu'à la délimitation du
plateau continental etnon àcelledelazoneéconomiqueexclusive,il
n'est pas possible de faire abstraction des principes et règlessur
lesquelscettedernière repose» ;

aue «les deux institutions du rilateau continental et de la zone écono-
mique exclusivesont liéesdans ledroit moderne »;et qu'en conséquence
«il convient d'attribuer plus d'importance aux éléments,tels que la dis-
tance de la côte, qui sont communs à l'une età l'autre notion» (C.I.J.
Recueil1985,p. 33,par. 33).
47. Quant au droit applicable àla délimitationde la zone de pêche,il
semblequ'iln'existepas de décisiond'unejuridiction internationale trai-
tant seulementd'une zonedepêche ;maisilya desaffairesmettant en jeu
une ligne unique de délimitation àdouble fin demandéepar les parties

dans un compromis,par exemplel'affaire du Golfedu Maine,déjà men-
tionnée, qui concernaitla délimitationu (plateau continentaletdes zones
de pêche»des parties. Il a été soulevépendant les audiences la ques-
tion des rapports entre de telleszones et le concept de zone économique
exclusive, telle que proclaméepar de nombreux Etats et définie à l'ar-
ticle55de la conventiondes Nations Unies sur ledroit de lamer de 1982.
Quoiqu'ilensoitdecesrapports, laCourprend actedel'identité desposi-
tions desdeux Parties,lesquellesne voient pas d'objection àceque, pour
le règlementdu présent différendl,a délimitation deszonesde pêche soit
effectuéeconformémentau droit applicable à la délimitationde la zone
économiqueexclusive,qui est le droit coutumier; cependant les Parties

ne sont pas d'accordsur l'interprétationdes normesde ce droit coutumier.
48. Le Danemark et la Norvège sont tous deux signataires de la
convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer de 1982,mais aucun
d'eux ne l'aratifiée,et elle n'estpas en vigueur.Il ne saurait donc être
question d'appliquer cette convention en ses dispositions pertinentes.
La Cour observecependantque le paragraphe 1de l'article74et lepara-
graphe 1de l'article83de la convention disposent que la délimitationdu
plateau continental et de la zone économiqueexclusiveentre Etats dont
lescôtessefont faceou sont adjacentes doit être effectuée

({parvoie d'accord conformémentau droit international tel qu'il est
viséà l'article38du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice, afin
d'aboutirà une solution équitable».

L'indicationd'une ({solutionéquitable Dcommebut detoute opérationde
délimitationreflètelesexigencesdudroit coutumier encequiconcernela
délimitationtant du plateau continental que des zones économiques
exclusives.

49. Pour cequi esttout d'abord deladélimitationdu plateau continen-
tal, étantdonnéqu'elleestrégiepar l'article6de la convention de 1958et
qu'elleconcernedescôtesqui se font face,il convient de commencer parsionally the median line between the territorial sea baselines, and then
enquiring whether "special circumstances" require "another boundary
line". Such a procedure is consistent with the words in Article 6, "In the
absence of agreement, and unless another boundary line is justified by
specialcircumstances, the boundary isthe median line."

50. Judicial decisionson the basis ofthe customarylawgoverningcon-
tinental shelf delimitation between opposite coasts have likewise
regarded the median lineasaprovisionalline that maythen beadjusted or
shiftedin order to ensure an equitable result. The Court, in the Judgment
in the case concerning the Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jarnahiriyu/
Malta) alreadyreferredto (paragraph 46above), in which ittook particu-
laraccount ofthe Judgment inthe NorthSea ContinentalShelfcases, said :

"The Court has itself noted that the equitable nature of the equi-
distancemethod isparticularly pronounced in caseswhere delimita-
tion has to be effectedbetween States with opposite coasts." (I.C.J.
Reports 1985,p. 47,para. 62.)

Itthen went on to citethe passage inthe Judgment inthe North Sea Conti-
nental Shelfcases where the Court stated that the continental shelf off,
and dividing, opposite States "can ... only be delimited by means of a
median line" (I.C.J. Reports1969,p. 36,para. 57; see also p. 37,para. 58).
TheJudgment in the Libya/Malta case then continues :

"But itisinfactadelimitation exclusivelybetweenoppositecoasts
thatthe Court is,forthe first time, asked to deal with. It isclear that,
in these circumstances, the tracing of a median line between those
coasts, by way of a provisional step in a process to be continued by
other operations, isthe mostjudicious manner of proceeding with a
view to the eventual achievement of an equitable result." (I.C.J.
Reports 1985,p. 47,para. 62.)

51. Denmark has,itistrue, disputedtheappropriateness ofdrawing an
equidistanceline evenprovisionally as afirststepin the delimitationpro-
cess; and to this end it has recalled previous decisions of the Court: the
case concerning the Continental Shelf(Tunisia/Libyan ArabJamahiriya)
(I.C.J. Reports 1982,p. 79, para. 110);the case concerning Delimitation
of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulfof Maine Area (I.C.J. Reports 1984,
p. 297,para. 107);and indeed the case concerning the Continental Shelf
(Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) (I.C.J. Reports 1985, p. 37, para. 43).
These caseswere,asalreadyobserved(paragraph 45above),notgoverned
by Article6 of the 1958Convention, which specifically provides thatthe
median line be employed "unless another boundary line is justified by
special circumstances". The 1977 Anglo-French Court of Arbitration, on
the other hand, when applying Article 6 of the 1958Convention to theprendre la ligne médiane entre les lignes de base des mers territoriales
comme ligne tracée à titre provisoire pour rechercher ensuite si des
«circonstances spéciales» nécessitent «une autre délimitation». Une
telle procédure est conforme aux termes de l'article 6, selon lequel:
défautd'accord, et à moins que des circonstancesspécialesnejustifient
une autre délimitation,celle-ciest constituéepar la lignemédiane.
50. Les décisionsjudiciaires fondéessur le droit coutumier applicable
à la délimitationdu plateau continentalentredescôtes qui sefont faceont
de mêmeconsidérélalignemédianecomme uneligneprovisoirepouvant
ensuite être ajustée ou déplacépeour permettre d'aboutir a un résultat

équitable.Dans l'arrêt concernant l'affairedu Plateau continental(Jama-
hiriya arabelibyenne/Malte) auquel il a étédéjàfait référence(para-
graphe 46 ci-dessus), et où elle tenait particulièrement compte de l'arrêt
rendu dans lesaffaires duPlateau continentadlelamerduNord,la Cour a
déclaréce qui suit:

«La Cour a elle-mêmenoté que l'équité de la méthodede l'équi-
distance étaitparticulièrement prononcéedans les cas dans lesquels
la délimitationà effectuer intéressait des Etats dont les côtes se
faisaient face.C.I.J.Recueil1985,p. 47,par. 62.)
Elle a ensuite cité lepassage de l'arrêt rendu dansles affaires duteau
continentalde la merdu Nord, dans lequel elle affirme que les zones de
plateau continental setrouvant au large d'Etats dont les côtessefont face

et séparant ces Etats«ne peuvent ..être délimitéeqsue par une ligne
médiane)) (C.I.J.Recueil1969,p. 36, par. 57; voir aussi p. 37, par. 58).
L'arrêt, dans l'affairebye/Malte, sepoursuit alors ains:
«Or,pour lapremièrefois,c'estbien à une délimitationexclusive-
mententre côtes sefaisant facequela Cour doitprocéder. Il est clair
que, dans ces circonstances,le tracé d'une ligne médiane entre ces
côtes,àtitre d'élément provisoiredans un processusdevant sepour-

suivrepar d'autres opérations,correspondàladémarchelaplusjudi-
cieuse en vue de parvenir, finalement, à un résultat équitable.))
(C.I.J.Recueil1985,p. 47,par. 62.)
5 1. Il estvrai quele Danemark a contestéqu'ilsoit approprié detracer
une ligne d'équidistancemême àtitre provisoire commepremière étape
del'opérationdedélimitationet, à cettefin, ilarappelé desdécisionsanté-

rieures de la Cour: celles rendues dans l'affaire dulateau continental
(Tunisie/Jamahiriyaarabe libyenne)(C.I.J.Recueil1982,p. 79, par. 1IO),
dans l'affaire de la Délimitatide lafrontièremaritimedansla région du
golfeduMaine(C.I.J.Recueil 1984,p.297,par. 107),etmêmedansl'affaire
du Plateau continental (Jamahiriya arableibyenne/Malte)(C.I.J.Recueil
1985,p. 37, par. 43). Comme cela a déjàété relevé (paragraphe 45 ci-
dessus), cesaffairesn'étaientpas régiespar l'article 6de la convention de
1958,quiprévoitexpressémentl'emploide lalignemédiane «à moins que
des circonstances spéciales ne justifient une autre délimitation)). D'un
autre côté, quand le tribunal arbitral franco-britannique de 1977 adelimitation between oppositecoasts in the Atlantic region, after observ-
ingthat "the obligation to apply the equidistanceprinciple is alwaysone
qualified by the condition 'unless another boundary line is justified by
special circumstances' " (RIAA, Vol.XVIII, p. 45, para. 70), began by
employing the equidistancemethod, and then adjustingthe result in the
light of special circumstances, namely the existence of the Scilly Isles
(ibid.,pp. 115-116,para. 248).In this respect it observed that

"it seems to the Court to be in accord not only with the legal rules
governingthecontinental shelfbutalsowithStatepracticeto seekthe
solution in a method modifying or varyingthe equidistancemethod
rather than to haverecoursetoa whollydifferentcriterion ofdelimi-
tation" (ibid.,p. 116,para. 249).

Inanyevent, al1that need besaidofthe decisionscitedbyDenmark isthat
the Court consideredthat the provisionaldrawing ofan equidistanceline
wasnota necessaryorobligatorystep in everycase; yetintwoofthe cases
mentioned (GulfofMaineandthe Libya/Malta case),wherethe delimita-
tion was between opposite coasts, it was found entirely appropriate to
beginwith suchaprovisional line.Thus,inrespectofthe continental shelf

boundary in the present case, even if it were appropriate to apply, not
Article 6ofthe 1958Convention,but customary lawconcerningthe con-
tinental shelf as developed in the decided cases, it is in accord withre-
cedents to begin with the median line as a provisional line and then to
ask whether "special circumstances" require any adjustment or shifting
ofthat line.

52. Turning now to the delimitation of the fishery zones, the Court
mustconsider,onthe basisofthesourceslistedinArticle38ofthe Statute
of the Court, the law applicable to the fishery zone, in the light also of
what has been said above (paragraph 47) as to the exclusive economic
zone.Oftheinternational decisionsconcernedwith dual-purpose bound-
aries, that inthe GulfofMainecase - in whichthe Chamber rejected the

application ofthe 1958Convention, and reliedupon the customarylaw -
isherematerial. Afternotingthat aparticular segmentofthe delimitation
was one between opposite coasts, the Chamber went on to questionthe
adoption ofthe median line "as finalwithoutmore ado", and drew atten-
tion to the "difference in length between the respective coastlines of the
two neighbouring States which border on the delimitationarea" and on
that basis affirmed "the necessity of applying to the median line as
initiallydrawn a correction which, though limited, will pay due heed to
the actual situation" (I.C.J.Reports1984,pp. 334-335,paras. 217,218).

53. This process clearlyapproximatesto that followedbythe Court in
respect of the Libya/Malta case in determining the continental shelfappliquél'article 6 de la convention de 1958 à la délimitation entre côtes
se faisant face dans la régionAtlantique, il a fait observerque«l'obliga-
tion d'appliquer leprincipe d'équidistanceesttoujours subordonnée à la
condition «àmoinsquedescirconstancesspécialesnejustifient uneautre
délimitation)) (RSA, vol. XVIII, p. 175, par. 70) avant de commencer

par se servir de la méthode de l'équidistance,pour ajuster ensuite le
résultat compte tenu de circonstances spéciales,c'est-à-dire la présence
des îles Sorlingues (ibid.,p. 253-254,par. 248).Acepropos, ila faitobser-
ver ce qui suit:
«le tribunal estimequ'il estconformenon seulementaux règlesjuri-

diquesapplicables au plateau continental maisaussi àlapratique des
Etats de rechercher la solution dans une méthode modifiant le prin-
cipe de l'équidistance en y apportant une variante, plutôt que de
recourir à un critère de délimitation tout à fait différent» (ibid.,
p. 254,par. 249).

De toute manière, tout ce qu'il convient de dire au sujet des décisions
citéespar le Danemark est que, de l'avisde la Cour, le tracéà titre provi-
soired'une ligned'équidistance neconstituaitpas uneétapenécessaireou
obligatoire dans chaque cas. Dans deux des affaires mentionnées (Golfe
du Maine et Libye/Malte), dans lesquelles il y avaitdélimitatioà opérer
entredescôtes sefaisantface, ila étécependantjugétout à fait approprié
de commencer par établirune telle ligneprovisoire. Ainsi,pour la délimi-
tation du plateau continental enl'espèce, mêmse'ilconvenait d'appliquer
nonl'article6delaconvention de 1958,maisledroitcoutumier du plateau
continental tel qu'il s'est développé dansla jurisprudence, ce serait se
conformer aux précédentsque de commencer parla lignemédiane àtitre

de ligne provisoire,puis de rechercher si des «circonstances spéciales ))
obligent àajusterou déplacer cette ligne.
52. Abordant maintenant la auestion de la délimitation des zones de
pêche,laCour doitexaminer, sur labasedessourcesquisonténumérées à
l'article 38du Statut dela Cour, ledroitapplicableà la zone de pêche,à la
lumièreégalementdecequiaétéditplushautquant àlazoneéconomique
exclusive (paragraphe 47). Parmi les décisionsde juridictions interna-
tionales traitant de lignes de délimitationà double fin, celle rendue en
l'affaire du GolfeduMaine - où la Chambre a écarté l'applicationde la
convention de 1958et s'estfondéesur le droit coutumier - est ici perti-
nente. Aprèsavoir pris note qu'une partie de la délimitation concernait

deux côtes se faisantface,la Chambre a mis en question l'adoption de la
lignemédiane,«simplementet à titredéfinitif»,eta appelél'attention sur
la ((différencede longueur entre lescôtesdes deux Etats voisins donnant
sur l'aire de la délimitation)) et, sur cette base, a affirméa nécessité
d'apporter une correction àla lignemédiane initialementtracée, correc-
tion limitée, mais tenant dûment compte de la situation réelle » (C.I.J.
Recueil1984,p. 334-335,par. 217,218).
53. Cette approche s'apparente nettement à celle qu'a suivie la Cour
dans l'affaire Libye/Malteen délimitantleplateau continental entredeuxboundary betweenoppositecoasts. It followsthat itisalso anappropriate
starting-point in the present case; not leastecause the Chamber in the
GulfofMainecase, when dealing with the part of the boundary between
oppositecoasts,drewattention to the similarity ofthe effectofArticle 6of
the 1958 Convention in that situation, even though the Chamber had
already held that the 1958 Convention was not legally binding on the
Parties. Ithus appears that, both for the continental shelf and for the
fishery zones in this case, it is proper to begin the process of delimita-
tion by a median lineprovisionallydrawn.
54. The Court isnow called upon to examine everyparticular factor of
the case which might suggest an adjustment or shifting ofthe median line

provisionally drawn. The aim in each and every situation must be to
achieve "an equitable result". Fromthis standpoint,the 1958 Convention
requires the investigation of any "special circumstances"; the customary
lawbased upon equitableprinciples on the other hand requires the inves-
tigation of "relevant circumstances".
55. The concept of "special circumstances" was discussedat length at
the First United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea,held in 1958.
It was included both in the Geneva Convention of 29 April 1958on the
Territorial Sea andthe ContiguousZone(Art. 12)and inthe GenevaCon-
vention of 29 April1958 on the Continental Shelf (Art. 6,paras. 1and 2).
It wasand remainslinked tothe equidistancemethodtherecontemplated,
so much so indeed that in 1977the Court of Arbitration in the case con-
cerning the delimitation of the continental shelf (United Kingdom/
France) was able to refer to the existence of a rule combining "equidis-
tance-special circumstances" (seeparagraph 46above). It isthus apparent
that special circumstances are those circumstanceswhich might modify

the result produced by an unqualified application of the equidistance
principle.Generalinternational law,asithasdevelopedthrough the case-
law of the Courtand arbitraljurisprudence, and through the work of the
Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, has employed
the concept of "relevant circumstances". Thisconcept can be describedas
a fact necessary to betaken into account in the delimitationprocess.

