Judgment of 20 July 1989

Document Number
076-19890720-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING
ELETTRONICA SICULA S.P.A.(ELSI)

(UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v.ITALY)

JUDGMENT OF 20 JULY 1989

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE

DE L'ELETTRONICA SICULA S.P.A.(ELSI)

(ÉTATS-UNIS D'AMÉRIQUE c.ITALIE)

ARRÊT DU 20 JUILLET 1989 Officia1cita:ion
ElettronicaSicS.P.A.(ELSI),Judgment,
I.C.J.Reports89,p.15.

Mode officiel de cit:tion

ElettC.I.J.Recueil9p.15.),arrêt,

saiesnumber 562 1
Nodevent: INTERNATIONALCOURTOF JUSTICE

1989
20July YEAR 1989
GeneralList
No. 76
20 July 1989

CASECONCERNING

ELETTRONICASICULAS.P.A.(ELSI)

(UNITED STATESOF AMERICA v.ITALY)

Diplomaticprotection - Rule ofexhaustionoflocalremedies - Applicabilityto
claim under treaty whichdoes not mention the rule - Applicabilityto claimfor
declaratoryjudgment - Allegation thatobjectionbarredbyestoppel - Conditions
requiredfor the satisfaction of therule.

Alleged breachesof 1948 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation
between Italy and UnitedStates, the Protocol and the 1951 Supplementary

Agreement thereto.
Article III of FCN Treaty - Alleged interjërence with shareholders' right to
"controland manage" Company,by requisitionof its plant and equipment -
Meaning of qualifyingphrase "inconformity with the applicablelawsand regu-
lations"of Party - Relevanceof municipal law - Possibilityof disturbance of
normalexerciseof rights duringpublicemergenciesandthelike.

ArticleV,paragraphs1and 3, of FCNTreaty - "Constantprotectionand secu-
rity" of nationals ofeachParty -for theirpersons and property" - Standard of
protection required - Identificationof '$ropertyW tobeprotected - Complaintof
occupation of property - Treaty provision not equivalent to a warranty that

propertyshall neverin any circumstancesbe occupiedor disturbed - Complaint
of delayin rulingan appealagainstrequisition.

ArticleV,paragraph2,ofFCNTreaty - Paragraph1ofProtocoltoFCNTreaty
- ''ne property of nationals . .. of either.. .Party shall not be taken .. ."-
Difference between English text ("taken") and Ztalian text ("espropriati")
- Disguisedexpropriation - Relevanceof company'sfinancial situation.

Article I of Supplementary Agreement toFCN Treaty - Prohibitionof "arbi-
traryordiscriminatory measures. .. resultingparticularlyinnpreventingeffective

control and management of enterprisesor impairing legallyacquired rights -
Effect of word '$articularly" - Definition of arbitrarinessin international law
- Relevanceoffinding of municipalcourttoquestionwhetheractwastobeclassedas arbitraiy in internationallaw- Whetherorder made in context of operating

system of lawand remediesmay be arbitrary measure.

Article VI1ofFCNTreaty - Right "toacquire,ownand dispose of immovable
property or interestsherein"- DifferencebetweenEnglishtext ("interests'yand
Ztaliantext ("diritti reali-)Standards ofprotection laid down by treaty.

JUDGMENT

Present: PresidentRUDA;Judges ODA,AGO,SCHWEBEL Si,rRobert JENNINGS;
Registrar VALENCIA-OSPINA.

In the case concerning ElettronicaSicula S.P.A.(ELSI),

between
the United States of America,

represented by
The Honorable Abraham D. Sofaer, Legal Adviser,Department of State,
Mr. Michael J. Matheson, Deputy LegalAdviser, Department of State,
as Co-Agents;

Mr. Timothy E. Ramish,
as Deputy Agent;
Ms Melinda P. Chandler, Attorney/Adviser, Department of State,
Mr. Sean D. Murphy, Attorney/Adviser, Department of State,
The Honorable Richard N. Gardner, Ambassador to Italy (1977-1981);
Henry L. Moses Professor of Law and International Diplomacy, Colum-

bia University; Counsel to the Law Firm of Coudert Brothers,

as Counsel and Advocates;
Mr. Giuseppe Bisconti,Studio Legale Bisconti,Rome,
Mr. Franco Bonelli, Professor of Law, Genoa University; Partner, Studio
Legale Bonelli,
Mr. Elio Fazzalari, Professor of Civil Procedure, Rome University; Partner,

Studio Legale Fazzalari,
Mr. Shabtai Rosenne, Member of the Israel Bar; Member of the Institute of
International Law;Honorary Member ofthe Arnerican SocietyofInterna-
tional Law,
as Advisers,

and

the Republic of Italy
represented by
Mr. Luigi Ferrari Bravo, Professor of International Law at the University of
Rome; Head of the Legal Serviceof the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

as Agent and Counsel; Mr. Riccardo Monaco, Professor Emeritus at the University ofRome,
as Co-Agent and Counsel;

Mr. Ignazio Caramazza, State Advocate; Secretary-General of theAwoca-
tura Generale dello Stato,

as Co-Agent and Advocate;
Mr. Michael Joachim Bonell, Professor of Comparative Law at the Univer-
sity of Rome,
Mr. Francesco Capotorti, Professor of International Law at the Universityof
Rome,
Mr. Giorgio Gaja, Professor of International Law at the University ofFlor-
ence,

Mr. Keith Highet, Member of the Bars of New York and the District of
Columbia,
Mr. Berardino Libonati, Professor of Commercial Law at the University of
Rome,
as Counsel and Advocates;

assisted by
Mr. David Clark, L1.B.(Hons), Member of the Law Society ofScotland,

Mr. Alberto Colella, Assistant Legal Adviser to the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs,
Mr. Alan Derek Hayward, Fellow ofthe Institute of Chartered Accountants
in England and al es,
Mr. Pier Giusto Jae-er, Professor of Commercial Law at the University of
Milan,
Mr. Attila Tanzi, Assistant Legalviserto the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

Mr. Eric Wyler,Maître assistant of Public International Lawatthe Faculty of
Law of the University ofLausanne,
,'
as Advisers,

THE CHAMBE RF THE INTERNATION CAOURT OF JUSTICf Eorrned to deal with
the case above mentioned,

composed as above,
after deliberation,

deliversthefollowingJudgment:

1. By a letter dated 6 February 1987,filed in the Registry ofthe Court the
same day, the Secretaryof State of the United States of America transrnitted to
the Court an Application instituting proceedings against the Republic of Italy

in respect of a dispute arising out of the requisition by the Govemment of Italy
of the plant and relatedassets of Raytheon-Elsi S.p.A., previously known as
Elettronica Sicula.P.A.(ELSI), an Italian Companywhich was stated to have
been 100per cent owned by two United Statescorporations. Bythe same letter,
the Secretary of State informed the Court that the Govemment of the
United Statesrequested,pursuant to Article 26 ofthe Statute oftheCourt,that
the dispute be resolved byaChamber of the Court. 2. mirsuant to Article 40,paragraph 2,of the Statute, the Application was at
once communicated to the Government of the Republic of Italy. In accordance
with paragraph 3 of that Article, al1other States entitled to appear before the
Court were notified of the Application.
3. By a telegram dated 13Febmary 1987the Minister for Foreign Affairs of
Italy informed the Court that his Government accepted the proposal put for-

ward bythe Government ofthe United Statesthat the casebe heard by a Cham-
ber composed in accordance with Article 26of the Statute; this acceptance was
confirmed by a letter dated 13Febmary 1987from the Agent of Italy.
4. Byan Order dated 2 March 1987,the Court, after recalling the request for
a Chamber and reciting that the Parties had been duly consulted as to the com-
position of the proposed Chamber in accordance with Article 26,paragraph 2,
of the Statute and Article 17,paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, decided to
accede to the request of the Governments of the United States of America and
Italy to form a special Chamber of fivejudges to deal with the case, declared
that at an election held on that day President Nagendra Singh and JudgesOda,
Ago, Schwebel and Sir Robert Jennings had been elected to the Chamber, and
declared a Chamber to deal with the case to have been duly constituted by the
Order, with the composition indicated.

5. The Court further fixed time-limits, by the said Order, for the filing of a
Memorial by the United States of America and a Counter-Memorial by Italy,
which were duly filed within the time-limits. In its Counter-Memorial, Italy
presented an objection to the admissibility of the Application; by letters ad-
dressed to the Registrar on 16November 1987,the Parties agreed, with refer-

ence to Article 79,paragraph 8,of the Rules of Court, that the objection should
"be heard and determined within the framework of the merits". By an Order
dated 17November 1987,the Chamber took note of that agreement, found that
the filing of further pleadings by the Parties was necessary, authorized the
filing of a Reply by the United States of America and a Rejoinder by Italy,
and fixed time-limits for these; the Reply and Rejoinder were duly filed
within those time-limits.
6. On Il December 1988Judge Nagendra Singh, President of the Chamber,
died. Following further consultations with the Parties with regard to the com-
position of the Chamber in accordance with Article 17, paragraph 2, of the
Rules of Court, the Court, by Order dated 20 December 1988,declared that
Judge Ruda, President of the Court, had that day been elected a Member of
the Chamber to fil1the vacancy left by the death of Judge Nagendra Singh. In
accordance with Article 18, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, President
Ruda became President of the Chamber.

7. At 12public sittings held between ,13February and 2 March 1989,the
Chamber was addressed by the followingrepresentatives of the Parties:

Forthe UnitedStates ofArnerieu: TheHonorable A.D. Sofaer
Mr. M.J. Matheson
Mr. T. E.Ramish
Ms M.P.Chandler
Mr. S.D. Murphy
The Honorable R. N. Gardner
Mr. G. Bisconti
Professor F. Bonelli
Professor E.Fazzalari19

ForZtaly :
Professor L. Ferrari Bravo
Professor R. Monaco
Mr. 1.Caramazza
ProfessorM. J. Bonell
Professor F. Capotorti
Professor G. Gaja
Mr. K. Highet
Professor B.Libonati

8. The United States called as witnesses Mr. Charles Francis Adams (who
was examined by Mr. Sofaer and cross-examined by Mr. Highet) and Mr. John
Dickens Clare (who was examined by Ms Chandler and cross-examined by
Mr. Highet). The United States called as expert Mr. Timothy Lawrence (who
was cross-examined by Professor Bonell). Mr. Giuseppe Bisconti also ad-
dressed theCourt on behalf of the United States; since he had occasion to refer
to matters of fact within his knowledge as a lawyer acting for Raytheon Com-
pany, the President of the Chamber acceded to a request by the Agent of Italy

that Mr. Bisconti be treated pro tantoas a witness. Mr. Bisconti,who informed
the Chamber that both Raytheon Company and Mr. Bisconti himself waived
any relevant privilege, was cross-examined by Mr. Highet. Italy called as expert
Mr. Alan Derek Hayward.

9. During the hearings questions wereput to the Parties, andto the witnesses
and experts, by the President and Members of the Chamber; replies were given
orally or in writing prior to the close of the oral proceedings, with documents
in support. The Chamber decided further that each Party might comment in
writing on the replies of the other Party to a series of questions, put at a late
stageofthe oral proceedings,and a time-limitwasfixed forthat purpose; written
comments were duly filed within that time-limit. A further question was put
to one Party after the close of the hearings and answered in writing; the other

Party was given an opportunity to comment on the answer.

10. In the course of the written proceedings the following submissions were
presented by the Parties :

Onbehalfof the UnitedStates ofAmerica,

in the Application :

"while reserving the right to supplement and amend this submission as
appropriate in the course of further proceedings, the United States
requests the Court to adjudge and declare as follows :

(a) that the Government of Italy has violated the Treaty of Friendship,
Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and
the Italian Republic of 1948,in particular, Articles II,III, Vand VI1of
the Treaty, and Articles 1and Vofthe 1951Supplement; and
(b) that the Government of Italy is responsible to pay compensation to the
United States, in an amount to be determined by the Court, as
measured by the injuries suffered by United Statesnationals as a result
of these violations, including the additional financial losses which
Raytheon suffered in repaying the guaranteed loans and in not recovering amounts due on open accounts, as well as expenses
incurred in defending against Italian bank lawsuits, in mitigating
the damage to its reputation and credit, and in pursuing its claim for
redress" ;

in,the Memorial :

"the United States submits to the Court that it is entitled to a declaration
and judgment that :
(a) Italy - by engaging in the acts and omissions described above, which
prevented Raytheon and Machlett, United States corporations, from
liquidating the assets of their wholly-owned Italian corporation
ELSI and caused the latter'sbankruptcy, and by itssubsequent actions

and omissions - violated the international legal obligations which it
undertook by the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation
between the two countries, and the Supplement thereto, and in par-
ticular, violated :
- Article III (2), in that Italy's actions and omissions prevented
Raytheon and Machlett from exercising their right to manage and

control an Italiancorporation;
- ArticleV(1)and (3),in that Italy'sactions and omissions constituted
a failure to provide the fullprotection and security asrequired bythe
Treaty and by international law ;

- Article V (2), in that Italy's actions and omissions constituted a
taking of Raytheon's and Machlett's interests in property without
just compensation anddue process of law;

- Article VII, in that these actions and omissions denied Raytheon
and Machlett the right to dispose of their interests in immovable
property on terms no less favorable than an Italian corporation
would enjoy on areciprocal basis;
- Article 1of the Supplement, in that the treatment afforded Raytheon
and Machlett wasboth arbitrary and discriminatory, prevented their
effective control and management of ELSI, and also impairedtheir
other legallyacquired rights and interests;

(b) that, owing to these violations of the Treaty and Supplement, singly
and in combination, the United States isentitled to compensation in an
amount equal to the full amount of the damage suffered by Raytheon
and Machlett as a consequence, including their losses on investment,
guaranteed loans, and open accounts, the legal expenses incurred by
Raytheon in connection with the bankruptcy, in defending against re-

lated litigation and in pursuing its claim, and interest on such amounts
computed at the United States prime rate from the date of loss to the
date of payment ofthe award,compounded on an annual basis; and

(c) that Italy accordingly should pay to the United States the amount of
US$12,679,000,plus interest, computed as described above";inthe Reply :

"the United States submits to the Court that it is entitled to a declaration
and judgment that :
(a) the claims brought by the United States are admissible before the
Court since al1reasonable local remedieshave beenexhausted;
(b) Italy - by engaging inthe acts and omissions described above and in
the Memorial, which prevented Raytheon and Machlett, United States
corporations, from liquidating the assets of their wholly-owned Italian

corporation ELSI and caused the latter'sbankruptcy, and by its subse-
quent actions and omissions - violated the international legal obliga-
tions which it undertook by the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and
Navigation between the two countries, and the Supplement thereto,
and in particular, violated :

- Article III (2), in that Italy's actions and omissions prevented
Raytheon and Machlett from exercising their right to manage and
control an Italiancorporation;
- Article V(1)and (3),in that Italy'sactions and omissions constituted
a failure to provide the fullprotection and security as required bythe
Treaty and by international law;

- Article V (2),in that Italy's actions and omissions constituted a
taking of Raytheon's and Machlett's interests in property without

just compensation and due process of law;

- Article VII, in that these actions and omissions denied Raytheon
and Machlett the right to dispose of their interests in immovable
property on terms no less favorable than an Italian corporation
would enjoy on areciprocal basis;
- Article 1of the Supplement, in that the treatment afforded Raytheon
and Machlett was both arbitrary and discriminatory, prevented their
effective control and management of ELSI, and also impaired their
other legallyacquired rights and interests;

(c) that, owing to these violations of the Treaty and Supplement, singly
and in combination, the United States isentitled to compensation in an
amount equal to the full amount of the damage suffered by Raytheon
and Machlett as a consequence, including their losses on investment,
guaranteed loans, and open accounts, the legal expenses incurred by

Raytheon in connection with the bankruptcy, in defending against re-
lated litigation and in pursuing its claim, and interest on such amounts
computed at the United States prime rate from the date of loss to the
date of payment ofthe award,compounded on an annual basis; and

(d) that Italy accordingly should pay to the United States the amount of
US$12,679,000,plus interest, computed as described above and inthe
Memorial."

Onbehalfof theRepublicof Ztaly,
inthe Counter-Memorial and in the Rejoinder : "May it please the Court,

To adjudge and declare that the Application filed on 6 February 1987by
the United States Govemment isinadmissible because local remedies have
not been exhausted.
If not, to adjudge and declare :

(1) that Article III (2)of the Treaty of Friendship,Commerce and Naviga-
tion of 2February 1948has not been violated;
(2) that Article V(1)and (3)ofthe Treaty has not been violated;
(3) that ArticleV(2)ofthe Treaty has not beenviolated;
(4) that Article VI1ofthe Treaty has not been violated;
(5) that Article 1of the Supplementary Agreement of 26 September 1951
hasnot been violated;

and, accordingly, to dismiss the claim."

Il. In the course of the oral proceedings the following submissions were
presented by the Parties :

On behalfof the UnitedStates ofAmerica,
at the hearing of 16February 1989 :

"The United States requests that the objection of the Respondent be
dismissed and submits to the Court that it is entitled to a declaration and
judgment that :
(1) the Respondent violated the international legal obligations which it
undertook by the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation

between the two countries, and the Supplement thereto, and in par-
ticular, violated Articles III, V, and VI1 of the Treaty and Article 1
of the Supplement; and
(2) that, owing to these violations of the Treaty and Supplement, singly
and in combination, the United States is entitled to reparation in an
amount equal to the full amount of the damage suffered by Raytheon
and Machlett as a consequence, including their losses on investment,
guaranteed loans, and open accounts, the legal expenses incurred by
Raytheon in connection with the bankruptcy, in defending against re-
lated litigation and in pursuing its claim, and interest on such amounts
computed at the United States prime rate from the date of loss to the
date of payment ofthe award,compounded on an annual basis; and

(3) that Italy accordingly should pay to the United States the amount of
$12,679,000plus interest."

At the hearing of 27 February 1989(afternoon) the Agent of the United States
confirmed that these were the final submissions of the United States.

On behalfof the Republicofltaly,

at the hearing of 23 February 1989,repeated as final submissions at the hearing
of 2 March 1989(aftemoon) :
"May it please the Court,

A. To adjudge and declare that the Application filed on 6 February 1987 bythe United States Government is inadmissible because local
remedieshavenot been exhausted.
B. If not,to adjudge and declare:

(1) that ArticleIII oftheTreatyofFriendship,Commerceand Navigation
of2 February1948has notbeenviolated;
(3) that ArticleV,paragraphs2,ofthe Treaty,and the related provisionsof
the ProtocoltotheTreaty,havenotbeenviolated;
(4) that ArticleVI1oftheTreatyhas notbeen violated;
(5) that Article 1of the SupplementaryAgreementof 26 September 195 1
has notbeenviolated;and
(6) that no other Article of the Treaty or the SupplementaryAgreement
hasbeenviolated.

C. On a subsidiaryand alternativebasis only: to adjudge and declare
that, evenif there had been a violationof obligationsunder the Treaty or
the SupplementaryAgreement,suchviolationcaused no injuryfor which
the paymentof any indemnity wouldbejustified.
And, accordingly,to dismissthe claim."

12. The claim of the United States in the present case is that Italy has
violated the international legal obligations which it undertook by the
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the two coun-
tries concluded on 2 February 1948("the FCN Treaty") and the Supple-
mentary Agreement thereto concluded on 26 September 1951,by reason
of its acts and omissions in relation to, and its treatment of, two
United States corporations, the Raytheon Company ("Raytheon") and
The Machlett Laboratories Incorporated ("Machlett"), in relation to the

Italian corporation Raytheon-Elsi S.P.A. (previously Elettronica Sicula
S.P.A. (ELSI)), which was wholly owned by the two United States cor-
porations. Italycontests certain of the facts alleged by the United States,
denies that therehasbeen any violation of the FCN Treaty, and contends,
on a subsidiary and alternative basis, that ifthere was anysuch violation,
no injury was caused for whichpayment of any indemnitywould be justi-
fied.
13. In 1955,Raytheon (then knownas Raytheon ManufacturingCom-
pany) agreed to subscribe for 14 per cent of the shares in Elettronica Sic-
ula S.P.A.Over theperiod 1956-1967,Raytheon successively increased its
holding of ELSI shares (as well as investing capital in the company in
other ways) to a totalholding of 99.16percent of itsshares. In April 1963
the name of the company was changed from Elettronica Sicula S.P.A. to

"Raytheon-Elsi S.p.A."; it will however be referred to hereafter as
"ELSI". The remaining shares (0.84 per cent) in ELSI were acquired in
April 1967by Machlett, whichwasawholly-owned subsidiary of Raytheon.
ELSI was established in Palermo, Sicily, where it had a plant for the
production of electronic components; in 1967 it had a workforce ofslightlyunder 900employees. Itsfivemajor product linesweremicrowave
tubes, cathode-raytubes, semiconductor rectifiers, X-ray tubes and surge

arresters.

14. During the fiscal years 1964to 1966inclusive, ELSI made an op-
erating profit, but this profit was insufficient to offset its debt expense or
accumulated losses, and no dividends were ever paid to its shareholders.
In June 1964,the accumulated losses exceeded one-third of the com-
pany's share capital, and ELSI was thus required by Article 2446 of the
Italian CivilCode to reduce itsequityfrom 4,300million lire to 2,000mil-
lion lire.The capitalstock wasthereforedevalued by2,300million lireand
recapitalized by an equal amount subscribed by Raytheon. A similar
operation was necessary in March 1967. In February 1967, according
to the United States,Raytheon began taking steps to endeavourto make
ELSI self-sufficient. Raytheon and Machlett designated a number of
highly-qualifiedpersonnel to provide financial,managerial and technical
expertise, and Raytheon provided a total of over 4,000million lire in re-
capitalization and guaranteed credit. By December 1967,according to
the United States,major steps had been taken to upgrade plant facilities

and operations.

15. Atthe sametime,however, the Chairman of ELSI, and othersenior
Raytheon officials, held numerous meetings,between February 1967and
March 1968,with cabinet-level officials ofthe Italian Government and of
the Sicilianregion, aswellasrepresentatives ofthe Istituto per la Ricostru-
zione Industriale ("IRI"), the Ente Sicilianoperla Produzione Industriale
("ESPI"), and the private sector. IR1was a holding company controlled
by Italy with extensive commercial interests, and dominated at this time
the telecommunications, electronics and engineering markets. ESPI was
the Sicilian Government industrial organization responsible for the
promotion of local development. The purpose of these meetings was
stated to be to find forLSI an Italian partner with economic power and
influence and to explore the possibilities of other govemmental support.
The management of Raytheon had formed the viewthat, "without a part-
nership with IR1 or other equivalent Italian Govemmental entity, ELSI

would continue to be an outsider to the Italian industrial community";
such a partnership would, it was thought, "positively influence govern-
ment decision-making in economic planning7',and enable ELSI also to
secure benefits and incentives under Italian legislation designed to favour
industrial development in the southern region, the Mezzogiorno. Evi-
dence has been giventhatthe management of ELSI was advised thatthe
company wasentitled to such Mezzogiorno benefits, but the Chamber has
been told by Italy that it was not so entitled. The support of the national
and regional governments was regarded as particularly important
because in numerous markets crucial to ELSI's operations and successthe ItalianGovernment,through IR1orothenvise,played adominant role
as a customer. A detailed "Project forthe Financing and Reorganization
ofthe Company" was prepared and submittedto ESPI in May 1967.

16. The management of ELSI took the viewthat one ofthe reasons for
its lack of success was that it had trained and was employing an exces-
sivelylargelabour force. In June 1967it wasdecided to dismisssome 300
employees ;under an Italian union agreementthisinvolved aprocedure of
notifications and negotiations.On the interventionofESPI,an alternative
plan wasagreedto whereby 168workerswouldbe suspended from 10July

1967,withlimitedpay by ELSIfora period not exceeding sixweeks.After
a training programme during whichthe workerswerepaid bythe Sicilian
Government, it was contemplated that ELSI would endeavour to re-
employ the suspended employees.The necessary additional business to
make this possible was not forthcoming, and the suspended employees
were dismissed early in March 1968.A number of random strikes had
occurred in early 1968,and as a result of the dismissalsa complete strike
of the plant occurred on 4 March 1968.Accordingto the Government of
Italy,thisstrikealso involvedan occupation oftheplant bythe workforce,
which occupation was still continuing when the plant was requisitioned
on 1April 1968(paragraph 30below).The United Statesclaims however
that strikes and "sit-ins" prior to the requisition were only sporadic and
that onlyafterthefilingofapetition inbankruptcy on26April1968(para-
graph 36below)didthe workersactuallyoccupy the plant fora sustained

period.

17. When itbecame apparentthatthe discussionswith Italian officiais
and companies were unlikely to lead to a mutually satisfactory arrange-
ment to resolve ELSI's difficulties, Raytheon and Machlett, as share-
holders in ELSI, began seriously to plan to close and liquidate ELSI to
minimize their losses. General planning for the potential liquidation of
ELSIbeganinthe latterpart of 1967,and in early 1968detailedplans were
made for a shut-down and liquidation at any time after 16March 1968.
On 2 March 1968,the company's books and accounting records, and,
according to a witness at the hearings, "quite a lot of inventory", were
transferred from its offices in Palermo to aegional office in Milan. On
7 March 1968,Raytheon formally notified ELSI that, notwithstanding
ELSI's need for further capital, Raytheon would not "subscribe to any

further stock which might be issued by Raytheon-Elsi or to guarantee
any additional loans which might be made by others to Raytheon-Elsi". 18. This decision wasstated to havebeen taken, interalia,on reviewof
the proposed balance sheet showing the position on 30September 1967;

that balance sheet showed the book value of the assets of ELSI as
17,956.3million lire,itstotal debt as 13,123.9millionlire;the accumulated
losses of 2,681.3million lire had reduced the value of the equity (capital
stock and capital subscription account) from 4,000 million lire to
1,318.7millionlire. Thetotal debt included a number of liabilitiesto one
United Statesbank and several Italian banks, some(but not all) of which
wereguaranteed by Raytheon. Forthe purposes ofa possibleliquidation,
an assetanalysiswasprepared bythe Chief FinancialOfficer ofRaytheon
showingthe expected position on 31 March 1968.Thisshowed thebook
value of ELSI'sassets as 18,640million lire; as explained in his affidavit
filed inthese proceedings, it also showed "the minimum prospects of re-
coveryof values which we could be sure of, in order to ensure an orderly
liquidation process", and the total realizable value of theassets on this
basis(the"quick-sale value") was calculated to be 10,838.8millionlire. A
balance sheet subsequently prepared to show the position at 31 March
1968,extrapolated from the balance sheet at 30 September 1967,showed
the book value of total assets as 17,053.5million lire and total debt of

12,970.6million lire.

19. During the hearings,atthe request ofthe Agentof Italy,the Cham-
ber asked the Government of the United Statesto produce the financial
report showing ELSI's financial position at 30 September 1967,from
which the figures for the book value of its assets had been derived. The
report, prepared by Raytheon's Italian auditors, and dated 22 March
1968, was produced in evidence. The balance sheet attached thereto
showedtwo sets offigures;the first of these, corresponding to the figures
forassetsand liabilitiessetout in paragraph 18above,gavethe figures as
recorded in the company's books of account. The second set of figures
was based on the first set, but a number of adjustments had been made
in accordance with the financial accounting policy of Raytheon "In
order to assure comparability ofthe financial information reported from
abroad" by its subsidiary companies. According to the Co-Agent of
the United States, the major difference between the accounts on the

Italian basis and the Raytheonbasis was

"the item of Deferred Charges, which for the most part represented
the costofdevelopingnewlines and improvingproduct quality.This
asset is carried on the Italian books but is routinely written off by
Raytheon Company."

The adjustment of the item for "Deferred Charges" reduced the total
assets figure by 1,653million lire. Taking al1adjustments into account,the second set of figures gavea value of 14,893.9millionlire forthe assets,
and 15,775.2million lire for the liabilities. The auditors stated in their
covering letter to Raytheon accountants that

"The adjustments made by the company in preparing the above
mentioned balance sheet and statement of income and accumulated
losseshavenot, atthe date ofthis report, been recorded in the books,
essentially fortax reasons. Accordingly, the accompanying financial

statements are not in agreement with the company's books of
account."
Arnongthe "Notes on Financial Statements" attachedtothe accounts by

the auditors was the following :
"10. The adjusted accumulated losses at September 30, 1967
exceeded the total of the paid up capital stock, capital reserve and

Stockholders subscription account by an amount of 881.3 million
lire. Should this become 'officially' the case(e.g. should the adjust-
ments made in arriving at this total of accumulated lossesbe entered
in the company's books of account), under Articles 2447and 2448of
the Italian Civil Code the directors would be obliged to convene a
Stockholders' Meetingforthwith to take measureseither to coverthe
losses by providing new capital orto put the company into liquida-
tion."

The auditors also expressed reservations on two other items totalling
1,168.5million lire.
20. Ihe officials of Raytheon and ELSI were nevertheless advised by
their Italian counsel in March 1968that "ELSI's capital, after taking into
account losses to date at that time, was well in excess of the minimum
statutory requirement" (1millionlire) under Articles 2447and 2448 ofthe
Italian Civil Code, which provide that if action isnot taken to restore the
capital to the required minimum, the company isdissolved as a matter of
law.Inthe viewof ELSI's counsel,"it wastherefore possible under Italian
law for ELSI's shareholders to plan an orderly liquidation of the com-
pany".

21. Throughout thisJudgment thisphrase "orderly liquidation" isused
solelyinthe sense in which itwasemployed bythe officers of ELSI and by
the representatives of the United States, i.e., to denote the operation
planned in 1967-1968by ELSI's management for the sale of the business
or of its assets, en bloc or separately, and the discharge of ELSI's debts,
fully or othenvise, out of the proceeds, the whole operation being under
the control of ELSI'sown management.

22. According tothe United States, the chief objectives in the planned
orderly liquidation wereto conservethe assetsand preserveasmany ofthe28 ELETTRONICA SICULA (JUDGMENT)

characteristics of a goingconcern aspossible in order to attract and inter-
est prospective buyers; it was planned to advertise ELSI's assets widely,
offeringthem both as atotal package and as separate items - the distinct
manufacturing lines of the plant. The intention was, if the sums realized
by the sale of theassets were sufficient, to pay al1creditors in full. Plan-
ning had however also proceeded on the basis of the "quick-sale" valua-
tion ofthe assets (paragraph 18above), which,it was recognized, was less
than thetotal liabilities ofthe Company.It was not considered possible to
continuenormalproduction; the personnel was to be dismissed, with the
exception of some 120key employees needed for the wind-up operation
and for continuing limited production for a time to meet (in particular)

military contracts and maintain customer contact.

23. The intended treatment of creditors in the planned liquidation, in
the event of only the "quick-sale" value being realized, was stated by the
Financial Controller of Raytheon to havebeen as follows :

"Ideally, we would settle first with the small creditors, subject, of
course, tothe agreement of the major creditors, in order to minimize
the administrative effort during liquidation. Secured and preferred
creditorswouldtake priority and would bepaid when the assetsused
for collateral were sold. Major unsecured creditors were to be paid
on a pro rata basis from within the funds realized from the sale of
assets.Then Raytheon would be called upon to satisfy any guaran-
teed creditor to the extent not alreadypaid from asset saleproceeds.
Wecalculated that the secured and preferred creditorswould receive
100per cent of their outstanding claims, while the unsecured major
creditors who were not covered by Raytheon guarantees would
realize about 50 per cent of their claims. The latter creditors were
certain banks and Raytheon and itssubsidiaries. Wewere confident
that an orderly liquidation of this type would be acceptable to the

creditors as it was much more favorable than could be expected
through bankruptcy."

According to the United States, settlement with al1the smaller creditors

was regarded as apriority
"to reduce the creditors to a manageable number and also to elimi-
nate the risk that a small irresponsible creditor would take preci-
pitous action which would raise formidable obstacles in the way of
orderly liquidation".

Appended to one of the affidavits by officers of Raytheon and ELSI an-
nexed to the United States Memorial were detailed calculations showing
(interalia)various valuations of ELSI'sassets,analysis of the company's29 ELETTRONICA SICULA (JUDGMENT)

liabilities and their priority in liquidation, and estimated distribution
of the proceeds of disposa1 of assets calculated both on book value and
alternatively on a "minimum liquidation value".

24. It is contended by the United States that notwithstanding
Raytheon's forma1notification on 7 March 1968that it would not sub-
scribe to any further stock or guarantee any additional loans (para-
graph 17 above, infine) R,aytheon was ready to give certain financial
support and guarantees to enable the orderly liquidation to proceed, as
distinct from making more funds available to ELSI forcontinued opera-
tions. According to officials of ELSI, if Raytheon had handled the liqui-
dation as planned, it would have guaranteed the Settlements outlined in
the previous paragraph; they statedthat

"Demonstrating its support of the liquidation plan, Raytheon
organized to provide funds to ELSI in advance ofthe saleofitsassets
sothat disbursements could easilybemadeto thesmallcreditors and,
as a first step, transferred 150 million lire to the First National
City Bank branch in Milan specifically forthat purpose."

Evidence was given at the hearing that payment of small creditors out of
these funds was begun, but then stopped by the creditor banks because
this was"showingpreference". It wascontemplated that Raytheon would
take over ELSI's accounts receivable (subsequently valued at some
2,879millionlire) at face value,hus supplyingimmediate cashresources.

25. In the viewof ELSI's legalcounsel at thetime (paragraph 20 above)
and of Italian lawyersconsulted bythe United States, ELSI was in March
1968entitled to engage in orderly liquidation of its assets, wasnder no
obligation to file aetition in bankruptcy, and was never injeopardy of
compulsory dissolution under Article 2447of the Italian Civil Code,and
was at al1times in compliance with Article 2446of the Code. It has how-
ever been contended by Italy that ELSI was in March 1968unable to pay
its debts, and its capital of 4,000millionlire was completely lost; accord-
ingly, an orderly liquidation was not available to it, but as an insolvent
debtor itwas under an obligation to file a petition in bankruptcy. The dis-
agreement turnson thevalue of ELSI'sassetsforthis purpose at 31March
1968: the Parties have made conflicting statements of what is correct

accounting practice for the purposes of compliance with the relevant
requirements of Italian law.It has alsobeenobsewed by Italythat, whether
or not ELSI was insolvent, the procedure contemplated did not corre-
spond to a voluntary liquidation as provided for in Article 2450 of the
Italian CivilCode; under that procedurealiquidatorhas to be appointed
by the shareholders, or iftheyfail todo so,by the Tribunal. According to
one expert appearing on behalf of Italy, ELSI being insolvent the onlycourse open to it in order to avoid the duty of filing a petition in bank-
ruptcy was to request to the tribunal to be admitted to the procedure of
judicial settlement ("concordato preventivo'yunder Articles 160et seq.of
the Italian Bankruptcy Act; this would have required proof that at least
40per cent of the unsecured claimswould be met. The expert appearing
on behalf of the United States however stated that apparent inability to
pay al1creditors at 100per cent isnot fatal to voluntary and orderlyliqui-
dation. In this context he mentioned in particular the practice of "private
settlement" ("concordatostragiudiziale").

26. Themanagement of ELSI was consciousthat a financial crisiswas

imminent, and during the period from September 1967,the responsible
officersofthe companywerekeepinga closewatchonthe decliningfunds
to ensure thatthe company did not reach a point wherecontinued opera-
tion would be contrary to Italian law. At a meeting held on 21 February
1968betweenrepresentatives of Raytheon and ELSI and the President of
the Sicilian region, the Chairman of ELSI "drew a precise time chart
showing: (a) February 23 - Board Meeting; (6)February 26 to 29 -
inevitable bank crisis; (c)March 8 - we run out of money and shut
the plant"; the hand-written minutes of that meeting record also that
"the date of March 8was stressedrepeatedly as the absolute limitforthe
shut-down due to a total financial crisis".

27. On 16March 1968,the Board of Directors of ELSI met to consider
a report onthe financialsituation, and concluded "that there isnoalterna-
tiveto the discontinuation ofthe company'sactivities" ;the Board

"decided the cessationofthe company'soperations,to becarried out

as follows :
(1) production willbe discontinued immediately ;
(2) commercial activities and employment contracts will be termi-
nated onMarch 29,1968".

This decision was notified to the employees of ELSI by a letter of
16March 1968.On28March 1968,ameetingofshareholders ofELSIwas
held, at which it wasdecided (interalia)"to ratifythe resolutions adopted
by the Board of Directorsat the meetingof March 16,1968,and hence to
agreethatthe Company ceaseoperations". MeetingswithItalian officials
howevercontinued up to 29March 1968 ;the Italian authorities continued
to give broad assurances of an intervention by ESPI, and vigorously
pressed ELSI not to closethe plant and not to dismissthe workforce,but
the officials of the company insisted that this was inevitable unless more
capital was forthcoming. On 29 March 1968letters of dismissal were
mailed to the employeesof ELSI. 28. The Managing Director of ELSI had a meetingearly on the mom-

ingof31March 1968withthe Presidentofthe Sicilianregion,Mr.Carollo,
at which the latter stated that the Italian Prime Minister had said that a
companywouldbe formed by ESPI and IMI (Istituto MobiliareItaliano)
to deal withthe acquisition of ELSI's assets,and that a holding company
would be formed which would eventually own ELSI. Mr. Carollo con-
tinued bysayingthat "to keep the people in Palermo and avoid an exodus
to otherjobs, andto protect the plant and machinery, the plant would be
requisitioned ...".On 1April 1968representatives of the company met
representatives of the bank creditors of ELSI to discuss the company's
plans for an orderly liquidation. According to the United States,ELSI's
representatives stated that Raytheon was not prepared to provide any
furtherfinancialsupport to ELSIeitherbywayof capital,loans, advances,
or guarantees, but ais0 informed the banks of the arrangement (referred
to in paragraph 24 above) which would provide for ELSI's immediate
cash needs in such an orderly liquidation through the sale to Raytheon
of ELSI'saccounts receivableat 100per cent of facevalue, the proceeds
being used to pay off the small creditors and to meet payroll and sever-
ance pay claimsas wellas other pressingpriority obligations.

29. No agreement was reached at that meeting; certain of the banks
requested more information, and another meeting was to be held later
with an agreed agenda. Subsequently ELSI's representatives learnt that
the plant had been requisitioned. According to the United States, and in
the viewofthe officersofRaytheon and ELSI,there wasreason to believe
that in a liquidation the creditor banks would have accepted a settlement
oftheirclaimsonpayment of40to 50percent ofeach,but noindependent
evidenceisavailablethat such wasthebanks'attitude at that time. It does
not appear fromthe evidencethat thebanks wereaskedspecificallyat the
meeting of 1April 1968whether they would CO-operateon the basis of a
guaranteed 50per cent of their claims; on the contrary, it was contended
on behalf of the United States by ELSI's then legaladviserthat

"There isno evidenceofbank negotiationsat the time ofthe requi-
sition because at the time the stockholders were fullyconfident that
ELSI's assets would have recovered book value, and there was no
need atthetimeto start any suchnegotiations.Whatthestockholders
and ELSI's Board were seeking at the time was an understanding
with the banks on the manner and timing of an orderlyliquidation."Accordingtothe samelegaladviser,the bankswereready, during negotia-
tionsin September-October 1968,after ELSI had been declared bankrupt,
to acceptsettlement onthe basis of40percent or 50percent payment (see
paragraph 37below).

30. On 1April 1968the Mayor of Palermo issued an order, effective
immediately, requisitioning ELSI's plant and related assets for a period
of six months. The text of this order, in the translation supplied by the
United States, was as follows :

"TheMayor of theMunicipalityofPalermo,

Taking into consideration that Raytheon-Elsi of Palermo has
decided to close its plant located in this city at Via Villagrazia, 79,
because of market difficulties and lack of orders;

That the Company has furthermore decided to send dismissal
letters to the personnel consisting of about 1,000persons;
Takingnoticethat ELSI'sactions,besideprovoking the reaction of
the workers and of the unions giving rise to strikes (both general and
sectional) has caused a wide and general movement of solidarity of
al1public opinion which has strongly stigmatized the action taken
consideringthat about 1,000families aresuddenlydestituted;

That,considering the fact that ELSI isthe second firm in order of

importance in the District, because of the shutdown of the plant
a serious damage will be caused to the District, which has been so
severelytried by the earthquakes had during the month of January
1968;
Consideringalso that the localpress istaking a great interest in the
situation and that the press isbeing very critical toward the authori-
ties and is accusing them of indifference to this serious civic prob-
lem ;

Bat, furthermore, the present situation isparticularly touchy and
unforeseeable disturbances of public order could take place;
Taking into considerationthat in this particular instance there is
sufficient ground for holding that there is a grave public necessity
and urgency to protect the general economic public interest (already
seriouslycompromised) and public order, andthat these reasonsjus-
tify requisitioning the plant and al1equipment owned by Raytheon-
Elsi located here at ViaVillagrazia79;

Having notedArticle 7ofthe lawof 20March 1865No. 2248enclo-
sure e;
HavingnotedArticle 69 of the BasicRegional Law EE.LL., ORDERS

the requisition, with immediate effect and for the duration of six
months, exceptasmay be necessary to extend such period, and with-
out prejudice for the rights of the parties and of third parties, of the
plant and relative equipment owned by Raytheon-Elsi of Palermo.
With a subsequent decree, the indemnification to be paid to said
company for the requisition willbe established."

The order was served on the company on 2 April 1968.
31. On6 April 1968the Mayor issued an order entrusting the manage-
ment of the requisitioned plant to Mr. Aldo Profumo, the Managing Di-
rector ofELSI, forthe purpose, interalia,of "avoiding any damage to the
equipment and machinery due totheabandoning of al1activity,including
maintenance". Mr. Profumo declined to accept this appointment,and on
16April 1968the Mayor wrote to Mr. Silvio Laurin, the senior director,
appointing him temporarily to replace Mr. Profumo "in the same capa-
city, with the same powers, functions and limitations", and Mr. Laurin

acceptedthis appointment. The company management requested another
of its directors, Mr. Rico Merluzzo, to stay at the plant night and day
"to preclude local authorities from somehow asserting that the plant
had been 'abandoned' by ELSI".

32. On 9 April 1968ELSI addressed a telegram to the Mayor of Pal-
ermo, with copies to other Government authorities, claiming (interalia)
that the requisition was illegal and expressing the company's intention to
take al1legal steps to have it revoked and to claim damages. On 12April
1968thecompany servedon the Mayor a forma1documentdated 11April
1968inviting him to revoke the requisition order. The Mayor did not re-
spond and the order was not revoked, and on 19April1968 ELSI brought
an administrative appeal against it to the Prefect of Palermo, who was
empowered to hear appeals against decisions by local governmental

officials. Thedecision onthat appeal was not given until22 August 1969
(paragraph 41 below); in the meantime however the requisition was
not formally prolonged, and therefore ceased to have legal effect
after six months, more than four months after the bankruptcy of ELSI
had been declared (paragraph 36below).

33. As noted above (paragraph 16)the Parties disagree over whether,
immediately priorto the requisition order, therehad been any occupation
of ELSI's plant by the employees, but it is commonground that the plant
was so occupied during theperiod immediatelyfollowingthe requisition.
On 19April 1968the representatives of the company stated, in an appeal
against the requisition addressed to the Prefect of Palermo, thattherehad

at that time been no occupation of the plant as a consequence of thedis-
missal of the employees on 29 March 1968,but that on 30 March 1968a
group of representatives of the personnel went to the plant to talk to thecompany executives and "peacefully remained thereafter al1day on the
premises", and on subsequent days a smallgroup of employeeswandered
about on the premises. The Mayor of Palermo, in an affidavit, has stated
that

"The occupation oftheplant bythe employees(which started well
before the requisition) turned out to be of a 'cooperative'natureafter
the requisition and was no obstacle to the continuation ofthose acti-

vities which were pos'sibleudder the circumstances",

and an officia1of the Municipality of Palermo has stated, in an affidavit,
that "there were no problems such as 'hard'picketing" and that one ofthe
production lines was re-activated and "we proceeded regularly with the
contracts in hand". According to an affidavit filed by the United States
"the plant satidle for the remainder of 1968",but Italy has produced evi-
dence showing that some work in progress was continued and completed

in the months following the requisition, in particular for the Nato Hawk
programme.

34. On 19and 20 April 1968meetings were held between officials of
Raytheon and the President ofthe Sicilian region, Mr. Carollo, who stated
that "the Regional and Central Governments had reached agreement to
form a management company with IR1 participation to operate ELSI"
and invited Raytheon to join the management company. The proposa1
would have entailed the contribution by ELSI of new capital and its as-
suming complete responsibility for past debts; in the discussion Mr. Car-
0110stated that "the Region now has a single goal, to keep the workers
employed". At the request of Raytheon, Mr. Carollo, on 20 April 1968
supplied Raytheon with a memorandum to provide the company with
"some fundamental elements of judgment". In that memorandum he
explained that it was impossible for the time being for Raytheon to liqui-
date ELSI, for the followingreasons :

"1. Nobody in Italy will purchase [Nessunoin Ztalia compreràl,
that is to SayIR1 will not purchase, neither for a low nor for a high
price, the Region will not purchase, private enterprise will not
purchase. Letme addthat the Region and IR1and anybody elsewho
has any possibility to influence the market will refuse in the most
absolute manner to favor any salewhile the plant is closed.
2. The Banks,which have outstanding credits for approximately
16billion Lire, cannot and will not accept any settlement even atthe
cost of dragging the Company into litigation on an international
level.1mean to refer to Raytheon and not to ELSI because the dis-
tinction between ELSI and Raytheon is not found to be admissible,
since any and al1financing was grantedto ELSI based on the moral guarantee of Raytheon, whose executives have always negotiated
said financing.
3. Anyway, it is known in Italy that one can enforce the claims
directlyagainst Raytheon becauseithas interestsand revenuesin Our
country also outside ELSI.
It is obvious that every attempt will be made (even at the cost of
longlitigation)to obtain from Raytheon what is owed by ELSI.

4. Inthe eventthat theplant willbekept closed,waitingforItalian
buyers whowill nevermaterialize,the requisition willbe maintained
at least until the courts will have resolved the case. Months will go
by .. ."

35. On 26 April 1968the Chairman of the Board of ELSI wrote to
Mr. Carollo formally rejecting the proposa1for participation in the new
management Company;in his viewthe proposa1"was a temporary care-
taker measure which would not solvethe fundamental problem, namely
keeping ELSI in Sicilyand makingita viableand vitalindustry", and that
it "would only aggravate ELSI's critical financial condition". The letter
continued :"Wearetherefore forcedtofile[a]voluntarypetition forbank-
ruptcy, as required by Italian law."

36. In viewofwhathad been saidby Mr.Carollo that the requisition of
the plant would be maintained for months, "at least until the courts will
have resolvedthe case", ELSI'sItalian counsel advised as follows :

"The disposability of ELSI'sassets was a fundamental prerequi-
site to ELSI's shareholders' abilityto take ELSI through an orderly
liquidation; they wererelyingon the proceeds of these salesin large
part to pay ELSI's creditorsin anorderlymanner.Withoutthe ability
to dispose of its assets, ELSI would not have the liquidity needed to
pay its debts as they came due and therefore would soon become
technically insolvent under Italian law.

.............................
1advised ELSI's directorsthat they had an obligation to file a peti-
tion fora declaration ofbankruptcy, failingwhichthey couldbe held
personally liable pursuant to Article 217 of the Bankruptcy Law,
Royal Decree of March 16, 1942,No. 267."

On 25April 1968the Board of Directors voted to file a voluntary petition
in bankruptcy, and the bankruptcy petition was filed on 26 April 1968.
The petition referred to the requisition order of 1April 1968and stated
(interalia):

"Because of the order of requisition, against which the Company 36 ELETTRONICA SICULA (JUDGMENT)

has in due time filed an appeal,the Company has lostthe control of
the plant and cannot avail itself of an immediate source of liquid
funds; inthe meanwhilepaymentshavebecome due (asfor instance
instalments of long-term loans; an instalment of Lit. 800,000,000to
Banca Nazionale del Lavoro became due on April 18,1968 and the
note therefor has been or willbe protested, etc.); it is acknowledged
that itisimpossibleforthe Company to pay suchsumswiththefunds
existing or availablesuch impossibility being due to the events of

these last weeks.. ."

Adecree ofbankruptcy wasissued bythe TribunalediPalermoon 16May
1968,and a Palermo lawyer was appointed curatore(trustee in bank-
ruptcy). A creditors' committee of five members was appointed, com-
posed oftwo representatives of ELSI'semployees,two representatives of
bank creditors, and a representative of Raytheon Europe International
Company ("Raytheon Europe") (the European management subsidiary
of, and wholly owned by, Raytheon), which had submitted a claim as
creditor in the bankruptcy. Raytheon itself and another of its subsidi-
aries,Raytheon ServiceCompany, had unsecured claimsagainst ELSI of
some 1,140millionlire forgoods and servicesthey had advanced to ELSI
on unsecured open accounts. On advice of Italian counsel, however,
Raytheon and Raytheon ServiceCompany didnot fileclaimsin the bank-
ruptcy proceedings because it was clear that they would not receive
enough inthe bankruptcy tojustify their filing costs.

37. From April 1968 onwards discussions were held between
Raytheon's Italian counsel,representativesofthe creditorbanks and offi-
cials of the Italian Government, with a viewto the takeover of ELSI by a
company owned by the Italian Government and a settlement with the
ELSI creditors. This proposed settlement involved the grant to the new
company byRaytheon ofatechnicallicense(touseRaytheonpatents and
know-how)ofthe same scope as ELSI had; the payment by Raytheon of
the debts of ELSI which it had guaranteed, but no others, and a forma1
release and indemnity of Raytheon in this latter respect; and a waiverby
Raytheon ofitsrights of subrogation resultingfrom payment ofthe guar-
anteed debts. According to Raytheon's Italian counsel, he was told by
Italian Government officiais in October 1968that the majority of the
Italian creditor banks were agreeable to a settlement on payment of
40 per cent of their claims, and that only one bank was holding out for
50per cent. In July, a statement had been made in the Italian Parliament
by the Minister of Industry, Commerce and Crafts, which has been sub-

ject to differing interpretations, but which put fonvard as a fact the
establishment by the Sicilian region and other public agencies of a
management company, which would allow productive activities to be
resumed until such time as the financial problems of ELSI could be37 ELETTRONICASICULA (JUDGMENT)

finally resolved, if possible through settlement out of court. On 13No-

vember 1968the Italian Government issued a press communiqué which
stated that

"while the STET Group [Società finanziaria telefonica, an affiliate

or subsidiary of IR11remains committed to build a new plant in
Palermo for the production of telecommunication products, the
IRI-STET Group, urged by the Government, after the examination
of alternative solutions which proved unfeasible, stated itsilling-
ness to intervene in the take-over of the [ELSI]plant in the organi-
zation of new lines of production".

According to the communiqué,the conditions of STET's intervention
were to be agreed between the STET Group and the authorities of the
Sicilianregion.
38. The court dealing with the bankruptcy ordered an auction of
ELSI's premises,plant and equipmenttobe held on 18January 1969,and
set a minimumbid of 5,000million lire.Thisauction, and the subsequent
auctionsmentionedbelow, wereadvertisedinleadingnewspapersboth in
Italy and in Belgium,Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and
the United States. No bids were received at this auction, and a second
auction was setfor 22 March 1969,this time withthe inclusion also ofthe
entire inventoryat the plant and elsewhere,the minimum bid being setat
6,223,293,258lire. In the meantimenegotiations werebeingcarried on for
a takeover of the plant by an IR1 subsidiary and the re-employment of
most of ELSI'sformerstaff. It wasreported in the Sicilianpress, first that

on 18March 1969ithadbeenagreed that IR1wouldacquire ELSI's assets,
beginning with a lease of the plant for 150million lire, and secondly that
the former President of Sicily,Mr. Carollo, had stated at a public meet-
ing on 5 April 1969that there had been a written agreement with IR1 in
October 1968that

"entailed the acquisition of theELSI]factory by IR1 for the sum of
four billion lire.Itwasevenagreed thatIR1would be absentfromthe
first auction,participating insteadin the second one,where the basic
price was precisely four billion lire".

39. No bids werereceived at the second auction. Aweek later a propo-

sa1tolease and re-open the plant wasmadetothetrusteeinbankruptcy by
ELTEL (Industria Elettronica Telecommunicazioni S.p.A.),a subsidiary
of IR1setup in December 1968.Thetermsproposed forthe leasewerenot
acceptableas suchto the creditors' committee,which did howeverrecom-38 ELETTRONICA SICULA (JUDGMENT)

mend (intera1ia)thatitshould be granted if ELTEL agreedtopurchase al1
ELSI's inventoria1 raw material for 1,800million lire;the representative
of Raytheon Europe on the committee vigorously opposedthe lease.The
trusteeinbankruptcy howeverrecommended thatthe lease be granted on
the termsrequested, andon 8 April1969 the bankruptcyjudge sodirected.
Raytheon Europe appealed against this decision but without success. A
third auction was scheduled for May 1969;in April ELTEL proposed to
buy the work in progress - the material left on ELSI's production lines
when the plant was requisitioned - for 105million lire; this had been
valued in the course of the bankruptcy proceedings at 217 million lire.

Raytheon Europe's representative on the creditors' committee opposed
this sale,but was outvoted.

40. Thethird auction of ELSI's premises,plant and equipment and in-
ventory was held on 3 May 1969,the minimum bid beingset at 5,000mil-
lion lire,butagain no bids were received. ELTELhad informed the bank-
ruptcy court on 16April 1969that it was willingto offer 3,205millionlire
for the premises, plant and equipment, excluding the supplies - "mer-
chandise, raw materials and semifinished goods" - which it did not re-
gard asindispensable. On 3May 1969,thetrusteeinbankruptcy requested

the bankruptcy court to approve a sale of the work in progressto ELTEL
on the termsproposed by ELTEL and approved bythe creditors' commit-
tee. On 9 May 1969, Raytheon Europe's appeal against the decision
authorizing the lease of the premises and plant to ELTEL was rejected.
On 27 May 1969 ELTEL made an offer to the bankruptcy court to buy
the remainingplant, equipmentand suppliesfor 4,000million lire.The trus-
tee in bankruptcy proposed acceptance (subject to minor changes in the
terms), and the creditors' committee decided on 6June 1969to approve
the proposal, the Raytheon Europe representative voting against. On
7June 1969the bankruptcyjudge set 12July 1969asdateforan auction on
the terms approved bythe creditors' committee.On 9June 1969Raytheon

Europe appealed against this decision, but the appeal was rejected on
20 June 1969.The auction was held on 12July 1969,and ELTEL pur-
chased the auctioned property at the total price of 4,006million lire.

41. The appeal filed by ELSI on 19April 1968(paragraph 32 above)
against the requisition order of 1April1968 wasdetermined bythe Prefect
of Palermo by a decision givenon 22August 1969.TheParties are at issue
on the question whetherthis period of time was or was not normal for an

appeal ofthischaracter.The decision on the appeal wasgivenfollowing a
request to that effect by the trustee in bankruptcy made on 9July 1969,in
exercise of a right to request adecision conferred by an Italian Law of
3March 1934.That Lawprovides that iftheappeal hasnotbeenheard 120
days after it has been filedi.e.,in this case by 17August 1968),a requestmay be served on the Prefect requiring him to render a decision within
60 days thereafter; if he fails to do so, this istreated as a dismissal of the
appeal. The decision of the Prefect was to uphold the appeal and thus to
annul the requisition order made by the Mayor of Palermo; the precise
terms of the decision will be considered later in this Judgment (para-
graphs 75,96,125 and 126).The Mayor of Palermo appealed against the
Prefect's decision to the President of Italy who, having been advised by

the Council of Statethatthe Mayor'sappeal wasinadmissible,soruled on
22April 1972.

42. In the meantime, on 16June 1970the trustee in bankruptcy had
brought proceedings in the TribunalediPalermo("the Court of Palermo")
against the Minister of theInterior of Italy and the Mayor of Palerrno for
damages resulting from the requisition. The damages claimed were iden-
tified as

"the considerable decrease in value of the plant and the electronic
equipment existing in Palermo at 79 Via Villagrazia,which results
from the difference between the book value at the date of the bank-
ruptcy of Raytheon-Elsi, of Lire 6,623,000,000and the evaluation
made on October 11, 1968(that is, immediately after the six-month
period of requisition had elapsed) by the Court Appraiser, Prof.
Mario Puglisi, appointed by the Judge by Decree of September 19,
1968, of Lire 4,560,588,400, with a real loss of value of
Lire 2,062,411,600and as the lack of disposability of the plant and
relativeequipment for sixmonths which, on the basis of the amorti-
zation rate for the industrial plants, equal to 10%per year, can be
determined in Lire 33,150,000, and, therefore, in the aggregate
amount of Lire 2,395,561,600,plus the interests at the legal rate from
October 1,1968 to the payment."

43. On 2 February 1973,the Court of Palermo, in a decision to be
examined more fully below (paragraphs 57, 58, 97 and 127),ruled that
the trustee was not entitled to compensation for the requisition, either in
respect of the alleged decrease in value of the plant and equipment, or of
the allegedlack of disposabilitythereof. On appeal, the CortediAppel10di
Palermo("the Court of Appeal of Palermo"), in its decision of24January
1974,upheld the conclusion of the lower court as regards the damages
claimed for the alleged decrease in value of the plant and equipment. It
however reversed the finding of the lower court on the second head of
damage, and found that the trustee wasentitled to compensation fromthe

Minister ofthe Interior for loss ofuse and possession of ELSI'splant and
assets during the six-month requisition period. It therefore awarded, in
effect, a "rental" payment of some 114million lire, computed as half the
annual rate of 5 per cent of the total value of the assets. This decision,
which willbe examined in more detail below (paragraphs 97,98 and 127),
was upheld by the Court of Cassation on 26 April 1975.The amount ofthe judgment was ultimately received by the trustee and, less costs and
expenses,distributed to ELSI's creditors.

44. In the bankruptcy proceedings, creditors presented claims against
ELSI totalling some 13,000million lire; these did not include amounts
due to Raytheon and Raytheon Service Company (see paragraph 36
above).The bankruptcy proceedings closed in November 1985.Accord-

ing to the bankruptcy reports, the bankruptcy realized only some
6,370millionlirefor ELSI'sassets,as compared withthe minimum liqui-
dation value estimated by ELSI's management in March 1968 at
10,840millionlire.Ofthe amount realized,some6,080millionlirewentto
pay banks, employees, and other creditors. The remainder went to pay
bankruptcy administration,tax, registry,and customs charges. Al1of the
secured and preferred creditors who filed claims inthe bankruptcy were
paid in full. The unsecured creditors received less than one per cent of
their claims; accordingly no surplus remained for distribution to the
shareholders, Raytheon and Machlett.

45. Raytheon had guaranteedthe indebtedness of ELSIto anumber of
banks, and on the bankruptcy of ELSI it was accordingly liable for, and
paid, the sum of 5,787.6million lire to the banks in accordance with the
terms of the guarantees. Five of the seven banks which had also made
unguaranteed loans to ELSI brought proceedings in the Italian courts

seeking payment of these loans by Raytheon, on the basis primarily of
Article 2362of the Italian Civil Code, which renders a sole shareholder
liable for the debts of theompany.It was argued that Raytheon was in
effectsole shareholder, since Machlett was its wholly-owned subsidiary.
Three ofthese caseswereultimately resolvedbythe Italian Court of Cas-
sation infavour ofRaytheon, and twowerediscontinued bythe plaintiffs.

46. On 7 February 1974,the Embassy in Rome of the United States
transmitted tothe Italian Ministryof ForeignAffairsa note enclosingthe
"claim ofthe Government of the United States of America on behalf of
Raytheon Company and Machlett Laboratories, Incorporated". That
claim,whichwasbased not onlyonthe FCN Treatybut alsoon customary
international law, incorporated a Memorandum of Law, Chapter VI of

whichwasdevotedto "Exhaustion ofLocalRemedies".Itwastherenoted
that it was "generally recognized that local remedies must be exhausted
beforea claimmaybeformallyespoused under principles ofinternational
law"; an account was given of the relevant litigation in Italy (some of
which wasat the time stillpending) and, in thelight of annexed opinionsof two Italian legalexperts,it was concluded that "Raytheon and Mach-
lett have exhausted every meaningful legal remedy available to them in
Italy". At the time this claim was submitted, the Court of Appeal of Pal-
ermohad ruled onthe actionbythetrusteeinbankruptcy, butthe casewas
thereafter brought before the Court ofCassation (paragraph 43above); it
isrecognizedbyboth Partiesthat anyother action arising out ofthe requi-
sition would by then have been barred by limitation of time. It appears
thatthe United Statesreceivedno forma1response from Italytothe claim
until 13June 1978,when Italy deniedthe claimina written aide-mémoire,
the text of which has been supplied to the Chamber. The aide-mémoire
contained no suggestionthat local remedieshad not been exhausted, and
indeedstatedthat "the claimisjuridically groundless,both fromthe inter-
national and domesticpoint of view".During the oral proceedings in the

present case,counselfor Italy asserted that at anunspecified dateprior to
the institution of the present proceedings the Italian Government "had
made it clear to the United States Government that as a Respondent it
would raise the objection of non-exhaustion of local remedies injudicial
proceedings". No evidencetothat effecthashoweverbeen supplied to the
Chamber.

47. Many of the documents constituting evidence submitted to the
Chamber are in the Italian language. Where the Chamber relies in the
present Judgment on passages in these documents, it will,forthe sake of

clarity, set out the original Italian together with an English translation,
whichisnot alwaysthetranslationsupplied byoneofthe Parties pursuant
to Article 51,paragraph 3,ofthe Rules of Court.

48. It is common ground between the Parties that the Court hasjuris-
diction in the present case, under Article 36,paragraph 1,of its Statute,
and Article XXVI of the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navi-
gation, of 2 June 1948 ("the FCN Treaty"), between Italy and the
United States; which Article reads :

"Any dispute between the High Contracting Parties as to the

interpretation orthe application ofthis Treaty,whichthe High Con-
tracting Parties shall not satisfactorily adjust by diplomacy, shall
be submitted to the International Court of Justice, unless the High
Contracting Parties shall agree to settlement by some other
pacific means."The jurisdiction is thus confined to questions of "the interpretation or
the application" of the FCN Treaty and Protocols and of the Agreement
Supplementing the Treatybetweenthe United States of America and the
Italian Republic, of 26 September 1951 (which Agreement is herein-
after called "the Supplementary Agreement"), Article IX of which pro-
vides that it is to "constitute an integral part" of the FCN Treaty. This

samejurisdiction may accordingly be exercised by this Chamber, created
by the Court to deal with this case by virtue of Article 26, paragraph 2,
of its Statute, and Articles 17and 18of its Rules, at the request of and
after consultation with the Parties.
49. While thejurisdiction ofthe Chamber isnot in doubt, an objection
to the admissibility ofthepresent case was entered by Italyin itsCounter-
Memorial, on the ground of an alleged failure of the two United States
corporations, Raytheon and Machlett,on whose behalf the United States
claim isbrought, to exhaust the localremediesavailable to them in Italy.
Thisobjection, which the Partiesagreed shouldbe heard and determined
in the framework of the merits, must, therefore, be considered at the
outset.

50. TheUnited Statesquestioned whether the rule ofthe exhaustion of
localremediescouldapply at al1to a casebrought under Article XXVI of
the FCN Treaty. That Article,itwaspointed out, iscategoricalin itsterms,

and unqualified byanyreference to the localremedies rule; and itseemed
right, therefore, toonclude that the parties to the FCN Treaty,had they
intended the jurisdiction conferred upon the Court to be qualified by the
local remedies rule in cases of diplomatic protection, would have used
express words to that effect; as was done in an Economic Co-operation
Agreement between Italy and the United States of America also con-
cluded in 1948.The Chamber has no doubtthatthe parties to atreaty can
therein either agree that the local remedies rule shall not apply to claims
based on allegedbreaches ofthat treaty ;or confirm that itshallapply. Yet
the Chamber finds itself unable to accept that an important principle of
customaryinternational lawshould beheldto have beentacitlydispensed
with, in the absence of anywords making clear an intention todo so.This
part of the United Statesresponse to the Italian objection must therefore
be rejected.

51. TheUnited States further argued thatthe localremedies rulewould

not apply in any event to the part of the United States claim which
requested a declaratoryjudgment finding that the FCN Treaty had been
violated. The argument ofthe United States isthat such ajudgment would
declare thatthe United States own rights under the FCN Treaty had been
infringed; and that to such a direct injury the local remedies rule, which
is a rule of customary international law developed in the context of the
espousal by a State of the claim of one of its nationals, would not apply.
The Chamber, however, has not found it possible in the present case tofind a dispute over alleged violation ofthe FCN Treatyresulting in direct
injury to the United States, that is both distinct from, and independent

of, the dispute over the alleged violation in respect of Raytheon and
Machlett. The casearises from a dispute which the Parties did not "satis-
factorily adjust by diplomacy"; and that dispute was described in the
1974United States claim made at the diplomatic level as a "claim of the
Government of the United States of America on behalf of Raytheon
Company and Machlett Laboratories, Incorporated". The Agent of
the United States told the Chamber in the oral proceedings that
"the United States seeksreparation for injuries suffered by Raytheon and
Machlett". And indeed, as willappear later, the question whetherthere has
been abreach ofthe FCN Treaty isitself much involved withthefinancial
position ofthe ItalianCompany,ELSI,which wascontrolled by Raytheon
and Machlett.

