Judgment of 3 June 1985

Document Number
068-19850603-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING THE
CONTINENTAL SHELF

(LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA/MALTA)

JUDGMENT OF 3 JUNE 1985

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DU PLATEAU CONTINENTAL

(JAMAHIRIYA ARABE LIBYENNE/MALTE)

ARRÊT DU 3 JUIN 1985 Officia1citation

ContJudgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985,p. 13./Malta),

Mode officiel de c:tation
Plateaucontinental (Jamahiriyaarabe libyenne/Malte),
arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1985, p. 13.

sakm~mber 513 1
No de ven:e INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

1985 YEAR 1985
3June
General List
No. 68 3 June 1985

CASECONCERNINGTHE CONTINENTAL SHELF

(LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA/MALTA)

Interpretation of Special Agreement - Task of the Court - Interests of third
States.
Delimitationof continentalshelfbetween opposite coast- Applicableprinciples
and rulesof internationallaw- Customaryinternationallaw - Relevanceof 1982

Convention onthe Law of the Sea - Naturalprolongationand distancefrom the
coast- Geophysicalfeaturesless than 200 miles from the coast - Relationship
betweenthe idea of distance and the equidistancemethod.
Application of equitable principlesin order to achieve an equitable resul-
Relevant circumstances.
Adjustment of an equidistanceline to achievean equitableresult in the light of

relevant circumstances- Considerable disparityin lengths of the coasts of the
Parties- Generalgeographicalcontext - Determinationofdegreeofadjustment -
Test ofproportionality.

JUDGMENT

Present: President ELIAS ; Vice-President SETTE-CAMAR ;AJudges LACHS,
Mo~ozov, NAGENDRASINGH,RUDA, MOSLER,ODA, AGO, EL-

KHANI,SCHWEBEL S,ir Robert JENNINGS, DE LACHARRIÈRE M, BAYE,
BEDJAOU I Judges ad hoc VALTICOS,JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA ;
Registrar TORRESBERNARDEZ.

In the case concerning the continental shelf,
between

the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,

represented by
Mr. Abdelrazeg El-Murtadi Suleiman, Professor of International Law at the

University of Garyounis, Benghazi,
as Agent,Mr. Youssef Omar Kherbish, Counsellor at the Secretariat of Justice,
Mr. Ibrahim Abdul AzizOmar, Counsellorat the People's Bureaufor Foreign
Liaison,

as Counsel,
Professor DerekW. Bowett,C.B.E.,Q.C., LL.D., F.B.A., Whewell Professor
of International Law in the University of Cambridge,
Mr. Herbert W. Briggs, Goldwin Smith Professor of International Law
emeritus,Corne11University,

Mr. Claude-Albert Colliard, Honorary Dean, Professor of International Law
emeritus at the University of Paris 1,
Mr. Keith High-t, Member of the New York and District of Columbia
Bars,
Mr. Günther Jaenicke, Professor of International Law at the University of
Frankfurt-am-Main,
Mr. Laurent Lucchini, Professorof International Law at the University of
Paris 1,
Mr. Jean-Pierre Quéneudec,Professorof International Law at the University
of Pans 1,
Mr. Walter D. Sohier,Member of the New York and District of Columbia

Bars,
Sir Francis A. Vallat, C.B.E., G.C.M.G., Q.C., Professoremeritus of Inter-
national Law at the University of London,
as Counsel and Advocates,

Mr. Mohammed Alawar, Assistant Professor of Geography, Al-Fateh Uni-
versity, Tripoli,
Mr. Scott B. Edmonds, Instructor of Cartography and Director of Carto-
graphie Servicesat the University of Maryland, Baltimore County,
Mr. Icilio Finetti, Professor of Geodesy and Geophysics at the University of
Trieste,
Mr. Omar Hammuda, Professor of Geology, Al-Fateh University, Tripoli,

Mr. Derk Jongsma, Senior Lecturer in Geology at the Vrije Universiteit,
Amsterdam,
Mr. Amin A. Missallari, Professor of Geology, Al-Fateh University, Tri-
poli,

Mr, Muftah Smeida, Second Secretary,People's Bureau for Foreign Liai-
son.
Mr. Mohamed A. Syala, Surveying Department, Secretariat of Planning,
Trivoli,
Ms.victoria J.Taylor,Cartographer at the UniversityofMaryland, Baltimore
County,
Mr. Jan E. van Hinte, Professor of Paleontology at the Vrije Universiteit,
Amsterdam,

as Advisers,
Mr. Rodman R. Bundy, Member of the New York Bar,
Mr. Richard Meese, Docteur en droit,
Mr. Henri-Xavier Ortoli,Member of the New York Bar,

as Counsel, and

the Republic of Malta,
represented by

H.E. Mr. Edgar Mizzi,Ambassador,
as Agent and Counsel,

Mr. Ian Brownlie, Q.C., F.B.A., Chichele Professor of Public International
Law, University of Oxford ; Fellow of Al1Souls College, Oxford,
Mr. Elihu Lauterpacht, Q.C., Director of the Research Centre for Interna-
tional Law and Reader in International Law, University of Cambridge,
Mr. Prosper Weil, Professor at the University of Law, Economicsand Social
Sciences, Paris,
as Counsel,

Commander Peter B.Beazley,O.B.E.,F.R.I.C.S., R.N. (Retd.), Hydrographic
Surveyor,
Mr. Georges H. Mascle, Professorof Geology, Dolmieu Institute of Geology
and Mineralogy, University of Grenoble,
Mr. Car10 Morelli, Full Professor of Applied Geophysics, University of
Trieste,
Mr. J. R. V. Prescott, Reader in Geography, University of Melbourne,
Mr. Jean-RenéVanney, Department of Dynamic Geology, Pierre et Marie

Curie University, and Department of Teaching and Research, Sorbonne
University, Paris,
as Scientific and Technical Advisers,

Mr. Roger Scotto, Assistant Secretary, Oil Division, Officeof the Prime
Minister, Malta,
Mr. Saviour Scerri, Petroleum Geologist,Oil Division, Office of the Prime
Minister, Malta,
Mr. Mario Degiorgio,Petroleum Geologist,Oil Division, Officeof the Prime
Minister,Malta,
Mr. Tarcisio Zammit, First Secretary, Embassy of Malta to the Nether-
lands,
Miss M. L. Grech, Administrative Assistant, Officeof the Prime Minister,
Malta,

as Assistants.

THECOURT,

composed as above,
after deliberation,

deliversthefollowingJudgment :

1. Bya notification dated 19July 1982,receivedin the Registryof the Court
on26July 1982,the Secretaryof thePeople'sCommitteefor the People's Foreign
Liaison Bureauof the SocialistPeople's LibyanArab Jamahiriya and the Mini-
ster for Foreign Affairsof the Republic of Malta notified the Court of a Special16 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

Agreement in the Arabic and English languages signed at Valletta on 23 May
1976between the SocialistPeople'sLibyan Arab Jamahiriya and the Republic of
Malta, providing for the submission to the Court of a dispute concerning the
delimitation of the continental shelf between those two States ; a certified copy
of the Special Agreement was enclosed with the letter.
2. The authentic English text of the Special Agreement reads as follows :

The Court is requested to decide the following question :

What principles and rules of international law are applicable to the de-
limitation of the area of the continental shelf which appertains to the Re-
public of Malta and the area of continental shelf which appertains to the
LibyanArab Republic, and how inpractice suchprinciples and rules can be
applied by the two Parties in this particular case in order that they may
without difficulty delimit such areas by an agreement as provided in Ar-
ticleIII.

Article II
1. The proceedings shall consist of written pleadings and oral hear-

ings.
2. Without prejudice to any question of the burden of proof, the written
pleadings shall consist of the following documents :
(a) Memorials to be submitted simultaneously to the Court by each Party
and exchanged with one another within a period of nine months from
the date of the notification of this agreement to the Registrar of the
Court.
(b) Replies to be similarly submitted to the Court by each Party and

exchanged with one another within four months after the date of the
submissions of the Memorials to the Registrar.
(c)Additional written pleadings may be presented and exchanged in the
same manner within periods which shall be fixed by the Court at the
request ofone of the Parties, or if the Courtsodecidesafter consultation
with the two Parties.
3. The question of the order of speaking at the oral hearings shall be

decided by mutual agreement between the Parties but in al1cases the order
of speaking adopted shall be without prejudice to any question of the
burden of proof.
Article III

Following the final decision of the International Court of Justice the
Government of the Republic of Malta and the Government of the Libyan
Arab Republic shallenter into negotiationsfordeterminingthe area of their
respective continental shelves and for concluding an agreement for that
purpose in accordance with the decision of the Court.

Article IV
This agreement shall enter into force on the date of exchange of instru-
ments of ratification by the two Governments, and shall be notified jointly

to the Registrar of the Court." 3. Pursuant to Article 40,paragraph 3,of the Statute and to Article42of the
Rules of Court, copies of the notification and Special Agreement weretrans-
mitted to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the Members of the
United Nations and other States entitled to appear before the Court.

4. Since the Court did not include upon the bench a judge of Libyan or of
Maltesenationality, eachof the Partiesproceeded to exercisethe rightconferred
by Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in
the case. The Libyan Arab Jamahiriya designated Mr. Eduardo Jiménezde

Aréchaga,and Malta designated Mr. Jorge Castafieda ;on 13 October 1984
Mr. Castafieda resigned his functions for reasons of health, whereupon Malta
designated Mr. NicolasValticos to take his place.
5. ByOrders of 27July 1982and 26April 1983respectively time-limits were
fixed for the filing of a Memorial and a Counter-Memorial by each of the two
Parties,and the Memorialsand Counter-Memorialswereduly filed withinthose
time-limits,and exchanged between the Partiesthrough the Registrar pursuant
to the Special Agreement.
6. Byan Application dated 23 October 1983and received in the Registryof
the Court on 24 October 1983,the Government of Italy, invoking Article 62of
the Statute, submitted to the Court a request for permission to intervene in the

case.Bya Judgment dated 21 March 1984,the Court found that the application
of Italy for permission to intervene could not be granted.
7. Byan Order dated 21March 1984,thePresidentoftheCourt, having regard
to Article II, paragraph 2 (c),of the Special Agreement,quoted above, fixed a
time-limit for the filingof Replies, which were filedand exchanged withinthe
time-limit fixed.
8. On 26 to 30November, 3 December, 6 to 7 December, 10to 14December
1984,and 4 to 5 February, 8 February, 11to 13February and 21 to 22 February
1985,the Court held public sittings at which it was addressed by the following
representatives of the Parties :

For Malta : H.E. Dr. Edgar Mizzi,
Mr. E. Lauterpacht, Q.C.,
Professor Prosper Weil,
Professor Ian Brownlie,Q.C.

For the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya : Professor El-Murtadi Suleiman,
Sir Francis Vallat, G.C.M.G., Q.C.,
Professor Herbert W. Briggs,
Professor Günther Jaenicke,
Professor Jean-Pierre Quéneudec,
Professor Claude-Albert Colliard.

Professor Laurent Lucchini.
Mr. Keith Highet,
Professor Derek W. Bowett, Q.C.

9. Professor Jan van Hinte, Dr. Derk Jongsma and Professor Icilio Finetti
were called as experts by the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, pursuant to Articles 57
and 63 to 65 of the Rules of Court. They were examined inchief by Profes-
sorD. W.Bowett,and Professor vanHintewascross-examinedbyMr.E.Lauter-
pacht. Professor Georges Mascleand Professor Carlo Morelli were similarlycalled as experts by Malta ; they were examined in chief by Mr. E. Lauter-

pacht, and cross-examined by Professor D. W. Bowett.
10. Previously to its application for permission to intemene, referred to in
paragraph 6above,theGovernment ofItaly,in relianceonArticle 53,paragraph
1,of the RulesofCourt, asked tobe furnished with copiesof thepleadingsin the
case. Bya letter dated 13October 1983,after the viewsof the Parties had been
sought,and objectionhad been raised bytheGovernment ofMalta, theRegistrar
informed the Government of Italy that the Court had decided not to grant its
request.On 26November 1984the Court decided,after ascertainingtheviewsof
the Parties pursuant to Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, that the
pleadings shouldbemade accessibleto thepublicwitheffectfromthe openingof
the oral proceedings, and they were thus at the same time made available to
Italy.

11. In the course of the written proceedings, the following submissions were
presented by the Parties :

On behalfof the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,
in the Memorial : after a preamble not here quoted :

"May itpleasetheCourt,rejectingal1contrary claimsand submissions,to
adjudge and declare as follows :
1. The delimitation is to be effected by agreement in accordance with
equitable pnnciples and taking account of al1relevant circumstances in
order to achieve an equitable result.
2. The natural prolongation of the respective land territories of the

Partiesintoand under the sea is the basisof title to the areas of continental
shelf which appertain to each of them.
3. The delimitation should be accomplishedin such a way as to leaveas
much as possible to each Party al1areas of continental shelf that constitute
thenatural prolongation ofits land territory into and under the sea,without
encroachment on the natural prolongation of the other.
4. A criterion for delimitation of continental shelf areas in the present
casecan bederivedfrom theprincipleofnatural prolongation becausethere
existsa fundamental discontinuity in the sea-bed and subsoil whichdivides
the areas of continental shelf into two distinct natural prolongations
extending from the land territories of the respective Parties.

5. Equitable principles do not require that a State possessinga restricted
coastline be treated as if it possessed an extensive coastline.
6. In the particular geographicalsituation of this case,the application of
equitable pnnciples requires that the delimitation should take account of
the significant differencein lengths of the respective coastlines which face
the area in which the delimitation is to be effected.
7. The delimitationin this caseshouldreflect theelementofa reasonable
degree of proportionality which a delimitation carried out in accordance
with equitable principles ought to bring about between the extent of the
continental shelfareas appertaining to the respectiveStatesand the lengths
of the relevant parts of their coasts, account being taken of any other
delimitations between States in the same region. 8. Application of the equidistance method is not obligatory, and its
application in theparticular circumstancesof this casewouldnot lead to an

equitable result.
9. Theprinciples andrulesofinternational lawcan inpracticebeapplied
by the Parties so as to achieve an equitable result, taking account of the
physical factors and al1the other relevant circumstances of this case, by
agreement on a delimitation within, and followingthe general direction of,
the Rift Zone as defined in this Memorial" ;

in the Counter-Memorial and the Reply : after modified preambles not here
quoted, the submissions as presented in the Memorial wererepeated.

On behalf of the Republicof Malta,
in the Memorial :

"May it please the Courtto adjudge and declare that
(i) the principles and rules of international law applicable to the delimi-
tation of theareasofthecontinental shelfwhichappertainto Malta and

Libya are that the delimitation shall be effected on the basis of inter-
national law in order to achieve an equitable solution ;
(ii) in practice the above principles and rules are applied by means of a
median line everypoint of which isequidistant from the nearest points
on the baselines of Malta, and the low-water mark of the Coast of
Libya" ;

in the Counter-Memorial and the Reply : the submissions as presented in the
Memorial wererepeated and confirmed.
12. In the course of the oral proceedings, the following submissions were
presented by the Parties :

On behalf of the Socialist People'sLibyan Arab Jamahiriya
at the hearing of 22 February 1985,the final submissions of the Libyan Arab

Jamahiriya were read, which were identical with those set out in the Memo-
rial.

On behalf of the Republicof Malta,
at the hearing of 13February 1985:

"May it please the Court,. . . to declareand adjudgethat :
(i) the principles and rules of international law applicable to the delimi-
tation ofthe areasofthecontinental shelfwhichappertainto Malta and

Libya are that the delimitation shall be effected on the basis of inter-
national law in order to achieve an equitable result ;
(ii) in practice the above principles and rules are applied by means of a
median line everypoint of which isequidistant fromthe nearest points
on the baselines of Malta, and the low-water mark of the coasts of
Libya." 13. TwoMembersoftheCourt(JudgesMoslerand El-Khani)whosetermsof
officeexpired under Article 13,paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court on
5February 1985have continued to participate in the present proceedingsin
accordancewith paragraph 3 of Article 13. On 14February 1985,the Court
electedJudge NagendraSinghas Presidentof the Court and Judgede Lachar-
rièreasVice-PresidentoftheCourt ;inaccordancewithArticle32,paragraph2,
of the Rulesof Court, the Court as composedfor the present proceedingshas
continued to situnder the presidencyof Judge Elias.

14. It is appropriate to begin with a general description of the geogra-
phical context of the dispute before the Court, that is to Saythe area in
which the continental shelf delimitation, which is the subject of the pro-
ceedings,hasto be effected. It should however be emphasized that theonly
purpose of the description which follows is to outline the general back-

ground ; it isnotintended to define in geographicalterms the area which is
relevant to the delimitation and the area in dispute between the Parties.
The question whether the area in which the delimitation is to be effected
has for any reason to be defined or contained within limits will be exam-
ined later in thisJudgment(paragraphs 20-23).Similarly, theonly purpose
of Map No. 1appended to the present Judgment is to givea general picture
of the geographical context of the dispute, and no legal significance
attaches to the choice of scale or the presence or absence of any particular
geographical feature.
15. The Republic of Malta (hereinafter called "Malta") is a Statemade
up of a group of fourinhabited islands :Malta (246km2in area), Gozo (66
km2), Comino (2.7 km2), Cominotto (less than one-tenth of a square
kilometre) ;and the uninhabited rock of Filfla. The 36" N parallel passes
between the main island of Malta and the island of Gozo, which lie
between the 14" E and 15" E meridians. The islands are situated in the
Central Mediterranean, an area of the Mediterranean Sea which may be
said broadly to be bounded by the eastern coast of Tunisia on the West,a

part of the coast of Italy, with thesouthern and eastern coasts of the island
of Sicilyand the Ionian coast of themainland up totheStrait ofOtrantoon
the north, the western coast of Greece, from the island of Corfu to the
southerntip of the Peloponnese and the island of Crete on the east, andon
the south by the coast of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
(hereinafter called "Libya"). Libya is a mainland State on the coast of
North Africa covering a large area lying mainly between the 9" 30'E and
25" E meridians, and encompassing some 1,775,500 square kilometres.
The coast of Libyastretches formore than 1,700kilometres from Ras Ajdir
in the Westto near Port Bardia in the east.
16. The Maltese islands are oriented in an approximately northwest-
southeast direction, and extend for a distance of some 44.5 kilometres
(24 nautical miles). North of Malta, at a distance of some 80 kilometres
(43nautical miles) is the island of Sicily. The southeast tip of Malta lies
approximately 340 kilometres (183 nautical miles) north of the nearestpoint on the coast of Libya, and the latter point is to be found some
three-quarters of the distance along the most westerly segment of the
Libyan coast, that running from the frontier with Tunisia at Ras Ajdir,
somewhat south of east, through Ras Tajura to Ras Zarruq. At about the
latter point, the Libyan coast swingssouthwards, forming the western end
of the Gulf of Sirt, the coast at the back of which runs again somewhat
south of east until, at about the meridian 20" Eit swings round north and
slightly West,then round to the eastward again through Benghazi to Ras
Arnir. The general line of the coastfrom there to the frontier with Egypt is
again somewhat south of eastwards.
17. In 1970agreement was reached between Malta and Italy for pro-
visional exploitation of the continental shelf in a short section of the
channel between Sicilyand Malta on each side of the median line, subject
to any adjustments that might be made in subsequent negotiations. With
this exception, neither of the Parties has yet established any agreed delimi-
tation ofcontinental shelf,or other maritime areas, with any neighbouring
State. The question of the delimitation between Libya and Tunisia has
been the subject of a Judgment of the Court (ContinentalSheif (Tunisial

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 18). Delimi-
tations in this part of the Mediterranean have been effected by agreement
between Italy and Greece, and between Italy and Tunisia. These delimi-
tations are indicated in Map No. 1 annexed hereto. Neither Party has
proclaimed an exclusive economic zone, but Malta has proclaimed a 25-
mile exclusivefishing zone. Malta has also defined straight baselines for
themeasurement ofits territorial searelyingon Article 4of theConvention
on theTerritorial Seaand theContiguousZone. Both Parties have granted
a number of petroleum exploration concessions extending into areas
material to the case.

18. The terms of the SpecialAgreement by which the Court was seised
of the present case have been set out in paragraph 2 of the present Judg-
ment. The question which the Court is requested to decide is there defined
as follows :

"What principles and rules of international law are applicable to
the delimitation of the area of the continental shelf whichappertains
to the Republic of Malta and the area of continental shelf which
appertains to the Libyan Arab Republic, and how in practice such
principles and rulescan be applied by the two Parties in thisparticular
case in order that they may without difficulty delimit such areas by an
agreement as provided in Article III."

The first part of the request is thus intended to resolve the differences
between the Parties regarding the principles and rules of international law
which areapplicable in the present case ;there isin thiscase no divergence ofviewsbetween the Partiesas to the task to beperformed by the Court. As
to the second part of therequest,by which theParties have asked theCourt
to indicate how the applicable principles and rules can, in practice, be
applied by the Parties, in order that they may, without difficulty, establish
by an agreement the delimitation of their continental shelves,it has been
stated before the Court that the wording of the Special Agreement in this
respect was a compromise formula. Malta had wished the Court to be
asked to draw the delimitation line, while Libya wanted it to be requested
only to pronounce on the principles and rules of international law app-
licable. Libya would not accept that the line itself should be drawn by the
Court since, in its view,it was preferable that this be done by agreement
between the Parties. Malta did not agree that the matter be left to the
Partiessince it is of the viewthat the reference of the dispute to the Court
would then fail to achieve its main purpose. While the SpecialAgreement
asadopted doesnot request the Court itself to draw theline of delimitation
between the areas of continental shelf appertaining to each Party, Malta,

relying on the interpretation by the Court of the similarly worded Special
Agreement in the case concerning the ContinentalShelf (Tunisia/Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya),contends that "the Court should indicate the boundary
which,in its view,would result from the application of such method as the
Court may choose for the Parties to achieve the relevant determination".
Malta emphasizes the purpose of the proceedings as being to enable the
Parties to effect the delimitation "without difficulty", which could not, it
argues, be achieved unless the Court were to statein the clearest possible
terms how the exercise is to be carried out. Malta's submissions, accord-
ingly, request a finding by the Court that the appropriate principles and
rules are in practice to be applied by means of a specific line (a median
line). Libya on the other hand maintains that the task of the Court in the
present case does not extend so far as the actual determination of the
delimitation line, and it need not specify or particularize one method of
delimitation orone waybywhichin practicethe principles and rulescan be
applied ;in Libya'sviewthe goal to bereached is the result whichwould be
in accord with equitable principles and represent the most appropriate
application of the existing principles and rules of international law.

Accordingly, the submissions of Libya refer in broad terms to a delimi-
tation by agreement on the basis of the Court's Judgment "within, and
followingthe general direction of", aparticular sea-bed area defined in the
Libyan Memorial; it is explained that in its pleadings "Libya did not
advance a precise line, since the Court's task is not to determine a precise
line".
19. Since thejurisdiction of the Court derives from the Special Agree-
ment between the Parties, the definition of the task so conferred upon it is
primarily a matter of ascertainment of the intention of the Parties by
interpretation of the Special Agreement. The Court must not exceed the
jurisdiction conferred upon it by the Parties, but it must also exercise that
jurisdiction toits full extent. The SpecialAgreement, unlike that by which
theCourt wasseisedin the Tunisia/Libyacase,contains no reference to theindication of a method or methods of delimitation ;but since the Court is
required to decide how in practice theprinciples and rules of international
law can be applied in order that the Parties may delimit the continental
shelf by agreement "without difficulty", this necessarily entails the indi-
cation by the Court of the method or methods which it considers to result
from the proper application of the appropriate rules and principles.
Whether the Court should indicate an actualdelimitation line willin some
degree depend upon the method or methods found applicable : if, for
example, the Court were to find that the equidistance method is required

by the applicable law in the circumstances of this case, its finding to that
effect would in fact dictate the delimitation line, since the nature of that
method is such that any given set of basepoints will generate only one
possible equidistance line. Other methods, however, lessautomatic in their
operation, might require to be backed by more detailed indications of
criteria by the Court, if the objective of an agreed delimitation reached
"without difficulty" is to be achieved. The Court does not in any event
consider that it is debarred by the terms of the Special Agreement from
indicatinga line. EvenLibya, which contends that the task of the Court in
the present case does not extend so far as the actual determination of the
delimitation line,didin fact itselfindicate on themap twopossible linesfor
the purpose of illustratinga possiblemethod which it considered would be
likely to produce an equitable result. It should also be noted that both
Parties have indicated that the consequences of the application of any
method initially adopted are to be tested against certain criteria in order to
check the equitableness of the result. It is not apparent how this operation

could be performed unless that result took the form of at least an ap-
proximate line which could be illustrated on a map.
20. The delimitation contemplated by the Special Agreement is of
course solely that between the areas of continental shelf appertaining to
the Parties. It is no part of the task of the Court to define the legal
principles and rules applicable to any delimitation between oneor other of
the Parties and any third State, let alone to indicate the practical appli-
cation of those principles and rules to such delimitation. The Court is in
fact aware of the existenceof specificclaimsby athird Stateto areas which
are alsoclaimedby the Parties : theseare the claims of Italy, whichin 1984
made an application to theCourt for permission to intervene under Article
62of the Statute of theCourt,and outlined to the Court in the course of the
proceedings on that request the extent of itscontinental shelf claimsin the
direction of Libya and Malta. In itsJudgment of 21 March 1984,bywhich
it found that the Italian Application could not be granted, the Court
explained that it "cannot wholly put aside thequestion of the legalinterest
of Italy aswellasof otherStates of theMediterranean region, and theywill

have tobe taken into account" (I.C.J. Reports1984,p. 25,para. 41). In the
geographical context of the case it is also possible that there might be
conflict between the claims of the Parties and such claims as may be made
by Tunisia,though the Court has not been furnished with any information
as to the viewsof that State as to its own entitlement vis-à-visMalta. TheParties agree, however, as concerns the extent of the Court's decision, in
contending that the Court should not feel inhibited from extending its
decision to al1 areas which, independently of third party claims, are
claimed by the Parties to this case, since if the Court were to exclude any
such areas as are the subject of present or possible future claims by a third
State it would in effect be deciding on such claims withoutjurisdiction to
do so. Libya drawsadistinction :the areas in which there are no claims by

third Statesarethe areas primarily infocusforthepresent proceedings and
here the Parties can proceed to a definitive delimitation, whereas in areas
where there are such claims, the caveats and reservations which the Court
would include in itsjudgment would protect the rights of third States by
precluding such a delimitation being definitive vis-à-vissuch third States.
Malta rejects this distinction, arguing that it would have no practical
purpose and would be objectionable on jurisdictional grounds.
21. The Court notes that by the SpecialAgreement it is asked to define
the legal principles and rules applicable to the delimitation of the area of
continental shelf "whichappertains" to each of theParties. The decision of
the Court will, by virtue of Article 59 of the Statute, have binding force
between the Parties, but not againstthird States. If thereforethe decision is
tobe stated in absolute terms, in the senseofpermitting the delimitation of
the areas of shelf which "appertain" to the Parties, as distinct from the
areas to whichone of thePartieshas shown abetter title than theother, but
which might nevertheless prove to "appertain" to a third State if the Court

had jurisdiction to enquire into the entitlement of that third State, the
decision must be limited to a geographical area in which no such claims
exist. It is true that the Parties have in effect invited the Court, notwith-
standing the terms of their SpecialAgreement, not to limit itsjudgment to
the area in which theirs are the solecompeting claims ; but the Court does
not regard itself as free to do so, in view of the interest of Italy in the
proceedings. When rejecting the application of Italy to intervene in the
proceedings, the Court noted that both Malta and Libya opposed that
application ; while it stated that in its finaljudgment in this case

"the Court will,sofar asit may find it necessaryto do so,make itclear
that it is deciding only between the competing claims of Libya and
Malta",

it also went on to observe that
"If, as Italy has suggested, the decision of the Court in the present

case, taken without Italy's participation, had for that reason to be
more limited in scope between the Parties themselves, and subject to
more caveats and reservations in favour of third States, than it might
otherwise have been had Italy been present, it is the interests of Libya
and Malta which might be said to be affected, not those of Italy. It is
material to recall that Libya and Malta, by objecting to the interven-
tion of Italy, have indicated their own preferences." (1C.J. Reports
1984, p. 27, para. 43.)The present decision must, as then foreshadowed, be limited in geogra-
phical scopeso as to leavethe claims of Italy unaffected, that is to Saythat
the decision of the Court must be confined to the area in which, as the
Court has been informed by Italy, that Statehas no claims to continental
shelf rights. TheCourt, having been informed of Italy'sclaims, and having
refused topermit thatState toprotect itsintereststhrough theprocedure of
intervention, thus ensures Italy the protection it sought.A decision limited
in thiswaydoesnot signifyeitherthat theprinciples and rulesapplicableto
the delimitation within this area are not applicable outside it, or that the
claims of either Party to expanses of continental shelf outside that area
havebeen found to beunjustified : itsignifiessimply that the Court has not
been.endowed with jurisdiction to determine what principles and rules
govern delimitations with third States, or whether the claims of the Parties
outside that area prevail over the claims of those third States in the

region.

22. The limits within which the Court, in order to preserve the rights of
third States, will confine its decision in the present case, may thus be
defined in terms of the claims of Italy, which are precisely located on the
map by means of geographical CO-ordinates.During the proceedings held
on its application for permission to intervene, Italy stated that it consid-
ered itself to have rights over a geographical zone delimited on the Westby
the meridian 15" 10'E,to the south by the parallel34" 30'N, to theeast by
thedelimitation line agreed between Italy and Greece (seeMapNo. 1)and
its prolongation, and to the north by the Italian coasts of Calabria and
Apulia ; and over a second area delimited by linesjoining the following
points :(i) the south-eastern end-point of the line defined in the Agree-
ment between Italy and Tunisia of 20 August 1971,(ii) points X and G,
shown on a map submitted to the Courton 25January 1984,(iii) the point
34" 20'N and 13"50' E, and (iv) the point located on the meridian
13" 50'E,to the north of theprevious point and to the east of the end-point
mentioned under (i). These areas are shown on Map No. 2 appended
hereto. The Court, in replying to the question put to it in the Special
Agreement as to the principles and rules of international lawapplicable to

the delimitation of the areas of continental shelf appertaining to each of
the Parties, willconfine itself to areaswherenoclaims by athird Stateexist,
that is toSay,the area between the meridians 13" 50'Eand 15" 10'E.The
Court notes that there is on the east of this a further area of continental
shelf, lyingsouth of the parallel34" 30'N, to which the claims of Italy do
not extend but which is subject to conflicting claims by Libya and Malta.
However the Court does not think that it is enabled to passjudgment on
this area so long as the national attribution of the continental shelf lying
immediately to the north of it (that is, east of the meridian 15" 10'E and
north of the parallel34" 30'N) hasnot been settledby agreement between
the States concerned or by the decision of a competent organ. The Court
therefore concludes that on the basis of the geographical definition of the
claimsof Italy it should limit the area within whichit willgivea decision by the meridian 15" 10'E, including also that part of that meridian which is
south of the parallel 34" 30'N. No question of this kind arises to the West
of the meridian 13" 50'E, sincethesouthward lirnitof Italian claims is the
same as that of the claims of Malta ;the area to the south is thus not in
dispute in this case.
23. It has been questioned whether it is right that a third State - in this
case, Italy - should be enabled, by virtue of its claims, to restrict the scope

of ajudgment requested of theCourt by Malta and Libya ;and it may also
be argued that this approach would have prevented the Court from giving
anyjudgment at al1if Italyhad advancedmoreambitious claims. However,
to argue along these lines is to disregard the special features of the present
case. On the one hand, no inference can be drawn from the fact that the
Court has taken into account the existence of Italian claims as to which it
has not been suggested by either of the Parties that they are obviously
unreasonable. On the other hand, neither Malta nor Libya seems to have
been deterred by the probability of the Court'sjudgment being restricted
in scope as a consequence of the Italian claims. The prospect of such a
restriction did not persuade these countries to abandon their oppositionto
Italy'sapplication to intervene ;asnoted in paragraph 21above, the Court

observed, in its Judgment of 21 March 1984,that in expressinga negative
opinion on the Italian application, the two countries had shown their
preference for a restriction in the geographcal scope of the judgment
which the Court was to give.

24. The history of the dispute, and of the legislative and exploratory
activities in relation to thecontinental shelf,do not require tobe set out at
length, since the Court does not find that anything of moment turns on
considerations derived from this history. It is not argued by either Party
that the circumstances in this casegave riseto "the appearance on the map
of a defacto linedividing concession areas which werethe subject of active

claims", which mightbe taken into account as indicating "the line or lines
which the Parties themselvesmay have considered equitable or acted upon
as such", as the Court was able to find in the case concerning the Conti-
nental Sheif (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (1.C.J. Reports 1982,p. 84,
paras. 117-118).In its pleadings, however, Malta recounted how it had in
1965informed Libya of its intention to delimit its continental shelf by
means of a median line, and stated that until Libya made a counter-
proposal in 1973,Libya remained silent in face of Malta's claim to such a
delimitation ; Malta contended that this pattern of conduct could be
viewed "either as a cogent reflection of the equitablecharacter of Malta's
position or as evidence of acquiescence by Libya in Malta's position or as
precluding Libya, in lawasin fact,from challenging the validity of Malta's

position". Malta referred also to the question of the northern boundaries
of certain Libyan concessions,and theexemption of the licenceesfrom the
duty to carry out petroleum activities north of the median line, and con-tended that these also confirmed Malta's submission that "by their con-
duct, the Parties haveindicated that the median lineis,to Saythe least,very
relevant to the final determination of the boundary in the present case".
Libya disputes the allegation of acquiescence ;it has also contended that
Maltese petroleum concessions followed geomorphological features in a
manner consistent with the "exploitability criterion", which is denied by
Malta. It also contended that Malta, at the time of the enactment of its
1966Continental Shelf Act, implicitly recognized the significance of an
area described as the "rift zone" area, which Libya, as will be explained
below, regards as significant for the delirnitation ;this contention Malta
also rejects.

25. The Court has considered the facts and arguments brought to its
attention in this respect, particularly from the standpoint of its duty to
"take into account whatever indicia are available of the [delimitation]line
or lines which the Parties themselves may have considered equitable or
acted upon as such" (I.C.J. Reports 1982,p. 84, para. 118).It is however
unable to discern any pattern of conduct on either side sufficiently une-
quivocal to constitute either acquiescence or any helpful indication of any
view of either Party as to what would be equitable differing in any way
from the viewadvanced by that Party before the Court. Its decision must
accordingly be based upon theapplication to thesubmissions made before
it of principles and rules of international law.

26. The Parties are broadly in agreement as to the sources of the law
applicable in this case. Malta is aparty to the 1958Geneva Convention on

the Continental Shelf, while Libya is not ; the Parties agree that the
Convention, and in particular the provisions for delimitation in Article 6,
is thus not as such applicable in the relations between them. Both Parties
have signed the 1982United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,
but that Convention has not yet entered into force, and is therefore not
operative as treaty-law ; the Special Agreement contains no provisions as
to the substantive law applicable. Nor are there any other bilateral or
multilateral treaties claimed to be binding on the Parties. The Parties thus
agree that the dispute is to be governed by customary international law.
This isnot at al1to Say,however,that the 1982Convention wasregarded by
the Parties asirrelevant :the Parties are again in accord in considering that
some of its provisions constitute, to a certain extent, the expression of
customary international law in the matter. The Parties do not however
agree in identifying the provisions which have this status, or the extent to
which they are so treated.

27. It isofcourseaxiomatic that the material ofcustomary international
law is to be looked for primarily in the actual practice and opiniojuris of
States, even though multilateral conventions may have an important role
to play in recording and defining rules deriving from custom, or indeed in30 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

developing them. There has in fact been much debate between the Parties
in the present case as to the significance, for the delimitation of - and
indeed entitlement to - the continental shelf, of State practice in the
matter, and this will be examined further at a later stage in the present
judgment. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that the 1982Convention isof
major importance, having been adopted by an overwhelming majority of
States ;hence it is clearly the duty of the Court, even independently of the
references made to the Convention by the Parties, to consider in what
degree any of its relevant provisions are binding upon the Parties asa rule
of customary international law. In this context particularly, the Parties
have laid someemphasis on adistinction between the lawapplicable to the

basis of entitlement to areas of continental shelf - the rules governing the
existence, "ips ure and ab initio", and the exercise of sovereign rights of
the coastal State over areas of continental shelf situate off its coast- and
the law applicable to the delimitation of such areas of shelf between
neighbouring States. The first question is dealt with in Article 76 of the
1982Convention, and the second in Article 83 of the Convention. Para-
graph 1 of that Article provides that :

"The delimitation of the continental shelf between States with
opposite or adjacentcoasts shallbeeffected by agreement on the basis
of international law, as referred to in Article 38 of the Statute of the
International Court of Justice, in order to achieve an equitable solu-
tion."