56. Although it is a matter of categorieswhich are different in origin
and in name, there isinevitably a tendencytowards assimilation between
thespecialcircumstances ofArticle 6ofthe 1958Convention and the rele-
vant circumstances under customary law, and this if only because they
both are intended to enable the achievement of an equitable result.This
must be especially true in the case of opposite coasts where, as has been
seen,thetendency ofcustomary law,liketheterms ofArticle 6,hasbeento
postulate the median line as leading prima facie to an equitable result.
It cannot be surprising if an equidistance-specialcircumstances rule pro-
duces much the same result as an equitable principles-relevant circum-

stances rule in the case of opposite coasts, whether in the case of a
delimitation of continental shelf, of fishery zone, or of an all-purpose
singleboundary. There is a furtherfinding of the Anglo-French Court ofcôtessefaisant face. Il s'ensuitque c'estlà aussiunpoint de départappro-
priéenl'espèce,notammentparce que la Chambre, dans l'affairedu Golfe
duMaine,entraitant de lapartiede la lignede délimitationentredescôtes
se faisantface, a appelé l'attentionsur le fait que l'article 6de la conven-
tion de 1958aurait eu un effet similaire dans cette situation, bien que la
Chambre eûtdéjàconclu que la convention de 1958n'avaitpas forceobli-
gatoire pour les Parties.l apparaît donc que, tant pour le plateau conti-
nental que pour leszonesde pêchei,lestappropriéen l'espèced'entamerle
processusde délimitationpar une lignemédianetracée àtitre provisoire.

54. La Cour doità présentselivrer àl'examen detout facteur propre à
l'espèce etsusceptible de donner lieà un ajustement ou déplacement de
la ligne médiane tracée à titre provisoire. Le but, dans toute situation,
quelle qu'elle soit, doit être d'aboutir«un résultat équitable». Dans
cette perspective, la convention de 1958 exige l'examen de toutes les
«circonstances spéciales »; le droit coutumier fondé sur des principes
équitablesexigepour sapart d'examiner les«circonstances pertinentes B.
55. La notion de «circonstances spéciales»aété longuementdébattue
lors de la première conférence des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer,
tenue en 1958.Elle a étéincluse tant dans la convention de Genèvedu
29avril 1958surla mer territoriale etlazonecontiguë (art. 12)que dans la
convention de Genèvedu 29 avril 1958sur le plateau continental (art. 6,

par. 1et2).Elleétaitetdemeureliée àla méthodedel'équidistanceprévue
par cesdispositions, au point mêmeque letribunal arbitral,enl'affaire de
la délimitationdu plateau continental (Royaume-Uni/France), a pu, en
1977,évoquerl'existence d'une règlecombinant «équidistance-circons-
tances spéciales»(voirparagraphe 46 ci-dessus).Ainsi, les circonstances
spécialesapparaissent comme descirconstancessusceptibles de modifier
lerésultatproduitparune application automatique du principe d'équidis-
tance. Le droit international général, telqu'il s'est développé grâcea
jurisprudence de la Cour età lajurisprudence arbitrale,ainsiqu'à travers
lestravaux de latroisièmeconférencedes Nations Unies sur le droit de la
mer, utilise la notion de «circonstances pertinentes. Cette notion peut
êtredécrite comme un faitdevant êtrepris en comptedans l'opérationde
délimitation.

56. Bien qu'il s'agissede catégoriesdifférentespar leur origine et par
leurnom, il y a inévitablementune tendance àl'assimilation des circons-
tancesspécialesdel'article6de laconvention de 1958etdescirconstances
pertinentes en droit coutumier, ne serait-ce que parce que toutes deux
doiventpermettred'atteindre un résultatéquitable.Celadoitêtreparticu-
lièrementvraidans le cas de côtes sefaisantface où, comme il a étédit,la
tendance du droitcoutumier, de mêmequela teneur de l'article 6,a étéde
postuler que lalignemédianeaboutitprima facieà un résultatéquitable.Il
ne peut y avoirrien desurprenant àce que la règleéquidistance-circons-
tances spécialesaboutisse essentiellement au même résultatque la règle
principes équitables-circonstances pertinentes dans le cas de côtes se
faisant face,qu'il s'agissede la délimitationdu plateau continental, de la
zone de pêche, oud'une ligne unique de délimitation à toutes fins. UneArbitration to this effectwhen, after referring tothe rule in Article 6,and
to the mle of customary law based upon equitable principles and "rele-
vant" circumstances,it saidthat the double basis onwhichtheparties had
put their case,

"confirmstheCourt's conclusionthat thedifferent waysinwhichthe
requirements of 'equitable principles' or the effects of 'special cir-
cumstances'are put reflect differencesofapproach and terminology
rather than of substance" (RIAA, Vol.XVIII, p. 75,para. 148).

57. There hasbeen much argumentin the present case,both under the
heading of "special circumstances" and that of "relevant circumstances",
as to what circumstances arejuridically relevant to the delimitationpro-
cess.It maybe usefulto recallthe much-cited statementfromthe Court's
Judgmentinthe NorthSea ContinentalShelfcases :

"In fact,there is no legal limitto the considerations which States

may take account of for the purpose of making sure that they apply
equitableprocedures, and moreoften than not it isthe balancing-up
of al1such considerations that will produce this result rather than
reliance on one to the exclusion of al1others. The problem of the
relative weight to be accorded to different considerationsnaturally
varieswiththe circumstancesofthe case." (I.C.J.Reports1969,p. 50,
para. 93.)
It isto benoted that the Court in 1969wasaddressingthetask of Statesin

negotiation; indeed the entire 1969Judgment was necessarily thus as a
result ofthe terms ofthe special agreementbywhichthe casesweretaken
to the Court. In the Libya/Malta case the Court added the following
caveat :
"Yet although there may be no legal limit to the considerations
which Statesmaytake account of,this can hardly be tme fora court
applying equitable procedures. For a court, although there is

assuredly no closed list of considerations, it is evident that only
those that arepertinent to the institution ofthe continental shelfasit
has developed within the law, and to the application of equitable
principles to its delimitation, will qualify for inclusion. Othenvise,
the legal concept of continental shelf could itself be fundament-
ally changed by the introduction of considerations strange to its
nature." (I.C.J.Reports1985,p. 40,para. 48.)

58. Acourt called uponto giveajudgment declaratory ofthe delimita-
tion of a maritimeboundary, and afortioria court called uponto effecta
delimitation, will therefore have to determine "the relative weight to be
accordedto differentconsiderations"ineachcase; to thisend,it willcon- autre conclusion dutribunal arbitral franco-britannique va dans lemême
sens:aprèss'êtreréféréà larègleénoncée àl'article 6eà la règlede droit
coutumier fondéesurlesprincipes équitableset lescirconstances «perti-
nentes »,il a déclaréque la double base sur laquelle les parties fondent
leurthèse

((confirme le Tribunal dans son opinion que les différentes façons
dont les exigences des ((principes équitables)) ou les effets des
«circonstances spéciales» sont présentés reflètent des différences
d'approche et de terminologie plutôt que des différencesde fond »
(RSA,vol.XVIII, p. 210,par. 148).

57. Danslaprésenteaffaire,ilyaeubeaucoup dediscussions,tant sous
la rubrique des «circonstances spéciales» que sous celle des «circons-
tances pertinentes », sur le point de savoir quellessont les circonstances
pertinentes en droit dans leprocessus de délimitation.Ilpeut êtreutilede
rappeler le passage souvent citéde l'arrêt e la Cour dans les affaires du
Plateau continentadl e lamerduNordsuivantlequel :

«Enréalité iln'yapas delimitesjuridiques auxconsidérationsque
lesEtatspeuventexaminer afinde s'assurerqu'ilsvontappliquer des
procédéséquitableestc'estleplussouventlabalance entretoutes ces
considérations qui créera l'équitable plutôq tue l'adoption d'une
seule considérationen excluant toutes les autres. De tels problèmes
d'équilibre entrediversesconsidérationsvarient naturellementselon
lescirconstances de l'espèce. (C.I.J.Recueil1969,p. 50,par. 93.)

Il convient de noter qu'en 1969la Cour s'occupaitdu cas d'Etats engagés
dans une négociation;en fait, l'arrêtde 1969tout entier était nécessaire-
ment tel en raison destermes du compromis par lequel la Cour avait été
saisiedesaffaires. LaCour,dans l'affaireLibye/Malte,aajoutélamiseen
garde suivante :

((Pourtant, bien qu'iln'yait peut-être pasde limitejuridique aux
considérationsdont les Etats sont en droit de tenir compte, il peut
difficilement en êtrede mêmelorsqu'une juridiction applique des
procédures équitables.En effet,bien qu'iln'y ait certes pas de liste
limitativedes considérations auxquelleslejuge peut faire appel, de
toute évidenceseulespourront intervenir celles qui se rapportentà
l'institution du plateau continental telle qu'elle s'est constituéeen
droit, etl'application de principes équitableà sa délimitation.S'il
en allait autrement, la notion juridique de plateau continental elle-
mêmepourrait êtrebouleversép ear l'introduction de considérations
étrangèresà sa nature.»(C.I.J.Recueil1985,p. 40,par. 48.)

58. Unecourappelée àrendre unjugementdéclaratoiresurune délimi-
tation maritime, etàfortiori une cour appeléeà effectuerelle-même une
délimitation,aura par conséquent à déterminerqueldoit êtrle'aéquilibre
entre diversesconsidérations»dans chaquecas ;àcettefin, elleanalysera sult not only "the circumstances of the case" but also previous decided
cases and the practice of States. In thisrespectthe Court recalls the need,
referred to in theLibya/Malta case, for "consistency and a degree of
predictability" (Z.C.J.Reports 1985,p. 39,para. 45).

59. Having thus concluded that it is appropriate to have recourseto a
median line provisionallydrawn as a first stage in the delimitation pro-
cess,the Court nowturns to the questionwhether the circumstances ofthe
presentcaserequireadjustmentorshifting ofthat line, taking intoaccount
the arguments relied on by Norwayto justify the median line, and the cir-
cumstancesinvoked by Denmark asjustifying the 200-mileline. For that
purpose, theCourt willhave to consider ingreater detail the geographical
context of the dispute, which has already been outlined above (para-
graphs 11-21).The median line,shownon sketch-mapNo. 1(p.45above)
asthe lineAD, hasto be seeninthat context, and particularlyinrelation to
the three areas defined in paragraphs 18-20above. The "area of overlap-
ping claims", defined in paragraph 18 above, between the two lines
representing the Parties' claims,isofobviousrelevance to any caseinvolv-

ing opposed boundary claims. But maritime boundary claims have the
particular feature that there is an area of overlappingentitlements,in the
sense ofoverlapbetween the areas which eachStatewould havebeenable
to claim had it not been for the presence of the other State; this was the
basis of the principle of non-encroachment enunciated in the North Sea
Continental Shelf cases (Z.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 36, para. 57; p. 53,
para. 101(C) (1)).It is clear that inthis case a true perspective on the rela-
tionship of the opposing claims and the opposing entitlements is to be
gained by considering boththearea of overlappingclaims and the area of
overlappingpotential entitlement(paragraph 19 above).

60. Both Parties have brought to the Court's attention various circum-
stanceswhichtheyeachregardas appropriate tobetaken into account for
the purposes of the delimitation. Neither Party has however presented
these specificallyin the context ofthe possibleadjustment or shifting of a

median line provisionally drawn: Norway, because it argues that the
median line itself is the correct and equitable solution, and Denmark,
because it contends that the median line should not be used, even as a
provisional solution. Denmark does however assert that, on the basis of
the 1958Convention, it could contend

"that the island ofJan Mayen,par excellence,fallswithin the concept
of 'special circumstances' and should be given no effect on Green-

land's 200-milecontinental shelf area".non seulement «les circonstances de l'espèce»,mais encore la jurispm-

dence et la pratique des Etats. A cet égard, laCour rappelle la nécessité,
mentionnée dans l'affaire Libye/Malte, de «la cohérence et [d'lune
certaineprévisibilité»(C.Z.J.Recueil1985,p. 39,par. 45).

59. Etant ainsi parvenue à la conclusion qu'il est approprié d'avoir

recours à une ligne médiane, tracée à titre provisoire, comme première
étapede l'opérationde délimitation,laCouraborde maintenant la ques-
tion de savoir si les circonstances en l'espèceexigent un ajustement ou
déplacement de cette ligne, compte tenu des arguments sur lesquels la
Norvègesefondepour justifier la lignemédiane et des circonstances que
le Danemark invoque pour justifier la lignedes 200milles. A cette fin, la
Cour devraexaminer defaçon plus approfondie lecontextegéographique
du différend,quia déjàété décrit ci-dessus(paragraphes11-21).Laligne
médiane,figuréepar laligneADsur lecroquis no1,page 45ci-dessus,doit
êtreenvisagéedans ce contexte, et en particulier par rapport aux trois
zonesdéfinies auxparagraphes 18 à20.La «zone de chevauchementdes
revendications »définieauparagraphe 18ci-dessus, situéeentre les deux
lignesquireprésententlesrevendicationsdesParties, estd'une pertinence
évidentedanstoute affaire où s'opposent des revendications portant sur

des lignes de délimitation. Mais les revendications de limites maritimes
ont cecide spécifiquequ'ilexisteune zone de chevauchement detitres,en
cesensqu'il ya chevauchement entre leszones que chaqueEtat aurait été
enmesure de revendiquer sil'autre Etat n'avaitpas été présent;telle a été
la base du principe de non-empiétement énoncédans les affaires du
Plateau continental de la mer du Nord(C.Z.J.Recueil 1969,p. 36,par. 57;
p. 53,par. 101C 1).Il est clairque, dans la présente affaire,il est possible
de se faire une idée exactedu rapport existant entre les revendications et
lestitresqui s'opposent en examinant à la foislazone de chevauchement
des revendications et la zone de chevauchement des titres potentiels
(paragraphe 19ci-dessus).
60. Lesdeux Parties ontporté à l'attention de la Cour diversescircons-
tances que l'une et l'autre considèrent comme devant être prises en

compteaux finsde ladélimitation.Ni l'une nil'autre desParties n'atoute-
foisprésentécescirconstancesspécifiquementdans le contexte de l'ajus-
tement ou du déplacement possible d'une ligne médiane tracée a titre
provisoire : la Norvègeparce qu'elle soutient que la ligne médiane elle-
mêmeestlasolutionjuste etéquitable, etle Danemarkparce qu'ilsoutient
que la ligne médiane ne devrait pas être utilisée, ême commesolution
provisoire. Le Danemark affirmetoutefois que, sur la base de la conven-
tion de 1958,il pourrait fairevaloir

«que l'île de Jan Mayen relève par excellence du concept de
«circonstances spéciales » et qu'il ne faut lui attribuer aucun effet
pour ce qui est de la délimitation du plateau continental des
200milles du Groenland ».The particular characteristics of Jan Mayen which Denmark regards as
justifying this vieware that it is smallin relation to the oppositecoasts of
Greenland, and that it cannot sustain and has not sustained human habi-
tation or economic life of its own (cf. Article 121,paragraph 3, of the
1982Convention on the Law of the Sea); more broadly Denmark has
referred in this connection to factors of geography,population,constitu-
tional status of the respective territories of Jan Mayen and Greenland,
socio-economicstructure,cultural heritage,proportionality, the conduct
ofthe Parties, and otherdelimitations inthe region.The Court willthere-
fore considerwhetherthese arefactorsrequiring an adjustment or a shift-
ing ofthe median line.