52. Moreover, when theCourt was,inthe Interhandelcase,faced with a
not dissimilarargument by Switzerland thatin that caseits"principal sub-
mission" was in respect of a "direct breach of international law" and
therefore not subject to the local remedies rule, the Court, having ana-
lysed that "principal submission", found that it was bound up with the
diplomatic protection claim, and that the Applicant's arguments "do not
deprive the dispute ...of the character of a dispute in which the Swiss
Government appears as having adopted the cause of its national ..."
(Interhandel, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1959,p. 28). In the present case,

likewise, the Chamber has no doubt that the matter which colours and
pervades the United States claim as a whole, is the alleged damage
to Raytheon and Machlett, said to have resulted from the actions of the
Respondent. Accordingly, the Chamber rejects the argument that in the
present case there is a part of the Applicant's claim whichan be severed
so asto render the local remedies rule inapplicableto that part.

53. There was a further argument of the Applicant, based on estoppel
in relation to the application of the local remediesule, which should be
examined. In the "Memorandum of Law" elaborating the United States
claim on the diplomatic plane, transmitted to the Italian Government by
Note Verbale of 7 February 1974,one finds that the whole of Part VI
(pp. 53etseq.)deals generally and at somelength with the "Exhaustion of
Local Remedies". There were also annexed the opinions of the lawyers
advisingthe Applicant, which dealt directlywiththe position of Raytheon
and Machlett in relation to the local remedies rule. The Memorandum
concluded that Raytheon and Machlett had indeed exhausted "every
meaningful legalremedyavailable tothem in Italy" (paragraph 46 above).
In viewofthis evidence thatthe United States wasverymuch awarethat it
must satisfythe local remedies rule,that it evidently believed that the rule
had been satisfied, and that it had been advised thatthe shareholders ofELSI had no direct action against the Italian Government under Italian
law, it was argued by the Applicant that Italy, if it was indeed at that time
of the opinion that the local remedies had not been exhausted, should
have apprised the United States of its opinion. According to the
United States, however, at no time until the filing of the Respondent's
Counter-Memorial in the present proceedings did Italy suggest that
Raytheon and Machlett should sue in the Italian courts on the basis of
the Treaty. The written aide-mémoire of 13 June 1978,by which Italy
rejected the 1974 claim, had contained no suggestion that the local
remedies had not been exhausted, nor indeed any mention of the matter.

54. It was argued by the Applicant that this absence of riposte from
Italy amounts to an estoppel. There are however difficulties about draw-
ing any such conclusion from the exchanges of correspondence when the
matter was still being pursued onthe diplomatic level. In the Interhandel
case,whenSwitzerlandargued that the United States had atone time actu-
ally "admitted that Interhandel had exhausted the remedies available in
the United Statescourts", the Court, far from seeingin this admission an
estoppel, dismissedthe argument by merely observing that "This opinion
wasbased upon a viewwhich has proved unfounded" (Interhandel,Judg-
ment, I.C.J. Reports1959,p. 27). Furthermore, although it cannot be ex-
cluded thatan estoppelcould in certain circumstances arise from asilence

when something ought to have been said, there are obvious difficulties
in constructing an estoppel from a mere failure to mention a matter at a
particular point in somewhat desultory diplomatic exchanges.
55. Onthe basis thatthe localremedies rule does apply inthiscase,this
Judgment may now turn to the question whether local remedies were, or
were not, exhausted by Raytheon and Machlett.

56. The damage claimed in this case to havebeen caused to Raytheon
and Machlett is said to haveresulted from the "losses incurred by ELSI's
ownersas a result ofthe involuntary changein themanner of disposing of

ELSI's assets" :and it is the requisition order that is said to have caused
this change, and which istherefore at the core of the United States com-
plaint. It was, therefore, right that any local remedy against the Italian
authorities, calling in question the validity of the requisition of ELSI's
plant and related assets, and raising the matter of the losses said to result
from it, should be pursued by ELSI itself. In any event, both in order to
attempt to recover control of ELSI's plant and assets, and to mitigate
any damage flowingfrom the alleged frustration of the liquidationplan,
the first step was forELSI - and only ELSI could do this - to appeal to45 ELETTRONICA SICULA (JUDGMENT)

the Prefect against the requisitionrder. After the bankruptcy, however,
the pursuit of local remedies was no longer a matter for ELSI'smanage-
ment but for the trustee in bankruptcy (Raytheon could, even after the
bankruptcy, haveinfluenced decisions ofthe committee of creditors, had
it not decided against claimingin bankruptcy in respect of sums due to it
as creditor; it did exercisesome influencehowever through itssubsidiary
company, Raytheon Europe, which did claim as a creditor).

57. Afterthe trustee in bankruptcy was appointed, he, acting forLSI,
by no means left the Italian authorities and courts unoccupied with
ELSI's affairs. It was he who, under an Italian law of 1934,formally

requested the Prefectto make his decision within 60days of that request;
which decision was itself the subject of an unsuccessful appeal by the
Mayor tothe President of Italy.On 16June 1970,the trustee,acting forthe
bankrupt ELSI, brought a suit against the Acting Minister of the Interior
and the Acting Mayor of Palermo, asking the court to adjudge that the
defendants should
"pay to the bankrupt estate of Raytheon-Elsi ...damages for the

illegal requisition of the plant machinery and equipment... for the
period from April 1to September 30,1968, in the aggregate amount
of Lire2,395,561,600plus interests..."

On 2 February 1973,the Court of Palermo, as indicated above (para-
graph 43),rejected the claim.The trustee in bankruptcy then appealedto
the Court of Appeal of Palermo; which Court gaveajudgment on 24 Jan-

uary 1974which "partly revising thejudgment of the Court of Palermo"
ordered payment by the Ministry of the Interior of damages of
114,014,711lire with interest. Appeal was taken finally to the Court of
Cassation which upheldthe decision ofthe Court ofAppeal, by adecision
of 26April1975.
58. It is pertinent to note that this claim for damages (paragraph 42
above),asitcamebefore the Court of Palermoin the action brought bythe
trustee, was described by that Court as being based (interalia)upon the
argument of the trustee in bankruptcy

"that the requisitionorder caused an economic situation of such
gravity that it immediately and directly triggered the bankruptcy of
the company"
("ilprovvedimentodi requisizioneavrebbe determinato unasituazione
economicadi tale pesantezza.da farne scaturire immediatamente e
direttamenteilfallimento della società).

Similarlythe Court of Appeal of Palermo had to consider whether there
wasa "causal linkbetween the requisition order and the company'sbank-
ruptcy". It isthus apparentthat the substance of the claimbrought to the46 ELETTRONICA SICULA (JUDGMENT)

adjudication of the Italian courts is essentially the claim which the
United States now brings before this Chamber. The argumentswere dif-
ferent, because the municipal court was applying Italian law, whereas
this Chamber applies international law; and, of course, the parties were
different. Yet it would seem that the municipal courts had been fully

seized of the matter which is the substance of the Applicant's claim
before the Chamber. Forboth claimsturn onthe allegationthatthe requi-
sition, by frustrating the orderly liquidation, triggered the bankruptcy,
and so caused the alleged losses.
59. With such a deal oflitigationin the municipal courtsabout what is
insubstance the claimnowbefore the Chamber, itwasfor Italyto demon-
strate that there was nevertheless some local remedy that had not been
tried;orat least,not exhausted.This burden Italy neversoughtto deny. It
contended that it waspossible forthe matter to havebeen brought before
the municipal courts, citing the provisionsof the treaties themselves,and
allegingtheirviolation.This wasneverdone. Inthe actionsbroughtbefore
the Court of Palermo,and subsequently the Court of Appeal of Palermo,
and the Court of Cassation, the FCN Treaty and its Supplementary

Agreement were never mentioned. This is not surprising, for, as Italy
recognizes, the way in which the matter was pleaded before the courts
of Palermo wasnot for Raytheon and Machlett to decide but for the trus-
tee. Furthermore, thelocalremedies rule does not, indeed cannot,require
that a claim be presented to the municipal courts in a form, and with
arguments, suited to an international tribunal, applying different law to
different parties: for an international claim to be admissible, it is suffi-
cient if the essence of the claim has been brought before the competent
tribunals and pursued as far as permitted by local law and procedures,
and without success.

60. The question,therefore, reduces itselfto thi:ought Raytheon and
Machlett,suingintheirownright,asUnited Statescorporations allegedly
injured bythe requisition ofproperty ofan Italian Companywhoseshares

they held, havebrought an action in the Italian courts,within the general
limitation-period (five years), allegingviolation of certain provisions of
the FCN Treatybetween Italy and the United States; this mindful of the
fact that the very question of the consequences of the requisition was
already in issue in the action brought by its trustee in bankruptcy, and
that anydamagesthat mightthere be awardedwouldpassinto the pool of
realized assets,for an appropriate part of which Raytheon and Machlett
had the right to claimas creditors?

61. Italy contends that Raytheon and Machlett could have based such
an action before the Italian courts on Article 2043 of the Italian Civil
Code, which provides that "Any act committedeither wilfullyorthrough
fault which causes wrongful damages to another person implies that the
wrongdoer is under an obligation to pay compensation for those dam-ages." Accordingto Italy, this provision is frequently invoked by indivi-
duals against the Italian State, and substantial sums have been awarded
to claimants where appropriate. If Raytheon and Machlett suffered
damage caused by violations by Italian public authorities of the FCN
Treaty and the Supplementary Agreement, an Italian court would, it
was contended, have been bound to conclude that the relevant acts of
the publicauthorities werewrongfulacts forthe purposes ofArticle2043.
It is common ground between the Parties that implementing legislation
("ordinidi esecuzione'ywas enacted (Law No. 385 of 15June 1949and
Law No. 910 of 1August 1960),to giveeffectin Italy to the FCN Treaty
and Supplementary Agreement, but that their provisions cannot be in-
voked inprotection of individual rights before the Italian courts unless

those provisions are regarded by the courts as self-executing.In order to
show that the relevant provisionswould be so regarded, decisions of the
Court of Cassation have been cited by Italy in which provisions of the
FCN Treaty (notthe provisions relied on in the present case)have been
applied forthe benefit of United Statesnationals who haveinvokedthem
before Italian courts, and a provision of a treaty between Italy and the
Federal Republic of Germany, said to be comparable with Article V of
the FCN Treaty, was giveneffect.
62. However, those decisions were not based on Article 2043 of the
Italian CivilCode; andthe treaty provisionsapplied were giveneffectin
conjunction with municipal legislation or the provisions of othertreaties,
through the mechanism of a most-favoured-nationprovision. In none of
the cases cited was the FCN Treaty provision relied on to establish the
wrongfulness of conduct of Italian public officials. When in 1971
Raytheon consulted two Italian jurists on the question of local remedies

forthe purposes ofadiplomatic claim,itapparently did notoccurto either
of them to refer even as a possibilityto actionunder Article 2043in con-
junction with the FCN Treaty. It thus appears to the Chamber to be im-
possible todeduce, from the recentjurisprudence cited, what theattitude
of the Italian courts would have been had Raytheon and Machlett
brought an action, some 20 years ago, in reliance on Article 2043of the
Civil Code in conjunction with the provisions of the FCN Treaty and
the SupplementaryAgreement. Wherethe determination ofa question of
municipal lawis essentialtothe Court's decision in a case,the Court will
have to weigh the jurisprudence of the municipal courts, and "If this is
uncertain or divided, itwillrestwiththeCourt to selectthe interpretation
which it considers most in conformity with the law" (Brazilian Loans,
P.C.I.J.,SeriesA,Nos. 20/21, p. 124).In the present case,however,it was
for Italy to show,as amatter of fact,the existenceof a remedywhichwas

open to the United States stockholders and which they failed to employ.
The Chamber does not consider that Italyhas discharged that burden.

63. It isever easy to decide, in a case where there has in fact been
much resort to the municipal courts, whether local remedies have truly
been "exhausted". But in this case Italy has not been able to satisfy theChamber that there clearly remained some remedy which Raytheon and
Machlett, independently of ELSI, and of ELSI's trustee in bankruptcy,
ought to have pursued and exhausted. Accordingly, the Chamber will

now proceed to consider the merits of the case.

64. Paragraph 1of the United Statesfinal submissions claims that :

"(1) the Respondent violated the international legal obligations

whichitundertook by theTreaty of Friendship, Commerce and
Navigation between the two countries, and the Supplement
thereto, and in particular, violated Articles III, V,andofthe
Treatyand Article 1ofthe Supplement".
It is necessarytherefore to examine these Articles ofthe FCN Treaty and
the Supplementary Agreement,against the conduct which is said to have

been a violation ofthe obligations set out inhese Articles. In doingso, it
willbe kept in mind that although the stated purposes ofthe FCN Treaty
were those normally to be found in treaties of that kind, nevertheless a
purpose ofthe Supplementary Agreement,which isto "constitute an inte-
gral part" of the FCN Treaty, was to give "added encouragement to in-
vestments ofthe one country inuseful undertakings intheother country".

65. The acts of the Respondent which are thus alleged to violate its
treaty obligations were described by the Applicant's counsel in terms
which it is convenient to citehere:

"First, the Respondent violatedits legalobligationswhenit unlaw-
fullyrequisitioned the ELSI plant on 1April 1968which denied the
ELSI stockholderstheir directright to liquidate the ELSI assetsin an
orderly fashion. Second, the Respondent violated its obligations
when it allowed ELSI workers to occupy the plant. Third, the
Respondent violated its obligations when it unreasonably delayed
ruling on the lawfulness ofthe requisition for 16months untilimme-
diately after the ELSI plant, equipment and work-in-process had
al1been acquired by ELTEL. Fourth and finally, the Respondent
violated its obligations when it interfered with theSI bankruptcy

proceedings, which allowed the Respondent to realizeitspreviously
expressed intention of acquiring ELSI for a price far less than its
fair market value."

66. The most important of these acts of the Respondent which the
Applicant claims to have been in violation of the FCN Treaty is the
requisition of theELSI plant by the Mayor of Palermo on 1April 1968,

which is claimed to have frustrated theplan for what the Applicant terms
an "orderly liquidation" of the Companyas set out in paragraphs 22-25above. It is fair to describe the other impugned acts of the Respondent,
to be explained more fully below (paragraph 115),as ancillary to this
core claimbased on the requisition and itseffects.

67. TheChamber isfacedwitha situation ofmixedfactand lawofcon-
siderable complexity,wherein several different strands of fact and law
haveto beexaminedboth separately andfor their effecton eachother:the
meaningand effectoftherelevantArticles ofthe FCN Treatyand Supple-
mentaryAgreement; the legalstatus ofthe Mayor'srequisition of ELSI's
plant and assets; and the legal and practical significance of the financial
position of ELSI at material times,and itseffect,ifany,upon ELSI'splan
for orderly liquidation of theCompany.It willbe convenient to begin by
examining these considerations in relation to the Applicant's claim that
the requisition order was a violation of Article III ofthe FCN Treaty.

68. Article III of the FCN Treaty is in two paragraphs. Paragraph 1
provides for rights of participation of nationals of one High Contracting
Party, in corporations and associations of the other High Contracting

Party, and forthe exerciseby such corporations and associations oftheir
functions. Since there is no allegation of treatment less favourable than
is required according to the standards set by this paragraph, it need not
detain the Chamber. Paragraph 2 of Article III is however important for
the Applicant's claim;it provides :
"The nationals, corporations and associations ofeither High Con-
tracting Party shall be permitted, in conformity with the applicable
laws and regulations within the territories of the other High Con-
tracting Party, to organize, control and manage corporations and

associations of such other High Contracting Party for engaging in
commercial, manufacturing, processing, mining, educational, phil-
anthropic, religious and scientific activities.Corporations and asso-
ciations, controlled by nationals, corporations and associations of
either High Contracting Party and created or organized under the
applicable laws and regulations within the territories of the other
High Contracting Party, shall be permitted to engage in the afore-
mentioned activitiestherein, in conformity with the applicable laws
and regulations,upon termsno lessfavorablethan those noworhere-
after accorded to corporations and associations of such other High
Contracting Party controlled by its ownnationals, corporations and
associations."

Again there is no allegation of treatment of ELSI accordingto standards
less favourable than those laid down in the second sentence of the para-graph the allegationbythe United Statesof aviolation ofthisparagraph
by Italy relatesto the first sentence.
69. In terms of the present case,the effect of the first sentence of this
paragraph is that Raytheon and Machlett are to be permitted, in con-
formity with the applicable laws and regulations within the territory of
Italy, to organize, control and manage ELSI. The claim of the United
Statesfocusesontherightto "controland manage";therightto"organize",
apparently in the senseofthe creation of a corporation, isnot in question
in this case. 1sthere, then, a violation of this Article if, as the United
Statesalleges,the requisition hadthe effectofdepriving ELSI ofboth the
right and practical possibility of selling off itsplant andassets for satis-
faction ofitsliabilitiesto itscreditors and satisfactionofitsshareholders?

70. It is undeniable that the requisition of a firm's "plant and relative
equipment" must normally amount to a deprivation, at leastin important
part, of the right to control and manage. It was objected by Italy that the
requisitionin no wayaffected "control bythe shareholders over the com-

pany", but merely concerned the management by the company of prop-
ertybelongingtothe company. Itistruethat the directimpact ofthe requi-
sitionwasonlyoncontrol ofthe property requisitioned. Itishoweveralso
undeniable that thisrequisition,whichremained ineffect until30 Septem-
ber 1968,wasissued to avoid the closure of ELSI'splant, the dismissalof
its workforce, and as a consequence the probable dispersa1of the assets,
al1ofwhichwereintegralto ELSI'splan fororderlyliquidation. Sincethe
requisition thus had the design of preventing Raytheon from exercising,
for six critical months, what was at that time a most important part
of itsright to control and manage ELSI, there exists a question whether
the requisition was in conformity with the requirements of Ar-
ticle III, paragraph 2, ofthe FCN Treaty. Before comingto a conclusion
on that question it is necessary now to take into consideration certain
other matters.

71. Article III of the FCN Treaty, both in paragraph 1 concerning
rights to be enjoyed by the nationals of one party in the territory of the

other, and in paragraph 2, concerningrights of nationals of oneparty to
"organize, control and manage" corporations oftheotherparty, contains
the qualifyingphrase, "in conformitywiththe applicable lawsand regula-
tions" of the latter party. It was argued by Italy that this clause confirms
thatthe correctinterpretation ofthatparagraph isthat itwasnot intended
to confer upon United Statesnationals anyrights ofcontrol and manage-
ment more extensive, or more extensivelyprotected, than those enjoyed
by other stockholders, of whatever nationality, in Italian companies.
Therefore, it was said, the requisition was no breach of the rights con-
ferred bythe FCN Treaty,because its "invalidity ...asascertained bythe
decision ofthe PrefectofPalermo,doesnot alterthe factthat itwasissued
by the competent authority on a regular legal basis". But, in the Cham-
ber'sview,the referenceto conformitywith"theapplicable lawsand regu-5 1 ELETTRONICA SICULA(JUDGMENT)

lations" cannot meanthat, ifan actisinconformitywiththe municipal law
and regulations,that would of itselfexclude anypossibilitythat it was an
act in breach ofthe FCN Treaty.
72. The reference to conformity with "the applicable laws and regu-
lations" surely means no more than that Italian corporations and
associations controlled by United States nationals must conform to the
local applicable laws and regulations; moreover, they must do so even
if they believe a law or regulation to be in breach of the FCN Treaty,
and, indeed, even if it were in breach of the FCN Treaty.Thisthe Appli-
cant has never denied. Raytheon and Machlett did conform to the terms
of the requisition. Indeed they had no other choice.
73. Thequestionstillremains,therefore,whether the requisitionwasor

was not a violation of Article III, paragraph 2.This question arises irre-
spectiveofthe position inmunicipal law.Compliance withmunicipal law
and compliance with the provisions of a treaty are different questions.
What isa breach oftreaty maybe lawful inthe municipal lawand what is
unlawful in the municipal law may be wholly innocent of violation of a
treaty provision. Even had the Prefectheld the requisition to be entirely
justified in Italian law,this would not excludethe possibilitythat it was a
violation ofthe FCN Treaty.

74. Thisquestion whether or not certain actscould constitute a breach
ofthetreatyright tobepermittedtocontrol and manage isonewhich must
be appreciated in each casehavingregard to the meaning and purpose of
the FCN Treaty.Clearly the right cannot be interpreted as a sort of war-

ranty that the normal exercise of control and management shall never
be disturbed. Every system of law must provide, for example, for inter-
ferences with the normal exercise of rights during public emergencies
and the like. In this respect considerable interest must attach to the
reasons given by the Prefect in his decision, and to the legal analysis of
that decision bythe Court of Appeal of Palermo.
75. The Prefecttook note in his decision ofthe factthatthe Mayor had
relied on legislative authority empowering him to act in cases of "grave
public necessity and unforeseen urgency". He did not find that those
conditions were absent; he howeverannulled the requisition on the basis
primarily ofthe followingconsiderations :

"Nonv'ha dubbiocheanchesepossonoconsiderarsi,inlineadeltutto
teorica, sussistenti, nellafattispecie, gitremidella grave necessità
pubblica edella contingibilitàdurgenza chedeterminaronoI'adozione
delprovvedimento,ilfine cuitendevala requisizionenonpotevatrovare
praticarealizzazione conilprovvedimentostesso,tanto è ver0chenes-
suna ripresadi attivitàdell'aziendavi è statu a seguito dellarequisi-
zione,nèavrebbepotuto esserci.Manca,pertanto, nelprovvedimento,
genericamente,lacausa giuridica chepossagiustificarloerenderloope-

rante."
There hasbeen somecontroversybetween the Partiesasto thetranslationof this passage (seeparagraph 123below); in the view of the Chamber it
maybe translated as follows :

"There is no doubt that, eventhough, from the purely theoretical
standpoint, the conditions of grave public necessity and of unfore-
seenurgencywarranting adoption ofthe measure maybe considered
to exist in the case in point, the intendedurpose of the requisition
couldnotinpractice beachievedbythe order itself,sinceinfactthere
was no resumption of the company's activity following the requisi-
tion, nor couldthere havebeen suchresumption.The order therefore

lacks,generically,thejuridical cause which mightjustify itand make
it operative."
The Court of Appeal of Palermo, for reasons to be examined more fully

below(paragraph 127),consideredthatthe Prefect'sfinding had beenone
of
"untipicocasodieccessodipotere,cheè,come è noto,unviziodilegitti-
mità dell'atto amministrativo"

("a typical case of excess of power, which is of course a defect of
lawfulness of an administrative act").

Therequisition wasthus found notto havebeenjustified intheapplicable
local law; iftherefore, as seemsto be the case,it deprived Raytheon and
Machlett of what were at the momenttheir most crucialrights to control
and manage, it might appear prima facie a violation of Article III, para-
graph 2.

76. There remains however a crucial question to be considered.
According to the Respondent, Raytheon and Machlett were, because of
ELSI's financial position, already naked of those very rights of control
and management of which they claimto have been deprived. It is neces-
sarynow,therefore, to consider what effect,if any,the financial position
of ELSI mayhave had in that respect,first as a practical matter, and then

also as a question of Italian law.

77. The essence of the Applicant's claim has been throughout that
Raytheon and Machlett, which controlled ELSI, were by the requisition
deprived of the right, and of the practical possibility, of conducting an
orderly liquidation of ELSI's assets.Thisplan for an orderly liquidation
washoweververymuchbound up withthe financial state ofELSI,and the
two need to be considered together.
78. ELSI'slackof successwas attributed by itsmanagement at leastin
partto the factthat itwasover-mannedinrelation to its order book; ithad
needed repeated injections offreshcapital, and was neverableto produce
an operating profit sufficientto offset itsdebt expense and itsaccumulat-53 ELETTRONICASICULA(JUDGMENT)

ing losses. No dividends were everpaid to its shareholders. The 30 Sep-
tember 1966balance sheet already showed accumulated losses of some
2,000million lire.

79. The position was worsening, moreover, as the balance sheet for
30 September 1967 (above at paragraphs 18-19) showed. Raytheon's
Italian auditors pointed out that the balance sheet, when "adjusted"
to Raytheon's own accounting requirements for interna1 purposes (the
unadjusted statement, however, appears to have satisfied Italian legal
requirements), then showed adjusted accumulated losses, actually ex-
ceeding "the total of the paid up capital stock, capital reserve and Stock-
holders' subscription account" by 881.3million lire; and warned that if
these adjustments to the total of accumulated losses were entered in
the company's books of account,

"under Articles 2447and 2448ofthe Italian CivilCode, thedirectors
would be obliged to convene a Stockholders' meeting forthwith to
take measureseither to coverthe lossesbyproviding newcapitalor to
put the company into liquidation".

80. On 7 March 1968,Raytheon formallynotified ELSI of its decision
that Raytheon would not provide any further capital,whetherinthe form
of subscribing to new stock or guaranteeing additional loans. At aboard
meeting of ELSI held in Rome on 16March 1968,it was decided on the
"cessation ofthe company's operations" ;that production would be "dis-
continued immediately"; that "commercial activities and employment

contracts" would be terminated on 29 March 1968; and that "a share-
holders' meetingbecalledfor 28March 1968,to adopt the necessaryreso-
lutions". This was not, however, in ELSI'splans, to involve a liquidation
under Article2450ofthe Italian CivilCode, whichrequires aliquidatorto
be appointed. The plan for an orderly liquidation, as conceived by the
ELSI management, was to be managed by them. At a special meeting of
shareholders,held on 28March 1968,in Palermo, itwasresolved to ratify
the resolutions adopted by the Board of Directors at the meeting of
16March 1968 ;and

"to empower the Board of Directors to make contacts with the
banks and principal creditors of the company to reach an agreement
onprocedures to befollowedinthe interest of al1the creditorsfor the
orderly disposa1of the company's assets at their highest realizable
value ..."
("didaremandat0al ConsigliodiAmministrazione diprenderecontatti
con gli istituti di creditoe con i maggiori creditori dellaSocietàper

concordareprocedure che consentanonell'interessedi tutti i creditori
una ordinataalienazionedelleattivitàsocialialmassimovaloredi rea-
lizzazione'7. 81. Thispolicy ofthe ELSI management during the months prior tothe

requisition had, however, a Janus-like character. Although the orderly
liquidation contemplated closure ofthe plant, and dismissal of the work-
force, an alternative aim ofthe management and of Raytheon wasto keep
the place going, thehope being that the threat of closure and dismissal of
theworkforce mightbring such pressures to bear on the Italian authorities
as to persuade them to provide what Raytheon had long hoped for: an
influential Italian partner, new capital, and Mezzogiornobenefits. The
"Project for the Financing and Reorganization of the Company" prepared
in May 1967spelled out the need for additional capital, new products
from Italian Government sources, and financial help for transport costs,
capital investment and training; the Project made it clear that the alter-
native was that Raytheon would decline to invest more funds, over
300people would become redundant forthwith, and dwindling markets
would reduce the employment level stillfurther; as stated in that Project,
"The alternative is really the actual destruction of the existing asset with
the undesirable social effects which must follow."

82. Right up tothe eveoftherequisition the company's representatives
went on talking to Italian officials; but at the same time the company's
management,accordingto an affidavit by one of its officials,

"were aware of the need to have back-up plans in case these efforts
werenot successful. In the latter part of 1967,wereluctantlybeganto
plan in general for the potential liquidation ofLSI."

In the words of the affidavit of another company official, Raytheon had

"developed a plan for the orderly disposa1of ELSI over about six

months during 1968.Whilethisplan wasbeingdeveloped,Raytheon
and ELSI representatives continued to meet with Italian Govern-
ment representatives in an ongoing attempt to find a way for the
company to continue to operate."

The company no doubt wished to postpone liquidation as long as pos-
sible,both in the hope of avoidingit, and because thethreat of closure of
the plant would be a means of pressure on the Italian authorities solong
as it remained only a threat. The risk, of which the company was well
aware, was that to cany ontoo long might topple the company into insol-
vency under Italian law. In the event the Italian authorities did not come
to the rescue, at least not with terms acceptable to ELSI's management;
and the management wasleft at the last minutewiththe orderly liquidation
plan to be put into effect as seemingly the only way of avoiding bank-
ruptcy or liquidation under the supervision of the Italian court;and thebankruptcy of its subsidiary was undoubtedly a most unwelcome
prospect for Raytheon.

83. Thecrucialquestion iswhetherRaytheon, on the eveofthe requisi-
tion, and after the closure of the plant and the dismissal, on 29 March
1968,of the majority of the employees, was in a position to cany out
its orderly liquidation plan, evenapart from itsalleged frustration by the
requisition.That plan, asoriginallyconceived,contemplated thatthe dis-
posa1 of plant and assets might produce enough to pay al1 creditors
100per cent of their dues, with a modest residue forthe shareholders. In
one ofthe affidavitsquoted aboveit isstated :"If the assetshad been dis-
posed of at book value al1liabilities,including the payables to Raytheon
Company, would have been paid in full." And, indeed, the trustee in
bankruptcy, in his report of 28 October 1968to the bankruptcy judge,
explained that in March 1968 :

"the management of Raytheon-Elsi decided, and publicly stated
their intention (which was later adopted by the Board of Directors),
to suggest to the shareholders the liquidation of theCompany.The
intention was to proceed with an orderly liquidation of al1assets in
order to pay al1the Company's creditors 100per cent."

This must have seemed a reasonable aim, forthe "book value" may well
havebeen a conservativefigure. It has not been demonstrated that ELSI
was,until shortly before the bankruptcy petition, everactuallyin default.
Moreover,Raytheon had openedan account in Milan for the payment at
100per cent of smallcreditors.
84. Nevertheless sinceno newinvestmentcapital wasforthcoming,the
possibility of paying creditors in full depended upon putting the orderly

liquidation plan into operation in good time. Time was running out
because money was running out. As the position worsened daily, the
moment might at any time arrive when liabilities exceeded assets, or
default resultedfromlack ofliquidity. ELSI'smanagementhad prepared
the assessment of the "quick-sale value" (see paragraph 18 above),
whichwasmarkedly lessthan bookvalue,being awarethatthe saleofthe
company's assetsmightfailto providesumsapproximatingto bookvalue.
There were plans also to approach the large bank creditors in the hope
of securingtheir agreement to Settlementsof 50percent.

85. Did ELSI,inthisprecarious position at the end of March 1968,still

havethe practical possibilityto proceed withan orderlyliquidation plan?
The successful implementation of a plan of orderly liquidation would
have dependedupon a number offactors not under the control of ELSI's
management. Sincethe company's cofferswere dangerously low, funds
had to be forthcoming to maintain the cash flownecessary whilethe planwasbeingcarried out. Evidencehasbeen produced bythe Applicant that
Raytheon was prepared to supply cash flow and other assistance neces-
saryto effectthe orderly liquidation, and the Chamber seesno reason to
questionthat Raytheon had entered orwasreadyto enter into such acom-
mitment. Other factors governing the matter however give rise to some
doubt.

86. First, for the success of the plan it was necessary that the major
creditors (Le.,the banks) would be willing to wait for payment of their
claimsuntil the sale of the assets released funds to settle them: and this
applied not only to the capital sums outstanding, which may not at the
time have yet been legally due for repayment, but also the agreed pay-
ments ofinterest orinstalments of capital. Though the Chamber has been
givenno specificinformation on the point, this is ofthe essenceof such a

liquidation plan :the creditors had to be asked to givethe Companytime.
If ELSI had been confident of continuing to meet al1 its obligations
promptly and regularly while seeking a buyer for its assets, no negotia-
tions with creditors, and no elaborate calculations of division of the pro-
ceeds, on different hypotheses, such as have been produced to the
Chamber, would have been needed.

87. Secondly,the management wereby no means certain that the sale
of the assetswould realizeenough to pay al1creditors in full; in fact, the
existenceofthe calculation ofa "quick-salevalue" suggestsperhaps more
than uncertainty. Thus the creditors had to be asked to givetimein return
foran assurance,not that 100percent wouldbepaid, butthata minimum
of 50percent would bepaid. Whileingeneral it mightbe inthe creditors'
interest to agree to such a proposal, this does not mean in this case that
ELSI could count on such agreement. At the date of the requisition, it

seemsapparent that the banks, while informed of the financial position,
had not yet evenbeen consulted on whetherthey would accept a guaran-
teed 50per cent (seeparagraphs 28-29above),sotheir reaction remains a
matter of speculation.

88. Nor should it be overlooked that the dismissedemployees of ELSI
ranked aspreferential creditorsfor such sumsas mightbe due to them for
severance pay or arrears. In this respect Italy has drawn attention to the
Sicilianregional lawof 13May 1968,providing for the payment

"for the months of March,April and May 1968,to the dismissed em-
ployeesof Raytheon-Elsi of Palermo of a specialmonthlyindemnity
equalto the actualmonthlypay receiveduntilthe month ofFebruary
1968".

Fromthis itcouldbeinferred, said Italy,that ELSIdid not payitsemploy-
ees for the month of March 1968.Further it was conceded by the formerChairman of ELSI, when he appeared as a witness and was cross-
examined, that the cash available at 31 March 1968 ("22 million in the
kitty"), would have been insufficient to meet the payroll of the full staff
even forthe first week of April ("at least 25million"). The suggestion that
ELSI did not meet its March 1968payroll was not put to the witness; and
counsel for the United States later stated that the assertion that "ELSI
could not makeits March payroll", was "simply wrong". It isin any event
certain that when the company ceased activity there were still severance
payments due to the dismissed staff; those, the Applicant suggested,
would have been covered by funds to be provided by Raytheon (para-
graph 28 above). They could not have been met from the money still
remaining in ELSI's coffers at the time.

89. Thirdly, the plan as formulated by ELSI's management involved a
potential inequality amongcreditors :unlessenough wasrealized to cover
the liabilities fully, the major creditors were to be content with some
50percent oftheir claims;butthe smallercreditors were stillto bepaid in
full.Whether ornotthiswouldhavebeen legallyobjectionable asabreach
of the rule of par condicio creditorum (it appears that Raytheon contem-
plated accepting a smaller share in the eventual distribution so that the
smallcreditorscould receive 100percent without affecting theshareattri-
buted tothe banks), it was an additionalfactor whichmighthavecaused a
major creditorto hesitate to agree.According tothe evidence,whenin late
March 1968ELSI started using funds made available by Raytheon to pay
offthe smallcreditors in full,"the banks intervened and said that they did

notwant that to happen asthat wasshowingpreference". Oncethebanks
adopted this attitude, the wholeorderly liquidationplan wasjeopardized,
because a purpose ofthe settlement with smallcreditors was,according to
the 1974diplomatic claim,"to eliminatethe risk that a smallirresponsible
creditor would take precipitous action which would raise formidable
obstacles in the way of orderly liquidation".

90. Fourthly,the assets of the company had to be sold with the mini-
mum delay and at the best price obtainable - desiderata which are often
in practice irreconcilable. The United States has emphasized the dam-
aging effect of the requisition on attempts to realize the assets; after the

requisition it was no longer possible for prospective buyers to view the
plant,nor to assurethem that iftheybought theywould obtain immediate
possession. It is however not at al1certain that the company could have
counted on unfettered access to its premises and plant, and the opportu-
nity of showing it to buyers without disturbance, even if the requisition
had not been made. There has been argument between the Parties on the
question whether andto what extent the plant wasoccupied by employees
of ELSI both before and after the requisition; but what isclear isthat the
companywasexpecting troubleat the plant whenitsclosure plans becameknown :the books had been removed to Milan,according tothe evidence
given at the hearings, "so that if we did have problems we could at least
control the books" and "we had moved quite a lot of inventory[toMilan]
so that we could sel1it from there if we had to".

91. Fifthly, there was the attitude of the Sicilian administration: the
Companywas well aware that the administration was strongly opposedto
a closure of the plant, or more specifically, to a dismissal of the workers.
True, the measure used to try to prevent this - the requisition order -
was found by the Prefect to have lacked the "juridical cause which might
justify it and make it operative" (paragraph 75 above). But ELSI's
management in March 1968could not havebeen certainthat the hostility
of the local authoritiesto their plan of closure and dismissals would not
take practical form in a legal manner. The company's management had
been told before the staff dismissal letters were sent out that such dis-
missals would lead to a requisition of the plant.

92. Al1these factors point towards a conclusion that the feasibility at
31 March 1968of a plan of orderly liquidation, an essential link in the
chain ofreasoning upon which the United Statesclaimrests,has not been
sufficientlyestablished.

93. Finally there was, beside the practicalities, the position in Italian
bankruptcy law.Article 5of the Italian Bankruptcy Act of 1942provides
that
"An entrepreneur who is in a state of insolvencyshall be declared
bankrupt.
The state of insolvency,moreover,becomes apparent not only by
defaultbut also by other external acts which show that the debtor is
no longer in a position regularly to discharge his obligations."

("L'imprenditoreche si trova in stato d'insolvenza è dichiarato
fallito.
Lo stato d'insolvenzasi manifestaconinadempimentiod altrifatti
esteriori,i quali dimostrino cheil debitorenon è più ingrado di sod-
disfare regolarmenteleproprieobbligazioni .7
This formula excludes a merely momentary or temporary disability, and
refers to one whichshows everysignofgoingon. "Regular" payment ("re-
golarmente'yapparently refers to payment in full at the due time. Given

this definitionit is apparentthat ELSI could havebeen "insolvent" in the
sense of Italian bankruptcy law, at the end of March, even though not
actually in default. The Chamber has been given conflicting evidence on
the question whether a debtor in such a position is bound under Italian
law to go into bankruptcy, or whether he may still enter into voluntary
composition with his creditors outside the supervision of the bankruptcy
court (paragraph 25above). 94. Ifhowever ELSIwasin astate oflegalinsolvency at31March 1968,

and if,as contended by Italy, a state of insolvencyentailed an obligation
onthe company to petition for itsownbankruptcy, then the relevantrights
of control and management would not haveexisted tobe protected bythe
FCN Treaty. While not essential to the Chamber's conclusion, already
stated in paragraph 92 above, an assessment of ELSI's solvency as a
matter of Italian law isthus highly material.
95. Italy has argued that even before the requisition,ELSI was insol-
vent in the sense that itsliabilities exceeded the value of its assets, and in
support of this has pointed to, first, the "quick-sale value" calculated for
the purposes ofthe liquidation plan, and secondly the observations ofthe
auditors on the September 1967balance sheet. The Chamber does not
howeverconsider that ithasto conclude fromthis that ELSI wasinsolvent
as early as 1967.The value of assets of this kind, until they are actually
sold, must be a matter for assessment by informed opinion, and different
views,andthe use ofdifferent accounting conventions, may lead to differ-
ent results. The company's management was clearly of the view that it
could legally continue trading up to the end of March 1968,since its for-

mer Chairman hastold the Chamber that the company's legaland finan-
cial advisers werekeeping a closeand.continuous watch on the position to
ensure that Italian legal requirements were respected. But there is no
doubtthat ELSI wasindeed in astate ofinsolvency when on 25April1968
its Board of Directors voted to file a petition in bankruptcy.The conclu-
sion then made that "Thecompany's financialsituationhas worsened and
has now reached a state of insolvency" was based, according to the
minutes of the board meeting, on the fact that "There are payments on
long-term loans that fell due a few days ago, and other payments which
the company cannot make as a result of lack of liquidit..." Inthe bank-
ruptcy petition, it was specified that "an instalment of Lit. 800,000,000to
Banca Nazionale del Lavoro became due on 18April 1968and the note
therefor has been or willbe protested, etc." In other words, the company
had by then committed a default ("inadempimento'> by failing to meet its
debts as they became due.

96. Onthis matter ofinsolvencyin Italian law,consideration must also
be given to the reasons employed by the Prefect of Palermo for his deci-
sion to annul the requisition order, and the findings of the Court of Pal-
ermo and the Court ofAppeal of Palermo on the action brought byELSI's
trustee in bankruptcy, for damages following the decision of the Prefect
annulling the requisition order. As indicated above (paragraph 75),
the Prefect considered that the purpose of the requisition could not
be achieved, since the company's activity could not be resumed. He
explained that

"10stato dell'azienda eratale,per circostanzedi carattereeconomico-
funzionale e di mercato,da non consentirela prosecuzionedell'atti-60 ELETTRONICASICULA (JUDGMENT)

vità.. .La requisizione,quindi,nullaha mutato nellasituazioneazien-
dale. ..La situazionedidissestoha,anzi,determinatoladichiarazione
difallimento dell'azienda ..."
("the situation of the company, due to functional-economic and
market factors, was such as not to permit of the pursuance of its
activity...Therequisitionconsequentlychangednothinginthesitu-
ation ofthe company. . .Onthe contrary,the situation ofinsolvency
determined the declaration ofbankruptcy ofthe company. ..")

97. The Court of Palermo was faced with the argument, mentioned in
paragraph 58 above,that "the requisition order caused an economicsitua-
tion of such gravitythat it immediately and directlytriggered the bank-
ruptcy of the company". It dealt with this by pointing to the situation of
the company on the eveofthe requisition :

'2 31marzo1968,insostanza,Iostabilimentodell'Elsinonerapiù in
fase produttiva,fermata per deliberazione dell'organo socialecompe-
tenteche ...aveva ...opinato,nonpotendotrovarealtrorimedio,perla
soluzionepiù drastica,evidentementereputandolapiù confacenteagli
interessi dellasocietae cheavevacomeoggettopreciso I'arresto totale
dellaproduzione ... Devesia ci6aggiungere ...chepropriodaiprimi
dell'anno1968vierastato un notevolepeggioramentodellasituazione
generaledell'azienda, che via viasi andava aggravandoper le sfavo-
revolicondizioni del mercato, avversata,altresi,daifatti sismici del
gennaio eda una seriediscioperiche,per I'appunto,ne1mesedi marzo
ebberoa carattereoradi continuitaoradi intermittenza,con la conse-
guenza della perditadi un considerevolenumerodi orelavorative .. ."
("On March 31,1968,the Elsiplant was for al1practical purposes
no longer in operation, stopped in accordance with a decision ofthe
competent organ of the company which ... had decided, in the
absence of any other solution, to go for the most drastic solution,
evidentlyconsidering it most conducive to the interests of the com-
pany, a solution which meant the total shutdown of production ...
To this must be added ...that in the early part of 1968,there was a
notable deterioration ofthe generalsituation ofthe company, which
was further aggravated by unfavourable market conditions as
well as the January earthquakes and a series of strikes which in
March were sometimes continuous and sometimes intermittent,
causing the lossof a considerable amount of production hours .. .")

From this the Court was able to conclude that

"Dallecondizionipremesse discendeche l'agganciodelfallimento
dellasocietàall'intervenutarequisizionenon hafondamento, siccome,
esattamente, èstatosostenutocoll'amministrazioneconvenutae,ssendo
la situazioneeconomicadellaRaytheon-Elsigià gravementecompro-
messada anniper esplicitoriconoscimento deisuoistessidirigenti." ("It isclearfrom these conditions that the connection between the
company's bankruptcy and the requisition is unfounded, as the
defendant administration correctly maintained, since Raytheon-
Elsi's economic situation had for years already been seriously
compromised, as its own management explicitlyadmitted.")

The Court of Palermo did not howevergosofaras to statethat ELSI was
legallyinsolvent prior to the requisition.
98. However the Court of Appeal of Palermo, in itsjudgment, states
that ELSI was insolvent before the requisition order was made. The
salient passage on this point in the Court of Appeal'sjudgment states :

'Berquantoriguardaidannichesifanno consisterenell'avere larequi-
sizioneprovocato iflallimento della società, la conclusioeegativadel
tribunaleè ampiamenteeconvincentementemotivatae .. .leconsidera-
zioni critichedell'appellanteonvalgonoaprovocareunconvincimento
diverso;.. .La circostanzacerta dellainsolvenzadella societàintempo
immediatamenteanteriore al10intewentodel Sindaco ...è sufficiente
per escludereilcollegamentocausalefra ilsuccessiveprovvedimentodi
requisizioneeilfallimento dellasocietà,per ilqualeultimoquel10stato
di insolvenzaè causadeterminantee sufficiente(Art.5 leggefallim.). "

("as regards the damages consisting in the fact that the order trig-
gered the company's bankruptcy,the negativeconclusion arrived at
bythe court belowisamplyand convincinglymotivatedand the criti-
cal considerations ofthe appellant are not sufficient to lead to a dif-
ferent determination ... The certain circumstance that the company
wasinsolvent during thetimeimmediatelyprior to the Mayor's inter-
vention. ..issufficientto ruleout anycausal linkbetweenthe subse-
quent requisition order and the company'sbankruptcy of which the
company's stateof insolvencywas the decisiveand sufficient cause
(Art.5, Bankruptcy Law).")

The Court ofAppeal also refersto the "prior insolvency" ('Brecedentein-
solvenza'~ofthe company, and to "the decisiveeffectofthe state ofinsol-
vency" ("laefficaciadeterminantedel10statodi insolvenza'~.
99. Whether these findings by the municipal courts are to be regarded
asdeterminations asa matter of Italian lawthat ELSI had been insolvent,
within the meaning of the relevant legislative provisions, on 31 March
1968,orwhethertheyareno more than findingsthat thefinancial position
of ELSIon that date wassodesperate that itwaspast saving,sothat itwas
not the requisition which "caused an economic situation of such gravity
that itimmediatelyand directlytriggeredthebankruptcy ofthe company"
makes no difference to the conclusion to be drawn. If ELSI was legally
insolvent,then evenifthe liquidationplan could in fact have been imple-
mented with CO-operationfrom the creditors, the stockholders no longer
had rightsofcontrol and managementto beprotected bythe FCN Treaty.
If, as the Prefect of Palermo stated, and the courts of Palermo certainly
thought, the factual situation at least was such that the requisitionchangednothing, then the United Stateshasfailedtoprove that there was
any interference with control and management in any real sense. The

Chamber has no need to go into the question of the extent to which it
could or should question the validity of a finding of Italian law, the law
governingthe matter, by the appropriate Italian courts. It is sufficient to
note that the conclusion above,that the feasibility of an orderly liquida-
tion plan is not sufficientlyestablished, is reinforced by referenceto the
decisionofthe courts ofPalermoon the claimbythetrusteeinbankruptcy
for damages forthe injury caused bythe requisition.Whetherregarded as
findings of Italian lawor as findings offact,the decisionsofthe courts of
Palermosimplyconstitute additional evidence of the situation which the
Chamber has to assess.

100. It is important, in the consideration of so much detail, not to get
the matter out of perspective: given an under-capitalized, consistently
loss-makingcompany, crippled by the need to servicelarge loans, which
company its stockholders had themselves decided not to financefurther
but to close and sel1off because, as they were anxious to make clear to
everybodyconcerned, the moneywasrunning out fast,it cannot be amat-

terofsurprise if,severaldaysafterthedate atwhichthe management itself
had predicted thatthe money would runout,the companyshould be con-
sidered to have been actually or virtually in a state of insolvency for the
purposes of Italian bankruptcy law.
101. If, therefore, the management of ELSI, at the material time, had
no practical possibility of carrying out successfullya scheme of orderly
liquidation under its ownmanagement, and mayindeed already have for-
feitedanyrightto doso under Italian law,itcannot be said that it wasthe
requisition that deprived it of this faculty of control and management.
Furthemore, onefeature ofELSI'sposition stands out: theuncertain and
speculativecharacter of the causal connection, on which the Applicant's
case relies, betweenthe requisition and the results attributed to it by the
Applicant.There wereseveralcausesactingtogether that ledto the disas-
terto ELSI. No doubtthe effectsofthe requisition might havebeen one of
the factors involved. But the underlying cause was ELSI's headlong
coursetowardsinsolvency; whichstate ofaffairsit seemsto haveattained
even prior to the requisition. There was the warning loudly proclaimed
about itsprecarious position; there wasthe sociallydamaging decisionto

terminate the business, close the plant, and dismissthe workforce; there
wasthe position ofthe banks asmajorcreditors. In short,the possibilityof
that solution of orderly liquidation, which Raytheon and Machlett claim
to havebeen deprived ofasa result ofthe requisition, ispurely a matter of
speculation.The Chamber istherefore unable to seehere anything which
can be saidto amount to aviolation by ItalyofArticle III, paragraph 2,of
the FCN Treaty. 102. Therearetwoclaimsofthe Applicant thatare based uponthepro-

visionsof Article V oftheFCN Treaty :one relatesto paragraphs 1and 3,
and is concerned with protection and security of nationals and their
property; another relates to paragraph 2, and is concerned with the
taking or expropriation ofproperty. No claim isbased upon paragraph 4
of Article V. The Applicant's claim under paragraphs 1 and 3 will be
dealt with first.
103. Paragraph 1of Article Vprovides as follows:

"1. The nationals of each High Contracting Party shall receive,
within the territories of the other High Contracting Party, the most
constant protection and security fortheir persons and property, and
shallenjoyinthisrespect the fullprotection and securityrequired by
international law. To these ends, persons accused of crime shall be
brought totrial promptly, and shall enjoyal1therights and privileges
which are or may hereafter be accorded by the applicable laws and
regulations; and nationals of either High Contracting Party, while
within the custody of the authorities of the other High Contracting
Party,shallreceivereasonable and humane treatment. In so farasthe
term 'nationals' whereusedinthisparagraph isapplicableinrelation

to property itshall be construed to include corporations and associa-
tions."

Paragraph 2 of this Article is not relevant here, but is set out in para-
graph 113ofthis Judgment. Paragraph 3provides as follows :

"3. The nationals, corporations and associations of either High
Contracting Party shall within the territories of the other High
Contracting Party receiveprotection and security with respectto the
mattersenumerated inparagraphs 1and 2ofthis Article,upon com-

pliance with the applicable laws and regulations, no less than the
protection and security which isor mayhereafter be accorded to the
nationals, corporations and associations of such other High Con-
tracting Party and no less than that which is or may hereafter be
accorded to the nationals, corporations and associations ofanythird
country. Moreover,in al1matters relating to the taking of privately
owned enterprises into public ownership and the placing of such
enterprises under public control, enterprises in which nationals,
corporations and associations of either High Contracting Party have
a substantialinterest shall be accorded, within the territories ofthe
other High Contracting Party,treatment no less favorable than that
which isormayhereafterbe accorded to similarenterprisesin which
nationals, corporations and associations of such other High Con-
tracting Party have a substantial interest, and no lessfavorable than

that which is or may hereafter be accorded to similar enterprises in
which nationals, corporations and associations of any third country
have a substantial interest."64 ELETTRONlCA SICULA (JUDGMENT)

104. Paragraph 1thus provides for "the most constant protection and
security" for nationals of each High Contracting Party, both "for their
persons and property"; and also that, in relation to property, the term
"nationals" shall be construed to "include corporations and associa-
tions" ;and indefining the nature ofthe protection, the required standard
is established by a referenceto "the fullprotection and securityrequired
by international law". Paragraph 3 elaborates this notion of protection
and security further, by requiring no less than the standard accorded
to the nationals, corporations and associations of the other High
Contracting Party; and no less than that accorded to the nationals, cor-
porations and associations of any third country. There are, accordingly,
three different standards of protection, al1of which have to be satisfied.

105. Abreach of these provisions isseenbythe Applicantto have been
committed when the Respondent "allowed ELSI workers to occripy the
plant" (see paragraph 65 above). It is the contention of the United States
that once the plant had been requisitioned, ELSI's employeesbegan an
occupation of the premises which continued, so far as the United States
was aware, up to the re-opening of the plant by ELTEL; and that this
occupation had thetacit approval oflocalauthorities,whomade no effort
to prevent or to end it, or otherwiseto protect the premises. To this occu-
pation the United States attributes as injurious consequences, first a
deterioration of the plant and related material and equipment, and
secondly that it impeded the efforts of the trustee in bankmptcy to dis-
pose of the plant.
106. Italy has objected that Article V,paragraphs 1and 3, guarantees

the protection and security of property belonging to United States
companies in Italy, but the plant in Palermo which, according to the
United States,should have been protected under the FCN Treaty belonged
to the Italian company ELSI. TheUnited Statesreplies thatthe "property
of Raytheon and Machlett in Italy" was ELSI itself, and Italy was obli-
gated to protect the entire entity of ELSI from the deleterious effects of
the requisition. While there may be doubts whether the word "property"
in Article V, paragraph 1,extends, in the case of shareholders, beyond
the shares themselves, to the company or its assets, the Chamber will
neverthelessexamine the matter on the basis argued by the United States
that the "property" to be protected under this provision of the FCN
Treaty was not the plant and equipmentthe subject of the requisition, but
the entity of ELSI itself.
107. That there was someoccupation of the plant by the workers after

the requisition is something that Italy has not sought to deny, and the
Court of Appeal of Palermoreferredinpassing to the circumstance ofthe
requisitioning authority having tolerated the "unlawful" act of occupation
of the plant by the workers ("laautoritàrequirenteavesse tolleratol'illecito
penale di una occupazionedei repartidi lavorazioneda parte dellemae-
stranze'y.Itappears, nevertheless, to have been a peaceful occupation, as
maybelearnedfrom ELSI7sown administrative appeal of 19April 1968tothe Prefectagainstthe requisition, and the affidavits ofthe Mayor of Pal-
ermo and one of his officials (see paragraph 33 above). It is difficult to
acceptthat the occupation seriouslyharmed the interests of ELSI in view
of the evidence produced by Italy that measures taken by the Mayor of
Palermoforthetemporary management ofthe plant permitted the contin-
uation and completion of work in progress in the months followingthe
requisition.TheUnited Stateshas asserted thatthe continued production
was verylimited, and cannot be equated withresumption of fullproduc-
tion in the plant, and continues to contend that the plant and machinery
fellintodisusefollowingthe requisition and deteriorated rapidlyin value.
The Court of Palermo however found itself unable to establish that any
damage to the plant had been caused bythe occupying workers.

108. ThereferenceinArticle Vtotheprovision of "constantprotection
and security" cannot be construed asthe givingof a warranty that prop-
erty shall never in any circumstancesbe occupied or disturbed. The dis-
missalofsome800workerscouldnotreasonably beexpectedtopasswith-
out some protest. Indeed, the management of ELSI seems to have been
very much aware that the closure of the plant and dismissalof the work-
force could not be expected to pass without disturbance; as is apparent
fromthe removalofthe company'sbooksand "quite a lotofinventory"to
Milan (paragraph 17 above).In any event,considering that it isnot estab-
lished that any deterioration in the plant and machinery was due to the
presence of the workers, and that the authorities were able not merelyto
protect the plant but even in some measure to continue production, the
protection provided by the authorities could not be regarded as falling

below "the fullprotection and securityrequired by international law"; or
indeed as less than the national or third-State standards. The mere fact
that the occupation was referred to by the Court of Appeal of Palermo
as unlawful does not, in the Chamber's view, necessarily mean that the
protection afforded fell short of the national standard to which the
FCN Treaty refers.The essentialquestion iswhether the locallaw,either
in its termsor itsapplication, hastreated United Statesnationals lesswell
than Italian nationals. This,in the opinion of the Chamber, has not been
shown.The Chamber must,therefore, rejectthe charge ofanyviolation of
Article V,paragraphs 1and 3.

109. The Applicant sees a further breach of Article V, paragraphs 1
and 3, of the FCN Treaty, in the time taken - 16months - before the
Prefect ruled on ELSI'sadministrative appeal against the Mayor'srequi-66 ELETTRONICASICULA (JUDGMENT)

sition order, or, to cite the words of counsel for the Applicant (para-
graph 65above),
"the Respondent violated its obligations when it unreasonably
delayed ruling on the lawfulness of the requisition for 16 months

until immediately after the ELSI plant, equipment and work-in-
process had al1been acquired by ELTEL".
The time taken by the Prefect was undoubtedly long; and the Chamber
was not entirely convinced by the Respondent's suggestion that such
lengthy delays by Prefects were quite usual. Yet it must be remembered

thatthe requisitioninfact lapsed after sixmonths and that Italian law did
provide a safeguard against delays by the Prefect. It was possible after
120days from the filing of the appeal to serve on the Prefect a request
requiring him to render a decision within 60 days (paragraph 41 above).
Raytheon and Machlett were never in a position to take advantage of this
procedure, because by the time the 120days had elapsed the trustee in
bankruptcy was in control of the Company;on theotherhand,the trustee
in bankruptcy did employ this procedure, and the Prefect shortly after-
wards gave his decision on the appeal.
110. Counselfor the Applicanthasreferred to thisdelayas "a denial of
the level ofproceduraljustice accorded byinternational law". Its claim in

this respect is however not founded on the rules of customary interna-
tional lawconcerning denial ofjustice, nor on the text of the FCN Treaty
(Article V, paragraph 4) which provides for access to justice. The rele-
vance of the delay of the Prefect's rulinghasbeen expressedin two ways.
First, it isid, had there been a speedy decision by the Prefect, the bank-
ruptcy of ELSI couldhavebeen avoided; the Chamber isunable to accept
this argument, for the reasons already explained in connection with the
claim under Article III, paragraph 2, of the FCN Treaty. Secondly, it is
contended that oncethe requisition occurred, the Respondent had anob-
ligation to protectELSI from itsdeleteriouseffects, and one ofthe waysin
which itfell short ofthis obligation was by failingto provide anadequate

method of overturning the requisition.

111. The primary standard laid down by Article V is "the full protec-
tion and securityrequired by international law", in short the "protection
and security" must conform to the minimum international standard. As
noted above, this is supplemented by the criteria of national treatment
and most-favoured-nationtreatment.The Chamber isherecalled upon to
apply the provisions of a treaty which sets standards - in addition to the
reference to generalinternational law - which may go further inprotect-
ing nationals of the High Contracting Parties than general international
law requires; but the United States has not - Save in one respect -

suggested that these requirements do in this respect set higher standards
than the international standard. It must be doubted whether in al1the
circumstances, the delay in the Prefect's ruling in this case can be
regarded as falling below that standard. Certainly, the Applicant's useof so serious a charge as to cal1it a "denial of procedural justice" might
be thought exaggerated.

112. The United States has also alleged that the delay in ELSI's case
wasfarin excessofthe delayexperiencedin prior suitsinvolving compan-
iesownedbyItalian nationals, and that itthereforeconstituted afailureto
accord a national standard of protection. Asalready stated, theChamber
wasnot entirelyconvinced bythe contention that suchalengthydelaywas
quite usual (paragraph 109above); nevertheless, it is not satisfied that
a "national standard" of more rapid determination of administrative
appeals hasbeenshown to haveexisted.The Chamber istherefore unable
to see in this delay a violation of paragraphs 1 and 3 of Article V of
the FCN Treaty.

113. The Chamber now turns to the United States claim based on
ArticleV,paragraph 2,of the FCN Treaty,which provides as follows:

"2. The property of nationals, corporations and associations of
either High Contracting Party shall not be taken within the territo-
ries of the other High Contracting Party without due process of law
and without the prompt payment ofjust and,effectivecompensation.
The recipient of such compensation shall, in conformity with such
applicable laws and regulations as are not inconsistent with para-
graph 3 of Article XVII of this Treaty, be permitted without inter-
ference to withdraw the compensation by obtaining foreign ex-

change,in the currencyofthe High Contracting Party ofwhich such
recipient is a national, corporation or association, upon the most
favorableterms applicable to such currency at the time ofthe taking
of the property, and exempt from any transfer or remittance tax,
provided application for such exchange is made within one year
after receipt ofthe compensation to which it relates."

This is a most important paragraph, of a kind that is central to many
investmenttreaties. Where the English version begins by providing that

"The property of nationals, corporations and associations of
either HighContracting Partyshallnot be taken withintheterritories
of the other High Contracting Party without due process of law and
without the prompt payment of just and effective compensation",the corresponding Italian text reads as follows

"1benidei cittadini e dellepersonegiuridicheed associazionidi cia-
scunaAlta Parte Contraentenonsaranno espropriati entroi territori
dellaltra Alta Parte Contrae~lte,senza una debita procedura legale e
senza ilprontopagamento digiusto ed effettivoindennizzo."

There was considerable argument before the Chamber overthe difference
between the English version of the provision, which uses the word
"taken", and the Italian, which uses the word "espropriati"B . oth versions
are authentic. Obviously there is some difference between the two
versions. The word "taking" is wider and looser than "espropriazione".

114. The United States argued that, howeverthe provision is read, the
result isthe same inthis case; which isnot the same asarguing thatthe two
versions mean the same thing; and if one looks at the acts and conduct

which the Applicant claims to constitute a violation of Article V, para-
graph 2,onefinds this claimexpressed in the followingterms. Inthe con-
tention of the United States, both the Respondent's act of requisitioning
the ELSI plant and its subsequent acts in acquiring the plant, assets, and
work in progress, singly and in combination, constitute takings of prop-
erty without due process of law and just compensation. The requisition
in itself is, in the view of the United States,uch a taking, because Italy
physically seized ELSI's property with the object and effect of ending
Raytheon and Machlett's control and management, in order to prevent
them from conducting the planned liquidation; and according to the
United States, in international law a "taking" is generally recognized
as including not merely outright expropriation of property, but also un-
reasonable interference with its use, enjoyment or disposal. Secondly,

the United States claims that the Respondent, after the requisition and
before the Prefectruled on the administrative appeal, proceeded through
ELTEL to acquire the ELSI plant and assets for less than fair market
value. The matter was summed up by counsel at the hearings as follows :

"The requisition and the delay in overturning the requisition not
onlyinterfered with Raytheon and Machlett's management and con-
trol of ELSI, not only impaired Raytheon and Machlett's legally
acquired interests in ELSI, but also resulted in what can only be
described as the taking of the property."

115. The specific United States allegations of interference by the Ital-
ian Government with the ELSI bankruptcy proceedings may be summar-
ized as follows.The object in view issaid to have been to secure ELSI's
facilities for IRI, on the terms and at the below-market price which IR1
desired, whileresponding to the political pressure brought by ELSI'sfor-
mer workers. Having requisitioned the plant and caused ELSI's bank-ruptcy, the Government of Italy discouraged private bidders at the auc-
tionsheldto dispose ofELSI'sassets,byinformingthe public atlargethat
the Governmentwouldbe taking overELSI'sfacilities.Whileproceeding
with plans to take over ELSI, for example by negotiating agreementsfor

rehiringthe staff,IR1issaidto have"boycotted" the firstthree auctions of
the assets,at which the terms set by the bankruptcy judge werenot to its
liking.ELTEL proposed to the trustee in bankruptcy that it be permitted
to lease the plant, and to purchase the work in progress, and this was
agreedto bythebankruptcy authorities ontermswhich, itisclaimed,were
adverseto ELSI'sinterests,both because the sumsinvolvedweretoo low
and because ELTEL was placed in a position to dictate the terms of the
final sale. At the final auction, ELTEL, already in possession under the
lease,acquired the plant and related equipment for 4,000millionlire, the
figure reported in the press to have been previously agreed on between
IR1and the Italian authorities. Asa result ofthe arrangements made with
the bankruptcy authorities for a piecemeal take-over, the total amount
received for ELSI's assets was slightly over 4,000 million lire, as com-

pared with the company's book valuation of over 12,000million lire.

116. Thus, the chargebased on the combination ofthe requisition and
subsequentacts isreallythatthe requisitionwasthebeginningofaprocess
that led to the acquisition of the bulk of theassets of ELSI (which was
whollyowned by Raytheon and Machlett) for far less than marketvalue.
That isa charge,not ofmeretemporary taking - though the United States
also contended that a temporary requisition can constitute an indirect
taking - but of a process by which title to ELSI'sassets itselfwas in the
end transferred. So far as the requisition is concerned, counsel put the
United Statesargumentthis way:

"the fact that the requisition wasfor an extendable six-monthperiod
does not make this any less of an expropriation of interests in
property, given the fact that the requisition drove ELSI into
bankruptcy".

Whatis thus allegedbythe Applicant,ifnot anovert expropriation, might
be regarded as a disguised expropriation; because, at the end of the pro-
cess,itisindeed titleto property itselfthat isatstake.The argumentisthat
ifa seriesofactsor omissionsofthe Italian authorities had the end result,
whether intended or not and whether the result of collusion or not, of
causing United Statesproperty in Italy to be ultimately transfened into
the ownership of Italy, without proper compensation, there would be a
violation of ArticleV,paragraph 2,of the FCN Treaty. 117. It mustimmediatelybe added thatthe United States,in the course
of the oral proceedings, in response to an Italian assertion that it was

attempting to establish a conspiracyto bring about the change of owner-
ship,made itveryclearthat thispart ofitscasedid not depend upon, orin
anywayinvolve,anyallegationthatthe Italian authorities wereparties to
such a conspiracy. The United States stated formally that it "has never
argued and does not now argue that the acts and omissions of the
Respondent that violated the Treaty amount to a 'conspiracy"'. More-
over,itwas addedthat whilstthe reliefsoughtwas"based on the actsand
omissions of the Respondent's agents and officials at the federal and
local levels (including IRI), without any allegation that these officials
were working in conspiracy", the United States did not "speculate as
to whythese agents and officials of the Respondent acted in the manner
they did"; or, asthe United States Agentput it in his argument:

"These acts and omissions constituted Treaty violations ...
whether or not the Italian Government entities involved knew of

each other's actions,and whether or not they were acting in concert
or at crosspurposes."