Paragraph 10of Article 76provides that "The provisions of this articleare
without prejudice to the question of delimitation of the continental shelf
between States with opposite or adjacent coasts". That the questions of
entitlement and of definition of continental shelf, on the one hand, and of
delimitation of continental shelf on the other, are not only distinct but are
also complementary is self-evident. The legal basis of that which is to be

delimited, and of entitlement to it, cannot be other than pertinent to that
delimitation.
28. At this stage of the present Judgment, the Court would also first
recall that, as it noted in its Judgment in the case concerning the Conti-
nental Shelf (TunisialLibyan Arab Jamahiriya),

"In the new text, any indication of a specificcriterion which could
give guidance to the interested States in their effort to achieve an
equitable solution has been excluded. Emphasis is placed on the
equitable solution which has tobe achieved. The principles and rules
applicable to the delimitation of continental shelf areas are those
which are appropriate to bring about an equitable result ..." (I.C.J.
Reports 1982,p. 49, para. 50.)

The Convention setsa goal to be achieved, but is silent as to the method to
be followed to achieveit. It restricts itself tosettinga standard,and itisleft
to States themselves, or to the courts, to endow this standard with specificcontent. Secondly, the Court in 1982observed the disappearance, in the
last draft text of what became Article 83, paragraph 1, of reference to
delimitation by agreement "in accordance with equitable principles"
(I.C.J. Reports1982,p. 49, para. 49). It found however that it was "bound
to decide the case on the basis of equitable principles" aswellas that "The
result of the application of equitable principles must be equitable" (ibid.,
p. 59, para. 70).
29. In the present case, both Parties agree that, whatever the status of
Article 83 of the 1982Convention, which refers only to the "solution" as
being equitable, and does not specifically mention the application of
equitable principles, both these requirements form part of the law to be
applied. In the first of Libya's submissions,the Court is asked to declare
that

"The delimitation istobe effected by agreement in accordance with
equitable principles and taking account of al1relevant circumstances
in order to achieve an equitable result."

The first submission of Malta reads :

"the principles and rules of international law applicable to the de-
limitation of the areas of the continental shelf which appertain to
Malta and Libya are that the delimitation shall be effected on the
basis of international law in order to achieve an equitable result".

The Agent of Malta confirmed that Malta also accepts that the delimita-
tion is to be effected in accordance with equitable principles and taking
account of al1relevant circumstances.
30. It ishoweverwith regard to thelegalbasis of title tocontinental shelf
rights that the views of the Parties are irreconcilable ;for Libya,

"The natural prolongation of the respective land territories of the
Parties into and under the sea is the basis of title to the areas of
continental shelf which appertain to each of them." (Submission
No. 2.)

In Libya's view,the prolongation of the land territory of a State into and
under the sea, referred to by the Court in the North Sea ContinentalSheif
cases (I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 31,para. 43), was a "geological fact" and
natural prolongation in the same physical sense,involvinggeographical as
wellasgeologicaland geomorphological aspects, remainsthe fundamental
basis of legal title to continental shelfreas. For Malta, whileit isstill true
to Say that the continental shelf of a State constitutes a natural prolon-
gation of itsland territory into and under the sea,prolongation isno longer
defined by reference to physical features, geologicalor bathymetric, but by
reference to a certain distance from the coasts. The concept of natural
prolongation has in Malta's view become a purely spatial concept which
operates independently of al1geomorphological or geologicalcharacteris-tics, only resuming a physical significance beyond 200 miles from the
coast, since States which possess a more extensive physical natural pro-
longation enjoy continental shelf rights to the edge of their continental
margin. For Malta, the principle is the application of the "distance cri-

terion" ;continental shelfrights, whether extendingwithout restraint into
the open seaor limited by reference to aneighbouringState, are controlled
by the concept of distance from the coasts.

31. In this connection the question arises of the relationship, both
within the context of the 1982Convention and generally,between the legal
concept of the continental shelf and that of the exclusiveeconomic zone.
Malta relieson the genesisof the exclusiveeconomiczoneconcept, and its
inclusion in the 1982 Convention, as confirming the importance of the
"distance principle" in the lawof the continental shelfand thedetachment
of the concept of the shelf from any criterion of physical prolongation.
Malta has submitted that, in the present delimitation, account must be
taken of the rules of customary law reflected in Article 76 of the Conven-
tion in the light of the provisions of the Convention concerning the
exclusiveeconomic zone. Malta's opinion is based on the statement made
on this point by the Court itself in its 1982Judgment, that "the definition
given in paragraph 1 [of Article 761cannot be ignored" and that the

exclusiveeconomiczone "may beregardedas part of modern international
law" (I.C.J. Reports 1982,p. 48, para. 47 and p. 74,para. 100).For Malta,
the "distance principle", referred to alsoby the Court itself, is accordingly
included among the principles and rules of customary international law
and should be taken into account. Malta emphasizes the development of
the lawin thisfield, and recalls that in its 1982JudgmenttheCourt stated :
"the concept of natural prolongation ... was and remains a concept to be
examined within the concept of customary law and State practice" (ibid.,
p. 46, para. 43).
32. Libya, on the other hand, points out that this caseisconcerned only
with thedelimitation of thecontinental shelf,and emphasizes thatthe 1982
Convention has not yet come into force and is not binding as between the
Parties to thepresent case.It contends that the "distance principle" isnot a
rule of positive international law with regard to the continental shelf, and
that the "distance criterion", which may be applicable to the definition of
the outer limit of thecontinental shelfin certaincircumstances, ifit applies
at al1 to delimitation, is inappropriate for application in the Mediter-

ranean. It is Libya's contention that the continental shelf has not been
absorbed by the-concept of the exclusive economic zone under present
international law :and that the establishment of fisherv zones and exclu-
sive economic zones has not changed the law of maritime zone delirnita-
tion, or givenmore prominence to thecriterion of distance from the coast.
It also argues that, whereas the rights of the coastal State over its conti-
nental shelf are inherent and ab initio, rights over the exclusiveeconomic
zone exist only in so far as the coastal State chooses to proclaim such a
zone. For Libya, the 1982Convention on the Law of the Sea,particularly33 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

Article 78,maintains thedissociation of the legalrégimeof the continental
shelf, the sea-bed and subsoil, from the régime of the superjacent
waters.
33. In the viewof the Court, eventhoughthepresentcaserelatesonlyto
the delimitation of the continental shelf and not to that of the exclusive
economic zone, the principles and rules underlying the latter concept
cannot beleft out of consideration. As the 1982Conventiondemonstrates,
the two institutions - continental shelfand exclusiveeconomiczone - are
linked togetherin modern law. Sincethe rights enjoyed by a State over its

continental shelfwould alsobepossessed byit overthesea-bedand subsoil
of any exclusiveeconomiczone which it might proclaim, one of the rele-
vant circumstances to be taken into account for the delimitation of the
continental shelfof aState is the legallyperrnissibleextent of the exclusive
economic zone appertaining to that same State. This does not mean that
the concept of the continental shelf has been absorbed by that of the
exclusiveeconomic zone ;it does however signify that greaterimportance
must be attributed to elements, such as distance from the Coast,which are
common to both concepts.

34. For Malta, the reference to distance in Article 76 of the 1982
Convention represents a consecration of the "distance principle" ; for
Libya, only the reference to natural prolongation corresponds to custom-

ary international law. It is in the Court's view incontestable that, apart
from those provisions,the institution of the exclusiveeconomic zone,with
its rule on entitlement by reason of distance, is shown by the practice of
States to have become a part of customary law ; in any case, Libya itself
seemed to recognize this fact when, at one stage during the negotiation of
the Special Agreement, it proposed that the extent of the exclusive eco-
nornic zone be included in the reference to the Court. Although the insti-
tutions of the continental shelf and the exclusive economiczone are dif-
ferent and distinct, the rights which the exclusive economic zone entails
over the sea-bed of the zone are defined by reference to the régimelaid
down for the continental shelf. Although there can be a continental shelf
where there is no exclusive economic zone, there cannot be an exclusive
economic zonewithout a correspondingcontinental shelf. It follows that,
forjuridical andpracticalreasons,thedistancecriterionmust now apply to

the continental shelf as well as to the exclusiveeconomiczone ;and this
quite apart from the provision as to distancein paragraph 1of Article 76.
This is not to suggest that the idea of natural prolongation is now super-
seded by that of distance.What it does mean is that where the continental
margin does not extend as far as 200 miles from the shore, natural pro-
longation, which in spite of its physical origins has throughout its history
become more and more a complexandjuridical concept, is in part defined
by distance from the shore, irrespective of the physical nature of the
intervening sea-bed and subsoil. The concepts of natural prolongation and
distance are thereforenot opposed but complementary ; and both remain
essentialelements in thejuridical concept of the continental shelf. As theCourthas observed, the legal basis of that which is to be delimited cannot
be other than pertinent to the delimitation (paragraph 27, supra) ; the
Court isthus unable to accept theLibyan contentionthat distance from the

Coastis not a relevant element for the decision of the present case.

35. It willnow be convenient in viewof this conclusion to examine two
important and opposed arguments of the Parties : first the Libyan "rift-
zone" argument, whichdepends upon givingprimacy to theidea ofnatural
prolongation, in the physical sense ; and second, the argument of Malta
that, on thecontrary,it isdistance that isnow theprimeelement ;and that,
in consequence of this, equidistance, at least between opposite coasts, is
virtually a required method, if only as the first stage in a delimitation.

36. As noted above, it is Libya's case that the natural prolongation, in
the physical sense, of the land territory into and under the sea is still a
primary basis of title to continental shelf. For Libya, as a first step each
Party has to prove that the physical natural prolongation of its land
territory extends into thearea in which thedelimitation isto be effected ;if

there existsa fundamental discontinuity between the shelfarea adjacent to
oneParty and the shelf area adjacent to the other, then the boundary, it is
contended, should lie along the general line of that fundamental discon-
tinuity. The delimitation of continental shelf between Libya and Malta
must therefore respect the allegedexistenceofafundamental discontinuity
which, according to Libya, divides the areas of physical continental shelf
appertaining to each of the Parties (see final submissions 2 and 4). The
argument is thus that there is no problem of overlapping shelves,but that,
on the contrary, two distinct continental shelves are separated by what
Libya calls the "rift zone".
37. The sea-bed area so referred to by Libya lies broadly to the south
and south-west of the Maltese islands, and much closer to them than to the
coasts of Libya. In this area is a series of deep troughs, running in a
generallynorthwest-southeast direction, and reaching over 1,000metres in
depth, described on the International Bathymetric Chart of the Mediter-
ranean as the "Malta Trough", the "Pantelleria Trough" and the "Linosa
Trough". To the east of these troughs, and running in broadly the same

direction, are twochannels oflesserdepth designatedthe "Malta Channel"
and the "Medina Channel". This "rift zone" area liestowards the northern
extremity of the Pelagian Block,which theCourthad occasion to examine
in the Tunisia/Libya casein 1982.It shouldalsobenoted that to theeast of
the Pelagian Block is an area called by Libya the "Escarpment-Fault
Zone", to which Libya also attributesimportance ;however, theargument
based upon it appears to the Court to be distinct from that concerning the
"rift zone", and since the "Escarpment-Fault Zone" is beyond the limits,
defined in paragraph 22 above, within which the present Judgment oper-ates, it.wil1not be further referred to, and theCourt willexpress no viewas
to the validity of the arguments based upon it.

38. The Court was furnished by both Parties with considerable expert
evidence, both written and oral, as to the geologicalhistory and nature of
thearea described asthe "rift zone", on the basis ofwhichitwascontended
by Libya, and controverted by Malta, that the rift zone indicated the
boundary zonebetweenLibya's entitlement to areas ofcontinental shelfto
the north of the Libyan landmass and Malta's entitlement to areas of
continental shelf to the south of the Maltese islands,either as constituting
geologically a boundary between two tectonic plates, or simply as a geo-

morphological feature of such importance as to constitute a very marked
discontinuity. Since, however, this discontinuity is not a line but a zone,
Libya allows that there remains aproblem of delimitation confined to this
"rift zone", to be settled by negotiation between the Parties, in implemen-
tation of Article III of the Special Agreement.

39. The Court however considers that since the development of the law
enables a State toclaim that thecontinental shelfappertaining to it extends
up to as far as 200 miles from its coast, whatever the geological charac-
teristics of the corresponding sea-bed and subsoil, there is no reason to
ascribe any role to geological or geophysical factors within that distance
either in verifying the legaltitle of the States concerned or in proceeding to
a delimitation as between their claims. This is especially clear where
verification of the validity of title is concerned, since, at least in sofar as
those areas aresituated at a distance of under 200miles from the coasts in
question, title depends solely on the distance from the coasts of the clai-
mant States of any areas of sea-bed claimed by way of continental shelf,
and the geological or geomorphological characteristics of those areas are
completely immaterial. It follows that, since the distance between the
coasts of the Parties is lessthan 400 miles, so that no geophysical feature
can lie more than 200 miles from each coast, the feature referred to as the
"rift zone" cannot constitutea fundamental discontinuityterminating the
southward extension of the Maltese shelf and the northward extension of
the Libyan as if it were some natural boundary.

40. Neither isthere any reason whyafactor which has no part to play in
the establishment of title should be taken into account as a relevant
circumstance for the purposes of delimitation. It is truethat in the past the
Court has recognized the relevance of geophysical characteristics of the
area of delimitation if theyassist inidentifying alineof separation between
the continental shelves of the Parties. In the North Sea Continental Sheif
cases the Court said :

"it can be useful to consider the geology of that shelf in order to find out whether the direction taken by certain configurational fea-
tures should influencedelimitation because, in certain localities, they
point-up the whole notion of the appurtenance of the continental
shelf to the State whose territory it does in fact prolong" (I.C.J.

Reports 1969, p. 51, para. 95).
Again, in the TunisialLibya case of 1982,the Court recognized that :

"identification of natural prolongation may, where the geographical
circumstances are appropriate, have an important role to play in
defining an equitable delimitation, in view of its significance as the
justification of continental shelf rights in some cases" (I.C.Reports
1982, p. 47, para. 44)

and the Court remarked also that "a marked disruption or discontinuance
of the sea-bed" may constitute "an indisputable indication of the limits of
two separate continental shelves, or two separate natural prolongations"
(ihid p. ,7, para. 66). However to rely on thisjurisprudence would be to
overlook the fact that wheresuchjurisprudence appears to ascribea role to
geophysicalor geologicalfactors in delimitation, it findswarrantfor doing
so in a régimeof the title itself which used to allot those factors a place

which nowbelongs to thepast, in sofar assea-bed areas lessthan 200miles
from the Coastare concerned.
41. Thesejuridical difficulties of the rift-zone argument are conclusive
against it. Evenhad thisnot been so,there would stillhave been difficulties
concerning the interpretation of the evidence itself. Having carefully
studied that evidence, the Court is not satisfied that it would be able to
draw any sufficiently cogent conclusions from it as to the existence or not
of the "fundamental discontinuity" on which the Libyan argument relies.
Doubtless the region has many geological or geomorphological features
which may properly be described in scientific terms as "discontinuities".
The endeavour, however, in the terms of the Libyan argument, was to
convince the Court of adiscontinuity so scientifically "fundamental", that
it must also be adiscontinuity of a natural prolongation in the legalense ;
and such a fundamental discontinuity was said to be constituted by a
tectonic plate boundary which the distinguished scientists called by Libya
detected in the rift zone, or at least by the presence there of a verymarked

geomorphological feature. However the no less distinguished scientists
called by Malta testified that this supposed "secondary" tectonic plate
boundary was only an hypothesis, and that the data at present available
were quite insufficient to prove, or indeed to disprove, its existence. The
Court is unable to accept the position that in order to decide this case, it
must first makea determinationupon adisagreement between scientists of
distinction as to the more plausibly correct interpretation of apparently
incomplete scientific data ; for a criterion that depends upon such a
judgment or estimate having to be made by a court, or perhaps also by
negotiating governments, is clearly inapt to a general legal rule of delimi-37 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

tation. For al1the above reasons, the Court, therefore, rejects the so-called
rift-zone argument of Libya.

42. Neither, however,is the Court able to accept the argument of Malta

- almost diametrically opposed to the Libyan rift-zone argument - that
the new importance of the idea of distance from the coast has, at any rate
for delimitation between opposite coasts, in turn conferred a primacy on
the method of equidistance.As already noted, Malta rejects the view that
natural prolongation in the physical senseis the basis of title of thecoastal
State, and bases its approach to continental shelf delimitation on the
"distance principle" : each coastal State is entitled to continental shelf
rights to a certain distance from its coast, whatever may be the physical
characteristics of thesea-bed and subsoil. Sincethere isnot sufficient space
between the coasts of Malta and Libya for each of them to enjoy conti-

nental shelf rights up to the full 200milesrecognized by international law,
the delimitation process must, according to Malta, necessarily begin by
taking into consideration an equidistanceline between the two coasts. The
delimitation of the continental shelfmust startfrom the geographical facts
in each particular case ; Malta regards the situation as one of two coastal
Statesfacing eachother in an entirely normal setting. Malta does not assert
that the equidistance method is fundamental, or inherent, or has a legally
obligatorycharacter. It does argue that the legalbasis of continental shelf
rights - that is to Say,for Malta, the "distance principle" - requires that as
a starting point of the delimitation process consideration must be given to
a line based on equidistance ; though it is only to the extent that this

primary delimitation produces an equitable result by abalancing up of the
relevant circumstances that the boundary coincides with the equidistance
line.As a provisional point of departure, consideration of equidistance "is
required" on the basis of the legal title.

43. The Court is unable to accept that, even as a preliminary and
provisional step towards the drawing of a delimitation line, the equidis-
tancemethod isonewhichmustbe used, or that the Court is "required, asa
first step, to examine the effects of a delimitation by application of the

equidistance method" (I.C.J. Reports 1982,p. 79, para. 110).Such a rule
would come near to an espousal of theidea of "absolute proximity", which
was rejected by theCourtin 1969(seeI.C.J. Reports1969,p. 30,para. 41),
and which has since, moreover, failed of acceptance at the Third United
Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. That a coastal State may be
entitled to continental shelf rights by reason of distance from the coast,
and irrespective of the physical characteristics of the intervening sea-bedand subsoil, does not entai1 that equidistance is the only appropriate
method of delimitation, even between opposite or quasi-opposite coasts,
nor even the only permissible point of departure. The application of
equitable principles in the particular relevant circumstances may still
require the adoption of another method, or combination of methods, of
delimitation, even from the outset.

44. In this connection, something may be said on the subject of the
practice of States in the field of continental shelf delimitation ; the Parties
have in fact discussed the significance of such practice, as expressed in
published delimitationagreements,primarily in thecontext of the status of
equidistance in present international law. Over 70 such agreements have
been identified and produced to the Court and have been subjected to
various interpretations. Libya questions the relevance of State practice in
this domain, and has suggested that this practice shows, if anything,
progressivedisappearance of the distinction to be found in Article 6of the
1958Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, between "opposite"

and "adjacent" States, and that there has since 1969been a clear trend
away from equidistance manifested in delimitation agreements between
States, as well as injurisprudence and in the deliberations at the United
Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. Malta rejects both these latter
contentions, and contends that such practice need not be seen as evidence
of a particular rule of customary law, but must provide significant and
reliable evidenceof normal standards of equity. The Court for its part has
no doubt about the importance of State practice in this matter. Yet that
practice, however interpreted, falls short of proving the existence of a rule
prescribingthe useofequidistance, or incheedofany method,asobligatory.
Even the existence of such a rule as is contended for by Malta, requiring

equidistance simply to be used as a first stage in any delimitation, but
subject to correction, cannot be supported solely by the production of
numerous examples of delimitations using equidistance or modified equi-
distance, though it is impressive evidence that the equidistance method
can in many different situations yield an equitable result.

45. Judicial decisions are at one - and the Parties themselves agree
(paragraph 29 above) - in holding that the delimitation of a continental
shelfboundary must be effected by the application of equitable principles
inal1the relevant circumstances in order to achievean equitable result.The
Court did of course remark in its 1982Judgment that this terminology,
though generally used, "is not entirely satisfactory because it employs the
term equitable tocharacterize both the result tobe achievedand the means
to beapplied to reach thisresult" (I.C.J. Reports1982,p. 59,para. 70).It is
however the goal - the equitable result - and not the means used to achieve it, that must be the primary element in this duality of charac-
terization. As the Court also said in its 1982Judgment :

"Equity as a legal concept is a direct emanation of the idea of
justice. The Court whose task is by definition to administerjustice is
bound to apply it." (I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 60, para. 71 .)

Yet the "Application of equitable principles is to be distinguished from a
decision ex aequo et bono" and as the Court put it in its 1969 Judg-
ment :

"it is not a question of applyingequity simply as a matter of abstract
justice, but of applying a rule of law which itself requires the appli-
cation of equitable principles, in accordance with the ideaswhichhave
always underlain the development of the legal régimeof the conti-
nental shelf in this field" (I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 47, para. 85).

Thus thejustice of whichequity is an emanation, is not abstract justice but
justice according to the rule of law ; which is to Saythat its application
should display consistency and a degree of predictability ;even though it

looks with particularity to the peculiar circumstances of an instant case, it
also looks beyond it to principles of more general application. This is
precisely why the courts have, from the beginning, elaborated equitable
principles as being, at the same time, means to an equitable result in a
particular case, yet ais0 having a more general validity and hence expres-
siblein general terms ;for, as the Court has also said, "the legalconcept of
equity is a general principle directly applicable as law" (I.C.J. Reports
1982, p. 60, para. 71).

46. The normative character of equitable principles applied asa part of
general international lawis important because these principles govern not
only delimitation by adjudication or arbitration, but also, and indeed
primarily, the duty of Parties to seek first a delimitation by agreement,
which is also to seek an equitable result. That equitable principles are
expressed in terms of general application, is immediately apparent from a
glance at some well-known examples :the principle that there is to be no

question of refashioning geography, or compensating for the inequalities
of nature ;the related principle of non-encroachment by one party on the
natural prolongation of the other, which is no more than the negative
expression of the positive rule that thecoastal State enjoys sovereignrights
over the continental shelf off its coasts to the full extent authorized by
international law in the relevant circumstances ; the principle of respect
due to al1 such relevant circumstances ;the principle that although al1
States are equal before the lawand are entitled to equal treatment, "equity
does not necessarily imply equality" (I. C.J. Reports1969,p. 49, para. 9l), 40 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

nor does it seek to make equal what nature has made unequal ; and the
principle that there can be no question of distributive justice.

47. The nature of equity is nowhere more evident than in these well-
established principles. In interpreting them,it must be bornein mind that
the geography which is not to be refashioned means those aspects of a

geographical situation most germane to the legal institution of the conti-
nental shelf ;and it is "the coast of each of the Parties", which
"constitutes the starting line from which one has to set outin order to
ascertain how far the submarine areas appertaining to each of them
extend in a seaward direction, as well as in relation to neighbouring
States situated either in an adjacent or opposite position" (I.C.J.
Reports 1982, p. 61, para. 74).

In a semi-enclosed sea like the Mediterranean, that reference to neigh-
bouring States isparticularly apposite,for,as willbe shown below,it is the
coastalrelationships in the wholegeographical context that are to be taken
account of and respected.
48. The application of equitable principles thus still leaves the Court
with the task of appreciation of the weight to be accorded to the relevant
circumstances in any particular case of delimitation. There is a much-
quoted dictum of the Court in its 1969Judgment to this effect :

"In fact, there is no legal limit to the considerations which States
may take account of for the purpose of making sure that they apply
equitable procedures, and more often than not it is the balancing-up
of al1such considerations that will produce this result rather than
reliance on one to the exclusion of al1others. The problem of the
relative weight to be accorded to different considerations naturally
varieswith the circumstances of the case." (I.C.J. Reports1969,p. 50,
para. 93.)

Yet although there may be no legallimit to theconsiderations which States
may take account of, this can hardly be true for a court applyingequitable
procedures. For a court, although there is assuredly no closed list of
considerations, it is evident that only those that are pertinent to the
institution of the continental shelf as it has developed within the law, and
totheapplication ofequitable principles toitsdelimitation, willqualify for
inclusion. Otherwise, the legal concept of continental shelf could itself be

fundamentally changed by theintroduction ofconsiderations strange toits
nature.

49. It was argued by Libya that the relevant geographical considera-
tions includethelandmassbehind the coast, in the sensethatthat landmass
provides in Libya's view the factual basis and legaljustification for the
State's entitlement to continental shelf rights, a State with a greater land-
mass having a more intense natural prolongation. The Court is unable toaccept this as arelevantconsideration.Landmasshas never been regarded
as a basis of entitlement to continental shelf rights, anduch a proposition
finds nosupport in thepractice of States,in thejurisprudence, in doctrine,
or indeed in the work of theThird United Nations Conference on the Law
of the Sea. It would radically change the part played by the relationship
between coast and continental shelf.The capacity to engendercontinental
shelf rights derives not from the landmass, but from sovereignty over the
landmass ;and it is by means of the maritime front of this landmass, in
other words by its coastal opening, that this territorial sovereigntybrings
its continental shelf rights into effect.What distinguishes a coastal State
with continental shelf rights from a landlocked State which has none, is
certainly not the landmass, which both possess, but the existence of a
maritime front in oneStateand its absencein the other. Thejuridical link
between the State'sterritorial sovereigntyandits rights to certain adjacent
maritime expanses is established by means of its coast. The concept of
adjacency measured by distance is based entirely on that of the coastline,
and not on that of the landmass.

50. It was argued by Malta, on the other hand, that the considerations
that may be taken account ofincludeeconomicfactors and security. Malta
has contended that therelevantequitableconsiderations, employed not to
dictate a delimitation but tocontributeto assessment of the equitableness
of a delimitation otherwise arrived at, include the absence of energy
resources on the island of Malta, its requirements as an island developing
country, and the range of its established fishing activity. The Court does
not however consider that a delimitation should be influenced by the
relativeeconomicposition of the two Statesinquestion,in such away that
thearea of continental shelf regardedasappertaining tothe less rich of the
two States would be somewhat increased in order to compensate for its
inferiority in economic resources. Such considerations are totally unre-
lated to the underlying intention of the applicable rules of international
law. It is clear that neither the rules determining the validity of legal
entitlement to the continental shelf, nor those concerning delimitation
between neighbouring countries, leave room for any considerations of
economic development of the Statesin question. Whle the concept of the
exclusive economic zone has, from the outset, included certain special
provisions for the benefit of developingStates, those provisions have not
related to the extent of such areas nor to their delimitation between
neighbouringStates, but merely to the exploitation of their resources. The
natural resources of the continental shelf under delimitation "so far as
known or readily ascertainable" might well constitute relevant circum-

stances whichit would be reasonable to take into account in adelimitation,
as the Court stated in the North Sea ContinentalShelfcases (I.C.J. Reports
1969,p. 54, para. 101(D) (2)). Those resources are the essentialobjective
envisaged by States when they put fonvard claims to sea-bed areas con-
taining them. In the present case, however, the Court has not been fur-
nished by the Parties with any indications on this point. 51. Malta contends that the "equitable consideration" of security and
defence interests confirms the equidistancemethod of delimitation, which
gives each party a comparable lateral control from its coasts. Security
considerations are ofcourse not unrelated to theconcept of the continental
shelf. They were referred to when this legal concept first emerged, parti-
cularly in theTruman Proclamation. However,in the present case neither
Party has raised the question whether the law at present attributes to the
coastal State particular competences in the military field over its conti-
nental shelf,including competence over the placing of rnilitary devices.In
any event, the delimitation which will result from the application of the
present Judgment is,aswillbeseenbelow,not sonear to the Coastof either
Party as to make questions of security a particular consideration in the
present case.

52. Abrief mention must alsobemade of another circumstance over the
relevance of which theParties have been in some contention. The fact that
Malta constitutes an island State has givenrise to someargument between

the Parties as to the treatment of islands in continental shelf delimitation.
The Parties agree that theentitlement to continental shelfis the sameforan
island as for mainland. However Libya insists that for this purpose no
distinction falls to be made between an island State and an island poli-
tically linked with a mainland State ;and further contends that while the
entitlement is the same, an island may be treated in aparticular wayin the
actual delimitation, aswere theChannelIslands inthe Decision of 30June
1977of the Court of Arbitration on the delimitation of the continental
shelf between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
and the French Republic. Malta explains that it does not claim any privi-
leged status for island States, but does distinguish, for purposes of shelf
delimitation, between island States and islands politically linked to a
mainland State. It isonly in the case of dependent islands, in Malta's view,
that international law gives varying effect to them, depending on such
factors as size, geographical position, population or economy.

53. In the view of the Court, it is not a question of an "island State"
having some sort of special status in relation to continental shelf rights ;
indeed Malta insists that it does not claim such status. It is simply that
Malta beingindependent,the relationship ofitscoasts with the coasts ofits
neighbours is different from what it would be if it were a part of the

territory of one of them. In other words, it might well be that the sea
boundaries in this region would be different if the islands of Malta did not
constitute an independent State, but formeda part of theterritory ofoneof
thesurroundingcountries. This aspect of the matter isrelated not solelyto
the circumstances of Malta being a group of islands, and an independent
State, but also to the position of the islands in the wider geographical
context, particularly their position in a semi-enclosed sea.
54. Malta has alsoinvoked the principle of sovereign equality of States
as an argument in favour of the equidistance method pure and simple, and as an objection to any adjustment based on length of coasts or propor-
tionalityconsiderations. It has observed that since al1States are equal and
equally sovereign,the maritime extensions generated by the sovereignty of
each State mustbe ofequaljuridical value,whether or not the coasts of one
Stateare longer than those of the other. The first question is whether the
use of the equidistance method or recourse to proportionality considera-
tions derivefrom legalrules accepted by States.If,for example, Stateshad
adopted a principle of apportionment of shelf on a basis of strict propor-
tionality of coastal lengths (which the Court does not consider to be the

case), their consent to that rule would be no breach of the principle of
sovereignequality between them. Secondly, it is evident that the existence
of equal entitlement, ipsojure and ab initio, of coastal States, does not
imply an equality of extent of shelf, whatever the circumstances of the
area ; thus reference to the length of coasts as a relevant circumstance
cannot be excluded apriori. The principle of equality of States has there-
fore no particular role to play in the applicable law.

55. Libya has attached great importance to an argument based on
proportionality (seeLibyan submissions 5,6 and 7,set out inparagraph 11
above). Proportionality is certainly intimately related both to the govern-
ingprinciple ofequity, and to the importance of coasts in thegeneration of
continental shelf rights. Accordingly, the place of proportionality in this
case calls for the most careful consideration. The 1969Judgment in the
North Sea ContinentalShelfcases describes what it consistently refers to as
the proportionality "factor" in the following terms :

"A final factor to be taken account of is the element of a reasonable
degree of proportionality which a delimitation effected according to
equitable principles ought to bring about between the extent of the
continental shelfappertaining to theStatesconcerned and the lengths
of their respective coastlines, - these being measured according to
their general direction in order to establish the necessary balance
between States with straight, and those with markedly concave or
convex coasts, or to reduce very irregular coastlines to their truer
proportions." (I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 52, para. 98.)

There is a further statement in the operative part (ibid., p. 54, para. 101
(D) (3)), and this is in the nature of things addressed specifically to-the
actual case then before the Court,and is accordingly somewhatdifferently
qualified :

"the element of a reasonable degree of proportionality, which a
delimitationcarried out in accordance with equitableprinciplesought
to bring about between the extent of the continental shelf areas appertaining to the coastal State and the length of its coast measured

in the general direction of the coastline, account being taken for this
purpose of the effects, actual or prospective, of anyother continental
shelf delimitation between adjacent States in the same region".
56. It is clear that what the Court intended was a means of identifying
and then correcting the kind of distortion - disproportion - that could
arise from the use of a method inapt to take adequate account of some

kinds of coastal configuration :thus, for example, since an equidistance
lineisbased on aprinciple of proximity and isthereforecontrolled only by
salient coastalpoints,itmay yieldadisproportionate result whereacoast is
markedly irregular or markedly concave or convex. In such cases, the raw
equidistance method may leave out of the calculation appreciable lengths
of coast, whilst at the same time giving undue influence to others merely
because of the shape of coastal relationships. In fact the proportionality
"factor" arisesfrom the equitableprinciple thatnature must be respected :
coasts which are broadly comparable ought not to be treated differently
because of a technical quirk of aparticular method of tracing thecourse of
a boundary line.

57. It follows - and this also is evident from the 1969Judgment - that
proportionality is one possibly relevant "factor", among several other
factors (see the whole of para. (D) of the operative part on pp. 53-54 of
I.C.J. Reports 1969) "to be taken into account". It is nowhere mentioned
amongst "the principles and rules of international law applicable to the
delimitation" (ibi d..,3,para. (C)).Its purpose wasagain made veryclear
in the Decision of 30June 1977of the Anglo-French Court of Arbitration,
already referred to, which stated that :

"The concept of 'proportionality' merely expresses the criterion or
factor bywhichitmaybedetermined whether such adistortion results
in an inequitable delimitation of the continental shelf as between the
coastal Statesconcerned. The factor ofproportionality may appear in
the form of the ratio between the areas of continental shelf to the
lengths of the respective coastlines, as in the North Sea Continental
She[fcases. But it may alsoappear, and more usually does, asa factor
for determining the reasonable or unreasonable - the equitable or
inequitable - effects of particular geographical features or confi-
gurations upon the course of an equidistance-lineboundary" (para.

1OO),
and went on to Sayalso that

"there can neverbe aquestion ofcompletely refashioning nature, such
as by rendering the situation of a State with an extensive coastline
similar to that of a State with a restricted coastline ;it is rather a
question of remedying the disproportionality and inequitable effects
produced by particular geographical configurations or features in
situations where otherwise the appurtenance of roughly comparable45 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

attributions of continental shelf to each State would be indicated by
the geographicalfacts. Proportionality, therefore is to be used as a
criterion or factor relevant in evaluating the equities of certain geo-
graphicalsituations,not as a generalprincipleproviding an indepen-
dent source of rights to areas of continental shelf." (Para. 101.)

The pertinent general principle, to the application of which the propor-
tionality factor may be relevant, is that there can be no question of
"completely refashioningnature" ;themethod chosen and its resultsmust
be faithful to the actual geographical situation.
58. Both Parties appear to agree with these generalpropositions of law
concerningthe use of theproportionality factoror criterion. Nevertheless,
Libya's proportionality argument in effect goes a good deal further. The
fifth and sixth submissions of Libya are to the effect that

"Equitable principles do not require that a State possessing a
restricted coastline be treated as if it possessed an extensive coast-
line" ;
and that

"In the particular geographcal situation of this case, the applica-
tion of equitableprinciplesrequiresthat the delimitation should take
account of the significant difference in lengths of the respective
coastlines which face the area in which the delimitation is to be
effected."

These submissions have inargument been treated as ancillary to the fourth
submission, whereby Libya contends that a criterion for delimitation can
be derived from the principle of natural prolongation because of the
presence of a fundamental discontinuity in the sea-bed and subsoil ; but
this submission - therift-zoneargument - has been rejected by theCourt.
Nothing else remains in the Libyan submissionsthat can afford an inde-
pendent principle and method for drawing the boundary, unless the ref-
erence to the lengths of coastlines is taken as such. However, to use the
ratio of coastal lengthsas of itself determinative of the seaward reach and
area ofcontinental shelfproper to each Party, isto gofar beyond the useof
proportionality as a test of equity, and as a corrective of the unjustifiable
difference of treatment resultingfrom some method of drawingthe boun-
dary line. If such auseof proportionality wereright, it is difficultindeed to

seewhat room would be leftforanyotherconsideration ;forit would beat
once the principle of entitlement to continental shelf rights and also the
method of putting that principle into operation. Its weakness as a basis of
argument, however,isthat theuseofproportionality as amethod inits own
rightiswanting ofsupport inthepractice of States,inthepublicexpression
of their views at (in particular) the Third United Nations Conference on
the Law of the Sea,or in thejurisprudence. It is not possible for the Court
to endorse a proposa1at onceso far-reaching and so novel. That does nothowever mean that the "significant difference in lengths of the respective
coastlines" is not an element which may be taken into account at a certain
stagein the delimitation process ;this aspect of the matter willbereturned
to at the appropriate stage in the further reasoning of the Court.

59. Libya has also placed particular reliance upon theJ982 decision of
the Court in the case concerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya), in which the Court took note of the relationship of the
lengths of the relevant coasts of the Parties, and compared that relation-
shipwith theratio between the areas of continental shelfattributed to each
Party. On the basis of figures fordistances and ratios, the Court concluded
that the result of the delimitation contemplated would "meet the require-
ments of the test of proportionality as an aspect of equity" (I.C.J. Reports
1982, p. 91, para. 131).Libya has in its pleadings and arguments carried
out a similar operation in the present case, in order to show that "a
delimitation within, and following the general direction of, the Rift Zone"
would clearlymeet the test of proportionality. Neither theCourt's findings
as to the proper function of the concept of proportionality, set out above,
nor its dismissal of the arguments based on geological or geophysical
features in support of the rift zone, signify the rejection in principle of the
applicability of the criterion of proportionality as a test of the equitable-
ness of the result of a delimitation. The question of its practical applica-
bility in the circumstances of this case however will fa11to be examined
oncethe Court hasindicated the method ofdelimitation whichresultsfrom
the applicable principles and rules of international law.