61. A first factor of a geophysical character, and one which has fea-
tured most prominentlyin the argument of Denmark, in regard to both
continental shelf and fishery zone, is the disparity or disproportion
between the lengths of the "relevant coasts", defined by Denmark asthe

coasts lying between points E and F on the coast of Jan Mayen, and G
and H on the coast of Greenland, defined as explained in paragraph 20
above. The following figures given by Denmark for the coastal lengths
have not been disputed by Nonvay. The lengths of the coastal fronts of
Greenland and Jan Mayen, defined as straight lines between G and H,
and between E and F, are: Greenland, approximately 504.3kilometres;
Jan Mayen, approximately 54.8 kilometres. If the distances between
G and H and between E and F are measured alongthe successivebase-
lines which generatethe median line,the total figuresare approximately
524 kilometres for Greenland and approximately 57.8 kilometres for
Jan Mayen(seesketch-mapNo.2,p.80below). Thustheratio betweenthe
coastofJan Mayenandthat ofGreenland is 1to9.2onthebasis ofthefirst
calculation, and 1to 9.1on the basis ofthe second.

62. Denmark considers,onthe basisofitsanalysisofthejurisprudence
of the Court and arbitral decisions,that proportionality in the lengths of
coastsisin the firstinstancea

"relevant circumstance or factor to be taken into consideration
together with othercriteria in order to adopt a method appropriate
for an equitabledelimitation line".

Secondlyit contends that such proportionality is a determiningfactor,in
the form of an arithmeticalratio,for testingthe equity ofthe delimitation
linearrived at. ForDenmark, these two conceptions of the factor of pro-
portionalityareapplicableconcurrently. Inthecircumstancesofthe pres-
ent case, Denmark argues that the disparity between the two relevant
coastallengths is obvious, and that evenwithout taking into accountthe
other relevant circumstances, a disparity of this nature shouldlead to a
delimitationline which respects Greenland's right to a maritimezone of
200miles. Denmark has observeciin this respectthat a geographical pro- Lescaractéristiquesparticulièresde Jan Mayen que le Danemark consi-

dère comme justifiant cette façon de voir sont que l'île estpetite par
rapport auxcôtesdu Groenland quiluifontface, etqu'elle neseprêtepas
à l'habitation humaineou àunevieéconomiquepropre etn'enajamaiseu
(voirarticle 121,paragraphe 3,de la convention de 1982sur le droit de la
mer); d'une façon plus généralel,e Danemark s'estréféréà ce sujetàdes
facteurs qui ont traitla géographie,à la population, au statut constitu-
tionnel des territoires respectifs de Jan Mayen et du Groenland,à leur
structure socio-économique,au patrimoine culturel,à la proportionna-
lité, laconduitedesParties etauxautresdélimitationsdans larégion.En
conséquencela Cour examinera si cesfacteurs appellent l'ajustementou
le déplacementde la lignemédiane.
61. Unpremierfacteur denature géophysique,quiatenuune placetrès

remarquable dans l'argumentation du Danemark, qu'il s'agisse du
plateau continental ou de lazone de pêche,estla disparitéou dispropor-
tion entre les longueurs des«côtes pertinentes », définiespar le Dane-
mark commelescôtesqui s'étendententre lespoints E et F sur la côte de
Jan Mayen,etlespoints G et Hsur lacôte du Groenland, définisau para-
graphe 20 ci-dessus.Les chiffressuivants donnés parle Danemark pour
les longueurs des côtes n'ont pas été contestép sar la Norvège. Les
longueursdesfaçadesmaritimes duGroenland etdeJan Mayen,définies
comme des lignes droites entre G et H, ainsi qu'entre E et F, sont les
suivantes :pour leGroenland, approximativement 504,3kilomètres;pour
Jan Mayen,approximativement 54,8kilomètres.Siles distances entre G
etH,ainsiqu'entre EetF,sontmesuréeslelongdeslignesdebase succes-
sives qui génèrent la ligne médianel,es chiffres sont au total d'environ
524 kilomètres pour le Groenland et d'environ 57,8 kilomètres pour

Jan Mayen (voir le croquisno2,p. 80ci-après).Ainsi, lerapport entre la
côte de Jan Mayen et celle du Groenland est de 1 à 9,2 si on retient le
premier calcul, et de à9,l si on retient lesecond.
62. LeDanemark estime,surlabase desonanalysedelajurisprudence
de la Cour et des décisionsarbitrales, quele rapport de proportionnalité
entre leslongueursdescôtesconstitueen premier lieu

«une circonstance pertinente ou un facteur pertinent qu'il estné-
cessaire de prendre en compte avec d'autres critèresafin d'adopter
une méthode permettantd'aboutir à une ligne de délimitation équi-
table».
En second lieu, il soutient que la proportionnalité, sous forme d'un

rapport arithmétique,est un facteur déterminantpour apprécier l'équité
delalignededélimitation àlaquelleila étéabouti. PourleDanemark, ces
deuxconceptions du facteur deproportionnalitésontapplicablesconcur-
remment. Dans les circonstances de la présente affaire,le Danemark
soutient que la disparité des longueurs des deux côtes pertinentes est
évidenteet que, mêmesans tenir compte des autres circonstances perti-
nentes, une disparitéde cettenature devraitconduireà une lignede déli-
mitation qui respecterait le droit du Groenland une zone maritime deportionality line which took into account the relationship between the
relevantcoastallengths ofGreenland andJan Mayen,and allocatedmari-
time areas in the same proportion, would be drawn more than 200miles
fromthe CoastofGreenland. Denmark did not howeversuggestthat such
aline,which itconsideredtobe "equitablein itsresult", couldbe adopted,
because itwouldbe incompatible withthe international legal régimegov-
erningthe right of Statesto claimsea areas offtheir coasts,the maximum
permissibleDanish claim thus beingadelimitationline 200milesfromthe
baselinesofGreenland. In Denmark'sview,the application ofArticle6of
the 1958Convention would lead to the sameresult.

63. Norwaycontendsthata comparison ofcoastallengthswouldresult
inthe present caseinan arbitrary refusa1to givefullweightto the relevant
circumstances which form part of the process of evolving an equitable

solution, and that such a comparison is irrelevant to the achievement of
equality oftreatment ofthe parties in delimitation.Referring to thejuris-
prudence of the Court, Norway also argues that proportionality (in the
formofafactorbased onthe ratio ofthe lengthsofthe respectivecoasts)is
not an independent principle of delimitation, but a test of the equitable-
nessofa resultarrived atbyother means.Furthermore, in Norway'sview,
there is no reason to require that the ratio of coastal lengths should be
taken into consideration in delimitation as a relevant determinative
circumstance, or even as a relevant circumstance tout court. Norway
takes the view finally that differences in the length of coasts have
never qualified as special circumstances for the purposes of Article 6 of
the 1958Convention.

64. Prima facie, a median line delimitation between opposite coasts
results in general in an equitable solution, particularly if the coasts in
question are nearly parallel. When, as in the present case, delimitation is
required between opposite coasts which are insufficiently far apart for

both to enjoy the full 200-mileextension of continental shelf and other
rights over maritime spaces recognizedby international law,the median
line will be equidistant also from the two 200-mile limits, and may
prima faciebe regarded as effectingan equitable division ofthe overlap-
ping area. However,astheCourt obsemed, in relation to the continental
shelf,in 1969,judicial treatment ofmaritimedelimitation doesnot involve
the sharing-out of somethingheld in undivided shares :

"Delimitation isaprocesswhichinvolvesestablishingthebounda-
ries of an area already,in principle, appertaining to the coastalState
and notthe determination denovoofsuchan area. Delimitationin an
equitable manner is one thing,but not the same thing as awarding a200 milles. A cet égard,le Danemark a fait observer qu'une ligne de
proportionnalité géographique qui tiendrait compte du rapport entre les

longueurs des côtes pertinentes du Groenland et de Jan Mayen et attri-
buerait leszonesmaritimes dans la mêmeproportion seraittracée à plus
de 200 milles de la côte du Groenland. Le Danemark n'a cependant pas
donné à entendre qu'une telleligne, qu'ila considéréecomme «équitable
dansson résultat »,puisseêtreadoptée,carelleseraitincompatibleavec le
régimejuridique international quigouverne le droit des Etats de revendi-
quer des zones maritimes au large de leurs côtes; ainsi, la revendication
maximale que le Danemark pourrait licitementformuler est une ligne de
délimitationtracée à200milles deslignesdebase duGroenland. De l'avis
du Danemark,l'application de l'article 6de la convention de 1958mène-
rait au mêmerésultat.
63. LaNorvègesoutientqu'en l'espèceune comparaisondeslongueurs
des côtes aboutiraità un refus arbitraire d'attribuer leur plein effet aux

circonstancespertinentes qui sont des éléments de l'opération consistant
à dégagerune solution équitable et qu'une telle comparaison est dépour-
vue depertinence pour assurer l'égalitdetraitementdesparties dansune
délimitation. Se référant à la jurisprudence de la Cour, la Norvège
soutient aussi que la proportionnalité (revêtant la forme d'un facteur
fondésur lerapport entre leslongueursdescôtes respectives) n'estpasun
principe de délimitationindépendant, mais un critèredu caractère équi-
table d'un résultat obtenu par d'autres moyens. De surcroît, selon la
Norvège,iln'yaaucune raison d'exigerque lerapport entreleslongueurs
des côtes soit pris en considération dans la délimitation en tant que
circonstancepertinente déterminante, ou mêmeen tant que circonstance
pertinente tout court. La Norvège estimeenfin que les différencesentre
leslongueursdescôtesn'ont jamais constituédescirconstancesspéciales

aux finsde l'article 6de la convention de 1958.
64. Primafacie,une lignemédianede délimitation,dans le casde côtes
qui se font face, donneune solution en généraléquitable,surtout lorsque
lesdites côtes sont quasi parallèles. Lorsque, comme en l'espèce,il faut
effectuer une délimitationentredescôtesquise font facealors que l'inter-
valle qui les séparene suffit paspour permettrechacune de bénéficier,
sur l'entière distance de 200 milles, du plateau continental et des autres
droits sur les espaces maritimes reconnus par le droit international, la
ligne médiane se trouve aussi à égaledistance des deux limites des
200 milles età première vue, elle peut être considérée comme réalisant
une divisionéquitablede la zone de chevauchement.Toutefois, comme la
Cour l'a noté pour le plateau continental en 1969,le contentieux de la
délimitationmaritimen'apas pour objetd'assurer lepartage d'une indivi-

sion:

«La délimitationest une opération qui consiste à déterminer les
limitesd'une zonerelevantdéjàenprincipe de l'Etatriverain etnon à
définir cettezonedenovoD .élimiterd'une manière équitableestune
chose, mais c'en estune autre que d'attribuer une part juste etui- just and equitable share of a previously undelimited area, even
though in a number of casesthe results may be comparable, or even
identical." (North Sea Continental Sheg Z.C.J.Reports 1969,p. 22,
para. 18.)

Thus the lawdoes not requirea delimitationbased upon an endeavour to
share out an area of overlap on the basis of comparativefigures for the
length ofthe coastalfronts and the areasgenerated by them. Thetask ofa
tribunal isto define the boundary line between the areas under the mari-
time jurisdiction oftwo States;the sharing-out ofthearea isthereforethe
consequence of the delimitation,not vice versa.
65. Itisofcoursethisprima facieequitablecharacter whichconstitutes
the reason why the equidistance method, endorsed by Article 6 of the
1958Convention, has played an importantpart in the practice of States.
The application of that method to delimitations between oppositecoasts
produces, in most geographical circumstances,an equitable result. There
are however situations - and the presentcase isone such - in whichthe
relationship between the length of the relevant coasts and the maritime
areas generated by them by application ofthe equidistancemethod, is so

disproportionate that it has been found necessary to take this circum-
stanceintoaccountin order to ensure an equitablesolution.Thefrequent
references in the case-lawto the idea of proportionality - or dispropor-
tion - confirmthe importance ofthe proposition that an equitabledeli-
mitation must, in such circumstances,take into account the disparity
betweenthe respectivecoastal lengths of the relevant area.

66. One of the factors which the Court in the North Sea Continental
Sheifcasesindicated as to be taken into considerationin order to achieve
an equitablesolution was referred to by the Court as :

"the elementofareasonable degreeofproportionality, which adeli-
mitationcarriedout inaccordance withequitableprinciplesoughtto
bring about between the extent ofthe continental shelf areas apper-
tainingto the coastalState and the length ofitsCoastmeasuredinthe
general direction of the coastline" (I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 54,
para. 101(D)(3)).

The Anglo-French Court of Arbitrationin 1977,which was applyingthe
1958Convention,recalled,inreferenceto "an allegedprinciple of propor-
tionality by reference to length of coastlines" (RZAA,Vol.XVIII, p. 115,
para. 246), that "it is... a factor to be taken into account in appre-

ciatingthe effectsofgeographicalfeatures onthe equitable orinequitable
character ofadelimitation. .." (ibid.,p. 57,para. 99)and that "it isdispro-
portion rather than any generalprinciple of proportionality which is the
relevant criterion or factor" (ibid.,p. 58,para. 101).The relevance of this
factor was reaffirmed by the Court in other cases involving continental
shelf delimitation : Continental Sheif(Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya),
Judgment (Z.C.J.Reports 1982,pp. 43-44, para. 37); Continental Sheif table d'unezone non encore délimitéeq ,uand bien même lerésultat
des deux opérations seraitdans certains cascomparable, voireiden-

tique.~ (Plateau continentalde la mer du Nord, C.Z.J.Recueil 1969,
p. 22,par. 18.)
Ainsi, le droit ne prescrit pas une délimitationfondéesur la recherche
d'un partage d'une zonede chevauchement selon une comparaison des

longueursdesfaçadescôtièresetdesétenduesque celles-cigénèrent.Une
cour a pour tâche de définir laligne de délimitationentre les zones qui
relèventdelajuridiction maritime de deux Etats; c'estdonc lepartage de
la régionqui résultede la délimitation et nonl'inverse.
65. C'estévidemmentcecaractère à premièrevueéquitablequi consti-
tue la raison pour laquelle la méthodede l'équidistance, consacrée par
l'article6 de la convention de 1958,ajouéun rôle important dans la pra-
tique des Etats. L'application de cette méthode aux délimitations entre
descôtesqui sefont faceaboutit,dans laplupart des circonstancesgéogra-
phiques, àun résultat équitable.Toutefoisi,l existedes situations - et il
s'enprésenteuneen l'espèce - dans lesquelleslerapport existantentrela
longueur descôtespertinentes et lessurfacesmaritimes qu'ellesgénèrent
par application de la méthodede l'équidistanceest si disproportionné

qu'il a été jugénécessairede tenir compte de cette circonstance pour
parvenir à une solution équitable.Les fréquentes mentionsde l'idéede
proportionnalité - ou dedisproportion - dans lajurisprudence confir-
ment l'importance de l'affirmation selon laquelleune délimitation équi-
table doit tenir compte, dans de telles circonstances, de la disparité des
longueurs respectivesdes côtes de la zonepertinente.
66. Dans son arrêtdans lesaffairesdu Plateau continentcldela merdu
Nord,la Cour amentionné,parmilesfacteursdevantêtrepris enconsidé-
ration pour aboutir à une solution équitable :

«le rapport raisonnable qu'une délimitationopéréeconforméme nt
des principes équitables devrait faireapparaîtreentre l'étendue des
zonesdeplateau continentalrelevant de l'Etatriverain etlalongueur
de son littoral mesurée suivant la direction généralede celui-ci»
(C.Z.J.Recueil1969,p.54,par. 101D 3).