118. The argument that there was a "taking" involvingtransfer of title
gives rise to a number of difficulties. Even assuming, though without
deciding, that "espropriazione" might be wide enough to include not
only forma1and open expropriation, but also a disguised expropriation,
there would still be a question whether the paragraph can be extended
to include even a "taking" of an Italian corporation in Italy, of which,
strictly speaking, Raytheon and Machlett only held the shares. This,
however, is where account must also be taken of the first paragraph of
the Protocol appended to the FCN Treaty,which provides :

"1. The provisions of paragraph 2 of Article V,providing for the
payment of compensation, shall extend to interests held directly or
indirectly[si estenderannoaidiritti spettanti direttamente odindiretta-
menteai cittadini .. .] by nationals, corporations and associations of
either High Contracting Party in property which is taken within the
territories ofthe other HighContracting Party."

TheEnglishtext ofthisprovision suggeststhat itwasdesignedpreciselyto

resolve the doubts just described. The interests of shareholders in the
assets of a Company,and in their residuary value on liquidation, would
appear to fa11inthe categoryofthe "interests"tobeprotected byArticleV,
paragraph 2, and the Protocol. Italy has however drawn attention to the
useinthe Italiantext - whichisequallyauthentic - ofthe narrowerterm "diritti"(rights), and has argued that, on the basis of the principle
expressed in Article 33, paragraph 4, of the Vienna Convention on the
Law of Treaties, the correct interpretation of the Protocol must be in the
more restrictive sense of the Italian text.

119. In the viewof the Chamber, however,neither this question of in-
terpretation ofthe twotexts ofthe Protocol,nor the questionsraised asto
the possibilities of disguised expropriation or of a "taking" amounting
ultimately to expropriation, have to be resolved in the present case,
because itissimplynot possibletosaythatthe ultimateresult wasthe con-
sequence of the acts or omissions of the Italian authorities, yet at the
same time to ignore the most important factor, namely ELSI'sfinancial
situation, and the consequent decision of its shareholders to close the
plant and put an end tothe company's activitiesA. sexplained above(para-
graphs 96-98),the municipal courts considered that ELSI, if not already
insolventin Italian lawbefore the requisition, wasin soprecarious a state
that bankruptcy was inevitable. The Chamber cannot regard any of the
acts complained of which occurred subsequent to the bankruptcy as
breaches of ArticleV,paragraph 2,in the absence of any evidence of col-
lusion,which isnowno longer evenalleged.Evenifit werepossibleto see
the requisition as having been designed to bring about bankruptcy, as a
steptowards disguisedexpropriation, then, if ELSI wasalready under an

obligation to file a petition of bankruptcy, or in such a financial state
that such a petition could not be long delayed, the requisition was an
act of supererogation. Furthermore this requisition, independently of
the motives which allegedly inspired it, being by its terms for a limited
period, and liable to be overturned by administrative appeal, could not,
in the Chamber'sview, amount to a "taking" contrary to Article Vunless
it constituted a significantdeprivation of Raytheon and Machlett's inter-
est in ELSI'splant; as might havebeen the caseif, while ELSI remained
solvent,the requisition had been extended and the hearing ofthe admin-
istrative appeal delayed. In fact the bankruptcy of ELSI transformed
the situation less than a month after the requisition. The requisition
could therefore only be regarded as significant for this purpose if it
caused or triggered the bankruptcy. This is precisely the proposition
which is irreconcilable with the findings of the municipal courts, and
withthe Chamber's conclusionsin paragraphs 99-100above.

120. Article 1 of the Supplementary Agreement to the FCN Treaty,
which confers rights not qualified by national or most-favoured-nation
standards, provides asfollows : "The nationals, corporations and associations of either High Con-
tracting Party shall not be subjected to arbitrary or discriminatory
measures within the territories of the other High Contracting Party
resulting particularly in: (a) preventing their effective control and

management of enterprises whichtheyhavebeenpermitted to estab-
lish or acquire therein; or, (b)impairing their other legally acquired
rights and interests in such enterprises or in the investments which
they have made, whether inthe form of funds (loans, shares or other-
wise),materials, equipment, services,processes,patents, techniques
or otherwise.Each High Contracting Party undertakes not to discri-
minate against nationals, corporations and associations of the other
High Contracting Party as totheirobtaining under normal terms the
capital, manufacturing processes, skills and technology which may
be needed for economic development."

The United States bases its claims upon allegations that measures were
taken which were both "arbitrary" and "discriminatory" in the sense of
this text.

121. The Applicant pressed strongly the claim that the requisition was
an arbitrary or discriminatory act which violated both the "(a)"and the
"(b)"clauses of the Article. The requisition, it is said, clearly prevented
Raytheon and Machlett from exercisingtheir control and management of
ELSI and also resulted in an impairment of their legallyacquired rights
and interests in ELSI, inasmuch as itprevented the voluntary liquidation
of ELSI and caused it to file for bankruptcy. Tothe claim asitispresented
in those terms, however, the Chamber has already given its answer: the
absence of a sufficiently palpable connection between the effects of the
requisition and the failure ofELSIto carryout itsplanned orderly liquida-
tion (paragraph 101above). Accordingly,it cannotbe said that it was the
requisition per sewhich eitherprevented Raytheon's effectivecontrol and
management of ELSI, or which resulted in impairing legally acquired
rights, in the sense of the clauses called "(a)"and "(b)"in Article 1of the
Supplementary Agreement. Yet,although this isan answer to the claimas
it ispresented in terms of those clauses of Article 1,it isnot the end of the
matter. The effectofthe word "particularly", introducing the clauses "(a)'"

and "(b)",suggests that the prohibition of arbitrary (and discriminatory)
acts is not confined to those resulting in the situations described in "(a)"
and "(b)",but is in effect a prohibition of such acts whether or not they
produce such results. It is necessary, therefore, to examine whether the
requisition was, or was not, an arbitrary or discriminatory act of itself.
122. The allegation of the United States that Raytheon and Machlett
were subjected to "discriminatory" measures can be dealt withshortly. It
is common groundthatthe requisition order was not made because of the
nationality oftheshareholders;there havebeen many casesofrequisitionorders made in similarcircumstancesagainst wholly Italian-owned com-
panies. But the United States claims that there was "discrimination" in
favour of IRI, an entitycontrolled by Italy;and this was, inthe viewofthe
United States, contrary to the FCN Treaty and Supplementary Agree-
IR1 were directly contrary to
ment. It is contended that the interests of
those of Raytheon and Machlett, and the Italian Government intervened
to advance its own commercialinterests at the latter's expense. However,
the requisition order in itself did not serve any interest of IRI; it is only if
the requisition isregarded asastep inaprocessdestined totransfer ELSI's
assetsto IR1thatthe factualsituation wouldaffordanybasisforthe argu-
ment now under examination. As indicated above, the United States
statedfonnally during the oral proceedings that itwasnot arguingthat the
acts and omissionscomplained of amount to a "conspiracy", and did not
speculate as to why the relevant agents and officials of the Respondent
acted as they did (see paragraph 117above). There is no sufficient evi-
dence before the Chamber tosupport the suggestion that there was a plan
to favour IR1 at the expense of ELSI, and the claim of "discriminatory
measures"inthe sense ofArticle 1ofthe Supplementary Agreement must
therefore be rejected.

123. In order to show that the requisition order was an "arbitrary" act
in the sense of the Supplementary Agreement to the FCN Treaty, the
Applicanthas relied (interalia) uponthe status ofthat order inItalian law.
Itcontends thatthe requisition "was precisely the sort of arbitrary action
which was prohibited" by Article 1of the Supplementary Agreement, in
that "under both the Treaty and Italian law,the requisition wasunreason-
able and improperly motivated"; it was "found to be illegal under Italian
domestic law for precisely this reason". Relying on its own English trans-
lation of the decision of the Prefect of Palermo of 22 August 1969,the
Applicant concludes that the Prefect found that the order was "destitute
of anyjuridical cause which may justify it or make it enforceable". Italy
firstcontended that the word "or" in thetranslation ofthispassageshould
be replaced by "and", and subsequentlyput fonvard the alternativetrans-
lation that "the order, generically speaking,lacks the proper motivation
that could justify it and make it effective". It may be noted in passing that
when ELSI, immediatelyafter the making of the requisition order, form-
ally invited the Mayor of Palermo to revoke the order, it referred to it
throughout as"the said illegal and arbitrary order" ("dettoillegaleedarbi-

trario provvedimento"); but the appeal submitted to the Prefect, while
citing numerous legal grounds for annulment, including "eccessodi potere
persviamentodel fine"("excess ofpower by deviationfrom the purpose"),
contained no claim that the order had been "arbitrary". It is therefore
appropriate for the Chamber to examine the legal grounds given by the
Prefect of Palermo for his decision, as well as what was said by the
Court of Appeal of Palermo on the legal impact of the Prefect's deci-
sion on the requisition order, and consider whether the findings of the74 ELETTRONICA SICULA (JUDGMENT)

Prefect or of the Court of Appeal are equivalent to, or suggest, a con-

clusion that the requisition was an "arbitrary" action.

124. Yet it must be borne in mind that the fact that an act of a public
authority may have been unlawful in municipal law does not necessarily
mean thatthat act was unlawful in international law, as a breach of treaty
or otherwise. A finding of the local courts that an act was unlawful may
wellbe relevantto an argument that itwas also arbitrary; but by itself,and
without more, unlawfulness cannot be said to amount to arbitrariness.
It would be absurd if measures later quashed by higher authority or a
superiorcourt could, forthat reason,be said to havebeen arbitrary in the

sense of international law. To identify arbitrariness with mere un-
lawfulnesswould be to deprive it of any usefulmeaning in its own right.
Nor does it follow from a finding by a municipal court that an act was
unjustified, or unreasonable, or arbitrary, that that act is necessarily to
be classed as arbitrary in international law, though the qualification
given to the impugned act by a municipal authority may be a valuable
indication.

125. The principal passage from the decision of the Prefect which is
relevanthere has alreadybeen quoted (paragraph 75above), but it iscon-
venientto set it outagain here :

"Nonv'hadubbiocheanchesepossonoconsiderarsi,inlineadeltutto
teorica,sussistenti,nellafattispecie, gli estremi della grave necessità
pubblicaedellacontingibilità edurgenza chedeterminaronoI'adozione
delprovvedimento, ilfine cuitendevalarequisizionenonpoteva trovare
pratica realizzazioneconilprovvedimento stesso,tantoè ver0chenes-
suna ripresadi attività dell'aziendavi èstata a seguito della requisi-

zione,nèavrebbepotuto esserci.Manca,pertanto, ne1provvedimento,
genericamente,lacausagiuridicachepossa giustificarloerenderloope-
rante."

The differing translations offered by the Parties of the sentence upon
which the Applicant places considerable reliance are set out in para-
graph 123 above. In the Chamber's translation, the passage reads :

"There is no doubt that, even though, from the purely theoretical
standpoint, the conditions of grave public necessity and of unfore-
seen urgency warranting adoption ofthe measure maybe considered
to exist in the case in point, the intended purpose of the requisition
couldnot inpractice be achieved bythe order itself,sinceinfactthere
was no resumption of the company's activity following the requisi-
tion, nor couldtherehavebeen such resumption. The order therefore lacks,generically,thejuridical cause which mightjustify itand make
it operative."

126. In support of this conclusion, the Prefect explained that the
Mayor had believed that he could deal with the situation by means of a
requisition,without appreciating that
"the state oftheCompanyasaresultofcircumstancesofafunctional-
economic and market nature, was such as not to permit of the con-
tinuation of itsactivity".

He also emphasized the shutdown of the plant and the protest actions of
the staff,and the factthatthe requisitionhad not succeededinpreserving
public order. Finally the Prefect also observed that the order had been
adopted
"anche sottol'injlussodellepressioniedeirilieviformulati dallastampa
cittadina,per cuièda ritenerecheilSindaco,anchepersottrarvisi edi-
mostrare l'intendimentodella PubblicaAmministrazionedi intervenire
in qualche modo, addivenne alla requisizione quale provvedimento

direttopiù chealtro aporreinevidenza la sua intenzione di affrontare
comunqueilproblema".
In the translation ofthe Prefect'sdecision supplied by the Applicant :

"also under the influence of the pressure created by, and of the
remarks made by the local press; therefore we have to hold that the
Mayor,alsoin order to getout ofthe aboveand to showthe intent of

the PublicAdministration to intervenein one wayor another, issued
the order of requisition as a measure mainly directed to emphasize
hisintent to facethe problem in some way[or,as quoted inthe judg-
ment of the Court of Appeal of Palermo,in the translation supplied
bythe Applicant :'hisintention totackletheproblemjust the same']".

It was of course understandable that the Mayor, as a public official,
should havemade hisorder,insomemeasure,asaresponseto localpublic
pressures; and the Chamber does not see,in this passage of the Prefect's
decision, any ground on which it might be suggested that the order was
therefore arbitrary.

127. In the actionbrought bythetrustee in bankruptcy for damages on
account of the requisition, the Court of Palermo and subsequently the
Court of Appeal of Palermo had to consider the legal significanceof the
decision of the Prefect. The Court of Palermo accepted the argument of
the respondent administration that "ilprovvedimentoprefettizioèsostan-
zialmentedirevocadell'attorichiamato essendostatiritenutiirrealizzabiligli
scopicui 10stessomiravano",i.e.,that "the Prefect'sorder isinsubstance a
revocationof the actin question,the objectiveswhichwerecontemplated
byithavingbeenadjudged to havebeenimpossibleto achieve".Whenthe
matter came before the Court of Appeal, it observed that this argument
was contrary to the argument of the trustee in bankmptcy "cheravvisaindettodecreto unadichiarazione di illegittimitàdelprovvedimentodi requisi-
zione",i.e.,"who regarded the [Prefect's]decreeas a declaration ofthe un-
lawfulnessofthe requisition order". TheCourt ofAppeal understood the

lowercourt asmeaningsimplythat "ivizidelprovvedimentodirequisizione,
rilevatida1Prefetto, sono vizidi merito enon vizidi legittimità':i.e., "the
defects found by the Prefect in the requisition order were defects in
respect of the merits and not defects in respect of lawfulness"; it found
that this finding was incorrect because the reasoning of the Prefect was,
in itsview,a clearfinding of "untipicocasodieccessodipotere,cheè,come
è noto,unviziodilegittimità dell'atto amministrativoL"e,.,"a typicalcaseof
excessofpower, which isof course a defectin respect oflawfulness of an
administrative act". Havingreached this conclusion, the Court ofAppeal
refers later in itsjudgment to the requisition as having been "unlawful"
("illecito"). he analysis of the Prefect'sdecision as a finding of excess
ofpower,withthe resultthat the orderwassubjecttoa defectof lawfulness
does not, in the Chamber's view, necessarily and in itself signify any
viewbythe Prefect,orbythe Court of Appealof Palermo,that the Mayor's
act was unreasonable or arbitrary.

128. Arbitrariness is not so much something opposed to a rule of law,
as something opposed to the rule of law.This idea was expressed by the
Court in the Asylumcase,when it spoke of "arbitrary action" being "sub-
stitutedforthe ruleoflaw"(Asylum,Judgment,I.C.JR . eports1950,p. 284).
It is a wilful disregard of due process of law, anact which shocks, or at
least surprises, asense ofjuridical propriety. Nothing in the decision of
the Prefect,orinthejudgment ofthe Court ofAppeal ofPalermo,conveys
anyindication thatthe requisition order ofthe Mayor wasto be regarded
in that light.
129. The United States argument is not of course based solely on the
findings of the Prefect or of the local courts. United States counsel felt
able to describe the requisition generally as being an "unreasonable or
capricious exerciseofauthority". Yetone mustremember the situation in
Palermo at the moment ofthe requisition, withthe threatened sudden un-
employment ofsome800workersatone factory. Itcannot be saidto have
been unreasonable or merelycapricious forthe Mayor to seekto use the

powersconferred onhimbythe lawinan attemptto do somethingabouta
difficult and distressingsituation. Moreover, if one looks at the requisi-
tion order itself,onefinds an instrumentwhich initsterms recitesnot only
the reasonsfor itsbeingmadebut alsotheprovisionsofthe lawonwhichit
is based: one finds that, although later annulled by the Prefect because
"the intended purpose ofthe requisitioncould not inpractice be achieved
by the order itself" (paragraph 125above), it was nonetheless within the
competence ofthe Mayor of Palermo,accordingto the veryprovisions of
the law cited in it; onefinds the Court of Appeal of Palermo, which did
not differ from the conclusion that the requisition was intravires,ruling
that it wasunlawful asfalling intothe recognized categoryof administra-
tivelawofactsof "eccesso dipotere".Furthermore, here wasan actbelong-77 ELETTRONICA SICULA (JUDGMENT)

ing to a category of public acts from which appeal on juridical grounds
was provided in law (and indeed in the event used, not without success).
Thus,the Mayor'sorder wasconsciouslymade inthe context ofan operat-
ing system of law and of appropriate remedies of appeal, and treated as
such by the superior administrative authority andthe local courts. These
are not at al1the marks of an "arbitrary" act.

130. The Chamber does not,therefore, seein the requisition a measure
which could reasonablybe said to eam the qualification "arbitrary", as it
is employed in Article 1of the Supplementary Agreement. Accordingly,

there was no violation of that Article.

131. Finally, the United States claimsthat therehasbeen aviolation by
Italy of Article VI1of the FCN Treaty.Thislong and elaborately drafted
Article, in four paragraphs, is principally concemed with ensuring the
right "to acquire, own and dispose of immovable property or interests
therein within the territories of the other High Contracting Party". The
fulltextis as follows:

"1. The nationals, corporations and associations of either High
Contracting Party shallbe permitted to acquire, own and dispose of
immovable property or interests therein within the territories of the
other High Contracting Party upon the following terms :

(a) in the case of nationals, corporations and associations of the
Italian Republic, the right to acquire, own and dispose of such
property and interests shall be dependent upon the laws and
regulations which are or may hereafter be in force within the
state, territory or possession of the United States of America
wherein such property orinterestsare situated; and
(b) in the case of nationals, corporations and associations of the
United Statesof America,the right to acquire, own and dispose of
such property and interestsshall be upon termsno lessfavorable
than those which are or may hereafter be accorded by the state,
territory or possession of the United States of America in which
such national is domiciled,or under the laws of which such cor-

poration or association is created or organized,to nationals, cor-
porations and associations ofthe Italian Republic; provided that
the Italian Republicshallnot be obligated to accord to nationals,
corporations and associations of the United States of America
rights in this connection more extensive than those which are or
may hereafterbeaccorded within theterritories of such Republic
to nationals,corporations and associations of such Republic.78 ELETTRONICA SICULA (JUDGMENT)

2. If a national, corporation or association of either High Con-
tracting Party,whether or not resident and whether ornot engagedin
business or other activitieswithin the territories of the other High
Contracting Party, ison account ofalienageprevented bytheapplic-
able lawsand regulations within such territories from succeedingas
devisee, or as heir in the case of a national, to immovableproperty
situatedtherein, orto interests in such property, then such national,
corporation or association shall be allowed a term of three years in
which to sel1or otherwise dispose of such property or interests,this
termtobereasonablyprolonged ifcircumstancesrender itnecessary.
The transmission or receipt of such property or interests shall
be exempt from the payment of any estate, succession, probate or
administrative taxes or charges higher than those now or hereafter
imposed in like cases of nationals, corporations or associations of

the High Contracting Party in whose territory the property is or
the interests therein are situated.

3. The nationals of either High Contracting Party shall have full
power to dispose of persona1property of everykind within the terri-
tories ofthe other High Contracting Party, bytestament, donation or
otherwise and their heirs,legatees ordonees,being persons of what-
evernationality or corporations or associations wherever created or
organized, whether resident or non-resident and whether or not en-
gagedinbusiness withintheterritories ofthe HighContracting Party
where such property is situated, shall succeedto such property, and
shall themselves or by their agents be permitted to take possession
thereof, and to retain or dispose of it at their pleasure. disposi-

tion, succession and retention shall be subject to the provisions of
Article IX and exempt from any other chargeshigher, and from any
restrictions more burdensome, than those applicable in like casesof
nationals, corporations and associations of such other High Con-
tracting Party.Thenationals, corporations and associations of either
HighContracting Party,shallbe permittedto succeed,as heirs,lega-
tees and donees, to persona1property of everykind within theterri-
tories of the other High Contracting Party, left or givento them by
nationals of either High Contracting Party or by nationals of any
third country, and shall themselves or by their agents be permitted
to take possession thereof, and to retain or dispose of it at their
pleasure.Such disposition, succession and retention shall be subject
to the provisions ofArticle IX and exempt from any other charges,

and from any restrictions, other or higher than those applicable in
like cases of nationals, corporations and associations of such other
High Contracting Party. Nothing in this paragraph shall be con-
strued to affectthe laws and regulations of either High Contracting
Party prohibiting or restricting the direct or indirect ownership by79 ELETTRONICA SICULA (JUDGMENT)

aliens or foreign corporations and associations of the shares in, or

instruments of indebtedness of, corporations and associations of
such High Contracting Party carrying on particular types of activi-
ties.

4. The nationals, corporations and associations of either High
Contracting Party shall, subject to the exceptions in paragraph 3 of
Article IX, receivetreatment in respect of al1matters which relate to
the acquisition, ownership, lease, possession or disposition of

persona1 property, no less favorable than the treatment which is
or may hereafter be accorded to nationals, corporations and asso-
ciations of anythird country."

The Italian text ofthe opening sentence of paragraph 1is as follows :

"1cittadini elepersonegiuridicheed associazionidi ciascunaAlta

Parte Contraenteavrannofacoltàdiacquistare,possedere edisporredi
beni immobili O di altri diritti reali neiterritoridell'altraAlta Parte
Contraente alleseguenticondizioni ..."
132. It was objected by Italy that this Article does not apply at al1to
Raytheon and Machlett because their own property rights ("dirittireali'y
were limited to shares in ELSI, and the immovable property in question

(the plant in Palermo) was owned by ELSI, an Italian company. The
United States contended that "immovable property or interests therein"
is a phrase sufficiently broad to include indirect ownership of property
rights held through a subsidiary that is not a United States corporation.
The argument turned to a considerable extent on the difference in
meaning between the English, "interests" and the Italian, "dirittireali".
"Interest" in English no doubt has several possible meanings. But since
it is in English usage a term commonlyused to denote different kinds of
rightsin land (forexamplerightssuchascharges,oreasements,and many
kinds of "future interests"), it is possible to interpret the English and
Italianversions ofArticleVI1asmeaningmuchthe samething ;especially
as the clause in question is in any event limited to immovableproperty.
The Chamber however has some sympathy with the contention of the
United States, as being more in accord with the general purpose of the

FCN Treaty. The United States argument is further that Raytheon and
Machlett, being the owners of al1the shares, werein practice the persons
who alone could decide (before the bankruptcy), whether to dispose of
the immovableproperty of the company; accordingly, if the requisitiondid, by triggering the bankruptcy, deprive ELSI of the possibility of dis-
posing of its immovable property, it was really Raytheon and Machlett
who weredeprived; and allegedlyin violation of Article VII.

133. There are however problems in any attempt to apply the provi-
sions of Article VI1to the actual facts of this case. First, the protection
which paragraph 1of Article VI1affords to this group of rights isnot un-
qualified. The qualification designated "(a)" refers to the rights enjoyed
by Italian nationalsin the territory ofthe United StatesofAmerica,which
in effect simply subjects Italian nationals to the municipal laws in the
United States, and does not concern us. Qualification "(b)"does,for this
applies to the rights enjoyed by United States nationals in the territory
of the Republic of Italy. It is a convoluted qualification because it lays
down alternative standards, which standards are themselves then both
qualified by the same proviso. The terms governing the rights are to be
no less favourable than those which are or may hereafter be accorded

by the "state, territory or possession of the United States of America in
which such national is domiciled, or under the laws of which such cor-
poration or association is created or organized" - which in the case
of Raytheon is the State of Delaware and in the case of Machlett the
State of Connecticut - "to nationals, corporations and associations of
the Italian Republic". Theproviso is :

"that the Italian Republic shallnot be obligated to accord to nation-
al~,corporations and associations of the United States of America
rights in thisconnection moreextensivethan those which are ormay
hereafter be accorded within the territories of such Republic to
nationals, corporations and associations of such Republic".

134. The Chamber has thus to make the somewhatelaboratejuridical
calculuswhichthisprovision intheFCN Treaty appears to demandfor its
application. No very cogent evidence was put before the Chamber to
showthat the application of Italian lawinthis matter waslessfavourable
than the treatment accorded by Italy to its own nationals, corporations
and associations,in Italy. Indeed itappeared that, particularlyduring the
troubled times of 1968,requisitions of Italian companies by the local
Mayors had happened rather frequently. The claim must therefore be
taken tobethat ELSIwasgivenlessfavourabletreatment than mighthave

been enjoyed by an Italian Companyunder the laws of Delaware and
Connecticut in similar circumstances.The United States drew attention
to textsshowing that

"Under the lawsofboth Delaware and Connecticut,corporations

maybe dissolved and their assetssoldpursuant to determinations by
their boards of directors and shareholders",and that ifthose Stateswereto takethe immovableproperty ofa corpora-
tion fora lawfulpublic use,theywouldhave to makecompensation; Italy
has not disputed these legislativeprovisions.
135. Secondly,however,evensothere remainspreciselythe samediffi-
culty as in trying to apply Article III, paragraph 2, of the FCN Treaty:
what really deprived Raytheon and Machlett, as shareholders, of their
right to dispose of ELSI's real property, was not the requisition but the

precarious financial state of ELSI, ultimately leading inescapably to
bankruptcy. In bankruptcy the right to dispose of the property of a cor-
poration no longerbelongs evento the Company,but to the trustee acting
for it; andtheChamber has already decided that ELSI wason a courseto
bankruptcy evenbefore the requisition. The Chamber therefore does not
findthat Article VI1ofthe FCN Treatyhas been violated.

136. Having found that the Respondent has not violated the
FCN Treaty in the manner asserted by the Applicant, it followsthat the
Chamber rejectsalsothe claimfor reparation made in the submissions of
the Applicant.

137. For these reasons,

(1) Unanimously,

Rejectsthe objection presented by the Italian Republic to the admissi-
bilityofthe Application filed inthiscase bythe United States ofArnerica
on 6 February 1987;

(2) Byfour votesto one,
Findsthatthe Italian Republic has not committedany of the breaches,

alleged in the said Application, of the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce
and Navigation between the Parties signed at Rome on 2February 1948,
or of the Agreement Supplementing that Treaty signed by the Parties at
Washington on 26September 1951.
IN FAVOUR: PresidenRuda; JudgesOda,Agoand SirRobertJennings;

AGAINST: Judge Schwebel.
(3) Byfour votesto one,

Rejects,accordingly,the claim for reparation made against the Repub-
lic of Italy by the United States of America.
IN FAVOU RresidentRuda; JudgesOda,AgoandSir RobertJennings;

AGAINST :Judge Schwebel. Done in English and in French, the English text beingauthoritative, at

the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twentieth day of July, one thousand
nine hundred and eighty-nine,inthree copies, one ofwhich willbeplaced
inthe archivesofthe Courtand the otherstransmitted tothe Government
of the United States ofmerica and the Government of the Republic of
Italy, respectively.

(Signed)JoséMaria RUDA,
President.

(Signed)Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA,
Registrar.

Judge ODAappends a separate opinion to the Judgment of the
Chamber.

Judge SCHWEBE apLpends a dissentingopinion to the Judgment of the
Chamber.

(Initialled)J.M.R.
(Initialled)E.V.O.

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING
ELETTRONICA SICULA S.P.A.(ELSI)

(UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v.ITALY)

JUDGMENT OF 20 JULY 1989

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE

DE L'ELETTRONICA SICULA S.P.A.(ELSI)

(ÉTATS-UNIS D'AMÉRIQUE c.ITALIE)

ARRÊT DU 20 JUILLET 1989 Officia1cita:ion
ElettronicaSicS.P.A.(ELSI),Judgment,
I.C.J.Reports89,p.15.

Mode officiel de cit:tion

ElettC.I.J.Recueil9p.15.),arrêt,

saiesnumber 562 1
Nodevent: INTERNATIONALCOURTOF JUSTICE

1989
20July YEAR 1989
GeneralList
No. 76
20 July 1989

CASECONCERNING

ELETTRONICASICULAS.P.A.(ELSI)

(UNITED STATESOF AMERICA v.ITALY)

Diplomaticprotection - Rule ofexhaustionoflocalremedies - Applicabilityto
claim under treaty whichdoes not mention the rule - Applicabilityto claimfor
declaratoryjudgment - Allegation thatobjectionbarredbyestoppel - Conditions
requiredfor the satisfaction of therule.

Alleged breachesof 1948 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation
between Italy and UnitedStates, the Protocol and the 1951 Supplementary

Agreement thereto.
Article III of FCN Treaty - Alleged interjërence with shareholders' right to
"controland manage" Company,by requisitionof its plant and equipment -
Meaning of qualifyingphrase "inconformity with the applicablelawsand regu-
lations"of Party - Relevanceof municipal law - Possibilityof disturbance of
normalexerciseof rights duringpublicemergenciesandthelike.

ArticleV,paragraphs1and 3, of FCNTreaty - "Constantprotectionand secu-
rity" of nationals ofeachParty -for theirpersons and property" - Standard of
protection required - Identificationof '$ropertyW tobeprotected - Complaintof
occupation of property - Treaty provision not equivalent to a warranty that

propertyshall neverin any circumstancesbe occupiedor disturbed - Complaint
of delayin rulingan appealagainstrequisition.

ArticleV,paragraph2,ofFCNTreaty - Paragraph1ofProtocoltoFCNTreaty
- ''ne property of nationals . .. of either.. .Party shall not be taken .. ."-
Difference between English text ("taken") and Ztalian text ("espropriati")
- Disguisedexpropriation - Relevanceof company'sfinancial situation.

Article I of Supplementary Agreement toFCN Treaty - Prohibitionof "arbi-
traryordiscriminatory measures. .. resultingparticularlyinnpreventingeffective

control and management of enterprisesor impairing legallyacquired rights -
Effect of word '$articularly" - Definition of arbitrarinessin international law
- Relevanceoffinding of municipalcourttoquestionwhetheractwastobeclassedas arbitraiy in internationallaw- Whetherorder made in context of operating

system of lawand remediesmay be arbitrary measure.

Article VI1ofFCNTreaty - Right "toacquire,ownand dispose of immovable
property or interestsherein"- DifferencebetweenEnglishtext ("interests'yand
Ztaliantext ("diritti reali-)Standards ofprotection laid down by treaty.

JUDGMENT

Present: PresidentRUDA;Judges ODA,AGO,SCHWEBEL Si,rRobert JENNINGS;
Registrar VALENCIA-OSPINA.

In the case concerning ElettronicaSicula S.P.A.(ELSI),

between
the United States of America,

represented by
The Honorable Abraham D. Sofaer, Legal Adviser,Department of State,
Mr. Michael J. Matheson, Deputy LegalAdviser, Department of State,
as Co-Agents;

Mr. Timothy E. Ramish,
as Deputy Agent;
Ms Melinda P. Chandler, Attorney/Adviser, Department of State,
Mr. Sean D. Murphy, Attorney/Adviser, Department of State,
The Honorable Richard N. Gardner, Ambassador to Italy (1977-1981);
Henry L. Moses Professor of Law and International Diplomacy, Colum-

bia University; Counsel to the Law Firm of Coudert Brothers,

as Counsel and Advocates;
Mr. Giuseppe Bisconti,Studio Legale Bisconti,Rome,
Mr. Franco Bonelli, Professor of Law, Genoa University; Partner, Studio
Legale Bonelli,
Mr. Elio Fazzalari, Professor of Civil Procedure, Rome University; Partner,

Studio Legale Fazzalari,
Mr. Shabtai Rosenne, Member of the Israel Bar; Member of the Institute of
International Law;Honorary Member ofthe Arnerican SocietyofInterna-
tional Law,
as Advisers,

and

the Republic of Italy
represented by
Mr. Luigi Ferrari Bravo, Professor of International Law at the University of
Rome; Head of the Legal Serviceof the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

as Agent and Counsel;questionde savoirsi un acte doit êtrequalifiéd'arbitraireen droit international
- Questionde savoir siuneordonnanceprisedans lecadred'unsystèmede droit
et de recoursquifonctionnait peut constitueunemesurearbitraire.
ArticleVI1du traitéde 1948 - Droit«d'acquérird ,éteniret céderdes biensim-
mobiliers oudes intérêd tsans cesbiens»- Différenceentrele texte anglai(« in-

terests ») et letexte ita(«diritti reali -) Normesdeprotectionétabliesparle
traité.

Présents: M. RUDAP , résidentMM.ODA,AGO,SCHWEBEsL ir,Robert JENNINGS,
juges; M.VALENCIA-OSPIN Gre,ffier.

En l'affaire de I'Elettronica Sicula S.P.A.(ELSI),

entre
les Etats-Unis d'Amérique,

représentéspar
l'honorable Abraham D. Sofaer, conseiller juridique au département d'Etat,
M. Michael J. Matheson, conseillerjuridique adjointau département d'Etat,
comme coagents;

M. Timothy E. Ramish,
comme agent adjoint;
Mme Melinda P. Chandler, avocat-conseiller au département d'Etat,
M. Sean D. Murphy, avocat-conseiller au département d'Etat,

l'honorable Richard N. Gardner, ambassadeur en Italie (1977-1981);profes-
seur de droit et de diplomatieinternationale àl'universitéColumbia, titu-
laire de la chaire Henry L. Moses; conseiller du cabinet juridique Coudert
Brothers,
comme conseils et avocats;
M. Giuseppe Bisconti, Studio Legale Bisconti, Rome,

M. Franco Bonelli, professeur de droit à l'université de Gênes;associé du
Studio Legale Bonelli,
M. Elio Fazzalari, professeur de procédure civile à l'université deRome;
associédu Studio Legale Fazzalari,
M. Shabtai Rosenne, membre du barreau israélien; membrede l'Institut de
droit international; membre honoraire de I'American Society of Interna-
tional Law,

comme conseillers,

la République italienne,
représentéepar

M. Luigi Ferrari Bravo, professeur de droit international à l'université de
Rome; chef du servicedu contentieux du ministèredes affaires étrangères,
comme agent et conseil; Mr. Riccardo Monaco, Professor Emeritus at the University ofRome,
as Co-Agent and Counsel;

Mr. Ignazio Caramazza, State Advocate; Secretary-General of theAwoca-
tura Generale dello Stato,

as Co-Agent and Advocate;
Mr. Michael Joachim Bonell, Professor of Comparative Law at the Univer-
sity of Rome,
Mr. Francesco Capotorti, Professor of International Law at the Universityof
Rome,
Mr. Giorgio Gaja, Professor of International Law at the University ofFlor-
ence,

Mr. Keith Highet, Member of the Bars of New York and the District of
Columbia,
Mr. Berardino Libonati, Professor of Commercial Law at the University of
Rome,
as Counsel and Advocates;

assisted by
Mr. David Clark, L1.B.(Hons), Member of the Law Society ofScotland,

Mr. Alberto Colella, Assistant Legal Adviser to the Ministry of Foreign
Affairs,
Mr. Alan Derek Hayward, Fellow ofthe Institute of Chartered Accountants
in England and al es,
Mr. Pier Giusto Jae-er, Professor of Commercial Law at the University of
Milan,
Mr. Attila Tanzi, Assistant Legalviserto the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,

Mr. Eric Wyler,Maître assistant of Public International Lawatthe Faculty of
Law of the University ofLausanne,
,'
as Advisers,

THE CHAMBE RF THE INTERNATION CAOURT OF JUSTICf Eorrned to deal with
the case above mentioned,

composed as above,
after deliberation,

deliversthefollowingJudgment:

1. By a letter dated 6 February 1987,filed in the Registry ofthe Court the
same day, the Secretaryof State of the United States of America transrnitted to
the Court an Application instituting proceedings against the Republic of Italy

in respect of a dispute arising out of the requisition by the Govemment of Italy
of the plant and relatedassets of Raytheon-Elsi S.p.A., previously known as
Elettronica Sicula.P.A.(ELSI), an Italian Companywhich was stated to have
been 100per cent owned by two United Statescorporations. Bythe same letter,
the Secretary of State informed the Court that the Govemment of the
United Statesrequested,pursuant to Article 26 ofthe Statute oftheCourt,that
the dispute be resolved byaChamber of the Court. ELETTRONlCASICULA (ARRÊT) 17

M. Riccardo Monaco, professeur éméritede l'universitéde Rome,
comme coagent et conseil;

M. Ignazio Caramazza, avocat de 1'Etat;secrétaire généradle 1'Awocatura
Generale del10Stato,

comme coagent et avocat;
M. Michael Joachim Bonell, professeur de droit comparé à l'université de
Rome,
M. Francesco Capotorti, professeur de droit internationalàl'université de
Rome,
M. Giorgio Gaja, professeur de droit international à l'université de Flo-

rence,
M. Keith Highet, membre des barreaux de New York et du district de
Columbia,
M. Berardino Libonati, professeur de droit commercial à l'université de
Rome,
comme conseils et avocats;

assistésde

M. David Clark, L1.B.(Hons), membre de la Law Society of Scotland,
M. Alberto Colella, conseiller juridique adjoint au ministère des affaires
étrangères,
M. Alan Derek Hayward, Fellowde 1'Instituteof Chartered Accountants in
England and Wales,
M. Pier Giusto Jaeger, professeur de droit commercial à l'université de
Milan,
M. Attila Tanzi, conseiller juridique adjoint au ministèredes affaires étran-
gères,
M. Eric Wyler, maître assistant de droit international publàla facultéde
droit de l'universitéde Lausanne,

comme conseillers,

LA CHAMBRE CONSTITUEE PAR LA COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE pour
connaître de l'affaire susmentionnée,

ainsi composée,

aprèsdélibéré,

rendl'arrêstuivant:

1. Par lettre du 6 février1987,déposéeau Greffe de la Cour lemêmejour,le
secrétaired'Etat des Etats-Unis d'Amérique a transmisà la Cour une requête
introduisant une instance contre la Républiqueitalienne au sujet d'un différend
découlantde la réquisitionpar le Gouvernement italien de l'usine et d'autres
élémentsdu patrimoine de Raytheon-Elsi S.p.A.,société italienneconnue pré-
cédemmentsous le nom d'Elettronica Sicula S.P.A.(ELSI), qui était seloneux
contrôléeà 100 pour cent par deux sociétésdes Etats-Unis. Par cette même
lettre, lesecrétaired'Etat a fait savoir àla Courque le Gouvernementdes Etats-
Unis demandait, conformément àl'article 26 du Statut de la Cour, que le diffé-
rend soit tranchépar une chambre de la Cour. 2. mirsuant to Article 40,paragraph 2,of the Statute, the Application was at
once communicated to the Government of the Republic of Italy. In accordance
with paragraph 3 of that Article, al1other States entitled to appear before the
Court were notified of the Application.
3. By a telegram dated 13Febmary 1987the Minister for Foreign Affairs of
Italy informed the Court that his Government accepted the proposal put for-

ward bythe Government ofthe United Statesthat the casebe heard by a Cham-
ber composed in accordance with Article 26of the Statute; this acceptance was
confirmed by a letter dated 13Febmary 1987from the Agent of Italy.
4. Byan Order dated 2 March 1987,the Court, after recalling the request for
a Chamber and reciting that the Parties had been duly consulted as to the com-
position of the proposed Chamber in accordance with Article 26,paragraph 2,
of the Statute and Article 17,paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, decided to
accede to the request of the Governments of the United States of America and
Italy to form a special Chamber of fivejudges to deal with the case, declared
that at an election held on that day President Nagendra Singh and JudgesOda,
Ago, Schwebel and Sir Robert Jennings had been elected to the Chamber, and
declared a Chamber to deal with the case to have been duly constituted by the
Order, with the composition indicated.

5. The Court further fixed time-limits, by the said Order, for the filing of a
Memorial by the United States of America and a Counter-Memorial by Italy,
which were duly filed within the time-limits. In its Counter-Memorial, Italy
presented an objection to the admissibility of the Application; by letters ad-
dressed to the Registrar on 16November 1987,the Parties agreed, with refer-

ence to Article 79,paragraph 8,of the Rules of Court, that the objection should
"be heard and determined within the framework of the merits". By an Order
dated 17November 1987,the Chamber took note of that agreement, found that
the filing of further pleadings by the Parties was necessary, authorized the
filing of a Reply by the United States of America and a Rejoinder by Italy,
and fixed time-limits for these; the Reply and Rejoinder were duly filed
within those time-limits.
6. On Il December 1988Judge Nagendra Singh, President of the Chamber,
died. Following further consultations with the Parties with regard to the com-
position of the Chamber in accordance with Article 17, paragraph 2, of the
Rules of Court, the Court, by Order dated 20 December 1988,declared that
Judge Ruda, President of the Court, had that day been elected a Member of
the Chamber to fil1the vacancy left by the death of Judge Nagendra Singh. In
accordance with Article 18, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, President
Ruda became President of the Chamber.

7. At 12public sittings held between ,13February and 2 March 1989,the
Chamber was addressed by the followingrepresentatives of the Parties:

Forthe UnitedStates ofArnerieu: TheHonorable A.D. Sofaer
Mr. M.J. Matheson
Mr. T. E.Ramish
Ms M.P.Chandler
Mr. S.D. Murphy
The Honorable R. N. Gardner
Mr. G. Bisconti
Professor F. Bonelli
Professor E.Fazzalari ELETTRONICASICULA (ARRÊT) 18

2. Conformémentau paragraphe 2 de I'article40 du Statut, la requête aété
immédiatementcommuniquée au Gouvernement de la Républiqueitalienne.
Conformémentauparagraphe 3de cetarticle,tous lesautres Etats admis à ester
devant la Cour en ont été informés.
3. Par télégrammedu 13 février 1987,le ministre des affaires étrangères
d'Italie afait savoirla Cour que son gouvernement acceptait la proposition
du Gouvernement des Etats-Unis tendant à ce que l'affaire soit portée devant
une chambre composéeconformément à I'article26du Statut, acceptation qui
a étéconfirméepar lettre de l'agentde l'Italie en date du 13février1987.
4. Par ordonnance du 2 mars 1987,la Cour, après avoir rappelélademande
de constitution d'une chambre et mentionnéque les Parties avaientédûment

consultéesau sujet de la composition de cette chambre conformémentau para-
graphe 2de l'article26du Statutet au paragraphe 2del'article 17du Règlement
de la Cour, a décidé d'accédera demandedesGouvernementsdes Etats-Unis
d'Amérique etde l'Italie tendant à ce que soit constituéeune chambre spé-
ciale de cinq juges pour connaître de l'affaire; elle a déclaréque, lors d'une
électiontenue le même jour,M. Nagendra Singh, Présidentde la Cour, ainsi
que MM. Oda, Ago et Schwebel et sir Robert Jennings, juges, avaient été élus
membres de la Chambre; elle a aussi déclaréquela Chambre, ainsi composée,
avait étédûment constituéepar cette ordonnance pour connaître de l'affaire.
5. Par la mêmeordonnance, la Cour a en outre fixédes délaispour le dépôt
d'un mémoirepar les Etats-Unis d'Amérique etd'un contre-mémoire par
l'Italie, qui ont dûment déposésdans ces délais.Dans son contre-mémoire,
l'Italie a soulevéune exception àla recevabilitéde la requête;par lettres adres-
séesau Greffier le 16novembre 1987,les Parties, seréfértu paragraphe 8de

l'article 79 du Règlementde la Cour, se sont mises d'accord pour que cette
exception «soit tranchéelors de l'examenau fond ».Par ordonnancedu 17no-
vembre 1987,la Chambre a pris note de cet accord, a jugénécessaire lapré-
sentation d'autres piècesde procédurepar les Parties, a autoriséla présenta-
tion d'unerépliquepar les Etats-Unis d'Amérique etd'une duplique par'Italie
et a fixédes délaispour leur dépôt.La réplique etla duplique ont étédûment
déposéesdans ces délais.
6. Le 11décembre1988,M. Nagendra Singh, présidentde la Chambre, est
décédéD . e nouvelles consultations ayant eu lieu avec les Parties au sujet de
la composition de la Chambre, conformémentau paragraphe 2 de l'article 17
du Règlementde la Cour, la Cour a déclarép, ar ordonnance du 20 décembre
1988,que M. Ruda, Présidentde la Cour, avait étéélule mêmejour membre
de la Chambre pour occuper le siègedevenu vacant à la suite du décèsde
M. Nagendra Singh. Conformémentau paragraphe 2 de l'article 18du Règle-
ment de la Cour M. Ruda, Présidentde la Cour, est devenu présidentde la
Chambre.

7. Au cours de douze audiences publiques tenues du 13 févrierau 2 mars
1989,la Chambre a entendu :
Pourles Etats-Unisdümérique: l'honorableA.D. Sofaer,
M. M. J. Matheson,
M. T. E. Ramish,
MmeM. P.Chandler,
M. S.D. Murphy,
l'honorable R.N. Gardner,
M.G. Bisconti,
M. F. Bonelli,
M. E.Fazzalari.19

ForZtaly :
Professor L. Ferrari Bravo
Professor R. Monaco
Mr. 1.Caramazza
ProfessorM. J. Bonell
Professor F. Capotorti
Professor G. Gaja
Mr. K. Highet
Professor B.Libonati

8. The United States called as witnesses Mr. Charles Francis Adams (who
was examined by Mr. Sofaer and cross-examined by Mr. Highet) and Mr. John
Dickens Clare (who was examined by Ms Chandler and cross-examined by
Mr. Highet). The United States called as expert Mr. Timothy Lawrence (who
was cross-examined by Professor Bonell). Mr. Giuseppe Bisconti also ad-
dressed theCourt on behalf of the United States; since he had occasion to refer
to matters of fact within his knowledge as a lawyer acting for Raytheon Com-
pany, the President of the Chamber acceded to a request by the Agent of Italy

that Mr. Bisconti be treated pro tantoas a witness. Mr. Bisconti,who informed
the Chamber that both Raytheon Company and Mr. Bisconti himself waived
any relevant privilege, was cross-examined by Mr. Highet. Italy called as expert
Mr. Alan Derek Hayward.

9. During the hearings questions wereput to the Parties, andto the witnesses
and experts, by the President and Members of the Chamber; replies were given
orally or in writing prior to the close of the oral proceedings, with documents
in support. The Chamber decided further that each Party might comment in
writing on the replies of the other Party to a series of questions, put at a late
stageofthe oral proceedings,and a time-limitwasfixed forthat purpose; written
comments were duly filed within that time-limit. A further question was put
to one Party after the close of the hearings and answered in writing; the other

Party was given an opportunity to comment on the answer.

10. In the course of the written proceedings the following submissions were
presented by the Parties :

Onbehalfof the UnitedStates ofAmerica,

in the Application :

"while reserving the right to supplement and amend this submission as
appropriate in the course of further proceedings, the United States
requests the Court to adjudge and declare as follows :

(a) that the Government of Italy has violated the Treaty of Friendship,
Commerce and Navigation between the United States of America and
the Italian Republic of 1948,in particular, Articles II,III, Vand VI1of
the Treaty, and Articles 1and Vofthe 1951Supplement; and
(b) that the Government of Italy is responsible to pay compensation to the
United States, in an amount to be determined by the Court, as
measured by the injuries suffered by United Statesnationals as a result
of these violations, including the additional financial losses which
Raytheon suffered in repaying the guaranteed loans and in notPourla République italienne: M. L.Ferrari Bravo,

M. R. Monaco,
M. 1.Caramazza,
M. M.J. Bonell,
M. F. Capotorti,
M.G. Gaja,
M. K. Highet,
M. B.Libonati.

8. Les Etats-Unis ont fait comparaître en qualité de témoins M. Charles
Francis Adams (dont l'interrogatoire a étéconduit par M. Sofaer et le contre-
interrogatoire par M. Highet) et M. John Dickens Clare (dont l'interrogatoire
a éteconduit par MmeChandler et le contre-interrogatoire par M. Highet).
Les Etats-Unis ont fait comparaître en qualitéd'expert M. Timothy Lawrence
(dont le contre-interrogatoire a étéconduit par M. Bonell). M. Giuseppe
Bisconti s'est également adressé à la Cour au nom des Etats-Unis; comme
il avait eu l'occasion de se référer des points de fait dont il avait connais-
sance en tant qu'avocat de la société Raytheon,le président de la Chambre

a accédé à une demande de l'agentde l'Italietendant àce que M. Bisconti soit
considéré àcetégard commetémoin. MB . isconti,qui a fait savàla Chambre
que la sociétéRaytheon avait levéson immunité etqu'il y avait lui-mêmere-
noncé,s'estsoumis à un contre-interrogatoire conduit par M. Highet. L'Italie
a fait comparaîtreen qualité d'expert M.Alan Derek Hayward.
9. Pendant l'audience, le présidentet des membres de la Chambre ont posé
des questions aux Parties ainsi qu'aux témoinset experts; des réponses, avec
documents àl'appui, ont étédonnées oralementet par écritavant la clôture de
la procédureorale. La Chambre a décidé en outreque chaque Partie pourrait
formuler des observations écritessur les réponsesde I'autre Partieà une série
de questions qui avaient été poséevsersla fin de la procédure orale;un délai a
été fixéà cet effet; des observations écritesont étédûment déposéesdans ce
délai.Une question a encore étéposée,aprèsla clôture des audiences, à l'une
des Parties, qui y a répondupar écrit;l'autre Partie a eu la possibilitéde pré-
senter des observations sur cette réponse.

10. Au cours de la procédureécrite,les conclusions ci-aprèsont été présen-
téespar les Parties:

Au nomdesEtats-Unisd'Amérique,

dansla requête :

«tout en se réservant ledroit de compléteret de modifier, le cas échéant,
les présentes conclusionspendant la suite de la procédure,les Etats-Unis
prient la Courde dire etjuger:

a) que le Gouvernement italien a violéle traitéd'amitié,de commerce et
de navigation de 1948entre les Etats-Unis d'Amériqueetla République
italienne, en particulier ses articles II, III, V et VII, ainsi que les ar-
ticlespremier etVdel'accord complémentairede 1951 ;
b) que le Gouvernement italien esttenu deverseraux Etats-Unis desdom-
mages et intérêtd sont le montant sera fixépar la Cour en proportion
des préjudices subispar des ressortissants des Etats-Unisa suite des-
dites violations, y compris les pertes financières supplémentairesque
Raytheon a subiespour avoir remboursélesemprunts garantis et ne pas recovering amounts due on open accounts, as well as expenses
incurred in defending against Italian bank lawsuits, in mitigating
the damage to its reputation and credit, and in pursuing its claim for
redress" ;

in,the Memorial :

"the United States submits to the Court that it is entitled to a declaration
and judgment that :
(a) Italy - by engaging in the acts and omissions described above, which
prevented Raytheon and Machlett, United States corporations, from
liquidating the assets of their wholly-owned Italian corporation
ELSI and caused the latter'sbankruptcy, and by itssubsequent actions

and omissions - violated the international legal obligations which it
undertook by the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation
between the two countries, and the Supplement thereto, and in par-
ticular, violated :
- Article III (2), in that Italy's actions and omissions prevented
Raytheon and Machlett from exercising their right to manage and

control an Italiancorporation;
- ArticleV(1)and (3),in that Italy'sactions and omissions constituted
a failure to provide the fullprotection and security asrequired bythe
Treaty and by international law ;

- Article V (2), in that Italy's actions and omissions constituted a
taking of Raytheon's and Machlett's interests in property without
just compensation anddue process of law;

- Article VII, in that these actions and omissions denied Raytheon
and Machlett the right to dispose of their interests in immovable
property on terms no less favorable than an Italian corporation
would enjoy on areciprocal basis;
- Article 1of the Supplement, in that the treatment afforded Raytheon
and Machlett wasboth arbitrary and discriminatory, prevented their
effective control and management of ELSI, and also impairedtheir
other legallyacquired rights and interests;

(b) that, owing to these violations of the Treaty and Supplement, singly
and in combination, the United States isentitled to compensation in an
amount equal to the full amount of the damage suffered by Raytheon
and Machlett as a consequence, including their losses on investment,
guaranteed loans, and open accounts, the legal expenses incurred by
Raytheon in connection with the bankruptcy, in defending against re-

lated litigation and in pursuing its claim, and interest on such amounts
computed at the United States prime rate from the date of loss to the
date of payment ofthe award,compounded on an annual basis; and

(c) that Italy accordingly should pay to the United States the amount of
US$12,679,000,plus interest, computed as described above"; avoir recouvré les sommes qui lui étaient dues au titre d'un crédit
qu'elle avaitouvert, ainsi qu'en raisondes dépensesqu'elle a faites afin
de sedéfendredans des actions intentéespar desbanques italiennes, de
limiter l'atteinte portée a sa réputationet à son crédit, etde demander
réparation» ;

dans le mémoire :

«les Etats-Unis s'estiment autorisés à demander a la Cour de dire et
juger:
a) que l'Italie - par les actes et omissions décrits ci-dessus, qui ont em-
pêchéRaytheon et Machlett, sociétésdes Etats-Unis, de liquider les
biens de I'ELSI, société italienne entièremententre leurs mains, et qui
ont causéla faillite de cette sociétéa ,insique par ses actes et omissions

ultérieurs - a violé lesobligations qu'elle avait assuméesau regard du
droitinternational dans letraitéd'amitié,de commerce et de navigation
entre les deux pays et dans l'accord complétantce traitéet, en particu-
lier,qu'ellea violé :
- le paragraphe 2 de l'article III, en ce que les actes et omissions de

l'Italie ont empêchéRaytheon et Machlett d'exercer leur droit de
géreretde contrôler une société italienne;
- lesparagraphes 1et 3de l'articleV,en ceque lesactesetomissions de
l'Italie ont constituéun manquement àl'obligation d'assurer pleine-
ment la protection et la sécurité,de la manière requisepar le traité et
par ledroit international;
- le paragraphe 2 de l'article V, en ce que les actes et omissions de
l'Italie ont constituéune dépossessionprivant Raytheon et Machlett
de leurs droits sur des biens, sans une indemnité équitableet sans
une procédureconforme au droit;

- l'article VII,en ce que ces actes et omissions ont déniéà Raytheon et
Machlett le droit de céder leurs intérêtdsans des biens immobiliers à
des conditions non moins favorables que celles dont aurait joui une
sociétéitaliennesur une base de réciprocité;
- I'articlepremier de l'accord complémentaire,en ce que le traitement
appliquéa Raytheon et Machlett étaitàla fois arbitraire et discrimi-
natoire, les a empêchées de diriger et de gérereffectivement I'ELSI,
eta portépréjudiceaux autresdroits etintérêtq su'ellesavaient légiti-
mement acquis;

b) que, vu cesviolations du traitéet de l'accord complémentaire,considé-
rees séparémentet conjointement, les Etats-Unis ont droit a uneindem-
nitéd'un montant égalau montant total du préjudice quien est résulté
pour Raytheon et Machlett, y compris les pertes que ces sociétésont
subies sur leurs investissements, sur lesprêts garantis etsur les comptes
courants ouverts, les frais dejustice engagéspar Raytheon du fait de la

faillite, pour assurer sa défensedans des poursuites liéesà celle-ci et
pour faire valoir ses propres revendications, ainsi que les intérêts sur
lesditsmontants, calculésau taux de base des Etats-Unis depuis la date
de la perte jusqu'à celledu paiement de l'indemnité et composésan-
nuellement;
c) que l'Italie doit, en conséquence,verser aux Etats-Unis la somme de
12679000dollars des Etats-Unis,plus lesintérêts,calculéscommie l est
dit ci-dessus»;inthe Reply :

"the United States submits to the Court that it is entitled to a declaration
and judgment that :
(a) the claims brought by the United States are admissible before the
Court since al1reasonable local remedieshave beenexhausted;
(b) Italy - by engaging inthe acts and omissions described above and in
the Memorial, which prevented Raytheon and Machlett, United States
corporations, from liquidating the assets of their wholly-owned Italian

corporation ELSI and caused the latter'sbankruptcy, and by its subse-
quent actions and omissions - violated the international legal obliga-
tions which it undertook by the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and
Navigation between the two countries, and the Supplement thereto,
and in particular, violated :

- Article III (2), in that Italy's actions and omissions prevented
Raytheon and Machlett from exercising their right to manage and
control an Italiancorporation;
- Article V(1)and (3),in that Italy'sactions and omissions constituted
a failure to provide the fullprotection and security as required bythe
Treaty and by international law;

- Article V (2),in that Italy's actions and omissions constituted a
taking of Raytheon's and Machlett's interests in property without

just compensation and due process of law;

- Article VII, in that these actions and omissions denied Raytheon
and Machlett the right to dispose of their interests in immovable
property on terms no less favorable than an Italian corporation
would enjoy on areciprocal basis;
- Article 1of the Supplement, in that the treatment afforded Raytheon
and Machlett was both arbitrary and discriminatory, prevented their
effective control and management of ELSI, and also impaired their
other legallyacquired rights and interests;

(c) that, owing to these violations of the Treaty and Supplement, singly
and in combination, the United States isentitled to compensation in an
amount equal to the full amount of the damage suffered by Raytheon
and Machlett as a consequence, including their losses on investment,
guaranteed loans, and open accounts, the legal expenses incurred by

Raytheon in connection with the bankruptcy, in defending against re-
lated litigation and in pursuing its claim, and interest on such amounts
computed at the United States prime rate from the date of loss to the
date of payment ofthe award,compounded on an annual basis; and

(d) that Italy accordingly should pay to the United States the amount of
US$12,679,000,plus interest, computed as described above and inthe
Memorial."

Onbehalfof theRepublicof Ztaly,
inthe Counter-Memorial and in the Rejoinder :dansla réplique :

«les Etats-Unis s'estiment autorisésàprier la Cour de dire etjuger:

a) que les demandes présentéespar les Etats-Unissont recevables devant
la Cour vu que tous lesrecours internesraisonnables ont été épuisés;
b) que l'Italie- par les actes et omissions décrits ci-dessusainsique dans

le mémoire,qui ont empêché Raytheon et Machletts ,ociétés des Etats-
Unis, de liquider lesbiens de I'ELSI,sociétéitalienne entièremene tntre
leurs mains, et qui ont causéla faillite de cette société,insi quepar ses
actes et omissionsultérieurs - a violé lesobligations qu'elle avaitassu-
méesau regard du droit international dans le traitéd'amitié,de com-
merce et de navigation entre les deux pays etdans l'accord complétant
cetraitéet,en particulier, qu'elle a violé:

- le paragraphe 2 de l'article III, en ce que les actes et omissions de
l'Italie ont empêché Raytheon et Machlett d'exercer leurdroit de
géreretde contrôler une société italienne;
- lesparagraphes 1et3de l'articleV,en ceque lesactes et omissions de
l'Italie ont constituéun manquement a l'obligation d'assurer pleine-
ment la protection et la sécurité,de la manière requise par le traitéet
par ledroitinternational;
- le paragraphe 2 de l'article V, en ce que les actes et omissions de
l'Italie ont constituéune dépossessionprivant Raytheon et Machlett
de leurs droits sur des biens, sans une indemnité équitableet sans
une procédureconformeau droit;

- l'article VII,en ce que ces actes et omissions ont dénié à Raytheon et
Machlett le droit de céder leurs intérêtdsans des biens immobiliers à
des conditions non moins favorables que celles dont aurait joui une
sociétéitaliennesurunebase de réciprocité;
- l'article premier de l'accord complémentaire,en ce que le traitement
appliqué à Raytheon et Machlett étaità la fois arbitraire et discrimi-
natoire, les a empêchéed se diriger et de gérereffectivement I'ELSI,
eta portépréjudiceaux autres droits etintérêtq su'ellesavaient légiti-
mement acquis;

c) que, vu ces violations du traitéet de l'accord complémentaire, considé-
réesséparémentetconjointement, les Etats-Unis ont droit àune indem-
nitéd'un montant égalau montant total du préjudice quien est résulté
pour Raytheon et Machlett, y compris les pertes que ces sociétésont
subies sur leurs investissements, sur les prêts garantiset sur les comptes
courants ouverts, les frais dejustice engagéspar Raytheon du fait de la
faillite, pour assurer sa défensedans des poursuites liées à celle-ci et
pour faire valoir ses propres revendications, ainsi que les intérêts sur

lesdits montants, calculésaux taux de base des Etats-Unis depuis la
date de la perte jusqu'à celle du paiement de l'indemnité etcomposés
annuellement;
d) que l'Italie doit, en conséquence,verser aux Etats-Unis la somme de
12679000dollars des Etats-Unis,plus lesintérêtsc,alculéscomme il est
dit ci-dessus ainsiquedans lemémoire.»

Au nomde la République italienne,

dans le contre-mémoireet dans la duplique : "May it please the Court,

To adjudge and declare that the Application filed on 6 February 1987by
the United States Govemment isinadmissible because local remedies have
not been exhausted.
If not, to adjudge and declare :

(1) that Article III (2)of the Treaty of Friendship,Commerce and Naviga-
tion of 2February 1948has not been violated;
(2) that Article V(1)and (3)ofthe Treaty has not been violated;
(3) that ArticleV(2)ofthe Treaty has not beenviolated;
(4) that Article VI1ofthe Treaty has not been violated;
(5) that Article 1of the Supplementary Agreement of 26 September 1951
hasnot been violated;

and, accordingly, to dismiss the claim."

Il. In the course of the oral proceedings the following submissions were
presented by the Parties :

On behalfof the UnitedStates ofAmerica,
at the hearing of 16February 1989 :

"The United States requests that the objection of the Respondent be
dismissed and submits to the Court that it is entitled to a declaration and
judgment that :
(1) the Respondent violated the international legal obligations which it
undertook by the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation

between the two countries, and the Supplement thereto, and in par-
ticular, violated Articles III, V, and VI1 of the Treaty and Article 1
of the Supplement; and
(2) that, owing to these violations of the Treaty and Supplement, singly
and in combination, the United States is entitled to reparation in an
amount equal to the full amount of the damage suffered by Raytheon
and Machlett as a consequence, including their losses on investment,
guaranteed loans, and open accounts, the legal expenses incurred by
Raytheon in connection with the bankruptcy, in defending against re-
lated litigation and in pursuing its claim, and interest on such amounts
computed at the United States prime rate from the date of loss to the
date of payment ofthe award,compounded on an annual basis; and

(3) that Italy accordingly should pay to the United States the amount of
$12,679,000plus interest."

At the hearing of 27 February 1989(afternoon) the Agent of the United States
confirmed that these were the final submissions of the United States.

On behalfof the Republicofltaly,

at the hearing of 23 February 1989,repeated as final submissions at the hearing
of 2 March 1989(aftemoon) :
"May it please the Court,

A. To adjudge and declare that the Application filed on 6 February a Plaise àla Cour :
Dire et juger que la requête déposéle e 6 février1987par le Gouverne-
ment des Etats-Unis d'Amériqueest irrecevable en raison du non-épuise-
ment des voies de recours internes.

Sinon, dire etjuger:
1) que leparagraphe 2de l'article III du traité d'amitiéd,e commerceet de
navigation du 2février1948n'apas étéviolé;
2) que lesparagraphes 1et3de l'article Vdudit traitén'apas été violé;
3) que leparagraphe 2de l'article Vdudit traitén'apas étéviolé;

4) que l'articleVI1dudit traitén'apas été violé;
5) que l'article premier de l'accord complémentairedu 26septembre 1951
n'apas été violé;
et, en conséquence, rejeterla demande. »

11. Au cours de la procédureorale, les conclusions ci-après ont été présen-
téespar les Parties:

Au nomdesEtats-Unis d'Amérique,

à l'audience du 16février1989 :
Les Etats-Unis demandent que l'exception du défendeursoit rejetéeet

s'estiment autorisésàprier la Cour de dire etjuger:

1) que le défendeura violé lesobligations qu'il avait assuméesau regard
du droitinternational dans letraitéd'amitié,de commerce et de naviga-
tionentre lesdeux pays etdans l'accord complétant cetraitéet,enparti-
culier, qu'ila violé lesarticles III, Vet VI1du traité et l'article premier
de l'accord complémentaire;
2) que, vu cesviolations du traitéet de l'accord complémentaire, considé-

réesséparémentetconjointement, lesEtats-Unis ont droit àune répara-
tion d'un montant égalau montant total du préjudice quien est résulté
pour Raytheon et Machlett, y compris les pertes que ces sociétésont
subies sur leurs investissements, sur lesprêts garantiset sur lescomptes
courants ouverts, les frais dejustice engagéspar Raytheon du fait de la
faillite, pour assurer sa défensedans des poursuites liées à celle-ci et
pour faire valoir ses propres revendications, ainsi que les intérêts sur
lesdits montants, calculésau taux de base des Etats-Unis depuis la date
de la perte jusqu'à celle du paiement de l'indemnitéet composésan-
nuellement;
3) que l'Italie doit, en conséquence,verser aux Etats-Unis la somme de
12679000dollars des Etats-Unis,plus lesintérêts ».