60. In applying the equitable principles thus elicited, within the limits
defined above, and in the light of the relevant circumstances, the Court
intends to proceed by stages ;thus, it willfirst make a provisional delimi-
tation by using acriterion and amethod both ofwhich are clearly destined
toplay an important role in producing the final result ;itwillthen examine
thisprovisionalsolution in thelight of therequirements derivedfrom other
criteria, which may cal1for a correction of this initial result.
61. The Court has little doubt which criterion and method it must
employ at the outset in order to achieve a provisional position in the
present dispute. The criterion is linked with the law relating to a State's
legal title to the continental shelf. As the Court has found above, the law
applicable to the present dispute, that is, to claims relating to continental
shelveslocated lessthan 200milesfrom thecoasts of theStates in question,
is based not on geologicalor geomorphological criteria, but on a criterion
ofdistance fromthe Coastor, to usethetraditional term, on theprinciple of
adjacency as measured by distance. It therefore seemslogical to the Court
that the choice of the criterion and the method which it is to employ in the first place to arrive at a provisional result should be made in a manner
consistent with the concepts underlying the attribution of legal title.

62. The consequence of the evolution of continental shelf law can be
noted with regard to both verification of title and delimitation as between
rival claims. On the basis of the law now applicable (and hence of the
distance criterion), the validity of the titles of Libya and Malta to the
sea-bed areas claimed by those States is clear enough.Questions arise only
in the assessment of the impact of distance considerations on the actual
delimiting. In this assessment, account must be taken of the fact that,
according to the "fundamental norm" of the law of delimitation, an
equitable result must be achieved on the basis of the application of equi-
table principles to the relevant circumstances. It is therefore necessary to
examinethe equities of thedistancecriterion and of the results to whichits

application may lead. The Court has itself noted that the equitable nature
of the equidistance method is particularly pronounced in cases where
delimitation has to be effected between States with opposite coasts. In the
cases concerning the North Sea ContinentalSheif it said that :

"The continental shelf area off, and dividing, opposite States [con-
sists of] prolongations [which]meet and overlap, and can therefore

only be delimited by means of a median line ;and, ignoring the
presence of islets, rocks and rninor coastal projections, the dispro-
portionally distorting effect of whch can be eliminated by other
means, such a line must effect an equal division of the particular area
involved." (I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 36, para. 57.)
In the next paragraph it emphasized the appropriateness of a median line
for delimitation between opposite coasts (ibid.,p. 37,para. 58).But it is in
fact a delimitation exclusivelybetween opposite coasts that the Court is,

for the first time, asked toeal with. It isclear that, in thesecircumstances,
the tracing of a median line between those coasts, by way of a provisional
step in a process to becontinued by other operations, is the mostjudicious
manner of proceeding with a view to the eventual achievement of an
equitable result.
63. The median linedrawn in thiswayis thus onlyprovisional. Were the
Court to treat itas final,itwould beconferring on theequidistancemethod
the status of being the only method the use of which is compulsory in the
case of opposite coasts. As already pointed out, existing international law
cannot be interpreted in this sense ; the equidistance method is not the
only method applicable to the present dispute, and it does not even have
thebenefit of apresumption in itsfavour. Thus, under existinglaw,itmust
be demonstrated that the equidistancemethod leads toan equitable result
in the case in question. To achieve this purpose, the result to which the
distance criterion leads must be examined in the context of appIying
equitable principles to the relevant circumstances. 64. An immediate qualification of the median line which the Court
considers must be made concerns the basepoints from which it is to be
constructed. The line put forward by Malta was constructed from the
low-water mark of the Libyan coast, but with regard to the Maltese coast
from straight baselines (inte arlia )onnecting the island of Malta to the
uninhabited islet of Filfla. The Court does not express any opinion on
whether the inclusion of Filfla in the Maltese baselines was legallyjusti-
fied;but in any event the baselines as determined by coastalStates are not

per se identical with the points chosen on a coast to make it possible to
calculate the area of continental shelf appertaining to that State. In this
case, the equitableness of an equidistance line depends on whether the
precaution is taken of eliminating the disproportionate effect of certain
"islets, rocks andminor coastal projections7',to use the language of the
Court in its 1969Judgment, quoted above. The Court thus finds it equi-
table not to take account of Filfla in the calculation of the provisional
median line between Malta and Libya. Having established such a provi-
sional median line, the Court still has to consider whether other consi-
derations, including the factor of proportionality, should lead to an
adjustment of that line being made.
65. In thus establishing, as the first stagein thedelimitation process, the
median line as the provisional delimitation line, the Court could hardly
ignore thefact that the equidistance method has neverbeen regarded, even
in a delimitation between opposite coasts, as one to be applied without

modification whatever the circumstances.Already, in the 1958Convention
on the Continental Shelf,which imposes upon the States parties to it an
obligation of treaty-law, failing agreement, to have recourse to equidis- .
tance for the delimitation of thecontinental shelf areas, Article 6 contains
the proviso that that method is to be used "unless another boundary line is
justified by special circumstances". Similarly, during the drafting of the
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the text which con-
tained reference to the useof the equidistance method (later superseded by
what isnowArticle 83,paragraph l), qualified that reference by indicating
that the method should be used "where appropriate, and taking account of
al1circumstances prevailing inthe area concerned" (A/CONF.62/ WP.IO/
Rev.2). Moreover in the practice of States as reflected in the delimitation
agreements concluded and published, analysis of the delimitation line
chosen, in relation to the coasts of the parties, or the appropriate base-
points, revealsinnumerous cases agreater orlesser departure from the line
whichwouldhavebeen produced byastrictapplication ofthe equidistance

method. It is thus certain that, for the purposes of achieving an equitable
result in a situation in whch the equidistance line is prima facie the
appropriate method, al1relevant circumstances must be examined, since
they mayhave aweightin the assessmentof the equities of the casewhichit
would beproper to take into account and to reflect in an adjustment of the
equidistance line.
66. The Court has already examined, and dismissed, a number of con-
tentions made before it as to relevant circumstances in the present case (paragraphs 48-54 above). A further geographicalcircumstance on which
Libya hasinsisted is that of the comparative sizeof Malta and of Libya. So
faras "size" refers tolandmass,theCourthasalreadyindicated thereasons
why it is unable to regard this as relevant (paragraph 49 above) ; there
remains however the very marked difference in the lengths of the relevant
coasts of the Parties,and the element of theconsiderabledistance between

those coasts referred to by both Parties, and to be examined below. In
connection with lengths of coasts, attention should be drawn to an impor-
tant distinction which appears to be rejected by Malta, between the rele-
vance of coastallengthsas apertinent circumstancefor a delirnitation,and
use of those lengths in assessing ratios of proportionality. The Court has
alreadyexaminedtherole ofproportionality in a delimitation process, and
has alsoreferred to the operation, employed in the Tunisia/Libya case, of
assessingtheratios between lengths ofcoasts and areas ofcontinental shelf
attributed on the basis of those coasts. It has been emphasized that this
latter operation is to be employed solelyas a verification of the equitable-
ness of the result arrived at by other means. It is however one thing to
employproportionality calculations to checkaresult ;itisanother thing to
take note, in the course of the delimitation process, of the existence of a
very marked differencein coastallengths,and to attribute the appropriate
significance to that coastal relationship, without seeking to define it in

quantitative terms which are only suited to the ex post assessment of
relationships of Coast to area. The two operations are neither mutually
exclusive, nor so closely identified with each other that the one would
necessarily render the other supererogatory. Consideration of the com-
parability or otherwise of the coastal lengths is a part of the process of
determining an equitable boundary.on thebasis of an initial median line ;
the test of a reasonable degree of proportionality, on theother hand, isone
which can be applied to check the equitableness of any line, whatever the
method used to arrive at that line.

67. In order to assess any disparity between lengths of coasts it is first
necessarv to determine which are the coasts which are being contem-
plated ;but that determination need only be in broad terms. ~h; question
asto whichcoasts of the two Statesconcernedshould be taken into account
is clearly one which has eventually to be answered with some degree of

precisioninthecontext of thetest ofproportionality as averification of the
equity of the result. Such a test would be meaningless in the absence of a
precise definition of the "relevant coasts" and the "relevant area", of the
kind whch the Court carried out in the Tunisia/Libya case. Where a
marked disparity requires to be taken into account as a relevant circum-
stance, however, this rigorous definition is not essential and indeed not
appropriate. If the disparity in question only emerges after scrupulous
definition and comparison of coasts,it isex hypothesiunlikely to be of such
extent as to carry weight as a relevant circumstance. It is in ths light that
the Court has here to consider the coasts of the Parties within the area to50 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

which, as explained above, itsjudgment relates ; the question of thecoasts
and areas to be taken into account for application of the proportionality
test is one which only arises at a later stage in the delimitation process.

68. Within the bounds set by the Court having regard to the existenceof
claims of third States,explained above, no question arises of anylimit,set
by those claims, to the relevant coasts of Malta to be taken into consi-
deration. On the Libyan side, Ras Ajdir, the terminus of the frontier with
Tunisia,must clearly be the starting point ;the meridian 15" 10'E which
has been found by the Court to define the limits of the area in which the
Judgment can operate crosses the coast of Libya not far from RasZarruq,

whichis regarded by Libya as the limit of the extent of its relevantcoast. If
the coasts of Malta and the coast of Libya from Ras Ajdir to Ras Zarruq
are compared, it is evident that there is a considerable disparity between
their lengths, to a degree which, in the view of the Court, constitutes a
relevant circumstance which should be reflected in the drawing of the
delimitation line. The coast of Libya from Ras Ajdir to Ras Zarruq,
measured following itsgeneraldirection, is 192mileslong, and thecoast of
Malta from Rasil-Wardija to Delimara Point, following straight baselines
but excluding the islet of Filfla, is 24 miles long. In the viewof the Court,
this difference is sogreat as tojustify the adjustment of the median line so
as to attribute a larger shelf area to Libya;the degree of such adjustment
does not depend upon a mathematical operation and remains to be
examined.
69. In the present case, the Court has also to look beyond the area
concerned in the case, and consider the general geographical context in
which the delimitation will have to be effected. The Court observes that

that delimitation, although it relates only to the continental shelf apper-
taining to two States, is also a delimitation between a portion of the
southern littoral and a portion of the northern littoral of the Central
Mediterranean. If account is taken of that setting, the Maltese islands
appear as a minor feature of the northern seaboard of the region in
question,located substantially to the south of the generaldirection of that
seaboard,and themselvescomprising averylimitedcoastal segment. From
the viewpoint of the general geography of the region, this southward
location of the coasts of the Maltese islands constitutes a geographical
feature which should be taken into account as a pertinent circumstance ;
its influenceon the delimitation line must be weighed in order to arrive at
an equitable result.
70. Enough has been said above to show why the Court is unable to
acceptthe contention of Malta that the relationship of the coasts of Malta
and Libya forms a "classical" and straightfonvard case for a simple
application of the median line. It is true that the coasts are opposite and
that thearea between themis clearofany complicatingfeatures. Butwithin

the area to which the present Judgment relates the median line drawn by
Malta is wholly controlled by two basepoints, on the islet of Filfla and on
the southeastern extremity of the island of Malta ; that is to Say base- points some 11kilometres apart. Even if the islet of Filfla be excluded asa
basepoint, as the Court has found that it should be, the line is controlled,
within the area mentioned, only by points between Ras il-Qaws and
BenghisaPoint on the southwestern coast of the island of Malta. In either
case, neither the receding westerly coast of the island of Malta, nor the
island of Gozo, nor the straight baseline drawn from Ras il-Qaws to Ras
il-Wardija, have any influence on the course of the median line. On the
Libyan coast also, the basepoints controlling the line in the area men-
tioned are concentrated on a short stretch of coastline immediately east of
Ras Tajura. Furthermore, it is well to recall the precise reason why the
Court in its 1969Judgment contrasted the effect of an equidistance line
between opposite coasts and the effect between adjacent coasts. In the

latter situation, any distorting effect of a salient feature might wellextend
and increase through the entire course of the boundary ; whilst in the
former situation, the influence of one feature is normally quickly suc-
ceeded and corrected by the influence of another, as the course of the line
proceeds between more or less parallel coasts.

71. In the light of these circumstances, the Court finds it necessary, in
order to ensure the achievement of an equitable solution, that the delimi-
tation linebetween the areas of continental shelfappertaining respectively
to the two Parties, be adjusted so as to lie closer to the coasts of Malta.
Within thearea withwhich the Court isconcerned,thecoasts of the Parties
are opposite to each other, and the equidistance line between them lies
broadly Westtoeast,so that its adjustment can be satisfactorily and simply
achieved by transposing it in an exactly northward direction.
72. Once it is contemplated that the boundary requires to be shifted
northward of the median line between Libya and Malta, it seems appro-
priate first to establish what might be theextreme limit of such ashift.This
is easilydone and indeed the calculation is,in broad terms, apparent from
any map of the area as a whole, showing the wider geographical context
whichthe Courthasfound to be relevant. Letitbesupposed, for the sakeof

argument, that the Maltese islands were part of Italian territory, and that
there was a question of the delimitation of the continental shelf between
Libya and Italy, within the area to which this Judgment relates. Again,
between opposite coasts, with a large, clear area between them, that
boundary would not then be the median line, based solelyupon the coasts
of Libya to the south and Sicilyto the north. At least someaccount would
be taken of the islands of Malta ;and even if the minimum account were
taken, the continental shelf boundary between Italy and Libya would be
somewhat south of the median linebetween the Sicilianand Libyan coasts.
Since Malta is not part of Italy, but is an independent State, it cannot be
the case that, as regards continental shelf rights, it will be in a worse
position because of its independence.Therefore,it is reasonable to assume
that an equitable boundary between Libya and Malta must be to the south
of a notional median line between Libya and Sicily ;for that is the line, as we have seen, which allows no effect at al1to the islands of Malta. The
position of such a median line, employing the baselines on the coasts of
Sicilyestablished by the Italian Government, may be defined for present
purposes by its intersection with the meridian 15" 10'E ; according to the
information supplied to the Court, this intersection is at about latitude

34" 36'N. The course of that line evidently does not run parallel to that of
the median line between Malta and Libya, but itsform is,it isunderstood,
not greatly different. The equidistance line drawn between Malta and
Libya (excluding as basepoint the islet of Filfla), according to the infor-
mation available to the Court, intersects that same meridian 15" 10'E at
approximately 34" 12' N. A transposition northwards through 24' of
latitude of the Malta-Libya median line would therefore be the extreme
limit of such northward adjustment.
73. The position reached by the Court at this stage of its consideration
of the case is therefore the following. It takes the median line (ignoring
Filfla as a basepoint) as the first step of the delimitation. But relevant
circumstances indicate that some northward shift of the boundary line is
needed in order to produce an equitable result. These are first, the general

geographical context in which the islands of Malta appear as a relatively
small feature in a semi-enclosed sea ; and secondly, the great disparity in
the lengths of the relevant coasts of the two Parties. The next step in the
delimitation is therefore to determinethe extent of therequirednorthward
shift of the boundary line.Here, there are twoimportant parameters which
the Court has alreadymentioned above. First, there is the outside limit of
anynorthward shift, of some24'(seeparagraph 72above). Second, there is
the considerable distance between the coasts (some 195' difference of
latitude, in round terms, between BenghisaPoint and theLibyan coast due
south of that point), which is an obviously important consideration when
deciding whether, and by how much, a median line boundary can be
shifted without ceasing to have an approximately median location, or
approaching sonear toone coast asto bring into play other factors such as
security. In the present case there is clearly room for a significant adjust-

ment, if it is found to be required for acheving an equitable result.
Weighingup these severalconsiderations in the present kind of situation is
not a process that can infallibly be reduced to aformula expressed in actual
figures. Nevertheless, such an assessment has to be made, and the Court
has concluded that a boundary line that represents a shift of around
three-quarters of the distance between the two outer parameters - that is
to say between the median line and the line 24'north of it - achieves an
equitable result in al1the circumstances. It has therefore decided that the
equitable boundary line is a line produced by transposing the median line
northwards through 18'of latitude. By "transposing" is meant the opera-
tion whereby to every point on the median line there will correspond a
point on the line of delimitation, lyingon the same meridian of longitude
but 18'further to thenorth. Since the median line intersects the meridian

15" 10'E at 34" 12'N approximately, the delimitation line will intersect
that meridian at 34" 30'N approximately ;but it willbe for the Parties andtheir experts to determine the exact position of the line resulting from the
northward transposition by 18'.The course of the delimitation line dic-
tated by themethod adopted isshown,for thepurposes ofillustration only,
on Map No. 3 appended hereto.

74. There remains the aspect which the Coure in its Judgrnent in the
North Sea Continental Shelf cases called "the element of a reasonable
degree of proportionality .. .between the extent of the continental shelf
areas appertaining to the coastal State and the length of its coast" (I.C.J.
Reports1969,p. 54,para. 101(D) (3)).In the viewof the Court, there is no
reason ofprinciple whythe test ofproportionality, more or lessin theform
inwhich it wasused inthe TunisialLibya case,namely the identification of
"relevant coasts", the identification of "relevant areas" of continental
shelf,the calculation of themathematical ratios of thelengths of the coasts
and the areas of shelf attributed,and finally the comparison of such ratios,
should not be employed to verify the equity of a delimitation between
opposite coasts, just as well as between adjacent coasts. However, there
may well in such a case be practical difficulties which render it inappro-
priate in that form. Thesedifficulties are particularly evident in thepresent
case where, in the first place, the geographical context is such that the
identification of the relevant coasts and the relevant areas is so much at
large that virtually any variant couldbe chosen, leading to widelydifferent

results ;and in the second place thearea to which the Sudgrnentwillin fact
apply is limited by reason of the existence of claims of third States. To
apply theproportionality test simply to the areas within theselimits would
be unrealistic ; there is no need to stress the dangers of reliance upon a
calculation in which a principal component has already been determined
at the outset of the decision, not by a consideration of the equities, but by
reason of quite other preoccupations of the Court. Yet to apply propor-
tionality calculations to any wider area would involve two serious diffi-
culties. First, there is the probability that future delimitations with third
States would overthrow not only the figures for shelfareas used asbasis for
calculations but also the ratios arrived at. Secondly, it is the result of the
delimitation line indicated by the Court which is to be tested for equita-
bleness ;but that line does not extend beyond the meridians 13" 50'E to
the Westand 15' 10'Eto the east. To base proportionality calculations on
any wider area would therefore involve an artificial prolongation of the
line of delimitation, which would be beyond thejurisdiction of the Court,
evenby wayof hypothesis for an assessment of the equities within the area

to which the Judgment relates.
75. This does not mean, however, that the Court is debarred from
considering the equitableness of the result of the delimitation which it has
in contemplation from the viewpoint of the proportional relationship of54 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)coasts and continental shelf areas. The Court does not consider that an
endeavour to achieveapredetermined arithmetical ratio in therelationship
between the relevant coasts and the continental shelf areas generated by
them would be in harmony with the principles governing the delimitation
operation. The relationship between the lengths of the relevant coasts of
the Parties has of course already been taken into account in the determi-
nation of thedelimitation line ;if the Courtturns its attention to the extent
of the areas of shelflyingon each sideof the line,it ispossible forit tomake
a broad assessment of the equitableness of the result, without seeking to
define the equities in arithmetical terms. The conclusion to which the

Court comes in this respect is that there is certainly no evident dispro-
portion in the areas of shelf attributed to each of the Parties respectively
such that it could be said that the requirements of the test of propor-
tionality as an aspect of equity were not satisfied.

76. Having thus completed the task conferred upon it by the Special
Agreement of 23 May 1976,the Court will briefly summarize the conclu-
sions reached in the present Judgment. The Courthas found that that task
is to lay down the principles and rules of international law which should
enable the Parties to effect a delimitation of the areas of continental shelf
between the two countries in accordance with equitable principles and so
as to achieve an equitable result. In doing so, the Court considers that the
terms of the SpecialAgreement alsomake it its duty to define as precisely
as possible a method of delimitation which should enable both Parties to
delimit their respective areas of continental shelf "without difficulty",
following the Court's decision in the case. The Court has however to look

beyond the interests of the Parties themselves ;it has, as explained above,
to leaveunaffected the possible claims of third States in the region, which
are outside the competence of the Court in the present case, and thus
remain unresolved. While every case of maritime delimitation is different
in itscircumstancesfrom the next, only aclearbody of equitable principles
can permit suchcircumstances to beproperly weighed,and the objectiveof
an equitable result, as required by general international law, to be
attained.
77. TheCourthas thus had occasion to note the development which has
occurred in the customary law of the continental shelf, and which is
reflected in Articles 76 and 83 of the United Nations Convention on the
Law of the Sea, concerning the relationship between the concept of the
continental shelf as the natural prolongation of the land territory of the
coastal State and the factor of distance from the coast. As the Court has
explained, in a geographical situation like that with which thepresent case
isconcerned, where a singlecontinental shelffalls to be delimited between
two opposite States,so that no question arises, as between those States, of

delimitation by reference to a continental margin extending beyond 200
milesfrom the baselines round the coast of eitherState, the legalconcept ofnatural prolongation does not attribute any relevance to geological or
geophysicalfactors either asbasis of entitlement or ascriterion for delimi-
tation. Each coastal State is entitled to exercise sovereign rights over the
continental shelfoffits coasts for thepurpose ofexploringit and exploiting
its natural resources (Art. 77 of the Convention) up to a distance of 200
miles from the baselines - subject of course to delimitation with neigh-
bouring States - whatever the geophysical or geological features of the
sea-bed within the area comprised between the Coast and the 200-mile
limit.Theintroduction of thiscriterion of distancehasnot howeverhad the
effect of establishing a principle of "absolute proximity" or of conferring
upon the equidistancemethod of delimitation the status of a general rule,
or an obligatory method of delimitation, or of a priority method, to be

tested in every case (cf. ContinentalShelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahir-
iya), I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 79, para. 110). The fact that the Court has
found that, in the circumstances of the present case, the drawing of a
median line constitutes an appropriate first step in the delimitation pro-
cess,shouldnot beunderstood as implying thatan equidistanceline willbe
an appropriate beginning in al1cases, or even in al1cases of delimitation
between opposite States.
78. Having drawn theinitial median line, the Court has found that that
line requires to be adjusted in view of the relevant circumstances of the
area, namely theconsiderabledisparity between the lengths of thecoasts of
theParties here under consideration,thedistance between thosecoasts, the
placing of the basepoints governing any equidistance line, and the general
geographical context. Taking these into consideration, and setting as an
extreme limit for anv northward dis~iacement of the line the notional
median line which, on the hypothesis Ofa delimitation between Italy and

Libya on the basis of equidistance, in the area to which the Judgment
relates, would deny any effect whatever to Malta, the Court has been able
to indicate a method making it possible for the Parties to determine the
location of a line which would ensure an equitable result between them.
This line givesa result which seems to the Court to meet the requirements
of the test of proportionality, and more generally to be equitable, taking
into account al1relevant circumstances.

79. For these reasons,

by fourteen votes to three,
finds that, with reference to the areas of continental shelf'between the
coasts of the Parties within the limits defined in the present Judgment,
namely the meridian 13" 50' E and the meridian 15" 10'E :

A. The principles and rules of international law applicable for the
delimitation, tobe effected by agreement in implementation of thepresentJudgment, of the areas of continental shelf appertaining to the Socialist
People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and to the Republic of Malta respec-
tively are as follows :
(1) the delimitation is to be effected in accordance with equitable princi-
ples and taking account of al1relevant circumstances, so asto arrive at
an equitable result ;

(2) the area of continental shelf to be found to appertain to either Party
not extending more than 200 miles from the coast of the Party con-
cerned, no criterionfor delimitation of shelf areas can be derived from
the principle of natural prolongation in the physical sense.
B. The circumstances and factors to be taken into account in achieving

an equitable delimitation in the present case are the following :

(1) the general configuration of the coasts of the Parties, their opposite-
ness, and their relationship to each other within the general geogra-
phical context ;
(2) thedisparity in the lengths of the relevant coasts of the Parties and the
distance between them ;
(3) the need to avoid in the delimitation any excessive disproportion

between the extent of the continental shelf areas appertaining to the
coastal Stateand the length of the relevant part of its coast, measured
in the general direction of the coastlines.
C. In consequence, an equitable result may be arrived at by drawing,as
afirst stagein the process, a median line everypoint ofwhich isequidistant

from the low-water mark of the relevant coast of Malta (excluding the islet
ofFilfla), and thelow-water mark of the relevant coast of Libya, that initial
line being then subject to adjustment in the light of the above-mentioned
circumstances and factors.
D. The adjustment of the median line referred to in subparagraph C

above is to be effected by transposing that line northwards through 18'of
latitude (so that it intersects the meridian 15" 10'E at approximately
latitude 34" 30' N) such transposed line then constituting the delimitation
line between the areas of continental shelf appertaining to the Socialist
People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and to the Republic of Malta respec-
tively.
IN FAVOUR : President Elias ; Vice-President Sette-Camara ; Judges Lachs,
Morozov,Nagendra Singh, Ruda, Ago, El-Khani, Sir Robert Jennings,
de Lacharrière,Mbaye, Bedjaoui ; Judges ad hoc Valticos, Jiménezde

Aréchaga.
AGAIN~T :Judges Mosler,Oda and Schwebel.

Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this third day of June, one thousand nine
hundred and eighty-five,in three copies, one of which willbe placed in the58 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

archivesof the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the
Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and to the Governof the
Republic of Malta, respectively.

(Signed) T. O. ELIAS,
President.

(Signed) Santiago TORREBERNARDEZ,
Registrar.

Judge EL-KHANIappends a declaration to the Judgment of the
Court.

Vice-President SETTE-CAMARA appends a separate opinion, Judges
RUDAand BEDJAOUa Ind Judge ad hoc JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA a joint
separate opinion, and Judge MBAYand Judge ad hocVALTICOs Separate
opinions, to the Judgment of the Court.

JudgesMOSLER O,DAand SCHWEBEaL ppend dissentingopinions to the
Judgment of the Court.

(Initialled) T.O.E.
(Initialled) S.T.B.

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING THE
CONTINENTAL SHELF

(LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA/MALTA)

JUDGMENT OF 3 JUNE 1985

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DU PLATEAU CONTINENTAL

(JAMAHIRIYA ARABE LIBYENNE/MALTE)

ARRÊT DU 3 JUIN 1985 Officia1citation

ContJudgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985,p. 13./Malta),

Mode officiel de c:tation
Plateaucontinental (Jamahiriyaarabe libyenne/Malte),
arrêt,C.I.J. Recueil 1985, p. 13.

sakm~mber 513 1
No de ven:e INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

1985 YEAR 1985
3June
General List
No. 68 3 June 1985

CASECONCERNINGTHE CONTINENTAL SHELF

(LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA/MALTA)

Interpretation of Special Agreement - Task of the Court - Interests of third
States.
Delimitationof continentalshelfbetween opposite coast- Applicableprinciples
and rulesof internationallaw- Customaryinternationallaw - Relevanceof 1982

Convention onthe Law of the Sea - Naturalprolongationand distancefrom the
coast- Geophysicalfeaturesless than 200 miles from the coast - Relationship
betweenthe idea of distance and the equidistancemethod.
Application of equitable principlesin order to achieve an equitable resul-
Relevant circumstances.
Adjustment of an equidistanceline to achievean equitableresult in the light of

relevant circumstances- Considerable disparityin lengths of the coasts of the
Parties- Generalgeographicalcontext - Determinationofdegreeofadjustment -
Test ofproportionality.

JUDGMENT

Present: President ELIAS ; Vice-President SETTE-CAMAR ;AJudges LACHS,
Mo~ozov, NAGENDRASINGH,RUDA, MOSLER,ODA, AGO, EL-

KHANI,SCHWEBEL S,ir Robert JENNINGS, DE LACHARRIÈRE M, BAYE,
BEDJAOU I Judges ad hoc VALTICOS,JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA ;
Registrar TORRESBERNARDEZ.

In the case concerning the continental shelf,
between

the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,

represented by
Mr. Abdelrazeg El-Murtadi Suleiman, Professor of International Law at the

University of Garyounis, Benghazi,
as Agent, COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

3juin
Rôle général
3 juin 1985 no68

AFFAIREDU PLATEAUCONTINENTAL

(JAMAHIRIYA ARABE LIBYENNE/MALTE)

Interprétationdu compromis - Tâcheincombant à la Cour- IntérêtdsesEtats
tiers.
Délimitationdu plateau continental entre côtes se faisant face- Principes et
règles applicablesdu droit international Droit international coutumier - Perti-
nence de la convention de1982 sur le droitde la mer - Prolongementnaturel et

distancede la côte- Particularités géophysiques en ded çà200millesde la côte -
Rapport entre l'idéede distance et laméthodede I'équidistance.
Application desprincipes équitables pour aboutirà un résultat équitabl-e Cir-
constances pertinentes.
Ajustement dela ligned'équidistance dm eanière àaboutir àun résultat équitable
comptetenu des circonstancespertinentes - Disparité considérable des longueurs

des côtes des Parties Cadregéographique d'ensembl e Détermination del'ajus-
tement - Critèrede proportionnalité.

Présents: M. ELIASP , résiden;M. SETTE-CAMARV Ai,e-Présiden tMM. LACHS,

Mo~ozov, NAGENDRASINGH, RUDA, MOSLER,ODA, AGO, EL-
KHANI,SCHWEBELs,ir Robert JENNINGS,MM. DE LACHARRIERE,
MBAYEB , EDJAOUIju, ges ;MM. VALTICOS J,IMENEZ DE ARÉCHAGA,
juges ad hoc ;M. TORRESBERNARDEZ G,reffier.

En l'affaire du plateau continental,

entre

la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne populaire et socialiste,
représentéepar

M. Abdelrazeg El-Murtadi Suleiman, professeur de droit international à
l'université de Garyounis, Benghazi,
comme agent,Mr. Youssef Omar Kherbish, Counsellor at the Secretariat of Justice,
Mr. Ibrahim Abdul AzizOmar, Counsellorat the People's Bureaufor Foreign
Liaison,

as Counsel,
Professor DerekW. Bowett,C.B.E.,Q.C., LL.D., F.B.A., Whewell Professor
of International Law in the University of Cambridge,
Mr. Herbert W. Briggs, Goldwin Smith Professor of International Law
emeritus,Corne11University,

Mr. Claude-Albert Colliard, Honorary Dean, Professor of International Law
emeritus at the University of Paris 1,
Mr. Keith High-t, Member of the New York and District of Columbia
Bars,
Mr. Günther Jaenicke, Professor of International Law at the University of
Frankfurt-am-Main,
Mr. Laurent Lucchini, Professorof International Law at the University of
Paris 1,
Mr. Jean-Pierre Quéneudec,Professorof International Law at the University
of Pans 1,
Mr. Walter D. Sohier,Member of the New York and District of Columbia

Bars,
Sir Francis A. Vallat, C.B.E., G.C.M.G., Q.C., Professoremeritus of Inter-
national Law at the University of London,
as Counsel and Advocates,

Mr. Mohammed Alawar, Assistant Professor of Geography, Al-Fateh Uni-
versity, Tripoli,
Mr. Scott B. Edmonds, Instructor of Cartography and Director of Carto-
graphie Servicesat the University of Maryland, Baltimore County,
Mr. Icilio Finetti, Professor of Geodesy and Geophysics at the University of
Trieste,
Mr. Omar Hammuda, Professor of Geology, Al-Fateh University, Tripoli,

Mr. Derk Jongsma, Senior Lecturer in Geology at the Vrije Universiteit,
Amsterdam,
Mr. Amin A. Missallari, Professor of Geology, Al-Fateh University, Tri-
poli,

Mr, Muftah Smeida, Second Secretary,People's Bureau for Foreign Liai-
son.
Mr. Mohamed A. Syala, Surveying Department, Secretariat of Planning,
Trivoli,
Ms.victoria J.Taylor,Cartographer at the UniversityofMaryland, Baltimore
County,
Mr. Jan E. van Hinte, Professor of Paleontology at the Vrije Universiteit,
Amsterdam,

as Advisers,
Mr. Rodman R. Bundy, Member of the New York Bar,
Mr. Richard Meese, Docteur en droit,
Mr. Henri-Xavier Ortoli,Member of the New York Bar,

as Counsel,M. Youssef Omar Kherbish, conseiller au secrétariatde lajustice,
M. Ibrahim Abdul Aziz Omar, conseiller au bureau populaire de liaison avec
l'extérieur,
comme conseils,

M. Derek W. Bowett, C.B.E., Q.C., LL.D., F.B.A., professeur Whewell de
droit internationalàl'université de Cambridge,
M. Herbert W. Briggs, professeur émérite GoldwinSmith de droit interna-
tionalà l'université Cornell,
M. Claude-Albert Colliard, doyen honoraire, professeur honoraire de droit
internationalà l'université de Paris 1,

M. Keith Highet, membre des barreaux de New York et du district de
Columbia,
M.,..Günther Jaenicke, professeur de droit international à l'université de
Francfort,
M. Laurent Lucchini, professeur de droit international à l'université de
Paris1,
M. Jean-Pierre Quéneudec, professeurde droit international à l'université de
Paris1,
M. Walter D. Sohier, membre des barreaux de New York et du district de

Columbia,
sir Francis A. Vallat, C.B.E., G.C.M.G., Q.C., professeur éméritede droit
internationalà l'université de Londres,
comme conseils et avocats,

M. Mohammed Alawar, professeur adjoint de géographie à l'université Al-
Fateh de Tripoli,
M. Scott B. Edmonds, instructeur de cartographie et directeur des services
cartographiques à l'université du Maryland (Baltimore County),
M. Icilio Finetti, professeur de géodésie etde géographie àl'université de
Trieste,

M. Omar Hammuda, professeur de géologie à l'université Al-Fateh de Tri-
poli,
M. Derk Jongsma, maître de conférences en géolo-ie - à l'université libre
d7~msterdam,
M. Amin A. Missallati, professeur de géologie à l'université Al-Fateh de
Tri~oli,
M. ~uftah Smeida, deuxième secrétaire,bureau populaire de liaison avec
l'extérieur,

M. Mohamed A. Syala, service topographique, secrétariat à la planification,
Tripoli,
Mme Victoria J. Taylor, cartographeà l'université du Maryland (Baltimore
County),
M. Jan E. van Hinte, professeur de paléontologie à l'université libre d'Ams-
terdam,

comme conseillers,
M. Rodman R. Bundy, membre du barreau de New York,
M. Richard Meese, docteur en droit,
M. Henri-Xavier Ortoli, membre du barreau de New York,

comme conseils. and

the Republic of Malta,
represented by

H.E. Mr. Edgar Mizzi,Ambassador,
as Agent and Counsel,

Mr. Ian Brownlie, Q.C., F.B.A., Chichele Professor of Public International
Law, University of Oxford ; Fellow of Al1Souls College, Oxford,
Mr. Elihu Lauterpacht, Q.C., Director of the Research Centre for Interna-
tional Law and Reader in International Law, University of Cambridge,
Mr. Prosper Weil, Professor at the University of Law, Economicsand Social
Sciences, Paris,
as Counsel,

Commander Peter B.Beazley,O.B.E.,F.R.I.C.S., R.N. (Retd.), Hydrographic
Surveyor,
Mr. Georges H. Mascle, Professorof Geology, Dolmieu Institute of Geology
and Mineralogy, University of Grenoble,
Mr. Car10 Morelli, Full Professor of Applied Geophysics, University of
Trieste,
Mr. J. R. V. Prescott, Reader in Geography, University of Melbourne,
Mr. Jean-RenéVanney, Department of Dynamic Geology, Pierre et Marie

Curie University, and Department of Teaching and Research, Sorbonne
University, Paris,
as Scientific and Technical Advisers,

Mr. Roger Scotto, Assistant Secretary, Oil Division, Officeof the Prime
Minister, Malta,
Mr. Saviour Scerri, Petroleum Geologist,Oil Division, Office of the Prime
Minister, Malta,
Mr. Mario Degiorgio,Petroleum Geologist,Oil Division, Officeof the Prime
Minister,Malta,
Mr. Tarcisio Zammit, First Secretary, Embassy of Malta to the Nether-
lands,
Miss M. L. Grech, Administrative Assistant, Officeof the Prime Minister,
Malta,

as Assistants.