En 1977,letribunal arbitralfranco-britannique, quiappliquait laconven-
tion de 1958,a rappelé, à propos d'un «prétenduprincipe deproportion-
nalitéfondé sur la longueur des littoraux)) (RSA, vol. XVIII, p. 253,
par. 246),que «c'est ..un facteurà prendre enconsidérationpourjuger de
l'effetdes caractéristiquesgéographiquessur l'équité ou l'inéquitéd'une

délimitation ..»(ibid.,p. 188,par. 99)etque «c'estladisproportion plutôt
qu'un principe généralde proportionnalité qui constitue le critère ou
facteurpertinent ))(ibid.,p. 189,par. 101).Lapertinence de cefacteuraété
réaffirmée par la Courdans d'autres affairesde délimitationde plateaux
continentaux : Plateau continental (Tunisie/Jamahiriya arabe libyenne),
arrêt(C.Z.J.Recueil 1982,p.43-44,par. 37); Plateau continental (Jamahi- (LibyanArabJamahiriya/Malta),Judgment(1.C.JR . eports1985,pp. 43-44,

para. 55); and by the Chamber in the Gulfof Mainecase in the context
of a single maritime boundary for the continental shelf and the fishery
zones. In that case theChamber observed :
"a maritime delimitation can ...not be established by a direct divi-
sion of the area in dispute proportional to the respectivelengths of
the coasts belonging to the parties in the relevant area, but it is
equally certain that a substantial disproportion to the lengths of
those coasts that resulted from a delimitationeffectedon a different

basiswouldconstitute a circumstancecalling for an appropriate cor-
rection" (DelimitationoftheMaritimeBoundaryintheGulfofMaine
Area,Judgment,Z.C.J.Reports 1984,p. 323,para. 185).

67. The practical implementation of the principle may sometimesbe
complicated,as inthe Libya/Malta case,bythe presence ofclaimsofthird
States,orby difficulties in defining with sufficientprecision which coasts
and which areas are to be treated as relevant. Such problems do not arise

in the present case. The possible claims of Iceland appear to be fully
covered by the 200-mile line (BCD on sketch-map No. 1, p. 45 above)
which the Parties are treating as the southern limit of the delimitation
requested of the Court. It is appropriate to treat as relevant the coasts
betweenpoints Eand Fand betweenpoints Gand Hon sketch-map No. 1,
in view of their role in generating the completecourse of the median line
provisionally drawn which is under examination. The question for the
Court is thus the following. Thedifferenceinlength ofthe relevantcoasts
is striking.Regard being had to the effects generated by it, does this dis-
parity constitute,for purposes ofthe 1958Convention, a "special circum-
stance", and as regards the delimitation of the fishery zones a "relevant
circumstance" for purposes of the rules of customary law, requiring an
adjustment or shiftingof the median line ?
68. A delimitation by the median linewould, in the view of the Court,
involve disregard ofthe geography ofthe coastal fronts of eastern Green-
land and of Jan Mayen. It is not a question of determining the equitable
nature of a delimitation as a function of the ratio of the lengths of the

coastsincomparison withthat ofthe areas generated bythe maritimepro-
jection ofthe points ofthe Coast(cf. ContinentalShelf(LibyanArabJama-
hiriya/Malta),Z.C.J.Reports1985,p. 46, para. 59),nor of "rendering the
situation of a State with an extensive coastline similarto that of a State
with a restricted coastline" (North Sea ContinentalShelf;I.C.J. Reports
1969,pp. 49-50,para. 91).Yet the differences in length of the respective
coasts of the Parties are so significant that this feature must beken into
consideration during the delimitationoperation. It shouldberecalled that
inthe GulfofMainecase the Chamber considered that a ratio of 1to 1.38,
calculatedin the Gulf of Maineasdefined bythe Chamber, was sufficient
to justify "correction" of a median line delimitation (Z.C.J.Reports1984,
p. 336,paras. 221-222).The disparity between the lengths of coasts thus riya arabe libyenne/Malte), arrêt(C.I.J. Recueil1985,p. 43-44,par. 55); et
par la Chambre dans l'affaire du Golfedu Maine, dans le contexte d'une

ligne unique de délimitationpour le plateau continental et les zones de
pêche.Dans cetteaffaire, la Chambre a déclaré :
«une délimitation maritime ne saurait ..être établie en procédant
directement àune division delazoneencontestation,proportionnel-
lement àl'extension respectivedes côtes desparties de l'aire concer-
née, mais ...une disproportion substantielle par rapport à cette
extension, qui résulterait d'une délimitation établie sur une base
différente, représenteraitnon moins certainement une circonstance
appelantune correction adéquate »(Délimitationdelafrontièremari-

timedans la régiondugolfedu Maine,arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil1984,p. 323,
par. 185).
67. Il peut advenir que la mise en Œuvre pratique du principe soit
compliquée,commeen l'affaire Libye/Malte, par la présencede revendi-
cations d'Etats tiers, ou par la difficultéde définiravecassez de précision
les côtes et les zones qui doivent êtretraitées commepertinentes. De tels
problèmes ne se posent pas en l'espèce.Les revendications possibles de

l'Islande semblentpleinementprises en compte par lalignedes 200milles
(BCD surlecroquis no1,p. 45ci-dessus)dont lesParties font la limite sud
de la délimitationdemandée à la Cour. Il convient de considérercomme
pertinentes les côtessituéesentre les points E et F et entre les points G et
H sur le croquis no 1,puisqu'elles génèrent toutle tracéde la ligne mé-
diane effectué àtitreprovisoire qui esàl'examen.Laquestionquedoitré-
soudre la Cour est doncla suivante :la différenceentreles longueurs des
côtes pertinentes est frappante. Compte tenu des effets générép sar une
telle disparité,celle-ciconstitue-t-elle,aux fins de la convention de 1958,
une «circonstance spéciale» et, du point de vue de la délimitation des
zonesde pêcheu , ne «circonstance pertinente,aux fins des règlesdu droit
coutumier, appelant l'ajustement ou le déplacementde la ligne médiane?
68. Une délimitationpar la lignemédiane entraînerait, de l'avisde la
Cour, une méconnaissance de la géographie côtière des faqades mari-
times du Groenland oriental et deJan Mayen. Ilne s'agitni de déterminer
le caractèreéquitable d'une délimitationen fonction du rapport entre les

longueurs des côtes et de celui des surfaces généréespar la projection
maritime despoints de la côte (voir Plateau continental(Jamahiïya arabe
libyenne/Malte), C.I.J. Recueil1985,p. 46,par. 59),ni ((d'égaliserla situa-
tion d'un Etat dont lescôtessontétendueset celled'un Etatdont lescôtes
sontréduites »(Plateau continentaldela mer du Nord, C.I.J. Recueil1969,
p. 49, par. 91). Mais les différencesde longueurs des côtes respectives
des Parties sont si importantes que cette caractéristiqueest un élémentà
prendre en considérationlors de l'opérationde délimitation.Il convientde
rappeler que,dansl'affaire du GolfeduMaine,laChambre a estiméqu'un
rapport de 1 à 1,38,calculédans le golfe du Maine tel que définipar la
Chambre, étaitsuffisant pour justifier la «correction»qu'elle a apportée
à une délimitation par la ligne médiane (C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 336, constitutesa special circumstance within the meaning of Article 6,para-
graph 1,of the 1958Convention. Similarly,as regards the fishery zones,
the Court is of the opinion, in view ofthe great disparity of the lengths
of the coasts, that the application of theedian line leads to manifestly
inequitable results.
69. It follows that, in the light of the disparity of coastal lengths,the
median lineshouldbe adjusted or shiftedin such awayasto effecta deli-
mitation closer to the coast of Jan Mayen. It should, however, be made
clearthat taking account ofthe disparity of coastallengths does not mean
a direct and mathematical application of the relationship between the
lengthofthecoastalfront ofeasternGreenland andthat ofJan Mayen. As
the Court has observed:

"If sucha useofproportionality wereright, itisdifficultindeed to
seewhatroom wouldbe leftforanyotherconsideration;forit would
be at oncethe principle ofentitlementto continental shelfrights and
alsothemethod ofputting that principleintooperation.Its weakness
as abasis of argument, however,isthat the use of proportionality as
a method in its own right is wanting of support in the practice of
States, in the public expression of their views at (in particular) the
Third United Nations Conference on the Law ofthe Sea, or in the
jurisprudence." (Continental Shelf(LibyanArabJamahiriya/Malta),
Z.C.J.Reports1985,p. 45,para. 58.)

70. Nor do the circumstancesrequirethe Courttouphold the claimof
Denmark that the boundary line should be drawn 200 miles from the
baselines on the coast of eastern Greenland, i.e., a delimitation giving
Denmark maximumextensionofitsclaimto continental shelfand fishery
zone. The result of such a delimitation would be to leave to Norway
merelythe residual part (thepolygon ABFEAon sketch-map No. 1,p. 45
above) of the "area relevant to the delimitation dispute" as defined by
Denmark.Thedelimitationaccording tothe 200-milelinecalculatedfrom
the coasts of eastern Greenland may from a mathematical perspective

seem more equitable than that effected on the basis of the median line,
regard beinghadto thedisparity incoastallengths;butthis doesnot mean
thatthe resultisequitablein itself,whichisthe objectiveofeverymaritime
delimitationbased on law. The coast of Jan Mayen, no less than that of
eastern Greenland, generatespotential title to the maritime areas recog-
nizedby customarylaw,i.e.,inprinciple up to a limitof200milesfromits
baselines.To attribute to Norwaymerelytheresidual area leftafter giving
full effectto the eastern coast of Greenland would run whollycounter to
the rights of Jan Mayen and alsoto the demands of equity.

71. Atthis stageofitsanalysis,the Court thus considersthat neitherthe
median line nor the 200-mileline calculated from the coasts of easternpar. 221-222).La disparité des longueursdes côtesconstitue dès lorsune
circonstancespécialeau sens du paragraphe 1de l'article 6de la conven-
tion de 1958.De même, s'agissand teszones de pêche,la Cour est d'avis
qu'en raisonde la grande disparité des longueurs des côtesl'application
de la ligne médianeaboutit à des résultats manifestement inéquitables.

69. Ilenrésulteque,à lalumièredeladisparité deslongueursdescôtes,
lalignemédiane devraitêtreajustéeou déplacd éeemanière à effectuerla
délimitation plus prèsde la côte de Jan Mayen. Il convient toutefois
d'indiquer clairementquelaprise encomptedeladisparité deslongueurs
des côtes ne signifie pas une application directe et mathématique du
rapport entre leslongueursdesfaçadescôtièresdu Groenland oriental et
deJan Mayen. Commela Cour l'afait observer:

«Si la proportionnalité pouvait être appliquée ainsi, voit mal
quel rôle toute autre considération pourrait encorejouer; en effetla
proportionnalité seraitalorslafoisleprincipe dutitre surleplateau
continental et la méhode permettantdemettre ceprincipe en Œuvre.
Entout étatdecauselafaiblessedel'argumentestquel'utilisationde
laproportionnalité commevéritableméthodenetrouve aucunappui
dans la pratique des Etats ou leurs prises de position publiques, en
particulieà latroisièmeconférencedesNations Uniessurledroit de
la mer, non plus que dans la jurisprudence.» (Plateau continental
(Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Malte), C.Z.J.Recueil 1985, p. 45-46,
par. 58.)

70. Les circonstances n'obligent pas davantage la Courà accueillir la
demandedu Danemark selonlaquellelaligne de délimitationdevraitêtre
tracée à200milles des lignes de base sur la côte du Groenland oriental,
délimitation qui donnerait au Danemark l'extension maximale de sa
demande relative au plateau continental etàla zone de pêche. Unetelle
délimitationauraitpour effetde nelaisseràla Norvègeque lapartie rési-
duelle(lepolygoneABFEA surlecroquis no1,p.45ci-dessus)dela«zone

pertinente au regard du différendsur la délimitation»,telle que définie
par le Danemark. La délimitationpar la ligne des 200 milles calculéeà
partir des côtes du Groenland oriental pourrait sembler plus équitable,
dans une perspective mathématique,que celle qui se fonde sur la ligne
médiane,comptetenudela disparité deslongueursdescôtes,maiscelane
signifiepas qu'untelrésultatseraitéquitableensoi,cequi constituelebut
de toute délimitationmaritime fondéesur ledroit. La côtedeJan Mayen,
tout autant que celledu Groenland oriental, génèreun titre potentiel sur
les espaces maritimes reconnus par le droit coutumier, c'est-à-dire en
principejusqu'à lalimitedes200millesàpartir de seslignesdebase. Sila
Norvège nese voyait attribuer que la zone résiduelle qui subsiste après
qu'ila étédonnéplein effet à la côte orientale du Groenland, cela serait
totalement contraire aux droits de Jan Mayen et aussi aux exigences de

l'équité.
71. Austade actuel de son analyse,la Cour estimedès lorsqu'iln'ya
lieu de retenir ni la ligne médiane nila ligne des 200 milles calculéeGreenland inthe relevant area should be adopted as the boundary of the
continental shelf or of the fisheryzone. It follows that the boundary line
must be situated between these two lines described above, and located in
such a way that the solution obtained isjustified by the special circum-

stances contemplated by the 1958Convention onthe Continental Shelf,
and equitable on the basis of the principles and rules of customaryinter-
national law.The Court will therefore next consider what other circum-
stances may also affect the position of theboundary line.

72. The Court now turns to the question whether access to the
resources ofthe area of overlapping claims constitutes a factorrelevantto
the delimitation. So far as sea-bed resources are concerned, the Court
would recall what was said inthe ContinentalShelf(Libyan Arab Jamahi-
riya/Malta) case :

"The natural resources ofthe continental shelf under delimitation
'sofar as known or readilyascertainable' might well constituterele-
vantcircumstanceswhich itwould bereasonable to take into account
in a delimitation, as the Court stated in the North Sea Continental
Shelfcases (I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 54, para. 101 (D) (2)). Those
resources are the essential objective envisaged by Stateswhen they
put forwardclaims to sea-bed areas containing them." (I.C.J.Reports
1985,p. 41,para. 50.)