A l'audience du 27février1989(après-midi),l'agentdes Etats-Unis a confirmé
que telles étaientles conclusions finales des Etats-Unis.

Au nomde la Républiquietalienne,

àl'audience du 23février1989,réitérées etn ant que conclusions finales àl'au-
dience du 2 mars 1989(après-midi) :

Plaiseà la Cour :
A. Dire et juger que la requêtedéposéele 6 février1987par le Gouver- 1987 bythe United States Government is inadmissible because local
remedieshavenot been exhausted.
B. If not,to adjudge and declare:

(1) that ArticleIII oftheTreatyofFriendship,Commerceand Navigation
of2 February1948has notbeenviolated;
(3) that ArticleV,paragraphs2,ofthe Treaty,and the related provisionsof
the ProtocoltotheTreaty,havenotbeenviolated;
(4) that ArticleVI1oftheTreatyhas notbeen violated;
(5) that Article 1of the SupplementaryAgreementof 26 September 195 1
has notbeenviolated;and
(6) that no other Article of the Treaty or the SupplementaryAgreement
hasbeenviolated.

C. On a subsidiaryand alternativebasis only: to adjudge and declare
that, evenif there had been a violationof obligationsunder the Treaty or
the SupplementaryAgreement,suchviolationcaused no injuryfor which
the paymentof any indemnity wouldbejustified.
And, accordingly,to dismissthe claim."

12. The claim of the United States in the present case is that Italy has
violated the international legal obligations which it undertook by the
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between the two coun-
tries concluded on 2 February 1948("the FCN Treaty") and the Supple-
mentary Agreement thereto concluded on 26 September 1951,by reason
of its acts and omissions in relation to, and its treatment of, two
United States corporations, the Raytheon Company ("Raytheon") and
The Machlett Laboratories Incorporated ("Machlett"), in relation to the

Italian corporation Raytheon-Elsi S.P.A. (previously Elettronica Sicula
S.P.A. (ELSI)), which was wholly owned by the two United States cor-
porations. Italycontests certain of the facts alleged by the United States,
denies that therehasbeen any violation of the FCN Treaty, and contends,
on a subsidiary and alternative basis, that ifthere was anysuch violation,
no injury was caused for whichpayment of any indemnitywould be justi-
fied.
13. In 1955,Raytheon (then knownas Raytheon ManufacturingCom-
pany) agreed to subscribe for 14 per cent of the shares in Elettronica Sic-
ula S.P.A.Over theperiod 1956-1967,Raytheon successively increased its
holding of ELSI shares (as well as investing capital in the company in
other ways) to a totalholding of 99.16percent of itsshares. In April 1963
the name of the company was changed from Elettronica Sicula S.P.A. to

"Raytheon-Elsi S.p.A."; it will however be referred to hereafter as
"ELSI". The remaining shares (0.84 per cent) in ELSI were acquired in
April 1967by Machlett, whichwasawholly-owned subsidiary of Raytheon.
ELSI was established in Palermo, Sicily, where it had a plant for the
production of electronic components; in 1967 it had a workforce of nementdesEtats-Unisd'Amérique est irrecevabe lnraison dunon-épui-
sementdesvoiesde recoursinternes.
B. Sinon,direetjuger :
1) quel'articlIIIdutraitéd'amitié, de commerceetdenavigationdu 2fé-
vrier1948n'apas étéviolé;
2) quelesparagraphes 1 et3del'articlV dudittraitén'apas étviolé;
3) que le paragraphe 2 de l'articlV dudit traitéet les dispositions
connexesduprotocoledecetraitén'ont pas étvéiolées;
4) quel'articlVI1 dudittraitén'apas éviolé;
5) que l'articlepremier de l'accordcomplémentaidu 26 septembre1951
n'a pas étéiolé;
6) qu'aucun autre articledu traitéou de l'accordcomplémentairn'a été
violé.
C. Atitre subsidiaireetalternatifseulement:direetjugerque,mêmes'il
y a eu violationd'obligations découlantu traitéou de l'accordcomplé-
mentaire,cetteviolationn'acauséaucun préjudicequijustifieraitleverse-
mentd'une indemnité.

Et,enconséquence,rejeter lademande. »

12. Dans la présente affaire,les Etats-Unis soutiennent que l'Italie a
violéles obligations de droit international qu'elle a assuméesdans le
traitéd'amitié,de commerce et de navigation concluentre lesdeux paysle
2 février1948(ci-aprèsdénomméle «traité de 1948)))et dans l'accord
complétantcetraité,conclu le26septembre 1951,en raison de sesactes et
omissions envers deux sociétésaméricaines, Raytheon Company (ci-
après dénommée «Raytheon ») et The Machlett Laboratories Incorpo-
rated (ci-après dénommée«Machlett »), et en raison de la manièredont

ellelesatraitéesrelativement àune sociétéitalienneque cesdeux sociétés
américaines contrôlaient entièrement,la Raytheon-Elsi S.P.A.(antérieu-
rement nommée Elettronica Sicula S.P.A.(ELSI)). L'Italie conteste cer-
tains desfaits alléguépar lesEtats-Unis, niequ'ilyait euune quelconque
violation du traitéde 1948et soutient, titre subsidiaire et alternatif, que
s'ilya euune telle violation, ellen'acauséaucun préjudicequijustifierait
le versement d'une indemnité.
13. En 1955,Raytheon (connue alors sous le nom de Raytheon Manu-
facturing Company) a décidéde souscrire pour 14pour centd'actions de
17ElettronicaSicula S.P.A. De 1956à 1967,Raytheon a successivement

accru sa participation au capital de'ELSI(elle a aussi investi des capi-
taux sous d'autres formes dans cette société)pour posséder au total
99,16pour cent desesactions. En avril 1963,laraisonsociale dela société,
qui étaitElettronica Sicula S.P.A.»,aétéremplacép ear «Raytheon-Elsi
S.P.A.» ;ellesera cependant désignéeci-aprèssouslenom d'aELSI ».Les
autres actions deI'ELSI(soit0,84pour cent) ont étéacquisesen avril 1967
par Machlett, filiale de Raytheon entièrement aux mains de celle-ci.
L'ELSI a été constituée àPalerme (Sicile)où elle avait une usine pour laslightlyunder 900employees. Itsfivemajor product linesweremicrowave
tubes, cathode-raytubes, semiconductor rectifiers, X-ray tubes and surge

arresters.

14. During the fiscal years 1964to 1966inclusive, ELSI made an op-
erating profit, but this profit was insufficient to offset its debt expense or
accumulated losses, and no dividends were ever paid to its shareholders.
In June 1964,the accumulated losses exceeded one-third of the com-
pany's share capital, and ELSI was thus required by Article 2446 of the
Italian CivilCode to reduce itsequityfrom 4,300million lire to 2,000mil-
lion lire.The capitalstock wasthereforedevalued by2,300million lireand
recapitalized by an equal amount subscribed by Raytheon. A similar
operation was necessary in March 1967. In February 1967, according
to the United States,Raytheon began taking steps to endeavourto make
ELSI self-sufficient. Raytheon and Machlett designated a number of
highly-qualifiedpersonnel to provide financial,managerial and technical
expertise, and Raytheon provided a total of over 4,000million lire in re-
capitalization and guaranteed credit. By December 1967,according to
the United States,major steps had been taken to upgrade plant facilities

and operations.

15. Atthe sametime,however, the Chairman of ELSI, and othersenior
Raytheon officials, held numerous meetings,between February 1967and
March 1968,with cabinet-level officials ofthe Italian Government and of
the Sicilianregion, aswellasrepresentatives ofthe Istituto per la Ricostru-
zione Industriale ("IRI"), the Ente Sicilianoperla Produzione Industriale
("ESPI"), and the private sector. IR1was a holding company controlled
by Italy with extensive commercial interests, and dominated at this time
the telecommunications, electronics and engineering markets. ESPI was
the Sicilian Government industrial organization responsible for the
promotion of local development. The purpose of these meetings was
stated to be to find forLSI an Italian partner with economic power and
influence and to explore the possibilities of other govemmental support.
The management of Raytheon had formed the viewthat, "without a part-
nership with IR1 or other equivalent Italian Govemmental entity, ELSI

would continue to be an outsider to the Italian industrial community";
such a partnership would, it was thought, "positively influence govern-
ment decision-making in economic planning7',and enable ELSI also to
secure benefits and incentives under Italian legislation designed to favour
industrial development in the southern region, the Mezzogiorno. Evi-
dence has been giventhatthe management of ELSI was advised thatthe
company wasentitled to such Mezzogiorno benefits, but the Chamber has
been told by Italy that it was not so entitled. The support of the national
and regional governments was regarded as particularly important
because in numerous markets crucial to ELSI's operations and successfabrication de composants électroniques; en 1967, elle employait une
main-d'Œuvred'un peu moinsde neuf centssalariés. Sescinqprincipaux
secteurs de production étaient ceux destubes à micro-ondes,des tubes à
rayons cathodiques, des redresseurs à semi-conducteurs, des tubes à
rayons X et des disjoncteurs.
14. Pour les exercices 1964, 1965et 1966, lecompte d'exploitation de
I'ELSIa étébénéficiaire,maicsebénéficeétaitinsuffisanp t our couvrir la
charge de la dette ou les pertes accumulées; les actionnaires n'ont jamais
reçu de dividendes.Enjuin 1964lespertes accumuléesdépassaientletiers
du capital de la société,e qui obligeait celle-ci,en vertu de l'article 2446
du Code civilitalien,à réduire son capital social de 4300millions de lires
à 2000millions de lires. Le capital-actions a par conséquent été diminué

de 2300millions de lirespuis augmenté d'un montant équivalentsouscrit
par Raytheon. Une opération analogue a été nécessaire en mars1967.
Selon les Etats-Unis,en février 1967,Raytheon a entrepris une action en
vuedepermettre àI'ELSIde devenirautonome.Raytheon et Machlett ont
désignéplusieurspersonnes hautement qualifiéesquidevaientmettre à la
disposition de 1'ELSIleurs compétences spécialisées en matièrede fi-
nances, de gestion ou de technologie; Raytheon a fourni à I'ELSI pour
plus de4000millions de liresensouscrivant à l'augmentation de capitalet
sousforme de garanties de prêts. Selonles Etats-Unis,en décembre 1967,
d'importantes mesuresavaientétéappliquéespour améliorerlesinstalla-
tions et le fonctionnement de l'usine.
15. En mêmetemps, de février1967 à mars 1968,leprésidentde I'ELSI
et des dirigeants de Raytheon ont tenu de nombreuses réunions avec

des représentants du Gouvernement italien et de la région sicilienne,
de niveau ministériel, ainsi qu'avec des représentants de'Istitutoper la
Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI), de l'Ente Siciliano per la Produzione
Industriale (ESPI) et du secteur privé.L'IRI étaitune société holding
contrôléepar 1'Etatitalien, ayant des intérêts commerciaux étenduset
dominant à l'époqueles marchés des télécommunications,de l'électro-
nique et des industries mécaniques. L'ESPI était l'organisme industriel
du gouvernement sicilien chargé de la promotion du développement
local.Il a été ditque l'objectif de ces réunions étaitde trouver pour
I'ELSI un partenaire italien puissant et influent sur le plan économique
et d'examiner d'autres modalités possibles de soutien gouvernemental.
La direction de Raytheon estimait que ((sans une association avec l'IR1

ou un autre organisme public italien équivalent, 1'ELSI continuerait
d'être considérée commu ene entreprise étrangèreau sein de la commu-
nautéindustrielle italienne»; une telle association, pensait la direction,
((influerait..positivement sur l'élaboration des décisions des pouvoirs
publics en matière de planification économique » et permettrait aussà
I'ELSId'obtenir lesavantageset mesures d'incitations prévuspar la légis-
lation italienne pour favoriser le développement industriel de la région
méridionale, le Mezzogiorno. Des élémentsde preuve ont étéproduits
d'aprèslesquelsla direction de I'ELSIa étinforméequecelle-ciavaitdroit
à ces avantages en faveur du Mezzogiorno, mais l'Italie a déclaré devantthe ItalianGovernment,through IR1orothenvise,played adominant role
as a customer. A detailed "Project forthe Financing and Reorganization
ofthe Company" was prepared and submittedto ESPI in May 1967.

16. The management of ELSI took the viewthat one ofthe reasons for
its lack of success was that it had trained and was employing an exces-
sivelylargelabour force. In June 1967it wasdecided to dismisssome 300
employees ;under an Italian union agreementthisinvolved aprocedure of
notifications and negotiations.On the interventionofESPI,an alternative
plan wasagreedto whereby 168workerswouldbe suspended from 10July

1967,withlimitedpay by ELSIfora period not exceeding sixweeks.After
a training programme during whichthe workerswerepaid bythe Sicilian
Government, it was contemplated that ELSI would endeavour to re-
employ the suspended employees.The necessary additional business to
make this possible was not forthcoming, and the suspended employees
were dismissed early in March 1968.A number of random strikes had
occurred in early 1968,and as a result of the dismissalsa complete strike
of the plant occurred on 4 March 1968.Accordingto the Government of
Italy,thisstrikealso involvedan occupation oftheplant bythe workforce,
which occupation was still continuing when the plant was requisitioned
on 1April 1968(paragraph 30below).The United Statesclaims however
that strikes and "sit-ins" prior to the requisition were only sporadic and
that onlyafterthefilingofapetition inbankruptcy on26April1968(para-
graph 36below)didthe workersactuallyoccupy the plant fora sustained

period.

17. When itbecame apparentthatthe discussionswith Italian officiais
and companies were unlikely to lead to a mutually satisfactory arrange-
ment to resolve ELSI's difficulties, Raytheon and Machlett, as share-
holders in ELSI, began seriously to plan to close and liquidate ELSI to
minimize their losses. General planning for the potential liquidation of
ELSIbeganinthe latterpart of 1967,and in early 1968detailedplans were
made for a shut-down and liquidation at any time after 16March 1968.
On 2 March 1968,the company's books and accounting records, and,
according to a witness at the hearings, "quite a lot of inventory", were
transferred from its offices in Palermo to aegional office in Milan. On
7 March 1968,Raytheon formally notified ELSI that, notwithstanding
ELSI's need for further capital, Raytheon would not "subscribe to any

further stock which might be issued by Raytheon-Elsi or to guarantee
any additional loans which might be made by others to Raytheon-Elsi". ELETTRONICA SICULA (ARRÊT) 25

la Chambre que la sociétén'y avait pas droit. L'appui des pouvoirs
publics, tant au niveau national que régional, était considéré comme
particulièrement important parce que, sur de nombreux marchés essen-
tiels aux activitésde1'ELSI et à sa réussite, leGouvernement italien,
par l'intermédiairede l'IR1 ou autrement, jouait un rôle prépondérant

comme client. Un ((Projet de financement et de réorganisation de la
société»,détailléa, été étableit présenàéI'ESPIen mai 1967.
16. La direction de1'ELSIa estiméque l'une des raisons de son in-
succèstenait au fait qu'elle avait forméet employait une main-d'Œuvre
beaucoup trop nombreuse.Enjuin 1967,ilfutdécidéde licencierenviron
troiscentstravailleurs; envertu d'un accordsyndicalitalien,cettemesure
impliquait une procédurede préavisetde notifications. Surl'intervention
de l'ESPI, un autre plan fut arrêté suivantlequel cent soixante-huit sala-
riés seraientmis à pied à compter du 10juillet 1967et recevraient une
rémunération partiellede 1'ELSIpendant six semaines au maximum. A
l'issue d'un programme de formation pendant lequel ces travailleurs ont

étépayéspar le gouvernement de la régionsicilienne, il fut envisagéque
1'ELSIs'efforceraitderéembaucherlestravailleurs mis àpied.Comme les
nouvelles affaires qui auraient éténécessairesà la mise en Œuvrede ce
plan ne s'annonçaient pas, lessalariésmis pied furent licenciésaudébut
de mars 1968.Quelques grèvesépisodiques s'étaient produitesau début
de 1968et,à lasuitedeslicenciements, une grèvegénérale àl'usineeut lieu
le 4 mars 1968.Selon le Gouvernement italien. cette vrève s'estaccom-
pagnée d'une occupation de l'usine par les ouvriers, occupation qui se
poursuivait encore lorsque l'usine fut réquisitionnéele le' avril 1968
(paragraphe 30 ci-après). Les Etats-Unis soutiennent en revanche que

les débrayages et grèves sur le tas antérieurs la réquisition n'ont été
que sporadiques et que ce n'est qu'après lademande de mise en faillite,
le 26 avril 1968(pararagraphe 36 ci-après),que les ouvriers ont vérita-
blement occupél'usine pour une période prolongée.
17. Lorsqu'il est devenu clair que les discussions avec les autoritéset
les sociétésitaliennes avaient peu de chance de conduire àun arrange-
ment mutuellement satisfaisant pour résoudreles difficultésde I'ELSI,
Raytheon et Machlett,en tant qu'actionnaires del'entreprise, commencè-
rent àenvisagersérieusement de fermer et de liquider I'ELSIpour mini-
miserleurspertes. Lapréparation desgrandes lignesd'un plan de liquida-
tion éventuellede I'ELSIcommença dans les derniers mois de 1967et, au

débutde 1968,desplans détaillésfurentmis au point en vue de la ferme-
turede I'ELSIet de sa liquidationàunedate postérieureau 16mars 1968.
Le 2 mars 1968, les registres et pièces comptables de la société ainsi
qu'aune bonne partie de ses stocks», selon les termes employéspar un
témoin à l'audience, furent transférésde sesbureaux de Palermeà un bu-
reau régional a Milan. Le 7 mars 1968,Raytheon avertit officiellement
1'ELSIque, bien que cettedernière eût besoin defonds supplémentaires,
Raytheon ne pourrait ((souscrire aux actions supplémentaires quepour-
rait émettre Raytheon-Elsi ou ..garantir les prêts supplémentairesque
d'autres pourraient faire Raytheon-Elsi D. 18. This decision wasstated to havebeen taken, interalia,on reviewof
the proposed balance sheet showing the position on 30September 1967;

that balance sheet showed the book value of the assets of ELSI as
17,956.3million lire,itstotal debt as 13,123.9millionlire;the accumulated
losses of 2,681.3million lire had reduced the value of the equity (capital
stock and capital subscription account) from 4,000 million lire to
1,318.7millionlire. Thetotal debt included a number of liabilitiesto one
United Statesbank and several Italian banks, some(but not all) of which
wereguaranteed by Raytheon. Forthe purposes ofa possibleliquidation,
an assetanalysiswasprepared bythe Chief FinancialOfficer ofRaytheon
showingthe expected position on 31 March 1968.Thisshowed thebook
value of ELSI'sassets as 18,640million lire; as explained in his affidavit
filed inthese proceedings, it also showed "the minimum prospects of re-
coveryof values which we could be sure of, in order to ensure an orderly
liquidation process", and the total realizable value of theassets on this
basis(the"quick-sale value") was calculated to be 10,838.8millionlire. A
balance sheet subsequently prepared to show the position at 31 March
1968,extrapolated from the balance sheet at 30 September 1967,showed
the book value of total assets as 17,053.5million lire and total debt of

12,970.6million lire.

19. During the hearings,atthe request ofthe Agentof Italy,the Cham-
ber asked the Government of the United Statesto produce the financial
report showing ELSI's financial position at 30 September 1967,from
which the figures for the book value of its assets had been derived. The
report, prepared by Raytheon's Italian auditors, and dated 22 March
1968, was produced in evidence. The balance sheet attached thereto
showedtwo sets offigures;the first of these, corresponding to the figures
forassetsand liabilitiessetout in paragraph 18above,gavethe figures as
recorded in the company's books of account. The second set of figures
was based on the first set, but a number of adjustments had been made
in accordance with the financial accounting policy of Raytheon "In
order to assure comparability ofthe financial information reported from
abroad" by its subsidiary companies. According to the Co-Agent of
the United States, the major difference between the accounts on the

Italian basis and the Raytheonbasis was

"the item of Deferred Charges, which for the most part represented
the costofdevelopingnewlines and improvingproduct quality.This
asset is carried on the Italian books but is routinely written off by
Raytheon Company."

The adjustment of the item for "Deferred Charges" reduced the total
assets figure by 1,653million lire. Taking al1adjustments into account, 18. Il a été ditque c'est notamment après examen du projet de bilan
indiquantla situation financièreau 30septembre 1967que cettedécisiona
été prise. Selon ce bilan, la valeur comptable des actifs de I'ELSIétaitde
17 956,3 millions de lires, et le total de son passif de 13123,9millions
de lires; sespertes accumuléesde 2681,3millions de lires avaientréduitla
valeur du capital social (capital-actions et compte de souscription de ca-
pital) de4000millions de liresà 1318,7millions de lires. Au passif général
étaientinscrites un certain nombre de dettes envers une banque améri-
caine et plusieurs banques italiennes dont certaines (mais non toutes)

étaient garantiespar Raytheon. Aux fins d'une liquidation éventuelle,le
chef des servicesfinanciers de Raytheon a procédé à une analyse des ac-
tifs de la sociétéqui indiquait quelle serait probablement la situation au
31mars 1968et précisaitque la valeur comptable des actifs de I'ELSIde-
vait êtrede 18640 millions de lires; dansune déclaration sous serment
déposéeen l'espèce,il a expliquéqueson analyse faisait aussi apparaître
«les montants minimaux que nous pouvions être assurésde retirer de la
réalisationdes actifs, afin de procéder àune liquidation régulièrede la
société» ;lavaleurtotale de réalisationdesactifs sur cettebase (la ((valeur
de vente rapide »)étaitestimée à 10838,s millions de lires. Dansun bilan
établiparla suitepour refléterla situation au 31mars 1968,quiconstituait
une extrapolation du bilan au 30 septembre 1967,on trouve une valeur
comptable de 17 053,5millions de lires pour letotal des actifs et un mon-

tant de 12970,6millions de lires pour le total du passif.
19. Au cours des audiences, à la demande de l'agent de l'Italie, la
Chambre a priéle Gouvernement des Etats-Unis de produire le rapport
financier présentant la situation financière de I'ELSI au 30 septembre
1967, d'où les chiffres représentant la valeur comptable de ses actifs
avaient ététirés.Cerapport, établipar les auditeurs italiens de Raytheon
et daté du22 mars 1968,a été produit commepreuve. Dans lebilan qui y
étaitannexéfiguraient deux sériesde chiffres lapremière,correspondant
aux chiffres des actifs et des dettes indiquésau paragraphe 18ci-dessus,
contenait les chiffres inscrits dans les livres de comptes de la socié. a
seconde étaitfondéesur la première, mais un certain nombre d'ajuste-
ments y avaient étéapportés,conformément à la politique comptable de
Raytheon «pour permettre de comparer les renseignements financiers

communiquésde l'étranger))par ses filiales. Selon le coagent des Etats-
Unis, la principale différence entre les comptes, dressés soit dansI'op-
tique italienne, soit dans celle de Raytheon,

«porte sur leposte des charges différées,ui correspondait pour l'es-
sentielau coût delamiseau point denouvelles chaînes deproduction
et de l'améliorationde la qualitéde la production. Ces actifs sont
comptabilisésdans les registres italiens mais ils sont normalement
passéspar pertes et profits par la sociétéRaytheon.»

L'ajustement du poste des «charges différées »réduisaitde 1653millions
de lires le chiffre total des actifs. Tenant compte de tous les ajustementsthe second set of figures gavea value of 14,893.9millionlire forthe assets,
and 15,775.2million lire for the liabilities. The auditors stated in their
covering letter to Raytheon accountants that

"The adjustments made by the company in preparing the above
mentioned balance sheet and statement of income and accumulated
losseshavenot, atthe date ofthis report, been recorded in the books,
essentially fortax reasons. Accordingly, the accompanying financial

statements are not in agreement with the company's books of
account."
Arnongthe "Notes on Financial Statements" attachedtothe accounts by

the auditors was the following :
"10. The adjusted accumulated losses at September 30, 1967
exceeded the total of the paid up capital stock, capital reserve and

Stockholders subscription account by an amount of 881.3 million
lire. Should this become 'officially' the case(e.g. should the adjust-
ments made in arriving at this total of accumulated lossesbe entered
in the company's books of account), under Articles 2447and 2448of
the Italian Civil Code the directors would be obliged to convene a
Stockholders' Meetingforthwith to take measureseither to coverthe
losses by providing new capital orto put the company into liquida-
tion."

The auditors also expressed reservations on two other items totalling
1,168.5million lire.
20. Ihe officials of Raytheon and ELSI were nevertheless advised by
their Italian counsel in March 1968that "ELSI's capital, after taking into
account losses to date at that time, was well in excess of the minimum
statutory requirement" (1millionlire) under Articles 2447and 2448 ofthe
Italian Civil Code, which provide that if action isnot taken to restore the
capital to the required minimum, the company isdissolved as a matter of
law.Inthe viewof ELSI's counsel,"it wastherefore possible under Italian
law for ELSI's shareholders to plan an orderly liquidation of the com-
pany".

21. Throughout thisJudgment thisphrase "orderly liquidation" isused
solelyinthe sense in which itwasemployed bythe officers of ELSI and by
the representatives of the United States, i.e., to denote the operation
planned in 1967-1968by ELSI's management for the sale of the business
or of its assets, en bloc or separately, and the discharge of ELSI's debts,
fully or othenvise, out of the proceeds, the whole operation being under
the control of ELSI'sown management.

22. According tothe United States, the chief objectives in the planned
orderly liquidation wereto conservethe assetsand preserveasmany oftheopérés,lasecondesérie de chiffresdonnait unevaleur de 14893,9millions
de lires pour les actifs et de 15775,2millions de lires pour le passif.Dans
leurlettre de transmissionaux comptables de Raytheon, les auditeurs ont
déclaréque :

«Lesajustementseffectuéspar la sociétélorsdel'établissementdu
bilan susmentionné et de l'état desrevenus et despertes accumulées
n'ont pas, à la date du présentrapport, été comptabilisés dans les
livres de la société, essentiellementpour des raisons fiscales. En
conséquence,les états financiers qui y sontjoints ne concordent pas
avec les livresde comptes de la société.»

Dans les «Notes relatives aux états financiers)) que les auditeurs ont
annexées aux comptes,on lit ce qui suit:

«10. Au 30 septembre 1967,les pertes accumulées,une fois ajus-
tées,dépassaientde 881,3millions de lireslemontant total du capital
sociallibéré,desréservesde capital etdu compte de souscription des
actionnaires. Si cela devenait «officiel» (par exemple, si les ajuste-

ments opéréspour parvenir àce total despertes accumuléesétaient
inscrits dans les registres comptables de la société), lesadministra-
teurs seraient obligés,envertu desarticles 2447et2448du Code civil
italien, de convoquer immédiatement l'assemblée des actionnaires
en vue de prendre des mesures, soit pour compenser les pertes en
fournissant de nouveaux capitaux, soit pour mettre la société en
liquidation.»

Lesauditeurs ont aussiexprimé des réservessur deux autres postes, d'un
montant total de 1168,5millions de lires.
20. Lesdirigeants de Raytheon etdeI'ELSIontcependant étéinformés
par leur avocat-conseilitalien, en mars 1968,que «le capital de I'ELSI,
compte tenu des pertes subies à cette date, dépassait largement le mi-
nimum fixépar la loi» (1 million de lires) aux articles 2447 et 2448 du
Code civilitalien,quidisposent que sides mesures ne sontpasprises pour
porter le capital au niveau minimum requisla sociétéest légalementdis-
soute. De l'avisde l'avocat-conseil de l'ELSI, «il étaitdonc loisible aux

actionnaires,dans lecadre dudroit italien, de projeter une «orderlyliqui-
dation »de la société9.
21. Dans le présent arrêt, l'expression«orderly liquidation »(traduite
ci-aprèspar ((liquidation régulière») est uniquement employée au sens
où ellel'aétépar lesdirigeants deI'ELSIetpar lesreprésentants desEtats-
Unis, c'est-à-direcomme visantlesopérations qu'envisageait la direction
de I'ELSI en 1967-1968pour vendre l'entreprise ou ses avoirs,en bloc ou
séparément,et pour payer intégralementou non les dettes de I'ELSIavec
le produit de la vente, ces opérations devant s'effectuer entièrementsous
le contrôle de la direction mêmede I'ELSI.
22. Selon lesEtats-Unis, lesprincipaux objectifs delaliquidationrégu-
lièreenvisagéeétaientde conserver lesavoirs de la société et de maintenir28 ELETTRONICA SICULA (JUDGMENT)

characteristics of a goingconcern aspossible in order to attract and inter-
est prospective buyers; it was planned to advertise ELSI's assets widely,
offeringthem both as atotal package and as separate items - the distinct
manufacturing lines of the plant. The intention was, if the sums realized
by the sale of theassets were sufficient, to pay al1creditors in full. Plan-
ning had however also proceeded on the basis of the "quick-sale" valua-
tion ofthe assets (paragraph 18above), which,it was recognized, was less
than thetotal liabilities ofthe Company.It was not considered possible to
continuenormalproduction; the personnel was to be dismissed, with the
exception of some 120key employees needed for the wind-up operation
and for continuing limited production for a time to meet (in particular)

military contracts and maintain customer contact.

23. The intended treatment of creditors in the planned liquidation, in
the event of only the "quick-sale" value being realized, was stated by the
Financial Controller of Raytheon to havebeen as follows :

"Ideally, we would settle first with the small creditors, subject, of
course, tothe agreement of the major creditors, in order to minimize
the administrative effort during liquidation. Secured and preferred
creditorswouldtake priority and would bepaid when the assetsused
for collateral were sold. Major unsecured creditors were to be paid
on a pro rata basis from within the funds realized from the sale of
assets.Then Raytheon would be called upon to satisfy any guaran-
teed creditor to the extent not alreadypaid from asset saleproceeds.
Wecalculated that the secured and preferred creditorswould receive
100per cent of their outstanding claims, while the unsecured major
creditors who were not covered by Raytheon guarantees would
realize about 50 per cent of their claims. The latter creditors were
certain banks and Raytheon and itssubsidiaries. Wewere confident
that an orderly liquidation of this type would be acceptable to the

creditors as it was much more favorable than could be expected
through bankruptcy."

According to the United States, settlement with al1the smaller creditors

was regarded as apriority
"to reduce the creditors to a manageable number and also to elimi-
nate the risk that a small irresponsible creditor would take preci-
pitous action which would raise formidable obstacles in the way of
orderly liquidation".

Appended to one of the affidavits by officers of Raytheon and ELSI an-
nexed to the United States Memorial were detailed calculations showing
(interalia)various valuations of ELSI'sassets,analysis of the company'slepluspossiblesescaractéristiquesd'entreprise enactivitéafin d'attirer et
d'intéresser d'éventuels acheteursi;l était prévude faire paraître des an-
noncesdetoutespartspour offrirlesbiens deI'ELSItant globalementque
séparémentp , ar chaîne de production. L'intention étaitde désintéresser
intégralementtouslescréanciers àcondition queleproduit delaventedes
actifssuffise. Cependant desplans avaientaussiétéfaitssur labase de la
valeurqu'auraient euelesavoirsencasde «vente rapide »(paragraphe 18
ci-dessus); il était admisque leur valeur n'aurait pas atteint le montant

total desdettes dela société.l a étéconsidérqéu'il n'étatas possible de
continuer la production normale; le personnel devait être licencié, sauf
quelque cent vingtemployésindispensablespour les opérationsde liqui-
dation et pour le maintien d'uneproduction limitée etmomentanée,afin
d'exécuter (en particulier) des contrats militaires etde garder le contact
avecla clientèle.
23. Le contrôleur financier de Raytheon a exposé comme suitle sort
qui aurait étéréservé aux créanciersdans le plan de liquidation au cas
où le produit de la vente n'aurait correspondu qu'à la valeurde «vente
rapide »:

«L'idéal aurait consistàremboursertout d'abord lespetitscréan-
ciers, sous réserve,bien entendu, de l'accord des principaux créan-
ciers, afin de limiter le plus possible les activités administratives
durant la liquidation. Les détenteursde créances garanties et privi-
légiéeasuraient eu la prioritéet auraient éremboursés à l'aidedu
produit de la vente des actifs gagésou nantis. Les principales
créances non garanties auraient étérembourséesau prorata sur les
fonds provenant de la vente des actifs.Raytheon aurait alors éap-
peléeà désintéressetrout titulaire d'une créancegarantiedans lame-
sureoù ellen'aurait pas déjàétéremboursée àl'aidedu produit de la

vente des actifs. Nous avions prévu queles détenteursde créances
garanties etprivilégiéeseraientintégralementremboursés,alorsque
les principaux détenteursde créances non assortiesde sûretésque
Raytheon n'avaitpas garantiesrecevraient 50pour centdessommes
qui leur étaient dues. Ces derniers créanciers étaient certaiban-
ques, Raytheon et ses filiales. Nous avions le ferme espoir qu'une
telle liquidation régulière auraitété jugecceptable par les créan-
ciers, car elleleur aurait plus favorable qu'une mise en faillite.»

Selonles Etats-Unis, un arrangement avectous lespetits créanciersétait
considérée commeprioritaire
((pour ramener le nombre des créanciersà des proportions raison-
nables et écarter le risque qu'un petit créancier irresponsable

prenne desmesuresprécipitées susceptibled se souleverdes obstacles
redoutables sur la voie d'une liquidation régulière
L'une des déclarations sous serment de dirigeants de Raytheon et de
I'ELSIjointes commeannexes au mémoiredesEtats-Unisétaitaccompa-
gnéede calculs détaillésportant notamment sur différentes estimations29 ELETTRONICA SICULA (JUDGMENT)

liabilities and their priority in liquidation, and estimated distribution
of the proceeds of disposa1 of assets calculated both on book value and
alternatively on a "minimum liquidation value".

24. It is contended by the United States that notwithstanding
Raytheon's forma1notification on 7 March 1968that it would not sub-
scribe to any further stock or guarantee any additional loans (para-
graph 17 above, infine) R,aytheon was ready to give certain financial
support and guarantees to enable the orderly liquidation to proceed, as
distinct from making more funds available to ELSI forcontinued opera-
tions. According to officials of ELSI, if Raytheon had handled the liqui-
dation as planned, it would have guaranteed the Settlements outlined in
the previous paragraph; they statedthat

"Demonstrating its support of the liquidation plan, Raytheon
organized to provide funds to ELSI in advance ofthe saleofitsassets
sothat disbursements could easilybemadeto thesmallcreditors and,
as a first step, transferred 150 million lire to the First National
City Bank branch in Milan specifically forthat purpose."

Evidence was given at the hearing that payment of small creditors out of
these funds was begun, but then stopped by the creditor banks because
this was"showingpreference". It wascontemplated that Raytheon would
take over ELSI's accounts receivable (subsequently valued at some
2,879millionlire) at face value,hus supplyingimmediate cashresources.

25. In the viewof ELSI's legalcounsel at thetime (paragraph 20 above)
and of Italian lawyersconsulted bythe United States, ELSI was in March
1968entitled to engage in orderly liquidation of its assets, wasnder no
obligation to file aetition in bankruptcy, and was never injeopardy of
compulsory dissolution under Article 2447of the Italian Civil Code,and
was at al1times in compliance with Article 2446of the Code. It has how-
ever been contended by Italy that ELSI was in March 1968unable to pay
its debts, and its capital of 4,000millionlire was completely lost; accord-
ingly, an orderly liquidation was not available to it, but as an insolvent
debtor itwas under an obligation to file a petition in bankruptcy. The dis-
agreement turnson thevalue of ELSI'sassetsforthis purpose at 31March
1968: the Parties have made conflicting statements of what is correct

accounting practice for the purposes of compliance with the relevant
requirements of Italian law.It has alsobeenobsewed by Italythat, whether
or not ELSI was insolvent, the procedure contemplated did not corre-
spond to a voluntary liquidation as provided for in Article 2450 of the
Italian CivilCode; under that procedurealiquidatorhas to be appointed
by the shareholders, or iftheyfail todo so,by the Tribunal. According to
one expert appearing on behalf of Italy, ELSI being insolvent the only ELETTRONICA SICULA (ARRÊT) 29

des avoirs de17ELSI,une analyse des dettes de la société et leurordre de
priorité dansla liquidation, ainsi qu'une estimation de la répartitiondu
produit de l'aliénation desavoirs,calculésurlabase de leurvaleurcomp-
table ou de la valeur minimale de liquidation ».
24. Les Etats-Unis soutiennent que, bien que Raytheon eût officielle-
ment fait savoir,le 7 mars 1968,qu'ellene souscrirait pas d'actions sup-
plémentaires nine garantirait de prêts supplémentaires (paragraphe17
ci-dessus,infine), elle était pràtfournir un certain appui financier et
desgaranties pour permettre de procéderà la liquidation régulière,cequi

était autre chose quede mettre de nouveaux fonds à la disposition de
I'ELSIpour qu'elle poursuivesesactivités.Selonlesdirigeants deI'ELSI,
si Raytheon avait procédé à la liquidation comme prévu, elle aurait
garanti les arrangements exposés au paragraphe précédent; ils ont
déclaré ce qui suit:

«Pour exprimer sonappui au plan de liquidation, Raytheon avait
pris des dispositions pour fournir des fonàsI'ELSIavant la vente
desesactifsafinque dessommespuissentêtrefacilementverséesaux
petits créanciers et elle avait, dans une première phase, transféré
150millionsdelires àlasuccursalede MilandelaFirstNational City
Bank,expressément à cettefin.»

Il ressort de dépositions faites lors des audiencesque le remboursement
des petits créanciers avecces fonds a commencé,maisque les banques
créancièresy ont ensuite mis fin parce qu'iltémoignait d'un traitement
de faveur». Il était prévu que Raytheonprenne à son compte les effetà
recouvrer de I'ELSI(évaluép sar la suità environ 2879millions de lires)
à leur valeur nominale, ce qui aurait produit immédiatement des liqui-
dités.
25. D'après l'avocat-conseil consulté à l'époquepar 1'ELSI (para-
graphe 20ci-dessus)etd'aprèslesjuristes italiensauxquels lesEtats-Unis
sesont adressés,I'ELSIétaitendroit, enmars 1968,deprocéder àla liqui-

dation régulièredesesavoirs ;ellen'avaitaucune obligation de demander
samise enfaillite; ellen'ajamais courulerisque d'unedissolutionobliga-
toire envertu deI'article2447du Code civilitalien; elles'estentout temps
conformée àl'article2446de cecode. L'Italiea cependant soutenu qu'en
mars 1968I'ELSIétaitincapabledepayer sesdettesetque son capital,qui
s'élevaià 4000millions de lires,était complètementperdu ;qu'en consé-
quence elle ne pouvait procéder à une liquidation régulièremais qu'en
tant quedébiteurinsolvable elle était tenuede demander sa mise en fail-
lite. Le désaccordporte sur la valeur des actifs de I'ELSIette fin, àla
datedu 31mars 1968.LesParties ont faitdesdéclarationscontradictoires
surcequ'estunebonne pratique comptable,conforme aux exigencesdela

loiitalienne. L'Italiea aussifaitobserverque,indépendammentdela sol-
vabilitéou del'insolvabilitédel'ELSI,la procédureenvisagéene corres-
pondaitpas àune liquidation volontaire au sensdel'article2450du Code
civilitalien; seloncetteprocédureun liquidateur doit être désigéar les
actionnaires ou,à défaut,par le tribunal. Selon un expert qui a déposécourse open to it in order to avoid the duty of filing a petition in bank-
ruptcy was to request to the tribunal to be admitted to the procedure of
judicial settlement ("concordato preventivo'yunder Articles 160et seq.of
the Italian Bankruptcy Act; this would have required proof that at least
40per cent of the unsecured claimswould be met. The expert appearing
on behalf of the United States however stated that apparent inability to
pay al1creditors at 100per cent isnot fatal to voluntary and orderlyliqui-
dation. In this context he mentioned in particular the practice of "private
settlement" ("concordatostragiudiziale").

26. Themanagement of ELSI was consciousthat a financial crisiswas

imminent, and during the period from September 1967,the responsible
officersofthe companywerekeepinga closewatchonthe decliningfunds
to ensure thatthe company did not reach a point wherecontinued opera-
tion would be contrary to Italian law. At a meeting held on 21 February
1968betweenrepresentatives of Raytheon and ELSI and the President of
the Sicilian region, the Chairman of ELSI "drew a precise time chart
showing: (a) February 23 - Board Meeting; (6)February 26 to 29 -
inevitable bank crisis; (c)March 8 - we run out of money and shut
the plant"; the hand-written minutes of that meeting record also that
"the date of March 8was stressedrepeatedly as the absolute limitforthe
shut-down due to a total financial crisis".

27. On 16March 1968,the Board of Directors of ELSI met to consider
a report onthe financialsituation, and concluded "that there isnoalterna-
tiveto the discontinuation ofthe company'sactivities" ;the Board

"decided the cessationofthe company'soperations,to becarried out

as follows :
(1) production willbe discontinued immediately ;
(2) commercial activities and employment contracts will be termi-
nated onMarch 29,1968".

This decision was notified to the employees of ELSI by a letter of
16March 1968.On28March 1968,ameetingofshareholders ofELSIwas
held, at which it wasdecided (interalia)"to ratifythe resolutions adopted
by the Board of Directorsat the meetingof March 16,1968,and hence to
agreethatthe Company ceaseoperations". MeetingswithItalian officials
howevercontinued up to 29March 1968 ;the Italian authorities continued
to give broad assurances of an intervention by ESPI, and vigorously
pressed ELSI not to closethe plant and not to dismissthe workforce,but
the officials of the company insisted that this was inevitable unless more
capital was forthcoming. On 29 March 1968letters of dismissal were
mailed to the employeesof ELSI.pour lecompte de l'Italie,puisque I'ELSIétaitinsolvable,laseulepossibi-
litéqu'elleavait d'éviterl'obligation de solliciter samise en failliteétaitde
demanderautribunal lebénéficede la procédurede règlementjudiciaire
(c(concordatopreventivo))e)n vertu desarticles 160et suivants de la loiita-
lienne sur la faillite;à cette fin il aurait fallu prouver qu'au moins
40 pour cent des dettes chirographaires seraient acquittés. Cependant

l'expert quia déposé pour lecomptedesEtats-Unis a déclaré que l'inapti-
tude apparente àrembourser intégralementtous les créanciersne rendait
pasimpossiblelaliquidationvolontaire etrégulière. Acepropos, ilamen-
tionné enparticulier lapratique du «concordatextrajudiciaire »(ccconcor-
dato stragiudiziale»).
26. La direction de I'ELSI n'ignorait pas qu'une crise financière était
imminenteet, à partir du mois de septembre 1967,les responsables de la
sociétéveillèrent àce que l'épuisement des fonds ne mette pas la société
dans unesituation telle que lapoursuite de sesactivitésseraitcontraire la
législationitalienne. Le 21février1968,au cours d'une réunion entre des
représentants de Raytheon et de I'ELSI etle présidentde la région sici-

lienne, leprésidentde I'ELSI«fixa le calendrier précis ci-après :a)23fé-
vrier- réuniondu conseild'administration; b)du 26au 29février - crise
inévitableavecles banques; c)8mars - nous sommes àcourt d'argent et
fermons l'usine »;selon lesnotesmanuscritesprises àcetteréunion,«on a
souligné à de nombreuses reprises que cette date du 8 mars était ladate
limiteultime pour la cessationdesopérations en raison d'une crise finan-
cièretotale».
27. Le 16mars 1968,le conseil d'administration de I'ELSI se réunit
pour examiner un rapport sur la situation financière et conclut «qu'il n'y
avaitpas d'autre solution quede mettrefin aux activitésde l'entreprise »;
le conseil

«a décidéde mettre fin aux activitésde la sociétédanslesconditions
suivantes :
1) arrêtimmédiad telaproduction ;

2) fin des activités commerciales et licenciement des salariés le
29mars 1968 ».
Cette décisionfut communiquée aux salariésde I'ELSI par une lettre du
16mars 1968.Le28mars 1968,une réunion desactionnaires de I'ELSIeut
lieu, au cours de laquelle il fut décidé, notamment,((de ratifier les déci-
sionsprises par le conseil d'administration àsa réuniondu 16mars 1968

et donc d'accepter que la sociétémette fin à ses activités». Les réunions
avec des représentants du Gouvernement italien ont cependant conti-
nué jusqu'au 29mars 1968;les autorités italiennesont continué àdonner
des assurances de principe d'une intervention de 1'ESPI;elles ont vive-
ment pressé 1'ELSI de ne pas fermer l'usine et de ne pas licencier la
main-d'Œuvre,mais les représentants de la sociétéont insistésur le fait
que ces mesures étaient inévitables à défautde nouveaux capitaux. Le
29 mars 1968, les lettres de licenciement furent envoyéesaux salariés
de 1'ELSI. 28. The Managing Director of ELSI had a meetingearly on the mom-

ingof31March 1968withthe Presidentofthe Sicilianregion,Mr.Carollo,
at which the latter stated that the Italian Prime Minister had said that a
companywouldbe formed by ESPI and IMI (Istituto MobiliareItaliano)
to deal withthe acquisition of ELSI's assets,and that a holding company
would be formed which would eventually own ELSI. Mr. Carollo con-
tinued bysayingthat "to keep the people in Palermo and avoid an exodus
to otherjobs, andto protect the plant and machinery, the plant would be
requisitioned ...".On 1April 1968representatives of the company met
representatives of the bank creditors of ELSI to discuss the company's
plans for an orderly liquidation. According to the United States,ELSI's
representatives stated that Raytheon was not prepared to provide any
furtherfinancialsupport to ELSIeitherbywayof capital,loans, advances,
or guarantees, but ais0 informed the banks of the arrangement (referred
to in paragraph 24 above) which would provide for ELSI's immediate
cash needs in such an orderly liquidation through the sale to Raytheon
of ELSI'saccounts receivableat 100per cent of facevalue, the proceeds
being used to pay off the small creditors and to meet payroll and sever-
ance pay claimsas wellas other pressingpriority obligations.

29. No agreement was reached at that meeting; certain of the banks
requested more information, and another meeting was to be held later
with an agreed agenda. Subsequently ELSI's representatives learnt that
the plant had been requisitioned. According to the United States, and in
the viewofthe officersofRaytheon and ELSI,there wasreason to believe
that in a liquidation the creditor banks would have accepted a settlement
oftheirclaimsonpayment of40to 50percent ofeach,but noindependent
evidenceisavailablethat such wasthebanks'attitude at that time. It does
not appear fromthe evidencethat thebanks wereaskedspecificallyat the
meeting of 1April 1968whether they would CO-operateon the basis of a
guaranteed 50per cent of their claims; on the contrary, it was contended
on behalf of the United States by ELSI's then legaladviserthat

"There isno evidenceofbank negotiationsat the time ofthe requi-
sition because at the time the stockholders were fullyconfident that
ELSI's assets would have recovered book value, and there was no
need atthetimeto start any suchnegotiations.Whatthestockholders
and ELSI's Board were seeking at the time was an understanding
with the banks on the manner and timing of an orderlyliquidation." 28. L'administrateur délégué de I'ELSI rencontra tôt dans la matinée
du 31mars 1968leprésidentde larégion sicilienne, M.Carollo; cedernier
déclaraque le premier ministre italien l'avait aviséqu'une société serait
constituéepar I'ESPI et I'IMI (Istituto Mobiliare Italiano) pour s'occu-
per de l'acquisition des actifs de7ELSIet qu'une société holding serait

constituéepour prendre finalement le contrôle de I'ELSI. M. Carollo
ajouta que, «pour que les salariés de l'entreprise restent à Palerme,
éviter qu'ilsne quittent massivement l'usineen quêted'un nouvel emploi
et protéger l'usine et les machines, l'usine serait réquisitionnée...))Le
le' avril 1968,des représentants de la sociététinrent une réunion avec
des représentants des banques créancièresde I'ELSI afin d'examiner
avec eux le plan de liquidation régulièreétablipar la société..Selonles
Etats-Unis, les représentants de I'ELSI déclarèrent que Raytheon
n'étaitpas disposée àfournir un nouvel appui financier à I'ELSI, que
ce soit sous forme de capitaux, de prêts,d'avances ou de garanties,

mais ils informèrent aussi les banques de l'existence d'un arrangement
(voir paragraphe 24 ci-dessus) qui permettrait de fournir à I'ELSI les
fonds dont elle aurait immédiatement besoin aux fins de la liquidation
régulière,grâce a la vente à Raytheon, à 100pour cent de leur valeur,
des effetsà recouvrer de I'ELSI, le produit de cette vente devant être
utilisépour rembourser les petits créanciers, payer les salaires et les
indemnités de licenciement ainsi que satisfaire d'autres obligations
prioritaires et pressantes.
29. Cette réunionn'a pas débouchésur un accord; certaines des ban-
ques demandèrent des informations supplémentaires et une autre réu-
nion, dont l'ordre dujour devaitêtrearrêtéf,t prévuepour plus tard. Par

la suite,lesreprésentantsde I'ELSIapprirent que l'usineavait été réquisi-
tionnée. Selonles Etats-Unis, et de l'avisdesresponsables de Raytheon et
de I'ELSI, il y avait lieu de penser qu'en casde liquidation les banques
créancièresauraient acceptéune transaction prévoyantleremboursement
de leurs créancesdans une proportion de 40 à 50pour cent, mais aucun
élémend t e preuve indépendant n'établitque telle était l'attitude desban-
ques à cette époque.Les élémentsde preuve n'indiquent pas qu'il ait été
expressémentdemandéaux banques, à la réuniondu le'avril 1968,sielles
accepteraient de coopérerau cas où leremboursement de leurscréances à
50 pour cent leur serait garanti; au contraire, celui qui étàil'époque
conseiller juridique de 1'ELSIa soutenu pour le compte des Etats-Unis

que :

«S'iln'ya pas de preuve attestant qu'à l'époquede la réquisitionil
y a eu des négociations avecles banques, c'estparce que les action-
naires étaient alors totalement persuadés que les actifs de I'ELSI
seraient vendusà leur valeur comptable et qu'il n'étaitdonc pas né-
cessaireàcemoment-làd'entamer detellesnégociations.Al'époque,
les actionnaires et le conseil d'administration de I'ELSI voulaient
se mettre d'accord avec les banques sur les modalités et le calen-
drier d'une liquidation régulière.Accordingtothe samelegaladviser,the bankswereready, during negotia-
tionsin September-October 1968,after ELSI had been declared bankrupt,
to acceptsettlement onthe basis of40percent or 50percent payment (see
paragraph 37below).

30. On 1April 1968the Mayor of Palermo issued an order, effective
immediately, requisitioning ELSI's plant and related assets for a period
of six months. The text of this order, in the translation supplied by the
United States, was as follows :

"TheMayor of theMunicipalityofPalermo,

Taking into consideration that Raytheon-Elsi of Palermo has
decided to close its plant located in this city at Via Villagrazia, 79,
because of market difficulties and lack of orders;

That the Company has furthermore decided to send dismissal
letters to the personnel consisting of about 1,000persons;
Takingnoticethat ELSI'sactions,besideprovoking the reaction of
the workers and of the unions giving rise to strikes (both general and
sectional) has caused a wide and general movement of solidarity of
al1public opinion which has strongly stigmatized the action taken
consideringthat about 1,000families aresuddenlydestituted;

That,considering the fact that ELSI isthe second firm in order of

importance in the District, because of the shutdown of the plant
a serious damage will be caused to the District, which has been so
severelytried by the earthquakes had during the month of January
1968;
Consideringalso that the localpress istaking a great interest in the
situation and that the press isbeing very critical toward the authori-
ties and is accusing them of indifference to this serious civic prob-
lem ;

Bat, furthermore, the present situation isparticularly touchy and
unforeseeable disturbances of public order could take place;
Taking into considerationthat in this particular instance there is
sufficient ground for holding that there is a grave public necessity
and urgency to protect the general economic public interest (already
seriouslycompromised) and public order, andthat these reasonsjus-
tify requisitioning the plant and al1equipment owned by Raytheon-
Elsi located here at ViaVillagrazia79;

Having notedArticle 7ofthe lawof 20March 1865No. 2248enclo-
sure e;
HavingnotedArticle 69 of the BasicRegional Law EE.LL.,Selon le mêmeconseiller juridique, les banques étaient disposées,au
coursdesnégociationsdeseptembre-octobre 1968 - soitaprèsladéclara-
tion de faillite de I'ELSI à accepterunetransaction envertu de laquelle
elles recevraient 40ou 50pour cent de leurscréances(voirparagraphe 37
ci-après).
30. Le le'avril 1968,lemaire de Palerme prit une ordonnance de réqui-
sition pour une période de six mois, avec effet immédiat,de l'usine et
des biens connexes de I'ELSI. Le texte de cette ordonnance, dont la
traduction anglaise ci-contre a été fourniepar les Etats-Unis, est le sui-
vant :

«Lemaire dela municipalitéde Palerme,

Considérantque Raytheon-Elside Palerme a décidéde fermer son
usine siseen ladite ville au numéro79de la via Villagrazia, en raison
des difficultés qu'elle rencontre sur le marchéet d'un manque de
commandes, et
Quela sociétéa en outre décidé d'adresser des lettresde licencie-

ment au personnel, dont l'effectif estd'un millier de personnes;
Notant que ces actes de I'ELSI non seulement ont provoquéchez
les travailleurs et les syndicats une réaction se traduisant par des
grèves(tant générales que sectorielles)mais encore ont suscitéun
vaste mouvement généraliséde solidarité dans toute l'opinion pu-
blique, laquelle a vivement dénoncé la mesure prise carelle prive
brutalement de ressourcesun millier de familles; et

Que17ELSIétantenimportance ladeuxièmeentreprise du district,
la fermeture de sonusine va causer un préjudicegrave au district,qui
a étédéjs àidurement éprouvépar lestremblements de terre au cours
du mois dejanvier 1968;

Considérantaussi que la presse locale s'intéresse vivement à la si-
tuation etqu'elle esttrèscritique l'égard desautoritésqu'elleaccuse
d'indifférence faceà ce problème grave pour la collectivité;et

Quela situationactuelle estparticulièrementdélicateetqu'ilpour-
rait se produire destroubles imprévisiblesde l'ordre public;
Prenant en considération lefait qu'en l'occurrence on est fondé
à estimer que c'est une nécessitépublique grave et impérieuse de
protéger l'intérêt public économique général (dég jravement
compromis) ainsi que l'ordre public, et que ces raisonsjustifient la
réquisitionde l'usine et de tous les équipements qui sont propriété
de Raytheon-Elsi et sont situés à Palerme, au numéro79 de la via
Villagrazia;

Ayant notél'article 7 de la loi du 20 mars 1865,no 2248, pièce
jointe e;
Ayantnotél'article 69de la loifondamentale régionale EE.LL., ORDERS

the requisition, with immediate effect and for the duration of six
months, exceptasmay be necessary to extend such period, and with-
out prejudice for the rights of the parties and of third parties, of the
plant and relative equipment owned by Raytheon-Elsi of Palermo.
With a subsequent decree, the indemnification to be paid to said
company for the requisition willbe established."

The order was served on the company on 2 April 1968.
31. On6 April 1968the Mayor issued an order entrusting the manage-
ment of the requisitioned plant to Mr. Aldo Profumo, the Managing Di-
rector ofELSI, forthe purpose, interalia,of "avoiding any damage to the
equipment and machinery due totheabandoning of al1activity,including
maintenance". Mr. Profumo declined to accept this appointment,and on
16April 1968the Mayor wrote to Mr. Silvio Laurin, the senior director,
appointing him temporarily to replace Mr. Profumo "in the same capa-
city, with the same powers, functions and limitations", and Mr. Laurin

acceptedthis appointment. The company management requested another
of its directors, Mr. Rico Merluzzo, to stay at the plant night and day
"to preclude local authorities from somehow asserting that the plant
had been 'abandoned' by ELSI".

32. On 9 April 1968ELSI addressed a telegram to the Mayor of Pal-
ermo, with copies to other Government authorities, claiming (interalia)
that the requisition was illegal and expressing the company's intention to
take al1legal steps to have it revoked and to claim damages. On 12April
1968thecompany servedon the Mayor a forma1documentdated 11April
1968inviting him to revoke the requisition order. The Mayor did not re-
spond and the order was not revoked, and on 19April1968 ELSI brought
an administrative appeal against it to the Prefect of Palermo, who was
empowered to hear appeals against decisions by local governmental

officials. Thedecision onthat appeal was not given until22 August 1969
(paragraph 41 below); in the meantime however the requisition was
not formally prolonged, and therefore ceased to have legal effect
after six months, more than four months after the bankruptcy of ELSI
had been declared (paragraph 36below).

33. As noted above (paragraph 16)the Parties disagree over whether,
immediately priorto the requisition order, therehad been any occupation
of ELSI's plant by the employees, but it is commonground that the plant
was so occupied during theperiod immediatelyfollowingthe requisition.
On 19April 1968the representatives of the company stated, in an appeal
against the requisition addressed to the Prefect of Palermo, thattherehad

at that time been no occupation of the plant as a consequence of thedis-
missal of the employees on 29 March 1968,but that on 30 March 1968a
group of representatives of the personnel went to the plant to talk to the ORDONNE
la réquisition,aveceffetimmédiatetpouruneduréedesixmoispro-

longeable au besoin, et sans préjudice desdroits des parties et des
tiers, de l'usine etdes équipements connexes quisont propriétéde
Raytheon-Elsi de Palerme.
Un décret ultérieur fixera l'indemnitéverser à ladite sociétau
titre de la réquisition.»

L'ordonnance a été notifié eI'ELSIle2avril 1968.
31. Le 6 avril 1968, le maire prit une ordonnance chargeant
M. Aldo Profumo, administrateur délégué de l'ELSI, de la gestion de
l'usine réquisitionnée, envue, notamment, ((d'éviterque la cessation
des activités,y compris de maintenance, n'occasionne des dommages à
l'équipementet aux machines». M. Profumo refusa d'accepter cette
nomination et, le 16avril 1968,lemaire écrivitau plus ancien des admi-
nistrateurs de la sociét, . Silvio Laurin, pour le charger de remplacer
temporairement M. Profumo «avec les mêmespouvoirs et les mêmes
fonctions et limitations M. Laurin accepta cettenomination. La direc-
tion de la sociétédemanda à un autre de ses administrateurs, M. Rico
Merluzzo, de restera l'usinejour et nuit «afin d'empêcherles autorités
locales de pouvoir soutenir, d'une manière ou d'une autre,que l'usine

avaitété «abandonnée»par I'ELSI».
32. Le9avril 1968,l'ELSIadressaun télégramme aumairede Palerme,
aveccopie àd'autres autorités gouvernementales;elley déclarait notam-
ment que la réquisition étaitillégale ety exprimait son intention de
prendre toutes les mesures prévuespar la loi pour faire annuler l'ordon-
nance et pour demander des dommages et intérêtsL . e 12 avril 1968,
la sociétéadressaau maire une requête officielle,datédu 11avril 1968,
l'invitant rapporter l'ordonnance de réquisition.Le maire n'y répon-
dit pas et l'ordonnance ne fut pas rapportée. Le 19 avril 1968,1'ELSI
porta un recours administratif contre l'ordonnance devant le préfet
de Palerme, qui était habilité connaître des recours formés contre les
décisions d'agents locauxdu gouvernement. La décisionsur ce recours
ne fut rendue que le22 août 1969(paragraphe 41 ci-après); entre-temps,

la réquisition n'a toutefois pas étéofficiellement prolongée; elle n'a
donc plus déployé d'effet juridiqueau bout de six mois, plus de quatre
mois après que la faillite de I'ELSI eut été prononcée (paragraphe 36
ci-après).
33. Comme ila été relevéplus haut (paragraphe 16),lesParties sont en
désaccordsur lepoint desavoirsi,immédiatementavantl'ordonnancede
réquisition,une occupation del'usinedeI'ELSIpar sesouvriers a eulieu,
mais elles s'accordentà reconnaître que l'usine a été effectivementoc-
cupéeau cours de lapériode quiasuiviimmédiatementla réquisition.Le
19avril 1968,les représentantsde la sociétéont déclaréd, ans le recours
formé contre la réquisitionqu'ils ont adresséau préfetde Palerme, qu'il
n'yavaitpas eu àl'époque d'occupationdel'usinedu fait du licenciement
des salariésle 29mars 1968mais que le 30mars 1968une délégationducompany executives and "peacefully remained thereafter al1day on the
premises", and on subsequent days a smallgroup of employeeswandered
about on the premises. The Mayor of Palermo, in an affidavit, has stated
that

"The occupation oftheplant bythe employees(which started well
before the requisition) turned out to be of a 'cooperative'natureafter
the requisition and was no obstacle to the continuation ofthose acti-

vities which were pos'sibleudder the circumstances",

and an officia1of the Municipality of Palermo has stated, in an affidavit,
that "there were no problems such as 'hard'picketing" and that one ofthe
production lines was re-activated and "we proceeded regularly with the
contracts in hand". According to an affidavit filed by the United States
"the plant satidle for the remainder of 1968",but Italy has produced evi-
dence showing that some work in progress was continued and completed

in the months following the requisition, in particular for the Nato Hawk
programme.

34. On 19and 20 April 1968meetings were held between officials of
Raytheon and the President ofthe Sicilian region, Mr. Carollo, who stated
that "the Regional and Central Governments had reached agreement to
form a management company with IR1 participation to operate ELSI"
and invited Raytheon to join the management company. The proposa1
would have entailed the contribution by ELSI of new capital and its as-
suming complete responsibility for past debts; in the discussion Mr. Car-
0110stated that "the Region now has a single goal, to keep the workers
employed". At the request of Raytheon, Mr. Carollo, on 20 April 1968
supplied Raytheon with a memorandum to provide the company with
"some fundamental elements of judgment". In that memorandum he
explained that it was impossible for the time being for Raytheon to liqui-
date ELSI, for the followingreasons :

"1. Nobody in Italy will purchase [Nessunoin Ztalia compreràl,
that is to SayIR1 will not purchase, neither for a low nor for a high
price, the Region will not purchase, private enterprise will not
purchase. Letme addthat the Region and IR1and anybody elsewho
has any possibility to influence the market will refuse in the most
absolute manner to favor any salewhile the plant is closed.
2. The Banks,which have outstanding credits for approximately
16billion Lire, cannot and will not accept any settlement even atthe
cost of dragging the Company into litigation on an international
level.1mean to refer to Raytheon and not to ELSI because the dis-
tinction between ELSI and Raytheon is not found to be admissible,
since any and al1financing was grantedto ELSI based on the moral guarantee of Raytheon, whose executives have always negotiated
said financing.
3. Anyway, it is known in Italy that one can enforce the claims
directlyagainst Raytheon becauseithas interestsand revenuesin Our
country also outside ELSI.
It is obvious that every attempt will be made (even at the cost of
longlitigation)to obtain from Raytheon what is owed by ELSI.

4. Inthe eventthat theplant willbekept closed,waitingforItalian
buyers whowill nevermaterialize,the requisition willbe maintained
at least until the courts will have resolved the case. Months will go
by .. ."

35. On 26 April 1968the Chairman of the Board of ELSI wrote to
Mr. Carollo formally rejecting the proposa1for participation in the new
management Company;in his viewthe proposa1"was a temporary care-
taker measure which would not solvethe fundamental problem, namely
keeping ELSI in Sicilyand makingita viableand vitalindustry", and that
it "would only aggravate ELSI's critical financial condition". The letter
continued :"Wearetherefore forcedtofile[a]voluntarypetition forbank-
ruptcy, as required by Italian law."

36. In viewofwhathad been saidby Mr.Carollo that the requisition of
the plant would be maintained for months, "at least until the courts will
have resolvedthe case", ELSI'sItalian counsel advised as follows :

"The disposability of ELSI'sassets was a fundamental prerequi-
site to ELSI's shareholders' abilityto take ELSI through an orderly
liquidation; they wererelyingon the proceeds of these salesin large
part to pay ELSI's creditorsin anorderlymanner.Withoutthe ability
to dispose of its assets, ELSI would not have the liquidity needed to
pay its debts as they came due and therefore would soon become
technically insolvent under Italian law.

.............................
1advised ELSI's directorsthat they had an obligation to file a peti-
tion fora declaration ofbankruptcy, failingwhichthey couldbe held
personally liable pursuant to Article 217 of the Bankruptcy Law,
Royal Decree of March 16, 1942,No. 267."