THECOURT,

composed as above,
after deliberation,

deliversthefollowingJudgment :

1. Bya notification dated 19July 1982,receivedin the Registryof the Court
on26July 1982,the Secretaryof thePeople'sCommitteefor the People's Foreign
Liaison Bureauof the SocialistPeople's LibyanArab Jamahiriya and the Mini-
ster for Foreign Affairsof the Republic of Malta notified the Court of a Specialla Républiquede Malte,
représentéepar
S. Exc. M. Edgar Mizzi, ambassadeur,

comme agent et conseil,
M. Ian Brownlie, Q.C., F.B.A., professeur Chichele de droit international
publicà l'universitéd'Oxford ; Fellowd'Al1Souls College,Oxford,

M. Elihu Lauterpacht, Q.C., directeur du centre de recherche endroit inter-
national et Readeren droit internationalà l'universitéde Cambridge,
M. Prosper Weil,professeur àl'universitéde droit, d'économieet de sciences
sociales de Paris,
comme conseils,

M.Peter B.Beazley,O.B.E.,F.R.I.C.S., R.N.,capitainede frégate(enretraite),
hydrographe,
M. GeorgesH. Mascle,professeurde géologiei,nstitut Dolmieude géologieet
de minéralogiede l'université deGrenoble,
M.Car10Morelli, professeurtitulaire degéophysiqueappliquée,Université de
Trieste,
M. J. R. V. ~rescott, Reader en géographieà l'universitéde Melbourne,
M. Jean-RenéVanney, départementde géologiedynamique à l'université
Pierre et Marie Curie, et département d'enseignement etde recherche,

Universitéde la Sorbonne, Paris,
comme conseillers scientifiques et techniques,
M. Roger Scotto, secrétaire adjoint,division des hydrocarbures, cabinet du

premier ministre, Malte,
M. Saviour Scerri,géologue du pétrole, divisiondeshydrocarbures,cabinet du
premier ministre, Malte,
M. Mario Degiorgio, géologue du pétrole, divisiondeshydrocarbures, cabinet
du premier ministre, Malte,
M. Tarcisio Zammit, premier secrétaire,ambassade de Malte aux Pays-
Bas,
Mlle M. L. Grech, assistante administrative, cabinet du premier ministre,
Malte,

comme assistants,

ainsi composée,

après délibéré en chambre du conseil,

rend l'arrêstuivant.

1. Par unecommunication datéedu 19juillet 1982,reçueau GreffedelaCour
le26juillet 1982,lesecrétaireducomitépopulairedu bureau populaire deliaison
avec l'extérieurde la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne populaire et socialiste et le
ministre des affairesétrangèresde la Républiquede Malteont notifié àla Cour16 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

Agreement in the Arabic and English languages signed at Valletta on 23 May
1976between the SocialistPeople'sLibyan Arab Jamahiriya and the Republic of
Malta, providing for the submission to the Court of a dispute concerning the
delimitation of the continental shelf between those two States ; a certified copy
of the Special Agreement was enclosed with the letter.
2. The authentic English text of the Special Agreement reads as follows :

The Court is requested to decide the following question :

What principles and rules of international law are applicable to the de-
limitation of the area of the continental shelf which appertains to the Re-
public of Malta and the area of continental shelf which appertains to the
LibyanArab Republic, and how inpractice suchprinciples and rules can be
applied by the two Parties in this particular case in order that they may
without difficulty delimit such areas by an agreement as provided in Ar-
ticleIII.

Article II
1. The proceedings shall consist of written pleadings and oral hear-

ings.
2. Without prejudice to any question of the burden of proof, the written
pleadings shall consist of the following documents :
(a) Memorials to be submitted simultaneously to the Court by each Party
and exchanged with one another within a period of nine months from
the date of the notification of this agreement to the Registrar of the
Court.
(b) Replies to be similarly submitted to the Court by each Party and

exchanged with one another within four months after the date of the
submissions of the Memorials to the Registrar.
(c)Additional written pleadings may be presented and exchanged in the
same manner within periods which shall be fixed by the Court at the
request ofone of the Parties, or if the Courtsodecidesafter consultation
with the two Parties.
3. The question of the order of speaking at the oral hearings shall be

decided by mutual agreement between the Parties but in al1cases the order
of speaking adopted shall be without prejudice to any question of the
burden of proof.
Article III

Following the final decision of the International Court of Justice the
Government of the Republic of Malta and the Government of the Libyan
Arab Republic shallenter into negotiationsfordeterminingthe area of their
respective continental shelves and for concluding an agreement for that
purpose in accordance with the decision of the Court.

Article IV
This agreement shall enter into force on the date of exchange of instru-
ments of ratification by the two Governments, and shall be notified jointly

to the Registrar of the Court."uncompromisenlanguesarabe et anglaisesigné à LaValettele23mai 1976entre
laJamahiriya arabe libyennepopulaire et socialisteetlaRépubliquedeMalte,en
vue de soumettre à la Cour un différend concernant la délimitationdu plateau
continental entre ces deux Etats; une copie certifiéeconforme du compromis

était jointà cette lettre.
2. Dans sa traduction en langue française, le compromis stipule ce qui
suit:
<< rticle I

La Cour est priéede trancher la question suivante :
Quels sont les principes et les règlesde droit international qui sont

applicablesà ladélimitationdelazoneduplateau continental relevantdela
Républiquede Malte et de la zone du plateau continental relevant de la
Républiquearabe libyenne, et comment, dansla pratique, cesprincipes et
règlespeuvent-ils être appliquépsar les deux Parties dans le cas d'espèce
afinqu'elles puissentdélimiterceszonessansdifficultépar voied'unaccord,
comme le prévoit l'articleIII.

Article II
1. La procédurese divisera en procédure écriteet procédure orale.

2. Sanspréjudicedetoutequestionquipourrait seposerquant àlacharge
de la preuve, la procédure écritese composera des pièces suivantes :
a) Mémoiresdevant êtresoumis simultanément àla Cour par chacune des
Partieset échangéesntre ellesdans un délaideneuf mois à compterde la

date de la notification du présentcompromis au Greffier de la Cour.

b) Des répliquesdevant êtresoumises à la Cour de la même manière par
chacunedes Partieset échangéee sntre ellesdans un délaidequatre mois
à compter de la date de la soumission des mémoiresau Greffier.
c) D'autrespiècesdeprocédureécritepourrontêtreprésentées et échangées
de la mêmemanièredans des délaisqui seront fixéspar la Cour à la
demande de l'une des Parties ou, si la Cour juge qu'ily a lieu, après
consultation avec les deux Parties.

3. Laquestion de l'ordredans lequellesParties prendront la parole dans
le cadre de la procédure oralesera décidée par accord mutuel entre elles,
mais en tout état de cause, cet ordre s'entend sans préjudicede toute
question qui pourrait se poser quant à la charge de la preuve.

Article III

Une fois que la Cour internationale de Justice aura rendu son arrêt,le
Gouvernement de la Républiquede Malte et le Gouvernement de la Répu-
blique arabe libyenneentameront desnégociations envuede déterminerles
zonesrespectivesdeleurplateau continental etdeconclureun accord àcette
fin conformément à l'arrêtde la Cour.

Article IV
Le présent compromisentrera en vigueur à ladate d'échange desinstru-
ments de ratification par les deux gouvernements et fera l'objet d'une
notification commune des Parties au Greffier de la Cour. )> 3. Pursuant to Article 40,paragraph 3,of the Statute and to Article42of the
Rules of Court, copies of the notification and Special Agreement weretrans-
mitted to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, the Members of the
United Nations and other States entitled to appear before the Court.

4. Since the Court did not include upon the bench a judge of Libyan or of
Maltesenationality, eachof the Partiesproceeded to exercisethe rightconferred
by Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute to choose a judge ad hoc to sit in
the case. The Libyan Arab Jamahiriya designated Mr. Eduardo Jiménezde

Aréchaga,and Malta designated Mr. Jorge Castafieda ;on 13 October 1984
Mr. Castafieda resigned his functions for reasons of health, whereupon Malta
designated Mr. NicolasValticos to take his place.
5. ByOrders of 27July 1982and 26April 1983respectively time-limits were
fixed for the filing of a Memorial and a Counter-Memorial by each of the two
Parties,and the Memorialsand Counter-Memorialswereduly filed withinthose
time-limits,and exchanged between the Partiesthrough the Registrar pursuant
to the Special Agreement.
6. Byan Application dated 23 October 1983and received in the Registryof
the Court on 24 October 1983,the Government of Italy, invoking Article 62of
the Statute, submitted to the Court a request for permission to intervene in the

case.Bya Judgment dated 21 March 1984,the Court found that the application
of Italy for permission to intervene could not be granted.
7. Byan Order dated 21March 1984,thePresidentoftheCourt, having regard
to Article II, paragraph 2 (c),of the Special Agreement,quoted above, fixed a
time-limit for the filingof Replies, which were filedand exchanged withinthe
time-limit fixed.
8. On 26 to 30November, 3 December, 6 to 7 December, 10to 14December
1984,and 4 to 5 February, 8 February, 11to 13February and 21 to 22 February
1985,the Court held public sittings at which it was addressed by the following
representatives of the Parties :

For Malta : H.E. Dr. Edgar Mizzi,
Mr. E. Lauterpacht, Q.C.,
Professor Prosper Weil,
Professor Ian Brownlie,Q.C.

For the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya : Professor El-Murtadi Suleiman,
Sir Francis Vallat, G.C.M.G., Q.C.,
Professor Herbert W. Briggs,
Professor Günther Jaenicke,
Professor Jean-Pierre Quéneudec,
Professor Claude-Albert Colliard.

Professor Laurent Lucchini.
Mr. Keith Highet,
Professor Derek W. Bowett, Q.C.

9. Professor Jan van Hinte, Dr. Derk Jongsma and Professor Icilio Finetti
were called as experts by the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, pursuant to Articles 57
and 63 to 65 of the Rules of Court. They were examined inchief by Profes-
sorD. W.Bowett,and Professor vanHintewascross-examinedbyMr.E.Lauter-
pacht. Professor Georges Mascleand Professor Carlo Morelli were similarly 3. Conformément à I'article 40,paragraphe 3, du Statut eà I'article 42du
Règlementde la Cour, des copies de la notification et du compromis ont été
transmises au Secrétaire généradle l'organisation des Nations Unies, aux
Membres des Nations Unies et aux autres Etats admis à ester devant la
Cour.

4. La Cour ne comptant sur le siègeaucun juge de nationalité libyenneou
maltaise,chacune des Parties s'estprévaluedu droit que lui confèreI'article 31,
paragraphe 3,du Statut deprocéder à ladésignationd'unjuge adhocpour siéger
en l'affaire. LaJamahiriya arabe libyenne a désignéM. Eduardo Jiménezde
Aréchaga,et Malte M.Jorge Castafieda ;celui-ciayant démissionnépour raison
de santéle 13 octobre 1984, Malte a désignépour le remplacer M. Nicolas
Valticos.
5. Par ordonnances prises le27juillet 1982et le26avril 1983respectivement,
des délaisont été fixpsour ledépôtparchacune des deux Parties d'un mémoire
et d'un contre-mémoire, lesquelsont étédûment déposésdans ces délais et

échangée sntre les Parties par l'intermédiairedu Greffier comme le prévoyait le
compromis.
6. Par requêtedatéedu 23octobre 1983et reçueau Greffe le24octobre 1983,
le Gouvernement italien, se fondant sur I'article 62du Statut, a demandé à
intervenir dans l'instance.Par arrêtrendu le 21 mars 1984,la Cour a dit que la
requêtede l'Italieà fin d'intervention ne pouvait êtreadmise.

7. Par ordonnance prise le 21 mars 1984,lePrésidentde la Cour a fixé,eu
égard à I'articleII, paragraphe 2 c),du compromis,reproduit ci-dessus, un délai
pour ledépôt derépliques. lesquelleont étédéposéee st échangéedsans ledélai

prescrit.
8. Au cours d'audiences publiques tenues du 26 au 30 novembre, le3 dé-
cembre,du 6 au 7 décembre etdu 10au 14décembre1984,et du 4 au 5 février,
le 8 février,du 11au 13févrieret les 21 et 22 février1985,la Cour a entendu
les représentants ci-aprèsdes Partie:

Pour Malte : S. Exc. M. Edgar Mizzi,
M. E. Lauterpacht, Q.C.,
M. Prosper Weil,
M. Ian Brownlie, Q.C.

Pour laJamahiriya arabelibyenne
populaire et socialis:e M. El-Murtadi Suleiman,
sir Francis Vallat, G.C.M.G., Q.C.,
M. Herbert W. Briggs,
M. Günther Jaenicke,
M. Jean-Pierre Quéneudec,
M. Claude-Albert Colliard,
M. Laurent Lucchini,
M. Keith Highet,
M. Derek W. Bowett, Q.C.

9. Conformément auxarticles 57et63 à 65du Règlement,laJamahiriya arabe
libyenneafait comparaîtreMM.Jan vanHinte,Derk Jongsmaet IcilioFinetti en
qualitéd'experts.M. Bowettaprocédéàleur interrogatoireet M. Lauterpacht au

contre-interrogatoire dM. vanHinte. Malte ademême fait comparaître comme
expertsMM. Georges Mascleet Car10Morelli,dont l'interrogatoire etlecontre-

8called as experts by Malta ; they were examined in chief by Mr. E. Lauter-

pacht, and cross-examined by Professor D. W. Bowett.
10. Previously to its application for permission to intemene, referred to in
paragraph 6above,theGovernment ofItaly,in relianceonArticle 53,paragraph
1,of the RulesofCourt, asked tobe furnished with copiesof thepleadingsin the
case. Bya letter dated 13October 1983,after the viewsof the Parties had been
sought,and objectionhad been raised bytheGovernment ofMalta, theRegistrar
informed the Government of Italy that the Court had decided not to grant its
request.On 26November 1984the Court decided,after ascertainingtheviewsof
the Parties pursuant to Article 53, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, that the
pleadings shouldbemade accessibleto thepublicwitheffectfromthe openingof
the oral proceedings, and they were thus at the same time made available to
Italy.

11. In the course of the written proceedings, the following submissions were
presented by the Parties :

On behalfof the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,
in the Memorial : after a preamble not here quoted :

"May itpleasetheCourt,rejectingal1contrary claimsand submissions,to
adjudge and declare as follows :
1. The delimitation is to be effected by agreement in accordance with
equitable pnnciples and taking account of al1relevant circumstances in
order to achieve an equitable result.
2. The natural prolongation of the respective land territories of the

Partiesintoand under the sea is the basisof title to the areas of continental
shelf which appertain to each of them.
3. The delimitation should be accomplishedin such a way as to leaveas
much as possible to each Party al1areas of continental shelf that constitute
thenatural prolongation ofits land territory into and under the sea,without
encroachment on the natural prolongation of the other.
4. A criterion for delimitation of continental shelf areas in the present
casecan bederivedfrom theprincipleofnatural prolongation becausethere
existsa fundamental discontinuity in the sea-bed and subsoil whichdivides
the areas of continental shelf into two distinct natural prolongations
extending from the land territories of the respective Parties.

5. Equitable principles do not require that a State possessinga restricted
coastline be treated as if it possessed an extensive coastline.
6. In the particular geographicalsituation of this case,the application of
equitable pnnciples requires that the delimitation should take account of
the significant differencein lengths of the respective coastlines which face
the area in which the delimitation is to be effected.
7. The delimitationin this caseshouldreflect theelementofa reasonable
degree of proportionality which a delimitation carried out in accordance
with equitable principles ought to bring about between the extent of the
continental shelfareas appertaining to the respectiveStatesand the lengths
of the relevant parts of their coasts, account being taken of any other
delimitations between States in the same region.interrogatoire ont étéconduits par MM. Lauterpacht et Bowett, respective-
ment.
10. Avantd'introduire larequête àfind'intervention viséeau paragraphe 6,le
Gouvernement de la République italienne, s'appuyant sur l'article 53, para-
graphe 1, du Règlement, avait demandé à avoir communication des pièces de
procédure en l'affaire. Par lettre du 13 octobre 1983, les Parties ayant été
consultéeset le Gouvernement de Malte ayant élevé une objection,le Greffier a

informéleGouvernement italien que la Cour avait décidédenepas accéder àsa
demande. Le 26 novembre 1984la Cour a décidéa ,prèss'être renseignéa euprès
des Parties conformément à l'article 53, paragraphe 2, du Règlement, que les
piècesde procédureseraient rendues accessiblesau public àpartir de l'ouverture
de la procédure orale, et l'Italie y a donc eu alors accès.

11. Dans laprocédureécrite,lesconclusions ci-aprèsont été présentéespar les

Parties :
Au nom de la Jamahiriya arabe libyennepopulaire et socialiste,

dans le mémoire,après un préambule qui n'est pas reproduit :
Plaiseà la Courdire etjuger, en rejetant toute prétention ou conclusion
contraire, que :

1. La délimitation doit se faire par voie d'accord, conformément aux
principes équitableset compte tenu de toutes les circonstancespertinentes,
de façon à aboutir à un résultat équitable.
2. Leprolongement naturel des territoires terrestres respectifs des Parties
dans etsousla merest labase du titre sur leszones de plateau continental qui
relèvent de chacune desdites Parties.

3. La délimitation doit êtreeffectuéede façon àlaisser autant que pos-
sibleàchaque Partie toutes leszones de plateau continental quiconstituent
le prolongement naturel de son territoire terrestre dans et sous la mer, sans
empiétement sur le prolongement naturel de l'autre Partie.
4. Le principe du prolongement naturel fournit en l'espèceun critère de
délimitation des zones de plateau continental, étant donnéqu'il existedans
le fond marin et le sous-sol une discontinuité fondamentale qui divise les
zones de plateau continental en deux prolongements naturels distincts
constituant l'extension du territoire terrestre des Parties.
5. Lesprincipes équitablesn'exigentpas qu'un Etat possédant unefaible

longueur de côte soit traitécomme s'il possédait un vaste rivage.
6. Dans la situation géographiqueparticulière de l'espèce, l'application
desprincipes équitables veut que la délimitation tienne compte des impor-
tantes différencesde longueur entre les côtes respectives orientéesvers la
zone où doit se faire la délimitation.
7. La délimitationen l'espècedoit respecter le degréde proportionnalité
raisonnable que toute délimitation opérée conformément auxprincipes
équitables doit faire apparaître entre l'étendue de plateau continental
appartenant à chacun des Etats intéresséset la longueur de leur secteur
côtieràconsidérer,compte tenu de toute autre délimitationentreEtats de la

même région. 8. Application of the equidistance method is not obligatory, and its
application in theparticular circumstancesof this casewouldnot lead to an

equitable result.
9. Theprinciples andrulesofinternational lawcan inpracticebeapplied
by the Parties so as to achieve an equitable result, taking account of the
physical factors and al1the other relevant circumstances of this case, by
agreement on a delimitation within, and followingthe general direction of,
the Rift Zone as defined in this Memorial" ;

in the Counter-Memorial and the Reply : after modified preambles not here
quoted, the submissions as presented in the Memorial wererepeated.

On behalf of the Republicof Malta,
in the Memorial :

"May it please the Courtto adjudge and declare that
(i) the principles and rules of international law applicable to the delimi-
tation of theareasofthecontinental shelfwhichappertainto Malta and

Libya are that the delimitation shall be effected on the basis of inter-
national law in order to achieve an equitable solution ;
(ii) in practice the above principles and rules are applied by means of a
median line everypoint of which isequidistant from the nearest points
on the baselines of Malta, and the low-water mark of the Coast of
Libya" ;

in the Counter-Memorial and the Reply : the submissions as presented in the
Memorial wererepeated and confirmed.
12. In the course of the oral proceedings, the following submissions were
presented by the Parties :

On behalf of the Socialist People'sLibyan Arab Jamahiriya
at the hearing of 22 February 1985,the final submissions of the Libyan Arab

Jamahiriya were read, which were identical with those set out in the Memo-
rial.

On behalf of the Republicof Malta,
at the hearing of 13February 1985:

"May it please the Court,. . . to declareand adjudgethat :
(i) the principles and rules of international law applicable to the delimi-
tation ofthe areasofthecontinental shelfwhichappertainto Malta and

Libya are that the delimitation shall be effected on the basis of inter-
national law in order to achieve an equitable result ;
(ii) in practice the above principles and rules are applied by means of a
median line everypoint of which isequidistant fromthe nearest points
on the baselines of Malta, and the low-water mark of the coasts of
Libya." 8. L'applicationde la méthodede l'équidistancen'estpas obligatoire et
n'aboutirait pas à un résultat équitabledans les circonstancesparticulières
de l'espèce.
9. Les principes et les règlesde droit international peuvent êtreprati-
quement appliquéspar les Parties de façon à parvenir à un résultatéqui-

table, compte tenu des éléments physiquee st de toutes les autres circons-
tancespertinentes de l'espèce,par voied'accord surune délimitationeffec-
tuée à l'intérieuret selon la direction généralede la zone d'effondrement
définiedans le présentmémoire ;

dans le contre-mémoireetdans la réplique :aprèsdes préambulesmodifiésqui
ne sont pas reproduits la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne formule des conclusions
identiques à cellesdu mémoire.

Au nom de laRépubliquede Malte,
dans le mémoire :

Plaise à la Cour dire et juger que :
i) lesprincipes et règlesdu droit international applicableàla délimitation
des zones du plateau continental relevant de Malte et de la Libye sont

quela délimitationdoit s'effectuerconformémentaudroit international
afin d'aboutir à une solution équitable;
ii) les principes et règlessusmentionnésse traduisent en pratique par le
tracé d'uneligne médianedont chaque point est à égaledistance des
points lesplusprochesdeslignesdebase de Malteet dela laissedebasse
mer de la côte libyenne H ;

dans le contre-mémoireet dans la réplique :les conclusions présentéed sans le
mémoireont étéréitérées et confirmées.
12. Dans laprocédureorale, lesconclusionsci-aprèsont été présentéep sar les
Parties :

Au nom de la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne populaire et socialiste,

àl'audiencedu 22 février1985,ila été donnélecture des conclusions finalesde
la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne, identiques à celles qui figuraient dans le mé-
moire.

Au nom de la Républiquede Malte,

à l'audience du 13février1985 :
(Plaise à la Cour, ..dire etjuger que :

i) lesprincipes et règlesdu droit international applicableàla délimitation
des zones du plateau continental relevant de Malte et de la Libye sont
que ladélimitationdoit s'effectuerconformémentau droit international
afin d'aboutir à un résultat équitable ;
ii) les principes et règlessusmentionnésse traduisent en pratique par le

tracé d'uneligne médianedont chaque point est à égaledistance des
points lesplusprochesdeslignesdebase deMalte et delalaissedebasse
mer de la côte libyenne. )) 13. TwoMembersoftheCourt(JudgesMoslerand El-Khani)whosetermsof
officeexpired under Article 13,paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court on
5February 1985have continued to participate in the present proceedingsin
accordancewith paragraph 3 of Article 13. On 14February 1985,the Court
electedJudge NagendraSinghas Presidentof the Court and Judgede Lachar-
rièreasVice-PresidentoftheCourt ;inaccordancewithArticle32,paragraph2,
of the Rulesof Court, the Court as composedfor the present proceedingshas
continued to situnder the presidencyof Judge Elias.

14. It is appropriate to begin with a general description of the geogra-
phical context of the dispute before the Court, that is to Saythe area in
which the continental shelf delimitation, which is the subject of the pro-
ceedings,hasto be effected. It should however be emphasized that theonly
purpose of the description which follows is to outline the general back-

ground ; it isnotintended to define in geographicalterms the area which is
relevant to the delimitation and the area in dispute between the Parties.
The question whether the area in which the delimitation is to be effected
has for any reason to be defined or contained within limits will be exam-
ined later in thisJudgment(paragraphs 20-23).Similarly, theonly purpose
of Map No. 1appended to the present Judgment is to givea general picture
of the geographical context of the dispute, and no legal significance
attaches to the choice of scale or the presence or absence of any particular
geographical feature.
15. The Republic of Malta (hereinafter called "Malta") is a Statemade
up of a group of fourinhabited islands :Malta (246km2in area), Gozo (66
km2), Comino (2.7 km2), Cominotto (less than one-tenth of a square
kilometre) ;and the uninhabited rock of Filfla. The 36" N parallel passes
between the main island of Malta and the island of Gozo, which lie
between the 14" E and 15" E meridians. The islands are situated in the
Central Mediterranean, an area of the Mediterranean Sea which may be
said broadly to be bounded by the eastern coast of Tunisia on the West,a

part of the coast of Italy, with thesouthern and eastern coasts of the island
of Sicilyand the Ionian coast of themainland up totheStrait ofOtrantoon
the north, the western coast of Greece, from the island of Corfu to the
southerntip of the Peloponnese and the island of Crete on the east, andon
the south by the coast of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
(hereinafter called "Libya"). Libya is a mainland State on the coast of
North Africa covering a large area lying mainly between the 9" 30'E and
25" E meridians, and encompassing some 1,775,500 square kilometres.
The coast of Libyastretches formore than 1,700kilometres from Ras Ajdir
in the Westto near Port Bardia in the east.
16. The Maltese islands are oriented in an approximately northwest-
southeast direction, and extend for a distance of some 44.5 kilometres
(24 nautical miles). North of Malta, at a distance of some 80 kilometres
(43nautical miles) is the island of Sicily. The southeast tip of Malta lies
approximately 340 kilometres (183 nautical miles) north of the nearest 13.Deuxmembres de laCour(MM.Mosleret El-Khani),dont lesfonctions
ontprisfinle5février1985conformément àl'article13,paragraphe1duStatut,
ontcontinué àconnaîtredelaprésenteaffaireenvertu duparagraphe3dumême
article.Le14 février1985la Cour a éluM. Nagendra SinghPrésidentet M.de
LacharnèreVice-Président ;en application de l'article32, paragraph2, du
Règlement,laCour,tellequ'elle est composé enlaprésenteaffaire,acontinuéa
siéger sous laprésidencede M. Elias.

14. Il convient de commencer par une description généraledu cadre
géographiquedu différendporté devant la Cour, c'est-à-dire de la région
dans laquelle doit avoir lieu la délimitation du plateau continental, objet
duprocès. Il importe toutefois de souligner quele seulbutde la description
qui suit est de situer l'affaire dans un cadre généralet non de définiren
termes géographiques la région àprendre en considération aux fins de la
délimitation nila zone en litige entre les Parties. La question de savoir sila
zone dans laquelle ladélimitationdoit êtreeffectuée doit,pour une raison
quelconque, être définieou inscrite dans certaines limites sera examinée
plus loin (paragraphes 20-23).De même,leseulbut delacarte no1jointe au
présentarrêt étantde donner une idée générald eu cadre géographiquedu

différend, il convient de ne pas attacher de portée juridique à l'échelle
choisie nià la présenceou à l'absence d'un accident géographique parti-
culier.
15. La Républiquede Malte (ci-aprèsdénommée<< Malte D) est un Etat
qui se compose d'un groupe de quatre îles habitées - Malte (246 km2),
Gozo (66 km2), Comino (2,7 km2), Cominotto (moins d'un dixième de
kilomètrecarré) - etdu rocher inhabitéde Filfla. Leparallèle 36" N passe
entre l'îleprincipale de Malte et l'îlede Gozo, situéesentre les méridiens
14" E et 15" E. Ces îles se trouvent dans la partie centrale de la Méditer-
ranée,régionqui peut êtreconsidéréee ,n gros, commebornéepar lescôtes
orientales de la Tunisie l'ouest, une partie des côtes d'Italie comprenant
les côtes méridionale et orientale de la Sicile et les côtes ioniennes de la
péninsulejusqu'au canal d'Otrante au nord, les côtes occidentales de la
Grèce depuis l'île de Corfou jusqu'aux extrémités méridionalesdu Pélo-

ponnèse et de l'île de Crèteà l'est, et les côtes de la Jamahiriya arabe
libyenne populaire et socialiste (ci-aprèsdénommée <<Libye O) au sud. La
Libye est un Etat continental situésur les côtes d'Afrique du Nord et
couvrant un vaste territoire principalement compris entre les méridiens
9" 30'E et 25" E, dont la superficie est de quelque 1775500 kilomètres
carrés. Sonlittoral s'étend sur plusde 1700 kilomètres de Ras Ajdir à
l'ouest au voisinage de Port Bardia à l'est.
16. Les îles maltaises sont alignées selonun axe approximativement
nord-ouest/sud-est sur une distance d'environ 44,5 kilomètres (24 milles
marins). A quelque 80 kilomètres (43 milles marins) au nord de Malte, se
trouve la Sicile.L'extrémité sud-estde Malte està environ 340 kilomètres
(183 milles marins) au nord du point le plus proche de la côte libyenne,point on the coast of Libya, and the latter point is to be found some
three-quarters of the distance along the most westerly segment of the
Libyan coast, that running from the frontier with Tunisia at Ras Ajdir,
somewhat south of east, through Ras Tajura to Ras Zarruq. At about the
latter point, the Libyan coast swingssouthwards, forming the western end
of the Gulf of Sirt, the coast at the back of which runs again somewhat
south of east until, at about the meridian 20" Eit swings round north and
slightly West,then round to the eastward again through Benghazi to Ras
Arnir. The general line of the coastfrom there to the frontier with Egypt is
again somewhat south of eastwards.
17. In 1970agreement was reached between Malta and Italy for pro-
visional exploitation of the continental shelf in a short section of the
channel between Sicilyand Malta on each side of the median line, subject
to any adjustments that might be made in subsequent negotiations. With
this exception, neither of the Parties has yet established any agreed delimi-
tation ofcontinental shelf,or other maritime areas, with any neighbouring
State. The question of the delimitation between Libya and Tunisia has
been the subject of a Judgment of the Court (ContinentalSheif (Tunisial

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 18). Delimi-
tations in this part of the Mediterranean have been effected by agreement
between Italy and Greece, and between Italy and Tunisia. These delimi-
tations are indicated in Map No. 1 annexed hereto. Neither Party has
proclaimed an exclusive economic zone, but Malta has proclaimed a 25-
mile exclusivefishing zone. Malta has also defined straight baselines for
themeasurement ofits territorial searelyingon Article 4of theConvention
on theTerritorial Seaand theContiguousZone. Both Parties have granted
a number of petroleum exploration concessions extending into areas
material to the case.

18. The terms of the SpecialAgreement by which the Court was seised
of the present case have been set out in paragraph 2 of the present Judg-
ment. The question which the Court is requested to decide is there defined
as follows :

"What principles and rules of international law are applicable to
the delimitation of the area of the continental shelf whichappertains
to the Republic of Malta and the area of continental shelf which
appertains to the Libyan Arab Republic, and how in practice such
principles and rulescan be applied by the two Parties in thisparticular
case in order that they may without difficulty delimit such areas by an
agreement as provided in Article III."

The first part of the request is thus intended to resolve the differences
between the Parties regarding the principles and rules of international law
which areapplicable in the present case ;there isin thiscase no divergencesituéaux trois quarts environ de la partie la plus occidentale de cettecôte,
qui, de la frontièreaveclaTunisie, àRas Ajdir, sedirige légèrementau sud
du plein estjusqu'à RasZarrouk, en passant par RasTadjoura. A peu près
à la hauteur de Ras Zarrouk, la côte libyenne s'infléchit vers lesud, pour
former la partie occidentale du golfe de Syrte, au fond duquel la côte

s'oriente à nouveaii un peu au sud du plein est jusque vers le méridien
20" E, où elle tourne vers le nord et ensuite légèrement vers l'oues, uisà
nouveau vers l'esten passant par Benghazi,jusqu'à Ras Amir.A partir de
là, la ligne généralede la côte jusqu'à la frontière avec 1'Egypteest de
nouveau orientéelégèrement au suddu plein est.
17. En 1970Malte et l'Italie sont tombées d'accordsur l'ex~loitation
provisoire du plateau continental dans une petite partie du détroitentre la
Sicileet Malte, depart etd'autre dela lignemédiane, etsousréservedetout
ajustement pouvant êtreconvenu dans des négociations ultérieures. A
cette exception près,ni l'uneni l'autre desParties n'aencoretracépar voie
d'accord une limite de plateau continental ou d'autre zone maritime avec
un Etat voisin.Ladélimitationentrela LibyeetlaTunisie afait l'objet d'un
arrêtde la Cour (Plateaucontinental(Tunisie/Jamahiriya arabe libyenne),
arrêt,C.1.J.Recueil1982,p. 18).Dans cette régionde la Méditerranée, des

accords de délimitationont étéconclus entre l'Italie et la Grèce et entre
l'Italie et la Tunisie. Les délimitationsdont il s'agit sont indiquéessur la
carte no 1ci-incluse. Ni l'une ni l'autre des Parties n'a proclaméde zone
économiqueexclusive,mais Malte a établiune zone de pêche exclusivede
25 milles. Malte, invoquant l'article4 de la convention sur la mer territo-
riale et lazone contiguë, aen outre définides lignesde base droites servant
à mesurer sa mer territoriale. Lesdeux Parties ont accordédesconcessions
de recherche pétrolièrequi pénètrentdans leszones en cause enlaprésente
espèce.

18. Les termes du compromis par lequel la Cour a étésaisie de la

présente affaire ont été reproduitsau paragraphe 2 du présent arrêt.La
question que la Cour est appelée à trancher y est définiecomme suit :

<<Quels sont lesprincipeset lesrèglesdedroitinternational qui sont
applicables à la délimitation de la zone du plateau continental rele-
vant de la République de Malte et de la zone du plateau continen-

tal relevant de la République arabe libyenne, et comment, dans la
pratique, ces principes et règles peuvent-ils êtreappliqués par les
deux Parties dans le cas d'espèceafin qu'ellespuissent délimiterces
zones sans difficultépar voie d'un accord, comme le prévoit I'ar-
ticle III))
Lapremièrepartie de laquestion visedonc àrésoudrelesdivergencesentre

lesParties au sujetdesprincipes et règlesde droitinternational applicables
en l'espèce ;les Parties sont ici d'accord sur la tâche qu'il appartieàtla ofviewsbetween the Partiesas to the task to beperformed by the Court. As
to the second part of therequest,by which theParties have asked theCourt
to indicate how the applicable principles and rules can, in practice, be
applied by the Parties, in order that they may, without difficulty, establish
by an agreement the delimitation of their continental shelves,it has been
stated before the Court that the wording of the Special Agreement in this
respect was a compromise formula. Malta had wished the Court to be
asked to draw the delimitation line, while Libya wanted it to be requested
only to pronounce on the principles and rules of international law app-
licable. Libya would not accept that the line itself should be drawn by the
Court since, in its view,it was preferable that this be done by agreement
between the Parties. Malta did not agree that the matter be left to the
Partiessince it is of the viewthat the reference of the dispute to the Court
would then fail to achieve its main purpose. While the SpecialAgreement
asadopted doesnot request the Court itself to draw theline of delimitation
between the areas of continental shelf appertaining to each Party, Malta,

relying on the interpretation by the Court of the similarly worded Special
Agreement in the case concerning the ContinentalShelf (Tunisia/Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya),contends that "the Court should indicate the boundary
which,in its view,would result from the application of such method as the
Court may choose for the Parties to achieve the relevant determination".
Malta emphasizes the purpose of the proceedings as being to enable the
Parties to effect the delimitation "without difficulty", which could not, it
argues, be achieved unless the Court were to statein the clearest possible
terms how the exercise is to be carried out. Malta's submissions, accord-
ingly, request a finding by the Court that the appropriate principles and
rules are in practice to be applied by means of a specific line (a median
line). Libya on the other hand maintains that the task of the Court in the
present case does not extend so far as the actual determination of the
delimitation line, and it need not specify or particularize one method of
delimitation orone waybywhichin practicethe principles and rulescan be
applied ;in Libya'sviewthe goal to bereached is the result whichwould be
in accord with equitable principles and represent the most appropriate
application of the existing principles and rules of international law.