Little information has however been given to the Court in that respect,
although reference has been made to the possibility of there being
deposits of polymetallicsulphides and hydrocarbons inthe area.
73. With regard to fishing,both Parties have emphasized the import-
ance of their respective interestsin the marine resources of the area. The
Court isinformed thatthe principal exploitedfisheryresource ofthearea
between Greenland andJan Mayen iscapelin. This isa migratoryspecies,
and its migratorypattern varies with climaticconditions. In general, the
capelin spawn off the south Coast of Iceland in March and April; the
young capelin remain primarily in Icelandic waters,but in summer and
autumn some of the two- and three-year-old capelin extend their migra-
tory rangeto the waters between Greenland andJan Mayen,returning to

Icelandic waters in October.Norwegianrecords of capelin catchesfor the
years 1980,1981and 1984-1989showconcentrations ofstocksgenerally in
the southern part of the area of overlappingclaims,though sometimesas
far east as the waters round Jan Mayen itself; no geographical data for
catches in areas to the Westof the median line (whereNorwegian vessels
do not fish)havebeen produced, but it is agreed that capelin stocks gen-
erally extend also Westof the southern part of the area of overlapping
claims.partir des côtes du Groenland oriental dans la zone pertinente pour la
délimitationdu plateau continental ou delazone depêche. Il s'ensuitque
la ligne de délimitation doit être située entreles deux lignes décritesci-
dessus, età un emplacementtel que la solution obtenue soitjustifiée par

les circonstances spéciales envisagéesdans la convention sur le plateau
continental de 1958,et soitéquitableau regard desprincipes et règlesdu
droit international coutumier. En conséquence, la Cour va maintenant
examiner quelles autres circonstances pourraient aussi influer surl'em-
placement de la ligne de délimitation.
72. La Cour en vient maintenant àl'examen de la question de savoir si
l'accèsaux ressources de la zone de chevauchement des revendications
constitue un facteurpertinent pour la délimitation.En cequiconcerne les
ressourcesdes fonds marins,la Cour rappelle cequ'elleadit dans l'affaire
du Plateau continental(Jamahiriyaarableibyenne/Malte):

«Les ressources effectivement contenues dans le plateau conti-
nental soumis à délimitation,«pour autant que cela soit connu ou
facile à déterminer)), pourraient effectivement constituer des
circonstancespertinentes qu'il pourrait être raisonnable deprendre
en compte dansune délimitation,comme la Cour l'adéclarédansles
affaires duPlateau continental ela merduNord(C.I.J. Recueil1969,
p. 54,par. 101D 2).En effet,cesressourcesreprésententbien l'objec-
tif essentielque les Etats ont en vue en avançant des prétentions sur
lesfonds marins qui lesrecèlent.(C.I.J. Recueil1985,p. 41,par. 50.)

Toutefois,peu de renseignementsont étéfournis à la Courà cesujet,bien
qu'il ait étéfait référenceaux ressourcespotentiellesen sulfurespolymé-
talliques et en hydrocarbures de la région.
73. En ce qui concernela pêche,les deux Partiesont soulignél'impor-
tance de leursintérêtsrespectifs l'égarddesressources de la mer dans la
région. Il a étéporté à la connaissance de la Cour que la principale
ressourcehalieutique exploitée dans la zone situéeentre le Groenland et

Jan Mayen estle capelan. Il s'agitd'une espècemigratoire,dont lesdépla-
cementssont fonction des conditions climatiques.En général, le capelan
fraie au large delacôte sudde l'Islande enmarset avril; lesjeunes demeu-
rent principalement dans les eaux islandaises, mais en été eten automne
une partie descapelans de deux et trois ans migrentjusque dans les eaux
situées entre le Groenland et Jan Mayen, pour retourner dans les eaux
islandaisesen octobre. Les statistiquesnorvégiennes de capture decape-
lan pour les années1980,1981et 1984 à 1989montrent que les stocks se
concentrent généralement dans la partie méridionale de la zone de
chevauchement des revendications, mais qu'ils s'étendent parfois vers
l'estjusque dans leseauxsituéesautourde Jan Mayen même;iln'apas été
présentéde données géographiquessur les captures dans leszones qui se
trouvent à l'ouest de la ligne médiane (où les navires norvégiens ne

pêchent pas),mais il est admis que les stocks depelan s'étendent géné-
ralementaussi à l'ouestde la partie méridionalede lazone de chevauche-
ment desrevendications. 74. AnAgreementwas concluded between Greenland/Denmark, Ice-
land and Nonvay on 12June 1989requiring the CO-operationofthe three
parties on the conservation and management of the capelin stock in the

whole ofthe watersbetweenGreenland, Iceland andJan Mayen (Art. l),
and providing for the fixing by agreement of a total allowable catch for
each season (Art. 2), which is then distributed between Greenland, Ice-
land and Nonvay in the proportions 11 per cent, 78 per cent and
11per cent. Under a Fishery Agreement withthe European Community,
Greenland allocatesannually 40,000tons of capelintothe Community,of
which 10,000tons isreallocated byittothe Faroe Islands, andthe remain-
der hasbeen traded awaybytheEuropean Communityto Iceland against
a redfish quota in Icelandic waters. Payment is made by the European
Communityto Greenland whether thequota is fished ornot. Theremain-
der ofthe capelin quotaattributed to Greenland bythe 1989Agreementis
allotted to Greenland shipowners who charter Faroese vesselsto fish the
capelin for a feeper kilooffish taken. Denmark has emphasized that this
method ofexploitation offisheryresourcesshouldbe viewedasatempor-
ary arrangement pending the build-up of the capacity of the Greenland
fishingfleet.Denmark has stressedthat independently ofthe quotas allo-

catedto various foreignStates,the quotas established for EastGreenland
account for overhalfthe totalquotas fixed for al1Greenland waters,and
stated that Greenland benefits economicallyfrom al1fishing within the
Greenland zone. Denmark has also stressed the dependence of the Inuit
population of Greenland on the exploitation of the resources of the east
Coast of Greenland, particularly where sealing and whaling are con-
cerned. Norway has indicated that the waters between Jan Mayen and
Greenland have longbeen the scene of Nonvegian whaling, sealing and
fishing, and that the various fishing activities in the Jan Mayen area
account for more than 8 per cent of the total quantity of Nonvegian
catches,and that they contribute to the fragileeconomy ofthe Nonvegian
coastal communities.

75. As has happened in a number of earlier maritime delimitation

disputes, the Parties are essentially in conflict over access to fishery
resources :this explains the emphasis laid on the importance of fishing
activitiesfortheirrespectiveeconomies and onthetraditional character of
the differenttypes offishingcarried outbythe populations concerned. In
the GulfofMaine case,which concerned a singlemaritime boundary for
continental shelf and fishery zones, the Chamber dealing with the case
recognized the need to take account of the effectsof the delimitation on
the Parties'respectivefishing activitiesby ensuring that the delimitation
should not entai1 "catastrophic repercussions for the livelihood and
economic well-being of the population of the countries concerned"
(I.C.J. Reports 1984,p. 342,para. 237). In the light of this case-law,the
Court has to consider whether any shifting or adjustment of the median 74. Unaccordaétéconcllue 12juin 1989entreleGroenland/Danemark,
l'Islandeet la Norvège,qui prescrit la coopérationdestrois parties dans la
conservationet la gestion du stock deapelanse trouvant dans l'ensemble
des eauxsituéesentreleGroenland,l'IslandeetJan Mayen(art.premier),et
prévoitla fixationparvoied'accordd'un totaladmissible descapturespour
chaquecampagne(art. 2),quiestensuiterépartientreleGroenland,l'Islande
et la Norvègedanslesproportions suivantes :onzepour cent,soixante-dix-
huit pour cent et onze pour cent respectivement.En vertu d'un accord de
pêche avelca Communautéeuropéenne l, Groenland allouechaque année
40000tonnes de capelan a la Communauté,dont 10000tonnes sont réal-
louéespar celle-ciaux îles Féroél,e reste étant cédpar la Communauté
européenne àl'Islande contreun quotade sébastedansleseauxislandaises.
Lepaiementesteffectué parlaCommunautéeuropéenneaG u roenland,que

lequotaaitétépêchéno oun.LeresteduquotadecapelanattribuéauGroen-
landpar l'accordde 1989estallouéauxarmateursgroenlandaisquiaffrètent
des naviresféroïenspour pêcherle capelan moyennant le paiementd'une
redevancepar kilode poissoncapturé.Le Danemarka fait valoirque cette
méthoded'exploitation des ressources halieutiques doit être considérée
commeun arrangementtemporaireen attendant que soient renforcéesles
capacitésde la flotte de pêchedu Groenland. Le Danemark a souligné
qu'indépendammentdes quotas alloués àdiversEtats étrangers,lesquotas
établispourleGroenlandorientalreprésententplusdelamoitié dutotaldes
quotas fixéspour toutesleseaux groenlandaises,et a déclaré quelGroen-
land tire un avantage économiquede toutes les activitésde pêchemenées
danslazonegroenlandaise.LeDanemarkaaussi souligné ladépendancede
lapopulationinuitduGroenland al'égarddel'exploitationdesressourcesde
la côteorientaledu Groenland,du point devue,enparticulier,dela chasse

auphoque etdela chasse à labaleine.La Norvègea faitvaloirqueleseaux
situéesentreJan Mayen et leGroenlandsont depuislongtempsdes lieux où
les Norvégienschassentlabaleineet lephoqueetpratiquentlapêcheE . llea
préciséque les différentespêches pratiquées dansrléagionde Jan Mayen
représentent plusde huit pour cent dutotal des captures de la Norvège, et
qu'ellescontribuentasoutenirl'économie fragile descommunautéscôtières
norvégiennes.
75. Comme cela s'estproduit dans plusieurs différendssurgis par le
passéenmatièrededélimitationmaritime,lesPartiess'opposentessentiel-
lementsurl'accèsauxressourceshalieutiques :ainsis'explique l'accentmis
surl'importancedesactivitésdepêche pour leuréconomierespectiveetsur
lecaractèretraditionneldesdifférentespêchesmenéepsar lespopulations
concernées.Dans l'affaire du Go2fedu Maine,qui portait sur une limite
maritime unique pour le plateau continental et les zones de pêche, la

Chambresaisiedel'affaireareconnulanécessité detenircomptedes effets
de la délimitation surles activitésde pêchede chacune des parties, en
évitantquecelle-cin'entraîne «des répercussionscatastrophiquespour la
subsistance et le développement économique des populations des pays
intéressés» (C.I.J. Recueil1984,p. 342,par. 237).Compte tenu de cette
jurisprudence, la Cour doit examiner s'il y aurait lieu de déplacer ouline, as fishery zone boundary, would be required to ensure equitable
accessto the capelin fisheryresources forthe vulnerablefishing commu-
nitiesconcerned.
76. It appears to the Court that the seasonal migration of the capelin
presents a pattern which, north of the 200-mileline claimed by Iceland,
may be said to centre on the southern part of the area of overlapping
claims,approximatelybetween that lineand theparallel of 72"North lati-
tude, and thatthe delimitation ofthe fisheryzoneshould reflectthis fact.
Itisclearthat nodelimitationinthe areacouldguaranteetoeachPartythe
presencein everyyearoffishablequantities ofcapelininthe zoneallotted
to itbythe line.It appears howeverto the Court thatthe median lineistoo
farto the west for Denmark to be assured of an equitable accessto the
capelin stock,sinceit would attribute to Norway the whole ofthearea of
overlapping claims. For this reason also the median line thus requires to
be adjusted or shiftedeastwards (cf.paragraph 71above).

77. In this context the Court has to consider another factor of a geo-
physical character brought to its attention, namelythe presence of ice in
the waters of the region. The waters off the northern segment of the east
coastofGreenland arepermanently coveredbycompactice,and the East
Greenland Current runs south alongthat coast,carryingwith itenormous
quantities of drifting polar ice. As a result, first, direct access to coastal
waters from that coast north of Cape Brewster (point G) is practically
impossible throughout the year, so that fishing vessels operating in the
region have to be based on other parts ofthe coast. Secondly,the area of
overlapping claimsisitselfaffectedbydrift ice :atitsminimumextension,
the drift ice reaches about half-way between the Greenland coast and
Jan Mayen, and then extends overvirtuallythe whole of the area during
themonths ofFebruaryto May,decreasingagainfromJune to September.
Maps produced by both Parties, based on statistical evaluation of long-
termsatelliteobservations, are consistentinindicatingthe extentto which
the regionisaffectedbyice.It iscommongroundbetween the Partiesthat

a 40per centcover ofdrift icerenders ordinarynavigation and al1fishing
activitiesimpossible.Denmark arguesaccordinglythatthe 200-milezone
off theGreenland coastwhich itclaimswould not in fact provide Green-
land with200milesofexploitablesea, and thatthe median lineproposed
byNorwaywouldineffectleaveto Denmarkonly 10per centofthewaters
in whichfishing ismade possible bythe absence ofice.Neither party has
commented on the possible significance of the presence of ice for the
practical exploration and exploitation ofthe sea-bed of the area of over-
lapping claims.d'ajuster la ligne médiane,comme ligne de délimitation deszones de
pêche, pour assurer auxfragiles communautésde pêcheintéressées un
accèséquitable àla ressourcehalieutiquequeconstitue le capelan.
76. Il apparaîà la Cour que la migration saisonnière du capelan est
dans l'ensembletellequ'ilestpermis de la considérer,au nord de la ligne
des200millesrevendiquéepar l'Islande,commeétantcentrée surlapartie
méridionalede la zone de chevauchementdesrevendications, àpeu près
entrecetteligneet le72edegrédelatitude nord, etqueladélimitationdela
zone depêche doittenir comptede cefait.Il estclairqu'aucune délimita-

tion dans cetterégion nesauraitgarantir chacunedesPartieslaprésence
chaqueannéedequantitésde capelan exploitablesdans lazonequilui est
attribuéepar la ligne. La Cour estimetoutefois que la ligne médianeest
situéetrop loina l'ouestpour que le Danemark soitassuré d'une possibi-
litéd'accèséquitableau stock de capelan, puisque cetteligneattribuerait
àla Norvègela totalitéde la zone de chevauchementdesrevendications.
Pourcette raisonaussi,lalignemédianedoitdonc êtreajustéeoudéplacée
vers l'est(voirparagraphe 71ci-dessus).
77. Dans cecontexte,laCour doitconsidérerunautrefacteurdenature
géophysiquesurlequelsonattention aétéappelée, àsavoirlaprésencede
glacesdans leseaux de la région.Leseaux au large de lapartie nord de la
côte orientale du Groenland sont en permanence recouvertes par la
banquise, et le courant du Groenland oriental s'écoulele long de cette

côte en direction du sud en charriant d'énormes quantitésde glaces
polaires dérivantes.Il s'ensuittout d'abord qu'ilestpratiquement impos-
siblependanttoute l'année,au nord du cap Brewster(point G),d'accéder
directement, à partir de cette côte, aux eaux situées devant celle-ci, de
sorteque lesbateaux de pêcheopérant dansla régiondoivent être basés
dans d'autres partiesde la côte. En deuxièmelieu,la zone de chevauche-
ment desrevendications est elle-même affectéepar la présencede glaces
dérivantes :àleurplus faibleextension, celles-ciarriveàtpeu près àmi-
chemin entre la côte du Groenland et Jan Mayen, et s'étendent ensuite
pour recouvrir virtuellement la totalitéde la zone du mois de févrierau
moisde mai,avant de décroître ànouveau dejuin àseptembre. Lescartes
présentéespar les deux Parties, établiessur la base d'observations par
satelliteeffectuéessurune longuepériodeet d'une évaluationstatistique
de ces observations, montrent de manière concordante dans quelle

mesure la régionest soumise àl'emprise desglaces. LesParties s'accor-
dent à admettre qu'une couverture de quarantepour cent de glacesdéri-
vantes rend impossibletoute activiténormale de navigation et de pêche.
Le Danemark fait valoir en conséquenceque la zone des 200millesqu'il
revendique au large de la côte du Groenland n'attribuerait pas en fait au
Groenland la possibilité d'exploiter la mer sur200milles et que la ligne
médiane proposéepar la Norvège nelaisseraiten fait au Danemark que
dix pour cent des eaux dans lesquellesl'absence de glacesrend la pêche
possible.Ni l'une nil'autre des Partiesn'a pardel'incidence éventuelle
qu'aurait en pratique la présencede glacessurl'exploration et l'exploita-
tion du fond des mers de la zone de chevauchementdes revendications. 78. In the present case the question has been argued of the effect on
access to marine resources of the presence of drift ice; especially within
the Arctic Circle, this geophysicalfeature does of coursehave a substan-
tial impact on human activity. Perennial ice may significantly hinder
access to the resources of the region, and thus constitute a special geo-
graphical feature of it. However, in the present case, the Court is
informed that capelin, if found in a given year in fishable quantities in
the southern part of the area of overlapping claims, are so found at
the time of year (July-September) when the drift ice cover has retreated
north-westwards. In April, when the ice cover is most extensive, there is
no capelin and no other known fishable species in the waters between
Jan Mayen and Greenland. The Court is therefore satisfied that while

ice constitutes a considerableseasonal restriction of access to the waters,
it does not materially affect access to migratory fishery resources in the
southern part of the area of overlapping claims.