On 25April 1968the Board of Directors voted to file a voluntary petition
in bankruptcy, and the bankruptcy petition was filed on 26 April 1968.
The petition referred to the requisition order of 1April 1968and stated
(interalia):

"Because of the order of requisition, against which the Company accordésa1'ELSIsousla garantiemorale de Raytheon, dont lesdiri-
geants ont toujours négociécescréditseux-mêmes.
3. Onsaitdetoute façon, en Italie,que lescréancespourraient être

recouvréesdirectement auprèsde Raytheon puisque cette société a
des intérêtest des revenus dansnotre pays en dehors de I'ELSI.
Ilestévidentquetout serafait (même au prix de longsprocès)pour
obtenir de Raytheon le paiement des dettes de I'ELSI.
4. Au cas où l'usine demeurerait fermée,dans l'attente d'ache-
teurs italiens qui ne viendront pas, la réquisition seramaintenue au
moins jusqu'à ce que les tribunaux aient réglé l'affaire. t les mois
passeront..»

35. Le 26avril 1968,dans une lettre adresséeàM.Carollo,leprésident
du conseild'administration de I'ELSIrejeta officiellement la proposition
de participati0n.à la nouvelle sociéde gestion. De l'avisdu présidentdu
conseil d'administration, la proposition «était.un palliatif qui n'aurait
pas résoluleproblèmefondamental, lequelestdefaireen sorte que I'ELSI
resteenSicileetdevienneune entreprise viable etdynamique »,etelle«ne
fera qu'aggraver la situation financière déjà critiquede1'ELSI». Et de
poursuivre dans sa lettre:«Nous sommes donc contraints de demander
volontairement la mise en faillite de l'entreprise conformémentau droit
italien.

36. M. Carollo ayant déclaréque la réquisition del'usineserait main-
tenue pendant des mois «au moins jusqu'a ce que les tribunaux aient
réglé l'affaire, le conseil italien de I'ELSI a donnél'avertissement sui-
vant :
«Pour que lesactionnaires de I'ELSIsoient à mêmede procéder à

une liquidation régulièrede la sociétéi,l était absolument indispen-
sable que les biens de celle-ci puissent êtrecédés;les actionnaires
comptaient sur le produit de cesventes pour assurer dans une large
mesure lepaiement régulierdes créanciersde I'ELSI.Faute de pou-
voir céderces biens, 1'ELSIn'aurait pas les liquiditésnécessaires
pour régler sesdettes quand elles viendraient àéchéanceet serait
donc bientôt techniquement insolvable au regard du droit italien.
.............................
j'ai averti les membres du conseil d'administration de 1'ELSIqu'ils
étaientdans l'obligation de déposerlebilan de l'entreprise, faute de

quoi ilspourraient êtretenus pour responsables personnellement en
vertu de l'article 217de la loi sur la faillite, décretroyal du 16mars
1942,no267. »
Le25avril 1968,leconseild'administration décida,par vote,dedemander

la miseen faillitevolontaire; la demande de miseen faillitefutdéposéele
26avril 1968.Dans cette demande,qui faisaitréférenceàl'ordonnancede
réquisitiondu le'avril 1968,il était déclnotamment:
«A cause de l'ordonnance de réquisition, contre laquelle la so- 36 ELETTRONICA SICULA (JUDGMENT)

has in due time filed an appeal,the Company has lostthe control of
the plant and cannot avail itself of an immediate source of liquid
funds; inthe meanwhilepaymentshavebecome due (asfor instance
instalments of long-term loans; an instalment of Lit. 800,000,000to
Banca Nazionale del Lavoro became due on April 18,1968 and the
note therefor has been or willbe protested, etc.); it is acknowledged
that itisimpossibleforthe Company to pay suchsumswiththefunds
existing or availablesuch impossibility being due to the events of

these last weeks.. ."

Adecree ofbankruptcy wasissued bythe TribunalediPalermoon 16May
1968,and a Palermo lawyer was appointed curatore(trustee in bank-
ruptcy). A creditors' committee of five members was appointed, com-
posed oftwo representatives of ELSI'semployees,two representatives of
bank creditors, and a representative of Raytheon Europe International
Company ("Raytheon Europe") (the European management subsidiary
of, and wholly owned by, Raytheon), which had submitted a claim as
creditor in the bankruptcy. Raytheon itself and another of its subsidi-
aries,Raytheon ServiceCompany, had unsecured claimsagainst ELSI of
some 1,140millionlire forgoods and servicesthey had advanced to ELSI
on unsecured open accounts. On advice of Italian counsel, however,
Raytheon and Raytheon ServiceCompany didnot fileclaimsin the bank-
ruptcy proceedings because it was clear that they would not receive
enough inthe bankruptcy tojustify their filing costs.

37. From April 1968 onwards discussions were held between
Raytheon's Italian counsel,representativesofthe creditorbanks and offi-
cials of the Italian Government, with a viewto the takeover of ELSI by a
company owned by the Italian Government and a settlement with the
ELSI creditors. This proposed settlement involved the grant to the new
company byRaytheon ofatechnicallicense(touseRaytheonpatents and
know-how)ofthe same scope as ELSI had; the payment by Raytheon of
the debts of ELSI which it had guaranteed, but no others, and a forma1
release and indemnity of Raytheon in this latter respect; and a waiverby
Raytheon ofitsrights of subrogation resultingfrom payment ofthe guar-
anteed debts. According to Raytheon's Italian counsel, he was told by
Italian Government officiais in October 1968that the majority of the
Italian creditor banks were agreeable to a settlement on payment of
40 per cent of their claims, and that only one bank was holding out for
50per cent. In July, a statement had been made in the Italian Parliament
by the Minister of Industry, Commerce and Crafts, which has been sub-

ject to differing interpretations, but which put fonvard as a fact the
establishment by the Sicilian region and other public agencies of a
management company, which would allow productive activities to be
resumed until such time as the financial problems of ELSI could be ciétéa recouru entempsutile, la sociétaperdu lecontrôle de l'usine
et se trouve dans l'incapacité d'utiliser une source immédiatede li-
quidités;dans l'intervalle,despaiementssontdevenus exigibles(par
exemple des remboursements échelonnés d'emprunts àlong terme;
un remboursement de 800millions de lires àla Banca Nazionale del
Lavoro est venu àéchéancele 18avril 1968et l'effetcorrespondant a
étéou sera protesté, etc.); il est reconnu que la sociétéest dans l'im-
possibilitéde verser de tellessommes au moyen des fonds existants
ou disponibles, impossibilité due aux événementsde ces dernières
semaines ..»

Le 16 mai 1968,le Tribunaledi Palermorendit un jugement déclaratif

de faillite et désigna comme curatore(syndic de faillite) un avocat de
Palerme. Un comitéde créanciers fut constitué. Ce comité était com-
posé de cinq membres, a savoir deux représentants du personnel de
I'ELSI, deux représentants des banques créancièreset un représentant
de Raytheon Europe International Company (((Raytheon-Europe»)
(la filiale européenne de gestion de Raytheon, entièrement contrôlée
par cette dernière), qui avait produitla faillite.Raytheon elle-mêmeet
une autre de ses filiales, Raytheon Service Company, avaient sur I'ELSI
des créances chirographaires d'environ 1140millions de lires pour des
biens et servicesdont ellesavaientavancélemontant àI'ELSIsousforme
de lignes de crédit non assorties de sûretés.Surle conseil de leurocat-
conseil italien, Raytheon et Raytheon Service Company n'ont toutefois
pas produit de créancesdans la faillite parce que, de toute évidence,

elles ne se seraient pas vu attribuer une somme suffisante pour justifier
les frais que leur production aurait entraînés.
37. A partir d'avril 1968, des entretiens eurent lieu entre I'avocat-
conseil italien de Raytheon, des représentants des banques créancièreset
desreprésentants du Gouvernement italienen vue de la reprise de I'ELSI
par une sociétéappartenant au Gouvernement italien et d'un arrange-
ment avec les créanciers de 1'ELSI.L'arrangement envisagésupposait
l'octroipar Raytheon à la nouvellesociétéd'unelicencetechnique (l'auto-
risanta utiliser les brevets et le savoir-faire de Raytheon) ayant la même
portée que celle dont avait bénéficié17ELSI;le paiement par Raytheon
des dettes de I'ELSI qu'elle avait garanties,l'exclusion d'autres dettes,
ainsiqu'une déchargeformellepour Raytheon etson indemnisation à cet
égard;et, enfin, la renonciation par Raytheonà sesdroits de subrogation
découlant du paiement des dettes garanties. L'avocat-conseil italien de

Raytheon a déclaréqu'en octobre 1968il avait été informépar desrepré-
sentants du Gouvernement italien que les banques créancièresitaliennes
étaient en majorité favorables àune transaction qui leur permettrait de
recouvrer 40 pour cent de leurs créanceset qu'une seule banque conti-
nuait d'exiger 50pour cent. Enjuillet, le ministre de l'industrie, du com-
merce et de l'artisanat avait fait, devant le Parlement italien, une décla-
ration qui avait donné lieu à des interprétations divergentes, mais qui
présentait comme un fait la constitution, par la région sicilienne et37 ELETTRONICASICULA (JUDGMENT)

finally resolved, if possible through settlement out of court. On 13No-

vember 1968the Italian Government issued a press communiqué which
stated that

"while the STET Group [Società finanziaria telefonica, an affiliate

or subsidiary of IR11remains committed to build a new plant in
Palermo for the production of telecommunication products, the
IRI-STET Group, urged by the Government, after the examination
of alternative solutions which proved unfeasible, stated itsilling-
ness to intervene in the take-over of the [ELSI]plant in the organi-
zation of new lines of production".

According to the communiqué,the conditions of STET's intervention
were to be agreed between the STET Group and the authorities of the
Sicilianregion.
38. The court dealing with the bankruptcy ordered an auction of
ELSI's premises,plant and equipmenttobe held on 18January 1969,and
set a minimumbid of 5,000million lire.Thisauction, and the subsequent
auctionsmentionedbelow, wereadvertisedinleadingnewspapersboth in
Italy and in Belgium,Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and
the United States. No bids were received at this auction, and a second
auction was setfor 22 March 1969,this time withthe inclusion also ofthe
entire inventoryat the plant and elsewhere,the minimum bid being setat
6,223,293,258lire. In the meantimenegotiations werebeingcarried on for
a takeover of the plant by an IR1 subsidiary and the re-employment of
most of ELSI'sformerstaff. It wasreported in the Sicilianpress, first that

on 18March 1969ithadbeenagreed that IR1wouldacquire ELSI's assets,
beginning with a lease of the plant for 150million lire, and secondly that
the former President of Sicily,Mr. Carollo, had stated at a public meet-
ing on 5 April 1969that there had been a written agreement with IR1 in
October 1968that

"entailed the acquisition of theELSI]factory by IR1 for the sum of
four billion lire.Itwasevenagreed thatIR1would be absentfromthe
first auction,participating insteadin the second one,where the basic
price was precisely four billion lire".

39. No bids werereceived at the second auction. Aweek later a propo-

sa1tolease and re-open the plant wasmadetothetrusteeinbankruptcy by
ELTEL (Industria Elettronica Telecommunicazioni S.p.A.),a subsidiary
of IR1setup in December 1968.Thetermsproposed forthe leasewerenot
acceptableas suchto the creditors' committee,which did howeverrecom-d'autres organismes publics, d'une sociétéde gestion qui devait per-
mettre de reprendre les activitésde production jusqu'au moment ou les
problèmes financiers de I'ELSI pourraient être définitivementrésolus,
si possible dans le cadre d'un règlementextrajudiciaire. Le 13novembre
1968, le Gouvernement italien publia un communiqué de presse aux
termes duquel :

«Legroupe STET[Societàfinanziaria telefonica, filiale ou agence
de l'IR11maintenant son engagement de construire une nouvelle
usine à Palerme pour la production de matérielsde télécommuni-
cations, le groupe IRI-STET, sur les instances du gouvernement,
après avoir examiné d'autres solutionséventuellesqui se sont révé-

léesirréalisables, a fait savoir qu'il était prêtticiper au rachat
de l'usine [de I'ELSI]ainsi qu'au lancement de nouvelles produc-
tions. »
Selon ce communiqué,les conditions de l'intervention du groupe STET
devaient faire l'objet d'un accord entre le groupe et les autorités de la

région sicilienne.
38. Le tribunal qui avait prononcé la faillite décidaqu'une vente aux
enchères des locaux, de I'usine et du matérielde I'ELSI aurait lieu le
18janvier 1969et fixa la miseà prix à5000millions de lires. Cette vente,
ainsi que lesventes aux enchèresultérieures mentionnéesci-après,fut an-
noncéedans les principaux journaux italiens et dans ceux de Belgique,
desEtats-Unis, du Japon,des Pays-Basetdu Royaume-Uni.Aucuneoffre
d'acquisition n'ayant étéreçueàcettevente,ilfutdécidéqu'une deuxième
vente aux enchèresaurait lieu, le 22mars 1969,et qu'elle s'étendrait,elle,
à l'ensemble des stocks détenus à l'usine et ailleurs,la miàeprix étant
fixée à6 223 293 258lires. Dans l'intervalle, des négociationsfurent me-

néesen vue d'une reprise de l'usineparune filiale de I'IRI et de la réinté-
gration de laplupart desancienssalariésde I'ELSI. Il aétrapporté,dans
la presse sicilienne,premièrement, quele 18mars 1969ilavait étconvenu
que I'IRI acquerrait les actifs de I'ELSIàcommencer par un bail pour
l'usine, moyennant un loyer de 150millions de lires, et, deuxièmement,
que l'ancien présidentde la région sicilienne,M. Carollo, avait déclaré
lors d'une réunion publique, le 5 avril 1969,qu'un accord écrit avaitété
conclu avec l'IR1en octobre 1968;cet accord consistait en

«l'acquisition del'usine[deI'ELSI]par l'IR1pour lasommede4mil-
liards de lires.l était même convenuque I'IRI ne se présenterait
pas àla première vente aux enchères,mais qu'elle participeraità la
deuxième pour laquelle la mise àprix serait précisémentde 4 mil-
liards de lires.

39. Aucune offre ne fut faite à la deuxième vente aux enchères. Une
semaine plus tard, I'ELTEL (Industria Elettronica Telecommunicazioni
S.p.A.),filiale de l'IR1créen décembre1968,proposa au syndic de fail-
lite de prendre l'usineail et dela rouvrir. Bienque lecomitédescréan-
ciers eût jugéinacceptables en tant que telles les conditions de location38 ELETTRONICA SICULA (JUDGMENT)

mend (intera1ia)thatitshould be granted if ELTEL agreedtopurchase al1
ELSI's inventoria1 raw material for 1,800million lire;the representative
of Raytheon Europe on the committee vigorously opposedthe lease.The
trusteeinbankruptcy howeverrecommended thatthe lease be granted on
the termsrequested, andon 8 April1969 the bankruptcyjudge sodirected.
Raytheon Europe appealed against this decision but without success. A
third auction was scheduled for May 1969;in April ELTEL proposed to
buy the work in progress - the material left on ELSI's production lines
when the plant was requisitioned - for 105million lire; this had been
valued in the course of the bankruptcy proceedings at 217 million lire.

Raytheon Europe's representative on the creditors' committee opposed
this sale,but was outvoted.

40. Thethird auction of ELSI's premises,plant and equipment and in-
ventory was held on 3 May 1969,the minimum bid beingset at 5,000mil-
lion lire,butagain no bids were received. ELTELhad informed the bank-
ruptcy court on 16April 1969that it was willingto offer 3,205millionlire
for the premises, plant and equipment, excluding the supplies - "mer-
chandise, raw materials and semifinished goods" - which it did not re-
gard asindispensable. On 3May 1969,thetrusteeinbankruptcy requested

the bankruptcy court to approve a sale of the work in progressto ELTEL
on the termsproposed by ELTEL and approved bythe creditors' commit-
tee. On 9 May 1969, Raytheon Europe's appeal against the decision
authorizing the lease of the premises and plant to ELTEL was rejected.
On 27 May 1969 ELTEL made an offer to the bankruptcy court to buy
the remainingplant, equipmentand suppliesfor 4,000million lire.The trus-
tee in bankruptcy proposed acceptance (subject to minor changes in the
terms), and the creditors' committee decided on 6June 1969to approve
the proposal, the Raytheon Europe representative voting against. On
7June 1969the bankruptcyjudge set 12July 1969asdateforan auction on
the terms approved bythe creditors' committee.On 9June 1969Raytheon

Europe appealed against this decision, but the appeal was rejected on
20 June 1969.The auction was held on 12July 1969,and ELTEL pur-
chased the auctioned property at the total price of 4,006million lire.

41. The appeal filed by ELSI on 19April 1968(paragraph 32 above)
against the requisition order of 1April1968 wasdetermined bythe Prefect
of Palermo by a decision givenon 22August 1969.TheParties are at issue
on the question whetherthis period of time was or was not normal for an

appeal ofthischaracter.The decision on the appeal wasgivenfollowing a
request to that effect by the trustee in bankruptcy made on 9July 1969,in
exercise of a right to request adecision conferred by an Italian Law of
3March 1934.That Lawprovides that iftheappeal hasnotbeenheard 120
days after it has been filedi.e.,in this case by 17August 1968),a requestproposées,il recommanda entre autres choses que le bail soit accordé à
I'ELTELsi celle-ciacceptait d'acquérir tousles stocks de matières pre-
mièresdeI'ELSIpour 1800millionsdelires;lereprésentantde Raytheon-
Europe au comitédes créanciers s'opposa énergiquement à ce bail. Le
syndicdefailliterecommandatoutefoisque lebailsoitaccordéauxcondi-
tionsdemandéesetlejuge-commissaireprituneordonnancedans cesens
le 8avril 1969.Raytheon-Europe introduisit un recourscontre cettedéci-
sion mais sans succès.Une troisièmevente aux enchèresfut prévuepour
mai 1969.En avril, 1'ELTELproposa d'acquérirlesfabrications en cours

- autrement dit lematériellaissésur leschaînesdeproductionde 1'ELSI
lorsque l'usineavaitétéréquisitionné e au prix de 105millionsde lires.
Durant la procédurede faillite cematériel avaitété évalué à 217millions
de lires. Le représentantde Raytheon-Europe au comité des créanciers
s'opposa a cette ventemaisla majorité l'emporta.
40. La troisièmevente aux enchères des installations, de l'usineet du
matérielde I'ELSIainsi quede sesstockseut lieu le3mai 1969,la mise à
prix étant fixéeà 5000millions de lires.Une fois de plus aucune offrene
fut faite. Le 16avril 1969,I'ELTÈL avait informéle tribunal de faillite
qu'elle était disposéeaoffrir la somme de 3205millions de lirespour les
installations,l'usine etle matériel,a l'exclusion desfourniture- «mar-

chandises,matièrespremièresetproduits semi-finis ))- qu'elle nejugeait
pas indispensables. Le 3 mai 1969,le syndic de faillite pria le tribunal
d'approuver une vente des fabrications en cours à l'ELTEL, aux con-
ditions proposéespar I'ELTELet approuvéespar le comité des créan-
ciers. Le 9 mai 1969,le recours de Raytheon-Europe contre la décision
d'autoriser la location à I'ELTEL des installations et de l'usine fut
rejeté.Le27mai 1969,l'ELTELproposaautribunal de faillited'acquérir
les installations, le matérielet les fournitures restants pour la somme
de 4000millions de lires. Le syndic de faillite proposa d'accepter cette
offre (sous réservede légèresmodifications des conditions)et le comité
descréanciersdécidal,e6juin 1969,d'approuver saproposition, lerepré-
sentant de Raytheon votant contre celle-ci. Le 7 juin 1969, le juge-

commissairefixa au 12juillet 1969la date d'une vente aux enchèresaux
conditions approuvées par le comité des créanciers.Le 9 juin 1969,
Raytheon-Europe introduisit contre cette décision un recours qui fut
rejeté le20juin 1969.La vente aux enchères eut lieu le 12juillet 1969et
I'ELTELacquit lesbiens misenvente,pour un montant total de4006mil-
lions de lires.
41. Par décisionrendue le 22 août 1969,le préfetde Palerme se pro-
nonçasur lerecours que I'ELSIavaitintroduit le 19avril 1968(voirpara-
graphe 32ci-dessus)contre l'ordonnance de réquisitiondu le'avril 1968.
Les Parties s'opposent sur la question de savoir si ce délai étaitou non

normal pour un recours de ce genre.Ladécisionsur lerecours fut rendue
aprèsque le syndic de failliteeut, le 9juillet 1969,présenune requête à
cet effet,exerçantainsile droit de solliciterune décisionque luiconférait
une loiitalienne du3mars 1934.Cetteloidisposeque, sicentvingtjours se
sont écoulésdepuisla date del'introduction d'un recourssansqu'ilait étémay be served on the Prefect requiring him to render a decision within
60 days thereafter; if he fails to do so, this istreated as a dismissal of the
appeal. The decision of the Prefect was to uphold the appeal and thus to
annul the requisition order made by the Mayor of Palermo; the precise
terms of the decision will be considered later in this Judgment (para-
graphs 75,96,125 and 126).The Mayor of Palermo appealed against the
Prefect's decision to the President of Italy who, having been advised by

the Council of Statethatthe Mayor'sappeal wasinadmissible,soruled on
22April 1972.

42. In the meantime, on 16June 1970the trustee in bankruptcy had
brought proceedings in the TribunalediPalermo("the Court of Palermo")
against the Minister of theInterior of Italy and the Mayor of Palerrno for
damages resulting from the requisition. The damages claimed were iden-
tified as

"the considerable decrease in value of the plant and the electronic
equipment existing in Palermo at 79 Via Villagrazia,which results
from the difference between the book value at the date of the bank-
ruptcy of Raytheon-Elsi, of Lire 6,623,000,000and the evaluation
made on October 11, 1968(that is, immediately after the six-month
period of requisition had elapsed) by the Court Appraiser, Prof.
Mario Puglisi, appointed by the Judge by Decree of September 19,
1968, of Lire 4,560,588,400, with a real loss of value of
Lire 2,062,411,600and as the lack of disposability of the plant and
relativeequipment for sixmonths which, on the basis of the amorti-
zation rate for the industrial plants, equal to 10%per year, can be
determined in Lire 33,150,000, and, therefore, in the aggregate
amount of Lire 2,395,561,600,plus the interests at the legal rate from
October 1,1968 to the payment."

43. On 2 February 1973,the Court of Palermo, in a decision to be
examined more fully below (paragraphs 57, 58, 97 and 127),ruled that
the trustee was not entitled to compensation for the requisition, either in
respect of the alleged decrease in value of the plant and equipment, or of
the allegedlack of disposabilitythereof. On appeal, the CortediAppel10di
Palermo("the Court of Appeal of Palermo"), in its decision of24January
1974,upheld the conclusion of the lower court as regards the damages
claimed for the alleged decrease in value of the plant and equipment. It
however reversed the finding of the lower court on the second head of
damage, and found that the trustee wasentitled to compensation fromthe

Minister ofthe Interior for loss ofuse and possession of ELSI'splant and
assets during the six-month requisition period. It therefore awarded, in
effect, a "rental" payment of some 114million lire, computed as half the
annual rate of 5 per cent of the total value of the assets. This decision,
which willbe examined in more detail below (paragraphs 97,98 and 127),
was upheld by the Court of Cassation on 26 April 1975.The amount of ELETTRONICA SICULA (ARR&T) 39

statuésur celui-ci (ce qui, en l'espèce,étaitle cas le 17août 1968),une
demande peut être adressée au préfetpour qu'ilprenne sa décisiondans
les soixantejours suivants, fautede quoi il ya rejet du recours. Lepréfet
décida d'accueillirle recours et donc d'annuler l'ordonnance de réquisi-
tion prise par le maire de Palerme; lestermesprécisde sa décision seront
examinésplus loindans le présentarrêt(paragraphes 75,96, 125et 126).
Lemaire de Palerme demanda ensuite au présidentde la République ita-
lienne deréformerladécisiondupréfet;leConseil d'Etatayant émisl'avis
que le recours du maire était irrecevable,le présidentde la République
rendit une décisiondans cesens le 22 avril 1972.
42. Devant le tribunal de Palerme (Tribunale di Palermo), le 16juin

1970,le syndic de faillite avait entre-temps intenté au ministre de l'inté-
rieur de la République italienne et au maire de Palerme une action en
dommages et intérêtspour le préjudice résultantde la réquisition. Les
dommages etintérêtsréclamésoé nttdéterminéscommeétantconstitués
Par
«la diminution considérable de la valeur de l'usine et de l'équipe-

ment électroniquesetrouvant à Palerme, 79via Villagrazia,diminu-
tion qui résultede la différenceentrelavaleurcomptableà la datede
la faillite deytheon-Elsi, soit6623millions de lires,etl'évaluation
à 4 560588400 lires faite le 11 octobre 1968(soit immédiatement
après l'expiration de la période de réquisitionde six mois) par le
commissaire-priseur dutribunal, M.Mario Puglisi,désigné par déci-
sion du juge du 19 septembre 1968,soit une perte réellede valeur
de 2 062 411600 lires et...le défautde disponibilitéde l'usine et
des équipements connexes durant six mois qui, sur la base du taux
d'amortissement pour établissements industriels, égal à 10 pour
cent l'an, peut être chiffré 33 150000 lires, ce qui fait au total
2 395 561 600lires,plus les intérêsu taux légal àpartir du le'oc-
tobre 1968etjusqu'au paiement ».

43. Le2février1973,le tribunal de Palermedécida, dansun jugement
qui sera examiné plus en détail ci-après(voir paragraphes 57, 58, 97
et 127),que le syndic n'avait pas droàtune indemnisation au titre de la
réquisition,soitpour la prétenduedépréciationde l'usine et du matériel,
soitpour leurprétendue indisponibilité.Enappel,par sonarrêtdu 24jan-
vier 1974, la cour d'appel de Palerme (Corte di Appel10di Palermo)

confirma la décisionde l'instance inférieure ence qui concerne les dom-
mages et intérêtrséclaméspour laprétendue dépréciation de l'usine etdu
matériel.Elleannulacependant ladécisiondutribunal relativeau second
chef de la demande d'indemnisation et jugea que le syndic avait droità
une réparation pécuniairedu ministre de l'intérieurpour perte de jouis-
sance et de possession de l'usine et des actifs de 1'ELSIpendant les
six mois de la réquisition. Lacour d'appel a dès lors adjugéau syndic,
titre de «loyer», une somme d'environ 114millions de lires correspon-
dant àlamoitiédu taux annuelde5pour cent delavaleurtotaledesactifs.
Cette décision, qui sera examinéede façon plus détaillée ci-aprèspara-the judgment was ultimately received by the trustee and, less costs and
expenses,distributed to ELSI's creditors.

44. In the bankruptcy proceedings, creditors presented claims against
ELSI totalling some 13,000million lire; these did not include amounts
due to Raytheon and Raytheon Service Company (see paragraph 36
above).The bankruptcy proceedings closed in November 1985.Accord-

ing to the bankruptcy reports, the bankruptcy realized only some
6,370millionlirefor ELSI'sassets,as compared withthe minimum liqui-
dation value estimated by ELSI's management in March 1968 at
10,840millionlire.Ofthe amount realized,some6,080millionlirewentto
pay banks, employees, and other creditors. The remainder went to pay
bankruptcy administration,tax, registry,and customs charges. Al1of the
secured and preferred creditors who filed claims inthe bankruptcy were
paid in full. The unsecured creditors received less than one per cent of
their claims; accordingly no surplus remained for distribution to the
shareholders, Raytheon and Machlett.

45. Raytheon had guaranteedthe indebtedness of ELSIto anumber of
banks, and on the bankruptcy of ELSI it was accordingly liable for, and
paid, the sum of 5,787.6million lire to the banks in accordance with the
terms of the guarantees. Five of the seven banks which had also made
unguaranteed loans to ELSI brought proceedings in the Italian courts

seeking payment of these loans by Raytheon, on the basis primarily of
Article 2362of the Italian Civil Code, which renders a sole shareholder
liable for the debts of theompany.It was argued that Raytheon was in
effectsole shareholder, since Machlett was its wholly-owned subsidiary.
Three ofthese caseswereultimately resolvedbythe Italian Court of Cas-
sation infavour ofRaytheon, and twowerediscontinued bythe plaintiffs.

46. On 7 February 1974,the Embassy in Rome of the United States
transmitted tothe Italian Ministryof ForeignAffairsa note enclosingthe
"claim ofthe Government of the United States of America on behalf of
Raytheon Company and Machlett Laboratories, Incorporated". That
claim,whichwasbased not onlyonthe FCN Treatybut alsoon customary
international law, incorporated a Memorandum of Law, Chapter VI of

whichwasdevotedto "Exhaustion ofLocalRemedies".Itwastherenoted
that it was "generally recognized that local remedies must be exhausted
beforea claimmaybeformallyespoused under principles ofinternational
law"; an account was given of the relevant litigation in Italy (some of
which wasat the time stillpending) and, in thelight of annexed opinionsgraphes 97,98 et 127),fut confirméepar la Cour de cassation, le 26 avril
1975.En fin de compte le syndic a touché la somme ainsi adjugéeet l'a
répartie, après déduction des frais et dépens, entre les créanciers de
I'ELSI.
44. Dans le cadre de la procédurede faillite, les créanciersontproduit
contre I'ELSI des créances d'un montant total d'environ 13000millions
de lires, montant qui ne comprend pas les sommes dues à Raytheon et

Raytheon ServiceCompany (voirparagraphe 36ci-dessus). Laprocédure
de faillite a été clôturen novembre 1985.Selon les rapports de liquida-
tion, laventedesbiens de 1'ELSIn'arapportéqu'environ 6370millions de
lires,alors qu'en mars 1968les dirigeants de 1'ELSIavaient estiméla va-
leurminimale de liquidation à 10840millions de lires. Surleproduit de la
vente, quelque 6080millions de lires sont allésaux banques, aux salariés
et àd'autres créanciers.Le reste a couvert les dépenses d'administration
de la faillite, les chargesfiscales, les droits d'enregistrement et lesfrais de
douane. Touslescréanciersbénéficiairesde sûretéset tous les créanciers
privilégiésqui avaient faitvaloir descréances dans la faillite ont été inté-
gralementremboursés. Les créanciers chirographaires ont touché moins
de 1pour cent de leurs créances; il ne restait donc rienàdistribuer aux
actionnaires, Raytheon et Machlett.
45. Raytheon s'étaitportéegarante des dettes contractées par I'ELSI

enversun certain nombre de banques et étaitpar conséquent,dans la fail-
lite de I'ELSI, tenue de rembourser à ces banques, conformément aux
clauses de garantie, la somme de 5787,6 millions de lires; elle s'en est
effectivement acquittée. Cinq des sept banques qui avaient également
accordé àI'ELSI des prêts sans sûretésintentèrent devantles tribunaux
italiens des actions en remboursement de ces prêtspar Raytheon, en se
fondant essentiellement sur l'article 2362 du Code civil italien qui rend
l'actionnaire unique responsable des dettes de la société. Il a été sou-
tenu que Raytheon était en fait actionnaire unique puisque Machlett, sa
filiale, lui appartenait entièrement. Dans trois de ces affaires, Raytheon
s'estfinalement vu adjuger ses conclusions par la Cour de cassation ita-
lienne; dans les deux autres, les demandeurs se sont désistés.

46. Le 7 février1974,l'ambassade des Etats-Unis à Rome transmit au
ministèredesaffairesétrangèresd'Italieune note contenant «la réclama-
tion présentée parle Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d'Amérique au nom
de RaytheonCompany etde MachlèttLaboratories Incorporated ».Cette
réclamation,qui sefondait non seulement sur letraitéde 1948,mais aussi
sur le droit international coutumier, comprenait un mémorandum juri-
dique dont le chapitre VI était consacréà ((l'épuisement des recours in-
ternes».Il étaitdéclaréd,ans cedocument,que «l'onadmetgénéralement
que les recours internes doivent avoir étépuiséspour qu'un Etat puisse
endosserofficiellement une réclamationconformémentauxprincipes du
droit international»; on y rendait compte des actions ouvertes en Italieof two Italian legalexperts,it was concluded that "Raytheon and Mach-
lett have exhausted every meaningful legal remedy available to them in
Italy". At the time this claim was submitted, the Court of Appeal of Pal-
ermohad ruled onthe actionbythetrusteeinbankruptcy, butthe casewas
thereafter brought before the Court ofCassation (paragraph 43above); it
isrecognizedbyboth Partiesthat anyother action arising out ofthe requi-
sition would by then have been barred by limitation of time. It appears
thatthe United Statesreceivedno forma1response from Italytothe claim
until 13June 1978,when Italy deniedthe claimina written aide-mémoire,
the text of which has been supplied to the Chamber. The aide-mémoire
contained no suggestionthat local remedieshad not been exhausted, and
indeedstatedthat "the claimisjuridically groundless,both fromthe inter-
national and domesticpoint of view".During the oral proceedings in the

present case,counselfor Italy asserted that at anunspecified dateprior to
the institution of the present proceedings the Italian Government "had
made it clear to the United States Government that as a Respondent it
would raise the objection of non-exhaustion of local remedies injudicial
proceedings". No evidencetothat effecthashoweverbeen supplied to the
Chamber.

47. Many of the documents constituting evidence submitted to the
Chamber are in the Italian language. Where the Chamber relies in the
present Judgment on passages in these documents, it will,forthe sake of

clarity, set out the original Italian together with an English translation,
whichisnot alwaysthetranslationsupplied byoneofthe Parties pursuant
to Article 51,paragraph 3,ofthe Rules of Court.

48. It is common ground between the Parties that the Court hasjuris-
diction in the present case, under Article 36,paragraph 1,of its Statute,
and Article XXVI of the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navi-
gation, of 2 June 1948 ("the FCN Treaty"), between Italy and the
United States; which Article reads :

"Any dispute between the High Contracting Parties as to the

interpretation orthe application ofthis Treaty,whichthe High Con-
tracting Parties shall not satisfactorily adjust by diplomacy, shall
be submitted to the International Court of Justice, unless the High
Contracting Parties shall agree to settlement by some other
pacific means."(dont certaines étaient encore pendantes) pour conclure, au vu des avis
qu'avaient donnésdeuxexpertsjuridiques italiens etquiétaientjoints aux
documents, que «Raytheon et Machlett ont épuisétouteslesvoies de re-
cours dont elles disposaient en ItalieAu moment où la réclamation a
été présentée l, cour d'appel de Palerme s'étaitprononcée sur l'action
intentéepar lesyndic de faillite, mais l'affaire futensuite portéedevant la
Cour de cassation (paragraphe 43 ci-dessus); les deux Parties reconnais-

sent que la prescription aurait ce moment-là fait obstacleà toute autre
action consécutive à la réquisition.Il semble que les Etats-Unis n'aient
pas reçu de réponse officielledel'Italià la réclamation avant le 13juin
1978,date à laquelle l'Italie l'arejetéedansun aide-mémoiredont letexte
a été fournià la Chambre. Cet aide-mémoire ne donnait nullement àen-
tendre que les recours internes n'avaient pas étéépuisés;il y étaitmême
dit que«la réclamationn'est pas fondéeen droit tant du point de vue in-
ternational quedu point devuenational ».Pendant laprocédure orale,en
la présente affaire, le conseil de l'Italie a affirmé qu'àune date indéter-
minéeantérieure à l'introduction de l'instance le Gouvernement italien
«a fait clairementcomprendre au Gouvernement desEtats-Unisqu'en sa

qualitéde défendeuril soulèveraitl'exception du non-épuisement desre-
cours internes dans la procédure judiciaire». Cependant aucun élément
de preuve à cet effet n'a été fouràla Chambre.

47. Bon nombre des documents soumis à la Chambre en tant que
moyens de preuve sont en italien. Dans le texte anglais du présent arrêt,
lorsque la Chambre se référera àdes passages de ces documents, elle re-
produira, par souci de clarté, letexte original italien accompagné d'une
traduction en anglais qui ne sera pas toujours la traduction fournie par
l'une des Parties conformément auparagraphe3de l'article 51du Règle-

ment de la Cour.

48. LesPartiess'accordent àreconnaître que la Cour estcompétenteen
la présenteaffaireenvertu du paragraphe 1de l'article 36de son Statutet
de l'articleXXVI du traité d'amitié,de commerce et de navigation du
2 juin 1948entre les Etats-Unis d'Amérique et la République italienne
(dénommé ci-après le «traitéde 1948»); cet article est ainsilib:llé

«Tout différend qui s'élèveraitentre les Hautes Parties contrac-

tantes quantà l'interprétationouà l'application du présent traité,et
que les Hautes Parties contractantes ne pourraient régler d'unema-
nière satisfaisante par la voie diplomatique, sera porté devant la
Cour internationale de Justice, à moins que les Hautes Parties
contractantes ne conviennent de leréglerpar d'autres moyens pacifi-
ques.»The jurisdiction is thus confined to questions of "the interpretation or
the application" of the FCN Treaty and Protocols and of the Agreement
Supplementing the Treatybetweenthe United States of America and the
Italian Republic, of 26 September 1951 (which Agreement is herein-
after called "the Supplementary Agreement"), Article IX of which pro-
vides that it is to "constitute an integral part" of the FCN Treaty. This

samejurisdiction may accordingly be exercised by this Chamber, created
by the Court to deal with this case by virtue of Article 26, paragraph 2,
of its Statute, and Articles 17and 18of its Rules, at the request of and
after consultation with the Parties.
49. While thejurisdiction ofthe Chamber isnot in doubt, an objection
to the admissibility ofthepresent case was entered by Italyin itsCounter-
Memorial, on the ground of an alleged failure of the two United States
corporations, Raytheon and Machlett,on whose behalf the United States
claim isbrought, to exhaust the localremediesavailable to them in Italy.
Thisobjection, which the Partiesagreed shouldbe heard and determined
in the framework of the merits, must, therefore, be considered at the
outset.

50. TheUnited Statesquestioned whether the rule ofthe exhaustion of
localremediescouldapply at al1to a casebrought under Article XXVI of
the FCN Treaty. That Article,itwaspointed out, iscategoricalin itsterms,

and unqualified byanyreference to the localremedies rule; and itseemed
right, therefore, toonclude that the parties to the FCN Treaty,had they
intended the jurisdiction conferred upon the Court to be qualified by the
local remedies rule in cases of diplomatic protection, would have used
express words to that effect; as was done in an Economic Co-operation
Agreement between Italy and the United States of America also con-
cluded in 1948.The Chamber has no doubtthatthe parties to atreaty can
therein either agree that the local remedies rule shall not apply to claims
based on allegedbreaches ofthat treaty ;or confirm that itshallapply. Yet
the Chamber finds itself unable to accept that an important principle of
customaryinternational lawshould beheldto have beentacitlydispensed
with, in the absence of anywords making clear an intention todo so.This
part of the United Statesresponse to the Italian objection must therefore
be rejected.

51. TheUnited States further argued thatthe localremedies rulewould

not apply in any event to the part of the United States claim which
requested a declaratoryjudgment finding that the FCN Treaty had been
violated. The argument ofthe United States isthat such ajudgment would
declare thatthe United States own rights under the FCN Treaty had been
infringed; and that to such a direct injury the local remedies rule, which
is a rule of customary international law developed in the context of the
espousal by a State of the claim of one of its nationals, would not apply.
The Chamber, however, has not found it possible in the present case toLa compétenceestdonc limitéeauxquestions relatives «à l'interprétation
ou àl'application)) du traité et des protocoles ainsi que de l'accord du
26septembre 1951complétantle traité d'amitiéd , e commerce et de navi-

gation entre les Etats-Unis d'Amérique et la République italienne (dé-
nommé ci-après l'aaccord complémentaire»), dont l'article IX dispose
qu'il ((constituera..partie intégrante))du traité. En conséquence cette
compétence peut être exercée par la Chambreque la Cour a constituée
pour connaître de la présente instance en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l'ar-
ticle26 de son Statut et des articles 17et 18de son Règlement, à la de-
mande des Parties et aprèsles avoirconsultées.
49. La compétencede la Chambre n'estpas douteuse,mais une excep-
tion àlarecevabilitéde la présenteinstancea étésoulevép ear l'Italiedans
son contre-mémoire; elle a soutenu que laprésente affaireest irrecevable
au motif que lesdeuxsociétésaméricaines,Raytheonet Machlett, au nom
desquelles les Etats-Unisont introduit la demande, n'auraient pas épuisé
les recours internes qui leur étaient ouverts en Italie. Cette exception,
propos de laquellelesParties sont convenuesqu'elle devaitêtretranchée

lorsdel'examenaufondde l'affaire,doit par conséquentêtreexaminéeen
premier.
50. LesEtats-Unis ont soulevélaquestionde savoir sila règlede l'épui-
sement des recours internes peut trouver une quelconque application
dans une affaire introduite en vertu de l'article XXVI du traitéde 1948.
Cet article, a-t-on fait observer, est rédigéen termescatégoriques et n'est
limitépar aucune mention de la règle de l'épuisement des recours in-
ternes; ilsemblequ'on puisse en conclure que lesparties au traité,sielles
avaient voulu que la juridiction conférée à la Cour soit restreinte par
la règlede l'épuisement des recours internes en cas de protection diplo-
matique, auraient employé des termes exprès à cet effet, comme elles
l'avaient fait dans un accord de coopération économiqueentre les Etats-
Unis d'Amériqueet l'Italie concluluiaussien 1948.LaChambre ne doute

pas que lespartiesà un traité peuvent convenir, dans sontexte,soitquela
règle de l'épuisement des recours internes ne s'appliquera pas aux de-
mandes fondées sur de prétendues violations de ce traité, soit confirmer
qu'elle s'appliquera. Mais la Chambre ne saurait accepter qu'on consi-
dèrequ'un principeimportantdu droitinternational coutumier a ététaci-
tement écarté sansque l'intention de l'écarter soitverbalementprécisée.
Cet élémentde l'argumentation opposéepar les Etats-Unis àl'exception
de l'Italie doit donc êtrerejeté.
51. Les Etats-Unis ont soutenu en outre que la règlede l'épuisement
des recours internes ne s'appliquait pas, en tout état de cause, à la de-
mande des Etats-Unis dans la mesureou ceux-cisollicitent de la Cour un
arrêt déclaratoire constatantque le traitéde 1948a étéviolé.Les Etats-
Unis font valoirque, dansun telarrêt,laCour déclareraitqu'ila été porté

atteinte aux droits qu'ils tiennent du traité; la règlede l'épuisement des
recours internes, qui est une règledu droit international coutumier éla-
boréedans lecadrede l'endossementpar un Etat de lademande de l'unde
sesressortissants,ne s'appliquerait pasà un préjudice directde cegenre.find a dispute over alleged violation ofthe FCN Treatyresulting in direct
injury to the United States, that is both distinct from, and independent

of, the dispute over the alleged violation in respect of Raytheon and
Machlett. The casearises from a dispute which the Parties did not "satis-
factorily adjust by diplomacy"; and that dispute was described in the
1974United States claim made at the diplomatic level as a "claim of the
Government of the United States of America on behalf of Raytheon
Company and Machlett Laboratories, Incorporated". The Agent of
the United States told the Chamber in the oral proceedings that
"the United States seeksreparation for injuries suffered by Raytheon and
Machlett". And indeed, as willappear later, the question whetherthere has
been abreach ofthe FCN Treaty isitself much involved withthefinancial
position ofthe ItalianCompany,ELSI,which wascontrolled by Raytheon
and Machlett.

52. Moreover, when theCourt was,inthe Interhandelcase,faced with a
not dissimilarargument by Switzerland thatin that caseits"principal sub-
mission" was in respect of a "direct breach of international law" and
therefore not subject to the local remedies rule, the Court, having ana-
lysed that "principal submission", found that it was bound up with the
diplomatic protection claim, and that the Applicant's arguments "do not
deprive the dispute ...of the character of a dispute in which the Swiss
Government appears as having adopted the cause of its national ..."
(Interhandel, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1959,p. 28). In the present case,

likewise, the Chamber has no doubt that the matter which colours and
pervades the United States claim as a whole, is the alleged damage
to Raytheon and Machlett, said to have resulted from the actions of the
Respondent. Accordingly, the Chamber rejects the argument that in the
present case there is a part of the Applicant's claim whichan be severed
so asto render the local remedies rule inapplicableto that part.

53. There was a further argument of the Applicant, based on estoppel
in relation to the application of the local remediesule, which should be
examined. In the "Memorandum of Law" elaborating the United States
claim on the diplomatic plane, transmitted to the Italian Government by
Note Verbale of 7 February 1974,one finds that the whole of Part VI
(pp. 53etseq.)deals generally and at somelength with the "Exhaustion of
Local Remedies". There were also annexed the opinions of the lawyers
advisingthe Applicant, which dealt directlywiththe position of Raytheon
and Machlett in relation to the local remedies rule. The Memorandum
concluded that Raytheon and Machlett had indeed exhausted "every
meaningful legalremedyavailable tothem in Italy" (paragraph 46 above).
In viewofthis evidence thatthe United States wasverymuch awarethat it
must satisfythe local remedies rule,that it evidently believed that the rule
had been satisfied, and that it had been advised thatthe shareholders ofOrlaChambreneparvientpas à discernerenl'espèceun différendsurune
prétendue violationdutraité ayantpour résultatun préjudicedirectement
causéaux Etats-Unis,différend qui seraitàla foisdistinct etindépendant
du différendsur la violation dont le traité aurait l'objetà l'égardde
Raytheon et Machlett. L'affaire découle d'un différend que les Parties
n'ont pas«régl[éd]'une manière satisfaisantepar la voiediplomatique »;
dans laréclamationquelesEtats-Unisontadressée à l'Italie en1974parla
voie diplomatique, ce différendest qualifiéde ((réclamation présentée
par le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d'Amériqueau nom de Raytheon

Company etde Machlett Laboratories Incorporated ».L'agent desEtats-
Unis a déclaré à la Chambre, au cours de la procédure orale,que «les
Etats-Unis demandent que soient réparésles préjudices subispar Ray-
theon etMachlett».D'ailleurs,commeonleverraplusloin,laquestion de
savoirs'ilyaeuviolation dutraitéestelle-même étroitementliée àlasitua-
tion financière de la société italienneLSI que Raytheon et Machlett
contrôlaient.
52. Deplus, dans l'affairedel'lnterhandel,laCour s'esttrouvéeenpré-
senced'un argumentde la Suissequin'étaitpas différent; laSuissesoute-
nait, dans cette affaire, que saonclusion principale))portait sur une
((violation directe du droit internationalt n'étaitpar conséquentpas
soumise àla règlede l'épuisement des recours internes. Après avoir exa-
minécette «conclusion principale)), la Cour a dit qu'elle étaitliée la
protection diplomatique invoquéeet que les arguments du demandeur
((n'enlèventpas au différend..le caractèred'un différenddans lequel le
Gouvernementsuisse seprésente commeépousantla cause desonressor-
tissan..»(Interhandel,arrêt,C.Z. Jecueil1959,p. 28).De mêmed , ans la
présente affaire, laChambre ne doute pas que la question qui colore et
imprègnela demande des Etats-Unis tout entièreest celle du préjudice

que Raytheon etMachlettauraient subietquiauraitrésultédesactionsdu
défendeur. En conséquence, la Chambre rejette l'argument selon lequel
on peut en l'espèce dissocierunepartie de la réclamationdu demandeur
de façon que la règlede l'épuisement desrecoursinternesnes'yapplique
pas.
53. Le demandeur a avancé un autre argumentqu'il convient d'exa-
miner;il est fondésur la notion d'estoppel,considérépar rapportà l'ap-
plication delarègledel'épuisement desrecoursinternes.Dans le«mémo-
randum juridique »par lequel lesEtats-Unisont développé leurthèsesur
le plan diplomatique et qui a éttransmis au Gouvernement italien par
note verbale du 7 février 1974, il est dit que toute la sixièmepartie
(pages 53 et suivantes de l'original) traite d'une façon généret assez
approfondie de 17«épuisement des recours internes».Y sont annexésles
avisjuridiques de ceux qui conseillaient le demandeur, avis qui avaient
directementtraità la situation de Raytheon et Machlett face àla règlede
l'épuisement des recours internes. Les auteurs du mémorandum
concluaient que Raytheon et Machlett avaient effectivement épuisé

«toutes les voies de recours dont elles disposaient en Italieoir para-
graphe 46 ci-dessus).Etant donnéces éléments de preuve qui établissentELSI had no direct action against the Italian Government under Italian
law, it was argued by the Applicant that Italy, if it was indeed at that time
of the opinion that the local remedies had not been exhausted, should
have apprised the United States of its opinion. According to the
United States, however, at no time until the filing of the Respondent's
Counter-Memorial in the present proceedings did Italy suggest that
Raytheon and Machlett should sue in the Italian courts on the basis of
the Treaty. The written aide-mémoire of 13 June 1978,by which Italy
rejected the 1974 claim, had contained no suggestion that the local
remedies had not been exhausted, nor indeed any mention of the matter.

54. It was argued by the Applicant that this absence of riposte from
Italy amounts to an estoppel. There are however difficulties about draw-
ing any such conclusion from the exchanges of correspondence when the
matter was still being pursued onthe diplomatic level. In the Interhandel
case,whenSwitzerlandargued that the United States had atone time actu-
ally "admitted that Interhandel had exhausted the remedies available in
the United Statescourts", the Court, far from seeingin this admission an
estoppel, dismissedthe argument by merely observing that "This opinion
wasbased upon a viewwhich has proved unfounded" (Interhandel,Judg-
ment, I.C.J. Reports1959,p. 27). Furthermore, although it cannot be ex-
cluded thatan estoppelcould in certain circumstances arise from asilence

when something ought to have been said, there are obvious difficulties
in constructing an estoppel from a mere failure to mention a matter at a
particular point in somewhat desultory diplomatic exchanges.
55. Onthe basis thatthe localremedies rule does apply inthiscase,this
Judgment may now turn to the question whether local remedies were, or
were not, exhausted by Raytheon and Machlett.

56. The damage claimed in this case to havebeen caused to Raytheon
and Machlett is said to haveresulted from the "losses incurred by ELSI's
ownersas a result ofthe involuntary changein themanner of disposing of

ELSI's assets" :and it is the requisition order that is said to have caused
this change, and which istherefore at the core of the United States com-
plaint. It was, therefore, right that any local remedy against the Italian
authorities, calling in question the validity of the requisition of ELSI's
plant and related assets, and raising the matter of the losses said to result
from it, should be pursued by ELSI itself. In any event, both in order to
attempt to recover control of ELSI's plant and assets, and to mitigate
any damage flowingfrom the alleged frustration of the liquidationplan,
the first step was forELSI - and only ELSI could do this - to appeal toque les Etats-Unis étaient parfaitement conscients qu'il leur fallait ob-
serverlarègledel'épuisement desrecoursinternes,qu'ilsétaientmanifes-
tement convaincus que cette règleavait été observéeet qu'ils avaienté
prévenusque les actionnaires de I'ELSI ne disposaient en droit italien
d'aucune action directe contre le Gouvernement italien, le demandeur a
soutenu que l'Italie, si elle estimait vraimentépoqueque les recours
internesn'avaientpas étéépuisés,auradiût lefairesavoiraux Etats-Unis.
Or, selon lesEtats-Unis,le défendeurn'aàaucun moment avant le dépôt
de son contre-mémoire en l'espèce laisséentendre que Raytheon et
Machlett devaient intenter action devant les tribunaux italiens en se
fondant sur le traité. L'aide-mémoirdu 13juin 1978par lequel l'Italie a

rejetéla réclamationde 1974ne donnait nullement à entendre que les
recours internes n'avaient pas été épuisés; la question'y étaitmême
pas mentionnée.
54. Ledemandeura soutenu quecetteabsence deréactiondelapart de
l'Italieéquivalaitàun estoppel.Or il est difficile de tirer une telle conclu-
sion de la correspondance échangéealorsque l'affaire en était encoreau
stade diplomatique. Dans l'affaire de l'lnterhandel, lorsque la Suisse a
soutenu que les Etats-Unisavaientà un certain momentbien admis que
1'Interhandelavaitépuisélesrecoursdevant lestribunaux américains»,la
Cour,loin d'yvoirun estoppel,a rejetél'argument ensebornant àrelever
que ((cette opinion reposait sur une appréciation quis'est revélée mal
fondée))(Interhandel, arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil1959,p. 27). En outre, bien
qu'on ne puisse exclure qu'un estoppelpuisse, dans certaines circons-
tances, découlerd'un silence, lorsqu'il aurait fallu dire quelque chose,
il est évidemmentdifficilede déduirel'existenced'un estoppeldu simple

fait de n'avoirpas mentionné une questionà un moment donné aucours
d'échanges diplomatiquesassezintermittents.
55. La Chambre, estimant que la règlede l'épuisement des recours
internes s'applique en l'espèce,peut passer maintenant la question de
savoir si Raytheon et Machlett ont épuisé ou nonles recours internes.

56. Lepréjudicequiaurait étécausé à Raytheon etMachlett enl'espèce
est présentécomme résultant des((pertes subies par les propriétairesde
1'ELSI à la suite du changement intervenu, contre leur volonté,dans le
mode d'aliénation des avoirsde 1'ELSI»; c'estl'ordonnance de réquisi-
tion qui aurait entraînéce changement et qui estpar conséquentau cŒur
de la réclamation des Etats-Unis.Il étaitdonc juste que tout recours in-

terne formécontrelesautoritésitaliennes pour mettre en cause lavalidité
de la réquisitionde l'usine de I'ELSIet de ses autres avoirs et pour sou-
leverla question despertes qui en auraient résulté émande I'ELSIelle-
mêmeD . etoute manière,pour tenter derecouvrerle contrôle del'usineet
desavoirsdeI'ELSIetpour limitertout préjudiceayantrésulté du faitque
la réalisationdu plan de liquidation aurait empêchée l, premièredé-45 ELETTRONICA SICULA (JUDGMENT)

the Prefect against the requisitionrder. After the bankruptcy, however,
the pursuit of local remedies was no longer a matter for ELSI'smanage-
ment but for the trustee in bankruptcy (Raytheon could, even after the
bankruptcy, haveinfluenced decisions ofthe committee of creditors, had
it not decided against claimingin bankruptcy in respect of sums due to it
as creditor; it did exercisesome influencehowever through itssubsidiary
company, Raytheon Europe, which did claim as a creditor).

57. Afterthe trustee in bankruptcy was appointed, he, acting forLSI,
by no means left the Italian authorities and courts unoccupied with
ELSI's affairs. It was he who, under an Italian law of 1934,formally

requested the Prefectto make his decision within 60days of that request;
which decision was itself the subject of an unsuccessful appeal by the
Mayor tothe President of Italy.On 16June 1970,the trustee,acting forthe
bankrupt ELSI, brought a suit against the Acting Minister of the Interior
and the Acting Mayor of Palermo, asking the court to adjudge that the
defendants should
"pay to the bankrupt estate of Raytheon-Elsi ...damages for the

illegal requisition of the plant machinery and equipment... for the
period from April 1to September 30,1968, in the aggregate amount
of Lire2,395,561,600plus interests..."

On 2 February 1973,the Court of Palermo, as indicated above (para-
graph 43),rejected the claim.The trustee in bankruptcy then appealedto
the Court of Appeal of Palermo; which Court gaveajudgment on 24 Jan-

uary 1974which "partly revising thejudgment of the Court of Palermo"
ordered payment by the Ministry of the Interior of damages of
114,014,711lire with interest. Appeal was taken finally to the Court of
Cassation which upheldthe decision ofthe Court ofAppeal, by adecision
of 26April1975.
58. It is pertinent to note that this claim for damages (paragraph 42
above),asitcamebefore the Court of Palermoin the action brought bythe
trustee, was described by that Court as being based (interalia)upon the
argument of the trustee in bankruptcy

"that the requisitionorder caused an economic situation of such
gravity that it immediately and directly triggered the bankruptcy of
the company"
("ilprovvedimentodi requisizioneavrebbe determinato unasituazione
economicadi tale pesantezza.da farne scaturire immediatamente e
direttamenteilfallimento della società).

Similarlythe Court of Appeal of Palermo had to consider whether there
wasa "causal linkbetween the requisition order and the company'sbank-
ruptcy". It isthus apparentthat the substance of the claimbrought to themarche à entreprendre par I'ELSI - et seule I'ELSI pouvait l'entre-
prendre - était d'exercerun recours auprès du préfet contre l'ordon-
nance de réquisition. En revanche,après la faillite, l'exercicedesrecours
internes n'appartenait plusà la direction de I'ELSImais au syndic de fail-
lite(Raytheon aurait pu, mêmeaprèslafaillite,influencer lesdécisionsdu
comité des créancierssi elle n'avait pas décidéde ne pas produire ses
créances à la faillite; elle a cependant exercéune certaine influence par
l'intermédiaire de sa filiale, Raytheon-Europe, qui, elle, a produit ses
créances).
57. Aprèsla désignationdu syndic de faillite, ce dernier, agissant pour
lecompte de l'ELSI,abeaucoup occupélesautoritésettribunaux italiens
avec les affaires de1'ELSI.Ce fut lui qui, en vertu d'une loi italienne de

1934,demanda officiellement au préfetde prendre sa décisiondans un
délaide soixantejours, décisionqui fit elle-mêmel'objetd'un recoursin-
fructueux du maire au président de la République. Le 16juin 1970,le
syndic, agissant pour le compte de la société faillieELSI, engagea une
action contre le ministre de l'intérieuren exercice et le maire de Palerme
en exercice; il demanda au tribunal de dire que les défendeurs devaient

«verser àla masse de la faillite de Raytheon-Els..desdommages et
intérêtspour la réquisitionillégalede l'usine, des machines et des
équipements ..pour lapériodecompriseentre le le'avril etle30sep-
tembre 1968,d'un montant total de 2395 561600lires,augmentédes
intérêts.»

Le2février1973,letribunal de Palermerejeta la demande, comme ila été
indiqué plus haut (paragraphe 43). Le syndic de faillite interjeta alors
appel devantla courd'appel de Palerme; celle-cirendit un arrêtle24jan-
vier 1974,qui, «revisant en partie lejugement du tribunal de Palerme »
condamnait le ministère de l'intérieur à verser une indemnisation d'un
montant de 114014711liresmajoréd'intérêts. Un pourvoi futfinalement
formé devant la Cour de cassation et, par arrêtdu 26 avril 1975,celle-ci
confirma la décision de la cour d'appel.
58. Il ya lieu de relever que la demande de dommages et intérêts(para-
graphe 42 ci-dessus) portéedevant le tribunal de Palerme dans l'action

intentée par le syndic a étéprésentéepar ce tribunal comme fondée no-
tamment surl'argument du syndic de failliteselonlequel
((l'ordonnancede réquisitionaurait provoquéune situation écono-

mique d'une telle gravitéqu'elle aurait déclenchéimmédiatemene tt
directementla faillite de la société
(«ilprovvedimentodi requisizioneavrebbedeterminato unasituazione
economicadi tale pesantezza da farne scaturire immediatamente e
direttamenteilfallimento della societH).

De même,la cour d'appel de Palerme adû rechercher s'ilexistaitun «lien
de causalitéentre l'ordonnance de réquisitionetlafaillite delasociét».Il
apparaît donc que, sur lefond, la demande soumise à la décisiondesjuri-46 ELETTRONICA SICULA (JUDGMENT)

adjudication of the Italian courts is essentially the claim which the
United States now brings before this Chamber. The argumentswere dif-
ferent, because the municipal court was applying Italian law, whereas
this Chamber applies international law; and, of course, the parties were
different. Yet it would seem that the municipal courts had been fully

seized of the matter which is the substance of the Applicant's claim
before the Chamber. Forboth claimsturn onthe allegationthatthe requi-
sition, by frustrating the orderly liquidation, triggered the bankruptcy,
and so caused the alleged losses.
59. With such a deal oflitigationin the municipal courtsabout what is
insubstance the claimnowbefore the Chamber, itwasfor Italyto demon-
strate that there was nevertheless some local remedy that had not been
tried;orat least,not exhausted.This burden Italy neversoughtto deny. It
contended that it waspossible forthe matter to havebeen brought before
the municipal courts, citing the provisionsof the treaties themselves,and
allegingtheirviolation.This wasneverdone. Inthe actionsbroughtbefore
the Court of Palermo,and subsequently the Court of Appeal of Palermo,
and the Court of Cassation, the FCN Treaty and its Supplementary

Agreement were never mentioned. This is not surprising, for, as Italy
recognizes, the way in which the matter was pleaded before the courts
of Palermo wasnot for Raytheon and Machlett to decide but for the trus-
tee. Furthermore, thelocalremedies rule does not, indeed cannot,require
that a claim be presented to the municipal courts in a form, and with
arguments, suited to an international tribunal, applying different law to
different parties: for an international claim to be admissible, it is suffi-
cient if the essence of the claim has been brought before the competent
tribunals and pursued as far as permitted by local law and procedures,
and without success.

60. The question,therefore, reduces itselfto thi:ought Raytheon and
Machlett,suingintheirownright,asUnited Statescorporations allegedly
injured bythe requisition ofproperty ofan Italian Companywhoseshares

they held, havebrought an action in the Italian courts,within the general
limitation-period (five years), allegingviolation of certain provisions of
the FCN Treatybetween Italy and the United States; this mindful of the
fact that the very question of the consequences of the requisition was
already in issue in the action brought by its trustee in bankruptcy, and
that anydamagesthat mightthere be awardedwouldpassinto the pool of
realized assets,for an appropriate part of which Raytheon and Machlett
had the right to claimas creditors?

61. Italy contends that Raytheon and Machlett could have based such
an action before the Italian courts on Article 2043 of the Italian Civil
Code, which provides that "Any act committedeither wilfullyorthrough
fault which causes wrongful damages to another person implies that the
wrongdoer is under an obligation to pay compensation for those dam- ELETTRONICA SICULA (ARR&T) 46

dictions italiennes coïncide pour l'essentiel avec celleque les Etats-Unis
présentent maintenant devantlaChambre. Lesargumentsdifféraient,car
la juridiction interne appliquait la loi italienne, tandis que la Chambre
applique le droit international; de plus, les parties ne sont évidemment
pas les mêmes. Il semble pourtant que lesjuridictions internes ont bien
étésaisies de la question qui forme l'essencede la requêtedu demandeur

devant la Chambre. Dans les deux cas,la demandeporte sur l'allégation
que la réquisition, en rendant impossible la liquidation régulière,a dé-
clenchéla failliteet a ainsi entraînéles pertes alléguées.
59. En présencede tant de procès intentés devantles juridictions in-
ternes à propos de ce qui est au fond la demande dont la Chambre est
maintenant saisie, l'Italie devait démontrer qu'il existait néanmoins un
quelconque recours interne qui n'avait pas été tenté ou du moins tenté
mais pas épuisé.Cedevoir, l'Italie n'a jamais essayéde lenier. Elle a sou-
tenu qu'on aurait pu porter l'affaire devant les juridictions internes en
s'autorisant des dispositions des traités eux-mêmes eten en alléguantla
violation.Cela n'ajamais étéfait.Dans lesinstancesintroduites devant le
tribunal de Palerme,puis devant la cour d'appel de Palerme et devant la
Cour de cassation, le traitéde 1948et l'accord complémentaire n'ontja-

mais étémentionnés,ce qui n'estpas surprenant puisque, comme l'Italie
le reconnaît, ce n'était paà Raytheon et Machlett mais au syndic qu'il
appartenait de se prononcer sur la manière dont la cause serait plaidée
devant lesjuridictions de Palerme. D'autre part, la règlerelative aux re-
cours internes n'exige pas et ne saurait exiger qu'une demande soit pré-
sentée aux juridictions internes sous une forme et avec des arguments
convenant à untribunal international, celui-ciappliquant un autre droià
d'autres parties:pour qu'une demande internationale soit recevable, il
suffit qu'on ait soumisla substance de la demande auxjuridictions com-
pétentes etqu'on ait persévéré aussi loinque le permettent les lois et les
procédures locales,et cesans succès.
60. La question se ramènedonc àceci :Raytheon et Machlett,agissant
enleur propre nomen tantque sociétés desEtats-Unisqui seprétendaient

léséespar la réquisition de biens d'une sociétéitaliennedont elles déte-
naient lesactions,auraient-elles dû introduire une instance devant lestri-
bunaux italiens, dans le délai général deprescription (cinq ans), et allé-
guer la violation de certaines dispositions du traité de 1948,conscientes
qu'elles étaient que la question mêmedes conséquencesde la réquisition
était déjàà l'examen dans l'action ouverte par le syndic de faillite et que
tous dommages et intérêts susceptiblesd'être accordé dans cette action
devaient sefondre dans lamasse desavoirs réalisés,masse dont Raytheon
et Machlettavaient le droit de réclamerunequote-part en tantque créan-
cières?
61. L'Italie soutient que Raytheon et Machlett auraient pu fonder une
telle action devant les tribunaux italiens sur l'article 2043 du Code civil
italien, qui dispose ce qui suit:(Tout fait dolosif ou fautif qui causeà

autrui un dommage illiciteoblige celui qui l'a commis à réparerce dom-
mage.» D'après l'Italie, cette disposition est souvent invoquée par desages." Accordingto Italy, this provision is frequently invoked by indivi-
duals against the Italian State, and substantial sums have been awarded
to claimants where appropriate. If Raytheon and Machlett suffered
damage caused by violations by Italian public authorities of the FCN
Treaty and the Supplementary Agreement, an Italian court would, it
was contended, have been bound to conclude that the relevant acts of
the publicauthorities werewrongfulacts forthe purposes ofArticle2043.
It is common ground between the Parties that implementing legislation
("ordinidi esecuzione'ywas enacted (Law No. 385 of 15June 1949and
Law No. 910 of 1August 1960),to giveeffectin Italy to the FCN Treaty
and Supplementary Agreement, but that their provisions cannot be in-
voked inprotection of individual rights before the Italian courts unless

those provisions are regarded by the courts as self-executing.In order to
show that the relevant provisionswould be so regarded, decisions of the
Court of Cassation have been cited by Italy in which provisions of the
FCN Treaty (notthe provisions relied on in the present case)have been
applied forthe benefit of United Statesnationals who haveinvokedthem
before Italian courts, and a provision of a treaty between Italy and the
Federal Republic of Germany, said to be comparable with Article V of
the FCN Treaty, was giveneffect.
62. However, those decisions were not based on Article 2043 of the
Italian CivilCode; andthe treaty provisionsapplied were giveneffectin
conjunction with municipal legislation or the provisions of othertreaties,
through the mechanism of a most-favoured-nationprovision. In none of
the cases cited was the FCN Treaty provision relied on to establish the
wrongfulness of conduct of Italian public officials. When in 1971
Raytheon consulted two Italian jurists on the question of local remedies

forthe purposes ofadiplomatic claim,itapparently did notoccurto either
of them to refer even as a possibilityto actionunder Article 2043in con-
junction with the FCN Treaty. It thus appears to the Chamber to be im-
possible todeduce, from the recentjurisprudence cited, what theattitude
of the Italian courts would have been had Raytheon and Machlett
brought an action, some 20 years ago, in reliance on Article 2043of the
Civil Code in conjunction with the provisions of the FCN Treaty and
the SupplementaryAgreement. Wherethe determination ofa question of
municipal lawis essentialtothe Court's decision in a case,the Court will
have to weigh the jurisprudence of the municipal courts, and "If this is
uncertain or divided, itwillrestwiththeCourt to selectthe interpretation
which it considers most in conformity with the law" (Brazilian Loans,
P.C.I.J.,SeriesA,Nos. 20/21, p. 124).In the present case,however,it was
for Italy to show,as amatter of fact,the existenceof a remedywhichwas

open to the United States stockholders and which they failed to employ.
The Chamber does not consider that Italyhas discharged that burden.