Accordingly, the submissions of Libya refer in broad terms to a delimi-
tation by agreement on the basis of the Court's Judgment "within, and
followingthe general direction of", aparticular sea-bed area defined in the
Libyan Memorial; it is explained that in its pleadings "Libya did not
advance a precise line, since the Court's task is not to determine a precise
line".
19. Since thejurisdiction of the Court derives from the Special Agree-
ment between the Parties, the definition of the task so conferred upon it is
primarily a matter of ascertainment of the intention of the Parties by
interpretation of the Special Agreement. The Court must not exceed the
jurisdiction conferred upon it by the Parties, but it must also exercise that
jurisdiction toits full extent. The SpecialAgreement, unlike that by which
theCourt wasseisedin the Tunisia/Libyacase,contains no reference to the Cour d'accomplir. Quant à la seconde partie de la question, qui prie la
Cour d'indiquer comment, dans la pratique, les principes et règlesappli-
cablespourront êtremisen Œuvrepar les Parties afin qu'elles puissenttra-
cer sans difficultépar voie d'accord la limite de leurs zones de plateau
continental, il a étprécisé à la Cour que la formule utiliséeconstituait un
compromis.Malte aurait souhaité que la Cour soitinvitée àtracerla limite,
la Libye, pour sa part, désirant seulement la prier de se prononcer sur les
principes et règlesde droit international applicables. La Libye ne consen-
tait pas àceque la ligneelle-même soit tracép ear la Cour car, selon elle,il

était préférable que ce résultat soit obtenu par accord entre les Parties.
Malte s'estopposée à ceque le soin en soit laisséaux Parties, estimant que
la saisine de la Cour n'atteindrait pas dans ce cas son but principal. Bien
que le compromis tel qu'ila étéadopténe requièrepas la Cour elle-même
de tracer la ligne de délimitation entre les zones de plateau continental
relevant de chaque Partie, Malte, invoquant l'interprétation que la Cour a
donnéedu compromis rédigé en termes analogues dans l'affairedu Plateau
continental (Tunisie/Jamahiriya arabe libyenne), affirme que <la Cour
devrait indiquer la ligne qui résulterait,à son avis, de l'application de la
méthodequ'elle aura choisie pour permettre aux Parties d'aboutir à la
déterminationdont il s'agit o.Malte souligne que l'instance apour but de

permettre aux Parties d'effectuer ladélimitation << sans difficultéO,cequi,
d'aprèselle, ne pourra êtreréaliséque si la Cour indique en termes aussi
clairs que possible comment l'opération doit se dérouler. Malte conclut
donc en priant la Cour de dire que les principes et règlesappropriés se
traduisent en pratique par le tracé d'uneligne déterminée(en l'occurrence
une ligne médiane).La Libye affirmeen revanche quela tâche de la Cour
en l'espècene vapasjusqu'à tracer effectivement laligneet que la Cour n'a
pas à indiquer ou décrire une méthode de délimitation, ni même une
manière d'appliquer les principes et règlesdans la pratique ;d'après la
Libye, l'objectif estd'atteindre un résultat quisoit en conformitéavec les

principes équitablesetqui représentelameilleure application possible des
principes et règles du droit international actuellement en vigueur. En
conséquence,les conclusions libyennes visent, en une formule large, une
délimitationpar voie d'accord sur la base de l'arrêtde la Cour àl'inté-
rieur et selon la direction générale ))d'une zone particulière des fonds
marins définiedans le mémoire libyen ;la Libye a expliquéque dans ses
écritureselle <<ne suggéraitpas de ligne précise,puisque aussi bien la
mission de la Cour n'est pas de tracer une ligne de ce genre )).

19. La Cour tenant sa compétencedu compromis entre les Parties, la

définitionde la tâche qui lui est ainsi confiéeconsiste avant toutà recher-
cher quelle a étél'intention des Parties par interprétation de cet instru-
ment. La Cour ne doit pas excéderla compétenceque lui ont reconnue les
Parties, mais elle doit exercer toute cette compétence.A la différencede
celui par lequel la Cour étaitsaisiedans l'affaire Tunisie/Libye, leprésent
compromis ne fait pas étatde l'indication d'une ou plusieurs méthodesdeindication of a method or methods of delimitation ;but since the Court is
required to decide how in practice theprinciples and rules of international
law can be applied in order that the Parties may delimit the continental
shelf by agreement "without difficulty", this necessarily entails the indi-
cation by the Court of the method or methods which it considers to result
from the proper application of the appropriate rules and principles.
Whether the Court should indicate an actualdelimitation line willin some
degree depend upon the method or methods found applicable : if, for
example, the Court were to find that the equidistance method is required

by the applicable law in the circumstances of this case, its finding to that
effect would in fact dictate the delimitation line, since the nature of that
method is such that any given set of basepoints will generate only one
possible equidistance line. Other methods, however, lessautomatic in their
operation, might require to be backed by more detailed indications of
criteria by the Court, if the objective of an agreed delimitation reached
"without difficulty" is to be achieved. The Court does not in any event
consider that it is debarred by the terms of the Special Agreement from
indicatinga line. EvenLibya, which contends that the task of the Court in
the present case does not extend so far as the actual determination of the
delimitation line,didin fact itselfindicate on themap twopossible linesfor
the purpose of illustratinga possiblemethod which it considered would be
likely to produce an equitable result. It should also be noted that both
Parties have indicated that the consequences of the application of any
method initially adopted are to be tested against certain criteria in order to
check the equitableness of the result. It is not apparent how this operation

could be performed unless that result took the form of at least an ap-
proximate line which could be illustrated on a map.
20. The delimitation contemplated by the Special Agreement is of
course solely that between the areas of continental shelf appertaining to
the Parties. It is no part of the task of the Court to define the legal
principles and rules applicable to any delimitation between oneor other of
the Parties and any third State, let alone to indicate the practical appli-
cation of those principles and rules to such delimitation. The Court is in
fact aware of the existenceof specificclaimsby athird Stateto areas which
are alsoclaimedby the Parties : theseare the claims of Italy, whichin 1984
made an application to theCourt for permission to intervene under Article
62of the Statute of theCourt,and outlined to the Court in the course of the
proceedings on that request the extent of itscontinental shelf claimsin the
direction of Libya and Malta. In itsJudgment of 21 March 1984,bywhich
it found that the Italian Application could not be granted, the Court
explained that it "cannot wholly put aside thequestion of the legalinterest
of Italy aswellasof otherStates of theMediterranean region, and theywill

have tobe taken into account" (I.C.J. Reports1984,p. 25,para. 41). In the
geographical context of the case it is also possible that there might be
conflict between the claims of the Parties and such claims as may be made
by Tunisia,though the Court has not been furnished with any information
as to the viewsof that State as to its own entitlement vis-à-visMalta. Thedélimitation ;toutefois la Cour étant appelée à décidercomment, dans la
pratique, les principes et règlesde droit international peuvent êtreappli-
quésde manièreque les Parties délimitentle plateau continental par voie
d'accord sans difficulté)),elle devra nécessairement spécifierla ou les
méthodesqui résulteraient selon elled'unebonne application des règleset
principes appropriés.La question de savoir si la Cour doit indiquer une
ligne de délimitationprécisedépendradans une certaine mesure de la ou
des méthodes considéréescomme applicables :par exemple, si la Cour
devait conclure que le droit applicable dans les circonstances de l'espèce
impose la méthodede l'équidistance,cette conclusion dicterait en fait la

ligne de délimitation, ladite méthode se caractérisant par le fait qu'une
sériedéterminéede points de base ne peut engendrer qu'une ligne d'équi-
distance et une seule. Mais d'autres méthodesd'une application moins
automatique pourraient obliger la Cour à indiquer descritèresplus détail-
lés,pour atteindre l'objectif d'unedélimitationpar voie d'accord obtenue
sans difficulté ))De toute manière la Cour ne considère pas que les
termes du compromis lui interdisent d'indiquer une ligne. La Libye elle-
même,quisoutient que la tâche de la Cour en laprésente instance n'inclut
pas le tracéeffectif de la limite, a en fait indiqué sur la carte deux lignes
servant à illustrer une méthode qui, d'aprèselle,pourrait êtrede nature à

produire un résultat équitable.Ilfaut aussi noter que selonlesdeuxParties
lesconséquencesde l'application de laméthode retenue à l'originedoivent
êtrevérifiéee snfonction decertains critères,afin de s'assurerde l'équitdu
résultat.On voit mal comment cette opération pourrait êtreaccomplie si
ledit résultatne se concrétisaitpas au moins par une ligne approximative
pouvant êtrereprésentéesur une carte.

20. La délimitationenvisagéepar le compromis ne concerne bien en-
tendu que celle des zones de plateau continental relevant des Parties. Il
n'appartient aucunement à la Cour de définirles principes et règlesjuri-
diques applicables à une délimitation entre l'une des Parties et un Etat

tiers, et encoremoins de préciser l'applicationpratique de cesprincipes et
règles à une telle délimitation.La Cour a en fait connaissance de préten-
tions précisesd'un Etattiers sur deszonesqui sont également revendiquées
par lesParties :il s'agitde cellesémisespar l'Italiequi,en 1984,aintroduit
une requête à fin d'intervention en vertu de l'article 62du Statut etindiqué
à la Cour, lors de la procédureà laquelle sarequête adonnélieu, l'étendue
de sesrevendications de plateau continental en direction de la Libye et de
Malte. Dans son arrêtdu 21 mars 1984,par lequel elle a conclu que la
requêtede l'Italie ne pouvait êtreadmise, la Cour a expliqué qu'elle <ne
sauraitentièrementécarterlaquestion de l'intérê jtridique de l'Italieainsi
que d'autres Etatsde la régionméditerranéenne, et[qu'il]conviendra d'en

tenir compte (C.I.J. Recueil 1984,p. 25, par. 41). Dans le cadre géogra-
phiquequi est celuide laprésenteaffaireilsepeut aussique lesprétentions
des Parties entrent en conflit avec desprétentions tunisiennes, bien que la
Cour n'ait par d'information sur lesvues de la Tunisie quant à sespropres
droits vis-à-visde Malte.En cequi concerne laportéedel'arrêtde la Cour,Parties agree, however, as concerns the extent of the Court's decision, in
contending that the Court should not feel inhibited from extending its
decision to al1 areas which, independently of third party claims, are
claimed by the Parties to this case, since if the Court were to exclude any
such areas as are the subject of present or possible future claims by a third
State it would in effect be deciding on such claims withoutjurisdiction to
do so. Libya drawsadistinction :the areas in which there are no claims by

third Statesarethe areas primarily infocusforthepresent proceedings and
here the Parties can proceed to a definitive delimitation, whereas in areas
where there are such claims, the caveats and reservations which the Court
would include in itsjudgment would protect the rights of third States by
precluding such a delimitation being definitive vis-à-vissuch third States.
Malta rejects this distinction, arguing that it would have no practical
purpose and would be objectionable on jurisdictional grounds.
21. The Court notes that by the SpecialAgreement it is asked to define
the legal principles and rules applicable to the delimitation of the area of
continental shelf "whichappertains" to each of theParties. The decision of
the Court will, by virtue of Article 59 of the Statute, have binding force
between the Parties, but not againstthird States. If thereforethe decision is
tobe stated in absolute terms, in the senseofpermitting the delimitation of
the areas of shelf which "appertain" to the Parties, as distinct from the
areas to whichone of thePartieshas shown abetter title than theother, but
which might nevertheless prove to "appertain" to a third State if the Court

had jurisdiction to enquire into the entitlement of that third State, the
decision must be limited to a geographical area in which no such claims
exist. It is true that the Parties have in effect invited the Court, notwith-
standing the terms of their SpecialAgreement, not to limit itsjudgment to
the area in which theirs are the solecompeting claims ; but the Court does
not regard itself as free to do so, in view of the interest of Italy in the
proceedings. When rejecting the application of Italy to intervene in the
proceedings, the Court noted that both Malta and Libya opposed that
application ; while it stated that in its finaljudgment in this case

"the Court will,sofar asit may find it necessaryto do so,make itclear
that it is deciding only between the competing claims of Libya and
Malta",

it also went on to observe that
"If, as Italy has suggested, the decision of the Court in the present

case, taken without Italy's participation, had for that reason to be
more limited in scope between the Parties themselves, and subject to
more caveats and reservations in favour of third States, than it might
otherwise have been had Italy been present, it is the interests of Libya
and Malta which might be said to be affected, not those of Italy. It is
material to recall that Libya and Malta, by objecting to the interven-
tion of Italy, have indicated their own preferences." (1C.J. Reports
1984, p. 27, para. 43.)cependant, les Parties conviennent que la Cour ne devrait pas hésiter à
étendresadécision à toutes leszonesqui,indépendammentdesprétentions
d'Etats tiers, sont revendiquéespar les Parties à la présente espèce ; en
effet, si la Cour devait exclure les étendues faisant l'objet de prétentions
présentes oufutures d'un Etat tiers, elle seprononcerait en fait sur ces
prétentions sansavoir compétencepourcela. La Libyeétablit une distinc-
tion : les zones que concerne principalement la présente instance sont
celles qui ne font pas l'objet de revendications d'Etats tiers, et les Parties

peuvent y procéder à une délimitationdéfinitive,alors que, là où de telles
revendications existent, lesréservesetprécautionsque la Cour fera figurer
dans son arrêt protégerontles droits des Etats tiers en empêchant cette
délimitation d'êtredéfinitive à l'égardde ces Etats. Malte rejette cette
distinction en faisant valoir qu'elle ne serviraità rien en pratique et sou-
lèveraitdes objections d'ordre juridictionnel.
21. La Cour note qu'en vertudu compromis elle est priéede définirles
principes et règlesjuridiques applicables à la délimitation de la zone de
plateau continental relevant de chacune des Parties. Conformément à

l'article 59 du Statut, l'arrêtde la Cour sera obligatoire entre les Parties,
maisnon à l'égarddes Etats tiers. Sidonc sa décision doitêtreexprimée en
termes absolus, en ce sens qu'elle permettra de délimiter les zones de
plateau qui (<relèvent )des Parties, par opposition à celles sur lesquelles
l'une des Parties a fait valoir un meilleur titre que l'autre, mais qui pour-
raient néanmoins<< relever ))en définitived'un Etat tiers si la Cour avait
compétence pour vérifierle titre de celui-ci, ladite décisionne doit s'ap-
pliquer qu'à une aire géographique où aucune prétention semblable ne
s'exerce.Sans doute les Parties ont-elles en fait invitéla Cour, nonobstant

lestermes de leur compromis, à ne pas limiter son arrêtà la régionoù elles
sont seules en présence ;mais la Cour ne pense pas avoir une telle liberté
d'action, vu l'intérêt manifestp éar l'Italieà l'égardde l'instance. Lors-
qu'ellea rejetéla requêtede l'Italie à fin d'intervention, la Cour a rappelé
que Malte et la Libye s'étaient toutesdeux opposées à celle-ci; elle a
déclaréque dans son arrêtau fond

<<laCour précisera ..pour autant qu'elle l'estimera nécessaire,qu'elle
se prononce uniquement sur les prétentions rivales de la Libye et de
Malte

et elle a poursuivi en ces termes

<Si, comme l'Italie l'a laisséentendre, la décisionque rendrait la
Cour dans la présenteespècesans la participation de l'Italie devait
pour cette raison êtred'une portée pluslimitéeentre les Parties elles-
mêmes etsujette à plus de restrictions et de réservesenfaveur d'Etats
tiersque cen'eûtété lecas sil'Italieavait étprésente,onpourraitdire

quece sont lesintérêtd se la Libye et de Malte qui seraient (affectés ))
etnon ceuxde l'Italie.Ilconvient de rappeler que, en faisantobjection
à l'intervention de l'Italie, la Libyeet Malte ont indiquéleur propre
préférence. ))(C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 27, par. 43.)The present decision must, as then foreshadowed, be limited in geogra-
phical scopeso as to leavethe claims of Italy unaffected, that is to Saythat
the decision of the Court must be confined to the area in which, as the
Court has been informed by Italy, that Statehas no claims to continental
shelf rights. TheCourt, having been informed of Italy'sclaims, and having
refused topermit thatState toprotect itsintereststhrough theprocedure of
intervention, thus ensures Italy the protection it sought.A decision limited
in thiswaydoesnot signifyeitherthat theprinciples and rulesapplicableto
the delimitation within this area are not applicable outside it, or that the
claims of either Party to expanses of continental shelf outside that area
havebeen found to beunjustified : itsignifiessimply that the Court has not
been.endowed with jurisdiction to determine what principles and rules
govern delimitations with third States, or whether the claims of the Parties
outside that area prevail over the claims of those third States in the

region.

22. The limits within which the Court, in order to preserve the rights of
third States, will confine its decision in the present case, may thus be
defined in terms of the claims of Italy, which are precisely located on the
map by means of geographical CO-ordinates.During the proceedings held
on its application for permission to intervene, Italy stated that it consid-
ered itself to have rights over a geographical zone delimited on the Westby
the meridian 15" 10'E,to the south by the parallel34" 30'N, to theeast by
thedelimitation line agreed between Italy and Greece (seeMapNo. 1)and
its prolongation, and to the north by the Italian coasts of Calabria and
Apulia ; and over a second area delimited by linesjoining the following
points :(i) the south-eastern end-point of the line defined in the Agree-
ment between Italy and Tunisia of 20 August 1971,(ii) points X and G,
shown on a map submitted to the Courton 25January 1984,(iii) the point
34" 20'N and 13"50' E, and (iv) the point located on the meridian
13" 50'E,to the north of theprevious point and to the east of the end-point
mentioned under (i). These areas are shown on Map No. 2 appended
hereto. The Court, in replying to the question put to it in the Special
Agreement as to the principles and rules of international lawapplicable to

the delimitation of the areas of continental shelf appertaining to each of
the Parties, willconfine itself to areaswherenoclaims by athird Stateexist,
that is toSay,the area between the meridians 13" 50'Eand 15" 10'E.The
Court notes that there is on the east of this a further area of continental
shelf, lyingsouth of the parallel34" 30'N, to which the claims of Italy do
not extend but which is subject to conflicting claims by Libya and Malta.
However the Court does not think that it is enabled to passjudgment on
this area so long as the national attribution of the continental shelf lying
immediately to the north of it (that is, east of the meridian 15" 10'E and
north of the parallel34" 30'N) hasnot been settledby agreement between
the States concerned or by the decision of a competent organ. The Court
therefore concludes that on the basis of the geographical definition of the
claimsof Italy it should limit the area within whichit willgivea decision byLa présentedécisiondoit, comme on l'a ainsi laissé prévoir,êtred'une

portéegéographiquelimitée,de manière ànepas affecter lesprétentionsde
l'Italie;autrement dit elle ne doit porter que sur la zone où, selon les
indications qu'ellea données à la Cour, l'Italie n'émetpas de prétentions
sur leplateau continental. La Cour, ayant étéinforméedesprétentionsde
l'Italie,etayant refuséd'autorisercet Etat protégersesintérêtp sar lavoie
de l'intervention, accorde ainsià l'Italie la protection qu'elle recherchait.
Une décisionrestreinte de lasorte ne signifiepas que lesprincipes et règles
applicables à ladélimitationdans lazone viséene soientpas applicables en
dehors de celle-ci,ni que lesprétentionsformuléespar l'uneou l'autre des
Partiessur des étenduesde plateau continental extérieures à la zone soient
tenues pour injustifiées: elle signifie simplement qu'aucune compétence
n'a étéconférée à la Cour pour déterminer les principes et les règles
régissant lesdélimitationsavec les Etats tiers, ni pour décidersi les pré-

tentions des Parties en dehors de la zone en question l'emportent sur les
prétentions des Etats tiers de la région.
22. Leslimites à l'intérieur desquellesla Cour doit, afin de préserver les
droits des tiers, inscrire sa décisionenlaprésenteespèce,peuvent êtreainsi
définies d'aprèsles prétentionsémisespar l'Italie, dont la position exacte
estindiquéesur lacarte par descoordonnéesgéographiques.Au cours dela
procédurerelative à sa demande d'intervention, l'Italie a déclaréqu'elle
estimait avoir desdroits sur une zonegéographiquedélimitée àl'ouestpar
leméridien15" 10'E, au sud par le parallèle34" 30'N, à l'estpar la ligne
de délimitation convenue entre l'Italie et la Crèce(voir carte no 1)et son
prolongement, et au nord par les côtes italiennes de la Calabre et des
Pouilles ;ainsi que sur une deuxième zone délimitép ear leslignesjoignant
les points suivants:i) le point terminal sud-est de la ligne déterminéepar
l'accord du 20 août 1971entre l'Italie et la Tunisie, ii) les points X et G

indiquéssurune carte qui a été présentéeà la Cour le25janvier 1984,iii)le
point 34" 20' N et 13" 50' E, iv) le point qui se trouve sur le méridien
13" 50'E, au nord du point précédentet à l'est du point terminal men-
tionnésous i). Ces zones sont indiquéessur la carte no2 ci-incluse. Pour
répondre àlaquestion poséepar lecompromissur lesprincipeset règlesde
droit international applicables à la délimitation des zones de plateau
continental relevant de chacune des Parties, la Cour s'en tiendra aux
étendues sur lesquelles aucun Etat tiers n'a formulé de revendication,
autrement dit à la zone comprise entre lesméridiens13" 50'Eet 15" 10'E.
LaCournote l'existence à l'estde cettezone d'uneautre étenduedeplateau
continental, situéeau sudduparallèle34" 30'N, qui n'estpas réclamée par
l'Italie mais fait l'objet de revendications contradictoires de la part de la
Libyeetde Malte. LaCour necroit cependant pas êtreenmesure destatuer

sur ce secteur tant que l'appartenance nationale du plateau continental
situéimmédiatementau nord dudit secteur (c'est-à-dire àl'estdu méridien
15" 10'Eet au nord du parallèle 34" 30'N) n'a pas été établiepar accord
entre les Etats intéressés opar décisiond'un organe compétent.La Cour
conclut donc que la localisation des revendications italiennes l'amène à
limiter au méridien15" 10'E, y compris au sud du parallèle34" 30'N, la the meridian 15" 10'E, including also that part of that meridian which is
south of the parallel 34" 30'N. No question of this kind arises to the West
of the meridian 13" 50'E, sincethesouthward lirnitof Italian claims is the
same as that of the claims of Malta ;the area to the south is thus not in
dispute in this case.
23. It has been questioned whether it is right that a third State - in this
case, Italy - should be enabled, by virtue of its claims, to restrict the scope

of ajudgment requested of theCourt by Malta and Libya ;and it may also
be argued that this approach would have prevented the Court from giving
anyjudgment at al1if Italyhad advancedmoreambitious claims. However,
to argue along these lines is to disregard the special features of the present
case. On the one hand, no inference can be drawn from the fact that the
Court has taken into account the existence of Italian claims as to which it
has not been suggested by either of the Parties that they are obviously
unreasonable. On the other hand, neither Malta nor Libya seems to have
been deterred by the probability of the Court'sjudgment being restricted
in scope as a consequence of the Italian claims. The prospect of such a
restriction did not persuade these countries to abandon their oppositionto
Italy'sapplication to intervene ;asnoted in paragraph 21above, the Court

observed, in its Judgment of 21 March 1984,that in expressinga negative
opinion on the Italian application, the two countries had shown their
preference for a restriction in the geographcal scope of the judgment
which the Court was to give.

24. The history of the dispute, and of the legislative and exploratory
activities in relation to thecontinental shelf,do not require tobe set out at
length, since the Court does not find that anything of moment turns on
considerations derived from this history. It is not argued by either Party
that the circumstances in this casegave riseto "the appearance on the map
of a defacto linedividing concession areas which werethe subject of active

claims", which mightbe taken into account as indicating "the line or lines
which the Parties themselvesmay have considered equitable or acted upon
as such", as the Court was able to find in the case concerning the Conti-
nental Sheif (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (1.C.J. Reports 1982,p. 84,
paras. 117-118).In its pleadings, however, Malta recounted how it had in
1965informed Libya of its intention to delimit its continental shelf by
means of a median line, and stated that until Libya made a counter-
proposal in 1973,Libya remained silent in face of Malta's claim to such a
delimitation ; Malta contended that this pattern of conduct could be
viewed "either as a cogent reflection of the equitablecharacter of Malta's
position or as evidence of acquiescence by Libya in Malta's position or as
precluding Libya, in lawasin fact,from challenging the validity of Malta's

position". Malta referred also to the question of the northern boundaries
of certain Libyan concessions,and theexemption of the licenceesfrom the
duty to carry out petroleum activities north of the median line, and con- zone àl'intérieurde laquelle elle vastatuer.Aucun problème semblablene
sepose à l'ouestdu méridien13" 50'E,étantdonnéquela limiteverslesud
desprétentions italiennesest la mêmeque celledesprétentionsmaltaises ;
le secteur s'étendantau sud n'est donc pas en litige en l'espèce.

23. On a contestéqu'un Etat tiers - en l'occurrence l'Italie- puisse
légitimementlimiter par sesprétentions laportéed'un arrêt demandé à la

Cour par Malte et la Libye ;on pourrait dire aussi qu'une telle démarche
aurait totalement empêchélaCourde statuer si l'Italie s'étaitmontréeplus
ambitieuse dans sesprétentions.Mais une telle argumentationne rendrait
pas compte desparticularités de la présenteaffaire. D'une part, onne peut
rien déduire du fait que la Cour a pris en considération l'existence de
prétentions italiennes qu'aucune des Parties n'a qualifiéesde manifeste-
ment déraisonnables. D'autrepart, ni Malte ni la Libye ne se sont laissées
arrêterpar une vraisemblable limitation de la portée del'arrêtde la Cour
suite auxprétentions italiennes.La perspective d'une tellelimitation ne les
a pas incitées à renoncer à leur opposition à l'intervention de l'Itali;

comme il est rappeléau paragraphe 21 ci-dessus, la Cour a constaté,dans
son arrêtdu 21 mars 1984, qu'en émettant un avis défavorable à la
demande italienne les deux pays avaient marquéleur préférencepour une
portée géographiquelimitéede l'arrêtque la Cour allait êtreamenée à
rendre.

24. L'historique du différend etdes mesures législativesetdes activités
de prospection se rapportant au plateau continental n'a pas àêtreexposé
en détail,attendu que, selon la Cour, aucune considération tiréede cet
historique nejoue un rôle décisif.Aucune des deux Parties ne prétend que,
dans les circonstances de l'espèce,on voie << se dessiner sur la carte une
limite séparantdefacto les zones des concessions et permis en vigueur )>
dont onpuisse tenir compte commeindice de <laligneoudeslignesqueles
Parties elles-mêmesont pu considérer ou traiter en pratique comme équi-
tables O, semblable à celle que la Cour avait relevéedans l'affaire du

Plateau continental (TunisielJarnahiriya arabe libyenne) (C.I.J. Recueil
1982, p. 84, par. 117-118).Toutefois dans ses écritures Malte rappelle
comment, en 1965,elleavait informélaLibye de sonintention de délimiter
son plateau continental au moyen d'une ligne médiane et déclare que,
jusqu'à sa contre-proposition de 1973,la Libye a gardélesilence devant la
revendication maltaise d'unetelledélimitation ; Malte soutient qu'on peut
voirdans cecomportement <<soitlaconfirmation du caractèreéquitablede
la position maltaise, soit la preuve d'un acquiescement libyen qui empê-
cherait, en droit commeenfait, d'en contesterlavalidité >)Malte a évoqué

aussi la question de la limite nord de certaines concessions libyennes et
rappeléque les concessionnaires étaient dispensésde procéder à des fo-
rages au nord de la ligne médiane, cequi confirmait selon Malte sa thèsetended that these also confirmed Malta's submission that "by their con-
duct, the Parties haveindicated that the median lineis,to Saythe least,very
relevant to the final determination of the boundary in the present case".
Libya disputes the allegation of acquiescence ;it has also contended that
Maltese petroleum concessions followed geomorphological features in a
manner consistent with the "exploitability criterion", which is denied by
Malta. It also contended that Malta, at the time of the enactment of its
1966Continental Shelf Act, implicitly recognized the significance of an
area described as the "rift zone" area, which Libya, as will be explained
below, regards as significant for the delirnitation ;this contention Malta
also rejects.

25. The Court has considered the facts and arguments brought to its
attention in this respect, particularly from the standpoint of its duty to
"take into account whatever indicia are available of the [delimitation]line
or lines which the Parties themselves may have considered equitable or
acted upon as such" (I.C.J. Reports 1982,p. 84, para. 118).It is however
unable to discern any pattern of conduct on either side sufficiently une-
quivocal to constitute either acquiescence or any helpful indication of any
view of either Party as to what would be equitable differing in any way
from the viewadvanced by that Party before the Court. Its decision must
accordingly be based upon theapplication to thesubmissions made before
it of principles and rules of international law.

26. The Parties are broadly in agreement as to the sources of the law
applicable in this case. Malta is aparty to the 1958Geneva Convention on

the Continental Shelf, while Libya is not ; the Parties agree that the
Convention, and in particular the provisions for delimitation in Article 6,
is thus not as such applicable in the relations between them. Both Parties
have signed the 1982United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,
but that Convention has not yet entered into force, and is therefore not
operative as treaty-law ; the Special Agreement contains no provisions as
to the substantive law applicable. Nor are there any other bilateral or
multilateral treaties claimed to be binding on the Parties. The Parties thus
agree that the dispute is to be governed by customary international law.
This isnot at al1to Say,however,that the 1982Convention wasregarded by
the Parties asirrelevant :the Parties are again in accord in considering that
some of its provisions constitute, to a certain extent, the expression of
customary international law in the matter. The Parties do not however
agree in identifying the provisions which have this status, or the extent to
which they are so treated.

27. It isofcourseaxiomatic that the material ofcustomary international
law is to be looked for primarily in the actual practice and opiniojuris of
States, even though multilateral conventions may have an important role
to play in recording and defining rules deriving from custom, or indeed in suivant laquelle laconduitedes Parties indique quela lignemédianeest, à
tout le moins, extrêmementpertinente aux fins du tracédéfinitifde la
limite dans la présenteespèce D.La Libye rejette l'allégation d'acquiesce-
ment ;ellesoutient aussique lesconcessionspétrolièresmaltaisesreflètent
lagéomorphologied'une manièrequi correspond au << critèred'exploitabi-
lité))ce que conteste Malte. La Libye affirme en outre que Malte, au
moment où elle a adopté sa loi de 1966 sur le plateau continental, a
implicitement reconnu lerôled'unezonedite <zoned'effondrement ))(rift

zone),que la Libye, comme on le verra plus loin,juge importante pour la
délimitation ; Malte rejette aussi cette affirmation.

25. LaCour aétudié lesfaits etlesarguments qui luiont été soumis à cet
égard,en raison surtout de son obligation de <tenir compte de tous les
indices existants au sujet de la ligne ou des lignes [dedélimitation]que les
Parties elles-mêmesont pu considérerou traiter en pratique comme équi-
tables ))(C.I.J. Recueil 1982, p. 84, par. 118).Elle n'a cependant pas pu
deceler d'un côtéou de l'autre un typede comportement suffisamment net
pour constituer soitun acquiescement soit une indication utile des vuesde

l'une des Parties sur une solution équitable qui diffère sensiblement des
thèses avancéespar cette mêmePartie devant la Cour. La Cour doit en
conséquencestatuer en appliquant aux conclusions qui lui sont soumises
les principes et règlesdu droit international.

26. Lesvues desPartiesconcordent généralementquant aux sources du
droit applicable en l'espèce.Malte estpartie à laconvention de Genèvesur

leplateau continental de 1958,non la Libye ;les Parties s'accordent pour
dire que lesdispositions de laconvention,et notamment cellesde l'article6
relativesà la délimitation,ne sont pas applicables en tant que telles dans
leurs relations mutuelles. Les deux Parties ont signéla convention des
Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer de 1982,mais celle-ci n'estpas en-
core en vigueur et n'a donc pas force obligatoire en tant qu'instrument
conventionnel ; le compromis n'apporte aucune précision sur le droit
applicable quant au fond.Aucun autretraitébilatéralou multilatéraln'est
invoqué comme ayant force obligatoire entre les Parties. Celles-ci recon-
naissent donc que le différend doit êtrerégipar le droit international

coutumier. Cependant cela ne signifie aucunement que les Parties consi-
dèrent la convention de 1982comme dénuéede pertinence :là aussi elles
s'accordent pour estimer que certaines de sesdispositions expriment dans
une certaine mesure le droit international coutumier en la matière. Elles
sont cependant d'avisdifférentssurlesdispositions qui ont cecaractèreou
la mesure dans laquelle elles sont traitéescomme telles.
27. Ilest bien évidentque la substance du droit international coutumier
doit êtrerecherchée enpremier lieu dans la pratique effective et l'opinio
juris desEtats, mêmesilesconventionsmultilatéralespeuvent avoirun rôle

important à jouer en enregistrant et définissantles règlesdérivéesde la30 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

developing them. There has in fact been much debate between the Parties
in the present case as to the significance, for the delimitation of - and
indeed entitlement to - the continental shelf, of State practice in the
matter, and this will be examined further at a later stage in the present
judgment. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that the 1982Convention isof
major importance, having been adopted by an overwhelming majority of
States ;hence it is clearly the duty of the Court, even independently of the
references made to the Convention by the Parties, to consider in what
degree any of its relevant provisions are binding upon the Parties asa rule
of customary international law. In this context particularly, the Parties
have laid someemphasis on adistinction between the lawapplicable to the

basis of entitlement to areas of continental shelf - the rules governing the
existence, "ips ure and ab initio", and the exercise of sovereign rights of
the coastal State over areas of continental shelf situate off its coast- and
the law applicable to the delimitation of such areas of shelf between
neighbouring States. The first question is dealt with in Article 76 of the
1982Convention, and the second in Article 83 of the Convention. Para-
graph 1 of that Article provides that :

"The delimitation of the continental shelf between States with
opposite or adjacentcoasts shallbeeffected by agreement on the basis
of international law, as referred to in Article 38 of the Statute of the
International Court of Justice, in order to achieve an equitable solu-
tion."

Paragraph 10of Article 76provides that "The provisions of this articleare
without prejudice to the question of delimitation of the continental shelf
between States with opposite or adjacent coasts". That the questions of
entitlement and of definition of continental shelf, on the one hand, and of
delimitation of continental shelf on the other, are not only distinct but are
also complementary is self-evident. The legal basis of that which is to be

delimited, and of entitlement to it, cannot be other than pertinent to that
delimitation.
28. At this stage of the present Judgment, the Court would also first
recall that, as it noted in its Judgment in the case concerning the Conti-
nental Shelf (TunisialLibyan Arab Jamahiriya),

"In the new text, any indication of a specificcriterion which could
give guidance to the interested States in their effort to achieve an
equitable solution has been excluded. Emphasis is placed on the
equitable solution which has tobe achieved. The principles and rules
applicable to the delimitation of continental shelf areas are those
which are appropriate to bring about an equitable result ..." (I.C.J.
Reports 1982,p. 49, para. 50.)

The Convention setsa goal to be achieved, but is silent as to the method to
be followed to achieveit. It restricts itself tosettinga standard,and itisleft
to States themselves, or to the courts, to endow this standard with specificcoutume ou même en lesdéveloppant. En fait les Parties à la présente
instance ont longuement débattu de la portée à attribuer à la pratique
étatiqueen matière de délimitation du plateau continental - ainsi d'ail-

leurs que du titre sur le plateau- question qui sera approfondie dans la
suite du présentarrêt.Il est néanmoins indéniable que,ayant été adoptée
par l'écrasante majorité des Etats, la conventionde 1982revêtune impor-
tance majeure, de sorte que, mêmesi les Parties ne l'invoquent pas, il
incombe manifestement à la Cour d'examiner jusqu'à quel point l'une
quelconque de ses dispositionspertinentes lie les Parties en tant que règle
de droit international coutumier. Dans ce contexte, en particulier, les
Parties se sont attachées à distinguer entre le droit applicable au fonde-

ment du titre sur des zones de plateau continental - autrement dit les
règlesrégissant l'existence <<ipsojure et ab initio))et l'exercicede droits
souverains de 1'Etatcôtier sur des étenduesde plateau continental situées
devant sescôtes - et le droit qui gouverne la délimitationde ces étendues
deplateau entreEtats voisins.La premièrequestion est traitée àl'article76
de la convention de 1982et la seconde à l'article 83du mêmeinstrument.
Selon le paragraphe 1de ce dernier article :

<La délimitationdu plateau continental entre Etats dont les côtes
sont adjacentes ou se font face est effectuée par voie d'accord
conformémentau droit international tel qu'il estvisé à l'article 38 du

Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice, afin d'aboutir à une
solution équitable. ))

L'article76,paragraphe 10,dispose que << leprésent articlene préjugepas
de la question de la délimitation du plateau continental entre des Etats
dont lescôtes sont adjacentesou sefont face D. Quelesquestions de titre et
de définition du plateau continental, d'une part, et de délimitation du
plateau, de l'autre, soient non seulement distinctes mais en outre complé-
mentaires est une vérité d'évidence. Lb aase juridique de ce qui est à

délimiteret du titre correspondant ne saurait êtresans rapport avec la
délimitation.
28. A ce stade du présentarrêt,la Cour doit aussi rappeler en premier
lieu que, comme elle l'adit dans l'affaire du Plateau continental(Tunisie/
~arnihiri~aarabe libyenne)

<Dans le nouveau texte, toute indication d'un critère spécifique
pouvant aider lesEtats intéressés àparvenir à une solutionéquitable a
disparu. L'accent est placé surla solution équitable à laquelle il faut
aboutir. Les principes et règlesapplicables à la délimitationde zones
de plateau sont ceux qui conviennent pour produire un résultat équi-

table.))(C.I.J. Recueil 1982, p. 49, par. 50.)

La convention fixelebut à atteindre, mais elleest muette sur la méthode à
suivre pour y parvenir. Elle se borne à énoncer une norme et laisse aux
Etats ou aujuge le soin de lui donner un contenu précis.En second lieu lacontent. Secondly, the Court in 1982observed the disappearance, in the
last draft text of what became Article 83, paragraph 1, of reference to
delimitation by agreement "in accordance with equitable principles"
(I.C.J. Reports1982,p. 49, para. 49). It found however that it was "bound
to decide the case on the basis of equitable principles" aswellas that "The
result of the application of equitable principles must be equitable" (ibid.,
p. 59, para. 70).
29. In the present case, both Parties agree that, whatever the status of
Article 83 of the 1982Convention, which refers only to the "solution" as
being equitable, and does not specifically mention the application of
equitable principles, both these requirements form part of the law to be
applied. In the first of Libya's submissions,the Court is asked to declare
that

"The delimitation istobe effected by agreement in accordance with
equitable principles and taking account of al1relevant circumstances
in order to achieve an equitable result."