79. Denmark considers as also relevant to the delimitation the major
differencesbetween Greenland andJan Mayen asregardspopulation and
socio-economicfactors. It has pointed outthat Jan Mayenhas no settled
population, asonly 25personstemporarily inhabit the island for purposes
of their employment (paragraph 15above); indeed, in Denmark's view,
Jan Mayen cannot sustain and has not sustained human habitation or
economic life of its own.As alreadynoted (paragraph 14above) thetotal
population of Greenland is 55,000,of which some 6 per cent live in East
Greenland. Asregardssocio-economicfactors, Denmark hasemphasized

the importance for Greenland of fishing and fisheries-related activities,
which constitute the mainstay of its economy; Norwegian fishing inter-
ests in the waters surrounding Jan Mayen are however the interests
of mainland Norway, not ofJan Mayen assuch,where thereareno fisher-
men. Denmark has also relied on whatit refers to as the "cultural factor",
the attachment ofthe people ofGreenland totheir land and the surround-
ing sea, in the light of which it would, Denmark contends,be difficult if
not impossible forthe Greenlanders to accept thatthe sea area within the
200-milezone offtheir Coastshould be curtailed in deferenceto the inter-
ests of the people of a remote and highly developedindustrial State.

80. Although Denmark has employed the terminology of Article 121,
paragraph 3, of the 1982United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea, which provides that "rocks which cannot sustain human habitation

or economic life of their own shall have no exclusive economiczone or
continental shelf', itoes not argue thatJan Mayen has no entitlement to 78. Danslaprésenteaffaire,une questionaétéposéq euant àl'effetdes
glaces dérivantessur l'accèsaux ressources de la mer; cette caractéris-
tique géophysique, plus particulièrement à l'intérieurdu cercle polaire
arctique, a évidemmentun impact substantiel sur l'activitéde l'homme.
La pérennité desglaces estune contrainte qui peut entraver de manière

significativel'accèsaux ressources de la région,et elleconstitue dès lors
une caractéristique géographique particulièrede cetterégion.Toutefois,
dans la présente affaire,il estportéla connaissance de la Cour que les
stocks de capelan, lorsqu'ils se trouvent, lors d'une année donnée,en
quantités exploitablesdans la partie méridionalede la zone de chevau-
chementdes revendications, sont exploités àl'époquede l'annéeCjuillet-
septembre) où la couverture de glace s'estretiréevers le nord-ouest. Au
mois d'avril, lorsque la couverture de glace estla plus étendue,il n'ya ni
capelan ni aucune autre espèce halieutique connue pouvant être pêchée
dans les eaux situéesentreJan Mayen et leGroenland. La Cour est donc
convaincue que si les glaces représentent une restriction saisonnière
considérable àl'accèsà ceseaux,ellesn'affectentpas sensiblementl'accès
aux ressourceshalieutiques migratoires dans la partie méridionalede la
zone de chevauchementdesrevendications.

79. Le Danemark estimeégalementpertinentau regard de la délimita-
tion le fait qu'il existedes différencesimportantesentre le Groenland et
Jan Mayen du point de vue de la population et desfacteurs socio-écono-
miques. Il a observéque Jan Mayen n'a pas de population établiede
manièrepermanente, seulesvingt-cinqpersonnes séjournanttemporaire-
ment sur l'îlepour raisons de service(paragraphe15ci-dessus);en effet,
de l'avisdu Danemark, Jan Mayen ne seprêtepas àl'habitation humaine
ou à une vieéconomiquepropre et n'enajamais eu. Ainsi qu'ila été déjà
mentionné (paragraphe14ci-dessus),la population totale du Groenland
est de cinquante-cinq mille habitants, dont quelque six pour cent vivent
dans la partie est de celui-ci. Pour ce qui concerne les facteurs socio-
économiques,le Danemark a souligné l'importance que revêtentpour
le Groenland la pêcheet les activitésconnexes,qui représentent leprin-

cipal pilier de l'économie groenlandaise; en revanche,les intérêts nor-
végiensen matièrede pêche dansles eaux environnant Jan Mayen sont
ceux de la Norvègecontinentale, non de Jan Mayen même, l'île ne com-
portant pas de pêcheurs.Le Danemark a également invoquéce qu'il
appelle le ((facteur culturell'attachement de la population groenlan-
daiseàsonpays et à lamerquil'entoure, faisantvaloirqu'ilseraitdifficile,
voireimpossible,pour lesGroenlandais d'admettre que lesespacesmari-
times situésà l'intérieurde la zone de 200milles au large de leurs côtes
soientamputésau profit desintérêtd selapopulationd'un Etat éloigné et
industrialisé,hautement développé.
80. BienqueleDanemark ait employélaterminologiedu paragraphe 3
del'article121delaconventiondesNations Uniessurledroitde lamerde
1982,qui dispose que «les rochers qui ne se prêtentpas à l'habitation
humaine ou àune vieéconomiquepropre n'ontpas de zone économique

exclusiveni deplateau continental»,ilne soutient pasqueJan Mayenn'acontinentalshelf or fisheryzones,but that whenmaritimeboundaries are
to be established between that island and the territories of Iceland and
Greenland, the island of Jan Mayen cannot be accorded full effect,but
only partial effect, a contention which the Court has already found un-
acceptable (paragraph 70 above). Nor, in the viewof the Court, does the
"cultural factor" point to a different conclusion.The question iswhether
the sizeand specialcharacter ofJan Mayen'spopulation, and the absence
of locallybased fishing,are circumstances which affectthe delimitation.

TheCourt wouldobservethatthe attribution ofmaritime areasto the ter-
ritory ofa State,which,byitsnature,isdestined tobe permanent, is alegal
process based solely on the possession by the territory concerned of a
coastline.TheCourt finds relevantinthe present disputethe observations
it had occasionto make,concerningcontinental shelfdelimitation,in the
ContinentalShelf(LibyanArabJamahiriya/Malta)case :

"The Court does not howeverconsider that a delimitation should
be influenced by the relative economicposition of the two Statesin
question,in such a waythatthearea of continental shelfregarded as
appertaining to the less rich of the two States would be somewhat
increased in order to compensate for its inferiority in economic
resources. Such considerations are totally unrelated to the underly-
ing intention of the applicable rules of international law. It is clear
that neither therules determiningthe validity of legal entitlement to
the continental shelf, nor those concerning delimitation between
neighbouring countries, leaveroom for any considerations of econ-
omicdevelopment ofthe Statesin question. Whilethe concept ofthe
exclusiveeconomiczone has, from the outset, included certain spe-
cialprovisions forthe benefit of developingStates, those provisions
have not related to the extent of such areas nor to their delimitation
between neighbouring States,but merelyto the exploitation of their
resources." (I.C.J.Reports1985,p. 41,para. 50.)

The Court therefore concludes that, in the delimitation to be effectedin
this case, there is no reason to consider either the limited nature of the
population of Jan Mayen or socio-economicfactors as circumstancesto
be taken into account.
81. Nonvay has argued, in relation to the Danish claim to a 200-mile
zone off Greenland, that

"the drawingofaboundary closerto oneStatethan to another would
imply an inequitable displacement of the possibility of the former
Stateto protect interests which require protection".

It considersthat, whilecourtshavebeenunwillingto allowsuchconsider-
ations ofsecurityto intrudeupon themajortask ofestablishinga primary
boundary in accordance with the geographical criteria, they are con-
cerned to avoid creating conditions of imbalance. The Court considersaucun titreà un plateau ou àune zone de pêche,maisque,lorsqu'ils'agit
d'établir deslignesdedélimitationenmerentrecette îleetlesterritoires de
l'Islande et du Groenland, Jan Mayen ne peut être dotéed'un plein
effet,mais seulement d'un effetpartiel, assertion que la Coura déjàjugée

inacceptable (paragraphe 70 ci-dessus). De l'avisde la Cour, le ((facteur
culturel» ne conduit pas davantage à une conclusiondifférente. La ques-
tion estde savoir sila dimensionetlanature particuliè~ de la population
de Jan Mayen, ainsi que l'absence d'activitésde pêche locales,sont des
circonstancesquiaffectentla délimitation. La Cour observequel'attribu-
tion d'espaces maritimes àun territoire étatique qui, par nature, a voca-
tion à être permanente, constitue une opération baséesur le droit et
fondée sur le seul caractère côtierdudit territoire. La Cour juge perti-
nentes, dans le présent différend,les observationsqu'elle a eu l'occasion
de formuler dans l'affaire du Plateau continental (Jamahiriya arabe
libyenne/Malte),concernant la délimitation du plateau continental :

«La Cour ne considère cependant pas qu'une délimitation doive
être influencéepar la situation économique relative des deux Etats
concernés,de sorte que le moinsriche des deux verrait quelque peu
augmentée,pour compenser son infériorité en ressources économi-
ques, la zone de plateau continental réputée luiappartenir. De telles

considérations sont toutà fait étrangèresàl'intention qui sous-tend
les règles applicables du droit international. Il est clair que ni les
règles qui déterminent la validitédu titre juridique sur le plateau
continental, ni celles qui ont trait délimitationentrepays voisins
ne font la moindre dace aux considérations de dévelo~~emAAt
économique des Etats en cause. Si le concept de zone économique
exclusive a inclus dès l'origine certaines dispositions spéciales au
bénéfice des Etats en développement,celles-ci n'ont porté ni sur
l'extension de ces zones ni surleur délimitation entre Etats voisins,
mais seulementsurl'exploitation deleursressources. »(C.Z.J.Recueil
1985,p. 41,par. 50.)

La Cour conclut donc que, dans la délimitationàopéreren l'espèce, iln'y
a pas lieu de considérerque le faible peuplement de Jan Mayen ou les
facteurs socio-économiques constituent des circonstances à prendre en
compte.
81. A propos de la revendication par le Danemark d'une zone de

200milles au large du Groenland, la Norvègea faitvaloir que
«le fait de tracer une ligne de délimitation plus prèsd'un Etat que
d'un autreécarteraitde manièreimpliciteetinéquitablelapossibilité
pour le premier Etat de protéger des intérêts qui requièrentune
protection».

Elle estime que si les juridictions sont peu enclines à permettre que
des considérations de sécurité empiètentsur la tâche majeure, qui est
d'établir d'abordune ligne de délimitation conformément à des critères
géographiques, elles sont néanmoins soucieuses d'éviter de créer desthat the observation in the Libya/Malta Judgment (I.C.J. Reports 1985,
p.42,para. 5l),that "securityconsiderations are ofcoursenot unrelatedto
the concept ofthe continentalshelf",constitutedaparticular application,
to the continental shelf, with which the Court was then dealing, of a gen-
eral observation concerning al1maritime spaces. In the present case the
Court has already rejected the 200-mile line. In the Continental Shelf
(LibyanArabJamahi+a/Malta) case,the Court was satisfied that

"the delimitation whichwillresultfrom the application ofthepresent
Judgment is ... not so near to the Coastof either Party as to make
questions of securitya particular consideration in the present case"
(I.C.J. Reports1985,p. 42,para. 51).

The Court is similarlysatisfied inthe present caseasregardsthe delimita-
tion to be described below.
82. With regard to the conduct of the Parties concerning the relevant
area, itis first to be noted that that conduct is characterized by the care

they have taken not to aggravate the dispute and by their adherence to
the positions of principle they have adopted for the delimitation. That
conduct has already been considered by the Court (paragraphs 33-39)in
relation tothe argument of Norwaythatthe Parties,bytheir conduct, have
already recognized the applicability of amedian line delimitation,a con-
tention whichtheCourtdid not accept.Thequestion ofthe conduct ofthe
Parties has now to be considered in another context, that of a contention
by Denmark, relating primarily to acts of Norway. The contention is
that, as in the Continental Shelf(Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) case
(I.C.J.Reports1982,p. 84,para. 1 18),the conduct ofthe Parties isa highly
relevant factor in the choice of the appropriate method of delimitation
where such conducthas indicated some particular method as being likely
toproduce an equitableresult.Inthis respect, Denmark reliesonthe mari-
time delimitationbetween Norway and Iceland, and on a boundary line
established by Norwaybetween the economiczone of mainland Norway
and the fishery protection zone of the Svalbard Archipelago (Bear
Island - Bjarnaya).

83. Byan Agreement concerning Fishery and Continental ShelfQues-
tions between Norway and Iceland dated 28 May 1980,a Conciliation
Commission was set up to submit recommendations regarding the
dividing line for the shelf area between Iceland and Jan Mayen (Art. 9).
Bya subsequent Agreement,dated 22October 1981,Norway and Iceland
indicated that by entering intothe earlieragreementthey had agreed

"that Iceland's economiczoneshall extend to 200nautical milesalso
in the areas between Iceland and Jan Mayen where the distance
between the baselines is lessthan 400nautical miles" (Preamble);déséquilibres.La Cour considère que l'observation qu'ellea formulée
dans l'arrêtLibye/Malte (C.I.J. Recueil1985,p.42,par. 51)selonlaquelle
«les considérationsdesécurité nesontpassansrapport avecleconcept de
plateau continentalD, constituait une application particulière au plateau
continental, dont la Cour avait alorà traiter, d'une remarque deportée
générale concernanttous les espaces maritimes. En l'espèce,la Cour a
déjàrejetéla ligne des 200 milles. Dans l'affaire du Plateau continental
(Jamahiriyaarabe libyenne/Malte),elleétait convaincueque

la limite qui résulteradu présent arrê..ne sera pas proche de la
côte de l'uneou l'autre Partieau point que les questions de sécurité
entrent particulièrement en ligne de compte en l'espèce» (C.I.J.
Recueil1985,p.42,par. 51).