63. It isever easy to decide, in a case where there has in fact been
much resort to the municipal courts, whether local remedies have truly
been "exhausted". But in this case Italy has not been able to satisfy theparticuliers contre 1'Etatitalien et des sommes importantes ont étéal-
louées aux demandeurs quand il y avait lieu. Si Raytheon et Machlett
avaient subiun préjudice, àla suite de la violation du traitéde 1948et de
l'accord complémentairepar des autorités italiennes, un tribunal italien
aurait ététenu, a-t-onsoutenu,de conclureque les actesainsicommis par
lespouvoirspublicsétaient illicitesau regard de l'article 2043. LesParties
s'accordent àreconnaître que des ordres d'exécution ((cordinidi esecu-
zione)))ont étéadoptés(loi no385du 15juin 1949et loi no910du le'août
1960)pour donner effet au traitéet à l'accord complémentaire en Italie,
mais que les dispositions de ces derniers ne pourraient être invoquées
pour protégerdesdroitsindividuelsdevant lestribunaux italiens que siles

juges les considéraient comme étant d'application directe. Pour établir
que les dispositions en causeseraient considéréescomme telles, l'Italie a
cité desarrêtsde la Cour de cassation dont il ressort que des dispositions
du traitéde 1948(autres que celles qui sont invoquées dans la présente
affaire) ont été appliquées à l'avantage de ressortissants des Etats-Unis
qui lesavaientinvoquéesdevantdes tribunaux italiens et qu'une disposi-
tion d'un traité entre'Italie et la République fédéraled'Allemagne, pré-
sentéecomme comparable àl'article Vdu traitéde 1948,a été appliquée.

62. Ces décisionsne se fondaient cependant pas sur l'article 2043 du
Code civil italien; d'autre part, les dispositions conventionnelles appli-
quéesontpriseffetconjointementavecdes loisinternes ou aveclesdispo-
sitions d'autres traités,par le mécanismede la clause de la nation la plus

favorisée.Dansaucune desaffaires citéesla disposition du traitéde 1948
n'a été invoquép eour établirle caractèreillicite du comportement de re-
présentants des pouvoirs publics italiens. En 1971,quand Raytheon a
consultédeuxjuristes italiens sur laquestiondesrecoursinternesaux fins
d'une réclamationdiplomatique, aucun d'euxnesembleavoir eul'idéede
faireallusion, mêmeen tant qu'éventualité, àune actionintentée envertu
de l'article2043ainsique du traitéde 1948.Il semble donc impossible à la
Chambre d'inférerde lajurisprudence récentecitéequelleaurait été l'atti-
tude des tribunaux italiens si Raytheon et Machlettavaient introduitune
instance, il a une vingtained'années, ense fondant sur l'article 2043du
Code civil ainsi que sur les dispositions du traitéde 1948et de l'accord
complémentaire.Chaque foisqu'ilsera essentiel,pour que la Cour puisse
statuerdans une affaire, detrancherune question dedroit interne,la Cour

devraapprécier lajurisprudence des tribunaux internes et, «si celle-ciest
incertaine ou partagée, il appartiendra à la Cour de choisir l'interpréta-
tion qu'elle croit être la plus conforme à la loin (Emprunts brésiliens,
C.P.J.Z.sérieA nos20/21, p. 124). Toutefois, dans la présente affaire,
l'Italie devait établir la réalitéde l'existence d'un recours aue les action-
naires américains pouvaient exercer et qu'ils n'ont pas utilisé. La
Chambre n'estime pas que l'Italie se soitacquittéede ce devoir.
63. Dans une affaireoù lesjuridictions internes ont étévraimentbeau-
coup sollicitées,il n'estjamais facile de décidersilesrecoursinternes ont
été réellement«épuisés». Mais, en l'espèce, l'Italie n'a pas réussi àChamber that there clearly remained some remedy which Raytheon and
Machlett, independently of ELSI, and of ELSI's trustee in bankruptcy,
ought to have pursued and exhausted. Accordingly, the Chamber will

now proceed to consider the merits of the case.

64. Paragraph 1of the United Statesfinal submissions claims that :

"(1) the Respondent violated the international legal obligations

whichitundertook by theTreaty of Friendship, Commerce and
Navigation between the two countries, and the Supplement
thereto, and in particular, violated Articles III, V,andofthe
Treatyand Article 1ofthe Supplement".
It is necessarytherefore to examine these Articles ofthe FCN Treaty and
the Supplementary Agreement,against the conduct which is said to have

been a violation ofthe obligations set out inhese Articles. In doingso, it
willbe kept in mind that although the stated purposes ofthe FCN Treaty
were those normally to be found in treaties of that kind, nevertheless a
purpose ofthe Supplementary Agreement,which isto "constitute an inte-
gral part" of the FCN Treaty, was to give "added encouragement to in-
vestments ofthe one country inuseful undertakings intheother country".

65. The acts of the Respondent which are thus alleged to violate its
treaty obligations were described by the Applicant's counsel in terms
which it is convenient to citehere:

"First, the Respondent violatedits legalobligationswhenit unlaw-
fullyrequisitioned the ELSI plant on 1April 1968which denied the
ELSI stockholderstheir directright to liquidate the ELSI assetsin an
orderly fashion. Second, the Respondent violated its obligations
when it allowed ELSI workers to occupy the plant. Third, the
Respondent violated its obligations when it unreasonably delayed
ruling on the lawfulness ofthe requisition for 16months untilimme-
diately after the ELSI plant, equipment and work-in-process had
al1been acquired by ELTEL. Fourth and finally, the Respondent
violated its obligations when it interfered with theSI bankruptcy

proceedings, which allowed the Respondent to realizeitspreviously
expressed intention of acquiring ELSI for a price far less than its
fair market value."

66. The most important of these acts of the Respondent which the
Applicant claims to have been in violation of the FCN Treaty is the
requisition of theELSI plant by the Mayor of Palermo on 1April 1968,

which is claimed to have frustrated theplan for what the Applicant terms
an "orderly liquidation" of the Companyas set out in paragraphs 22-25 ELETTRONICASICULA (ARRÊT) 48

convaincre la Chambre qu'il restait manifestementquelque recours que
Raytheon et Machlett auraient dû formeretépuiser,indépendammentde
I'ELSIet du syndic de faillite. La Chambre peut donc passer maintenant
à l'examendu fond.

64. Au paragraphe 1de leurs conclusions finales, les Etats-Unis sou-
,tiennent :

((1) que le défendeura violé lesobligations qu'ilavait assuméesau
regard dudroit international dansletraitéd'amitiéd, e commerce
et de navigationentre les deux pays et dans l'accord complétant
ce traité et, en particulier,qu'il a violé lesarticles III, Vet
dutraitéetl'article premierdel'accord complémentaire».

Il est donc nécessaired'examinerces articles du traitéde 1948et de l'ac-
cord complémentaireau regard du comportement qui aurait constitué
une violation des obligations qui y sont énoncées.Ce faisant,il sera tenu
compte du fait que lesbuts de cetraité,tels qu'énoncés, étaient ceuq xue
l'on trouve normalement dans des traitésde ce genre, mais que l'un des

buts del'accord complémentaire - accordqui ((constituera ..partie inté-
grante »du traitéde 1948 - étaitd7«encouragerdavantage lesinvestisse-
ments de chacun des deux pays dans des entreprises reconnues utiles de
l'autre pays».
65. Les actes du défendeur qui auraientviolé sesobligations conven-
tionnelles ont été décritpsar le conseildu demandeuren destermes qu'il
convient de citerici:

Premièrement,le défendeur a violé sesobligations juridiques
lorsqu'il a illégalement réquisitionné l'usinede 1'ELSIle le' avril
1968,privant ainsi lesactionnaires de leur droit direct de procéderà
la liquidation des actifs de la sociédans des conditions normales.
Deuxièmement, le défendeur a violé sesobligations lorsqu'il a
permis aux ouvriers de I'ELSId'occuper l'usine.Troisièmement,le
défendeur aviolé sesobligations en s'abstenant, pendant un délai
déraisonnabledeseizemois,de statuersur la légitimité »dela réqui-

sition et en ne le faisant qu'immédiatement aprèsque l'usine, le
matériel et l'en-coursde I'ELSI eurent été achetép sar I'ELTEL.
Enfin, quatrièmement,le défendeura violésesobligations lorsqu'il
est intervenu dans la procédure de faillite de I'ELSI, cequi lui a
permis, commeil en avait auparavant exprimé l'intention, d'acheter
1'ELSI à un prix bien inférieuraujuste prix du marché.»

66. Le plus important de ces actes du défendeurdont le demandeur
prétend qu'ils ont constituéune violation du traitéde 1948estla réquisi-
tion de l'usinede1'ELSIpar lemaire de Palerme,le le'avril 1968,actequi
aurait fait échecau plan relatif ceque le demandeur définitcommeune
((liquidation régulière»de la société, ainsiqu'il estindiqué aux para-above. It is fair to describe the other impugned acts of the Respondent,
to be explained more fully below (paragraph 115),as ancillary to this
core claimbased on the requisition and itseffects.

67. TheChamber isfacedwitha situation ofmixedfactand lawofcon-
siderable complexity,wherein several different strands of fact and law
haveto beexaminedboth separately andfor their effecton eachother:the
meaningand effectoftherelevantArticles ofthe FCN Treatyand Supple-
mentaryAgreement; the legalstatus ofthe Mayor'srequisition of ELSI's
plant and assets; and the legal and practical significance of the financial
position of ELSI at material times,and itseffect,ifany,upon ELSI'splan
for orderly liquidation of theCompany.It willbe convenient to begin by
examining these considerations in relation to the Applicant's claim that
the requisition order was a violation of Article III ofthe FCN Treaty.

68. Article III of the FCN Treaty is in two paragraphs. Paragraph 1
provides for rights of participation of nationals of one High Contracting
Party, in corporations and associations of the other High Contracting

Party, and forthe exerciseby such corporations and associations oftheir
functions. Since there is no allegation of treatment less favourable than
is required according to the standards set by this paragraph, it need not
detain the Chamber. Paragraph 2 of Article III is however important for
the Applicant's claim;it provides :
"The nationals, corporations and associations ofeither High Con-
tracting Party shall be permitted, in conformity with the applicable
laws and regulations within the territories of the other High Con-
tracting Party, to organize, control and manage corporations and

associations of such other High Contracting Party for engaging in
commercial, manufacturing, processing, mining, educational, phil-
anthropic, religious and scientific activities.Corporations and asso-
ciations, controlled by nationals, corporations and associations of
either High Contracting Party and created or organized under the
applicable laws and regulations within the territories of the other
High Contracting Party, shall be permitted to engage in the afore-
mentioned activitiestherein, in conformity with the applicable laws
and regulations,upon termsno lessfavorablethan those noworhere-
after accorded to corporations and associations of such other High
Contracting Party controlled by its ownnationals, corporations and
associations."

Again there is no allegation of treatment of ELSI accordingto standards
less favourable than those laid down in the second sentence of the para- ELETTRONICA SICULA (ARRÊT) 49

graphes 22 à 25 ci-dessus.Lesautres actes dont il fait grief au défendeur,
lesquelsseront exposésplusen détail ci-après(voirparagraphe 115),peu-
vent être qualifiés d'actes accessoires par rapport au grief principal
fondésurla réquisitionet seseffets.
67. La Chambre se trouve en présence d'une situationtout àla fois
de fait et de droit, qui est d'une grande complexitéet dans laquelle des
enchaînements différentsde faitet de droit doiventêtre examinésséparé-
ment et sous l'anglede leurs effetsréciproques:la signification et l'effet

des articles pertinents du traitéde1948et de l'accord complémentaire;
la légalitde la réquisitionde l'usineet desbiens de1'ELSIpar le maire;
la portéejuridique et pratique de la situation financière de 1'ELSàdes
moments déterminants ainsique ses incidences éventuellessur le plan
de 1'ELSIprévoyant la liquidation régulière de la sociétéI.l convient de
commencer par examiner cespoints par rapport àl'assertion du deman-
deurselonlaquellel'ordonnancede réquisitionviolaitl'articleIII du traité.

68. L'articleIII du traitécomporte deux paragraphes. Lepremier pré-
voit,pour lesressortissants de l'une desHautes Parties contractantes, des

droits de participation dans les sociétéset associationsde l'autre Haute
Partie contractante ainsi que l'exercicepar cessociétéset associationsde
leurs activités.Puisqu'iln'est pas alléguqu'il y ait eu traitement moins
favorable que ce qu'exigent les normes fixéesdans ce paragraphe, la
Chambre n'apas às'yarrêter.Enrevanchel,eparagraphe 2del'articleIII
estimportant pour la thèsedu demandeur; il dispose ce qui suit:

«Lesressortissants,sociétésetassociationsdechacune desHautes
Partiescontractantes serontautorisés,enconformitédesloisetrègle-
mentsapplicables àl'intérieur desterritoiresde l'autre Haute Partie
contractante,à constituer, contrôler et gérer des sociétéest associa-
tions de cette autre Haute Partie contractante en vue de poursuivre
des activitéstouchant la fabrication ou la transformation indus-
trielles,oudes activitésminières,commerciales,scientifiques,éduca-
tives, religieuses et philantropiques. Les sociétés et associations
contrôléespar desressortissants,dessociétésetassociations del'une
ou de l'autre des Hautes Parties contractantes et qui sont crééesou
constituées conformément auxlois et règlements en vigueursur les
territoires de l'autre Haute Partie contractante, seront autoriàyes
exercerlesactivitéssusviséese,nseconformant auxlois etrèglements

en vigueur,dans desconditions non moins favorables que cellesqui
sont ou seront accordées aux sociétéset associationsde cette autre
Haute Partie contractante qui sont contrôléespar des ressortissants,
des sociétésou des associations de la mêmeHaute Partie contrac-
tante. »
Il n'est pas allégué non plusque 1'ELSIait été traitée selon des normes

moins favorablesque cellesqui sont énoncéesdans la seconde phrase degraph the allegationbythe United Statesof aviolation ofthisparagraph
by Italy relatesto the first sentence.
69. In terms of the present case,the effect of the first sentence of this
paragraph is that Raytheon and Machlett are to be permitted, in con-
formity with the applicable laws and regulations within the territory of
Italy, to organize, control and manage ELSI. The claim of the United
Statesfocusesontherightto "controland manage";therightto"organize",
apparently in the senseofthe creation of a corporation, isnot in question
in this case. 1sthere, then, a violation of this Article if, as the United
Statesalleges,the requisition hadthe effectofdepriving ELSI ofboth the
right and practical possibility of selling off itsplant andassets for satis-
faction ofitsliabilitiesto itscreditors and satisfactionofitsshareholders?

70. It is undeniable that the requisition of a firm's "plant and relative
equipment" must normally amount to a deprivation, at leastin important
part, of the right to control and manage. It was objected by Italy that the
requisitionin no wayaffected "control bythe shareholders over the com-

pany", but merely concerned the management by the company of prop-
ertybelongingtothe company. Itistruethat the directimpact ofthe requi-
sitionwasonlyoncontrol ofthe property requisitioned. Itishoweveralso
undeniable that thisrequisition,whichremained ineffect until30 Septem-
ber 1968,wasissued to avoid the closure of ELSI'splant, the dismissalof
its workforce, and as a consequence the probable dispersa1of the assets,
al1ofwhichwereintegralto ELSI'splan fororderlyliquidation. Sincethe
requisition thus had the design of preventing Raytheon from exercising,
for six critical months, what was at that time a most important part
of itsright to control and manage ELSI, there exists a question whether
the requisition was in conformity with the requirements of Ar-
ticle III, paragraph 2, ofthe FCN Treaty. Before comingto a conclusion
on that question it is necessary now to take into consideration certain
other matters.

71. Article III of the FCN Treaty, both in paragraph 1 concerning
rights to be enjoyed by the nationals of one party in the territory of the

other, and in paragraph 2, concerningrights of nationals of oneparty to
"organize, control and manage" corporations oftheotherparty, contains
the qualifyingphrase, "in conformitywiththe applicable lawsand regula-
tions" of the latter party. It was argued by Italy that this clause confirms
thatthe correctinterpretation ofthatparagraph isthat itwasnot intended
to confer upon United Statesnationals anyrights ofcontrol and manage-
ment more extensive, or more extensivelyprotected, than those enjoyed
by other stockholders, of whatever nationality, in Italian companies.
Therefore, it was said, the requisition was no breach of the rights con-
ferred bythe FCN Treaty,because its "invalidity ...asascertained bythe
decision ofthe PrefectofPalermo,doesnot alterthe factthat itwasissued
by the competent authority on a regular legal basis". But, in the Cham-
ber'sview,the referenceto conformitywith"theapplicable lawsand regu-ceparagraphe :l'allégation desEtats-Unisselonlaquelle l'Italieaurait agi
en violation de ce paragraphe se rapporte àla première phrase.
69. Dans le cas de la présente affaire, la première phrase de ce para-
graphea pour effet que Raytheon et Machlett doivent être autorisées,en
conformitédesloisetrèglementsapplicables àl'intérieurdu territoire ita-
lien,à constituer,contrôler et gérerI'ELSI. Lademande présentéepar les
Etats-Unis est axée sur le droit de ((contrôler et gérer»; le droit de
((constituer»,entendu apparemment dans le sens de lacréation d'une so-
ciétén,'estpas en question en l'espèce.Y a-t-ildèslorseuviolation de cet

article si,comme les Etats-Unis l'allèguent,la réquisitiona eu pour effet
depriver I'ELSIdu droitet de lapossibilitématérielledevendresonusine
et ses actifs pour s'acquitter de ses dettes envers ses créanciers et rem-
bourser sesactionnaires?
70. Il est indéniableque la réquisition«de l'usine et des équipements
connexes »d'une entreprisedoitnormalementéquivaloir àune privation,
du moins pour une part importante, du droit de contrôler et de gérer.
L'Italie a objectéque la réquisition n'a nullement empêché les ((action-
naires d'exercer leur contrôle sur la sociétéet qu'elle ne portait que sur
la gestion par la sociétéde biens qui lui appartenaient. Il est exact que
la réquisition n'a eu d'effet direct que sur le contrôle des biens réquisi-
tionnés. Mais il est indéniable aussi que cette réquisition, qui est restée
30 septembre 1968,a étéprononcée pour éviter la
en vigueur jusqu'au
fermeture de l'usine de I'ELSI, le licenciement de sa main-d'Œuvre et,
partant, la dispersion probable des actifs, mesures qui toutes faisaient
partie du plan de la société prévoyant la liquidation régulière. Comme
la réquisition avait donc pour dessein d'empêcher Raytheond'exercer,
pendant six mois décisifs,ce qui constituait à l'époquel'un des aspects
les plus importants de son droit de contrôler et de gérerI'ELSI, la ques-
tion se pose de savoir si la réquisition était conforme aux exigences du
paragraphe 2 de l'article III du traitéde 1948.Avant de parvenir à une
conclusion sur cette question, il faut prendre en considération d'autres
points.
71. L'articleIII du traitéde 1948,tantauparagraphe 1 relatifauxdroits
dont doiventjouir lesressortissantsd'une partiesur leterritoire de l'autre,
qu'au paragraphe 2 relatif aux droits des ressortissants d'une partie de

((constituer, contrôler et gérer» des sociétéde l'autre partie, contient la
clause restrictive«en conformité des lois et règlements applicables » de
cetteautrepartie. L'Italie asoutenu quecetteclauseconfirmeque cepara-
graphe, interprété correctement,nevise pas àconférer aux ressortissants
des Etats-Unis des droits de contrôle et de gestion plus étendus ou plus
largement protégésque ceux dont jouissent d'autres actionnaires de so-
ciétésitaliennes, quelle que soit leur nationalité. En conséquence, a-t-il
été soutenu, la réquisitionn'a pas violéde droits conféréspar le traitéde
1948,puisque son ((invalidité,tellequeconstatéepar ladécisiondu préfet
de Palerme,ne changerien au fait qu'ellea étéprisepar l'autorité compé-
tente et fondéesur une base légalerégulière». Toutefois,de l'avis de la
Chambre, la mention de la conformité aux «lois et règlements appli-5 1 ELETTRONICA SICULA(JUDGMENT)

lations" cannot meanthat, ifan actisinconformitywiththe municipal law
and regulations,that would of itselfexclude anypossibilitythat it was an
act in breach ofthe FCN Treaty.
72. The reference to conformity with "the applicable laws and regu-
lations" surely means no more than that Italian corporations and
associations controlled by United States nationals must conform to the
local applicable laws and regulations; moreover, they must do so even
if they believe a law or regulation to be in breach of the FCN Treaty,
and, indeed, even if it were in breach of the FCN Treaty.Thisthe Appli-
cant has never denied. Raytheon and Machlett did conform to the terms
of the requisition. Indeed they had no other choice.
73. Thequestionstillremains,therefore,whether the requisitionwasor

was not a violation of Article III, paragraph 2.This question arises irre-
spectiveofthe position inmunicipal law.Compliance withmunicipal law
and compliance with the provisions of a treaty are different questions.
What isa breach oftreaty maybe lawful inthe municipal lawand what is
unlawful in the municipal law may be wholly innocent of violation of a
treaty provision. Even had the Prefectheld the requisition to be entirely
justified in Italian law,this would not excludethe possibilitythat it was a
violation ofthe FCN Treaty.

74. Thisquestion whether or not certain actscould constitute a breach
ofthetreatyright tobepermittedtocontrol and manage isonewhich must
be appreciated in each casehavingregard to the meaning and purpose of
the FCN Treaty.Clearly the right cannot be interpreted as a sort of war-

ranty that the normal exercise of control and management shall never
be disturbed. Every system of law must provide, for example, for inter-
ferences with the normal exercise of rights during public emergencies
and the like. In this respect considerable interest must attach to the
reasons given by the Prefect in his decision, and to the legal analysis of
that decision bythe Court of Appeal of Palermo.
75. The Prefecttook note in his decision ofthe factthatthe Mayor had
relied on legislative authority empowering him to act in cases of "grave
public necessity and unforeseen urgency". He did not find that those
conditions were absent; he howeverannulled the requisition on the basis
primarily ofthe followingconsiderations :

"Nonv'ha dubbiocheanchesepossonoconsiderarsi,inlineadeltutto
teorica, sussistenti, nellafattispecie, gitremidella grave necessità
pubblica edella contingibilitàdurgenza chedeterminaronoI'adozione
delprovvedimento,ilfine cuitendevala requisizionenonpotevatrovare
praticarealizzazione conilprovvedimentostesso,tanto è ver0chenes-
suna ripresadi attivitàdell'aziendavi è statu a seguito dellarequisi-
zione,nèavrebbepotuto esserci.Manca,pertanto, nelprovvedimento,
genericamente,lacausa giuridica chepossagiustificarloerenderloope-

rante."
There hasbeen somecontroversybetween the Partiesasto thetranslationcables»ne saurait signifier que, si un acte est conforme aux lois et règle-
ments nationaux, il est par là même excluqu'il puisse s'agir d'un acte
violant letraitéde 1948.
72. La référence àla conformitéaux «lois et règlements applicables »
signifieàl'évidence simplementque lessociétésetassociations italiennes
contrôléespar desressortissants des Etats-Unis doivent seconformer aux
lois et règlements applicables localement; de plus, elles doivent s'y
conformer mêmesiellespensent qu'une loiou un règlementviole letraité
de 1948et,d'ailleurs, mêmesicette loi ou cerèglementleviole. Ledeman-
deur ne l'ajamais nié. Raytheon et Machlett se sont pliées auxconditions
de la réquisition.Elles n'avaient d'ailleurs pas le choix.
73. Restedonc àsavoir silaréquisition constituait ounon uneviolation
du paragraphe 2 de l'article III du traité.Cettequestion sepose indépen-

damment de lasituation en droit interne. La conformité d'un acteau droit
interne et sa conformitéaux dispositions d'un traitésont des questions
différentes.Ce qui constitue une violation d'un traité peut être licite en
droit interne et ce qui est illiciteen droit interne peut n'entraîner aucune
violation d'une disposition conventionnelle. Mêmesi lepréfet avaitjugé
que la réquisition étaittoutàfaitjustifiée au regard du droit italien, cela
n'exclurait pas lapossibilitéqu'elle aitconstituéune violationdu traitéde
1948.
74. Cette question de savoir sicertains actes pourraient ou non consti-
tuer une violation du droit conventionnel d'êtreautorisé à contrôler età
gérerestune question quidoit êtreexaminéd eans chaque cascompte tenu
du sens et du but du traitéde 1948.Il est évidentque ce droit ne peut être

interprété commeune sorte de garantie que l'exercicenormal du contrôle
etdelagestionneserajamais troublé.Toutsystèmejuridique doitprévoir,
par exemple, des limites à l'exercice normal de certains droits dans des
situations d'urgente nécessitépublique ou autres. A cet égard,les motifs
que le préfeta donnésdans sa décision et l'analysejuridique que la cour
d'appel de Palerme a faite de cette décisionsont très intéressants.
75. Le préfeta pris note, dans sa décision,du fait que le maire s'était
fondé surles pouvoirs que lui donnait la loi pour agir en cas de «grave
nécessité publique, d'imprévisibilitéet d'urgence». Il n'a pas décidéque
ces conditions n'étaient pasréunies;il a cependant annulé la réquisition
en se fondant essentiellement sur les considérations suivantes

«Non v'ha dubbiocheanchesepossonoconsiderarsi,inIineadeltutto
teorica,sussistenti,nellafattispecie, gliestremidella grave necessità
pubblicaedella contingibilitedurgenza chedeterminaronol'adozione
delprovvedimento,ilfine cui tendevala requisizionenonpotevatrovare
praticarealizzazione conilprovvedimentostesso,tanto è ver0chenes-
suna ripresadi attività dell'aziendavièstatu a seguito dellarequisi-
zione,nèavrebbepotutoesserci.Manca,'pertanto,ne1provvedimento,
genericamente, lacausagiuridica chepossagiustificarlo erenderloope-

rante.))
La traduction de ce passage a donnélieu à quelque controverse entre lesof this passage (seeparagraph 123below); in the view of the Chamber it
maybe translated as follows :

"There is no doubt that, eventhough, from the purely theoretical
standpoint, the conditions of grave public necessity and of unfore-
seenurgencywarranting adoption ofthe measure maybe considered
to exist in the case in point, the intendedurpose of the requisition
couldnotinpractice beachievedbythe order itself,sinceinfactthere
was no resumption of the company's activity following the requisi-
tion, nor couldthere havebeen suchresumption.The order therefore

lacks,generically,thejuridical cause which mightjustify itand make
it operative."
The Court of Appeal of Palermo, for reasons to be examined more fully

below(paragraph 127),consideredthatthe Prefect'sfinding had beenone
of
"untipicocasodieccessodipotere,cheè,come è noto,unviziodilegitti-
mità dell'atto amministrativo"

("a typical case of excess of power, which is of course a defect of
lawfulness of an administrative act").

Therequisition wasthus found notto havebeenjustified intheapplicable
local law; iftherefore, as seemsto be the case,it deprived Raytheon and
Machlett of what were at the momenttheir most crucialrights to control
and manage, it might appear prima facie a violation of Article III, para-
graph 2.

76. There remains however a crucial question to be considered.
According to the Respondent, Raytheon and Machlett were, because of
ELSI's financial position, already naked of those very rights of control
and management of which they claimto have been deprived. It is neces-
sarynow,therefore, to consider what effect,if any,the financial position
of ELSI mayhave had in that respect,first as a practical matter, and then

also as a question of Italian law.

77. The essence of the Applicant's claim has been throughout that
Raytheon and Machlett, which controlled ELSI, were by the requisition
deprived of the right, and of the practical possibility, of conducting an
orderly liquidation of ELSI's assets.Thisplan for an orderly liquidation
washoweververymuchbound up withthe financial state ofELSI,and the
two need to be considered together.
78. ELSI'slackof successwas attributed by itsmanagement at leastin
partto the factthat itwasover-mannedinrelation to its order book; ithad
needed repeated injections offreshcapital, and was neverableto produce
an operating profit sufficientto offset itsdebt expense and itsaccumulat-Parties (voirparagraphe 123ci-après);de l'avisde laChambre, ilpeut être
traduit comme suit:

«Il n'ya pas dedoute que, mêmesil'onpeut considérer,de façon
toutethéorique,que lesconditions degravenécessité publique, d'im-
prévisibilité t 'urgence qui ont déterminé l'adoptionde cette me-
sure étaient réunies enl'espèce, l'objectifvisépar la réquisition ne
pouvait être réaliséen pratiqupar cetteordonnance, tant il est vrai
qu'à la suitede laréquisitionl'activitéde l'entreprise n'apasrepris et
n'aurait pas pu reprendre. D'une manière généralei,l manque par
conséquentdansl'ordonnance lacausejuridique pouvant lajustifier
et la rendre opérante.

La cour d'appel de Palerme, pour des motifs qui seront plus complète-
ment examinés ci-après (paragraphe 127),a estiméque la décisiondu
préfet étaitune décision constatant

«untipicocasodieccessodipotere,che ècome ènoto,unviziodilegitti-
mitàdell'attoamministrativo))

(«un castypique d'excèsde pouvoir qui,commeon le sait,constitue
un vice de légitimitde l'acte administratif.

Ila donc étéestiméque laréquisitionne sejustifiait pasau regard du droit
interne applicable; en conséquence,si la réquisition,commecela semble
êtrele cas,a privé Raytheonet Machlettde droits qui étaientpour elles,
l'époque, desdroitstoutà faitessentielà,savoirleursdroits decontrôle et
de gestion, ilparaît s'agirremièrevue d'une violationdu paragraphe 2
de l'article III.
76. Il reste néanmoins une question essentielle à examiner. Selon le
défendeur, Raytheon et Machlett étaient déjà,du fait de la situation
financière de I'ELSI, privées des droits de contrôle et de gestion dont
elles prétendent précisément avoirétédépouillées. Il est par consé-
quent nécessaire à présentde voir quel effet la situation financière de
I'ELSI peut éventuellement avoir eu à cet égard, d'abord d'un pointde
vuepratique puis du point de vue du droit italien.

77. La thèse du demandeur est tout entière fondée sur le fait que
Raytheon et Machlett, qui contrôlaient I'ELSI, ont étéprivéespar la
réquisition du droit et de la possibilité matériellede procéder à une
liquidation régulière des avoirsde I'ELSI. Ce plan de liquidation régu-
lière étaitpourtant très étroitementliél'état financierde I'ELSI.Il faut
donc examiner cesdeux points simultanément.
78. La direction de 1'ELSIa attribué,du moins en partie, le manque
de succèsde l'entreprise àl'excèsde ses effectifs par rapporà son car-
net de commandes; à plusieurs reprises, il avait fallu procédeà des
injections de capitaux, et la société n'avait jamais réussialiserassez53 ELETTRONICASICULA(JUDGMENT)

ing losses. No dividends were everpaid to its shareholders. The 30 Sep-
tember 1966balance sheet already showed accumulated losses of some
2,000million lire.

79. The position was worsening, moreover, as the balance sheet for
30 September 1967 (above at paragraphs 18-19) showed. Raytheon's
Italian auditors pointed out that the balance sheet, when "adjusted"
to Raytheon's own accounting requirements for interna1 purposes (the
unadjusted statement, however, appears to have satisfied Italian legal
requirements), then showed adjusted accumulated losses, actually ex-
ceeding "the total of the paid up capital stock, capital reserve and Stock-
holders' subscription account" by 881.3million lire; and warned that if
these adjustments to the total of accumulated losses were entered in
the company's books of account,

"under Articles 2447and 2448ofthe Italian CivilCode, thedirectors
would be obliged to convene a Stockholders' meeting forthwith to
take measureseither to coverthe lossesbyproviding newcapitalor to
put the company into liquidation".

80. On 7 March 1968,Raytheon formallynotified ELSI of its decision
that Raytheon would not provide any further capital,whetherinthe form
of subscribing to new stock or guaranteeing additional loans. At aboard
meeting of ELSI held in Rome on 16March 1968,it was decided on the
"cessation ofthe company's operations" ;that production would be "dis-
continued immediately"; that "commercial activities and employment

contracts" would be terminated on 29 March 1968; and that "a share-
holders' meetingbecalledfor 28March 1968,to adopt the necessaryreso-
lutions". This was not, however, in ELSI'splans, to involve a liquidation
under Article2450ofthe Italian CivilCode, whichrequires aliquidatorto
be appointed. The plan for an orderly liquidation, as conceived by the
ELSI management, was to be managed by them. At a special meeting of
shareholders,held on 28March 1968,in Palermo, itwasresolved to ratify
the resolutions adopted by the Board of Directors at the meeting of
16March 1968 ;and

"to empower the Board of Directors to make contacts with the
banks and principal creditors of the company to reach an agreement
onprocedures to befollowedinthe interest of al1the creditorsfor the
orderly disposa1of the company's assets at their highest realizable
value ..."
("didaremandat0al ConsigliodiAmministrazione diprenderecontatti
con gli istituti di creditoe con i maggiori creditori dellaSocietàper

concordareprocedure che consentanonell'interessedi tutti i creditori
una ordinataalienazionedelleattivitàsocialialmassimovaloredi rea-
lizzazione'7.de bénéfices d'exploitationpour couvrir sesdettes et sespertes accumu-
lées.Jamais des dividendesn'ont été versésàsesactionnaires. Au 30sep-
tembre 1966,le bilan faisait déjàapparaître des pertes accumuléespour
un montant d'environ 2000millions de lires.
79. De plus, la situation s'aggravait, comme ilressort du bilan au
30septembre 1967(paragraphes 18et 19ci-dessus).Lesauditeurs italiens
de Raytheon firent alors observer que le bilan, une fois «ajusté»suivant
les exigences comptables propres de Raytheon à des fins internes (il

semblecependant que lebilan non ajustéétaitconforme aux exigencesde
la loi italienne),faisait apparaître despertes accumuléesajustéesdont le
montant dépassait en réalitéde 881,3millions de lires celui du «total du
capital sociallibéré,deréserves etdu compte desouscription desaction-
naires» ;ilsprévinrent la sociétéques,i cesajustements apportés autotal
despertes accumuléesétaient inscritssur les livresde la société,

«les administrateurs seraient obligés, en vertu des articles 2447 et
2448du Code civilitalien, de convoquerimmédiatementune assem-
blée des actionnairesen vue de prendre des mesures,soit pour com-
penser les pertes en fournissant de nouveaux capitaux, soit pour
mettre la sociétéen liquidatioB.

80. Le7mars 1968,Raytheonfitofficiellementpart àI'ELSIdesadéci-
sionde neplus fournirde nouveauxcapitaux,sousforme de souscription
de nouvellesactionsou de garantie de prêts additionnels.Lorsd'une réu-
nion du conseild'administration de1'ELSItenue à Romele 16mars 1968,
les décisions suivantes furentprises: «mettre fin aux activitésde la so-
ciété»; «arrêtimmédiat» de la production; «fin des activités commer-
ciales etlicenciementdes salariés»le 29mars 1968;«une assembléedes
actionnaires sera convoquéepour le28mars 1968afind'adopter lesréso-
lutions nécessaires».Dans lesprojets de I'ELSI, cesmesures ne devaient
cependant pas entraîner une liquidation au sens de l'article 2450 du
Code civil italien, lequel exige la désignationd'un liquidateur. Le plan
de liquidation régulièrequ'avaient conçules dirigeants de I'ELSIdevait

êtremis en Œuvre par eux. Lors d'une assemblée extraordinaire des
actionnaires tenue à Palerme le 28 mars 1968, ilfut décidéde ratifier
les résolutions adoptéespar le conseil d'administrationàsa réuniondu
16mars 1968et
«de donner mandat au conseild'administration de semettre enrap-
port aveclesétablissementsde créditet lesprincipaux créanciersde

la sociétpour parvenir àun accord sur lesprocédures à suivrepour
réaliser,dans l'intérêdte tous les créanciers,méthodiquementet au
mieux, lesavoirsde la sociét..»
(((diduremandat0al ConsigliodiAmministrazionediprenderecontatti
con gli istituti di creditoe con i maggiori creditoridella Societàper
concordareprocedure checonsentano nell'interessdi tutti i creditori
una ordinataalienazionedelleattivitàsociali almassimovaloredirea-
lizzazionN). 81. Thispolicy ofthe ELSI management during the months prior tothe

requisition had, however, a Janus-like character. Although the orderly
liquidation contemplated closure ofthe plant, and dismissal of the work-
force, an alternative aim ofthe management and of Raytheon wasto keep
the place going, thehope being that the threat of closure and dismissal of
theworkforce mightbring such pressures to bear on the Italian authorities
as to persuade them to provide what Raytheon had long hoped for: an
influential Italian partner, new capital, and Mezzogiornobenefits. The
"Project for the Financing and Reorganization of the Company" prepared
in May 1967spelled out the need for additional capital, new products
from Italian Government sources, and financial help for transport costs,
capital investment and training; the Project made it clear that the alter-
native was that Raytheon would decline to invest more funds, over
300people would become redundant forthwith, and dwindling markets
would reduce the employment level stillfurther; as stated in that Project,
"The alternative is really the actual destruction of the existing asset with
the undesirable social effects which must follow."

82. Right up tothe eveoftherequisition the company's representatives
went on talking to Italian officials; but at the same time the company's
management,accordingto an affidavit by one of its officials,

"were aware of the need to have back-up plans in case these efforts
werenot successful. In the latter part of 1967,wereluctantlybeganto
plan in general for the potential liquidation ofLSI."

In the words of the affidavit of another company official, Raytheon had

"developed a plan for the orderly disposa1of ELSI over about six

months during 1968.Whilethisplan wasbeingdeveloped,Raytheon
and ELSI representatives continued to meet with Italian Govern-
ment representatives in an ongoing attempt to find a way for the
company to continue to operate."

The company no doubt wished to postpone liquidation as long as pos-
sible,both in the hope of avoidingit, and because thethreat of closure of
the plant would be a means of pressure on the Italian authorities solong
as it remained only a threat. The risk, of which the company was well
aware, was that to cany ontoo long might topple the company into insol-
vency under Italian law. In the event the Italian authorities did not come
to the rescue, at least not with terms acceptable to ELSI's management;
and the management wasleft at the last minutewiththe orderly liquidation
plan to be put into effect as seemingly the only way of avoiding bank-
ruptcy or liquidation under the supervision of the Italian court;and the 81. La politique suivie par la direction de I'ELSIdurant les mois qui
ont précédé la réquisition présencteependant deux visages. La liquida-
tion régulièrevisaitcertesàfermerl'usine et àlicencierla main-d'Œuvre,
mais les dirigeants de I'ELSI et Raytheon entendaient aussi maintenir
l'entreprise en marche,en espérantque la menace de la fermeture et du
licenciement impressionnerait à tel point les autoritésitaliennes qu'elle
les persuaderait de fournir ce que Raytheon espéraitdepuis longtemps :
un associéitalieninfluent,denouveauxcapitaux etlesavantagesaccordés
au Mezzogiorno.Dans le ((Projetde financement et deréorganisationde
lasociété»élaboréenmai1967,ilétaitditqu'ilfallaitdescapitauxsupplé-

mentaires,des produits nouveaux demandéspar des organismespublics
italiens et une aide financièrepour les frais de transport, les investisse-
ments en capitaux et la formation professionnelle; il y était précisé qu'à
défaut Raytheonse refuserait àinvestir de nouveaux fonds, que plus de
trois centspersonnes seraient aussitôtlicenciéeset que la contraction des
marchés réduirait encore davantagele niveau de l'emploi; il était ajouté
((sinondisparaîtra cet atout réel,avectoutes les conséquences fâcheuses
que cela aura nécessairementsur le plan social».
82. Jusqu'à laveille de la réquisition des représentantsde la société
poursuivirent le dialogue avec les autoritésitaliennes; mais en même
temps les dirigeants de celle-ciétaient, ainsiqu'il estdit dans la déclara-
tion sousserment de l'undes responsables de la société,

((conscients de la nécessitéde disposer de plans d'urgence pour
l'éventualitéoù ces efforts seraient infructueux. Dans les derniers
mois de 1967,nous avons commencé à contrecŒur à préparerles
grandes lignesd'un plande liquidation éventuellede I'ELSI. »

Aux termes de la déclaration sous sermentd'un autre responsable de la
société,Raytheon avait

((élaboréun plan qui ..permettrait, pendant l'année 1968,de pro-
céderensixmoisenviron à laliquidation régulièredeI'ELSI.Touten
élaborantles modalitésde ce plan, les représentantsde Raytheon et
de 1'ELSIont poursuivi leurs pourparlers avec des responsables du

Gouvernement italien pour essayer de trouver un moyen de main-
tenir l'entreprise en activité.»
Sans aucun doute la sociétésouhaitait-elleretarderla liquidation le plus

longtemps possible, à la fois avec l'espoir de l'éviteret parce que la
menace de la fermeture de l'usine n'aurait constituéun moyen de
pression sur les autorités italiennes qu'aussi longtempsqu'elle serait res-
téeune menace. Mais il y avait un risque dont la société se rendait bien
compte :si elletardait trop, ellerisquait de tomber en état d'insolvabilité
au regard de la loi italienne. En fait, les autorités italiennesne vinrent
pas à la rescousse,du moins pas enproposant desconditions acceptables
pour la direction de I'ELSI; celle-ci s'estretrouvéeau dernier moment
avec le plan de liquidation régulièreà mettre en Œuvre,apparemmentbankruptcy of its subsidiary was undoubtedly a most unwelcome
prospect for Raytheon.

83. Thecrucialquestion iswhetherRaytheon, on the eveofthe requisi-
tion, and after the closure of the plant and the dismissal, on 29 March
1968,of the majority of the employees, was in a position to cany out
its orderly liquidation plan, evenapart from itsalleged frustration by the
requisition.That plan, asoriginallyconceived,contemplated thatthe dis-
posa1 of plant and assets might produce enough to pay al1 creditors
100per cent of their dues, with a modest residue forthe shareholders. In
one ofthe affidavitsquoted aboveit isstated :"If the assetshad been dis-
posed of at book value al1liabilities,including the payables to Raytheon
Company, would have been paid in full." And, indeed, the trustee in
bankruptcy, in his report of 28 October 1968to the bankruptcy judge,
explained that in March 1968 :

"the management of Raytheon-Elsi decided, and publicly stated
their intention (which was later adopted by the Board of Directors),
to suggest to the shareholders the liquidation of theCompany.The
intention was to proceed with an orderly liquidation of al1assets in
order to pay al1the Company's creditors 100per cent."

This must have seemed a reasonable aim, forthe "book value" may well
havebeen a conservativefigure. It has not been demonstrated that ELSI
was,until shortly before the bankruptcy petition, everactuallyin default.
Moreover,Raytheon had openedan account in Milan for the payment at
100per cent of smallcreditors.
84. Nevertheless sinceno newinvestmentcapital wasforthcoming,the
possibility of paying creditors in full depended upon putting the orderly

liquidation plan into operation in good time. Time was running out
because money was running out. As the position worsened daily, the
moment might at any time arrive when liabilities exceeded assets, or
default resultedfromlack ofliquidity. ELSI'smanagementhad prepared
the assessment of the "quick-sale value" (see paragraph 18 above),
whichwasmarkedly lessthan bookvalue,being awarethatthe saleofthe
company's assetsmightfailto providesumsapproximatingto bookvalue.
There were plans also to approach the large bank creditors in the hope
of securingtheir agreement to Settlementsof 50percent.

85. Did ELSI,inthisprecarious position at the end of March 1968,still

havethe practical possibilityto proceed withan orderlyliquidation plan?
The successful implementation of a plan of orderly liquidation would
have dependedupon a number offactors not under the control of ELSI's
management. Sincethe company's cofferswere dangerously low, funds
had to be forthcoming to maintain the cash flownecessary whilethe plancomme seul moyen d'éviter la faillite ou la liquidation sous le contrôle
d'un tribunal italien; la faillite probable de sa filiale était assurément
trèspeu réjouissantepour Raytheon.
83. Ce qu'il estessentiel de savoir, c'est si Raytheon,la veille de la
réquisition et aprèsla fermeture de l'usine et le licenciement de la majo-
rité dessalariés,intervenule 29mars 1968,étaiten mesured'exécuter son
plan de liquidation régulière,mêmeen faisant abstraction du fait que,
comme elle l'allègue, la réquisitiony aurait fait échec.Ce plan, tel que

conçu à l'origine, prévoyait que le produit de la vente de l'usine et des
avoirssuffiraitàdésintéresserentièrementtouslescréanciers,touten lais-
sant un modeste reliquat pour les actionnaires. Dans l'une des déclara-
tions soussermentprécitéesil est dit:«Sil'actifavait étécédéà savaleur
comptable, toutes les dettes, y compris les dettes envers Raytheon,
auraient étéentièrementremboursées. »D'ailleurs, dans lerapport qu'ila
adresséle 28 octobre 1968aujuge-commissaire, le syndic de faillite a ex-
pliqué qu'en mars1968 :

«la direction de Raytheon-Elsi a décidéet publiquement annoncé
son intention (adoptée ensuite par le conseil d'administration) de
proposer aux actionnaires la liquidation de la société.l étaitenvi-
sagéde procéder à une liquidation régulièrede tous les avoirs pour
satisfaire tous les créanciersde la société00pour cent.»

Cebut adû paraître raisonnable car la «valeur comptable »pourrait bien
avoir étéd'un montant prudent. Il n'a pas été démontréque I'ELSI aja-
mais étéréellementen défautde paiementjusqu'à peu avant sa demande
de déclaration de faillite. En outre, Raytheon avait ouvert un compteà
Milan pour payer les petits créancierà 100pour cent.
84. Cependant, puisque de nouveaux investissementssous forme de
capitaux ne s'annonçaient pas, la possibilité de payer les créanciers en
totalité supposait que l'on mîtexécutionentemps utile le plan de liqui-
dation régulière.Le temps allait manquer parce que l'argent allait man-
quer. Comme la situation empirait tous lesjours, il pouvait arriver d'un
moment àl'autre soitque lesdettesdépassentlesactifssoit que lemanque
de liquidités entraîne le défaut de paiement. Les dirigeants de 1'ELSI

avaient fait calculer la ((valeur de vente rapide » (voir paragraphe 18ci-
dessus), laquelle était sensiblement inférieureà la valeur comptable,
conscients qu'ilsétaient que lavente des actifs de la socine produirait
peut-êtrepas des sommes proches de la valeur comptable. Il était aussi
envisagéde faire une démarche auprès des grandes banques créancières
dans l'espoir d'obtenir leur accord en vue d'un compromis de paiementà
50pour cent.
85. Alors qu'elle se trouvait dans cette situation précaire,la fin de
mars 1968,l'ELSI avait-elleencore la possibilitématérielled'exécuteun
plan de liquidation régulière?Le succèsde la mise en Œuvred'un plan de
liquidation régulièreaurait dépendud'un certain nombre de facteursqui
échappaient au contrôle de la direction de I'ELSI. Etant donné que les

coffres de la sociétés'étaient dangereusementidés,ilfallait queawien-wasbeingcarried out. Evidencehasbeen produced bythe Applicant that
Raytheon was prepared to supply cash flow and other assistance neces-
saryto effectthe orderly liquidation, and the Chamber seesno reason to
questionthat Raytheon had entered orwasreadyto enter into such acom-
mitment. Other factors governing the matter however give rise to some
doubt.

86. First, for the success of the plan it was necessary that the major
creditors (Le.,the banks) would be willing to wait for payment of their
claimsuntil the sale of the assets released funds to settle them: and this
applied not only to the capital sums outstanding, which may not at the
time have yet been legally due for repayment, but also the agreed pay-
ments ofinterest orinstalments of capital. Though the Chamber has been
givenno specificinformation on the point, this is ofthe essenceof such a

liquidation plan :the creditors had to be asked to givethe Companytime.
If ELSI had been confident of continuing to meet al1 its obligations
promptly and regularly while seeking a buyer for its assets, no negotia-
tions with creditors, and no elaborate calculations of division of the pro-
ceeds, on different hypotheses, such as have been produced to the
Chamber, would have been needed.

87. Secondly,the management wereby no means certain that the sale
of the assetswould realizeenough to pay al1creditors in full; in fact, the
existenceofthe calculation ofa "quick-salevalue" suggestsperhaps more
than uncertainty. Thus the creditors had to be asked to givetimein return
foran assurance,not that 100percent wouldbepaid, butthata minimum
of 50percent would bepaid. Whileingeneral it mightbe inthe creditors'
interest to agree to such a proposal, this does not mean in this case that
ELSI could count on such agreement. At the date of the requisition, it

seemsapparent that the banks, while informed of the financial position,
had not yet evenbeen consulted on whetherthey would accept a guaran-
teed 50per cent (seeparagraphs 28-29above),sotheir reaction remains a
matter of speculation.

88. Nor should it be overlooked that the dismissedemployees of ELSI
ranked aspreferential creditorsfor such sumsas mightbe due to them for
severance pay or arrears. In this respect Italy has drawn attention to the
Sicilianregional lawof 13May 1968,providing for the payment

"for the months of March,April and May 1968,to the dismissed em-
ployeesof Raytheon-Elsi of Palermo of a specialmonthlyindemnity
equalto the actualmonthlypay receiveduntilthe month ofFebruary
1968".

Fromthis itcouldbeinferred, said Italy,that ELSIdid not payitsemploy-
ees for the month of March 1968.Further it was conceded by the formernent des fonds pour maintenir les liquiditésnécessairespendant l'exécu-
tion du plan. Le demandeur a apporté des élémentsde preuve pour dé-
montrer que Raytheon était disposée à fournir des liquidités et autres
formesd'assistancenécessaire àlaréalisationdelaliquidation régulièreet
la Chambre ne voit pas de raison de mettreen douteque Raytheon a pris
ou était prêteà prendre un tel engagement. Mais, en la matière, d'autres
facteursinspirent des doutes.
86. Premièrement,ilétaitnécessaireau succèsde ceplan que lesgrands

créanciers(c'est-à-direlesbanques)soientdisposés aattendre lepaiement
de leurs créancesjusqu'à ce que la vente desavoirs eût procuré desfonds
pour les régler; cela s'appliquait non seulementaux sommesdues en ca-
pital, qui pouvaient ne pas être encorelégalementexigiblesà ce moment-
là, mais aussi au paiement convenudesintérêtsoude tranches de capital.
Bien qu'aucun renseignementprécis n'ait été donné à la Chambre sur ce
point, c'està un aspect essentield'un tel plan de liquidati:il fallaitde-
mander auxcréanciersde donnerdu temps à la société. i17ELSIavait cru
pouvoir continuer à s'acquitter rapidement et régulièrementde toutes ses
obligations, tout en cherchant un acquéreurpour ses avoirs, il n'y aurait
paseubesoin denégociationsaveclescréanciers,nide calculscompliqués
de répartitionduproduitde lavente dansdeshypothèses diverses,comme

il en a été présentéla Chambre.
87. Deuxièmement,la direction n'était nullement certaine que le pro-
duit delavente desavoirsseraitsuffisant pour payertous lescréanciersen
totalité;d'ailleurs lefait que laaleurdevente rapide ))a étécalculéefait
penser qu'ily avait peut-êtrechez elle plus que de l'incertitude. Il fallait
donc demander auxcréanciersde patienter en contrepartiede l'assurance
qui leur était donnée, non que 100pour cent leur seraient payés, mais
qu'au minimum 50pour cent le leur seraient. Si,d'une façon généralel,es
créanciersont peut-être intérêtàdonner leuraccord à une proposition de
ce genre,cela ne signifiepas en l'espèceque I'ELSI pouvait compter sur
un tel compromis. A la date de la réquisition, semble-t-il, les banques
avaientbien étéinforméesde la situation financière, mais elles n'avaient
mêmepasencoreétéconsultées sur lepoint de savoir siellesaccepteraient
50pour cent garantis (voir paragraphes 28 et 29 ci-dessus), de sorte que

leur réaction restedu domaine desconjectures.
88. Il ne faut pas non plus ignorer que les ouvriers licenciésde I'ELSI
étaientcolloquésentantque créanciersprivilégiés pour lescréancesqu'ils
pouvaient avoir au titre d'une indemnitéde licenciementou d'arriérésde
salaire.cepropos, l'Italieasignaléuneloirégionalesiciliennedu 13mai
1968prévoyantle versement

«aux employéslicenciésde la sociétéRaytheon-Elsi de Palerme,
pour les mois de mars, avril et mai968,d'une indemnité mensuelle
extraordinaire égaleau salaire mensuel qu'ils recevaient effective-
mentjusqu'à la fin du mois de février'1968».
Onpourrait en déduire, a déclarél'Italie,que I'ELSI n'apas payésesem-

ployéspour lemois de mars 1968.Enoutre,l'ancien présidentde I'ELSIaChairman of ELSI, when he appeared as a witness and was cross-
examined, that the cash available at 31 March 1968 ("22 million in the
kitty"), would have been insufficient to meet the payroll of the full staff
even forthe first week of April ("at least 25million"). The suggestion that
ELSI did not meet its March 1968payroll was not put to the witness; and
counsel for the United States later stated that the assertion that "ELSI
could not makeits March payroll", was "simply wrong". It isin any event
certain that when the company ceased activity there were still severance
payments due to the dismissed staff; those, the Applicant suggested,
would have been covered by funds to be provided by Raytheon (para-
graph 28 above). They could not have been met from the money still
remaining in ELSI's coffers at the time.

89. Thirdly, the plan as formulated by ELSI's management involved a
potential inequality amongcreditors :unlessenough wasrealized to cover
the liabilities fully, the major creditors were to be content with some
50percent oftheir claims;butthe smallercreditors were stillto bepaid in
full.Whether ornotthiswouldhavebeen legallyobjectionable asabreach
of the rule of par condicio creditorum (it appears that Raytheon contem-
plated accepting a smaller share in the eventual distribution so that the
smallcreditorscould receive 100percent without affecting theshareattri-
buted tothe banks), it was an additionalfactor whichmighthavecaused a
major creditorto hesitate to agree.According tothe evidence,whenin late
March 1968ELSI started using funds made available by Raytheon to pay
offthe smallcreditors in full,"the banks intervened and said that they did

notwant that to happen asthat wasshowingpreference". Oncethebanks
adopted this attitude, the wholeorderly liquidationplan wasjeopardized,
because a purpose ofthe settlement with smallcreditors was,according to
the 1974diplomatic claim,"to eliminatethe risk that a smallirresponsible
creditor would take precipitous action which would raise formidable
obstacles in the way of orderly liquidation".

90. Fourthly,the assets of the company had to be sold with the mini-
mum delay and at the best price obtainable - desiderata which are often
in practice irreconcilable. The United States has emphasized the dam-
aging effect of the requisition on attempts to realize the assets; after the

requisition it was no longer possible for prospective buyers to view the
plant,nor to assurethem that iftheybought theywould obtain immediate
possession. It is however not at al1certain that the company could have
counted on unfettered access to its premises and plant, and the opportu-
nity of showing it to buyers without disturbance, even if the requisition
had not been made. There has been argument between the Parties on the
question whether andto what extent the plant wasoccupied by employees
of ELSI both before and after the requisition; but what isclear isthat the
companywasexpecting troubleat the plant whenitsclosure plans becamereconnu, lorsqu'il a comparu comme témoin et qu'il s'est soumis à un
contre-interrogatoire, que les liquidités disponibles au 31 mars 1968
(«22millions de lires en caisse»)n'auraient pas suffià assurer la paie de
tout le personnel mêmepour la première semaine d'avril («au moins
25millions»de lires).Letémoinn'apasétéinterrogé sur lefait que 17ELSI

n'aurait pas versé lessalaires pour le mois de mars 1968;le conseil des
Etats-Unis a déclaré par la suitequ'il était«tout simplementfaux » d'af-
firmer que «I'ELSI ne pouvait pas payer les salaires de mars».Il est de
toute façon certain qu'au moment où la sociétéa cesséson activitéelle
devait encore des indemnités de licenciement au personnel et,d'après le
demandeur, ces paiements auraient étéassuréspar les fonds que Ray-
theon devait fournir (paragraphe 28ci-dessus). Ilsn'auraient paspu l'être
par les fonds qui restaienà ce moment-làdans les coffres de I'ELSI.
89. Troisièmement,le plan établipar la direction de I'ELSIimpliquait
une éventuelleinégalitéentrecréanciers :sileproduitde la vente ne suffi-
sait pasà acquitter les dettes en totalité,les grands créanciersdevaientse

contenter d'environ 50 pour cent de leurs créances, alors que les petits
créanciers devaient quand mêmeêtre désintéressés intégralement. Que
cela ait ou non été contestable juridiquement au regard de la règle de
l'égalitédes créanciers (il semble que Raytheon envisageait d'accepter
une part plus petite lors de la répartition finale des deniers, defapon
que les petits créancierspuissent être désintéresséàs100pour cent sans
que cela porte atteinteà la part attribuéeaux banques), c'étaitlà un fac-
teur de plus pour qu'un créancierimportant hésite à donner son accord.
D'aprèsles élémentsde preuve, quand I'ELSI a commencé, à la fin de
mars 1968, à utiliser les fonds misà sa disposition par Raytheon pour
désintéresser entièrementles petits créanciers, «les banques s'en sont

mêlées etont déclaréqu'elles n'en voulaient rien car cela témoignait
d'un traitement de faveur». Les banques ayant adopté cette attitude,
tout le plan de liquidation était dès lors compromis puisque l'un des
buts de l'arrangement avec les petits créanciers était, aux termes de la
réclamationdiplomatique de 1974,d'«écarterlerisque qu'un petit créan-
cier irresponsable prenne des mesures précipitées susceptiblesde sou-
lever des obstaclesredoutables sur la voie d'une liquidation régulière».
90. Quatrièmement, les avoirs de la sociétédevaient être vendus dans
un délaiminimum et au meilleur prix possible,conditions qui sont sou-
vent incompatiblesen pratique. Les Etats-Unis ont soulignél'effetpréju-
diciable de la réauisition sur les tentatives de vente des avoirs:rèsla
réquisition,lesacquéreurséventuelsn'avaient pluslapossibilitéde visiter

l'usineetl'onnepouvaitpasnon plusleurgarantir que, s'ilsachetaient, ils
entreraientenpossessionsur-le-champ. Iln'estcependant pas dutout cer-
tain que lasociétéauraitpu comptersurun accèssansentrave à seslocaux
et àson usine, ni sur la possibilitéde les montrer sans ennui aux acqué-
reurs, s'iln'y avait pas eu de réquisition.Les Parties ont débattu la ques-
tion desavoir sietdans quellemesurel'usine aétéoccupép ear lesouvriers
de I'ELSIavant et après la réquisition;ce qui est clair, c'estque la société
s'attendaità desdésordres à l'usinequand sesplans de fermetureseraientknown :the books had been removed to Milan,according tothe evidence
given at the hearings, "so that if we did have problems we could at least
control the books" and "we had moved quite a lot of inventory[toMilan]
so that we could sel1it from there if we had to".

91. Fifthly, there was the attitude of the Sicilian administration: the
Companywas well aware that the administration was strongly opposedto
a closure of the plant, or more specifically, to a dismissal of the workers.
True, the measure used to try to prevent this - the requisition order -
was found by the Prefect to have lacked the "juridical cause which might
justify it and make it operative" (paragraph 75 above). But ELSI's
management in March 1968could not havebeen certainthat the hostility
of the local authoritiesto their plan of closure and dismissals would not
take practical form in a legal manner. The company's management had
been told before the staff dismissal letters were sent out that such dis-
missals would lead to a requisition of the plant.

92. Al1these factors point towards a conclusion that the feasibility at
31 March 1968of a plan of orderly liquidation, an essential link in the
chain ofreasoning upon which the United Statesclaimrests,has not been
sufficientlyestablished.

93. Finally there was, beside the practicalities, the position in Italian
bankruptcy law.Article 5of the Italian Bankruptcy Act of 1942provides
that
"An entrepreneur who is in a state of insolvencyshall be declared
bankrupt.
The state of insolvency,moreover,becomes apparent not only by
defaultbut also by other external acts which show that the debtor is
no longer in a position regularly to discharge his obligations."

("L'imprenditoreche si trova in stato d'insolvenza è dichiarato
fallito.
Lo stato d'insolvenzasi manifestaconinadempimentiod altrifatti
esteriori,i quali dimostrino cheil debitorenon è più ingrado di sod-
disfare regolarmenteleproprieobbligazioni .7
This formula excludes a merely momentary or temporary disability, and
refers to one whichshows everysignofgoingon. "Regular" payment ("re-
golarmente'yapparently refers to payment in full at the due time. Given

this definitionit is apparentthat ELSI could havebeen "insolvent" in the
sense of Italian bankruptcy law, at the end of March, even though not
actually in default. The Chamber has been given conflicting evidence on
the question whether a debtor in such a position is bound under Italian
law to go into bankruptcy, or whether he may still enter into voluntary
composition with his creditors outside the supervision of the bankruptcy
court (paragraph 25above).divulgués: lesregistres avaient été transportés àMilan «afin que nous
puissions»,comme l'a déclaréun témoin à l'audience, «au cas où nous

aurions desproblèmes,lesavoirau moinssouslamain » ;àquoicetémoin
aajouté :«nousavionstranférétouteunepartiedesstocksafin depouvoir
lesvendre depuis Milan, au besoin ».
91. Cinquièmement,il y avait l'attitude de l'administration sicilienne:
la sociétésavait bienque l'administration s'opposait énergiquementàla
fermeture de l'usine ou, plus précisémenta ,u licenciement des ouvriers.
Certes, le préfeta jugéque la mesure utiliséepour essayer d'empêcher
cettefermeture et celicenciement - l'ordonnance de réquisition - était
dépourvuede «causejuridique pouvant lajustifier etlarendre opérante»
(paragraphe 75 ci-dessus). Cependant la direction de I'ELSI, en mars
1968,ne pouvait être certaineque l'hostilitédes autoritéslocales envers
son plan de fermeture et de licenciement ne se concrétiseraitpas d'une

manière légale.Les dirigeants de la société avaientétéprévenusque
l'envoideslettresdelicenciementdu personnel conduirait àlaréquisition
de l'usine.
92. Tous ces facteurs invitentà conclure que la possibilité d'exécuter
un plan deliquidation régulièreau 31mars 1968,élémene tssentieldu rai-
sonnement sur lequel les Etats-Unis fondent leur demande, n'a pas été
suffisammentétablie.
93. Il y avait enfin, en plus des possibilitésmatérielles,la situationau
regard du droit italien de la faillite. L'article 5de la loi italienne de 1942
sur la faillitedispose que

«L'entrepreneur en état d'insolvabilitéestdéclaré en faillite.