The first submission of Malta reads :

"the principles and rules of international law applicable to the de-
limitation of the areas of the continental shelf which appertain to
Malta and Libya are that the delimitation shall be effected on the
basis of international law in order to achieve an equitable result".

The Agent of Malta confirmed that Malta also accepts that the delimita-
tion is to be effected in accordance with equitable principles and taking
account of al1relevant circumstances.
30. It ishoweverwith regard to thelegalbasis of title tocontinental shelf
rights that the views of the Parties are irreconcilable ;for Libya,

"The natural prolongation of the respective land territories of the
Parties into and under the sea is the basis of title to the areas of
continental shelf which appertain to each of them." (Submission
No. 2.)

In Libya's view,the prolongation of the land territory of a State into and
under the sea, referred to by the Court in the North Sea ContinentalSheif
cases (I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 31,para. 43), was a "geological fact" and
natural prolongation in the same physical sense,involvinggeographical as
wellasgeologicaland geomorphological aspects, remainsthe fundamental
basis of legal title to continental shelfreas. For Malta, whileit isstill true
to Say that the continental shelf of a State constitutes a natural prolon-
gation of itsland territory into and under the sea,prolongation isno longer
defined by reference to physical features, geologicalor bathymetric, but by
reference to a certain distance from the coasts. The concept of natural
prolongation has in Malta's view become a purely spatial concept which
operates independently of al1geomorphological or geologicalcharacteris-Cour aprisacteen 1982deladisparition, dans ledernierdesprojetsqui ont
abouti àl'article 83,paragraphe 1,d'uneréférence à la délimitationpar voie
d'accord (<conformément à desprincipeséquitables ))(C.I.J. Recueil 1982,
p. 49,par. 49). Elle a néanmoinsconclu qu'elleétait <(tenue de statuer en
l'espècesur la base de principes équitables ))et que (<l'application de
principes équitables doit aboutir à un résultat équitable ))(ibid., p. 59,
par. 70).

29. Dans la présenteespèce, lesdeux Parties reconnaissent que, quel
que soit le statut de l'article 83 de la convention de 1982,qui se borne à
énoncer que la (<solution ))doit êtreéquitable et ne fait pas mention
expresse de l'application de principes équitables, les deux exigences font
partie du droit applicable. Selonlapremièredesconclusions de la Libye,la
Cour est priéede déclarerque :

((Ladélimitationdoit sefairepar voied'accord, conformément aux

principes équitables et compte tenu de toutes les circonstances per-
tinentes, de façon à aboutir à un résultat équitable. ))

La première conclusion de Malte est ainsi conçue :

<les principes et règlesdu droit international applicables à la déli-
mitation des zones du plateau continental relevant de Malte et de la
Libye sontque la délimitationdoit s'effectuerconformémentau droit
international afin d'aboutir à un résultat équitable D.

L'agent de Malte a confirméque Malte accepte de mêmeque la délimi-
tation sefasseconformément à desprincipes équitables en tenant compte
des circonstances pertinentes.
30. Toutefois c'est au sujet de la basejuridique du titre sur le plateau

continental que les positions des Parties sont inconciliables ; pour la
Libye :

<(Le prolongement naturel des territoires terrestres respectifs des
Parties dans et sous la mer est la base du titre sur leszones de plateau
continental qui relèvent de chacune desdites Parties. (Conclusion
no2.)

La thèsede la Libye est que leprolongement du territoire d'un Etat en mer,
mentionnépar la Cour dans lesaffaires du Plateau continental defamer du
Nord (C.I.J. Recueil 1969,p. 31, par. 43), est une ((réalitégéologique O,et
que le prolongement naturel entendu dans le même sens physiqueet

comportant des aspects tant géographiquesque géologiqueset géomor-
phologiques reste la base essentielle du titre juridique sur des zones de
plateau continental.De l'avisde Malte, s'ilreste vrai que leplateau conti-
nental d'un Etat constitue un prolongement naturel de son territoire dans
et sousla mer, leprolongement n'estplus définidésormais en fonction de
critères physiques,d'ordre géologiqueou bathymétrique, maisd'aprèsune

certainedistancedes côtes. La notion de prolongement naturel estdevenue
d'après Malte un concept purement spatial, qui joue indépendammenttics, only resuming a physical significance beyond 200 miles from the
coast, since States which possess a more extensive physical natural pro-
longation enjoy continental shelf rights to the edge of their continental
margin. For Malta, the principle is the application of the "distance cri-

terion" ;continental shelfrights, whether extendingwithout restraint into
the open seaor limited by reference to aneighbouringState, are controlled
by the concept of distance from the coasts.

31. In this connection the question arises of the relationship, both
within the context of the 1982Convention and generally,between the legal
concept of the continental shelf and that of the exclusiveeconomic zone.
Malta relieson the genesisof the exclusiveeconomiczoneconcept, and its
inclusion in the 1982 Convention, as confirming the importance of the
"distance principle" in the lawof the continental shelfand thedetachment
of the concept of the shelf from any criterion of physical prolongation.
Malta has submitted that, in the present delimitation, account must be
taken of the rules of customary law reflected in Article 76 of the Conven-
tion in the light of the provisions of the Convention concerning the
exclusiveeconomic zone. Malta's opinion is based on the statement made
on this point by the Court itself in its 1982Judgment, that "the definition
given in paragraph 1 [of Article 761cannot be ignored" and that the

exclusiveeconomiczone "may beregardedas part of modern international
law" (I.C.J. Reports 1982,p. 48, para. 47 and p. 74,para. 100).For Malta,
the "distance principle", referred to alsoby the Court itself, is accordingly
included among the principles and rules of customary international law
and should be taken into account. Malta emphasizes the development of
the lawin thisfield, and recalls that in its 1982JudgmenttheCourt stated :
"the concept of natural prolongation ... was and remains a concept to be
examined within the concept of customary law and State practice" (ibid.,
p. 46, para. 43).
32. Libya, on the other hand, points out that this caseisconcerned only
with thedelimitation of thecontinental shelf,and emphasizes thatthe 1982
Convention has not yet come into force and is not binding as between the
Parties to thepresent case.It contends that the "distance principle" isnot a
rule of positive international law with regard to the continental shelf, and
that the "distance criterion", which may be applicable to the definition of
the outer limit of thecontinental shelfin certaincircumstances, ifit applies
at al1 to delimitation, is inappropriate for application in the Mediter-

ranean. It is Libya's contention that the continental shelf has not been
absorbed by the-concept of the exclusive economic zone under present
international law :and that the establishment of fisherv zones and exclu-
sive economic zones has not changed the law of maritime zone delirnita-
tion, or givenmore prominence to thecriterion of distance from the coast.
It also argues that, whereas the rights of the coastal State over its conti-
nental shelf are inherent and ab initio, rights over the exclusiveeconomic
zone exist only in so far as the coastal State chooses to proclaim such a
zone. For Libya, the 1982Convention on the Law of the Sea,particularlyde toutes les caractéristiques géomorphologiques ou géologiqueset ne
reprend un sensphysiquequ'au-delà de 200milles des rivages,puisque les
Etats dotésd'un prolongement naturel physiqueplus étenduexercent des
droits sur le plateau continental jusqu'au rebord de leur marge continen-
tale. Selon Malte le principe est qu'il faut appliquer le (<critère de dis-

tance )):les droits sur le plateau continental, qu'ils s'étendent sans limite
en haute mer ou se trouvent confinés par la présence d'un autre Etat,
sont régispar la notion de distance de la côte.
31. A ce sujet se pose la question du lien existant, aussi bien dans le
contexte de la convention de 1982qu'à titre général,entre le concept de
plateau continental et celuidezoneéconomiqueexclusive.Malte voit dans
lagenèsedu concept de zoneéconomiqueexclusiveetsaconsécrationdans
la convention de 1982la confirmation de l'importance du (iprincipe de

distance ))dans ledroit duplateau continental et lapreuve quelanotion de
plateau est désormais dissociée de tout critèrede prolongement physique.
Elle fait valoir que, dans la présente délimitation,les règles de droit
coutumier expriméespar l'article 76 de la convention doivent être appli-
auées à la lumière de ses dis~ositions relatives à la zone économiaue
exclusive. Malte se fonde à cet égard surune déclaration que la Cour
elle-mêmea faite sur cepoint dans son arrêtde 1982,suivant laquelle (la

définitiondonnéeau paragraphe 1[del'article761ne peut êtrenégligée )et
la zone économiqueexclusivepeut êtreconsidérée (icomme faisant partie
du droit international moderne ))(C.Z.J.Recueil 1982, p. 48, par. 47, et
p. 74,par. 100).Ilen résulte selonMalte quele ((principe de distance O, cité
aussi par la Cour elle-même,fait partie des principes et règlesdu droit
international coutumier et doit êtrepris en considération. Malte évoque
l'évolutiondu droit à cet égardet rappelle que dans son arrêt de1982la

Cour a dit : la notion de prolongement naturel est et demeure ..une
notion à examiner dans lecontexte du droit coutumieret de lapratique des
Etats ))(ibid.. D.46. Dar.43).
32. ~a ~ibie souligne déson côtéque la présente affaire ne concerne
que la délimitation duplateau continental et rappelle que laconvention de
1982n'estpas encore entréeen vigueur et ne liepas les Parties à laprésente
instance.D'aprèsellele principe dedistance ))n'estpas une règledu droit

international positif en ce qui concerne le plateau continental, et le ((cri-
tèrede distance »,qui peut s'appliquer dans certaines circonstances à la
définitionde lalimite externe du plateau continental, serait inappropriéen
Méditerranée, à supposer même qu'ijloue un rôle en matière de délimi-
tation. La thèsede la Libye est que dans le droit international actuel le
concept de plateau continental n'a pas étéabsorbé par celui de zone
économique exclusive ; et que l'établissementde zones de pêcheet de

zones économiques exclusives n'apas changéle droit de la délimitation
maritime, ni donnéplus d'importance désormaisau critèrede la distance
par rapport à lacôte. La Libyefait valoir enoutre que, silesdroits de l'Etat
côtier à son plateau continental sont inhérents et ab initio,les droits sur la
zone économiqueexclusiven'existent que dans la mesure où 1'Etatcôtier
décidede proclamer une telle zone. Selon la Libye, la convention de 198233 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

Article 78,maintains thedissociation of the legalrégimeof the continental
shelf, the sea-bed and subsoil, from the régime of the superjacent
waters.
33. In the viewof the Court, eventhoughthepresentcaserelatesonlyto
the delimitation of the continental shelf and not to that of the exclusive
economic zone, the principles and rules underlying the latter concept
cannot beleft out of consideration. As the 1982Conventiondemonstrates,
the two institutions - continental shelfand exclusiveeconomiczone - are
linked togetherin modern law. Sincethe rights enjoyed by a State over its

continental shelfwould alsobepossessed byit overthesea-bedand subsoil
of any exclusiveeconomiczone which it might proclaim, one of the rele-
vant circumstances to be taken into account for the delimitation of the
continental shelfof aState is the legallyperrnissibleextent of the exclusive
economic zone appertaining to that same State. This does not mean that
the concept of the continental shelf has been absorbed by that of the
exclusiveeconomic zone ;it does however signify that greaterimportance
must be attributed to elements, such as distance from the Coast,which are
common to both concepts.

34. For Malta, the reference to distance in Article 76 of the 1982
Convention represents a consecration of the "distance principle" ; for
Libya, only the reference to natural prolongation corresponds to custom-

ary international law. It is in the Court's view incontestable that, apart
from those provisions,the institution of the exclusiveeconomic zone,with
its rule on entitlement by reason of distance, is shown by the practice of
States to have become a part of customary law ; in any case, Libya itself
seemed to recognize this fact when, at one stage during the negotiation of
the Special Agreement, it proposed that the extent of the exclusive eco-
nornic zone be included in the reference to the Court. Although the insti-
tutions of the continental shelf and the exclusive economiczone are dif-
ferent and distinct, the rights which the exclusive economic zone entails
over the sea-bed of the zone are defined by reference to the régimelaid
down for the continental shelf. Although there can be a continental shelf
where there is no exclusive economic zone, there cannot be an exclusive
economic zonewithout a correspondingcontinental shelf. It follows that,
forjuridical andpracticalreasons,thedistancecriterionmust now apply to

the continental shelf as well as to the exclusiveeconomiczone ;and this
quite apart from the provision as to distancein paragraph 1of Article 76.
This is not to suggest that the idea of natural prolongation is now super-
seded by that of distance.What it does mean is that where the continental
margin does not extend as far as 200 miles from the shore, natural pro-
longation, which in spite of its physical origins has throughout its history
become more and more a complexandjuridical concept, is in part defined
by distance from the shore, irrespective of the physical nature of the
intervening sea-bed and subsoil. The concepts of natural prolongation and
distance are thereforenot opposed but complementary ; and both remain
essentialelements in thejuridical concept of the continental shelf. As thesur ledroit de la mer et notamment son article 78continuent àdissocier le
régimejuridiquedu plateau continental, du fondetdu sous-solde lamerde
celui des eaux surjacentes.
33. De l'avisde la Cour, bien que la présente affairen'ait trait qu'à la
délimitation du plateau continental et non à celle de la zone économique
exclusive,il n'est pas possible de faire abstraction des principes et règles

sur lesquels cette dernière repose. Ainsi que la convention de 1982 le
démontre,les deux institutions du plateau continental et de la zone éco-
nomique exclusive sont liéesdans le droit moderne. Etant donné que les
droits dont jouit un Etat sur son plateau continental seraient également
possédéspar lui sur le sol et le sous-sol de la zone économiqueexclusive
qu'il aurait proclamée,I'une des circonstances pertinentes à prendre en
compte pour la délimitationdu plateau continental d'un Etat est I'éten-
due légalementautoriséede la zone économiqueexclusive relevant de ce
mêmeEtat. Cela ne veut pas dire que la notion de zone économique
exclusive recouvre désormais celle de plateau continental ; mais cela
signifie bel et bien qu'il convient d'attribuer plus d'importance aux élé-

ments, tels que la distance de la côte, qui sont communs à I'une età
l'autre notion.
34. D'aprèsMalte, lamention de ladistance qui figure àl'article76de la
convention de 1982représente laco~~sécratiod nu <principe dedistance ));
pour la Libye, seule la référence auprolongement naturel correspond au
droit international coutumier. Il est incontestable selon la Cour qu'en
dehors de ces dispositions la pratique des Etats démontreque l'institution
de lazoneéconomiqueexclusive,où ilestde règleque letitresoitdéterminé
par la distance, s'est intégrée audroit coutumier ;la Libye a en tout cas
paru le reconnaître quand, lors de la négociationdu compromis, elle a
proposéque la Cour soit appelée à se prononcer aussi sur l'étenduede
ladite zone. Bien que les institutions du plateau continental et de la zone

économiqueexclusive ne se confondent pas, les droits qu'une zone éco-
nomique exclusivecomporte sur lesfonds marins de cettezonesontdéfinis
par renvoi au régimeprévu pour leplateau continental. S'ilpeut y avoir un
plateau continental sans zoneéconomiqueexclusive,ilnesaurait exister de
zone économiqueexclusive sans plateau continental correspondant. Par
suite, pour des raisons tant juridiques que pratiques, lecritèrede distance
doit dorénavant s'appliquerau plateau continental comme àla zone éco-
nomique exclusive - etcelaindépendammentde ladisposition relative à la
distance que l'ontrouve au paragraphe 1de l'article76.Ce n'estpas àdire
que l'idéede prolongement naturel soit maintenant remplacéepar cellede

distance. Ce que cela signifie c'est que, lorsque la marge continentale
elle-mêmen'atteint pas les200milles,leprolongement naturel qui, malgré
son origine physique, a acquis tout au long de son évolution lecaractère
d'une notionjuridique de plus enplus complexe, sedéfinit enpartiepar la
distance du rivage,quellequesoitla nature physiquedufond etdu sous-sol
de la mer en deçà de cette distance. Par conséquent les notions de pro-
longement naturel et de distance ne sont pas des notions opposées mais
complémentaires,quidemeurent I'uneet l'autre deséléments essentielsdeCourthas observed, the legal basis of that which is to be delimited cannot
be other than pertinent to the delimitation (paragraph 27, supra) ; the
Court isthus unable to accept theLibyan contentionthat distance from the

Coastis not a relevant element for the decision of the present case.

35. It willnow be convenient in viewof this conclusion to examine two
important and opposed arguments of the Parties : first the Libyan "rift-
zone" argument, whichdepends upon givingprimacy to theidea ofnatural
prolongation, in the physical sense ; and second, the argument of Malta
that, on thecontrary,it isdistance that isnow theprimeelement ;and that,
in consequence of this, equidistance, at least between opposite coasts, is
virtually a required method, if only as the first stage in a delimitation.

36. As noted above, it is Libya's case that the natural prolongation, in
the physical sense, of the land territory into and under the sea is still a
primary basis of title to continental shelf. For Libya, as a first step each
Party has to prove that the physical natural prolongation of its land
territory extends into thearea in which thedelimitation isto be effected ;if

there existsa fundamental discontinuity between the shelfarea adjacent to
oneParty and the shelf area adjacent to the other, then the boundary, it is
contended, should lie along the general line of that fundamental discon-
tinuity. The delimitation of continental shelf between Libya and Malta
must therefore respect the allegedexistenceofafundamental discontinuity
which, according to Libya, divides the areas of physical continental shelf
appertaining to each of the Parties (see final submissions 2 and 4). The
argument is thus that there is no problem of overlapping shelves,but that,
on the contrary, two distinct continental shelves are separated by what
Libya calls the "rift zone".
37. The sea-bed area so referred to by Libya lies broadly to the south
and south-west of the Maltese islands, and much closer to them than to the
coasts of Libya. In this area is a series of deep troughs, running in a
generallynorthwest-southeast direction, and reaching over 1,000metres in
depth, described on the International Bathymetric Chart of the Mediter-
ranean as the "Malta Trough", the "Pantelleria Trough" and the "Linosa
Trough". To the east of these troughs, and running in broadly the same

direction, are twochannels oflesserdepth designatedthe "Malta Channel"
and the "Medina Channel". This "rift zone" area liestowards the northern
extremity of the Pelagian Block,which theCourthad occasion to examine
in the Tunisia/Libya casein 1982.It shouldalsobenoted that to theeast of
the Pelagian Block is an area called by Libya the "Escarpment-Fault
Zone", to which Libya also attributesimportance ;however, theargument
based upon it appears to the Court to be distinct from that concerning the
"rift zone", and since the "Escarpment-Fault Zone" is beyond the limits,
defined in paragraph 22 above, within which the present Judgment oper-la conception juridique du plateau continental. Ainsi que la Cour l'a

souligné(paragraphe 27 ci-dessus) la basejuridique de ce qui est à déli-
miter ne saurait êtresans rapport avec la délimitation. La Cour ne peut
donc faire siennela thèselibyennesuivant laquelle ladistance de la côte ne
serait pas un élémentpertinent aux fins de la décisionen l'espèce.

35. Au vu de cette conclusion il convient à présent d'examiner deux
arguments importants et opposés des Parties : tout d'abord l'argument
libyen de la zone d'effondrement D,qui privilégiel'idéd ee prolongement
naturel au sens physique ; ensuite l'argument de Malte suivant lequel, au
contraire, c'est la distance qui constitue désormais l'élémentprincipal ;
d'où il résulteraitque l'équidistance,au moins entre côtes se faisant face,

deviendrait pratiquement une méthode obligatoire, au moins comme pre-
mièreétapede la délimitation.
36. Ainsi qu'onl'avu,la thèselibyenne est que leprolongement naturel,
au sens physique, du territoire terrestre dans et sous la mer demeure une
base essentielle du titre sur leplateau continental. Selon la Libye chacune
des Parties doit, en premier lieu, prouver que le prolongement naturel de
sonterritoireterrestreavance dans lazoneoùladélimitationdoit s'opérer ;

s'ilexiste une discontinuitéfondamentale entre la zone de plateau adja-
cente à une Partie et celle adjacente à l'autre, alors, soutient-elle, la limite
doit se situer sur la ligne généralede cette discontinuité fondamentale. La
délimitationdu plateau continental entre la Libye et Malte doit par con-
séquent reconnaître l'existencede la discontinuité fondamentale alléguée
par la Libye, qui séparerait selon elle les zones de plateau continental

physique relevant de chacune des Parties (voir les conclusions finales 2
et 4).Ainsi iln'yaurait pas de problèmede chevauchement entre plateaux,
maisau contraire deuxplateauxcontinentaux distincts diviséspar cequela
Libye appelle la (<zone d'effondrement o.
37. L'étenduedefonds marins ainsi désignée par la Libye setrouve vers
le sud et le sud-ouest des îles maltaises, et beaucoup plus près d'ellesque
des côtes libyennes. On rencontre dans ce secteur une sériede fosses

profondes, suivant en générau l ne direction nord-ouest/sud-est, et dont la
profondeur dépasse 1000 mètres, appeléessur la carte bathymétrique
internationale de la Méditerranée<< fosse de Malte >)<<fosse de Pantelle-
ria >)et (fosse de Linosa )).A l'est de ces fosses, et suivant à peu près la
mêmedirection, setrouvent deux chenaux demoindre profondeur appelés
respectivement le (canal de Malte et le (chenal de Medina >)Cette

((zone d'effondrement >)se situe vers l'extrémiténord du bloc pélagien,
que la Cour a eu l'occasiond'étudier en1982dans l'affaire Tunisie/Libye.
On notera d'autre part qu'àl'estdu bloc pélagien s'étend un secteuq rue la
Libye appelle ((zone d'escarpements et de failles O, auquel elle attribue
aussi de l'importance ;il semble toutefois àla Courque l'argument qui s'y
rapporte est distinct de celui de la <zone d'effondrement >); de plus ce
secteur étantsituéau-delàdeslimites, définiesauparagraphe 22ci-dessus,ates, it.wil1not be further referred to, and theCourt willexpress no viewas
to the validity of the arguments based upon it.

38. The Court was furnished by both Parties with considerable expert
evidence, both written and oral, as to the geologicalhistory and nature of
thearea described asthe "rift zone", on the basis ofwhichitwascontended
by Libya, and controverted by Malta, that the rift zone indicated the
boundary zonebetweenLibya's entitlement to areas ofcontinental shelfto
the north of the Libyan landmass and Malta's entitlement to areas of
continental shelf to the south of the Maltese islands,either as constituting
geologically a boundary between two tectonic plates, or simply as a geo-

morphological feature of such importance as to constitute a very marked
discontinuity. Since, however, this discontinuity is not a line but a zone,
Libya allows that there remains aproblem of delimitation confined to this
"rift zone", to be settled by negotiation between the Parties, in implemen-
tation of Article III of the Special Agreement.

39. The Court however considers that since the development of the law
enables a State toclaim that thecontinental shelfappertaining to it extends
up to as far as 200 miles from its coast, whatever the geological charac-
teristics of the corresponding sea-bed and subsoil, there is no reason to
ascribe any role to geological or geophysical factors within that distance
either in verifying the legaltitle of the States concerned or in proceeding to
a delimitation as between their claims. This is especially clear where
verification of the validity of title is concerned, since, at least in sofar as
those areas aresituated at a distance of under 200miles from the coasts in
question, title depends solely on the distance from the coasts of the clai-
mant States of any areas of sea-bed claimed by way of continental shelf,
and the geological or geomorphological characteristics of those areas are
completely immaterial. It follows that, since the distance between the
coasts of the Parties is lessthan 400 miles, so that no geophysical feature
can lie more than 200 miles from each coast, the feature referred to as the
"rift zone" cannot constitutea fundamental discontinuityterminating the
southward extension of the Maltese shelf and the northward extension of
the Libyan as if it were some natural boundary.

40. Neither isthere any reason whyafactor which has no part to play in
the establishment of title should be taken into account as a relevant
circumstance for the purposes of delimitation. It is truethat in the past the
Court has recognized the relevance of geophysical characteristics of the
area of delimitation if theyassist inidentifying alineof separation between
the continental shelves of the Parties. In the North Sea Continental Sheif
cases the Court said :

"it can be useful to consider the geology of that shelf in order to dans lesquelless'appliqueleprésentarrêt,iln'enseraplus fait mention par
la suite, et la Cour ne se prononcera pas sur le bien-fondé des thèses
développées à son sujet.
38. Les deux Parties ont soumis à la Cour de nombreux témoignages
d'experts, présentés oralement oupar écrit,sur l'histoire géologiqueet la
naturede lazonedite d'effondrement o.Surlabase decestémoignages,il

a étésoutenu par la Libye, et contestépar Malte, que la zone d'effondre-
ment caractériselarégion où sesitue la démarcation entre les droitsde la
Libye sur les zones de plateau continental au nord de la masse terrestre
libyenneet lesdroits de Malteà deszonesdeplateau continental au sud des
îlesmaltaises, soit parce qu'elleindique, géologiquement,lalimite de deux
plaques tectoniques, soit simplement parce qu'il y a là une particularité
géomorphologiqued'une telle importance qu'elleconstitue une trèsnette
discontinuité. Cependant, celle-ci n'étant pasune ligne mais recouvrant
tout un espace, la Libye reconnaît qu'il subsiste un problème de délimi-
tation restreintàcette <(zone d'effondrement )),qui devra êtreréglépar
négociationentre les Parties en exécutionde l'article III du compromis.

39. Selon la Cour cependant, du moment que l'évolutiondu droit per-
met àun Etat deprétendrequeleplateau continental relevant deluis'étend
jusqu'à 200 milles de ses côtes, quelles que soient les caractéristiques
géologiquesdu solet du sous-solcorrespondants, il n'existeaucune raison
de fairejouer un rôle aux facteurs géologiquesou géophysiques jusqu'à
cette distance, que ce soit au stade de la vérificationdu titrejuridique des
Etats intéresséou àcelui de la délimitationde leursprétentions. Cela est
d'uneparticulièreévidenceence qui concerne la vérificationde la validité
du titre, puisque celle-cine dépendque de la distance àlaquelle les fonds
marins revendiquéscomme plateau continental se trouvent par rapport
aux côtes des Etats qui les revendiquent, sans que les caractéristiques

géologiquesou géomorphologiquesde cesfondsjouent le moindre rôle, du
moins tant que ces fonds sont situés à moins de 200 milles des côtes en
cause. Ils'ensuitque,commeladistance entre lescôtesdesPartiesn'atteint
pas 400 milles, de sorte qu'aucune particularité géophysiquene peut se
trouver à plus de 200 milles de chaque côte, la caractéristique appelée
<zoned'effondrement )ne constitue pas une discontinuitéfondamentale
interrompant, comme une sorte de frontière naturelle, l'extension du pla-
teau continental maltais vers le sud et celle du plateau continental libyen
vers le nord.
40. Quant à fairejouer un rôle comme circonstance pertinente aux fins
de la délimitationà un facteur qui n'enjoue aucun pour la validitédu titre

juridique, on ne voità cela aucune raison non plus. Il est vrai que, dans le
passé,la Cour a reconnu la pertinence de particularités géophysiques
présentesdans la zone de délimitation quand ces particularités aident à
identifier une ligne de séparation entre les plateaux continentaux des
Parties. Dans les affaires du Plateau continentalde la mer duNord, elle a
dit :

<<l'examende la géologiede ceplateau peut êtreutile afin de savoir si find out whether the direction taken by certain configurational fea-
tures should influencedelimitation because, in certain localities, they
point-up the whole notion of the appurtenance of the continental
shelf to the State whose territory it does in fact prolong" (I.C.J.

Reports 1969, p. 51, para. 95).
Again, in the TunisialLibya case of 1982,the Court recognized that :

"identification of natural prolongation may, where the geographical
circumstances are appropriate, have an important role to play in
defining an equitable delimitation, in view of its significance as the
justification of continental shelf rights in some cases" (I.C.Reports
1982, p. 47, para. 44)

and the Court remarked also that "a marked disruption or discontinuance
of the sea-bed" may constitute "an indisputable indication of the limits of
two separate continental shelves, or two separate natural prolongations"
(ihid p. ,7, para. 66). However to rely on thisjurisprudence would be to
overlook the fact that wheresuchjurisprudence appears to ascribea role to
geophysicalor geologicalfactors in delimitation, it findswarrantfor doing
so in a régimeof the title itself which used to allot those factors a place

which nowbelongs to thepast, in sofar assea-bed areas lessthan 200miles
from the Coastare concerned.
41. Thesejuridical difficulties of the rift-zone argument are conclusive
against it. Evenhad thisnot been so,there would stillhave been difficulties
concerning the interpretation of the evidence itself. Having carefully
studied that evidence, the Court is not satisfied that it would be able to
draw any sufficiently cogent conclusions from it as to the existence or not
of the "fundamental discontinuity" on which the Libyan argument relies.
Doubtless the region has many geological or geomorphological features
which may properly be described in scientific terms as "discontinuities".
The endeavour, however, in the terms of the Libyan argument, was to
convince the Court of adiscontinuity so scientifically "fundamental", that
it must also be adiscontinuity of a natural prolongation in the legalense ;
and such a fundamental discontinuity was said to be constituted by a
tectonic plate boundary which the distinguished scientists called by Libya
detected in the rift zone, or at least by the presence there of a verymarked

geomorphological feature. However the no less distinguished scientists
called by Malta testified that this supposed "secondary" tectonic plate
boundary was only an hypothesis, and that the data at present available
were quite insufficient to prove, or indeed to disprove, its existence. The
Court is unable to accept the position that in order to decide this case, it
must first makea determinationupon adisagreement between scientists of
distinction as to the more plausibly correct interpretation of apparently
incomplete scientific data ; for a criterion that depends upon such a
judgment or estimate having to be made by a court, or perhaps also by
negotiating governments, is clearly inapt to a general legal rule of delimi- quelques orientations ou mouvements influencent la délimitation en
précisant en certains points la notion mêmed'appartenance du pla-
teau continental à 1'Etatdont il prolonge en fait le territoire )(C.I.J.
Recueil 1969, p. 51,par. 95).

A nouveau, dans l'affaire Tunisie/Libye de 1982, la Cour a reconnu
que :

<l'identification du prolongement naturel peut, si les circonstances
géographiquess'yprêtent,avoir un grand rôle à jouer dans la défi-
nition d'une délimitation équitable,vu l'importance que le prolonge-
ment revêtdans certains cas comme fondement des droits sur le
plateau continental ))(C.I.J. Recueil 1982, p. 47, par. 44),

et la Cour a également relevé qu'0une rupture ou solution de continuité
[accuséedu fond de la mer] ))peut constituer <indiscutablement la limite
de deux plateaux continentaux ou prolongements naturels distincts
(ibid., p. 57, par. 66). Toutefois invoquer ici cette jurisprudence serait

oublier que celle-ci,pour autant qu'elleapparaîtrait comme attribuant aux
facteurs géologiquesou géophysiquesun rôle éventueldans la délimita-
tion, selégitimaitpar référence à uneréglementationdu titre lui-mêmequi
faisait àces facteurs une place appartenant désormaisau passé, ence qui
concerne les fonds marins situés à moins de 200 milles des côtes.
41. L'argument de la zone d'effondrement soulèvedoncdes difficultés
juridiques insurmontables. En irait-il autrement que l'interprétation des
preuves elles-mêmesaurait prêté à difficulté.Ayant examinéde près les

dires des experts, la Cour ne croit pas êtreen mesure d'en tirer des
conclusions suffisamment convaincantes au sujet de l'existencede la dis-
continuité fondamentale ))sur laquelle repose l'argumentation libyenne.
Sans doute la région présente-t-ellede nombreuses particularités géolo-
giques ou géomorphologiquespouvant êtrequalifiéesde discontinuités ))
au sens scientifique. Cependant la thèse libyenne visait à convaincre la
Cour de l'existenced'une discontinuitési <fondamentale ))d'un point de
vue scientifique qu'elle devait constituer aussi une rupture du prolonge-

ment naturel au sensjuridique ;et, affirmait-on, une discontinuité fonda-
mentale de cette nature résultait de la présence d'unelimite de plaque
tectonique que les éminents expertsde la Libye détectaientdans la zone
d'effondrement, ou, à tout le moins, de l'existence d'une caractéristique
géomorphologique notable. Les spécialistes non moins éminents que
Malte a fait comparaître ont affirmépour leur part que cette prétendue
limite <(secondaire de plaque tectonique ne reposait que sur une hypo-

thèse,etquelesdonnéesdisponiblesactuellement nepermettent en aucune
façon d'établir oud'infirmer son existence. La Cour ne peut accepter
l'idéeque, pour statuer en l'espèce, elledevrait d'abord trancher un désac-
cord entre des hommes de science réputés sur l'interprétation plus ou
moins plausible de données apparemment incomplètes ; car un critère
nécessitant un tel jugement ou une telle évaluation lors d'une instance37 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

tation. For al1the above reasons, the Court, therefore, rejects the so-called
rift-zone argument of Libya.

42. Neither, however,is the Court able to accept the argument of Malta

- almost diametrically opposed to the Libyan rift-zone argument - that
the new importance of the idea of distance from the coast has, at any rate
for delimitation between opposite coasts, in turn conferred a primacy on
the method of equidistance.As already noted, Malta rejects the view that
natural prolongation in the physical senseis the basis of title of thecoastal
State, and bases its approach to continental shelf delimitation on the
"distance principle" : each coastal State is entitled to continental shelf
rights to a certain distance from its coast, whatever may be the physical
characteristics of thesea-bed and subsoil. Sincethere isnot sufficient space
between the coasts of Malta and Libya for each of them to enjoy conti-

nental shelf rights up to the full 200milesrecognized by international law,
the delimitation process must, according to Malta, necessarily begin by
taking into consideration an equidistanceline between the two coasts. The
delimitation of the continental shelfmust startfrom the geographical facts
in each particular case ; Malta regards the situation as one of two coastal
Statesfacing eachother in an entirely normal setting. Malta does not assert
that the equidistance method is fundamental, or inherent, or has a legally
obligatorycharacter. It does argue that the legalbasis of continental shelf
rights - that is to Say,for Malta, the "distance principle" - requires that as
a starting point of the delimitation process consideration must be given to
a line based on equidistance ; though it is only to the extent that this

primary delimitation produces an equitable result by abalancing up of the
relevant circumstances that the boundary coincides with the equidistance
line.As a provisional point of departure, consideration of equidistance "is
required" on the basis of the legal title.

43. The Court is unable to accept that, even as a preliminary and
provisional step towards the drawing of a delimitation line, the equidis-
tancemethod isonewhichmustbe used, or that the Court is "required, asa
first step, to examine the effects of a delimitation by application of the

equidistance method" (I.C.J. Reports 1982,p. 79, para. 110).Such a rule
would come near to an espousal of theidea of "absolute proximity", which
was rejected by theCourtin 1969(seeI.C.J. Reports1969,p. 30,para. 41),
and which has since, moreover, failed of acceptance at the Third United
Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. That a coastal State may be
entitled to continental shelf rights by reason of distance from the coast,
and irrespective of the physical characteristics of the intervening sea-bedjudiciaire, voire au cours de négociationsentre gouvernements, ne con-
vient manifestementpas comme règlejuridique de délimitation applicable
à titre général.Pour tous les motifs qui précèdent, laCour rejette donc
l'argument libyen de la zone dite d'effondrement.

42. La Cour ne peut pas davantage accepter l'argument de Malte -
presque diamétralement opposé à l'argument libyen de la zone d'effon-
drement - qui voudrait que l'importance nouvellement accordée à la

notion de distance de la côte ait eu pour effet, au moins dans une déli-
mitation entreEtats sefaisant face,deconférerlaprimauté à laméthodede
l'équidistance. Malte,comme on l'avu,n'admet pas que le prolongement
naturel, au sens physique de l'expression,fonde le titre de 1'Etatcôtier, et
sonattitude àl'égarddeladélimitationdu plateau continental reposesur le
<principe de distance : chaque Etat côtier a des droits sur le plateau
continental jusqu'à une certaine distance de ses côtes, indépendamment
descaractéristiquesphysiques desfonds marinset deleur sous-sol.Comme
les côtes de Malte et celles de la Libye sont trop rapprochéespour que

chacun des deux Etats bénéficiede droits sur le plateau continental sur la
totalité dela distance de 200 milles reconnue par le droit international, le
processus de délimitation doit, selon Malte, nécessairementcommencer
par la prise en considération d'une ligne d'équidistance entre les deux
rivages. La délimitation du plateau continental doit toujours partir des
donnéesgéographiques ; pour Malte, la situation est celle de deux Etats
côtiers se faisant face dans un cadre parfaitement normal. Malte ne pré-
tend pas que laméthodede l'équidistancesoitfondamentale, ouinhérente,
ni qu'elle ait un caractère juridiquement contraignant. Elle affirme en

revanche que la base juridique des droits sur le plateau continental -
c'est-à-dire,pour Malte, le <<principe de distance ))- exigeque, au départ
de l'opération de délimitation, une ligne fondée sur l'équidistancesoit
envisagée, mêmesi c'est seulement dans la mesure où cette première
délimitationaboutit à un résultat équitable,les circonstances pertinentes
étant dûment pesées,que la limite pourra coïncider avec la ligne d'équi-
distance. Comme point de départprovisoire, la prise en considération de
l'équidistance (<s'impose en vertu du titrejuridique.
43. La Cour ne saurait admettre que, mêmecomme étapepréliminaire
et provisoire du tracéd'une ligne de délimitation, la méthodede l'équi-

distance doiveforcémentêtreutilisée, niqu'il incombe à la Cour <<d'exa-
miner enpremier lieuleseffets que pourrait avoir une délimitationselonla
méthodede l'équidistance ))(C.I.J. Recueil 1982, p. 79, par. 110).Cette
thèserevientpresque à épouserl'idéede <(proximité absolue que la Cour
a rejetéeen 1969(voir C.I.J. Recueil 1969,p. 30,par. 41)et qui,depuis, n'a
pas été retenue par la conférencedes Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer.
Qu'un Etat côtier puisse avoir desdroits sur leplateau continental en vertu
de ladistance delacôteetindépendamment descaractéristiquesphysiques
du fond etdu sous-solde lamer endeçà decettedistance nesignifiepas queand subsoil, does not entai1 that equidistance is the only appropriate
method of delimitation, even between opposite or quasi-opposite coasts,
nor even the only permissible point of departure. The application of
equitable principles in the particular relevant circumstances may still
require the adoption of another method, or combination of methods, of
delimitation, even from the outset.