La Cour est pareillement convaincue, en la présente affaire,en ce qui
concernela délimitation qu'elle exposera ci-après.
82. S'agissantdela conduite desPartiesà l'égarddelazonepertinente,
il faut noter d'abord que cetteconduite estcaractérispar le souci de ne
pas aggraver le différendet par le maintien des positions de principe
qu'elles ont adoptées pour la délimitation. Cette conduite a déjà été
examinéepar la Cour (paragraphes 33-39)dans lecontexte de l'argument

de la NorvègeselonlequellesPartiesont, par leurconduite,déjàreconnu
l'applicabilité d'une délimitation selonla lignemédiane,argument quela
Cour n'a pas accepté. Il reste maintenant à examiner la question de la
conduite des Parties dans un autre contexte, celui d'une affirmation du
Danemark tenant principalement à des actes de la Norvège.Cette affir-
mation est que, de mêmeque dans l'affairedu Plateau continental(Tuni-
sie/Jamahiriya arabe libyenne)(C.I.J. Recueil1982,p. 84, par. 118),la
conduite des Parties constitue un facteur éminemment pertinent pour
choisir la méthodeappropriée de délimitation lorsque cette conduite a
indiquéune méthode particulièrecomme étantde nature à produire un
résultat équitable. cet égard,le Danemark s'appuie sur la délimitation
maritimeintervenueentre la Norvège etl'Islande,etsurune lignede déli-
mitation établiepar la Norvègeentre la zone économiquede la Norvège
continentaleet lazone deprotection delapêchedel'archipeldu Svalbard

(îleaux Ours -Bj~m~ya).
83. Auxtermesd'un accord relatif à lapêcheet au plateau continental
conclu le 28 mai 1980entre la Norvège etl'Islande, une commission de
conciliationaétéétablieavepcourmandatde présenterdesrecommanda-
tions sur la ligne de délimitationde la régiondu plateau située entre
l'Islande et Jan Mayen (art. 9). Aux termes d'un accord subséquent, en
date du 22 octobre 1981, la Norvège et l'Islande ont indiqué qu'en
concluantl'accord précédene tllesétaient convenues

de l'extensionde la zone économiquede l'Islande à 200milles, y
compris dans les régions situées entre l'Islande tan Mayen où la
distance entre les lignesde base estinférieure00milles»(préam-
bule).the Agreement provided furtherthat
"the dividing line between the parties' sections of the continental
shelf in thearea betweenIceland andJan Mayen shallbe the same as
the dividingline for the parties' economic zones" (Art. 1).

Asfor Bear Island, the southernmostisland inthe SvalbardArchipelago,
it is lessthan 400 nautical miles north of the Nonvegian mainland.
Although subject to the special provisions of the SpitsbergenTreaty of
9 February 1920,it is part of the Kingdom of Nonvay. On 3 June 1977
Nonvay, by a Royal Decree, established a fisheryprotection zone around
Svalbard,including Bear Island, the outer limit of which was to be 200
miles from the baselines; the Decree however further provided that the
zone "shall furthermore be delimited by the outer limit of the economic
zone off the Nonvegian mainland" (Sec. 1,para. 3). Denmark contends

that Nonvayhas thus accepted that Jan Mayenvis-à-visIceland, and Bear
Island vis-à-vismainland Nonvay,not onlycouldnot have a delimitation
effected by a median line but should not cut into the respective 200-mile
zones of Iceland and mainland Nonvay.

84. In this caseNonvay has denied thatthe Agreements between Nor-
way and Iceland constituterelevant conduct or a precedent, arguing that
they represent a political concession in favour of an island State heavily
dependent on its fisheries and moreover enjoying special relations with
Nonvay. It has recalled that Nonvay protested when Iceland first estab-
lished its 200-mile zone, and that Iceland has traditionally been very
active,particularlywherefisheries wereconcerned,in the waters between
its own coasts andJan Mayen, which hasnot beenthe case of Greenland.
With regard to the treatment of Bear Island, Nonvay has stressed that
Svalbard,including Bear Island, is part of the Kingdom of Nonvay, so
that there is no question of an international delimitation of overlapping

areas.

85. So far as Bear Island is concerned, this territory is situated in a
region unrelated to thearea of overlapping claimsnow to be delimited. In
that respect, the Court would observethat there canbe nolegalobligation
for a party to a dispute to transpose, forthe settlement of that dispute, a
particular solutionpreviously adopted by itina differentcontext. Even if
the Svalbarddelimitationbe treated as international, Nonvay is no more
bound by that solution than Denmark is bound to apply in the present
dispute the method of equidistance used to effect delimitation between
Nonvay and Denmark in the Skagerrak and part of the North Sea or off
the Faroe Islands.

86. Denmark's argumentbased onthe Agreements concludedbetween
Iceland and Nonvay forthe delimitation ofthe areas south ofJan Mayen
deservesparticular consideration, inasmuch asthose instrumentsdirectlyL'accord disposait en outre que
«la ligne de délimitationentrelesparties du plateau continental des
parties dans la zone située entre l'Islande et Jan Mayen coïncidera
avec la ligne de délimitation des zones économiques des parties))

(art. premier).
Quant à l'île aux Ours, qui est l'île la plus méridionale de l'archipel du
Svalbard, elleestsituéeàmoins de400millesmarins aunorddu continent
norvégien.Bien qu'assujettie aux dispositions particulières du traitédu
Spitsberg du 9 février1920,elle fait partie du Royaume de Norvège.Le
3juin 1977la Norvège,par décretroyal,a établiune zone deprotection de

la pêcheautourdu Svalbard, y compris l'îleaux Ours, dont la limiteexté-
rieuredevaitêtresituée à200millesdes lignesdebase.Cedécretdisposait
toutefois que la zone«est en outre délimitéepar la limite extérieurede la
zone économique au large du continent norvégien))(sect. 1,par. 3). Le
Danemark soutient que la Norvège a ainsi accepté que Jan Mayen par
rapport à l'Islande, commel'îleaux Ours par rapport à la Norvègeconti-
nentale, non seulement ne pouvaient avoir une délimitationeffectuéepar
une lignemédiane,mais encore ne devaient pas empiétersur leszones de
200milles respectives de l'Islande et de la Norvègecontinentale.
84. Dans la présente affaire, la Norvègea niéque les accords conclus
entre elle et l'Islande constituent une conduite pertinente ou un précé-
dent, faisantvaloir qu'ilsreprésententune concessionpolitique accordée
à un Etat insulaire lourdement tributaire de ses pêcheries et entretenant
par ailleurs des relations spécialesavecla Norvège. Ellea rappelé avoir

protesté lorsque l'Islande avait établi sa zone de 200 milles, et elle a
souligné que l'Islande avait toujours été trèsactive, principalement en
matière de pêche,dans les eaux situées entre ses propres côtes et
Jan Mayen, cequin'avaitpas été lecasdu Groenland. S'agissantdu traite-
ment de l'îleaux Ours,la Norvègea soulignéque le Svalbard, y compris
l'île aux Ours, fait partie du Royaume de Norvège et qu'il n'étaitdonc
nullement question de procéder à une délimitation internationale de
zones se chevauchant.
85. En ce qui concerne l'île aux Ours, ce territoire est situé dans une
région sansrapport avec la zone de chevauchementdes revendications à
délimiter maintenant. A cet égard, laCour observe qu'une partie à un
différendne sauraitêtrejuridiquement tenue detransposer, pour lerègle-
ment de ce différend,une solution particulière qu'elle a adoptéeprécé-

demment dansun contextedifférent.Mêmesiladélimitationdu Svalbard
devaitêtreconsidéréecommu ene délimitationinternationale,la Norvège
ne serait pas plus tenue par cette solution que le Danemark n'est tenu
d'appliquer dans leprésentdifférendlaméthodedel'équidistanceutilisée
pour la délimitationentrela Norvège etleDanemark dans le Skagerrak et
unepartie de la mer du Nord, ou au largedes îles Féroé.
86. L'argument que le Danemark tire des accords conclus entre
l'Islande et laorvègepour la délimitation des espacesmaritimes situés
au sud deJan Mayen mériteun examenparticulier, étant donné quecesconcernJan Mayen itself.ByinvokingagainstNonvay the Agreementsof
1980and 1981,Denmark isseekingtoobtain byjudicial meansequalityof
treatment with Iceland. It is understandable that Denmark should seek
such equality of treatment. But in the context of relations governed by
treaties, it is alwaysforthe parties concerned toecide, by agreement,in
what conditionstheir mutual relations can bestbe balanced. In the parti-
cular caseofmaritimedelimitation,international lawdoes not prescribe,
with a view to reaching an equitable solution, the adoption of a single
method for the delimitation of the maritime spaces on al1sides of an
island, or for the whole of the coastal front of a particular State,rather
than, ifdesired,varyingsystemsofdelimitationforthevarious parts ofthe
Coast.The conduct of the parties will in many cases therefore have no
influence on such a delimitation.The fact that the situation governed by
the Agreements of 1980and 1981shares with the present dispute certain
elements (identity of the island, participation of Nonvay) is of no more

than forma1weight.For these reasons,the Court concludes thatthe con-
duct of the Parties does not constitute an element which could influence
the operation of delimitation inthe present case.

87. Having thus completed its examination of the geophysical and
other circumstancesbrought to its attention as appropriate to be taken
into account forthe purposes of the delimitation ofthe continental shelf
and the fishery zones, the Court has come to the conclusion that the

median line adopted provisionallyfor both, as first stage inthe delimita-
tion, should be adjusted or shifted to become a line such as to attribute a
larger area of maritime space to Denmark than would the median line.
Thelinedrawn by Denmark 200nautical milesfromthe baselines ofeast-
ern Greenland would howeverbe excessiveas an adjustment, and would
beinequitablein itseffects.Thedelimitationline musttherefore bedrawn
withinthearea ofoverlappingclaims,betweenthe linesproposed byeach
Party. The Court willtherefore now proceed to examine the question of
the preciseposition ofthat line.

88. In its Counter-Memorial, Nonvay argued that

"the adjudication should resultin ajudgment which isdeclaratoryas
to thebases ofdelimitation,and which leavesthe precisearticulation
(or demarcation) of the alignment to negotiation between the
Parties",instruments concernent directement l'île de Jan Mayen elle-même.En
opposant à la Norvège lesaccords de 1980et 1981,le Danemark entend
obtenir, par voie judiciaire, l'égalitéde traitement avec l'Islande. est
compréhensibleque le Danemark cherche àobtenir une telle égalitéde
traitement. Mais, dans les relations conventionnelles, il appartient
toujours auxparties intéresséesde déterminer,par accord, les conditions
dans lesquellespeuvent au mieux être aménagésleurr sapports mutuels.
Dans le casparticulier de la délimitationmaritime, le droit international

neprescritpas,en vue de parvenir à une solutionéquitable,d'adopter une
méthode unique pour la délimitation des espaces maritimes de tous les
côtésd'une île ou pour l'ensemble de la façade côtière d'un Etat particu-
lier,plutôt que d'adopter, si les parties le souhaitent, divers systèmesde
délimitationpour les différents secteurs de la côte. Par conséquent, la
conduite des parties n'a dans bien des cas pas d'influence sur une telle
délimitation.Le fait que la situation régiepar lesaccords de 1980et 1981
partage avecleprésent différendcertainséléments(identité de l'île,parti-
cipation de la Norvège) ne présente qu'un intérêd te pure forme. Ces
raisons amènentla Cour à conclurequela conduite des Partiesne consti-
tue pas un élément qui puisse exercerune influence sur l'opérationde
délimitationdans la présenteespèce.

87. A l'issue de son examen des circonstancesgéophysiques et autres
qui lui ont étsignaléescommeméritantd'entreren ligne de compteaux
fins de la délimitationdu plateau continental et des zones de pêche,la
Cour estarrivée à la conclusionsuivante la lignemédianeadoptéeatitre
provisoire comme première étape de la délimitation des deux espaces
devrait être ajustée ou déplacée afin de devenir une ligne tracée de
manière à attribuer au Danemark une plus grande étendue d'espaces

maritimes que ne leferaitlalignemédiane. Cependant, la lignetracéepar
le Danemark à 200millesmarins àpartir des lignes debase du Groenland
oriental constituerait un ajustement excessif et produirait des effets
inéquitables.Il faut donc tracer la ligne de délimitatàol'intérieurde la
zone de chevauchementdesrevendications, entre leslignesproposéespar
chacune des Parties. La Cour va donc maintenant aborder la question de
l'emplacement précisde cette ligne.

88. Dans son contre-mémoire, la Norvège a soutenu que la Cour

devraitrendre
«un arrêt qui serait déclaratif des fondements de la délimita-
tion, mais s'en remettrait aux négociations entre les Parties pour
l'articulation (ou la démarcation)précisedu tracé, and itssubmissionswere,and haveremained,limited to arequest forwhat
it terms a "declaratory"judgment in favour of the median line. Sincethe
Court does not consider that the median line constitutes the boundaries
whichresultfrom the application ofthe relevantlaw,itisunable to uphold
those submissions.The Court is also unable to uphold the submission of
Denmark that a delimitation line should be drawn 200 miles from the
baselines of eastern Greenland, according to specific CO-ordinates sup-
plied by Denmark. Atthe hearings however Denmark presented an addi-
tional and alternative submission (paragraph 10 above) whereby the
Court is asked

"to decide, in accordance with international law and in light of the
facts and argumentsdeveloped by the Parties,where the line of deli-
mitation shall be drawn between Denmark's and Norway'sfisheries
zones and continental shelf areas in the waters between Greenland
and Jan Mayen, and todrawthatline"(emphasis added).

At the final hearing it was stated-on behalf of Norway, in relation to
the final Danish submissions, that Norway maintained the position
expressedin its Counter-Mernorial, and quoted above.
89. To giveonly abroad indication of themannerin which the defini-
tion of the delimitation line should be fixed, and to leave the matter for
the further agreement of the Parties, as urged by Norway, would in the
Court's viewnot be a completedischarge of its duty to determine the dis-
pute. The Court is satisfied that it shoulddefine the delimitation line in
such a waythat any questionswhich might stillremain would be matters

strictlyrelating tohydrographic technicalitieswhich the Parties, with the
help oftheirexperts, can certainly resolve.Thearea of overlappingclaims
in this case is defined by the median line and the 200-mile line from
Greenland, and those lines are both geometrical constructs; there might
be differences of opinion over basepoints, but given defined basepoints,
the two lines followautomatically.The median line provisionallydrawn
as first stage inthe delimitationprocesshas accordinglybeen defined by
reference to the basepoints indicated by the Parties on the coasts of
Greenland andJan Mayen. Similarlythe Court may define the delimita-
tion line, now to be indicated, by reference to that median line andto the
200-mileline calculated by Denmark from the basepoints on the Coastof
Greenland. Accordinglythe Court willproceed to establish such adelimi-
tation, using for this purpose the baselines and CO-ordinateswhich the
Parties themselves have been content to employ in their pleadings and
oral argument.etl'objet de sesconclusions a étéerteste limiàla demandedu prononcé
de ce qu'elle appelle un jugement ((déclaratoire en faveur de la ligne
médiane. Etant donné que,de l'avisde la Cour,les lignes de délimitation
qui résultentde l'application du droit en la matièrene peuvent prendre la
forme de la ligne médiane, laCour ne saurait accueillir de telles conclu-
sions. Elle ne saurait davantage accueillir les conclusions du Danemark
selon lesquelles il conviendrait de tracer une ligne de délimitation à
200 milles des lignes de base du Groenland oriental, en se servant des
coordonnéesprécisesfourniespar le Danemark. Toutefois, à l'audience,
leDanemark aprésentéune conclusionadditionnelle etsubsidiaire (para-

graphe 10ci-dessus) demandant àlaCour:
«de décider,en conformitéavecle droit international etàla lumière
desfaits et desarguments mis en avant par les Parties, où la ligne de
délimitation doit être tracée entre les zonesde pêcheet le plateau
continental du Danemark et de la Norvègedans les eaux comprises
entre leGroenland etJan Mayen, etdetracercetteligne(»lesitaliques

sont de la Cour).
Lors de l'audience finale, il a déclaréa,u nom de la Norvège, àpropos
desconclusionsfinalesdu Danemark, quela Norvègemaintenait la posi-
tion exposéedans son contre-mémoireet quia été citéeci-dessus.
89. La Cour estime qu'elle ne s'acquitterait pas complètement de son
obligation de statuer sur le différendsi elle ne donnait qu'une indication