De plus, l'étatd'insolvabiliténe se manifeste pas seulement par
l'inexécution,maisaussipar d'autres faitsextérieursd'où résultq eue
le débiteurn'estplus en mesure de s'acquitter régulièrementde ses
obligations.»

(ctL1imprenditore che si trova in stato d'insolvenzaè dichiarato
fallito.
Lo stato d'insolvenzasi manifestaconinadempimentiod altrifatti
esteriori,i qualidimostrinocheil debitorenon èpiù ingrado di sod-
disfareregolarmenteleproprieobbligazioni. B)
Cette formule exclutune inaptitude simplementmomentanée outempo-
raire; elle vise une inaptitude qui donne tous les signes d'êtreappeléeà

durer. La notion de paiement fait «régulièrement» (ctregolarmente)))
semble s'appliquer à un paiement intégral effectuéau moment requis.
Compte tenu de cettedéfinition,ilapparaîtque I'ELSIaurait pu être«in-
solvable» au sens de la loi italienne sur la failàila fin de mars, même
sans véritable inexécution.Des élémentsde preuve contradictoires ont
étésoumis à la Chambre sur la question de savoirsiun débiteurdans une
telle situation esttenu, endroit italien, de demander sa mise en failliteou
s'ilgarde la facultéde conclure un compromisavecsescréanciersen de-
hors du contrôle dutribunal de faillite(paragraphe 25ci-dessus). 94. Ifhowever ELSIwasin astate oflegalinsolvency at31March 1968,

and if,as contended by Italy, a state of insolvencyentailed an obligation
onthe company to petition for itsownbankruptcy, then the relevantrights
of control and management would not haveexisted tobe protected bythe
FCN Treaty. While not essential to the Chamber's conclusion, already
stated in paragraph 92 above, an assessment of ELSI's solvency as a
matter of Italian law isthus highly material.
95. Italy has argued that even before the requisition,ELSI was insol-
vent in the sense that itsliabilities exceeded the value of its assets, and in
support of this has pointed to, first, the "quick-sale value" calculated for
the purposes ofthe liquidation plan, and secondly the observations ofthe
auditors on the September 1967balance sheet. The Chamber does not
howeverconsider that ithasto conclude fromthis that ELSI wasinsolvent
as early as 1967.The value of assets of this kind, until they are actually
sold, must be a matter for assessment by informed opinion, and different
views,andthe use ofdifferent accounting conventions, may lead to differ-
ent results. The company's management was clearly of the view that it
could legally continue trading up to the end of March 1968,since its for-

mer Chairman hastold the Chamber that the company's legaland finan-
cial advisers werekeeping a closeand.continuous watch on the position to
ensure that Italian legal requirements were respected. But there is no
doubtthat ELSI wasindeed in astate ofinsolvency when on 25April1968
its Board of Directors voted to file a petition in bankruptcy.The conclu-
sion then made that "Thecompany's financialsituationhas worsened and
has now reached a state of insolvency" was based, according to the
minutes of the board meeting, on the fact that "There are payments on
long-term loans that fell due a few days ago, and other payments which
the company cannot make as a result of lack of liquidit..." Inthe bank-
ruptcy petition, it was specified that "an instalment of Lit. 800,000,000to
Banca Nazionale del Lavoro became due on 18April 1968and the note
therefor has been or willbe protested, etc." In other words, the company
had by then committed a default ("inadempimento'> by failing to meet its
debts as they became due.

96. Onthis matter ofinsolvencyin Italian law,consideration must also
be given to the reasons employed by the Prefect of Palermo for his deci-
sion to annul the requisition order, and the findings of the Court of Pal-
ermo and the Court ofAppeal of Palermo on the action brought byELSI's
trustee in bankruptcy, for damages following the decision of the Prefect
annulling the requisition order. As indicated above (paragraph 75),
the Prefect considered that the purpose of the requisition could not
be achieved, since the company's activity could not be resumed. He
explained that

"10stato dell'azienda eratale,per circostanzedi carattereeconomico-
funzionale e di mercato,da non consentirela prosecuzionedell'atti- ELETTRONICA SICULA(ARRÊT) 59

94. Sil'ELSIsetrouvaitjuridiquement enétatd'insolvabilité le31mars
1968et si,comme le soutient l'Italie, l'état d'insolvabilité entraînaiptour
la sociétél'obligatiodedemander sapropre mise en faillite,il n'yaurait
pas eu de droits de contrôle et de gestionprotégerpar letraitéde 1948.
Bienque celane soitpas essentiel pour la conclusion de la Chambre déjà
énoncée auparagraphe 92ci-dessus,il estdonc trèsimportant d'établirsi

I'ELSIétaitou non solvable au regard du droit italien.
95. L'Italieasoutenuque, même avantlaréquisition,1'ELSIétaitinsol-
vablecarsesdettesdépassaient lavaleurdesesavoirs,cequ'elleaétayé en
mettant l'accent, premièrement,sur la «valeur de vente rapidecalculée
auxfinsdu plan deliquidation et,deuxièmement,surlesobservations que
les auditeurs ont formuléesau sujet du bilan établi en septembre 1967.
Cependant la Chambre n'estimepas qu'elle doiveen conclureque I'ELSI
était insolvable en1967déjà.La valeur d'avoirs de cette nature, jusqu'à
leur vente effective,appelle une appréciationpar des personnes compé-
tentes; divers points de vue, ainsi que l'emploi de systèmescomptables
différents, peuventaboutir à des résultats différents.La direction de la
société était manifestemendt'avis qu'ellepouvait légalement poursuivre

sesactivitéscommercialesjusqu'àlafinde mars 1968puisque son ancien
présidenta dit à la Chambre que ses conseillersjuridiques et financiers
suivaient la situation de prèset sans relâche pour veiller au respect des
exigences de la loi italienne. Mais il est hors de doute que I'ELSI était
effectivementen état d'insolvabilitéquand, le 25 avril 1968,son conseil
d'administration a décidé, l'issued'unvote,dedemander samiseenfail-
lite.Selon leprocès-verbalde la séancedu conseild'administration, c'est
sur le fait que «des remboursements d'acomptes sur des prêts à long
terme, qui sont arrivésàéchéance il y a quelquesjours, et d'autres paie-
ments, n'ont pu être faitspar manque de liquidités...))qu'ons'estalors
fondépourconclure que «la situation financièrede la sociéa empiréet
a maintenant atteint l'état d'insolvabil».Dans la demande de mise en
faillite,il est spéciqu'«un remboursement de 800millions de lires àla
Banca Nazionale del Lavoro est venu à échéance le 18avril 1968et que

l'effetcorrespondant a été ou sera protestée,tc.En d'autres termes,il y
avait eu alors inexécution(((inadempimento))d)e la part de la sociédu
fait qu'elle nes'étaitpas acquittéede sesdetteàl'échéance.
96. Apropos de cettequestion de l'insolvabilitéen droit italien,il faut
aussi prendre en considérationles motifs dont le préfetde Palerme s'est
servipour rendre sa décision d'annuler l'ordonnancede réquisitionainsi
que lesdécisionsdutribunal de Palermeet de la cour d'appel de Palerme
sur l'action en dommages et intérêts intentépear le syndic de faillite de
I'ELSIaprèsla décisiondu préfet d'annuler l'ordonnancede réquisition.
Comme il est indiquéci-dessus(paragraphe 75),le préfeta estiméque le
but de la réquisitionne pouvait pas être atteint puisque la socée pou-
vait pas reprendre son activité.Il a expliqué que

((10stato dell'aziendaera tale,per circostanzedi carattereeconomico-
funzionale edi mercato,da non consentire la prosecuzione dell'atti-60 ELETTRONICASICULA (JUDGMENT)

vità.. .La requisizione,quindi,nullaha mutato nellasituazioneazien-
dale. ..La situazionedidissestoha,anzi,determinatoladichiarazione
difallimento dell'azienda ..."
("the situation of the company, due to functional-economic and
market factors, was such as not to permit of the pursuance of its
activity...Therequisitionconsequentlychangednothinginthesitu-
ation ofthe company. . .Onthe contrary,the situation ofinsolvency
determined the declaration ofbankruptcy ofthe company. ..")

97. The Court of Palermo was faced with the argument, mentioned in
paragraph 58 above,that "the requisition order caused an economicsitua-
tion of such gravitythat it immediately and directlytriggered the bank-
ruptcy of the company". It dealt with this by pointing to the situation of
the company on the eveofthe requisition :

'2 31marzo1968,insostanza,Iostabilimentodell'Elsinonerapiù in
fase produttiva,fermata per deliberazione dell'organo socialecompe-
tenteche ...aveva ...opinato,nonpotendotrovarealtrorimedio,perla
soluzionepiù drastica,evidentementereputandolapiù confacenteagli
interessi dellasocietae cheavevacomeoggettopreciso I'arresto totale
dellaproduzione ... Devesia ci6aggiungere ...chepropriodaiprimi
dell'anno1968vierastato un notevolepeggioramentodellasituazione
generaledell'azienda, che via viasi andava aggravandoper le sfavo-
revolicondizioni del mercato, avversata,altresi,daifatti sismici del
gennaio eda una seriediscioperiche,per I'appunto,ne1mesedi marzo
ebberoa carattereoradi continuitaoradi intermittenza,con la conse-
guenza della perditadi un considerevolenumerodi orelavorative .. ."
("On March 31,1968,the Elsiplant was for al1practical purposes
no longer in operation, stopped in accordance with a decision ofthe
competent organ of the company which ... had decided, in the
absence of any other solution, to go for the most drastic solution,
evidentlyconsidering it most conducive to the interests of the com-
pany, a solution which meant the total shutdown of production ...
To this must be added ...that in the early part of 1968,there was a
notable deterioration ofthe generalsituation ofthe company, which
was further aggravated by unfavourable market conditions as
well as the January earthquakes and a series of strikes which in
March were sometimes continuous and sometimes intermittent,
causing the lossof a considerable amount of production hours .. .")

From this the Court was able to conclude that

"Dallecondizionipremesse discendeche l'agganciodelfallimento
dellasocietàall'intervenutarequisizionenon hafondamento, siccome,
esattamente, èstatosostenutocoll'amministrazioneconvenutae,ssendo
la situazioneeconomicadellaRaytheon-Elsigià gravementecompro-
messada anniper esplicitoriconoscimento deisuoistessidirigenti." vità..La requisizione,quindi,nullaha mutato nellasituazioneazien-
dale...La situazionedi dissestoha, anzi, determinatola dichiarazione
difallimento dell'azienda..))
(«la situation de la société- pour des raisons économiquesliées à
son fonctionnement et à lacommercialisation - étaittellequ'elle ne
luipermettait pasde poursuivre son activité ..Laréquisitionn'adonc
rien changé à lasituation delasociété ..Lasituation d'insolvabilitéa,
au contraire, entraînéla déclarationde faillite de la société.D)

97. L'argument mentionnéau paragraphe 58 ci-dessus, selon lequel
«l'ordonnance de réquisition aurait provoquéune situation économique
d'unetellegravitéqu'elle aurait déclenchéimmédiatemee nttdirectement
lafaillitede la sociét»,a étéavancédevan lt tribunal de Palerme,lequel
a mis l'accent à ce propos sur la situation de la société à la veille de la
réquisition :

«A31marzo1968,insostanza,IostabilimentodelllElsinonerapiùin
fase produttiva,fermata per deliberazione dell'organo socialc eompe-
tenteche ..aveva ...opinato,nonpotendo trovarealtrorimedio,per la
soluzionepiù drastica,evidentementereputandolapiù confacenteagli
interessidella societàe cheavevacomeoggettoprecisoI'arrestototale
dellaproduzione ...Devesi a ci6 aggiungere ...cheproprio dai primi
dell'anno1968vierastato unnotevolepeggioramentodellasituazione

generaledell'azienda, che via viasi andava aggravandoper le sfavo-
revolicondizioni del mercato, avversata,altresi,daifatti sismici del
gennaio e dauna seriediscioperiche,per Ibppunto,ne1mesedimarzo
ebberoa carattereoradi continuitàoradi intermittenza,conla conse-
guenza dellaperditadi un considerevolenumerodi orelavorative ..))
(«Le 31mars 1968,l'usinede I'ELSIn'étaitpratiquement plus en
service,à la suite d'une décisionde l'organecompétentde la société,
qui ..avait choisi, ne pouvant trouver d'autre remède,la solution la
plusradicale,la considérant manifestementcommelaplusfavorable
auxintérêtsdleasociété,solutionquientraînait l'arrêttotd alelapro-
duction ..Il faut ajouterà cela ..que dèsledébutde l'année1968il
s'estproduit une détérioration marquée de la situation généralede
l'entreprise, qu'aggravaient encore l'état défavorable du marché,

ainsi que letremblement deterre dejanvier etune sériedegrèvesqui
au moisdemars sedéroulaientdefaçontantôt continue,tantôt inter-
mittente, entraînant la perte d'un nombre considérabled'heures de
travail..»)
Letribunal a conclu :

((Dallecondizionipremesse discendeche I'agganciodelfallimento
della societàall'intervenutarequisizionenon hafondamento, siccome,
esattamente, è statosostenutocoll'amministrazioneconvenutae,ssendo
la situazioneeconomica dellaRaytheon-Elsigià gravementecompro-
messada anniper esplicitoriconoscimento deisuoistessidirigenti.)) ("It isclearfrom these conditions that the connection between the
company's bankruptcy and the requisition is unfounded, as the
defendant administration correctly maintained, since Raytheon-
Elsi's economic situation had for years already been seriously
compromised, as its own management explicitlyadmitted.")

The Court of Palermo did not howevergosofaras to statethat ELSI was
legallyinsolvent prior to the requisition.
98. However the Court of Appeal of Palermo, in itsjudgment, states
that ELSI was insolvent before the requisition order was made. The
salient passage on this point in the Court of Appeal'sjudgment states :

'Berquantoriguardaidannichesifanno consisterenell'avere larequi-
sizioneprovocato iflallimento della società, la conclusioeegativadel
tribunaleè ampiamenteeconvincentementemotivatae .. .leconsidera-
zioni critichedell'appellanteonvalgonoaprovocareunconvincimento
diverso;.. .La circostanzacerta dellainsolvenzadella societàintempo
immediatamenteanteriore al10intewentodel Sindaco ...è sufficiente
per escludereilcollegamentocausalefra ilsuccessiveprovvedimentodi
requisizioneeilfallimento dellasocietà,per ilqualeultimoquel10stato
di insolvenzaè causadeterminantee sufficiente(Art.5 leggefallim.). "

("as regards the damages consisting in the fact that the order trig-
gered the company's bankruptcy,the negativeconclusion arrived at
bythe court belowisamplyand convincinglymotivatedand the criti-
cal considerations ofthe appellant are not sufficient to lead to a dif-
ferent determination ... The certain circumstance that the company
wasinsolvent during thetimeimmediatelyprior to the Mayor's inter-
vention. ..issufficientto ruleout anycausal linkbetweenthe subse-
quent requisition order and the company'sbankruptcy of which the
company's stateof insolvencywas the decisiveand sufficient cause
(Art.5, Bankruptcy Law).")

The Court ofAppeal also refersto the "prior insolvency" ('Brecedentein-
solvenza'~ofthe company, and to "the decisiveeffectofthe state ofinsol-
vency" ("laefficaciadeterminantedel10statodi insolvenza'~.
99. Whether these findings by the municipal courts are to be regarded
asdeterminations asa matter of Italian lawthat ELSI had been insolvent,
within the meaning of the relevant legislative provisions, on 31 March
1968,orwhethertheyareno more than findingsthat thefinancial position
of ELSIon that date wassodesperate that itwaspast saving,sothat itwas
not the requisition which "caused an economic situation of such gravity
that itimmediatelyand directlytriggeredthebankruptcy ofthe company"
makes no difference to the conclusion to be drawn. If ELSI was legally
insolvent,then evenifthe liquidationplan could in fact have been imple-
mented with CO-operationfrom the creditors, the stockholders no longer
had rightsofcontrol and managementto beprotected bythe FCN Treaty.
If, as the Prefect of Palermo stated, and the courts of Palermo certainly
thought, the factual situation at least was such that the requisition («Cette situation montre qu'on n'est pas fondé à voir un lienentre
lafaillite de lasociétetla réquisition,commel'asoutenu àjuste titre
l'administration défenderesse, car la situation économique de Ray-
theon-Elsi était déjàgravementcompromise depuis des années ainsi
que l'ont explicitementreconnu sespropres dirigeants. »)

Le tribunal de Palerme n'est pourtant pas alléjusqu'à déclarer qu'aure-
gard de laloi I'ELSIsetrouvait en étatd'insolvabilitéavantlaréquisition.
98. Enrevanche, dans sonarrêt,lacourd'appelde Palermedéclareque
I'ELSIétait en état d'insolvabilité avant1'0,rdonnancede réquisition. Sur
ce chapitre, lepassageessentiel de l'arrêtde la courd'appel est lesuivant:

«perquantoriguarda idannichesifanno consisterenell'averela requi-
sizioneprovocatoilfallimento della societa, la conclusionenegativdael
tribunale èampiamentee convincentementemotivatae ...leconsidera-
zioni critichedell'appellanteon valgonoaprovocareunconvincimento
diverso;...La circostanza certa della insolvenza della socieiàtempo
immediatamenteanterioreal10intervento delSindaco ...è sufficiente
perescludereilcollegamento causalefrailsuccessiveprovvedimentodi
requisizione e iflallimento della società,perilaleultimoquel10stato
di insolvenza ècausadeterminantee sufficiente(art.5 leggefallim.). ))

(«en cequi concerne le dommageconsistant dans lefait que l'ordon-
nance a provoqué la faillite de la société,la conclusion négative à
laquelle est parvenu le tribunal est amplement motivéede façon
convaincante et les critiques de l'appelant ne sauraient convaincre
du contraire ..Le fait certain que la sociétéétaitinsolvabledurant la
période précédant immédiatement l'intervention du maire ..suffit
à exclure l'existence d'un lien de causalité entre l'ordonnance
ultérieurede réquisitionet la faillite de la société,faillitedont l'état
d'insolvabilité de la sociétéa été lacause déterminante et suffi-
sante (article5 de la loi sur la faill»)e).

La cour d'appel mentionne aussi l'«insolvabilité antérieure)) (ccprece-
dente insolvenza»)de la société, ainsi que((l'effetdéterminant de l'état
d'insolvabilité» (((laeffacia determinantedel10statodi insolvenza»).
99. Que ces décisionsdesjuridictions localesdoiventêtre considérées
commeétablissant qu'en droit italien I'ELSI étaitinsolvable,au sens des

dispositions législativesapplicables, le31mars 1968,ou qu'elles consta-
tent simplement qu'à cette date la situation financière de I'ELSI étaitsi
désespéréequ'elleétaitsanssalusti,bienque cen'estpaslaréquisitionqui
a ((provoquéune situation économique d'une telle gravité qu'elle[a]dé-
clenché immédiatementet directement la faillite de la société », cela ne
change rien à la conclusion que l'on doit tirer. Si I'ELSI étaitjuridique-
ment insolvable, quand bien mêmele plan de liquidation aurait pu être
effectivementexécutéavecla coopération descréanciers,lesactionnaires
ne possédaient plus de droits de contrôle et de gestion à protégerpar le
traitéde 1948.Si, comme le préfetde Palerme l'a déclaréet comme les
juridictions de Palermel'ont assurémentpensé,la situation était telle,auchangednothing, then the United Stateshasfailedtoprove that there was
any interference with control and management in any real sense. The

Chamber has no need to go into the question of the extent to which it
could or should question the validity of a finding of Italian law, the law
governingthe matter, by the appropriate Italian courts. It is sufficient to
note that the conclusion above,that the feasibility of an orderly liquida-
tion plan is not sufficientlyestablished, is reinforced by referenceto the
decisionofthe courts ofPalermoon the claimbythetrusteeinbankruptcy
for damages forthe injury caused bythe requisition.Whetherregarded as
findings of Italian lawor as findings offact,the decisionsofthe courts of
Palermosimplyconstitute additional evidence of the situation which the
Chamber has to assess.

100. It is important, in the consideration of so much detail, not to get
the matter out of perspective: given an under-capitalized, consistently
loss-makingcompany, crippled by the need to servicelarge loans, which
company its stockholders had themselves decided not to financefurther
but to close and sel1off because, as they were anxious to make clear to
everybodyconcerned, the moneywasrunning out fast,it cannot be amat-

terofsurprise if,severaldaysafterthedate atwhichthe management itself
had predicted thatthe money would runout,the companyshould be con-
sidered to have been actually or virtually in a state of insolvency for the
purposes of Italian bankruptcy law.
101. If, therefore, the management of ELSI, at the material time, had
no practical possibility of carrying out successfullya scheme of orderly
liquidation under its ownmanagement, and mayindeed already have for-
feitedanyrightto doso under Italian law,itcannot be said that it wasthe
requisition that deprived it of this faculty of control and management.
Furthemore, onefeature ofELSI'sposition stands out: theuncertain and
speculativecharacter of the causal connection, on which the Applicant's
case relies, betweenthe requisition and the results attributed to it by the
Applicant.There wereseveralcausesactingtogether that ledto the disas-
terto ELSI. No doubtthe effectsofthe requisition might havebeen one of
the factors involved. But the underlying cause was ELSI's headlong
coursetowardsinsolvency; whichstate ofaffairsit seemsto haveattained
even prior to the requisition. There was the warning loudly proclaimed
about itsprecarious position; there wasthe sociallydamaging decisionto

terminate the business, close the plant, and dismissthe workforce; there
wasthe position ofthe banks asmajorcreditors. In short,the possibilityof
that solution of orderly liquidation, which Raytheon and Machlett claim
to havebeen deprived ofasa result ofthe requisition, ispurely a matter of
speculation.The Chamber istherefore unable to seehere anything which
can be saidto amount to aviolation by ItalyofArticle III, paragraph 2,of
the FCN Treaty. moins sur le plan des faits, que la réquisitionn'a rien changé,les Etats-
Unis n'ont pas réussi àprouver l'existence d'une quelconque ingérence
effective dans le contrôle et la gestion. La Chambre n'a pasà rechercher
dans quellemesure elle pourrait ou devrait mettre en cause la validitéde
ce que les tribunaux italiens appropriés ont décidé selon la loi italienne,
celle qui régitla matière.l suffit de remarquer que ce qu'ont décidéles
juges de Palerme au sujetdesdommages et intérêtsréclamé psr lesyndic
de faillitepour lepréjudicecausépar laréquisitionestétayé par laconclu-
sion dégagée plus haut, à savoir que la possibilité d'exécuter un plan
de liquidation régulière n'estpas suffisamment établie. Qu'elles soient

considéréescomme relevant du droit italien ou des faits, les décisions
des tribunaux de Palerme ne constituent qu'une preuve supplémentaire
de la situation que la Chambre doit apprécier.
100. Il importe, lorsqu'on examine de tels détails,de ne pas perdre de
vue la situation générale:si une entreprise dont le capital est insuffisant
faitconstammentdespertes, qu'elle estgênép ear lanécessité de payer les
intérêtdse prêtsimportants et que sesactionnaires ont eux-mêmesdécidé
de ne pas la financer davantage, préférant fermeret vendre, car l'argent
s'épuisevite, ainsi qu'ils ont tenu le faire comprendre à tous les inté-
ressés,on ne peut s'étonner que cette entreprise, quelquesjours aprèsla
date àlaquelle sa direction mêmea préditqu'elle serait à court d'argent,
soitconsidéréecomme effectivementouvirtuellementenétatd'insolvabi-
litéaux finsde la loi italienne sur la faillite.

101. En conséquence,siles dirigeants de I'ELSIn'avaient pas, au mo-
ment déterminant, la possibilité matériellede mener à bien un projet de
liquidation régulière sous leur propre gestion et s'ils avaient peut-être
mêmedéjà perdu le droit de le faire sur la base des lois italiennes, on ne
peut pas direque la réquisitionlesaitprivésde cettefacultéde contrôle et
de gestion.Deplus,un aspect de lasituation de I'ELSIsedégagespéciale-
ment: le caractèreincertain et spéculatifde cequi constitue le fondement
de l'argumentation du demandeur, à savoir le lien de causalitéentre la
'réquisitionet les effets que le demandeur lui attribue. Plusieursfacteurs
ont concouru au désastrede I'ELSI. La réquisitiona sans doute eu des
effets qui peuvent avoir constitué un de ces facteurs. Mais la cause pro-
fonde résidedans le fait que I'ELSI courait droit àl'état d'insolvabilité,
état qu'elle semble avoir atteint avant mêmela réquisition. Il y avait la
mise engardeclairementexprimée au sujet de laprécaritéde sasituation;

ilavaitla décisionsocialementpréjudiciable de mettre fin aux activités,
de fermerl'usine et de licencierla main-d'Œuvre; ilavait enfin l'attitude
desbanques en tant quecréanciersprincipaux. Bref,laréalisationde cette
solution de liquidation régulière,dont Raytheon et Machlett prétendent
avoirétéprivéed su fait de la réquisition,est de l'ordre despures spécula-
tions. La Chambre ne peut en conséquence rien discerner ici qui puisse
équivaloiràune violation par l'Italie du paragraphe 2 de l'article III du
traitéde 1948. 102. Therearetwoclaimsofthe Applicant thatare based uponthepro-

visionsof Article V oftheFCN Treaty :one relatesto paragraphs 1and 3,
and is concerned with protection and security of nationals and their
property; another relates to paragraph 2, and is concerned with the
taking or expropriation ofproperty. No claim isbased upon paragraph 4
of Article V. The Applicant's claim under paragraphs 1 and 3 will be
dealt with first.
103. Paragraph 1of Article Vprovides as follows:

"1. The nationals of each High Contracting Party shall receive,
within the territories of the other High Contracting Party, the most
constant protection and security fortheir persons and property, and
shallenjoyinthisrespect the fullprotection and securityrequired by
international law. To these ends, persons accused of crime shall be
brought totrial promptly, and shall enjoyal1therights and privileges
which are or may hereafter be accorded by the applicable laws and
regulations; and nationals of either High Contracting Party, while
within the custody of the authorities of the other High Contracting
Party,shallreceivereasonable and humane treatment. In so farasthe
term 'nationals' whereusedinthisparagraph isapplicableinrelation

to property itshall be construed to include corporations and associa-
tions."

Paragraph 2 of this Article is not relevant here, but is set out in para-
graph 113ofthis Judgment. Paragraph 3provides as follows :

"3. The nationals, corporations and associations of either High
Contracting Party shall within the territories of the other High
Contracting Party receiveprotection and security with respectto the
mattersenumerated inparagraphs 1and 2ofthis Article,upon com-

pliance with the applicable laws and regulations, no less than the
protection and security which isor mayhereafter be accorded to the
nationals, corporations and associations of such other High Con-
tracting Party and no less than that which is or may hereafter be
accorded to the nationals, corporations and associations ofanythird
country. Moreover,in al1matters relating to the taking of privately
owned enterprises into public ownership and the placing of such
enterprises under public control, enterprises in which nationals,
corporations and associations of either High Contracting Party have
a substantialinterest shall be accorded, within the territories ofthe
other High Contracting Party,treatment no less favorable than that
which isormayhereafterbe accorded to similarenterprisesin which
nationals, corporations and associations of such other High Con-
tracting Party have a substantial interest, and no lessfavorable than

that which is or may hereafter be accorded to similar enterprises in
which nationals, corporations and associations of any third country
have a substantial interest." 102. Deux moyens du demandeur sont fondéssur des dispositions de
l'articleVdu traitéde 1948:lepremier, relatifauxparagraphes 1et3,vise
laprotection etlasécuritédesressortissantsetdeleursbiens; l'autreatrait
au paragraphe 2 et concerne la privation de biens, ou expropriation.
Aucun moyen n'a ététird éu paragraphe 4de l'article V.Celuiqui esttiré
desparagraphes 1et 3 sera examinéen premier.

103. Leparagraphe 1de l'articleVdispose ce qui suit:

« 1. Les ressortissants de chacune des Hautes Parties contrac-
tantes bénéficieront,dans les territoires de l'autre Haute Partie
contractante, de la protection et de la sécuritéles plus constantes
pour leurs personnes et leursbiens, et ilsjouiront entièrementà cet

égard,de la protection et de la sécuritéexigéespar le droit interna-
tional. Acet effet,lespersonnes inculpéesd'infraction pénale seront
sans délai traduitesen justice etjouiront de tous les droits et privi-
lègesqui sont ou seront accordéspar les lois et règlementsappli-
cables; les ressortissants de chacune des Hautes Parties contrac-
tantes seront traités d'une manière équitableet humaine lorsqu'ils
seront détenuspar lesautoritésdel'autre Haute Partie contractante.
Dans la mesure où le terme «ressortissants » est employédans le
présentparagraphe lorsqu'ils'agitdebiens, ilserainterprété comme
désignant égalemenltessociétés et lesassociations.

Le paragraphe 2 n'entre pas en considération ici;son texte est reproduit
au paragraphe 113du présent arrêtL .eparagraphe 3 dispose ce qui suit:

«3. Les ressortissants, sociétéset associations de chacune des
Hautes Parties contractantes qui se conforment aux lois et règle-
ments en vigueur auront droit, dans les territoires de l'autre Haute
Partie contractante, àprotection et àsécurité ence qui concerne les
questions mentionnées aux paragraphes 1 et 2 du présentarticle;
cette protection et cette sécuriténe devront pas être inférieuresà
cellesqui sont ou seront accordées aux ressortissants,sociétést as-
sociations de l'autreHaute Partie contractante nicellesqui sontou
seront accordées aux ressortissants, sociétéset associations d'un

pays tiers. En outre, en ce qui concerne les questions relativesla
nationalisation des entreprises privées et au passage de ces entre-
prises sous lecontrôlepublic, lesentreprises dans lesquellesdes res-
sortissants, sociétéseatssociations del'une desPartiescontractantes
ontun intérêitmportant jouiront, dans lesterritoires del'autreHaute
Partie contractante, d'un traitement non moins favorable que celui
quiestouseraaccordéàdesentreprisessimilairesdans lesquellesdes
ressortissants, des sociétéset des associations de cette autre Haute
Partie contractante ontun intérêitmportant, etnon moinsfavorable
que celui qui est ou sera accordé aux entreprises similairesdans les-
quelles des ressortissants, des sociétés et des associationsde tout
autre paystiers ontun intérêt important.»64 ELETTRONlCA SICULA (JUDGMENT)

104. Paragraph 1thus provides for "the most constant protection and
security" for nationals of each High Contracting Party, both "for their
persons and property"; and also that, in relation to property, the term
"nationals" shall be construed to "include corporations and associa-
tions" ;and indefining the nature ofthe protection, the required standard
is established by a referenceto "the fullprotection and securityrequired
by international law". Paragraph 3 elaborates this notion of protection
and security further, by requiring no less than the standard accorded
to the nationals, corporations and associations of the other High
Contracting Party; and no less than that accorded to the nationals, cor-
porations and associations of any third country. There are, accordingly,
three different standards of protection, al1of which have to be satisfied.

105. Abreach of these provisions isseenbythe Applicantto have been
committed when the Respondent "allowed ELSI workers to occripy the
plant" (see paragraph 65 above). It is the contention of the United States
that once the plant had been requisitioned, ELSI's employeesbegan an
occupation of the premises which continued, so far as the United States
was aware, up to the re-opening of the plant by ELTEL; and that this
occupation had thetacit approval oflocalauthorities,whomade no effort
to prevent or to end it, or otherwiseto protect the premises. To this occu-
pation the United States attributes as injurious consequences, first a
deterioration of the plant and related material and equipment, and
secondly that it impeded the efforts of the trustee in bankmptcy to dis-
pose of the plant.
106. Italy has objected that Article V,paragraphs 1and 3, guarantees

the protection and security of property belonging to United States
companies in Italy, but the plant in Palermo which, according to the
United States,should have been protected under the FCN Treaty belonged
to the Italian company ELSI. TheUnited Statesreplies thatthe "property
of Raytheon and Machlett in Italy" was ELSI itself, and Italy was obli-
gated to protect the entire entity of ELSI from the deleterious effects of
the requisition. While there may be doubts whether the word "property"
in Article V, paragraph 1,extends, in the case of shareholders, beyond
the shares themselves, to the company or its assets, the Chamber will
neverthelessexamine the matter on the basis argued by the United States
that the "property" to be protected under this provision of the FCN
Treaty was not the plant and equipmentthe subject of the requisition, but
the entity of ELSI itself.
107. That there was someoccupation of the plant by the workers after

the requisition is something that Italy has not sought to deny, and the
Court of Appeal of Palermoreferredinpassing to the circumstance ofthe
requisitioning authority having tolerated the "unlawful" act of occupation
of the plant by the workers ("laautoritàrequirenteavesse tolleratol'illecito
penale di una occupazionedei repartidi lavorazioneda parte dellemae-
stranze'y.Itappears, nevertheless, to have been a peaceful occupation, as
maybelearnedfrom ELSI7sown administrative appeal of 19April 1968to 104. Le paragraphe 1 dispose donc que les ressortissants de chacune
des Hautes Parties contractantes bénéficieront«de la protection et de la
sécurité les plus constantespour leurs personnes et leurs biens» et que,
lorsqu'ils'agitde biens, le terme«ressortissants»sera interprété comme
((désignantégalementlessociété etslesassociations»;pour définirla na-
ture de cette protection, on a fixé la norme requise enstipulant que les
intéressésjouiront ((entièrement ..de la protection et de la sécurité exi-
géespar le droit international.Leparagraphe 3développe encorela no-
tion de protection et de sécurité en exigeant u'ellesne soientinférieures
ni àcellesaccordées aux ressortissants,sociétée st associations de l'autre

Haute Partiecontractante ni à cellesaccordéesauxressortissants,sociétés
et associations de tout autre pays tiers. En conséquence,il existe trois
normes différentesde protection, qui doiventtoutes êtreobservées.
105. Le demandeur considère qu'une violationde ces dispositions a
été commise lorsque ledéfendeura((permisaux ouvriers de I'ELSId'oc-
cuper l'usine))(voirparagraphe 65ci-dessus).Les Etats-Unis font valoir
que, une fois l'usineréquisitionnéel,es salariésde I'ELSIont occupéles
lieuxetqu'à leurconnaissancecetteoccupation s'estpoursuiviejusqu'à la
réouverturede l'usine par 1'ELTELet qu'elle avait reçu l'approbation
tacite des autorités locales, lesquelles n'ont fait aucun effort pour la
prévenirouymettrefin, ou pour protégerleslocaux d'uneautre manière.
Les Etats-Unis attribuent deux effetsdommageables àcetteoccupation :
elle aurait premièrement causé une détérioration de l'usine ainsi que du
matériel et de l'outillage s'y rattachant et deuxièmement entravéles

efforts du syndic de failliteen vue de céderl'usine.
106. L'Italiea objectéque lesparagraphes 1et3del'articleVgarantis-
sent laprotection et lasécuritédesbiens de sociétésaméricainesen Italie,
mais que l'usine de Palerme qui, selon les Etats-Unis, aurait dû être pro-
tégée envertu dutraitéde 1948appartenait à une sociétéitalienneI,'ELSI.
Les Etats-Unis ont rétorquéque I'ELSIelle-mêmeconstituait «les biens
de Raytheon et Machlett en Italie»et que l'Italie était tenuede protéger
l'entité formépear I'ELSItout entièrecontreleseffetspréjudiciablesdela
réquisition.Bien qu'il soit douteux que, lorsqu'ils'agitd'actionnaires, le
mot ((biens»figurant au paragraphe 1 de l'articleVs'étende, au-delà des
actions elles-mêmes, àla sociétéou àsesavoirs,la Chambre examinera la
question en sefondant sur l'argumentation des Etats-Unis selonlaquelle
les «biens» à protégerau sens de cette disposition du traitéde 1948
n'étaient pas l'usineet l'équipement, lesquels étaient l'objte la réqui-

sition. mais l'entité forméear1'ELSIelle-même.
107. Qu'ilya eu, dans une certaine mesure,occupation de l'usinepar
les ouvriers après la réquisition,l'Italien'a pas chercàéle nier; la cour
d'appel de Palerme a mentionné incidemmentle fait que l'autoritéqui
avaitréquisitionnéavaittolérél'acte «illicite»d'occupation del'usinepar
les ouvriersf((laautoritàreauirenteavesse tolleratol'illeciten aldi una
occupazione'deirepartidi laiorazionedaparte dellernaestrake~).Toute-
foisilsemblequ'il sesoitagid'une occupationpacifique,commeilressort
du recours administratif contre la réquisition, adressépar l'ELSI elle-the Prefectagainstthe requisition, and the affidavits ofthe Mayor of Pal-
ermo and one of his officials (see paragraph 33 above). It is difficult to
acceptthat the occupation seriouslyharmed the interests of ELSI in view
of the evidence produced by Italy that measures taken by the Mayor of
Palermoforthetemporary management ofthe plant permitted the contin-
uation and completion of work in progress in the months followingthe
requisition.TheUnited Stateshas asserted thatthe continued production
was verylimited, and cannot be equated withresumption of fullproduc-
tion in the plant, and continues to contend that the plant and machinery
fellintodisusefollowingthe requisition and deteriorated rapidlyin value.
The Court of Palermo however found itself unable to establish that any
damage to the plant had been caused bythe occupying workers.

108. ThereferenceinArticle Vtotheprovision of "constantprotection
and security" cannot be construed asthe givingof a warranty that prop-
erty shall never in any circumstancesbe occupied or disturbed. The dis-
missalofsome800workerscouldnotreasonably beexpectedtopasswith-
out some protest. Indeed, the management of ELSI seems to have been
very much aware that the closure of the plant and dismissalof the work-
force could not be expected to pass without disturbance; as is apparent
fromthe removalofthe company'sbooksand "quite a lotofinventory"to
Milan (paragraph 17 above).In any event,considering that it isnot estab-
lished that any deterioration in the plant and machinery was due to the
presence of the workers, and that the authorities were able not merelyto
protect the plant but even in some measure to continue production, the
protection provided by the authorities could not be regarded as falling

below "the fullprotection and securityrequired by international law"; or
indeed as less than the national or third-State standards. The mere fact
that the occupation was referred to by the Court of Appeal of Palermo
as unlawful does not, in the Chamber's view, necessarily mean that the
protection afforded fell short of the national standard to which the
FCN Treaty refers.The essentialquestion iswhether the locallaw,either
in its termsor itsapplication, hastreated United Statesnationals lesswell
than Italian nationals. This,in the opinion of the Chamber, has not been
shown.The Chamber must,therefore, rejectthe charge ofanyviolation of
Article V,paragraphs 1and 3.

109. The Applicant sees a further breach of Article V, paragraphs 1
and 3, of the FCN Treaty, in the time taken - 16months - before the
Prefect ruled on ELSI'sadministrative appeal against the Mayor'srequi-mêmeau préfet le19avril 1968,ainsi que de la déclarationsous serment
du maire de Palerme et de celle d'un de ses collaborateurs (voir para-
graphe 33ci-dessus).Il estdifficiled'admettre quel'occupation ait sérieu-
sement portéatteinteaux intérêtsde I'ELSI,comptetenu desélémentsde
preuve produits par l'Italie, selon lesquels les dispositions prises par le
maire de Palerme pour lagestiontemporaire del'usine ontpermislapour-
suite et l'achèvement des activitésen cours dans les mois qui ont suivi la
réquisition. LesEtats-Unis ont fait valoir que la poursuite de la produc-
tion avaitététrès limitéeeqtu'ellene pouvait être assimilée une reprise
totale de laproduction de l'usine; ilsontpersistéoutenirqu'à lasuite de

la réquisition l'usineet les machines étaient restées inutiliséeset avaient
rapidement perdu de leur valeur. Mais le tribunal de Palerme n'a pas es-
timépouvoir établir qu'un dommage quelconque ait été causé àl'usine
par l'occupation desouvriers.
108. Il n'estpas possible de voir dans l'octroi «de la protection et de la
sécurité ..constantes » prévu àl'article V la garantie qu'un bien ne sera
jamais, en quelque circonstance que ce soit,l'objet d'une occupation ou
de troubles dejouissance. On ne pouvait pas raisonnablement s'attendre
à ce que le licenciement de quelque huit cents salariés passe sans protes-
tations. D'ailleurs, la direction de I'ELSIsembleavoirététrès consciente
du fait qu'onne pouvait pas s'attendre cequelafermeturede l'usine etle
licenciement de la main-d'Œuvre s'effectuentsans troubles, comme l'at-
teste letransfertMilan des livresetde «toute unepartie desstocks»de la

société(voipraragraphe 17ci-dessus). En tout état decause, vu qu'iln'est
pas établiqu'une détériorationquelconquede l'usineetdesesmachines ait
étédue àlaprésencedes ouvriers etque lesautoritésontpu non seulement
protégerl'usine mais mêmepoursuivre la production dans une certaine
mesure, la protection assurée par elles ne pouvait pas être considérée
comme étant tombée au-dessousdu niveau requispour que les intéressés
jouissent ((entièrement..de la protection et de la sécuritéexigéespar le
droit international »,ni surtout comme étant inférieuàela protection ac-
cordée aux nationaux ou aux ressortissants de pays tiers. De l'avisde la
Chambre, le simple fait que l'occupation a étqualifiéed'illégitimepar la
courd'appel de Palerme ne veut pas dire nécessairementque la protection
accordéeait étéinférieureà la normenationale à laquelle seréfèreletraité
de 1948.Cequ'il estessentield'établir,c'est sidesressortissantsdesEtats-

Unis ont été traitésmoins bien que des ressortissantsitalienspar le droit
interne,dans sestermes ou dans son application. De l'avisde la Chambre,
cela n'a pas étéétabli.La Chambre doit en conséquencerejeter le moyen
fondé surune violation desparagraphes 1et 3 de l'article V.

109. Le demandeur voit une autre violation des paragraphes 1et 3 de
l'article du traitéde 1948dans le délaide seize mois qui s'est écoulé
avantque lepréfetne statue sur le recours administratif exercépar'ELSI66 ELETTRONICASICULA (JUDGMENT)

sition order, or, to cite the words of counsel for the Applicant (para-
graph 65above),
"the Respondent violated its obligations when it unreasonably
delayed ruling on the lawfulness of the requisition for 16 months

until immediately after the ELSI plant, equipment and work-in-
process had al1been acquired by ELTEL".
The time taken by the Prefect was undoubtedly long; and the Chamber
was not entirely convinced by the Respondent's suggestion that such
lengthy delays by Prefects were quite usual. Yet it must be remembered

thatthe requisitioninfact lapsed after sixmonths and that Italian law did
provide a safeguard against delays by the Prefect. It was possible after
120days from the filing of the appeal to serve on the Prefect a request
requiring him to render a decision within 60 days (paragraph 41 above).
Raytheon and Machlett were never in a position to take advantage of this
procedure, because by the time the 120days had elapsed the trustee in
bankruptcy was in control of the Company;on theotherhand,the trustee
in bankruptcy did employ this procedure, and the Prefect shortly after-
wards gave his decision on the appeal.
110. Counselfor the Applicanthasreferred to thisdelayas "a denial of
the level ofproceduraljustice accorded byinternational law". Its claim in

this respect is however not founded on the rules of customary interna-
tional lawconcerning denial ofjustice, nor on the text of the FCN Treaty
(Article V, paragraph 4) which provides for access to justice. The rele-
vance of the delay of the Prefect's rulinghasbeen expressedin two ways.
First, it isid, had there been a speedy decision by the Prefect, the bank-
ruptcy of ELSI couldhavebeen avoided; the Chamber isunable to accept
this argument, for the reasons already explained in connection with the
claim under Article III, paragraph 2, of the FCN Treaty. Secondly, it is
contended that oncethe requisition occurred, the Respondent had anob-
ligation to protectELSI from itsdeleteriouseffects, and one ofthe waysin
which itfell short ofthis obligation was by failingto provide anadequate

method of overturning the requisition.

111. The primary standard laid down by Article V is "the full protec-
tion and securityrequired by international law", in short the "protection
and security" must conform to the minimum international standard. As
noted above, this is supplemented by the criteria of national treatment
and most-favoured-nationtreatment.The Chamber isherecalled upon to
apply the provisions of a treaty which sets standards - in addition to the
reference to generalinternational law - which may go further inprotect-
ing nationals of the High Contracting Parties than general international
law requires; but the United States has not - Save in one respect -

suggested that these requirements do in this respect set higher standards
than the international standard. It must be doubted whether in al1the
circumstances, the delay in the Prefect's ruling in this case can be
regarded as falling below that standard. Certainly, the Applicant's usecontre l'ordonnance de réquisitiondu maire; selon les propres termes du
conseil du demandeur(paragraphe 65ci-dessus),

«le défendeuraviolé sesobligationsens'abstenant, pendant un délai
déraisonnablede seizemois,de statuer surla ((légitimité»delaréqui-
sition eten ne lefaisant qu'immédiatementaprèsque l'usine, lematé-
riel et l'en-coursdeI'ELSIeurent été achetéspar I'ELTEL)).

Le temps pris par le préfetpour statuer a sans aucun doute été long et la
Chambre n'apas étéentièrement convaincuelorsque le défendeura laissé
entendre que des délais aussilongs de lapart des préfets étaienttoutà fait
courants. Maisilfautrappeler quela réquisitionaenfaitpris finaubout de
six mois etque le droit italien prévoyaitune garantie contre lesretards du
préfet.Il étaitpossible, cent vingtjours aprèsl'introduction du recours, de
présenterau préfetune requêtepour qu'il prenne une décisiondans les
soixantejours (paragraphe 41 ci-dessus). Raytheon et Machlett n'ontja-
mais pu bénéficierde cette procédure, car, au moment où le délaide
cent vingt jours est arrivéà échéance,le syndic de faillite avait pris le
contrôle de la société;en revanche, le syndic de faillite a recouru cette

procédureet, peu après,lepréfet a rendusa décisionsur le recours.
110. Le conseil du demandeur a dit que ce retard avait constitué«un
dénidu niveau dejustice procédurale accordépar le droit international B.
Legrief qu'ilaformulé àcesujet n'estcependant pasfondésurlesrèglesdu
droit international coutumier relatives au dénidejustice, ni sur letexte du
traitéde 1948(paragraphe 4 de l'article V),qui prévoit l'accèsà lajustice.
L'importancedu retardaveclequelle préfetapris sadécisionaétéexposée
de deux manières.Premièrement,a-t-il été soutenu, silepréfetavait rendu
sa décisionrapidement, la faillite de l'ELSI aurait pu êtreévitée. La
Chambre ne peut pas accepter cette thèsepour les motifs déjà indiqués à
propos du moyen tirédu paragraphe 2 de l'article III du traitéde 1948.
Deuxièmement,a-t-il été soutenu, une foisla réquisition opéréel,e défen-

deur étaittenu de protéger 1'ELSIcontre les effets préjudiciablesqu'elle
pouvait avoir,l'unedesmanièresdont ilnes'étaitpas acquittédecetteobli-
gation tenantau fait qu'il n'avaitpas prévudevoieadéquatederévocation
de la réquisition.
111. Laprincipale norme établie à l'articleVestcellequi prévoitque les
intéresséjsouiront «entièrement ..de laprotection et de lasécuritéexigées
par le droit international>autrementdit que la ((protection et ..la sécu-
rité»doivent être conformes à la norme internationale minimale. Comme
la Chambre l'arelevéplus haut, à cela s'ajoutent lesnormes du traitement
national et du traitement de la nation la lus favorisée. La Chambre
est requise en l'espèced'appliquer les dispositions d'un traité qui,tout

en se référantau droit international général, établidtes normes pouvant
assurer une protection plus étendue aux ressortissants des- Hautes
Parties contractantes que ce qu'exigele droit international général;mais
les Etats-Unis n'ont pas laisséentendre - sauf sur un point - que ces
exigences établissentà cet égard desnormes supérieures à la norme inter-
nationale. Il estdouteuxque, comptetenu detout cela,ledélaiaveclequelof so serious a charge as to cal1it a "denial of procedural justice" might
be thought exaggerated.

112. The United States has also alleged that the delay in ELSI's case
wasfarin excessofthe delayexperiencedin prior suitsinvolving compan-
iesownedbyItalian nationals, and that itthereforeconstituted afailureto
accord a national standard of protection. Asalready stated, theChamber
wasnot entirelyconvinced bythe contention that suchalengthydelaywas
quite usual (paragraph 109above); nevertheless, it is not satisfied that
a "national standard" of more rapid determination of administrative
appeals hasbeenshown to haveexisted.The Chamber istherefore unable
to see in this delay a violation of paragraphs 1 and 3 of Article V of
the FCN Treaty.

113. The Chamber now turns to the United States claim based on
ArticleV,paragraph 2,of the FCN Treaty,which provides as follows:

"2. The property of nationals, corporations and associations of
either High Contracting Party shall not be taken within the territo-
ries of the other High Contracting Party without due process of law
and without the prompt payment ofjust and,effectivecompensation.
The recipient of such compensation shall, in conformity with such
applicable laws and regulations as are not inconsistent with para-
graph 3 of Article XVII of this Treaty, be permitted without inter-
ference to withdraw the compensation by obtaining foreign ex-

change,in the currencyofthe High Contracting Party ofwhich such
recipient is a national, corporation or association, upon the most
favorableterms applicable to such currency at the time ofthe taking
of the property, and exempt from any transfer or remittance tax,
provided application for such exchange is made within one year
after receipt ofthe compensation to which it relates."

This is a most important paragraph, of a kind that is central to many
investmenttreaties. Where the English version begins by providing that

"The property of nationals, corporations and associations of
either HighContracting Partyshallnot be taken withintheterritories
of the other High Contracting Party without due process of law and
without the prompt payment of just and effective compensation",lepréfeta rendu sa décisionen l'occurrence puisseêtreconsidéré comme
ne satisfaisant pasàcette norme. Il est certain que la formulation par le
demandeur d'une accusation sigrave qu'il la qualifie de«dénidejustice
procédurale»pourrait être regardée commeexagérée.
112. LesEtats-Unisont aussialléguéquele retard constatédans le cas
de 1'ELSIdépassait debeaucoup les retards qui avaient pu se produire
dans desprocès concernant des sociétés appartenant à des ressortissants
italiens et qu'il constituait par conséquent un manquementàl'obligation
d'accorder une protection conforme à lanormenationale. Comme ellel'a
déjà dit,la Chambre n'a pas été entièrement convaincuepar l'argument

selon lequel un délai aussi long était toutfait courant (paragraphe 109
ci-dessus); mais elle n'est pas non plus convaincue que l'existence d'une
((norme nationale » prévoyantqu'il doit êtrestatuéplus rapidement sur
lesrecoursadministratifsait étédémontrée.LaChambre nepeut doncpas
voir dans ce retard une violation des paragraphes 1et 3 de l'articledu
traitéde 1948.

113. La Chambre passe maintenant àl'examen du moyen des Etats-
Unistiréduparagraphe2de l'articleVdu traitéde 1948,quidispose cequi
suit:

((2. Les ressortissants, sociétéset associations de chacune des
Hautes Parties contractantes ne pourront être privésde leurs biens
dans lesterritoires de l'autre Haute Partiecontractante qu'après une
procédure conformeau droit etmoyennant lepaiement rapide d'une
indemnitéréelleet équitable.Le bénéficiaire d'unetelle indemnité
pourra, en conformitédes lois et règlements applicables qui ne sont
pas incompatibles avec les dispositions du paragraphe 3 de l'ar-

ticle XVII du présent traité, retirerle montant de cetteindemnitéen
toute liberté en obtenant des devises dans la monnaie de la Haute
Partie contractante dont relève leressortissant, la sociétéou l'asso-
ciationbénéficiaire,aux conditionslesplus favorablesapplicables à
ladite monnaie au moment où les biens ont été expropriés,et il sera
exonéréde tous droits sur lestransferts ou envois de fondsàcondi-
tion que la demande de devises soit introduite dans le délai d'unan
aprèsl'octroide l'indemnitéà laquelle serapporte laditedemande. »

Ceparagraphe, qui estsemblable à d'autres paragraphes quisont au cŒur
de nombreuxtraitésrelatifsaux investissements, est trèsimportant. Dans
sa version anglaise, il commence par les mots

((Theproperty of nationals,corporationsand associationsof either
HighContractingPartyshallnotbe takenwithin theterritoriesof the
otherHighContractingParty withoud tueprocessoflawandwithoutthe
promptpaymentofjust and effectivecompensation»,the corresponding Italian text reads as follows

"1benidei cittadini e dellepersonegiuridicheed associazionidi cia-
scunaAlta Parte Contraentenonsaranno espropriati entroi territori
dellaltra Alta Parte Contrae~lte,senza una debita procedura legale e
senza ilprontopagamento digiusto ed effettivoindennizzo."

There was considerable argument before the Chamber overthe difference
between the English version of the provision, which uses the word
"taken", and the Italian, which uses the word "espropriati"B . oth versions
are authentic. Obviously there is some difference between the two
versions. The word "taking" is wider and looser than "espropriazione".

114. The United States argued that, howeverthe provision is read, the
result isthe same inthis case; which isnot the same asarguing thatthe two
versions mean the same thing; and if one looks at the acts and conduct

which the Applicant claims to constitute a violation of Article V, para-
graph 2,onefinds this claimexpressed in the followingterms. Inthe con-
tention of the United States, both the Respondent's act of requisitioning
the ELSI plant and its subsequent acts in acquiring the plant, assets, and
work in progress, singly and in combination, constitute takings of prop-
erty without due process of law and just compensation. The requisition
in itself is, in the view of the United States,uch a taking, because Italy
physically seized ELSI's property with the object and effect of ending
Raytheon and Machlett's control and management, in order to prevent
them from conducting the planned liquidation; and according to the
United States, in international law a "taking" is generally recognized
as including not merely outright expropriation of property, but also un-
reasonable interference with its use, enjoyment or disposal. Secondly,

the United States claims that the Respondent, after the requisition and
before the Prefectruled on the administrative appeal, proceeded through
ELTEL to acquire the ELSI plant and assets for less than fair market
value. The matter was summed up by counsel at the hearings as follows :

"The requisition and the delay in overturning the requisition not
onlyinterfered with Raytheon and Machlett's management and con-
trol of ELSI, not only impaired Raytheon and Machlett's legally
acquired interests in ELSI, but also resulted in what can only be
described as the taking of the property."

115. The specific United States allegations of interference by the Ital-
ian Government with the ELSI bankruptcy proceedings may be summar-
ized as follows.The object in view issaid to have been to secure ELSI's
facilities for IRI, on the terms and at the below-market price which IR1
desired, whileresponding to the political pressure brought by ELSI'sfor-
mer workers. Having requisitioned the plant and caused ELSI's bank-la versionitalienne correspondante étantla suivante
(I benidei cittadiniedellepersonegiuridicheed associazionidi cia-
scunaAlta Parte Contraentenonsaranno espropriati entroi territori

dell'altraAlta Parte Contraente, senzaunadebitaproceduralegalee
senzailprontopagamentodigiustoed effettivoindennizzo.»
On a longuementdébattu devantla Chambredela différenceentrelaver-
sion anglaise de cette disposition, où est employéle mot «taken», et la

version italienne, où est employéle mot ((espropriati)).Les deux textes
font foi. A l'évidence,il existe une certaine divergence entre les deux
versions :le mot «taking» a un sensplus large et moins précisque le mot
((esvrovriazione».
f14.ILesEtats-Unis ont soutenu que,quelle que soitlafaçon dont cette
disposition est interprétée,le résultatest le mêmeen l'espèce,ce qui ne
revientpas àsoutenir que lesdeux versionsveulentdire lamême chose ;si
1'011examine les actes et les comportements dont le demandeur prétend
qu'ilsconstituent une violation duparagraphe 2del'articleV,on constate

que ce grief est exprimé commesuit: selon les Etats-Unis, aussi bien la
réquisitionde l'usinede I'ELSIpar ledéfendeurque son acquisitionulté-
rieure del'usine, desactifsetdesfabrications encours, sont desactesqui,
pris isolément ou ensemble,constituent des takingsofproperty effectués
sans procédure conformeau droit et sans indemnisation équitable. De
l'avisdesEtats-Unis,laréquisitionestensoiun takingdecegenrepuisque
l'Italie a matériellementsaisi lesbiens de I'ELSI - saisiequi avait pour
objetetaeupour effetdemettrefin àlagestionetau contrôledeRaytheon
et Machlett - afin d'empêchercelles-cideprocéder à laliquidation envi-

sagée; toujours selonles Etats-Unis, il est généralement admis en droit
international qu'ilya ((taking))non seulementencasd'expropriation pro-
prement dite debiens, maisaussiencasd'ingérencearbitrairedans l'utili-
sation, la jouissance ou la disposition de biens. Les Etats-Unis soutien-
nent en outre qu'aprèsla réquisitionet avant quelepréfet ne statuesur le
recours administratif, le défendeur a procédé,par l'intermédiairede
I'ELTEL, àl'acquisition de l'usine et desactifs de I'ELSIà un prix infé-
rieur à leur juste valeur marchande. Lors des audiences, le conseil des
Etats-Unis a résumé cet argument commesuit:

«La réquisitionet le retard aveclequel elle a été annuléo ent non
seulemententravéla gestionet lecontrôle de 17ELSIpar Raytheon et
Machlett, non seulement portéatteinte aux intérêts légalement ac-
quispar RaytheonetMachlett dans I'ELSI,maisaussiabouti àcequi

ne peut être qualifiéquede takingde biens.»
115. Les allégations spécifiques des Etats-Unis selon lesquellesle
Gouvernement italien serait intervenu dans la procédure de faillite de
I'ELSIpeuvent se résumer comme suit. Il est dit que le but viséétaitde

permettre àl'IR1d'acquérirles installations de I'ELSIaux conditions et
au prix - inférieuràleur valeur marchande - désirés par I'IRI,tout en
répondant à la pression politique exercéepar les anciens ouvriers deruptcy, the Government of Italy discouraged private bidders at the auc-
tionsheldto dispose ofELSI'sassets,byinformingthe public atlargethat
the Governmentwouldbe taking overELSI'sfacilities.Whileproceeding
with plans to take over ELSI, for example by negotiating agreementsfor

rehiringthe staff,IR1issaidto have"boycotted" the firstthree auctions of
the assets,at which the terms set by the bankruptcy judge werenot to its
liking.ELTEL proposed to the trustee in bankruptcy that it be permitted
to lease the plant, and to purchase the work in progress, and this was
agreedto bythebankruptcy authorities ontermswhich, itisclaimed,were
adverseto ELSI'sinterests,both because the sumsinvolvedweretoo low
and because ELTEL was placed in a position to dictate the terms of the
final sale. At the final auction, ELTEL, already in possession under the
lease,acquired the plant and related equipment for 4,000millionlire, the
figure reported in the press to have been previously agreed on between
IR1and the Italian authorities. Asa result ofthe arrangements made with
the bankruptcy authorities for a piecemeal take-over, the total amount
received for ELSI's assets was slightly over 4,000 million lire, as com-

pared with the company's book valuation of over 12,000million lire.

116. Thus, the chargebased on the combination ofthe requisition and
subsequentacts isreallythatthe requisitionwasthebeginningofaprocess
that led to the acquisition of the bulk of theassets of ELSI (which was
whollyowned by Raytheon and Machlett) for far less than marketvalue.
That isa charge,not ofmeretemporary taking - though the United States
also contended that a temporary requisition can constitute an indirect
taking - but of a process by which title to ELSI'sassets itselfwas in the
end transferred. So far as the requisition is concerned, counsel put the
United Statesargumentthis way:

"the fact that the requisition wasfor an extendable six-monthperiod
does not make this any less of an expropriation of interests in
property, given the fact that the requisition drove ELSI into
bankruptcy".

Whatis thus allegedbythe Applicant,ifnot anovert expropriation, might
be regarded as a disguised expropriation; because, at the end of the pro-
cess,itisindeed titleto property itselfthat isatstake.The argumentisthat
ifa seriesofactsor omissionsofthe Italian authorities had the end result,
whether intended or not and whether the result of collusion or not, of
causing United Statesproperty in Italy to be ultimately transfened into
the ownership of Italy, without proper compensation, there would be a
violation of ArticleV,paragraph 2,of the FCN Treaty.I'ELSI.Aprèsavoirréquisitionné l'usine etprovoqué la faillitede I'ELSI,
leGouvernement italien aurait découragéleséventuelsacquéreursprivés
de participer aux enchèresorganiséespour vendre lesbiens de I'ELSIen
annonçant publiquement que le Gouvernement reprendrait les installa-
tions de I'ELSI.Tout en poursuivant ses plans de reprise de I'ELSI,par
exempleen négociantdesaccordsenvuede laréembauchedu personnel,
l'IR1aurait boycotté» lestrois premièresventes aux enchères,dont les
conditions fixéespar le juge-commissaire ne lui auraient pas convenu.
L'ELTEL a proposéau syndic de faillite qu'elle soit autorisée à louer
l'usine et acquérirles fabrications en cours, ce qui a été acceppar les

autoritésde faillite àdes conditions qui, est-ilsoutenu, étaient contraires
auxintérêtd seI'ELSI, a lafoisparce que lesmontants enquestion étaient
trop bas et parce que 1'ELTELa été mise en mesure d'imposer les con-
ditions de la dernière vente.A cette vente,I'ELTEL,qui avait déjàpris
possession de l'usine enla louant, a acheté l'usineet le matériel quis'y
rattachait pour 4000 millions de lires, chiffre qui, selon la presse, aurait
étéprécédemment convenuentre l'IR1 et les autoritésitaliennes. A la
suite des arrangements pris avec les autoritésde faillite afin de fraction-
ner l'acquisition des biens, le montant total obtenu pour les biens de
I'ELSIa étéd'un peu plus de 4000 millions de lires, alors que l'évalua-
tion figurant dans les livresde la société étaidte plus de000 millions
de lires.
116. Ainsi, le grief fondé sur la combinaison de la réquisitionet des

faitsultérieurs signifieen réalique la réquisitiona marquéle commen-
cement d'un processus qui a abouti à l'achat de la plus grandepartie des
actifs de 1'ELSI(laquelle était entièrement aux mainsde Raytheon et
Machlett) pour bien moins que leur valeur marchande. L'objet de ce
grief n'est pas un simple takingtemporaire - bien que les Etats-Unis
aient aussi soutenu qu'une réquisition temporaire puisse constituer un
takingindirect - mais un processus par lequel la propriétémêmedes
actifsde I'ELSIa étéfinalementtransférée.Encequi concernela réquisi-
tion, l'argumentation des Etats-Unis a été présentép ear leur conseil
dans lestermes suivants :

«le fait que la réquisitionaétprévuepour unepériode desixmois,
prolongeable, n'en faitpas moins une expropriation d'intérêtdsans
desbiens,étantdonnéquelaréquisitionaamenél'ELSI àlafaillite».

Ce qui est ainsi alléguépar le demandeur pourrait être considéré, sinon
comme une expropriation déclaréed , u moins commeune expropriation
déguiséee ;n effet,au terme du processus en question, c'esteffectivement
letitre de propriété quistenjeu. L'argumentestque, au casoù une série
d'actesou omissionsdes autoritésitaliennes aurait eu pour conséquence
finale, que celle-cifûtvoulue ou non et qu'ellefût ounon lerésultatd'une
collusion,quedesbiensaméricainsenItalieauraient étéfinalementtrans-
férésenpropriété àl'Italie, sansindemnisation équitable,ily aurait alors
violation du paragraphe 2 de l'articleVdu traitéde 1948. 117. It mustimmediatelybe added thatthe United States,in the course
of the oral proceedings, in response to an Italian assertion that it was

attempting to establish a conspiracyto bring about the change of owner-
ship,made itveryclearthat thispart ofitscasedid not depend upon, orin
anywayinvolve,anyallegationthatthe Italian authorities wereparties to
such a conspiracy. The United States stated formally that it "has never
argued and does not now argue that the acts and omissions of the
Respondent that violated the Treaty amount to a 'conspiracy"'. More-
over,itwas addedthat whilstthe reliefsoughtwas"based on the actsand
omissions of the Respondent's agents and officials at the federal and
local levels (including IRI), without any allegation that these officials
were working in conspiracy", the United States did not "speculate as
to whythese agents and officials of the Respondent acted in the manner
they did"; or, asthe United States Agentput it in his argument:

"These acts and omissions constituted Treaty violations ...
whether or not the Italian Government entities involved knew of

each other's actions,and whether or not they were acting in concert
or at crosspurposes."