44. In this connection, something may be said on the subject of the
practice of States in the field of continental shelf delimitation ; the Parties
have in fact discussed the significance of such practice, as expressed in
published delimitationagreements,primarily in thecontext of the status of
equidistance in present international law. Over 70 such agreements have
been identified and produced to the Court and have been subjected to
various interpretations. Libya questions the relevance of State practice in
this domain, and has suggested that this practice shows, if anything,
progressivedisappearance of the distinction to be found in Article 6of the
1958Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, between "opposite"

and "adjacent" States, and that there has since 1969been a clear trend
away from equidistance manifested in delimitation agreements between
States, as well as injurisprudence and in the deliberations at the United
Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea. Malta rejects both these latter
contentions, and contends that such practice need not be seen as evidence
of a particular rule of customary law, but must provide significant and
reliable evidenceof normal standards of equity. The Court for its part has
no doubt about the importance of State practice in this matter. Yet that
practice, however interpreted, falls short of proving the existence of a rule
prescribingthe useofequidistance, or incheedofany method,asobligatory.
Even the existence of such a rule as is contended for by Malta, requiring

equidistance simply to be used as a first stage in any delimitation, but
subject to correction, cannot be supported solely by the production of
numerous examples of delimitations using equidistance or modified equi-
distance, though it is impressive evidence that the equidistance method
can in many different situations yield an equitable result.

45. Judicial decisions are at one - and the Parties themselves agree
(paragraph 29 above) - in holding that the delimitation of a continental
shelfboundary must be effected by the application of equitable principles
inal1the relevant circumstances in order to achievean equitable result.The
Court did of course remark in its 1982Judgment that this terminology,
though generally used, "is not entirely satisfactory because it employs the
term equitable tocharacterize both the result tobe achievedand the means
to beapplied to reach thisresult" (I.C.J. Reports1982,p. 59,para. 70).It is
however the goal - the equitable result - and not the means used toI'équidistancesoit laseuleméthodede délimitation appropriée,ni mêmele
seul point de départ possible, fût-ce entre des côtes se trouvant dans une
relation d'opposition ou de quasi-opposition. L'application des principes
équitables dans les circonstances pertinentes de l'espèce peut encore
imposer de recourir àune autre méthodeou combinaison de méthodesde
délimitation, mêmedèsle débutde l'opération.

44. A cet égard,il convient d'évoquer brièvement la pratique des Etats
dans ledomaine de la délimitation du plateau continental ;les Parties ont
en fait débattude la portée àattribuer à cettepratique, telle qu'elle ressort
desaccords de délimitationpubliés,surtout en ce qui concerne la position
de I'équidistancedans le droit international actuel. Plus de soixante-dix
accords de cette nature ont étérecensés et soumis à la Cour, et ils ont fait
l'objetde diversesinterprétations. La Libye conteste lapertinence dans ce
domaine de la pratique des Etats, qui, dans le meilleur des cas, ne ferait
qu'attester ladisparition graduelle de ladistinction faite par l'article6de la
convention de Genèvesur le plateau continental de 1958entre Etats se

faisant face )>et Etats <limitrophes )); au surplus on discernerait depuis
1969une tendance manifeste à s'écarterde I'équidistancedans lesaccords
de délimitationentre Etats, de mêmequedans lajurisprudence et dans les
travaux de la conférencedes Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer. Malte
rejette ces deux affirmations et fait valoir que la pratique en question n'a
pas à êtreconsidérée comme établissantl'existenced'unerègleparticulière
de droit coutumier, mais constitue nécessairement une indication pré-
cieuse et digne de foi des critèresnormaux de l'équitéL . a Cour n'éprouve
quant à elle aucun doute au sujet de l'importance de la pratique étatique,
mais elle est d'avis que, quelle que soit l'interprétation qu'on puisse en
donner, cette pratique ne suffit pas à prouver l'existence d'une règle

prescrivant lerecours à I'équidistance ouà toute autre méthode tenuepour
obligatoire. L'existence même d'une règle comme cellqeue défend Malte,
qui obligeraità employer I'équidistance seulementcomme premièreétape
de toute délimitation, et sous réserved'une correction éventuelle,ne sau-
rait êtreétayéepar la simple énumérationd'exemples de délimitation
reposant sur I'équidistance ou uneéquidistance modifiée, bienque ces
exemples montrent de façon frappante que la méthodede I'équidistance
peut, dans bien des situations, produire un résultat équitable.

45. Les décisionsjudiciaires sont unanimes pour dire que la délimita-
tion du plateau continental doit s'effectuer par application de principes
équitables en tenant compte de toutes les circonstances pertinentes afin
d'aboutir à un résultat équitable,etlesParties elles-mêmes sont d'accord à
ce sujet (paragraphe 29 ci-dessus). Certes, comme la Cour l'a relevédans
son arrêtde 1982,cette façon de s'exprimer,quoique courante, << n'estpas
entièrement satisfaisante, puisque l'adjectif équitablequalifieà la fois le
résultat à atteindre et les moyens à employer pour y parvenir (C.I.J.
Recueil1982,p. 59,par. 70).C'estcependant lebut - lerésultat équitable - achieve it, that must be the primary element in this duality of charac-
terization. As the Court also said in its 1982Judgment :

"Equity as a legal concept is a direct emanation of the idea of
justice. The Court whose task is by definition to administerjustice is
bound to apply it." (I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 60, para. 71 .)

Yet the "Application of equitable principles is to be distinguished from a
decision ex aequo et bono" and as the Court put it in its 1969 Judg-
ment :

"it is not a question of applyingequity simply as a matter of abstract
justice, but of applying a rule of law which itself requires the appli-
cation of equitable principles, in accordance with the ideaswhichhave
always underlain the development of the legal régimeof the conti-
nental shelf in this field" (I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 47, para. 85).

Thus thejustice of whichequity is an emanation, is not abstract justice but
justice according to the rule of law ; which is to Saythat its application
should display consistency and a degree of predictability ;even though it

looks with particularity to the peculiar circumstances of an instant case, it
also looks beyond it to principles of more general application. This is
precisely why the courts have, from the beginning, elaborated equitable
principles as being, at the same time, means to an equitable result in a
particular case, yet ais0 having a more general validity and hence expres-
siblein general terms ;for, as the Court has also said, "the legalconcept of
equity is a general principle directly applicable as law" (I.C.J. Reports
1982, p. 60, para. 71).

46. The normative character of equitable principles applied asa part of
general international lawis important because these principles govern not
only delimitation by adjudication or arbitration, but also, and indeed
primarily, the duty of Parties to seek first a delimitation by agreement,
which is also to seek an equitable result. That equitable principles are
expressed in terms of general application, is immediately apparent from a
glance at some well-known examples :the principle that there is to be no

question of refashioning geography, or compensating for the inequalities
of nature ;the related principle of non-encroachment by one party on the
natural prolongation of the other, which is no more than the negative
expression of the positive rule that thecoastal State enjoys sovereignrights
over the continental shelf off its coasts to the full extent authorized by
international law in the relevant circumstances ; the principle of respect
due to al1 such relevant circumstances ;the principle that although al1
States are equal before the lawand are entitled to equal treatment, "equity
does not necessarily imply equality" (I. C.J. Reports1969,p. 49, para. 9l),et non le moyen utilisépour l'atteindre, qui.doit constituer l'élément
principal de cette double qualification. Comme'la Cour l'a dit aussi dans
son arrêtde 1982 :

<(L'équité entant que notion juridique procède directement de
l'idéedejustice. La Cour, dont la tâche est par définition d'adminis-
trer la justice, ne saurait manquer d'en faire application. )) (C.I.J.
Recueil 1982, p. 60, par. 71 .)

Pourtant <ilfaut distinguer entre l'application deprincipeséquitablesetle
fait de rendre une décision ex aequoet bono-iyet, pour reprendre les termes

employéspar la Cour dans son arrêtde 1969 :
<il ne s'agit pas d'appliquer l'équité simplement comme une repré-

sentation de lajustice abstraite, mais d'appliquer une règlede droit
prescrivant le recours à des principes équitables conformément aux
idées quiont toujours inspiréle développementdu régimejuridique
du plateau continental en la matière )>(C.I.J. Recueil 1969, p. 47,
par. 85).

Ainsi lajustice, dont l'équité est une émanation,n'est pas lajustice abs-
traite mais lajustice selon la règlede droit ;autrementdit son application
doit être marquée par lacohérence etune certaine prévisibilité ; bien
qu'elle s'attache plus particulièrement aux circonstances d'une affaire
donnée,elle envisage aussi, au-delà de cette affaire, des principes d'une
application plus générale. Ec t'estbien pour cette raison que,dès l'origine,

lestribunaux ont dégagé desprincipes d'équité comme moyen de parvenir
à un résultat équitabledans une instance particulière, mais aussi comme
ayant une validité plus globaleet donc exprimable en termes généraux ;
car, comme la Cour l'a dit encore, la notion juridique d'équité esu tn
principe générad l irectement applicable en tant quedroit ))(C.I.J. Recueil
1982, p. 60, par. 71).
46. Le caractère normatif des principes équitables appliqués dans le
cadre du droit international généralprésentede l'importance, parce que
cesprincipes gouvernent non seulement la délimitationpar voiejudiciaire

ou arbitrale mais aussi, et d'ailleurs surtout, l'obligation incombant aux
Parties de rechercher enpremier lieuune délimitationpar voied'accord, ce
qui revient à viserun résultat équitable.Quelesprincipeséquitablessoient
exprimésen termes susceptibles d'une application générale, c'est ce qui
ressort immédiatement de plusieurs exemples bien connus : le principe
qu'il ne saurait êtrequestion de refaire complètement la géographie nide
rectifier lesinégalités de la nature ; leprincipe voisin du non-empiétement
d'une partie sur le prolongement naturel de l'autre, qui n'est que l'expres-
sion négativede la règlepositive selon laquelle 17Etatcôtierjouit dedroits

souverainssur leplateau continental bordant sa côte dans toute la mesure
qu'autorise le droit international selon les circonstances pertinentes ; le
principe du respect dû à toutes ces circonstances pertinentes ;le principe
suivant lequel, bien que tous les Etats soient égauxen droit et puissent 40 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

nor does it seek to make equal what nature has made unequal ; and the
principle that there can be no question of distributive justice.

47. The nature of equity is nowhere more evident than in these well-
established principles. In interpreting them,it must be bornein mind that
the geography which is not to be refashioned means those aspects of a

geographical situation most germane to the legal institution of the conti-
nental shelf ;and it is "the coast of each of the Parties", which
"constitutes the starting line from which one has to set outin order to
ascertain how far the submarine areas appertaining to each of them
extend in a seaward direction, as well as in relation to neighbouring
States situated either in an adjacent or opposite position" (I.C.J.
Reports 1982, p. 61, para. 74).

In a semi-enclosed sea like the Mediterranean, that reference to neigh-
bouring States isparticularly apposite,for,as willbe shown below,it is the
coastalrelationships in the wholegeographical context that are to be taken
account of and respected.
48. The application of equitable principles thus still leaves the Court
with the task of appreciation of the weight to be accorded to the relevant
circumstances in any particular case of delimitation. There is a much-
quoted dictum of the Court in its 1969Judgment to this effect :

"In fact, there is no legal limit to the considerations which States
may take account of for the purpose of making sure that they apply
equitable procedures, and more often than not it is the balancing-up
of al1such considerations that will produce this result rather than
reliance on one to the exclusion of al1others. The problem of the
relative weight to be accorded to different considerations naturally
varieswith the circumstances of the case." (I.C.J. Reports1969,p. 50,
para. 93.)

Yet although there may be no legallimit to theconsiderations which States
may take account of, this can hardly be true for a court applyingequitable
procedures. For a court, although there is assuredly no closed list of
considerations, it is evident that only those that are pertinent to the
institution of the continental shelf as it has developed within the law, and
totheapplication ofequitable principles toitsdelimitation, willqualify for
inclusion. Otherwise, the legal concept of continental shelf could itself be

fundamentally changed by theintroduction ofconsiderations strange toits
nature.

49. It was argued by Libya that the relevant geographical considera-
tions includethelandmassbehind the coast, in the sensethatthat landmass
provides in Libya's view the factual basis and legaljustification for the
State's entitlement to continental shelf rights, a State with a greater land-
mass having a more intense natural prolongation. The Court is unable toprétendre à un traitement égal,<< l'équitén'implique pas nécessairement
l'égalité)(C.J.J. Recueil 1969,p. 49,par. 91)ni ne viseà rendre égalceque
lanature afait inégal ;et leprincipe qu'il nesaurait êtrequestion dejustice

distributive.
47. La nature de l'équité ressort avec lpelus de clartéde ces principes
bien établis.Pourlesinterpréter,il faut serappeler que la géographie qu'il
s'agitde respecter concerne lesaspects de la situation concrètequisont liés
de plus près à l'institution juridique du plateau continental, et que

(<c'est...en partant de la côte des Parties qu'il faut rechercher jus-
qu'où les espacessous-marins relevant de chacune d'elles s'étendent
versle large, ainsi que par rapport aux Etats qui leur sont limitrophes
ou leur font face. (C.1.J. Recueil 1982, p. 61, par. 74).

Dans une mer semi-ferméecomme la Méditerranée, cetteréférenceaux

Etats voisins est particulièrement à propos car, comme il sera démontré
plus loin, ce sont les relations côtièresdans tout le contexte géographique
qui doivent êtreprises en compte et respectées.
48. Aprèsl'application desprincipes équitablesil reste donc encore àla
Cour à apprécier le poids qu'il convient d'accorder aux circonstances
pertinentes dans une délimitation particulière. Selonun dictum fréquem-
ment citéde la Cour dans son arrêtde 1969 :

<En réalitéiln'yapas de limitesjuridiques auxconsidérations que
les Etats peuvent examiner afin de s'assurer qu'ils vontappliquer des
procédéséquitablee st c'est leplus souvent la balance entre toutes ces
considérationsqui créeral'équitable plutôt quel'adoption d'uneseule
considération enexcluant toutes les autres. De telsproblèmesd'équi-
libre entre diverses considérations varient naturellement selon les
circonstances de l'espèce.(C.J.J. Recueil 1969, p. 50, par. 93.)

Pourtant, bien qu'il n'y ait peut-être pasde limitejuridique aux considé-
rations dont lesEtats sont en droitde tenircompte, ilpeut difficilement en
êtrede mêmelorsqu'une juridiction applique des procédures équitables.
En effet, bien qu'il n'yait certes pas de liste limitative des considérations
auxquelles le juge peut faire appel, de toute évidence seulespourront
intervenir celles qui se rapportent à l'institution du plateau continental
telle qu'elle s'estconstituéeen droit, etàl'application de principes équi-
tables à sa délimitation. S'il en allait autrement, la notion juridique de
plateau continental elle-même pourraitêtrebouleverséepar l'introduction

de considérations étrangères à sa nature.
49. La Libye asoutenuqu'au nombre desconsidérationsgéographiques
pertinentes ilfaut compterla masse terrestres'étendant derrièrelacôtequi,
selon la Libye, fournirait la base factuelle et lajustification juridiqudu
titre de1'Etatàdes droits sur leplateau, un Etat dotéd'une masse terrestre
plus grande ayant un prolongement naturel plus (<intense D.La Cour neaccept this as arelevantconsideration.Landmasshas never been regarded
as a basis of entitlement to continental shelf rights, anduch a proposition
finds nosupport in thepractice of States,in thejurisprudence, in doctrine,
or indeed in the work of theThird United Nations Conference on the Law
of the Sea. It would radically change the part played by the relationship
between coast and continental shelf.The capacity to engendercontinental
shelf rights derives not from the landmass, but from sovereignty over the
landmass ;and it is by means of the maritime front of this landmass, in
other words by its coastal opening, that this territorial sovereigntybrings
its continental shelf rights into effect.What distinguishes a coastal State
with continental shelf rights from a landlocked State which has none, is
certainly not the landmass, which both possess, but the existence of a
maritime front in oneStateand its absencein the other. Thejuridical link
between the State'sterritorial sovereigntyandits rights to certain adjacent
maritime expanses is established by means of its coast. The concept of
adjacency measured by distance is based entirely on that of the coastline,
and not on that of the landmass.

50. It was argued by Malta, on the other hand, that the considerations
that may be taken account ofincludeeconomicfactors and security. Malta
has contended that therelevantequitableconsiderations, employed not to
dictate a delimitation but tocontributeto assessment of the equitableness
of a delimitation otherwise arrived at, include the absence of energy
resources on the island of Malta, its requirements as an island developing
country, and the range of its established fishing activity. The Court does
not however consider that a delimitation should be influenced by the
relativeeconomicposition of the two Statesinquestion,in such away that
thearea of continental shelf regardedasappertaining tothe less rich of the
two States would be somewhat increased in order to compensate for its
inferiority in economic resources. Such considerations are totally unre-
lated to the underlying intention of the applicable rules of international
law. It is clear that neither the rules determining the validity of legal
entitlement to the continental shelf, nor those concerning delimitation
between neighbouring countries, leave room for any considerations of
economic development of the Statesin question. Whle the concept of the
exclusive economic zone has, from the outset, included certain special
provisions for the benefit of developingStates, those provisions have not
related to the extent of such areas nor to their delimitation between
neighbouringStates, but merely to the exploitation of their resources. The
natural resources of the continental shelf under delimitation "so far as
known or readily ascertainable" might well constitute relevant circum-

stances whichit would be reasonable to take into account in adelimitation,
as the Court stated in the North Sea ContinentalShelfcases (I.C.J. Reports
1969,p. 54, para. 101(D) (2)). Those resources are the essentialobjective
envisaged by States when they put fonvard claims to sea-bed areas con-
taining them. In the present case, however, the Court has not been fur-
nished by the Parties with any indications on this point. saurait admettre qu'il y ait là une considération pertinente. La masse
terrestre n'a jamais étéprise comme fondement du titre sur le plateau
continental, etcette thèsene trouve aucunappui dans lapratique desEtats,

dans lajurisprudence, dans la doctrine, ni du reste dans les travaux de la
troisièmeconférencedesNations Unies sur le droit de la mer. Elle chan-
geraitradicalement lerôle du lien entre la côteet leplateau continental. Le
pouvoir générateurdedroitsde plateau continental procède non pas de la
masse terrestre, mais de la souveraineté surcette masse terrestre. Et c'est
par la façade maritime de cette masse terrestre, c'est-à-direpar son ouver-
ture côtière, que cette souveraineté territoriale réaliseconcrètement ses
droitsde plateau continental. Cequi distingueun Etat côtier, qui a droit à
un plateau continental, d'un Etat sanslittoral, qui n'ya pas droit, ce n'est
assurémentpas lamasse terrestre, que l'uncommel'autre possèdent, mais
bien l'existence chez l'un et l'absence chezl'autre d'unefaçade maritime.
Lelienjuridique entre la souverainetéterritoriale de 1'Etatet sesdroits sur

certains espaces maritimesadjacentss'établit à travers sescôtes. La notion
d'adjacence en fonction de la distance repose entièrement sur celle de
littoral et non sur celle de la masse terrestre.
50. Malte a fait valoir pour sa part qu'entre autres considérations les
facteurs économiques et la sécuritépeuvent êtrepris en compte. D'après
elle,parmi lesconsidérationsd'équité pertinentes, servann ton à dicterune
délimitationmais à juger du caractère équitabled'une délimitation établie
d'une autre manière,ilfaut citer l'absencede ressources énergétiquesdans
l'îlede Malte, ses besoins de pays insulaire en voie de développement et
l'étenduede son activitéde pêche. LaCour ne considère cependant pas
qu'une délimitation doiveêtreinfluencéepar la situation économique rela-
tive des deux Etats concernés,de sorte que le moins riche des deux ver-
rait quelque peu augmentée,pour compenser son inférioritéen ressources

économiques,la zone de plateau continental réputéelui appartenir. De
tellesconsidérationssont tout àfait étrangèresà l'intention qui sous-tend
les règlesapplicablesdu droit international. Il est clair que ni lesrèglesqui
déterminent lavaliditédu titrejuridique surleplateau continental, ni celles
qui ont traità la délimitationentre pays voisins ne font la moindre place
auxconsidérationsde développementéconomiquedesEtats en cause. Sile
concept de zone économique exclusive a inclus dès l'origine certaines
dispositions spécialesau bénéficedes Etats en développement, celles-ci
n'ont porténi sur l'extension de ces zones ni sur leur délimitation entre
Etats voisins, mais seulement sur l'exploitation de leurs ressources. Les
ressources effectivement contenues dans le plateau continental soumis à
délimitation, (pour autant que cela soit connu ou facile à déterminer )),

pourraient effectivement constituer des circonstances pertinentes qu'il
pourrait êtreraisonnable de prendre en compte dans une délimitation,
commela Cour l'adéclaré dans lesaffairesdu Plateaucontinentaldelamer
duNord (C.I.J. Recueil 1969,p. 54,par. 101D 2). En effet, ces ressources
représententbien l'objectif essentiel que les Etats ont en vue en avançant
desprétentionssur lesfonds marins qui lesrecèlent.En la présenteespèce,
toutefois, les Parties n'ont fournà la Cour aucune indication à ce sujet. 51. Malta contends that the "equitable consideration" of security and
defence interests confirms the equidistancemethod of delimitation, which
gives each party a comparable lateral control from its coasts. Security
considerations are ofcourse not unrelated to theconcept of the continental
shelf. They were referred to when this legal concept first emerged, parti-
cularly in theTruman Proclamation. However,in the present case neither
Party has raised the question whether the law at present attributes to the
coastal State particular competences in the military field over its conti-
nental shelf,including competence over the placing of rnilitary devices.In
any event, the delimitation which will result from the application of the
present Judgment is,aswillbeseenbelow,not sonear to the Coastof either
Party as to make questions of security a particular consideration in the
present case.

52. Abrief mention must alsobemade of another circumstance over the
relevance of which theParties have been in some contention. The fact that
Malta constitutes an island State has givenrise to someargument between

the Parties as to the treatment of islands in continental shelf delimitation.
The Parties agree that theentitlement to continental shelfis the sameforan
island as for mainland. However Libya insists that for this purpose no
distinction falls to be made between an island State and an island poli-
tically linked with a mainland State ;and further contends that while the
entitlement is the same, an island may be treated in aparticular wayin the
actual delimitation, aswere theChannelIslands inthe Decision of 30June
1977of the Court of Arbitration on the delimitation of the continental
shelf between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
and the French Republic. Malta explains that it does not claim any privi-
leged status for island States, but does distinguish, for purposes of shelf
delimitation, between island States and islands politically linked to a
mainland State. It isonly in the case of dependent islands, in Malta's view,
that international law gives varying effect to them, depending on such
factors as size, geographical position, population or economy.

53. In the view of the Court, it is not a question of an "island State"
having some sort of special status in relation to continental shelf rights ;
indeed Malta insists that it does not claim such status. It is simply that
Malta beingindependent,the relationship ofitscoasts with the coasts ofits
neighbours is different from what it would be if it were a part of the

territory of one of them. In other words, it might well be that the sea
boundaries in this region would be different if the islands of Malta did not
constitute an independent State, but formeda part of theterritory ofoneof
thesurroundingcountries. This aspect of the matter isrelated not solelyto
the circumstances of Malta being a group of islands, and an independent
State, but also to the position of the islands in the wider geographical
context, particularly their position in a semi-enclosed sea.
54. Malta has alsoinvoked the principle of sovereign equality of States
as an argument in favour of the equidistance method pure and simple, and 51. Malte affirme que la (considération équitable dela sécurité et des

intérêtsde défense confirme la validitéde la méthode de délimitation
fondéesurl'équidistance,quidonne à chaque Partie uneaire soumise àson
contrôle d'une étenduecomparable à partir de sa côte. Bien entendu, les
considérations de sécuriténe sont pas sans rapport avec le concept de
plateau continental. Ellesont étéinvoquéesdèsl'apparition de cettenotion
juridique, notamment dans la <<proclamation Truman ))Mais en la pré-
sente espèceaucune desParties n'a soulevéla question de savoir siledroit
attribue actuellementà 1'Etatcôtier des compétencesparticulières sur son
plateau continental dans le domaine de la défense,y compris pour l'im-
plantation d'ouvrages militaires. De toute manière,la limite qui résultera
du présent arrêta,insi qu'onleverraplus loin, ne serapasproche de lacôte
de l'une ou l'autre Partie au point que les questions de sécuritéentrent
particulièrement en ligne de compte en l'espèce.

52. Il convient de faire brièvement mention d'une autre circonstance
dont la pertinence a étédébattue par les Parties. Le fait que Malte est un
Etat insulaire a donné lieu à discussion entre les Parties au sujet du
traitement desîlesdans ladélimitationdu plateau continental. Les Parties
conviennent queletitre au plateau continental est lemêmepour uneîleque
pour un continent. Toutefois la Libye fait valoir qu'il n'ya pas lieu de
distinguer entre Etats insulaires et îles rattachées politiquemeàtun Etat
continental et soutient en outre que, tout en ayant le mêmetitre, une île
peut êtretraitéed'une façon particulière dans la délimitation, comme le
furent les îles Anglo-Normandes dans la décisionrendue le 30juin 1977
par le tribunal arbitral saiside la délimitationdu plateau continental entre
la République française et le Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d7Ir-
lande du Nord. Malte expliquequ'ellene réclamepas deprivilègespour les

Etats insulaires, mais qu'auxfins de ladélimitationdu plateau ellefait une
distinction entre les îles qui forment des entités étatiquessouveraines et
celles qui sont rattachées politiquement à un Etat continental. D'après
Malte, c'est seulement aux îles dépendantes que le droit international
attribue dans ladélimitationuneffet qui varie suivantleur dimension, leur
situation géographique, leurpopulation et leur économie.
53. Selonla Cour, leproblèmen'estpasqu'un << Etat insulaire jouirait
d'une sortede statut spécialpour les droits sur le plateau continental;du
reste Malte insiste sur le fait qu'elle n'aspire pasà un tel statut. C'est
simplement que, Malte étant indépendante,la relation entre ses côtes et
cellesde sesvoisins n'estpas la mêmeque siellefaisait partie du territoire
de l'un d'entre eux. En d'autres termes, les limites maritimes pourraient
fort bien se présenter différemmentdans la régionsi les îles maltaises, au

lieude constituer un Etatindépendant, faisaient partie du territoire de l'un
despays voisins.Cet aspect de la question est liénon seulement au faitque
Malte est un groupe d'îles et unEtatindépendant, mais aussi àla situation
des îles dans le cadre géographiqued'ensemble, et cela surtout dans une
mer semi-fermée.
54. Malte a d'autre part invoquéle principe de l'égalité souverainedes
Etats comme argument en faveur de la méthodede l'équidistance pureet as an objection to any adjustment based on length of coasts or propor-
tionalityconsiderations. It has observed that since al1States are equal and
equally sovereign,the maritime extensions generated by the sovereignty of
each State mustbe ofequaljuridical value,whether or not the coasts of one
Stateare longer than those of the other. The first question is whether the
use of the equidistance method or recourse to proportionality considera-
tions derivefrom legalrules accepted by States.If,for example, Stateshad
adopted a principle of apportionment of shelf on a basis of strict propor-
tionality of coastal lengths (which the Court does not consider to be the

case), their consent to that rule would be no breach of the principle of
sovereignequality between them. Secondly, it is evident that the existence
of equal entitlement, ipsojure and ab initio, of coastal States, does not
imply an equality of extent of shelf, whatever the circumstances of the
area ; thus reference to the length of coasts as a relevant circumstance
cannot be excluded apriori. The principle of equality of States has there-
fore no particular role to play in the applicable law.

55. Libya has attached great importance to an argument based on
proportionality (seeLibyan submissions 5,6 and 7,set out inparagraph 11
above). Proportionality is certainly intimately related both to the govern-
ingprinciple ofequity, and to the importance of coasts in thegeneration of
continental shelf rights. Accordingly, the place of proportionality in this
case calls for the most careful consideration. The 1969Judgment in the
North Sea ContinentalShelfcases describes what it consistently refers to as
the proportionality "factor" in the following terms :

"A final factor to be taken account of is the element of a reasonable
degree of proportionality which a delimitation effected according to
equitable principles ought to bring about between the extent of the
continental shelfappertaining to theStatesconcerned and the lengths
of their respective coastlines, - these being measured according to
their general direction in order to establish the necessary balance
between States with straight, and those with markedly concave or
convex coasts, or to reduce very irregular coastlines to their truer
proportions." (I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 52, para. 98.)

There is a further statement in the operative part (ibid., p. 54, para. 101
(D) (3)), and this is in the nature of things addressed specifically to-the
actual case then before the Court,and is accordingly somewhatdifferently
qualified :

"the element of a reasonable degree of proportionality, which a
delimitationcarried out in accordance with equitableprinciplesought
to bring about between the extent of the continental shelf areas simple età titre d'objectionàtout ajustement reposant sur la longueurdes
côtes ou sur des considérationsde proportionnalité. Elle a fait valoir que,
puisque tous les Etats sont égauxet également souverains, lesprojections
maritimes engendréespar la souveraineté des Etats doivent êtred'une
valeurjuridique égale,que les côtes de l'un des Etats soient ou non plus
longuesque cellesde l'autre. La premièrequestion consiste à déterminersi
l'utilisation de la méthodede l'équidistance ou le recours à des considé-
rations de proportionnalité découlede règlesjuridiques acceptéespar les

Etats. Si,par exemple,lesEtats avaient adoptéleprincipe d'unerépartition
de plateau strictement proportionnelle à la longueur des côtes (ce que la
Cour ne croit pas qu'ilsaient fait), leur consentement àcette règlen'aurait
pas violé leprincipe d'égalité souveraine entre eux. Ensuite, il est évident
que l'existenced'un titre égalipsojure et ab initio des Etats côtiers n'im-
plique pas l'égalitéde l'étenduede leur plateau, quelles que soient les
conditions à l'intérieurde la zone ;il n'est donc pas possible d'exclure à
priori la prise en compte de la longueur des côtes comme circonstance
pertinente. Leprincipe de l'égalitédes Etats n'apar conséquent aucunrôle
particulier àjouer en ce qui concerne le droit applicable.

55. La Libye a attachéune grandeimportance àun argument tiréde la
proportionnalité (voir les conclusions 5, 6 et 7 de la Libye reproduites au
paragraphe 11 ci-dessus). Il est certain que la proportionnalité est en
relation étroiteaussi bien avec le principe supérieur de l'équitéqu'avec
l'importance de la côte en tant que source des droits sur le plateau

continental. La place à lui attribuer en l'espèce méritedonc un examen
approfondi. L'arrêtrendu en 1969dans les affaires du Plateau continental
de la mer du Nord évoque ce qu'il désigne constamment comme le fac-
teur ))de proportionnalité dans les termes suivants :
<Un dernier élément à prendre en considération est le rapport

raisonnable qu'une délimitation effectuée selondes principes équi-
tables devrait faire apparaître entre l'étenduedu plateau continental
relevant des Etats intéresséset la longueur de leurs côtes ;on mesu-
rerait cescôtesd'après leurdirection générale afind'établirl'équilibre
nécessaireentre les Etatsayant des côtes droites et lesEtats ayant des
côtes fortement concaves ou convexes ou afin de ramener des côtes
très irrégulièreà desproportions plus exactes. >(C.I.J. Recueil1969,
p. 52, par. 98.)

Une autre déclaration figuredans le dispositif (ibid.,p. 54,par. 101D 3),
mais il est dans l'ordre des choses qu'elle vise plus précisément l'affaire
dont la Cour était alorssaisie et soit donc expriméeen des termes légè-
rement différents :

<<lerapport raisonnable qu'une délimitation opérée conformémen t
des principes équitables devrait faire apparaître entre l'étenduedes
zones de plateau continental relevant de l'Etat riverain et la longueur appertaining to the coastal State and the length of its coast measured

in the general direction of the coastline, account being taken for this
purpose of the effects, actual or prospective, of anyother continental
shelf delimitation between adjacent States in the same region".
56. It is clear that what the Court intended was a means of identifying
and then correcting the kind of distortion - disproportion - that could
arise from the use of a method inapt to take adequate account of some

kinds of coastal configuration :thus, for example, since an equidistance
lineisbased on aprinciple of proximity and isthereforecontrolled only by
salient coastalpoints,itmay yieldadisproportionate result whereacoast is
markedly irregular or markedly concave or convex. In such cases, the raw
equidistance method may leave out of the calculation appreciable lengths
of coast, whilst at the same time giving undue influence to others merely
because of the shape of coastal relationships. In fact the proportionality
"factor" arisesfrom the equitableprinciple thatnature must be respected :
coasts which are broadly comparable ought not to be treated differently
because of a technical quirk of aparticular method of tracing thecourse of
a boundary line.

57. It follows - and this also is evident from the 1969Judgment - that
proportionality is one possibly relevant "factor", among several other
factors (see the whole of para. (D) of the operative part on pp. 53-54 of
I.C.J. Reports 1969) "to be taken into account". It is nowhere mentioned
amongst "the principles and rules of international law applicable to the
delimitation" (ibi d..,3,para. (C)).Its purpose wasagain made veryclear
in the Decision of 30June 1977of the Anglo-French Court of Arbitration,
already referred to, which stated that :

"The concept of 'proportionality' merely expresses the criterion or
factor bywhichitmaybedetermined whether such adistortion results
in an inequitable delimitation of the continental shelf as between the
coastal Statesconcerned. The factor ofproportionality may appear in
the form of the ratio between the areas of continental shelf to the
lengths of the respective coastlines, as in the North Sea Continental
She[fcases. But it may alsoappear, and more usually does, asa factor
for determining the reasonable or unreasonable - the equitable or
inequitable - effects of particular geographical features or confi-
gurations upon the course of an equidistance-lineboundary" (para.

1OO),
and went on to Sayalso that

"there can neverbe aquestion ofcompletely refashioning nature, such
as by rendering the situation of a State with an extensive coastline
similar to that of a State with a restricted coastline ;it is rather a
question of remedying the disproportionality and inequitable effects
produced by particular geographical configurations or features in
situations where otherwise the appurtenance of roughly comparable de son littoral mesurée suivant la direction généralede celui-ci,
compte tenu àcette fin des effets actuels ou éventuelsde toute autre
délimitationdu plateau continental effectuéeentre Etats limitrophes
dans la même région D.