généralede la façon dont devrait être fixée la lignede délimitation et
s'enremettait à un accord ultérieur entre les Parties, comme la Norvège
l'a instamment demandé. La Cour est convaincue qu'elle doit définir la
ligne de délimitation de telle sorte que les questions qui resteraient àré-
soudre soient strictementdes questions relativesaux techniques hydrogra-
phiques que lesParties, avecl'aidedeleursexperts,peuventcertainement
résoudre. La zone de chevauchement des revendications est définie en
l'espècepar lalignemédianeetlalignedes200millesdu Groenland, etces
lignesconstituenttoutes deuxdesconstructionsgéométriques; ilpourrait
yavoirdes divergencesd'opinionsau sujetdepoints debase,maisdèslors
que les points de base sont déterminés,les deux lignes s'ensuivent auto-
matiquement. La lignemédiane tracée à titre provisoirecommepremière
étapedel'opérationde délimitationaétéenconséquencedéfinip ear réfé-

rence aux points de base indiquéspar les Parties sur les côtes du Groen-
land et de Jan Mayen. De même,la Cour peut définir la ligne de déli-
mitation, qu'il s'agitmaintenant d'indiquer, en faisant référencecette
lignemédianeet à la lignedes 200milles calculéepar le Danemark à par-
tir des points de base situéssur la côte du Groenland. Dèslors, la Cour
procédera àl'établissementd'une telle délimitation, en utilisant pour ce
faire les lignes de base et lescoordonnées que les Parties elles-mêmesont
jugépouvoir employer dans leurs écritureset plaidoiries. 90. TheCourt hasfound (paragraph 44above)that itisbound to apply,
and it has applied,the lawapplicableto the continental shelf and the law
applicable tothe fisheryzones. Having done so,it has arrived at the con-
clusion that the median line provisionally drawn, employed as starting-
point for the delimitation of the continental shelf and the fishery zones,
must be adjusted or shifted so as to attribute a larger area of maritime
spacesto Denmark. Sofar asthe continental shelfisconcerned,there isno
requirement that the linebe shiftedeastwardsconsistentlythroughout its
length :ifotherconsiderations mightpoint to anotherform ofadjustment,

to adopt it would be within the measure of discretion conferred on the
Court by the need to arrive at an equitable result. For the fishery zones,
equitable accessto the resources of the southern part of the area ofver-
lapping claimshastobeassured by asubstantialadjustment or shiftingof
the median line provisionally drawn in that region. In the view of the
Court the delimitation now to be described, whereby the position of the
delimitation lines for the two categories of maritime spaces is identical,
constitutes,inthe circumstancesofthis case,aproper applicationboth of
the law applicable to the continental shelf and of that applicable to the
fisheryzones.

91. The delimitation line is to lie between the median line and the
200-mileline from the baselines of eastern Greenland. It will run from
point Ainthe north,the point ofintersection ofthose two lines,to apoint
on the 200-mile line drawn from the baselines claimed by Iceland,
between points D and Bon sketch-map No. 2 (p. 80below). For the pur-
poses ofdefinition ofthe line,and withaviewto makingproper provision
for equitable access to fisheryresources,the area of overlapping claims

will be divided into three zones, as follows. Greenland's 200-mileline
(betweenpoints Aand Bon sketch-mapNo. 2)showstwomarked changes
of direction, indicated on the sketch-map as points1and J; similarlythe
median line shows two corresponding changes of direction, marked as
points K and L. Straight lines drawn between point 1and point K, and
between point J and point L, thus divide the area of overlapping claims
into three zones, to be referred to, successivelyfrom south to north, as
zone 1,zone2 and zone 3.

92. The southernmost zone, zone 1, corresponds essentially to the
principalfishingareareferred to inparagraph 73above.Inthe view ofthe
Court, the two Parties should enjoy equitable access to the fishing
resourcesofthiszone. Forthis purpose apoint, to be designatedpoint M,
is identified on the 200-mileline claimed by Iceland between points B
and D, and equidistant from those points, and a line is drawn from
point Mso asto intersectthe line between point J and L,at apoint desig-
nated point N, so as to divide zone 1into two parts of equal area. The
dividingline is shown on sketch-map No. 2asthe line between points N

and M. Sofar aszones 2 and 3are concerned, it is a question of drawing
the appropriate conclusions, in the application of equitable principles, 90. La Cour a déterminé (paragraphe44 ci-dessus) qu'elle est tenue
d'appliquer, etellea appliqué,ledroitquirégitleplateau continental etle
droit qui régit leszones de pêche.Celafait,elleest arrivéela conclusion
que la ligne médiane tracée àtitre provisoire,employéecommepoint de
départpour la délimitationdu plateau continental et deszones de pêche,
doitêtreajustée ou déplacée demanière àattribuer au Danemarkune plus
grandepartie desespacesmaritimes.En ce quiconcerne leplateau conti-
nental, rien n'exigeque la ligne soitdéplacéevers l'estde façon égalesur
toute sa longueur; en effet,si d'autres considérationsmilitaientenfaveur
d'une autre formed'ajustement, la Cour, enadoptant cetteautre solution,
resterait dans les limites du pouvoir discrétionnaire que lui confère la
nécessitéde parvenir à un résultat équitable.S'agissant des zones de
pêche,un accèséquitable aux ressources de la partie méridionale de la

zone de chevauchementdesrevendicationsdoitêtreassuréepar un ajuste-
mentoudéplacementsensible de la lignemédianetracée àtitreprovisoire
dans cette région. De l'avis de la Cour, la délimitation décrite ci-après,
suivant laquelle l'emplacement des lignes de délimitation est le même
pour lesdeux catégoriesd'espaces maritimes,constitue, dans lescircons-
tances de l'espèce, une juste application tant du droit applicable au
plateau continental que de celuiqui régit leszonesde pêche.
91. La ligne de délimitationdoit setrouver entrela lignemédiane et la
ligne des 200 milles à partir des lignes de base du Groenland oriental.
Partant au nord du point A, point d'intersection de ces deux lignes, elle
aboutira à un point situé sur la ligne des 200 milles tracéeàpartir des
lignes de base revendiquées par l'Islande, entre les points D et sur le
croquis no2 (p. 80 ci-après).Aux fins de la définitionde la ligne et pour

assurer de manièreappropriée un accèséquitable aux ressourceshalieu-
tiques, la zone de chevauchement des revendications sera partagée en
troissecteurs, comme suit. Lalignedes 200millesduGroenland (entre les
points A etBsur le croquis no2)s'infléchitde façon caractérisée en deux
endroits,indiquéscommeles points 1etJ sur lecroquis. La lignemédiane
s'infléchitdemêmeauxpointscorrespondantsmarqués Ket L.Deslignes
droitestracées entre lespoints1et K,ainsiqu'entre les points J et L,divi-
sent donc lazone de chevauchementdesrevendications en trois secteurs,
qui seront désignésdans l'ordre du sud au nord comme le secteur 1,le
secteur 2 et le secteur 3.
92. Lesecteur leplus au sud, le secteur 1,correspond essentiellementà
la principale zone de pêche mentionnéeau paragraphe 73 ci-dessus. La
Couren conclut que lesdeux Partiesdoiventavoirun accèséquitableaux

ressourceshalieutiques decettezone. Acettefin, ilestidentifiésurlaligne
des 200milles revendiquéepar l'Islande entre les pointsBet D un point,
appelépoint M, équidistantde cesdeuxderniers,et ilesttracé àpartir du
point M une ligne coupant la ligne reliant les pointsJ et L en un point
appeléN, de façon à diviser le secteur 1 en deux parties de superficies
égales.La ligne de délimitationest indiquée surle croquisno2 comme la
ligne reliant les points N et M. En ce qui concerne les secteurs 2 et 3, il
s'agit de tirer les conclusions appropriées, dans l'application desrin- 80 MARITIMEDELIMITATION(JUDGMENT)

20'W 10'W

SKETCH-MAPNo 2

GREENLAND

SEA

750 -75'
N N

GREENLAND

1

700 70'
N N

NORWEGIAN
SEA
Kolbeln.ey 20"W 10"W

CROQUISNo2

MER DU
GROENLAND

7 5"
N

GROENLAND
A

i

-70"
N

MER DE

Kolbein.ey NORVÈGE

ISLANDEfrom the circumstance of the marked disparity in coastal lengths, dis-
cussed in paragraphs61 to 71above. The Court considers that an equal

division of the whole area of overlapping claims would givetoo great a
weight to this circumstance.aking into account the equal division of
zone 1,it considers that the requirements of equitywould be met by the
following division of the remainder of the area of overlapping claims
a point (O on sketch-map No.2) isto be determined on the linebetween
1 and K such that the distance from 1 to O is twice the distance from
O to K; the delimitation of zone2and 3 is then effected by the straight

line from point N to this point 0, and the straight line from point O to
point A.

93. TheCO-ordinatesofthe various points mentionedhavebeen calcu-
lated asfollows on the basis ofthe information supplied by each Party to
the Court as to the base points on the coasts of its territory, and are
included here for the information ofthe Parties

(WorldGeodetic System, 1984)

LatitudeNorth LongitudeWest
74"21'46.9" 5" 00'27.7" = A

72"28'35.9" 9" 23'09.4" = 1
71'32'58.4" 11"11'23.6" =J
69"34'43.3" 12"09'25.5" = B
69"38'26.8" 12"43'21.1" = C
70" 12' 50.5" 15" 10'21.8" = D
72"07'16.0 14"40'25.4" = L
73"01'42.5" 12" 25'23.2" = K

69"54'26.9" 13" 38'01.0" =, M
71"50'00.8" 12"50'48.2" = N
72" 50'58.7" 11"23'23.2" = O

Al1straight lines referred to in paragra91sand 92 are geodetic lines.

94. For these reasons,

By fourteen votesto one,

Decidesthat, withinthe limitsdefined
(1) to the north bythe intersection ofthe lineofequidistancebetween the
coastsofEasternGreenland andthewesterncoastsofJan Mayenwith

the 200-milelimit calculated as from the said coasts of Greenland,
indicated onsketch-map No.2 aspoint A,andcipeséquitables,du fait que leslongueursdescôtesprésententune dispa-

rité marquée,comme il en a étéquestion aux paragraphes 61 à 71 ci-
dessus. La Cour estime qu'un partage par parts égalesde toute la zone
de chevauchement des revendications donnerait trop de poids à cette
circonstance.Tenant compte dupartage par parts égalesdu secteur 1,elle
considèreque ce serait répondre auxexigencesde l'équité que de procé-
deraupartage ci-aprèsdesparties restantesdelazone de chevauchement
desrevendications :un point (Osurlecroquisno2)doit êtredétermins éur
lalignereliant1etKdemanièrequeladistancede1 à Osoitledouble dela
distance de O àK; la délimitation dessecteurs2et 3est ensuiteeffectuée
grâce à la ligne droite reliant le point N àce point Oàela ligne droite
reliant lepoint O au point A.
93. Les coordonnées des divers points mentionnésont été calculées
comme suit sur la base des informations que chacune des Parties a four-
nies àla Cour en cequi concerne lespoints debase des côtes deson terri-

toire, et ellessontindiquées ci-aprèspour leur information
(Systèmegéodésiquemondial,1984)

Latitudenord Longitude ouest
74"21'46,9" 5"00'27,7"
72"28'35,9" 9"23'09,4"
71"32'58,4" 11" 11123,6"
69"34'43,3" 12"09'25,5"

69"38'26,8" 12"43'21,1"
70"12'50,5" 15"10r21,8"
72"07'16,O" 14"40125,4"
73"01142,5" 12"25'23,2"
69"54'26,9" 13"38'01,O"
71"50'00,8" 12"50'48,2"
72"50'58,7" 11" 23'23,2"

Toutes les lignes droites mentionnées aux paragraphes 91 et 92 sont des
lignesgéodésiques.

94. Par cesmotifs,

Par quatorze voix contreune,

Décide cequisuit:dans leslimitesdéfinies,
1) au nord, par l'intersection de la ligne d'équidistance entre la côtedu

Groenland oriental et la côte ouest de Jan Mayen et de la limite des
200 milles calculée à partir de ladite côte du Groenland (appelée
pointAsurlecroquisno2)et,(2) to the south, by the 200-mile limit around Iceland, as claimed by
Iceland, between the points of intersection of that limit with the two
said lines,indicated on sketch-map No. 2aspoints Band D,

the delimitationline that dividesthecontinental shelfand fisheryzones of
the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of Nonvay istobe drawn as
set out in paragraphs and 92of the present Judgment.

IN FAVOUR:PresidentSirRobertJennings; Vice-Presidt da; JudgesAgo,
Schwebel,Bedjaoui,Ni, Evensen, Tarassov,Guillaume,Shahabuddeen,
AguilarMawdsley,Weeramantry, Ranjeva,Ajibola.
AGAINST:JudgeadhocFischer.

Done in English and in French, the Englishtext being authoritative,at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this fourteenth day of June, one thousand

nine hundred and ninety-three, in three copies, one of which will be
placed in the archives of the Courtand the others transmitted to the
ernment of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Govemment of the King-
dom of Nonvay, respectively.

(Signed) R. Y. JENNINGS,
President.

(Signed) Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA,
Registrar.

Vice-President ODA, Judges EVENSENA , GUILARMAWDSLEYand
RANJEVa ppend declarations tothe Judgment of the Court.

Vice-PresidentODA,JudgesSCHWEBE SH,AHABUDDEEN, WEERAMANTRY
and AJIBOLa Append separate opinions to the Judgment of the Court.

Judge ad hoc FISCHERappends a dissenting opiniontotheJudgment of
the Court.

(Initialled) R.Y.J.
(Initialled) E.V.O. D~LIMITATION MARITIME (ARRÊT) 82

2) au sud,par lalimitedes 200millesau large del'Islande, telleque reven-
diquéepar l'Islande, entre les points d'intersection de cette limite et
des deux lignes susmentionnées (appelés points et D sur le croquis
no2),
la ligne de délimitation divisant le plateau continental et les zones de
pêche du Royaumedu Danemark et du Royaume de Norvège doit être
tracée commeindiquéauxparagraphes 91 et 92du présent arrêt.

POUR :SirRobert Jennings, Préside;tM. Oda, Vice-Préside;tMM. Ago,
Schwebel,Bedjaoui,Ni,Evensen,Tarassov,Guillaume,Shahabuddeen,
AguilarMawdsley,Weeramantry,Ranjeva,Ajibola,juges;
CONTRE: M. Fischer,jugeadhoc.

Fait en anglais et en français, letexte anglais faisant foi, au Palais de la

Paix,à La Haye, le quatorze juin milneuf centquatre-vingt-treize, entrois
exemplaires, dont l'un resteradéposéauxarchives de la Cour etlesautres
seronttransmis respectivement au Gouvernement du Royaume du Dane-
mark et au Gouvernement du Royaume de Norvège.

Le Président,
(Signé)R. Y. JENNINGS.

Le Greffier,

(Signé)Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA.

M. ODA,Vice-Président, MM. EVENSENA , GUILAR MAWDSLEY et
RANJEVA ju,ges,joignent des déclarations àl'arrêt.

M. ODA,Vice-Président, MM. SCHWEBEL S,HAHABUDDEEN, WEERA-
MANTRY et AJIBOLA ju,ges, joigneàtl'arrêtles exposésde leur opinion
individuelle.

M. FISCHER j,ge ad hoc,jointà l'arrêtl'exposéde son opinion dissi-
dente.

(Paraphé)R.Y.J.

(Paraphé)E.V.O.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 14 June 1993

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