118. The argument that there was a "taking" involvingtransfer of title
gives rise to a number of difficulties. Even assuming, though without
deciding, that "espropriazione" might be wide enough to include not
only forma1and open expropriation, but also a disguised expropriation,
there would still be a question whether the paragraph can be extended
to include even a "taking" of an Italian corporation in Italy, of which,
strictly speaking, Raytheon and Machlett only held the shares. This,
however, is where account must also be taken of the first paragraph of
the Protocol appended to the FCN Treaty,which provides :

"1. The provisions of paragraph 2 of Article V,providing for the
payment of compensation, shall extend to interests held directly or
indirectly[si estenderannoaidiritti spettanti direttamente odindiretta-
menteai cittadini .. .] by nationals, corporations and associations of
either High Contracting Party in property which is taken within the
territories ofthe other HighContracting Party."

TheEnglishtext ofthisprovision suggeststhat itwasdesignedpreciselyto

resolve the doubts just described. The interests of shareholders in the
assets of a Company,and in their residuary value on liquidation, would
appear to fa11inthe categoryofthe "interests"tobeprotected byArticleV,
paragraph 2, and the Protocol. Italy has however drawn attention to the
useinthe Italiantext - whichisequallyauthentic - ofthe narrowerterm ELETTRONICA SICULA (ARR&T) 70

117. Il faut immédiatement ajouter que les Etats-Unis, au cours de la
procédure orale,ont trèsclairementprécisée ,nréponse àl'affirmation de
l'Italiesuivantlaquelle ilscherchaientàétablirl'existenced'une conspira-
tion envue de provoquer le changement de propriété,que cette partie de
leur demande ne dépendaitpas de l'allégation selonlaquellelesautorités
italiennesauraient pris partàune telleconspiration etqu'ellen'impliquait

aucunement une telleallégation.LesEtats-Unis ont déclaréformellement
qu'ils ((n'ontjamais soutenu etne soutiennent pasmaintenantque lesac-
tions et omissions du défendeur contraires au traitéde 1948équivalent
à une ((conspiration ». D'ailleurs, les Etats-Unis ont ajouté que larépa-
ration demandée «se fondait sur les actions et omissions des agents et
fonctionnaires du défendeur, aux niveaux fédéral et local (y compris
I'IRI),sansallégueraucunement que cesfonctionnaires conspiraient »,et
que les Etats-Unis «ne spéculent pas sur les raisons pour lesquelles ces
agents et fonctionnaires du défendeur ont agi comme ils l'ont fait »;ou,
pour reprendre les termes employéspar l'agent des Etats-Unis dans sa
plaidoirie:

«Cesactes etomissions ont constituédesviolations du traité ..que
chacune des autorités italiennes en cause aient eu connaissance ou

non des actes des autres et que ces autorités aient agi ou non de
concert ou suivantdesobjectifsopposés. »

118. L'argumentselonlequel ilya euun «taking))impliquant transfert
du titre de propriétésoulèveun certain nombre de difficultés.Asupposer
même,maissans seprononcer sur cepoint, que leterme «espropriazione))
puisse êtreassez large pour englober non seulement une expropriation
formelle et déclarée,mais aussi une expropriation déguisée,il s'agirait
encore de savoir si l'application de ce paragraphe peut être étendueau
((taking))d'une sociétéitalienne en Italiedont Raytheon et Machlett ne
possédaient àproprement parler que les actions. C'est là qu'il faut tenir
compte aussi du premier paragraphe du protocole annexé au traitéde
1948,lequel est ainsilibellé:

«1. Les dispositions du paragraphe 2 de l'article V qui prévoient
le paiement d'une indemnité s'appliqueront aux droits [((interests))
dans laversionanglaise] que desressortissantsou des sociétés ou as-
sociationsde l'unedes Hautes Parties contractantespossèdentdirecte-

ment ou indirectement [si estenderannoai diritti spettantidirettamente
od indirettamenteai cittadini...sur des biens qui sont expropriés à
l'intérieur desterritoiresde l'autre Haute Partie contractant))

La version anglaise de cette disposition donne à penser que celle-ci vise
précisément à dissiper les doutes qui viennent d'être exposés.Les inter-
ests des actionnaires sur les biens de la sociétéet sur leur valeur rési-
duelle de liquidation semblententrer dans lacatégoriedes«interests»que
doiventprotégerleparagraphe 2de l'article Vet leprotocole. Mais l'Italie
a signaléque c'est le terme plus étroit «diritti» (droits) qui est employé "diritti"(rights), and has argued that, on the basis of the principle
expressed in Article 33, paragraph 4, of the Vienna Convention on the
Law of Treaties, the correct interpretation of the Protocol must be in the
more restrictive sense of the Italian text.

119. In the viewof the Chamber, however,neither this question of in-
terpretation ofthe twotexts ofthe Protocol,nor the questionsraised asto
the possibilities of disguised expropriation or of a "taking" amounting
ultimately to expropriation, have to be resolved in the present case,
because itissimplynot possibletosaythatthe ultimateresult wasthe con-
sequence of the acts or omissions of the Italian authorities, yet at the
same time to ignore the most important factor, namely ELSI'sfinancial
situation, and the consequent decision of its shareholders to close the
plant and put an end tothe company's activitiesA. sexplained above(para-
graphs 96-98),the municipal courts considered that ELSI, if not already
insolventin Italian lawbefore the requisition, wasin soprecarious a state
that bankruptcy was inevitable. The Chamber cannot regard any of the
acts complained of which occurred subsequent to the bankruptcy as
breaches of ArticleV,paragraph 2,in the absence of any evidence of col-
lusion,which isnowno longer evenalleged.Evenifit werepossibleto see
the requisition as having been designed to bring about bankruptcy, as a
steptowards disguisedexpropriation, then, if ELSI wasalready under an

obligation to file a petition of bankruptcy, or in such a financial state
that such a petition could not be long delayed, the requisition was an
act of supererogation. Furthermore this requisition, independently of
the motives which allegedly inspired it, being by its terms for a limited
period, and liable to be overturned by administrative appeal, could not,
in the Chamber'sview, amount to a "taking" contrary to Article Vunless
it constituted a significantdeprivation of Raytheon and Machlett's inter-
est in ELSI'splant; as might havebeen the caseif, while ELSI remained
solvent,the requisition had been extended and the hearing ofthe admin-
istrative appeal delayed. In fact the bankruptcy of ELSI transformed
the situation less than a month after the requisition. The requisition
could therefore only be regarded as significant for this purpose if it
caused or triggered the bankruptcy. This is precisely the proposition
which is irreconcilable with the findings of the municipal courts, and
withthe Chamber's conclusionsin paragraphs 99-100above.

120. Article 1 of the Supplementary Agreement to the FCN Treaty,
which confers rights not qualified by national or most-favoured-nation
standards, provides asfollows : ELETTRONICA SICULA (ARRÊT) 71

dans laversionitalienne,laquelle estégalementauthentique, etelle asou-
tenu que,en vertu du principe expriméauparagraphe4 de l'article 33de
la convention de Vienne sur le droit destraités,c'estdans le sensplus res-
treint de la versionitalienne que doit être interprle protocole.
119. Toutefois, de l'avisde la Chambre,cettequestion d'interprétation
des deux versions du protocole, pas plus que les questions soulevées
quant àl'éventualitéd'uneexpropriation déguiséeoud'un((taking))équi-
valant en définitiveà une expropriation, ne doit être résolue enl'espèce
puisqu'il n'esttout simplementpas possible dedire que le résultatfinala
étéla conséquence des actes ou omissions des autorités italiennes, en

ignorant en mêmetemps l'élément lp elus important, àsavoirla situation
financière de I'ELSI et la décision prise en conséquencepar ses action-
naires de fermer son usine et de mettre fin ses activités.Comme il a été
expliqué ci-dessus(paragraphes 96 à 98),lesjuridictions internes ont es-
timéque I'ELSI, siellen'était pasdéjàinsolvableau regarddudroititalien
avant la réquisition, setrouvait dansune situation tellementprécaire que
sa failliteétait inévitable.Parmiles faitsqui se sont produits après la fail-
liteet qui sontmaintenant mis en cause,pas un ne peut être considérépar
la Chambre commeviolant le paragraphe 2de l'article V,en l'absence de
toute preuve de collusion; or la collusion n'estmêmeplus alléguéemain-
tenant. Mêmes'il était possible de considérerque la réquisition visaità
provoquerlafaillite,commepremierpas versuneexpropriation déguisée,

et àsupposer que I'ELSI était déjà tenuede demander sa mise en faillite
ou qu'elle se trouvait dans une situation financière telle que cette de-
mande ne pouvait pas être longtempsdifférée,la réquisition étau itn acte
surérogatoire. De plus, indépendamment des motifs l'ayant prétendu-
ment inspirée, cette réquisition avait selon ses propres termes une durée
limitéeet pouvait êtreannuléemoyennant un recours administratif; elle
nepouvait, de l'avisde laChambre,êtreassimilée à un ((taking))contreve-
nant à l'article Và moins de constituer pour Raytheon et Machlett une
privation importante de leur interestdans l'usine de I'ELSI,ce qui aurait
pu êtrelecas si,I'ELSIrestant solvable, la duréede la réquisitionavaitété
prolongéeet la décisionsur le recours administratif différée. En fait, la
faillite de I'ELSIatransforméla situation moins d'un mois aprèsla réqui-
sition. Cette réquisition ne pouvait donc être considérée comme impor-

tante à cet effet que si elle avait causé ou déclenché la faillite.C'est là
précisémentuneproposition quiestinconciliableavec lesconclusionsdes
juridictions internes et avec celles auxquelles la Chambre est parvenue
aux paragraphes 99et 100ci-dessus.

120. L'article premier de l'accord complétant le traité de 1948, qui
confèredesdroitsauxquels lesnormes du traitementnational ou du traite-
ment delanation laplusfavoriséen'apportent aucune restriction,dispose
ce qui suit "The nationals, corporations and associations of either High Con-
tracting Party shall not be subjected to arbitrary or discriminatory
measures within the territories of the other High Contracting Party
resulting particularly in: (a) preventing their effective control and

management of enterprises whichtheyhavebeenpermitted to estab-
lish or acquire therein; or, (b)impairing their other legally acquired
rights and interests in such enterprises or in the investments which
they have made, whether inthe form of funds (loans, shares or other-
wise),materials, equipment, services,processes,patents, techniques
or otherwise.Each High Contracting Party undertakes not to discri-
minate against nationals, corporations and associations of the other
High Contracting Party as totheirobtaining under normal terms the
capital, manufacturing processes, skills and technology which may
be needed for economic development."

The United States bases its claims upon allegations that measures were
taken which were both "arbitrary" and "discriminatory" in the sense of
this text.

121. The Applicant pressed strongly the claim that the requisition was
an arbitrary or discriminatory act which violated both the "(a)"and the
"(b)"clauses of the Article. The requisition, it is said, clearly prevented
Raytheon and Machlett from exercisingtheir control and management of
ELSI and also resulted in an impairment of their legallyacquired rights
and interests in ELSI, inasmuch as itprevented the voluntary liquidation
of ELSI and caused it to file for bankruptcy. Tothe claim asitispresented
in those terms, however, the Chamber has already given its answer: the
absence of a sufficiently palpable connection between the effects of the
requisition and the failure ofELSIto carryout itsplanned orderly liquida-
tion (paragraph 101above). Accordingly,it cannotbe said that it was the
requisition per sewhich eitherprevented Raytheon's effectivecontrol and
management of ELSI, or which resulted in impairing legally acquired
rights, in the sense of the clauses called "(a)"and "(b)"in Article 1of the
Supplementary Agreement. Yet,although this isan answer to the claimas
it ispresented in terms of those clauses of Article 1,it isnot the end of the
matter. The effectofthe word "particularly", introducing the clauses "(a)'"

and "(b)",suggests that the prohibition of arbitrary (and discriminatory)
acts is not confined to those resulting in the situations described in "(a)"
and "(b)",but is in effect a prohibition of such acts whether or not they
produce such results. It is necessary, therefore, to examine whether the
requisition was, or was not, an arbitrary or discriminatory act of itself.
122. The allegation of the United States that Raytheon and Machlett
were subjected to "discriminatory" measures can be dealt withshortly. It
is common groundthatthe requisition order was not made because of the
nationality oftheshareholders;there havebeen many casesofrequisition «Les ressortissants, les sociétés et les associationsde l'une des
Hautes Parties contractantes ne seront pas soumis, sur lesterritoires
de l'autre Haute Partie contractante, à des mesures arbitraires ou
discriminatoires ayant notamment pour effet: a) de les empêcher
de [contrôler] et de gérer effectivement des entreprises qu'ils ont
étéautorisés à créer ou à acquérir; ou b) de porter préjudice aux
autresdroits etintérêtqsu'ilsont légitimementacquisdans cesentre-
prises ou dans les investissements qu'ils ont effectuéssous la forme
d'apport de fonds (prêts, achats d'actions ou autres), de matériel,
de fournitures, de services, de procédésde fabrication, de brevets,

de techniques ou autres. Chacune des Hautes Parties contractantes
s'engage àne pas faire de discriminationcontre lesressortissants, les
sociétéset les associations de l'autre Haute Partie contractante, en
ce qui concernel'obtention, dans desconditions normales,des capi-
taux, des procédésde fabrication et des connaissances pratiques et
techniques dont ils peuvent avoirbesoin aux finsdu développement
économique. »

Pour étayer leur thèse,les Etats-Unis allèguent que des mesures ont été
prises qui étaient la fois «arbitraires »et «discriminatoires »au sens de
cetexte.
121. Le demandeur a fait valoir avec insistance que la réquisition
constituait un actearbitraire oudiscriminatoireenviolationdesclauses a)

et b) de l'article premier. La réquisition, a-t-il dit, a manifestement em-
pêché Raytheonet Machlett d'exercer le contrôle et la gestion de I'ELSI;
elle a eu aussi pour effet deporter préjudiceleursdroits et intérêtlségi-
timement acquis dans I'ELSI dans la mesure où elle a empêché la liqui-
dation volontaire de la sociétéet a obligé celle-cidemander sa mise en
faillite. Sur la thèse présentée ences termes, la Chambre s'est déjà pro-
noncée :il n'ya pas de lien assez tangible entre les effets de la réquisition
et l'inexécutionpar I'ELSI de son plan de liquidation régulière(para-
graphe 101 ci-dessus). En conséquence, on ne saurait dire que c'est la
réquisitionensoiqui a empêchéRaytheonde contrôleret de gérereffecti-
vement I'ELSIou qui a eu pour effet deporter préjudice à desdroits légi-
timement acquis, au sens des clauses a) et b)de l'article premier de l'ac-
cord complémentaire. Néanmoins cette réponseau moyen tiré desdites

clauses de l'article premier ne règle pas tout. Le mot «notamment»,
qui introduit les clausesa) et b), donne à penser que l'interdiction des
actesarbitraires (et discriminatoires) ne se limite àaceux qui ont pour
résultatles situations définies dans ces clauses, mais qu'elle revient en
réalitéàprohiber les actes de cettenature, qu'ilsproduisent ou non un tel
résultat.Il faut donc rechercher si la réquisition constituait ou non en
soiun acte arbitraire ou discriminatoire.
122. L'allégation des Etats-Unis selon laquelle Raytheon et Machlett
ont faitl'objet de mesures ((discriminatoirespeut êtreexaminéebriève-
ment. C'est un fait reconnu que l'ordonnance de réquisition n'a pas été
prise en raison de la nationalité des actionnaires; souvent des ordon-orders made in similarcircumstancesagainst wholly Italian-owned com-
panies. But the United States claims that there was "discrimination" in
favour of IRI, an entitycontrolled by Italy;and this was, inthe viewofthe
United States, contrary to the FCN Treaty and Supplementary Agree-
IR1 were directly contrary to
ment. It is contended that the interests of
those of Raytheon and Machlett, and the Italian Government intervened
to advance its own commercialinterests at the latter's expense. However,
the requisition order in itself did not serve any interest of IRI; it is only if
the requisition isregarded asastep inaprocessdestined totransfer ELSI's
assetsto IR1thatthe factualsituation wouldaffordanybasisforthe argu-
ment now under examination. As indicated above, the United States
statedfonnally during the oral proceedings that itwasnot arguingthat the
acts and omissionscomplained of amount to a "conspiracy", and did not
speculate as to why the relevant agents and officials of the Respondent
acted as they did (see paragraph 117above). There is no sufficient evi-
dence before the Chamber tosupport the suggestion that there was a plan
to favour IR1 at the expense of ELSI, and the claim of "discriminatory
measures"inthe sense ofArticle 1ofthe Supplementary Agreement must
therefore be rejected.

123. In order to show that the requisition order was an "arbitrary" act
in the sense of the Supplementary Agreement to the FCN Treaty, the
Applicanthas relied (interalia) uponthe status ofthat order inItalian law.
Itcontends thatthe requisition "was precisely the sort of arbitrary action
which was prohibited" by Article 1of the Supplementary Agreement, in
that "under both the Treaty and Italian law,the requisition wasunreason-
able and improperly motivated"; it was "found to be illegal under Italian
domestic law for precisely this reason". Relying on its own English trans-
lation of the decision of the Prefect of Palermo of 22 August 1969,the
Applicant concludes that the Prefect found that the order was "destitute
of anyjuridical cause which may justify it or make it enforceable". Italy
firstcontended that the word "or" in thetranslation ofthispassageshould
be replaced by "and", and subsequentlyput fonvard the alternativetrans-
lation that "the order, generically speaking,lacks the proper motivation
that could justify it and make it effective". It may be noted in passing that
when ELSI, immediatelyafter the making of the requisition order, form-
ally invited the Mayor of Palermo to revoke the order, it referred to it
throughout as"the said illegal and arbitrary order" ("dettoillegaleedarbi-

trario provvedimento"); but the appeal submitted to the Prefect, while
citing numerous legal grounds for annulment, including "eccessodi potere
persviamentodel fine"("excess ofpower by deviationfrom the purpose"),
contained no claim that the order had been "arbitrary". It is therefore
appropriate for the Chamber to examine the legal grounds given by the
Prefect of Palermo for his decision, as well as what was said by the
Court of Appeal of Palermo on the legal impact of the Prefect's deci-
sion on the requisition order, and consider whether the findings of the ELETTRONICASICULA (ARRÊT) 73

nances de réquisition prisesdans des circonstances semblables l'ont été
contredessociétés appartenant entièrementàdesItaliens.Mais lesEtats-
Unis affirment qu'il y a eu «discrimination» en faveur de I'IRI, entité
contrôléepar 1'Etatitalien, ce qui, selon les Etats-Unis,était contraireau
traitéde 1948età l'accordcomplémentaire.Ilssoutiennentquelesintérêts
de l'IR1allaientdirectementà l'encontredeceuxdeRaytheon etMachlett
et que le Gouvernement italien est intervenu pour favoriser ses propres

intérêts commerciaux aux dépend se ces dernières.Or, par elle-même,
l'ordonnance de réquisitionne servaitaucun intérêdte1'IRI;cen'estque
si l'on envisageaitla réquisition commeune phase d'une opération des-
tinée àtransférerà l'IR1les avoirs de I'ELSI que cette situation de fait
étayeraitquelquepeu l'argument àl'examen.Commeila étéindiqué plus
haut, les Etats-Unis ont formellementdéclaré, lors des plaidoiries,qu'ils
ne soutenaient pas que les actes et omissions incriminés équivalaienà
une «conspiration »; ils n'ont pas spéculsur les raisons pour lesquelles
lesagentsetfonctionnaires en cause du défendeuront agicommeilsl'ont
fait(voirparagraphe 117ci-dessus).Aucunepreuvesuffisante n'aétésou-
mise à la Chambre à l'appui de l'idéequ'il y aurait eu un plan visaàt
favoriser l'IR1aux dépensde I'ELSI; l'allégationde «mesures discrimi-
natoires»au sensdel'article premierdel'accord complémentairedoitpar

conséquent êtrr eejetée.
123. Pour démontrerque l'ordonnance de réquisition constituaitun
acte ((arbitraireau sens de l'accord complétantle traitéde 1948,le de-
mandeur s'estnotamment fondésurlavaleurdecetteordonnance endroit
italien.lsoutientquelaréquisition«étaitprécisémenltetyped'acte arbi-
traire qui étaitinterdit»par l'article premierde l'accord complémentaire,
parce que, «au regard du traité aussibienquedu droit italien, la réquisi-
tion était déraisonnableet irrégulièrementmotivée; ellea «étédéclarée
illégaleendroit interneitalienprécisémenpt our cetteraison ».Sefondant
sur sa propre traduction en anglais de la décision renduepar le préfetde
Palerme le 22 août 1969,le demandeur conclut que le préfeta jugéque
l'ordonnance était((destituteof anyjuridical causewhichmayjustify it or
makeit enforceable)()«dépourvuedetoute causejuridique pouvant lajus-
tifier ou la rendre exécutable))). L'Italiea d'abord soutenu que le mot

((or»devaitêtreremplacé par «and»danslatraduction decepassagepuis
ellea soumiscetteautre traduction:«theorder,genericallyspeakingl,acks
theproper motivation thatouldjustifyitandmakeiteffective))(«d'unema-
nière généralei,l manque dans l'ordonnance la motivation appropriée
pouvant lajustifier etlarendre efficace »).Onpeut releverenpassant que,
lorsque I'ELSIa formellementinvitéle maire de Palerme à révoquer son
ordonnance de réquisition,immédiatementaprèsqu'ill'eutprise, ellel'a
constammentdésignée par lestermes «ladite ordonnance illégaleetarbi-
traire» (ctdetto illegale ed arbitrarioprovvedimento)));mais le recours
adresséau préfet,quimentionnepourtant denombreuxmotifsjuridiques
d'annulation, parmi lesquels l'«eccessodipotereper sviamentodelfine))
(«l'excèsde pouvoir pour détournementdu but »), n'avance nullement
que l'ordonnance était((arbitraire». Il convient donc que la Chambre74 ELETTRONICA SICULA (JUDGMENT)

Prefect or of the Court of Appeal are equivalent to, or suggest, a con-

clusion that the requisition was an "arbitrary" action.

124. Yet it must be borne in mind that the fact that an act of a public
authority may have been unlawful in municipal law does not necessarily
mean thatthat act was unlawful in international law, as a breach of treaty
or otherwise. A finding of the local courts that an act was unlawful may
wellbe relevantto an argument that itwas also arbitrary; but by itself,and
without more, unlawfulness cannot be said to amount to arbitrariness.
It would be absurd if measures later quashed by higher authority or a
superiorcourt could, forthat reason,be said to havebeen arbitrary in the

sense of international law. To identify arbitrariness with mere un-
lawfulnesswould be to deprive it of any usefulmeaning in its own right.
Nor does it follow from a finding by a municipal court that an act was
unjustified, or unreasonable, or arbitrary, that that act is necessarily to
be classed as arbitrary in international law, though the qualification
given to the impugned act by a municipal authority may be a valuable
indication.

125. The principal passage from the decision of the Prefect which is
relevanthere has alreadybeen quoted (paragraph 75above), but it iscon-
venientto set it outagain here :

"Nonv'hadubbiocheanchesepossonoconsiderarsi,inlineadeltutto
teorica,sussistenti,nellafattispecie, gli estremi della grave necessità
pubblicaedellacontingibilità edurgenza chedeterminaronoI'adozione
delprovvedimento, ilfine cuitendevalarequisizionenonpoteva trovare
pratica realizzazioneconilprovvedimento stesso,tantoè ver0chenes-
suna ripresadi attività dell'aziendavi èstata a seguito della requisi-

zione,nèavrebbepotuto esserci.Manca,pertanto, ne1provvedimento,
genericamente,lacausagiuridicachepossa giustificarloerenderloope-
rante."

The differing translations offered by the Parties of the sentence upon
which the Applicant places considerable reliance are set out in para-
graph 123 above. In the Chamber's translation, the passage reads :

"There is no doubt that, even though, from the purely theoretical
standpoint, the conditions of grave public necessity and of unfore-
seen urgency warranting adoption ofthe measure maybe considered
to exist in the case in point, the intended purpose of the requisition
couldnot inpractice be achieved bythe order itself,sinceinfactthere
was no resumption of the company's activity following the requisi-
tion, nor couldtherehavebeen such resumption. The order therefore ELETTRONICASICULA (ARR~T) 74

examine lesmotifsjuridiques que lepréfetde Palerme adonnés à l'appui
de sa décisionainsique ce qu'a dit la cour d'appel de Palerme au sujet de
l'effetjuridique deladécisiondu préfetsurl'ordonnance de réquisition;il

convientaussi qu'ellerecherche silesconclusions du préfet oucellesde la
cour d'appel impliquent ou font penser que la réquisition était un acte
«arbitraireW.
124. Toutefois, il faut tenir compte du fait qu'un acte d'une autorité
publique peut avoir étéillégitimeen droit interne sans que cela signifie
nécessairementque cet acteétaitilliciteen droitinternational, entantque
violationd'un traité ou autrement. Unedécisiond'une juridiction interne
selon laquelle un acte était illégitimepeut bien êtreproduite a l'appui
d'une argumentation d'après laquelle cet acte était aussi arbitraire, mais
on ne peut pas dire que l'illégitimitéquivaudrait,par elle-mêmeet sans
plus, àl'arbitraire. Il serait absurde qu'on puisse dire que, parce que des

mesures ont été annuléep sar une autorité ou une juridiction supérieure,
elles étaientarbitrairesau sens du droit international. Ce seraitôter à l'ar-
bitraire toute significationutile qui lui soit propre que de l'identifier
simple illégitimité.11ne découlepas non plus du fait qu'une juridiction
nationale a concluqu'un acte était injustifié,déraisonnable ou arbitraire,
que cetactedoiveêtrequalifiéd'arbitraire endroitinternational,bienque
la qualification donnée par une autorité nationale à l'acte attaquépuisse
constituer une indication utile.
125. Lepassage de la décisiondu préfet qui présente le plusd'impor-
tanceen l'espècea déjàété cité (paragraphe 75ci-dessus),maisil convient
de le reproduire ici:

«Nonv'hadubbiocheanchesepossonoconsiderarsi,inlineadel tutto
teorica,sussistenti,nellafattispecie, gli estremi della gravenecessita
pubblicaedella contingibilitàedurgenzachedeterminaronol'adozione
delprovvedimento,ilfine cui tendevalarequisizionenonpoteva trovare

pratica realizzazioneconilprovvedimento stesso,tanto è verochenes-
suna ripresadi attività dell'aziendaviè statu a seguito della requisi-
zione,nèavrebbepotutoesserci.Manca,pertanto, ne1provvedimento,
genericamente,lacausagiuridica chepossagiustijiicarlerenderloope-
rante.))

Les traductions divergentes que les Parties ont fournies de la phraseàla-
quelle ledemandeur attache beaucoupdepoids sontreproduites aupara-
graphe 123ci-dessus. Dans la traduction de la Chambre, ce passageselit
commesuit :

«Il n'ya pas de doute que, même sil'onpeut considérer,de façon
toutethéorique, que lesconditions degravenécessitépublique,d'im-
prévisibilitéet d'urgence quiont déterminél'adoption de cette me-
sure étaient réuniesen l'espèce, l'objectifvisépar la réquisition ne
pouvait être réaliséenpratique par cette ordonnance,tant il est vrai
qu'ala suite de la réquisitionl'activide l'entreprise n'a pas repris et
n'aurait pas pu reprendre. D'une manière générale,il manque par lacks,generically,thejuridical cause which mightjustify itand make
it operative."

126. In support of this conclusion, the Prefect explained that the
Mayor had believed that he could deal with the situation by means of a
requisition,without appreciating that
"the state oftheCompanyasaresultofcircumstancesofafunctional-
economic and market nature, was such as not to permit of the con-
tinuation of itsactivity".

He also emphasized the shutdown of the plant and the protest actions of
the staff,and the factthatthe requisitionhad not succeededinpreserving
public order. Finally the Prefect also observed that the order had been
adopted
"anche sottol'injlussodellepressioniedeirilieviformulati dallastampa
cittadina,per cuièda ritenerecheilSindaco,anchepersottrarvisi edi-
mostrare l'intendimentodella PubblicaAmministrazionedi intervenire
in qualche modo, addivenne alla requisizione quale provvedimento

direttopiù chealtro aporreinevidenza la sua intenzione di affrontare
comunqueilproblema".
In the translation ofthe Prefect'sdecision supplied by the Applicant :

"also under the influence of the pressure created by, and of the
remarks made by the local press; therefore we have to hold that the
Mayor,alsoin order to getout ofthe aboveand to showthe intent of

the PublicAdministration to intervenein one wayor another, issued
the order of requisition as a measure mainly directed to emphasize
hisintent to facethe problem in some way[or,as quoted inthe judg-
ment of the Court of Appeal of Palermo,in the translation supplied
bythe Applicant :'hisintention totackletheproblemjust the same']".

It was of course understandable that the Mayor, as a public official,
should havemade hisorder,insomemeasure,asaresponseto localpublic
pressures; and the Chamber does not see,in this passage of the Prefect's
decision, any ground on which it might be suggested that the order was
therefore arbitrary.

127. In the actionbrought bythetrustee in bankruptcy for damages on
account of the requisition, the Court of Palermo and subsequently the
Court of Appeal of Palermo had to consider the legal significanceof the
decision of the Prefect. The Court of Palermo accepted the argument of
the respondent administration that "ilprovvedimentoprefettizioèsostan-
zialmentedirevocadell'attorichiamato essendostatiritenutiirrealizzabiligli
scopicui 10stessomiravano",i.e.,that "the Prefect'sorder isinsubstance a
revocationof the actin question,the objectiveswhichwerecontemplated
byithavingbeenadjudged to havebeenimpossibleto achieve".Whenthe
matter came before the Court of Appeal, it observed that this argument
was contrary to the argument of the trustee in bankmptcy "cheravvisain conséquentdans l'ordonnance la causejuridique pouvant lajustifier
et la rendre opérante.))
126. A l'appui de cette conclusion, le préfeta expliqué quele maire
avaitcrupouvoirfaireface à lasituation au moyend'une réquisition,sans

prendre en considérationlefait que
«pour desraisonséconomiquesliéesau fonctionnement et à la com-
mercialisation de la société,celle-ci étaitdans une situation telle
qu'ellene lui permettait pas de poursuivre son activi..» ;
ila aussimisl'accentsur lafermeturedel'usine,lesmanifestationsdepro-

testation du personnelet lefaitquelaréquisitionn'avaitpas réussiàmain-
tenirl'ordre public.Enfin, lepréfeta faitobserverque l'ordonnance avait
été prise
«anchesottol'influssodellepressioniedeirilieviformulatidallastampa
cittadina,per cuièda ritenerecheilSindaco,anchepersottrawisi edi-
mostrare l'intendimentodella PubblicaAmministrazionedi intewenire
in qualche modo, addivenne alla requisizione quale provvedimento
direttopiù chealtroaporreinevidenzalasua intenzionedi affrontare
comunqueilproblema».

Lepassagetel quetraduit enanglaispar ledemandeur peut êtretraduit en
françaiscommesuit :
«aussisousl'influencede lapression créée par lapresselocale etdes
remarques qu'ellea formulées; nous devonsdonc en conclure que le
maire, désireux ausside setirer de cettesituation et de montrer l'in-
tention de l'administration d'intervenir d'une manière ou d'une
autre, apris l'ordonnance deréquisitioncommeune mesuredestinée

principalement àfaireressortirsonintention d'affronter leproblème
de quelque manière [ou, comme ces derniers mots sont citésdans
l'arrêdtelacourd'appel de Palerme,danslatraduction fourniepar le
demandeur :«son intention detraiter leproblèmetout de même »]».
On peut comprendre évidemment que le maire, en tant qu'agent de la
puissance publique, ait dans une certaine mesure pris son ordonnance
sous l'effet de pressions exercées publiquement à l'échelonlocal; la
Chambrene voit,dans cepassagedeladécisiondu préfet,aucun motifqui
permettrait de dire que l'ordonnance étaitpar conséquent arbitraire.

127. Dans l'action en dommages et intérêts intentép ear le syndic de
failliteà la suite de la réquisition, letribunal de Palerme puis la cour
d'appel de Palerme ont dû examiner la question de la portée juridique
de la décision du préfet.Le tribunal de Palerme a accepté l'argumentde
l'administration défenderesse selon lequel«il provvedimento prefettizio
è sostanzialmente di revoca dell'atto richiamato essendo stati ritenuti
irrealizzabiligliscopicui0stessomiravano»(«la décisiondu préfetest en
substance une mesure par laquelle il a révoquél'acte en question, les ob-
jectifs viséspar cet acte ayant étjugésirréalisables»). Lorsque l'affaire
a étéportéedevant la cour d'appel, celle-ci a relevéque cet argument
était contraireàceluiqu'avait présenté lesyndicde faillite «cheravvisaindettodecreto unadichiarazione di illegittimitàdelprovvedimentodi requisi-
zione",i.e.,"who regarded the [Prefect's]decreeas a declaration ofthe un-
lawfulnessofthe requisition order". TheCourt ofAppeal understood the

lowercourt asmeaningsimplythat "ivizidelprovvedimentodirequisizione,
rilevatida1Prefetto, sono vizidi merito enon vizidi legittimità':i.e., "the
defects found by the Prefect in the requisition order were defects in
respect of the merits and not defects in respect of lawfulness"; it found
that this finding was incorrect because the reasoning of the Prefect was,
in itsview,a clearfinding of "untipicocasodieccessodipotere,cheè,come
è noto,unviziodilegittimità dell'atto amministrativoL"e,.,"a typicalcaseof
excessofpower, which isof course a defectin respect oflawfulness of an
administrative act". Havingreached this conclusion, the Court ofAppeal
refers later in itsjudgment to the requisition as having been "unlawful"
("illecito"). he analysis of the Prefect'sdecision as a finding of excess
ofpower,withthe resultthat the orderwassubjecttoa defectof lawfulness
does not, in the Chamber's view, necessarily and in itself signify any
viewbythe Prefect,orbythe Court of Appealof Palermo,that the Mayor's
act was unreasonable or arbitrary.

128. Arbitrariness is not so much something opposed to a rule of law,
as something opposed to the rule of law.This idea was expressed by the
Court in the Asylumcase,when it spoke of "arbitrary action" being "sub-
stitutedforthe ruleoflaw"(Asylum,Judgment,I.C.JR . eports1950,p. 284).
It is a wilful disregard of due process of law, anact which shocks, or at
least surprises, asense ofjuridical propriety. Nothing in the decision of
the Prefect,orinthejudgment ofthe Court ofAppeal ofPalermo,conveys
anyindication thatthe requisition order ofthe Mayor wasto be regarded
in that light.
129. The United States argument is not of course based solely on the
findings of the Prefect or of the local courts. United States counsel felt
able to describe the requisition generally as being an "unreasonable or
capricious exerciseofauthority". Yetone mustremember the situation in
Palermo at the moment ofthe requisition, withthe threatened sudden un-
employment ofsome800workersatone factory. Itcannot be saidto have
been unreasonable or merelycapricious forthe Mayor to seekto use the

powersconferred onhimbythe lawinan attemptto do somethingabouta
difficult and distressingsituation. Moreover, if one looks at the requisi-
tion order itself,onefinds an instrumentwhich initsterms recitesnot only
the reasonsfor itsbeingmadebut alsotheprovisionsofthe lawonwhichit
is based: one finds that, although later annulled by the Prefect because
"the intended purpose ofthe requisitioncould not inpractice be achieved
by the order itself" (paragraph 125above), it was nonetheless within the
competence ofthe Mayor of Palermo,accordingto the veryprovisions of
the law cited in it; onefinds the Court of Appeal of Palermo, which did
not differ from the conclusion that the requisition was intravires,ruling
that it wasunlawful asfalling intothe recognized categoryof administra-
tivelawofactsof "eccesso dipotere".Furthermore, here wasan actbelong-dettodecretounadichiarazionedi illegittimitàdelprovvedimentodi requisi-
zione))(«qui considère la décision [du préfet]comme une déclaration
d'illégitimitéde l'ordonnance de réquisition»).La cour d'appel a estimé
que la juridiction inférieure avait simplement voulu dire que «ivizi del
provvedimentodi requisizione, rilevati da1Prefetto, sono vizidi merito e
nonvizidi legittimità))(«les vices de l'ordonnance de réquisitionrelevés
par le préfet sont des vices de «mérite» et non de ((légitimité»); elle a
jugéque cette conclusion était inexacte parce qu'il était clair,son avis,

que le préfet avait constatédans ses motifs «un tipicocasodi eccessodi
potere, cheè, come è noto,un viziodi legittimità dell'attoamministrativo))
(«un cas typique d'excèsde pouvoir qui, comme on le sait, constitue un
vice de légitimitéde l'acte administratif))). Dans son arrêt, après être
parvenue à cette conclusion, la cour d'appel qualifie la réquisition
d'«illicite» (ccillecito»).Si la décision du préfet est interprétée comme
constatant un excèsde pouvoir et comme signifiantdès lors que l'ordon-
nance était entachée d'unvice de légitimité,celane veut pas dire néces-
sairement et cela ne suffit pas pour qu'on puisse dire, de l'avis de la
Chambre, que le préfet ou la cour d'appel de Palermeestimaitque l'acte
du maire était déraisonnableou arbitraire.
128. L'arbitraire n'estpastant ce qui s'opposeàune règlede droit que
ce qui s'oppose au règnede la loi. La Coura exprimé cetteidéedans l'af-

faire duDroitd'asile,quand elle aparléde «l'arbitraire »qui «se substitue
au règnede la loi»(Droitd'asile,arrêC t,.Z.. ecueil1950,p. 284).Il s'agit
d'une méconnaissancedélibérée desprocédurerségulières,d'un actequi
heurte, ou du moins surprend, le sens de la correctionjuridique. Dans la
décisiondupréfet oudans l'arrêtde la courd'appel de Palerme,rien n'in-
dique que l'ordonnance de réquisition du maire devait être considérée
sous cet angle.
129. L'argumentation des Etats-Unisne sefonde évidemmentpas seu-
lement sur lesconclusions du préfetet des tribunaux internes. Le conseil
des Etats-Unis a estimépouvoir dire que, d'une manière générale,la
réquisition procédait de l'«exercice déraisonnable ou capricieux de
l'autorité».Il faut alors se souvenir de ce qu'était la situatàoPalerme
au moment de la réquisition: environ huit cents ouvriers d'une seule

usine risquaient d'être soudain réduits au chômage. On ne peut pas
dire qu'il ait été déraisonnable ou simplement capricieuxde la part du
maire de s'efforcer d'user des pouvoirs qui lui étaient conféréspar la loi
pour tenter defairequelquechoseface à unesituationdifficile etpréoccu-
pante. De plus, si l'on se penche sur l'ordonnance de réquisition elle-
même,onconstateque c'estun instrument dont letexteénoncenon seule-
ment les motifs qui sont àson origine,mais aussi les dispositions légales
sur lesquelles il se fonde: on constate que, même si ellea étéannulée
ensuite par le préfet parce que «l'objectif visépar la réquisitionne pou-
vait être réalisé en pratiquepar cette ordonnance)) (paragraphe 125ci-
dessus), elle n'en relevait pas moins despouvoirs que lemaire de Palerme
tenait des dispositions législativesqui y étaientmentionnées;on constate
que la cour d'appel de Palerme,qui ne s'estpas écartée dela conclusion77 ELETTRONICA SICULA (JUDGMENT)

ing to a category of public acts from which appeal on juridical grounds
was provided in law (and indeed in the event used, not without success).
Thus,the Mayor'sorder wasconsciouslymade inthe context ofan operat-
ing system of law and of appropriate remedies of appeal, and treated as
such by the superior administrative authority andthe local courts. These
are not at al1the marks of an "arbitrary" act.

130. The Chamber does not,therefore, seein the requisition a measure
which could reasonablybe said to eam the qualification "arbitrary", as it
is employed in Article 1of the Supplementary Agreement. Accordingly,

there was no violation of that Article.

131. Finally, the United States claimsthat therehasbeen aviolation by
Italy of Article VI1of the FCN Treaty.Thislong and elaborately drafted
Article, in four paragraphs, is principally concemed with ensuring the
right "to acquire, own and dispose of immovable property or interests
therein within the territories of the other High Contracting Party". The
fulltextis as follows:

"1. The nationals, corporations and associations of either High
Contracting Party shallbe permitted to acquire, own and dispose of
immovable property or interests therein within the territories of the
other High Contracting Party upon the following terms :

(a) in the case of nationals, corporations and associations of the
Italian Republic, the right to acquire, own and dispose of such
property and interests shall be dependent upon the laws and
regulations which are or may hereafter be in force within the
state, territory or possession of the United States of America
wherein such property orinterestsare situated; and
(b) in the case of nationals, corporations and associations of the
United Statesof America,the right to acquire, own and dispose of
such property and interestsshall be upon termsno lessfavorable
than those which are or may hereafter be accorded by the state,
territory or possession of the United States of America in which
such national is domiciled,or under the laws of which such cor-

poration or association is created or organized,to nationals, cor-
porations and associations ofthe Italian Republic; provided that
the Italian Republicshallnot be obligated to accord to nationals,
corporations and associations of the United States of America
rights in this connection more extensive than those which are or
may hereafterbeaccorded within theterritories of such Republic
to nationals,corporations and associations of such Republic.selon laquelle la réquisition relevait des pouvoirs du maire, a décidé
qu'elle étaitillégitimeparce qu'elle entrait dans la catégorie reconnue
des actes de droit administratif qualifiésd'«eccessodipotere)). En outre,
il s'agissaità d'un acte entrant dans une catégorie d'actes des pouvoirs
publics, pour lequel un recours fondésur des raisons de droit était prévu
par la loi (et dont il a d'ailleurs été faitusage, non sans succès).L'ordon-
nance du maire a donc étéprise sciemment dans le cadre d'un système
de droit et de recours qui fonctionnait et elle a ététraitée comme telle

par l'autorité administrative supérieure et par les juridictions locales.
Ce ne sont vraimentpas là les marques d'un acte ((arbitraire ».
130. Aussi laChambre ne voit-elle pas,dans laréquisition,unemesure
qui puisse être raisonnablement censée mériterle qualificatif d'«arbi-
traire »,tel qu'il est employéà l'article premier de l'accord complémen-
taire.Il n'ya donc pas eu violation de cet article.

131. Enfin, les Etats-Unisallèguent qu'ilya euviolation par l'Italie de
l'article VI1du traitéde 1948.Cet article, long et détaillé, quicomporte

quatre paragraphes, a surtout pour objet d'assurer le droit d'«acquérir,
déteniret céder des biens immobiliers ou des intérêtsdans ces biens »,
«dans les territoires de l'autre Haute Partie contractante ». En voici le
texte intégral:
«1. Les ressortissants, sociétés etassociations de chacune des
Hautes Parties contractantes pourront, dans lesterritoires de l'autre

Haute Partiecontractante, acquérir,déteniretcéderdesbiensimmo-
biliers ou des intérêtsdans ces biens, selon les modalités suivantes:
a) dans le cas de ressortissants, de sociétéset d'associations de la
Républiqueitalienne,ledroit d'acquérir,de déteniretde céderles
biens et intérêtssusviséssera subordonné aux lois et règlements
quisont ou serontenvigueurdans l'Etat,leterritoire ou laposses-
sion des Etats-Unis d'Amérique où lesditsbiens ou intérêts sont
situés;et
b) dans le cas de ressortissants, de sociétés etd'associations des

Etats-Unisd'Amérique,le droit d'acquérir,de déteniret de céder
les biens et intérêtssusvisés s'exerceradans des conditions non
moinsfavorables que celles qui sontou seront accordéesaux res-
sortissants,sociétésetassociations de la Républiqueitaliennepar
l'Etat, le territoire ou la possession des Etats-Unis d'Amérique
dans lesquels ces ressortissants ont leur domicile, ou conformé-
ment aux lois desquels lesdites sociétés ou associations ont été
crééesou continuées,étantentendu que la République italienne
ne sera pas tenue d'accorder, à cet égard, aux ressortissants, so-
ciétés et associations des Etats-Unis d'Amériquedes droits plus
étendusque ceux qui sont ou seront accordés dans les territoires
de ladite République à sespropres ressortissants,sociétésetasso-
ciations.78 ELETTRONICA SICULA (JUDGMENT)

2. If a national, corporation or association of either High Con-
tracting Party,whether or not resident and whether ornot engagedin
business or other activitieswithin the territories of the other High
Contracting Party, ison account ofalienageprevented bytheapplic-
able lawsand regulations within such territories from succeedingas
devisee, or as heir in the case of a national, to immovableproperty
situatedtherein, orto interests in such property, then such national,
corporation or association shall be allowed a term of three years in
which to sel1or otherwise dispose of such property or interests,this
termtobereasonablyprolonged ifcircumstancesrender itnecessary.
The transmission or receipt of such property or interests shall
be exempt from the payment of any estate, succession, probate or
administrative taxes or charges higher than those now or hereafter
imposed in like cases of nationals, corporations or associations of

the High Contracting Party in whose territory the property is or
the interests therein are situated.

3. The nationals of either High Contracting Party shall have full
power to dispose of persona1property of everykind within the terri-
tories ofthe other High Contracting Party, bytestament, donation or
otherwise and their heirs,legatees ordonees,being persons of what-
evernationality or corporations or associations wherever created or
organized, whether resident or non-resident and whether or not en-
gagedinbusiness withintheterritories ofthe HighContracting Party
where such property is situated, shall succeedto such property, and
shall themselves or by their agents be permitted to take possession
thereof, and to retain or dispose of it at their pleasure. disposi-

tion, succession and retention shall be subject to the provisions of
Article IX and exempt from any other chargeshigher, and from any
restrictions more burdensome, than those applicable in like casesof
nationals, corporations and associations of such other High Con-
tracting Party.Thenationals, corporations and associations of either
HighContracting Party,shallbe permittedto succeed,as heirs,lega-
tees and donees, to persona1property of everykind within theterri-
tories of the other High Contracting Party, left or givento them by
nationals of either High Contracting Party or by nationals of any
third country, and shall themselves or by their agents be permitted
to take possession thereof, and to retain or dispose of it at their
pleasure.Such disposition, succession and retention shall be subject
to the provisions ofArticle IX and exempt from any other charges,

and from any restrictions, other or higher than those applicable in
like cases of nationals, corporations and associations of such other
High Contracting Party. Nothing in this paragraph shall be con-
strued to affectthe laws and regulations of either High Contracting
Party prohibiting or restricting the direct or indirect ownership by 2. Siun ressortissant, une sociétou une association de l'une des
Hautes Parties contractantes, résidant ou non dans lesterritoires de
l'autre Haute Partie contractante, et y exerçant ou non une activité
commercialeou autre,setrouve, en raison de sa qualité d'étranger et
envertu des loisetrèglementsenvigueurdans lesditsterritoires, mis
dans l'impossibilitéde succéder commelégataireou, s'ils'agit d'un
ressortissant,commehéritier à desbiensimmobilierssituésdans les-
ditsterritoires ou desintérêtdsansde telsbiens,un délaidetrois ans
sera accordéaudit ressortissant ou à ladite sociétéou association
pour vendre ou aliéner soustoute autre forme lesdits biens ou in-
térêtsc;e délai sera prolongé d'une manière raisonnable si les cir-
constances l'exigent.La transmission ou l'entréeen possession des-
dits biens ou intérêts sera exonéré du paiement de tous impôts ou
taxesportant sur lesmutations immobilières,lessuccessions,lesfor-

malitéstestamentaires ou administratives,plus élevés que ceux qui
sontactuellementou seront dans l'avenir appliqués enpareil casaux
ressortissants, sociétés ou associationsde la Haute Partie contrac-
tante dans leterritoire delaquelle setrouventlesbiens ou intérêtsn
question.
3. Lesressortissants de chacune des Hautes Parties contractantes
pourront, à l'intérieur desterritoiresde l'autreHaute Partie contrac-
tante, disposer librement de leurs biens meubles, de quelque nature
qu'ils soient, par testament, donation ou de toute autre manière, et
leurshéritiers, légatairesou donataires, quelle que soitleurnationa-
lité,s'ils'agitde personnes physiques, etquel que soitle lieu où elles
ont été crééesou constitués e'si,ls'agitde sociésu d'associations,
qu'ils résident ou nonet qu'ilsexercent ou non une activité indus-

trielleoucommercialedans lesterritoires dela Haute Partie contrac-
tante où se trouvent les biens, succéderont auxdits biens et pour-
ront en prendre possission, soit eux-mêmess ,oit par l'entremisede
mandataires, et lesconserverou en disposer à leur gré. L'exercicdu
droit dedisposeretd'hériterdesditsbiensainsi que d'en conserverla
propriétésera subordonné aux dispositions de l'article IX et sera
exonéré detous autres droits plus élevéest de toute restriction plus
onéreuseque ceux qui s'appliquent dans des cas similaires aux res-
sortissants, aux sociétéset aux associations de ladite Haute Partie
contractante. Les ressortissants, sociétés et associationsde cha-
cune des Hautes Parties contractantes pourront, dans les territoires
de l'autre Haute Partie contractante, succéder, en qualité d'héri-
tiers, de légataires oude donataires, à des biens meubles de toute

nature, qui leur auront été transmisà cause de mort ou donnéspar
des ressortissants de l'une ou de l'autre desHautes Parties contrac-
tantes ou par des ressortissants d'un pays tiers, et pourront prendre
possession desdits biens, soit personnellement, soit par l'entremise
de mandataires, et les conserver ou en disposer à leur gré.L'exer-
cice du droit de disposer et d'hériterdesdits biens ainsi que d'en
conserver la propriétésera subordonné aux dispositions de l'ar-79 ELETTRONICA SICULA (JUDGMENT)

aliens or foreign corporations and associations of the shares in, or

instruments of indebtedness of, corporations and associations of
such High Contracting Party carrying on particular types of activi-
ties.

4. The nationals, corporations and associations of either High
Contracting Party shall, subject to the exceptions in paragraph 3 of
Article IX, receivetreatment in respect of al1matters which relate to
the acquisition, ownership, lease, possession or disposition of

persona1 property, no less favorable than the treatment which is
or may hereafter be accorded to nationals, corporations and asso-
ciations of anythird country."

The Italian text ofthe opening sentence of paragraph 1is as follows :

"1cittadini elepersonegiuridicheed associazionidi ciascunaAlta

Parte Contraenteavrannofacoltàdiacquistare,possedere edisporredi
beni immobili O di altri diritti reali neiterritoridell'altraAlta Parte
Contraente alleseguenticondizioni ..."
132. It was objected by Italy that this Article does not apply at al1to
Raytheon and Machlett because their own property rights ("dirittireali'y
were limited to shares in ELSI, and the immovable property in question

(the plant in Palermo) was owned by ELSI, an Italian company. The
United States contended that "immovable property or interests therein"
is a phrase sufficiently broad to include indirect ownership of property
rights held through a subsidiary that is not a United States corporation.
The argument turned to a considerable extent on the difference in
meaning between the English, "interests" and the Italian, "dirittireali".
"Interest" in English no doubt has several possible meanings. But since
it is in English usage a term commonlyused to denote different kinds of
rightsin land (forexamplerightssuchascharges,oreasements,and many
kinds of "future interests"), it is possible to interpret the English and
Italianversions ofArticleVI1asmeaningmuchthe samething ;especially
as the clause in question is in any event limited to immovableproperty.
The Chamber however has some sympathy with the contention of the
United States, as being more in accord with the general purpose of the

FCN Treaty. The United States argument is further that Raytheon and
Machlett, being the owners of al1the shares, werein practice the persons
who alone could decide (before the bankruptcy), whether to dispose of
the immovableproperty of the company; accordingly, if the requisition ticle IX et sera exonéréde tous droits et de toutes restrictions
autres et plus élevésque ceux qui sont appliquésdans des cas simi-
laires aux ressortissants, sociétéset associations de ladite autre
Haute Partie contractante. Aucune disposition du présent para-
graphe ne sera interprétée commeportant atteinte aux lois et règle-
ments de l'une ou l'autre des Hautes Parties contractantes qui
dénient aux étrangersou aux sociétés et associations étrangères
ou qui limitent à leur égardle droit de posséder, directementou
indirectement, des parts sociales ou des titres de créancesémis
par des sociétéset associationsde ladite Haute Partie contractante
qui exercentcertaines activitésdéterminées.
4. Pour toutes les questions touchant l'acquisition, la propriété,
le louage, la possession ou l'aliénation de biens meubles, les res-

sortissants, sociétés etassociations de chacune des Hautes Parties
contractantes bénéficieront, sousréservedes exceptions prévues
au paragraphe 3 de l'article IX, d'un traitement non moins favo-
rable que celui qui est ou sera accordé aux ressortissants, sociétés
et associationsd'un paystiers. »

Le texte italien de la première phrase du paragraphe premier est ainsi
libellé:

«I cittadinie lepersonegiuridicheed associazionidi ciascunaAlta
Parte Contraenteavrannofacoltàdiacquistare,possedereedisporredi
beni immobili O di altri diritti reali nei territoridell'altraAlta Parte
Contraente alleseguenti condizion i.))
132. L'Italie a objectéque cet article ne s'appliquait pas du tout à

Raytheon et Machlett car leurs propres droits réels (((diritti reali)))
ne portaient que sur des actions de I'ELSI et que les biens immobiliers
en question (l'usine de Palerme) avaient pour propriétaire I'ELSI,
société italienne.Les Etats-Unis ont fait valoir que les termes ((immov-
able property or intereststherein))étaient assez générauxpour com-
prendre la possibilité d'être indirectement titulaire de droits de
propriétépar l'intermédiaire d'une filialequi n'étaitpasune sociétéamé-
ricaine. Leur argumentation a porté dans une trèsgrande mesure sur la
différencede sens entre le terme anglais ((interests))et lestermes italiens
((dirittireali)).En anglais, le mot interestpeut sans doute avoir plusieurs
sens. Mais comme c'estun mot communément employéen anglais pour
désigner différentes sortesde droits sur des biens-fonds (par exemple
les hypothèques, les servitudes et les nombreuses espèces de ((future

interests))),on peut interpréterles versions anglaise et italienne de l'ar-
ticle VI1 comme signifiant sensiblement la mêmechose, d'autant plus
que la clause en question est de toute façon limitée aux biens immobi-
liers. Toutefois, la Chambre n'est pas insensible à la thèse des Etats-
Unis,qu'ellejuge plus en accord aveclebut générad lu traitéde 1948.Les
Etats-Unis soutiennent en outre que Raytheon et Machlett, en tant que
propriétaires de toutes les actions, étaient en pratique seules habilitéesdid, by triggering the bankruptcy, deprive ELSI of the possibility of dis-
posing of its immovable property, it was really Raytheon and Machlett
who weredeprived; and allegedlyin violation of Article VII.

133. There are however problems in any attempt to apply the provi-
sions of Article VI1to the actual facts of this case. First, the protection
which paragraph 1of Article VI1affords to this group of rights isnot un-
qualified. The qualification designated "(a)" refers to the rights enjoyed
by Italian nationalsin the territory ofthe United StatesofAmerica,which
in effect simply subjects Italian nationals to the municipal laws in the
United States, and does not concern us. Qualification "(b)"does,for this
applies to the rights enjoyed by United States nationals in the territory
of the Republic of Italy. It is a convoluted qualification because it lays
down alternative standards, which standards are themselves then both
qualified by the same proviso. The terms governing the rights are to be
no less favourable than those which are or may hereafter be accorded

by the "state, territory or possession of the United States of America in
which such national is domiciled, or under the laws of which such cor-
poration or association is created or organized" - which in the case
of Raytheon is the State of Delaware and in the case of Machlett the
State of Connecticut - "to nationals, corporations and associations of
the Italian Republic". Theproviso is :

"that the Italian Republic shallnot be obligated to accord to nation-
al~,corporations and associations of the United States of America
rights in thisconnection moreextensivethan those which are ormay
hereafter be accorded within the territories of such Republic to
nationals, corporations and associations of such Republic".

134. The Chamber has thus to make the somewhatelaboratejuridical
calculuswhichthisprovision intheFCN Treaty appears to demandfor its
application. No very cogent evidence was put before the Chamber to
showthat the application of Italian lawinthis matter waslessfavourable
than the treatment accorded by Italy to its own nationals, corporations
and associations,in Italy. Indeed itappeared that, particularlyduring the
troubled times of 1968,requisitions of Italian companies by the local
Mayors had happened rather frequently. The claim must therefore be
taken tobethat ELSIwasgivenlessfavourabletreatment than mighthave

been enjoyed by an Italian Companyunder the laws of Delaware and
Connecticut in similar circumstances.The United States drew attention
to textsshowing that

"Under the lawsofboth Delaware and Connecticut,corporations

maybe dissolved and their assetssoldpursuant to determinations by
their boards of directors and shareholders",à décider (avant la faillite) s'ilfallait aliénerl'avoir immobilier de la so-
ciété;ils en ont déduit que si la réquisition, en déclenchant la faillite, a
vraiment privé I'ELSI de la possibilitéde disposer de ses biens immo-
biliers, ce sont en réalité Raytheon et Machlettqui en ont été privéee st
cela,allèguent-ils,en violation de l'article VII.
133. Cependant toute tentative d'application des dispositions de I'ar-
ticle VI1aux faits mêmesde la causepose desproblèmes. Premièrement,
la protection que le paragraphe 1de l'article VI1accorde à ce groupe de
droits n'est pas sans restrictions. La clause restrictivea) se réfère aux

droits dont jouissent les ressortissants italiens sur le territoire des Etats-
Unis d'Amérique: en fait,elle soumet simplement les ressortissants ita-
liens au droit interne des Etats-Unis, et ne concerne pas la Chambre. La
clause restrictiveb)l'intéresse, carelle s'applique aux droits dont jouis-
sent lesressortissantsdes Etats-Unissur leterritoire de la Républiqueita-
lienne.Il s'agitd'une clausecompliquéeétantdonnéqu'elle indique deux
critèresdistincts,mais quisontensuite eux-mêmesrestreints parune seule
et mêmestipulation. Les conditions régissant les droits doivent être non
moinsfavorables que cellesqui sontou pourront êtreaccordées «aux res-
sortissants, sociétés etassociations de la République italienne)) par
«l'Etat,leterritoire ou lapossessiondes Etats-Unisd'Amérique dans les-
quels cesressortissants ont leur domicile,ou conformément aux lois des-
quels lesdites sociétés ou associations ont étécréées ou constituées)),

c'est-à-dire,dans le cas de Raytheon, 1'Etatdu Delawareet, dans celui de
Machlett, 1'Etatdu Connecticut. Cettestipulation est ainsirédigée :
«la République italienne ne sera pas tenue d'accorder, à cet égard,

aux ressortissants, sociétéset associations des Etats-Unis d'Amé-
rique des droits plus étendus que ceux qui sont ou seront accordés
dans lesterritoires de ladite République àsespropres ressortissants,
sociétéset associations».

134. La Chambre doit donc procéder au calculjuridique assez com-
pliquédont semble dépendre l'application de cette disposition du traité
de 1948.Aucune preuve très convaincante n'a été produite à la Chambre
pour établirque l'application du droit italien en la matière était moins
favorable que le traitement que l'Italie accorde à ses propres ressortis-
sants, sociétés etssociationsen Italie. Il semble mêmeque, surtoutpen-
dant l'époque troublée de1968,les réquisitionsde sociétésitaliennespar
les maires aient étéassez fréquentes.La demande doit donc être inter-
prétée comme signifiantque le traitement accordé à I'ELSI a été moins
favorable que celui dont une société italienne aurait pu bénéficier en
vertu des lois du Delaware etdu Connecticutdans descirconstancessem-
blables. Les Etats-Unis ont attiré l'attention sur des textes aux termes

desquels :
«Envertu de lalégislation du Delawarecommede celledu Connec-
ticut, lessociétéspeuvent êtredissoutee st leursactifsvendus par dé-
cisions de leur conseil d'administration et de leurs actionnaires,and that ifthose Stateswereto takethe immovableproperty ofa corpora-
tion fora lawfulpublic use,theywouldhave to makecompensation; Italy
has not disputed these legislativeprovisions.
135. Secondly,however,evensothere remainspreciselythe samediffi-
culty as in trying to apply Article III, paragraph 2, of the FCN Treaty:
what really deprived Raytheon and Machlett, as shareholders, of their
right to dispose of ELSI's real property, was not the requisition but the

precarious financial state of ELSI, ultimately leading inescapably to
bankruptcy. In bankruptcy the right to dispose of the property of a cor-
poration no longerbelongs evento the Company,but to the trustee acting
for it; andtheChamber has already decided that ELSI wason a courseto
bankruptcy evenbefore the requisition. The Chamber therefore does not
findthat Article VI1ofthe FCN Treatyhas been violated.

136. Having found that the Respondent has not violated the
FCN Treaty in the manner asserted by the Applicant, it followsthat the
Chamber rejectsalsothe claimfor reparation made in the submissions of
the Applicant.

137. For these reasons,

(1) Unanimously,

Rejectsthe objection presented by the Italian Republic to the admissi-
bilityofthe Application filed inthiscase bythe United States ofArnerica
on 6 February 1987;

(2) Byfour votesto one,
Findsthatthe Italian Republic has not committedany of the breaches,

alleged in the said Application, of the Treaty of Friendship, Commerce
and Navigation between the Parties signed at Rome on 2February 1948,
or of the Agreement Supplementing that Treaty signed by the Parties at
Washington on 26September 1951.
IN FAVOUR: PresidenRuda; JudgesOda,Agoand SirRobertJennings;

AGAINST: Judge Schwebel.
(3) Byfour votesto one,

Rejects,accordingly,the claim for reparation made against the Repub-
lic of Italy by the United States of America.
IN FAVOU RresidentRuda; JudgesOda,AgoandSir RobertJennings;

AGAINST :Judge Schwebel.etque, au casoù cesEtatspriveraient une société de sesbiensimmobiliers
àdes fins légitimesd'utilité publique,ilsseraient dans l'obligation de l'in-
demniser; l'Italie n'a pas contestéces dispositions législatives.
135. Deuxièmement, mêmeainsi, on se heurte alors précisément à la

difficultéque posait la tentative d'application du paragraphe 2 de l'ar-
ticle III du traité:ce qui a effectivementprivé Raytheon et Machlett, en
tant qu'actionnaires, de leur droit de disposer des biens immobiliers de
I'ELSI, ce n'est pas la réquisition mais l'état financier précairede la so-
ciétéq,ui l'afinalementmenée àune failliteinévitable.Encas defaillite,le
droit de disposerdesbiens d'une sociétén'appartient mêmeplus à celle-ci
mais au syndic,qui agiten son nom; laChambre a déjà décidé que 1'ELSI
allaità la faillite dès avant la réquisition. En conséquence, elle n'estime
pas que l'articleVI1du traitéde 1948a été violé.

136. Ayant déclaréqueledéfendeurn'apas violéletraitéde 1948de la
manière prétenduepar le demandeur, la Chambre rejette aussi, par con-
séquent, la demande en réparation formuléedans les conclusions du
demandeur.

137. Par ces motifs,

1) A l'unanimité,

Rejette l'exception soulevéepar la République italienne à la recevabi-
litéde la requête déposée en l'espèce palres Etats-Unis d'Amérique le
6février1987 ;

2) Par quatre voix contre une,

Dit que la République italienne n'a commis aucune des violations,
alléguéesdans ladite requête, du traité d'amitié,de commerce et de
navigation entre les Parties, signéà Rome le 2 février 1948,ni de l'ac-
cord complétant ce traité, signépar les Parties à Washington le 26 sep-
tembre 1951 ;

POUR:M. Ruda, Président;MM. Oda et Ago, sir Robert Jennings, juges;
CONTRE: M. Schwebel,juge.

3) Par quatre voix contre une,
Rejette en conséquence la demande en réparation formulée contrela
République italienne par les Etats-Unis d'Amérique;

POUR:M. Ruda, Président;MM. Oda et Ago, sir Robert Jennings, juges;
CONTRE: M. Schwebel,juge. Done in English and in French, the English text beingauthoritative, at

the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twentieth day of July, one thousand
nine hundred and eighty-nine,inthree copies, one ofwhich willbeplaced
inthe archivesofthe Courtand the otherstransmitted tothe Government
of the United States ofmerica and the Government of the Republic of
Italy, respectively.

(Signed)JoséMaria RUDA,
President.

(Signed)Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA,
Registrar.

Judge ODAappends a separate opinion to the Judgment of the
Chamber.

Judge SCHWEBE apLpends a dissentingopinion to the Judgment of the
Chamber.

(Initialled)J.M.R.
(Initialled)E.V.O. Fait en anglais et en français, letexte anglais faisant foi, au palais de la
Paix,à La Haye, le vingtjuillet mil neuf cent quatre-vingt-neuf, en trois
exemplaires, dont l'un resteradéposéauxarchives de la Cour etlesautres
seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement des Etats-Unisd'Amé-

rique et au Gouvernement de la République italienne.

Le Président,
(Signé)José MariaRUDA.

Le Greffier,
(Signé)Eduardo VALENCIA-OSPINA.

M. ODAj,uge,joint àl'arrêt l'exposde son opinion individuelle.

M. SCHWEBE jug,, jointàl'arrêt l'exposde son opinion dissidente.

(Paraphé)J.M.R.

(Paraphé)E.V.O.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 20 July 1989

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