56. Il est clair que la Cour avait en vue un moyen d'identifier puis de
corriger le genre de déformationou de disproportion pouvant résulterde
l'emploid'une méthodeimpropre àtenir suffisamment compte de certains
types de configuration côtière :par exemple, puisqu'une ligne d'équidis-
tance repose sur un principe de proximitéet est donc commandéeexclu-

sivement par des points saillants de la côte, elle peut donner un résultat
disproportionnéquand la côte est trèsirrégulièreou fortement concave ou
convexe.En pareil cas,la méthode d'équidistancenon corrigéepeut laisser
en dehors du calcul d'appréciables longueurs de rivage et attribuer à
d'autres une influence exagéréeen raison simplement de la physionomie
des relations entre les côtes. En fait le <(facteur )) de proportionnalité

repose sur le principe équitable qu'il faut respecter la nature :des côtes
généralement comparablesne devraient pas êtretraitées différemment à
cause d'une bizarrerie technique due à une méthodeparticulière de tracé
d'une ligne de délimitation.
57. Il s'ensuit - et cela découle aussi de l'arrêtde 1969 - que la
proportionnalité est un <(facteur ))éventuellementpertinent parmi d'au-
tres (voir tout le texte de l'alinéaD du dispositif, C.I.J. Recueil 1969,

p. 53-54) <(à prendre enconsidération ))Ellen'estjamais citéeparmi (les
principes et les règlesdu droitinternational applicables àla délimitation ))
(ibid., p. 53, al. C). Son rôle a étéencore précisédans la décisiondéjà
mentionnée rendue le30juin 1977dans l'arbitrage franco-britannique, où
l'on trouve le passage suivant :

Le concept de proportionnalité n'est que l'expression du critère
ou du facteur qui permet de déterminersi [une]distorsion aboutit à
une délimitation inéquitabledu plateau continental entre les Etats
côtiers intéressés. Lefacteur de proportionnalité peut se présenter

sousla forme d'unrapport entre l'étenduedu plateau continental etla
longueur des côtes de chaque Etat, comme ce fut le cas dans les
affaires du Plateau continentalde la mer duNord. Mais il peut égale-
ment s'agir - celaest plus courant - d'unfacteur permettant d'établir
si des caractéristiques géographiques ou configurations particulières
ont un effet raisonnable ou déraisonnable, équitable ou inéquitable
sur le tracéd'une limite équidistante ))(par. 100),

et, plus loin :

<<il ne peutjamais êtrequestion de refaire entièrement la nature, par
exempled'égaliserla situationd'un Etat dont lescôtessont étendues à
celled'un Etat dont lescôtes sont réduites ;ils'agitplutôt deremédier
à la disproportion et aux effets inéquitablesdus à des configurations

ou caractéristiques géographiquesparticulières dans des situations
où, en l'absencede cesparticularités,lesdonnées géographiques abou-45 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

attributions of continental shelf to each State would be indicated by
the geographicalfacts. Proportionality, therefore is to be used as a
criterion or factor relevant in evaluating the equities of certain geo-
graphicalsituations,not as a generalprincipleproviding an indepen-
dent source of rights to areas of continental shelf." (Para. 101.)

The pertinent general principle, to the application of which the propor-
tionality factor may be relevant, is that there can be no question of
"completely refashioningnature" ;themethod chosen and its resultsmust
be faithful to the actual geographical situation.
58. Both Parties appear to agree with these generalpropositions of law
concerningthe use of theproportionality factoror criterion. Nevertheless,
Libya's proportionality argument in effect goes a good deal further. The
fifth and sixth submissions of Libya are to the effect that

"Equitable principles do not require that a State possessing a
restricted coastline be treated as if it possessed an extensive coast-
line" ;
and that

"In the particular geographcal situation of this case, the applica-
tion of equitableprinciplesrequiresthat the delimitation should take
account of the significant difference in lengths of the respective
coastlines which face the area in which the delimitation is to be
effected."

These submissions have inargument been treated as ancillary to the fourth
submission, whereby Libya contends that a criterion for delimitation can
be derived from the principle of natural prolongation because of the
presence of a fundamental discontinuity in the sea-bed and subsoil ; but
this submission - therift-zoneargument - has been rejected by theCourt.
Nothing else remains in the Libyan submissionsthat can afford an inde-
pendent principle and method for drawing the boundary, unless the ref-
erence to the lengths of coastlines is taken as such. However, to use the
ratio of coastal lengthsas of itself determinative of the seaward reach and
area ofcontinental shelfproper to each Party, isto gofar beyond the useof
proportionality as a test of equity, and as a corrective of the unjustifiable
difference of treatment resultingfrom some method of drawingthe boun-
dary line. If such auseof proportionality wereright, it is difficultindeed to

seewhat room would be leftforanyotherconsideration ;forit would beat
once the principle of entitlement to continental shelf rights and also the
method of putting that principle into operation. Its weakness as a basis of
argument, however,isthat theuseofproportionality as amethod inits own
rightiswanting ofsupport inthepractice of States,inthepublicexpression
of their views at (in particular) the Third United Nations Conference on
the Law of the Sea,or in thejurisprudence. It is not possible for the Court
to endorse a proposa1at onceso far-reaching and so novel. That does not tiraient à une délimitation attribuant à chaque Etat des étenduesde
plateau continental àpeu près comparables. Laproportionnalitédoit

doncêtreutiliséecomme un critèreouun facteur permettant d'établir
si certaines situations géographiques produisent des délimitations
équitables et non comme un principe généralqui constituerait une
source indépendante dedroits sur des étenduesde plateau continen-
tal. )(Par. 101.)

Le principe généralpertinent, dans l'application duquel le facteur de
proportionnalité peut jouer un rôle, est qu'il ne saurait êtrequestion de
refaire entièrementlanature ;laméthoderetenueetlesrésultatsqu'elle
produit doivent respecter la situation géographique réelle.
58. Les deux Parties paraissent êtred'accord sur ces énoncésgénéraux
dedroit concernant l'utilisation du facteur ou critèrede proportionnalité.
Néanmoins l'argumentation libyenne surcesujet va enfait beaucoup plus
loin. Les cinquième et sixième conclusions de la Libye sont que :

((Les principes équitablesn'exigent pas qu'un Etat possédantune
faible longueur de côte soit traité comme s'il possédait un vaste
rivage ));

et que :
<(Dans la situation géographique particulière de l'espèce, l'appli-
cationdesprincipeséquitables veut que ladélimitation tiennecompte

des importantes différencesde longueur entre les côtes respectives
orientéesvers la zone où doit se faire la délimitation. ))

En plaidoirie ces conclusions ont ététraitées comme accessoires à la

quatrième conclusion, par laquelle la Libye affirme que le principe du
prolongement naturel peut fournir un critèrede délimitation, en raison de
la présencedans le fond marin et le sous-sol d'une discontinuité fonda-
mentale ; mais cette conclusion - l'argument de la zone d'effondrement -
a étérejetéepar la Cour. Il ne reste rien d'autre, dans les conclusions
libyennes, qui puisse fournir un principe indépendant et une méthodede
tracé de la ligne, à moins de considérer comme telle la mention des
longueurs de côte. Mais retenir le rapport entre ces longueurs comme

déterminant en lui-mêmela projection en mer et la superficie du plateau
continental qui relève de chaque Partie, c'est aller bien au-delà d'un
recours à la proportionnalité pour vérifier l'équité du résultat etcorriger
une différencede traitement injustifiéeimputable à une certaine méthode.
Si la proportionnalité pouvait êtreappliquéeainsi, on voit mal quel rôle
toute autre considération pourrait encorejouer ; en effet la proportion-
nalitéseraitalors àlafois leprincipe du titresur leplateau continental et la
méthodepermettant de mettre ceprincipe en Œuvre. Entout étatde cause

la faiblesse de l'argument est que l'utilisation de la proportionnalité
comme véritable méthodene trouve aucun appui dans la pratique des
Etats ou leurs prises de position publiques, en particulier à la troisième
conférencedesNations Unies sur le droit de la mer, non plus que dans lahowever mean that the "significant difference in lengths of the respective
coastlines" is not an element which may be taken into account at a certain
stagein the delimitation process ;this aspect of the matter willbereturned
to at the appropriate stage in the further reasoning of the Court.

59. Libya has also placed particular reliance upon theJ982 decision of
the Court in the case concerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan
Arab Jamahiriya), in which the Court took note of the relationship of the
lengths of the relevant coasts of the Parties, and compared that relation-
shipwith theratio between the areas of continental shelfattributed to each
Party. On the basis of figures fordistances and ratios, the Court concluded
that the result of the delimitation contemplated would "meet the require-
ments of the test of proportionality as an aspect of equity" (I.C.J. Reports
1982, p. 91, para. 131).Libya has in its pleadings and arguments carried
out a similar operation in the present case, in order to show that "a
delimitation within, and following the general direction of, the Rift Zone"
would clearlymeet the test of proportionality. Neither theCourt's findings
as to the proper function of the concept of proportionality, set out above,
nor its dismissal of the arguments based on geological or geophysical
features in support of the rift zone, signify the rejection in principle of the
applicability of the criterion of proportionality as a test of the equitable-
ness of the result of a delimitation. The question of its practical applica-
bility in the circumstances of this case however will fa11to be examined
oncethe Court hasindicated the method ofdelimitation whichresultsfrom
the applicable principles and rules of international law.

60. In applying the equitable principles thus elicited, within the limits
defined above, and in the light of the relevant circumstances, the Court
intends to proceed by stages ;thus, it willfirst make a provisional delimi-
tation by using acriterion and amethod both ofwhich are clearly destined
toplay an important role in producing the final result ;itwillthen examine
thisprovisionalsolution in thelight of therequirements derivedfrom other
criteria, which may cal1for a correction of this initial result.
61. The Court has little doubt which criterion and method it must
employ at the outset in order to achieve a provisional position in the
present dispute. The criterion is linked with the law relating to a State's
legal title to the continental shelf. As the Court has found above, the law
applicable to the present dispute, that is, to claims relating to continental
shelveslocated lessthan 200milesfrom thecoasts of theStates in question,
is based not on geologicalor geomorphological criteria, but on a criterion
ofdistance fromthe Coastor, to usethetraditional term, on theprinciple of
adjacency as measured by distance. It therefore seemslogical to the Court
that the choice of the criterion and the method which it is to employ in thejurisprudence. La Cour ne saurait retenir une proposition à la fois si
neuveet si radicale. Cela ne veut cependant pas dire que les (importantes

différencesde longueur entre les côtes respectives ))ne soient pas un élé-
ment à prendre en considération à un certain stade de l'opérationde déli-
mitation ;cet aspect de la question sera repris le moment venu dans la
suite du raisonnement de la Cour.
59. La Libye s'est aussiappuyéetout particulièrement sur la décision
rendue en 1982par la Cour en l'affaire du Plateau continental(Tunisie/
Jamahiriya arabe libyenne),dans laquelle la Cour a pris note du rapport
entre leslongueursdescôtespertinentes des Partieset comparéce rapport
aveccelui dessurfaces de plateau continental attribuées à chacune d'elles.
Sur la base des chiffres concernant les distances et les surfaces, la Cour
concluait que le résultatde la délimitationenvisagéeen l'espèce paraissait

«satisfaire au critère de proportionnalité en tant qu'aspect de l'équité))
(C.I.J. Recueil1982,p. 91,par. 131).Dans sespiècesécriteset enplaidoirie
la Libye s'est1ivrée.àune opérationanalogue en la présenteespèce,afin de
démontrer qu'aunedélimitationeffectuée à l'intérieuret selon ladirection
générale de lazone d'effondrement ))satisferait sans conteste au critèrede
proportionnalité. Les conclusions de la Cour sur la véritable fonction du
concept de proportionnalité, qui ont étéexposéesplushaut, etson rejet des
arguments invoquant, à l'appui de la zone d'effondrement, la présencede
particularitésgéologiques et géophysiquesn , e signifient pas qu'ellejugele
critèrede proportionnalité inapplicable en principepour apprécierl'équité
du résultat de la délimitation en la présente affaire. La question de son

applicabilité pratique aux circonstances de l'espèce devraêtreexaminée
une foisque la Couraura indiquéla méthodede délimitation résultant des
principes et règlesde droit international à mettre en Œuvre.

60. Pour appliquer dans leslimitesprécédemment définiels esprincipes
équitablesainsi dégagés, entenant compte des circonstances pertinentes,
la Cour va procéderpar étapes,et donc effectuer d'abord une délimitation
provisoire selonun critèreet une méthodevisiblement appelés à jouer dans
la production du résultat final un rôle important, puis confronter cette

solution provisoire avec les exigencesdécoulant d'autres critères pouvant
imposer la correction de ce premier résultat.
61. La Cour n'a guèrede doute quant au critère et à la méthodequ'elle
doit employer en premier lieu pour parvenir à une position provisoire à
propos du présentlitige. Le critèreest lié audroit relatif au titrejuridique
d'un Etat sur leplateau continental. Commela Cour l'aconstatéplus haut,
le droit applicable au présentlitige, c'est-à-diredes prétentions portant
sur des plateaux continentaux situés à moins de 200 milles des côtes des
Etats en question, ne sefonde pas sur des critères géologiquesou géomor-
phologiques, mais sur un critère de distance de la côte,ou, pour reprendre

l'expression traditionnelle d'adjacence, sur le principe d'adjacence mesu-
réepar la distance. La Cour estime donc logique que le choix du critère et first place to arrive at a provisional result should be made in a manner
consistent with the concepts underlying the attribution of legal title.

62. The consequence of the evolution of continental shelf law can be
noted with regard to both verification of title and delimitation as between
rival claims. On the basis of the law now applicable (and hence of the
distance criterion), the validity of the titles of Libya and Malta to the
sea-bed areas claimed by those States is clear enough.Questions arise only
in the assessment of the impact of distance considerations on the actual
delimiting. In this assessment, account must be taken of the fact that,
according to the "fundamental norm" of the law of delimitation, an
equitable result must be achieved on the basis of the application of equi-
table principles to the relevant circumstances. It is therefore necessary to
examinethe equities of thedistancecriterion and of the results to whichits

application may lead. The Court has itself noted that the equitable nature
of the equidistance method is particularly pronounced in cases where
delimitation has to be effected between States with opposite coasts. In the
cases concerning the North Sea ContinentalSheif it said that :

"The continental shelf area off, and dividing, opposite States [con-
sists of] prolongations [which]meet and overlap, and can therefore

only be delimited by means of a median line ;and, ignoring the
presence of islets, rocks and rninor coastal projections, the dispro-
portionally distorting effect of whch can be eliminated by other
means, such a line must effect an equal division of the particular area
involved." (I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 36, para. 57.)
In the next paragraph it emphasized the appropriateness of a median line
for delimitation between opposite coasts (ibid.,p. 37,para. 58).But it is in
fact a delimitation exclusivelybetween opposite coasts that the Court is,

for the first time, asked toeal with. It isclear that, in thesecircumstances,
the tracing of a median line between those coasts, by way of a provisional
step in a process to becontinued by other operations, is the mostjudicious
manner of proceeding with a view to the eventual achievement of an
equitable result.
63. The median linedrawn in thiswayis thus onlyprovisional. Were the
Court to treat itas final,itwould beconferring on theequidistancemethod
the status of being the only method the use of which is compulsory in the
case of opposite coasts. As already pointed out, existing international law
cannot be interpreted in this sense ; the equidistance method is not the
only method applicable to the present dispute, and it does not even have
thebenefit of apresumption in itsfavour. Thus, under existinglaw,itmust
be demonstrated that the equidistancemethod leads toan equitable result
in the case in question. To achieve this purpose, the result to which the
distance criterion leads must be examined in the context of appIying
equitable principles to the relevant circumstances.de la méthode qu'elle doit employer en premier lieu pour parvenir à un
résultatprovisoire soiteffectuéd'une manièrecohérenteavec lesconcepts
à la base de l'attribution du titre juridique.
62. Les conséquencesde l'évolutiondu droit du plateau continental
s'observentau niveau de la vérificationde la validitédu titrejuridique et à
celui de la délimitation desprétentionsconcurrentes. Sur la base du droit
actuellement applicable (et donc du critère de distance), la validité des
titres de la Libye et de Malte sur les fonds marins que ces deux Etats
revendiquent est suffisamment claire. Des questions ne commencent à se

poser qu'avecl'évaluationde l'impact des considérations de distance sur
l'opérationde délimitation proprement dite. Cette évaluationdoit tenir
compte de ce que, selon la <(norme fondamentale )du droit de la délimi-
tation, celle-cidoit aboutirà un résultatéquitableauquel la conduit l'ap-
plication de principes équitablesaux circonstances pertinentes. Le carac-
tèreéquitable du critère de distance et des résultatsauxquels son appli-
cation peut conduiredoit donc êtreexaminé.LaCour aelle-même notéque
l'équité de la méthodede l'équidistanceétaitparticulièrement prononcée
dans les cas dans lesquels la délimitation à effectuer intéressait desEtats
dont lescôtes sefaisaient face.Dans lesaffaires du Plateaucontinentaldela

mer du Nord elle s'est expriméeainsi :
<(leszonesde plateau continental setrouvant au large d'Etats dont les
côtes se font face et séparantces Etats ..se rencontrent, se chevau-
chent et nepeuvent doncêtredélimitées quepar une lignemédiane ;si
l'onne tient pascompte desîlots, desrochers ou des légerssaillants de

lacôte, dont on peut éliminerl'effet exagéré de déviationpar d'autres
moyens, une telle lignedoit diviser égalementl'espacedont il s'agit. ))
(C.I.J. Recueil 1969, p. 36, par. 57.)
Au paragraphe suivant ellesoulignait qu'une ligne médianeconvient pour
une délimitationentre deux côtes se faisant face (ibid.,p. 37,par. 58). Or,

pour la première fois, c'est bien à une délimitation exclusivement entre
côtes se faisant face que la Cour doit procéder.Il est clair que, dans ces
circonstances. letracéd'une lignemédianeentre cescôtes, àtitre d'élément
provisoire dans un processusdevant sepoursuivre par d'autres opérations,
correspond à ladémarchelaplusjudicieuse envuedeparvenir, finalement,
à un résultat équitable.
63. La ligne médiane tracéede cette manièren'estdoncque provisoire.
Si la Cour la traitait comme définitive,elle conférerait à la méthode de
l'équidistancele statut de méthode unique devant obligatoirement être
utiliséedans lecas de côtes se faisant face. Or,comme il a été dit,le droit

international actuel ne peut s'interpréter ainsi; la méthodede l'équidis-
tance n'estpas laméthodeuniqueapplicable au présent différend,et ellene
bénéficie mêm peas d'uneprésomptionen safaveur. Selonledroit actuel il
doit donc être démontré qulea méthodede l'équidistanceaboutit, dans le
cas considéré, à un résultat équitable.Pour y parvenir, le résultat auquel
conduit le critère de distance doit être confrontéavec l'application des
autres principes équitables aux circonstances pertinentes. 64. An immediate qualification of the median line which the Court
considers must be made concerns the basepoints from which it is to be
constructed. The line put forward by Malta was constructed from the
low-water mark of the Libyan coast, but with regard to the Maltese coast
from straight baselines (inte arlia )onnecting the island of Malta to the
uninhabited islet of Filfla. The Court does not express any opinion on
whether the inclusion of Filfla in the Maltese baselines was legallyjusti-
fied;but in any event the baselines as determined by coastalStates are not

per se identical with the points chosen on a coast to make it possible to
calculate the area of continental shelf appertaining to that State. In this
case, the equitableness of an equidistance line depends on whether the
precaution is taken of eliminating the disproportionate effect of certain
"islets, rocks andminor coastal projections7',to use the language of the
Court in its 1969Judgment, quoted above. The Court thus finds it equi-
table not to take account of Filfla in the calculation of the provisional
median line between Malta and Libya. Having established such a provi-
sional median line, the Court still has to consider whether other consi-
derations, including the factor of proportionality, should lead to an
adjustment of that line being made.
65. In thus establishing, as the first stagein thedelimitation process, the
median line as the provisional delimitation line, the Court could hardly
ignore thefact that the equidistance method has neverbeen regarded, even
in a delimitation between opposite coasts, as one to be applied without

modification whatever the circumstances.Already, in the 1958Convention
on the Continental Shelf,which imposes upon the States parties to it an
obligation of treaty-law, failing agreement, to have recourse to equidis- .
tance for the delimitation of thecontinental shelf areas, Article 6 contains
the proviso that that method is to be used "unless another boundary line is
justified by special circumstances". Similarly, during the drafting of the
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the text which con-
tained reference to the useof the equidistance method (later superseded by
what isnowArticle 83,paragraph l), qualified that reference by indicating
that the method should be used "where appropriate, and taking account of
al1circumstances prevailing inthe area concerned" (A/CONF.62/ WP.IO/
Rev.2). Moreover in the practice of States as reflected in the delimitation
agreements concluded and published, analysis of the delimitation line
chosen, in relation to the coasts of the parties, or the appropriate base-
points, revealsinnumerous cases agreater orlesser departure from the line
whichwouldhavebeen produced byastrictapplication ofthe equidistance

method. It is thus certain that, for the purposes of achieving an equitable
result in a situation in whch the equidistance line is prima facie the
appropriate method, al1relevant circumstances must be examined, since
they mayhave aweightin the assessmentof the equities of the casewhichit
would beproper to take into account and to reflect in an adjustment of the
equidistance line.
66. The Court has already examined, and dismissed, a number of con-
tentions made before it as to relevant circumstances in the present case 64. Une réserveque la Cour croit devoir faire immédiatementau sujet
de la ligne médianeporte sur les points de base servantà sa construction.
La ligne proposéepar Malte part de la laisse de basse mer sur la côte
libyenne mais, pour la côte maltaise, elle s'appuie sur des lignes de base
droites qui relient entre autres l'île de Maltà l'îlot désertde Filfla. La
Cour n'exprime aucune opinion sur la licéité de l'inclusion de Filfla dans
leslignesde base maltaises. En tout étatdecause leslignesde base arrêtées

par un Etat côtier ne sontpas en soiidentiques aux points choisis sur une
côte pour permettre de calculer l'étenduede plateau continental relevant
dudit Etat. Dans cecas,l'effetéquitable d'uneligned'équidistancedépend
de la précaution que l'on aura prise d'éliminerl'effet exagéréde certains
îlots, rochers oulégerssaillantsdes côtes,pourreprendre lestermes utilisés
par la Courdans lepassage précité de sonarrêtde 1969.La Courjuge donc
équitablede ne pas tenir compte de Filfla dans le calcul de la médiane
provisoire entre Malte et la Libye. Ayant établi une telle ligne médiane
provisoire, la Cour n'a plus qu'à rechercher si d'autres considérations, y
compris le facteur de proportionnalité, doivent l'amener à ajuster cette

ligne.

65. En retenant ainsi, dans la premièreétape del'opérationde délimi-
tation, la ligne médianecomme limite provisoire, la Cour ne peut ignorer
que la méthodede l'équidistancen'ajamais étéconsidéréecomme appli-
cable tellequelle en toutes circonstances,fût-ce entre côtes sefaisant face.
La convention sur le plateau continental de 1958,qui impose aux Etats
parties àcet instrument l'obligation conventionnelle de recourir,àdéfaut
d'accord, à I'équidistancepour délimiterleszones de plateau continental,
spécifiedéjàen son article 6que la méthodedoitêtreutilisée ((à moins que
des circonstances spécialesne justifient une autre délimitation D. De

mêmed , urant l'élaborationde laconventiondes Nations Unies sur ledroit
de la mer, le texte qui faisait référenceà l'utilisation de la méthode de
I'équidistance(remplacé ultérieurementpar l'article 83, paragraphe 1,
actuel) s'accompagnait d'une réserve : la méthode devait êtreemployée
le cas échéantet compte tenu de tous les aspects de la situation dans la
zone concernée ))(A/CONF.62/WP.lO/Rev.2). Au surplus, on s'aperçoit
à l'analyse de la pratique des Etats, telle que l'expriment lesaccords de
délimitationconclus et publiés,que dans plusieurs cas la ligne de délimi-
tation adoptée, se définissantpar rapport aux côtes des parties ou aux
points de base appropriés, s'écarteplus ou moins de celle qui eût résulté
d'une application stricte de la méthodede I'équidistance.Il n'estdonc pas

douteux que, pour aboutir à un résultat équitable lorsque laligne d'équi-
distance représente à première vue la méthode appropriée, toutesles cir-
constances pertinentes doivent êtreexaminéescar,dans l'appréciationde
l'équité, ellespeuvenêt tred'un poidstel queleur prise encompte sejustifie
et impose un ajustement de la ligne d'équidistance.

66. La Cour a déjà examinéet écartédiverses thèsesqui ont été soute-
nues devant elle en la présente instance au sujet des circonstancesperti- (paragraphs 48-54 above). A further geographicalcircumstance on which
Libya hasinsisted is that of the comparative sizeof Malta and of Libya. So
faras "size" refers tolandmass,theCourthasalreadyindicated thereasons
why it is unable to regard this as relevant (paragraph 49 above) ; there
remains however the very marked difference in the lengths of the relevant
coasts of the Parties,and the element of theconsiderabledistance between

those coasts referred to by both Parties, and to be examined below. In
connection with lengths of coasts, attention should be drawn to an impor-
tant distinction which appears to be rejected by Malta, between the rele-
vance of coastallengthsas apertinent circumstancefor a delirnitation,and
use of those lengths in assessing ratios of proportionality. The Court has
alreadyexaminedtherole ofproportionality in a delimitation process, and
has alsoreferred to the operation, employed in the Tunisia/Libya case, of
assessingtheratios between lengths ofcoasts and areas ofcontinental shelf
attributed on the basis of those coasts. It has been emphasized that this
latter operation is to be employed solelyas a verification of the equitable-
ness of the result arrived at by other means. It is however one thing to
employproportionality calculations to checkaresult ;itisanother thing to
take note, in the course of the delimitation process, of the existence of a
very marked differencein coastallengths,and to attribute the appropriate
significance to that coastal relationship, without seeking to define it in

quantitative terms which are only suited to the ex post assessment of
relationships of Coast to area. The two operations are neither mutually
exclusive, nor so closely identified with each other that the one would
necessarily render the other supererogatory. Consideration of the com-
parability or otherwise of the coastal lengths is a part of the process of
determining an equitable boundary.on thebasis of an initial median line ;
the test of a reasonable degree of proportionality, on theother hand, isone
which can be applied to check the equitableness of any line, whatever the
method used to arrive at that line.

67. In order to assess any disparity between lengths of coasts it is first
necessarv to determine which are the coasts which are being contem-
plated ;but that determination need only be in broad terms. ~h; question
asto whichcoasts of the two Statesconcernedshould be taken into account
is clearly one which has eventually to be answered with some degree of

precisioninthecontext of thetest ofproportionality as averification of the
equity of the result. Such a test would be meaningless in the absence of a
precise definition of the "relevant coasts" and the "relevant area", of the
kind whch the Court carried out in the Tunisia/Libya case. Where a
marked disparity requires to be taken into account as a relevant circum-
stance, however, this rigorous definition is not essential and indeed not
appropriate. If the disparity in question only emerges after scrupulous
definition and comparison of coasts,it isex hypothesiunlikely to be of such
extent as to carry weight as a relevant circumstance. It is in ths light that
the Court has here to consider the coasts of the Parties within the area tonentes (paragraphes 48-54 ci-dessus). Une autre circonstance géogra-
phique surlaquelle laLibyeainsistéconcerne lesdimensionscomparéesde
Malte et de son propre territoire. Dans la mesure où les dimensions )se
rapportent à la masse terrestre, la Cour a déjàindiquéles raisons pour
lesquelles elle ne saurait reconnaître aucune pertinence à celle-ci (para-
graphe 49 ci-dessus) ; restent cependant la trèsgrande différencede lon-
gueur des côtespertinentes desParties et lefacteur que constitue la grande
distance qui les sépare,dont les deux Parties ont fait état et qui sera
examinépar la suite. En ce qui concerne les longueurs de côte, il convient
d'appeler l'attention sur une distinction importante, que Malte semble

rejeter, entre le rôle de ces longueurscommecirconstance pertinente dans
une délimitationet leur utilisation quand il s'agitd'apprécier lesrapports
de proportionnalité. La Cour a analyséplus haut le rôle revenant à la
proportionnalité dans une délimitation et évoquél'opération, à laquelle
elle a eu recours dans l'affaire TunisielLibye, qui consiste à évaluerles
rapports entre leslongueurs de côtes et les surfaces de plateau continental
attribuéesen fonction de cescôtes. Il a été soulignéque cette opérationne
doit servir qu'à vérifier l'équitédu résultat obtenu par d'autres moyens.
Mais selivrer àdes calculs de proportionnalitépour vérifier unrésultatest
une chose ; c'en est une autre que de prendre acte, durant l'opérationde
délimitation, de l'existence d'une très forte différencede longueur des

littoraux et d'attribuerà cette relation entre les côtes l'importance qu'elle
mérite,sans chercher à la quantifier, ce qui ne serait approprié que pour
évaluer à posteriori les rapports entre les côtes et les surfaces. Les deux
opérations ne s'excluent pas mutuellement, pas plus qu'elles ne secon-
fondent au point que l'une rendrait forcémentl'autre superflue.L'étudede
la comparabilité ou non-comparabilité des longueurs de côte est un élé-
ment du processus par lequel une limite équitableest obtenue en partant
d'une lignemédiane initiale ; lecritèred'uneproportionnalité raisonnable
de ces longueurs est en revanche un moyen qui peut êtreutilisépour
s'assurer de l'équitéd'une ligne quelconque, indépendamment de la
méthodeutiliséepour aboutir à cette ligne.

67. Pour évaluerune disparitéentre leslongueursdescôtes ilya lieude
commencer par déterminerquelles sont ces côtes ; mais cette détermina-
tion peut n'êtrequ'approximative. La question de savoir quelles côtes des
deux Etats en cause sont àretenir à cette fin doit sans nul doute finir par
recevoir une réponseassez précise aumoment où le test de proportion-
nalitéest appliquéen vuede vérifier l'équité dru ésultat.Cette vérification
n'aurait aucun sens si les ((côtes pertinentes ))et la zone pertinente ))
n'étaientpas définies avecprécision, ainsq iue la Cour l'afait dans l'affaire
TunisielLibye. Toutefois, quand une forte disparité est à retenir comme
circonstance pertinente, une définition rigoureuse n'estpas indispensable

et elle n'est d'ailleurspas appropriée.Si la disparité n'apparaît qu'après
définition et comparaison minutieuses des côtes, il est par hypothèse
improbable qu'elle soit d'uneampleur telle qu'on puisse luiattribuer un
poids quelconque comme circonstance pertinente. C'est dans cette pers-
pective que la Cour doit maintenant considérerles côtes des Parties bor-50 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

which, as explained above, itsjudgment relates ; the question of thecoasts
and areas to be taken into account for application of the proportionality
test is one which only arises at a later stage in the delimitation process.

68. Within the bounds set by the Court having regard to the existenceof
claims of third States,explained above, no question arises of anylimit,set
by those claims, to the relevant coasts of Malta to be taken into consi-
deration. On the Libyan side, Ras Ajdir, the terminus of the frontier with
Tunisia,must clearly be the starting point ;the meridian 15" 10'E which
has been found by the Court to define the limits of the area in which the
Judgment can operate crosses the coast of Libya not far from RasZarruq,

whichis regarded by Libya as the limit of the extent of its relevantcoast. If
the coasts of Malta and the coast of Libya from Ras Ajdir to Ras Zarruq
are compared, it is evident that there is a considerable disparity between
their lengths, to a degree which, in the view of the Court, constitutes a
relevant circumstance which should be reflected in the drawing of the
delimitation line. The coast of Libya from Ras Ajdir to Ras Zarruq,
measured following itsgeneraldirection, is 192mileslong, and thecoast of
Malta from Rasil-Wardija to Delimara Point, following straight baselines
but excluding the islet of Filfla, is 24 miles long. In the viewof the Court,
this difference is sogreat as tojustify the adjustment of the median line so
as to attribute a larger shelf area to Libya;the degree of such adjustment
does not depend upon a mathematical operation and remains to be
examined.
69. In the present case, the Court has also to look beyond the area
concerned in the case, and consider the general geographical context in
which the delimitation will have to be effected. The Court observes that

that delimitation, although it relates only to the continental shelf apper-
taining to two States, is also a delimitation between a portion of the
southern littoral and a portion of the northern littoral of the Central
Mediterranean. If account is taken of that setting, the Maltese islands
appear as a minor feature of the northern seaboard of the region in
question,located substantially to the south of the generaldirection of that
seaboard,and themselvescomprising averylimitedcoastal segment. From
the viewpoint of the general geography of the region, this southward
location of the coasts of the Maltese islands constitutes a geographical
feature which should be taken into account as a pertinent circumstance ;
its influenceon the delimitation line must be weighed in order to arrive at
an equitable result.
70. Enough has been said above to show why the Court is unable to
acceptthe contention of Malta that the relationship of the coasts of Malta
and Libya forms a "classical" and straightfonvard case for a simple
application of the median line. It is true that the coasts are opposite and
that thearea between themis clearofany complicatingfeatures. Butwithin

the area to which the present Judgment relates the median line drawn by
Malta is wholly controlled by two basepoints, on the islet of Filfla and on
the southeastern extremity of the island of Malta ; that is to Say base-nant la zone sur laquelle, comme il a étéexposé, l'arrêd toit porter ; la

question des côtes et des surfaces à prendre en considération pour I'ap-
plication du test de proportionnalitén'intervient qu'à unstade ultérieurde
l'opérationde délimitation.
68. Dans le cadre adopté par la Cour en raison de l'existence des
prétentions d7Etats tiers, ainsi qu'il a étéexpliqué plushaut, la question
d'unelimitationdes côtes pertinentes de Malte à prendre enconsidération
quirésulteraitdecesmêmes prétentionsne sepose pas. Du côtelibyen, Ras
Ajdir, point d'aboutissement de lafrontière terrestre avecla Tunisie, doit à
l'évidenceconstituer lepoint dedépart ; leméridien15" 10'Equi, selonla
Cour, définitles limites de la zone dans laquelle l'arrêtpeut s'appliquer,
coupe la côte libyenne non loin de Ras Zarrouk, point considérépar la
Libye comme marquant l'extrémité de sacôte pertinente. SiI'oncompare
les côtes de Malte et la côte libyenne de Ras Ajdir à Ras Zarrouk, il est

évident qu'il existeentre leurs longueurs une disparité considérable,et
constituant, selon la Cour,une circonstance pertinenteque devrait refléter
le tracéde la ligne de délimitation. La côte libyenne de Ras Ajdir à Ras
Zarrouk, mesurée selonsa direction générale, est longue de 192milles ; la
côte maltaise de Ras il-Wardija à la pointe Delimara, en suivant les lignes
de base droites à l'exclusionde l'îlotde Filfla, a une longueur de 24milles.
De l'avisde la Cour, la différence estsi grande qu'elle appelle un ajuste-
ment de la ligne médiane,afin d'attribuer à la Libye une plus grande
étenduede plateau ;cependant l'ampleur de cet ajustement ne résulte pas
d'une opération mathématique ; elle resteà déterminer.
69. Dans la présenteespèce,la Cour doit aussi regarder au-delà de la
zoneconcernéeetconsidérerlecadre géographiqued'ensembledans lequel
la délimitation devra s'opérer. Ellenote que cette délimitation ne porte

certesque sur leplateau continental relevant dedeux Etats,mais qu'elle est
en mêmetemps une délimitation entre une partie du littoral méridionalet
unepartie du littoralseptentrional delaMéditerranéecentrale.SiI'ontient
compte de cecadre, lesîlesmaltaisesapparaissent commeun petit élément
du littoral septentrional de la région considérée s,itué notablement au sud
de la ligne généralede ce littoral et constitué lui-mêmepar un segment
côtier très limité.Du point de vuede lagéographie générald ee la région,la
position méridionaledescôtesdesîlesmaltaises constitueuneparticularité
géographique qui doit êtreprise en considération comme circonstance
pertinente ; son influence sur la ligne de délimitation doit êtrepeséepour
arriver à un résultat équitable.

70. Lesexplications donnéesplus haut suffisent àindiquer pourquoi la
Cour n'est pas en mesure d'accepter la thèse maltaise suivant laquelle la
situation respective des côtes maltaises et libyennes serait telle que l'on
se trouverait devant un cas (classique ))et sans problème d'application
simple de la ligne médiane.Il est vrai que les côtes se font face et que
l'espacequi lesséparene présenteaucune particularité quipuisse êtreune
source de complications. Mais, dans la zone sur laquelle porte l'arrêt,la
ligne médiane tracéepar Malte est commandée en totalité par deux points some 11kilometres apart. Even if the islet of Filfla be excluded asa
basepoint, as the Court has found that it should be, the line is controlled,
within the area mentioned, only by points between Ras il-Qaws and
BenghisaPoint on the southwestern coast of the island of Malta. In either
case, neither the receding westerly coast of the island of Malta, nor the
island of Gozo, nor the straight baseline drawn from Ras il-Qaws to Ras
il-Wardija, have any influence on the course of the median line. On the
Libyan coast also, the basepoints controlling the line in the area men-
tioned are concentrated on a short stretch of coastline immediately east of
Ras Tajura. Furthermore, it is well to recall the precise reason why the
Court in its 1969Judgment contrasted the effect of an equidistance line
between opposite coasts and the effect between adjacent coasts. In the

latter situation, any distorting effect of a salient feature might wellextend
and increase through the entire course of the boundary ; whilst in the
former situation, the influence of one feature is normally quickly suc-
ceeded and corrected by the influence of another, as the course of the line
proceeds between more or less parallel coasts.

71. In the light of these circumstances, the Court finds it necessary, in
order to ensure the achievement of an equitable solution, that the delimi-
tation linebetween the areas of continental shelfappertaining respectively
to the two Parties, be adjusted so as to lie closer to the coasts of Malta.
Within thearea withwhich the Court isconcerned,thecoasts of the Parties
are opposite to each other, and the equidistance line between them lies
broadly Westtoeast,so that its adjustment can be satisfactorily and simply
achieved by transposing it in an exactly northward direction.
72. Once it is contemplated that the boundary requires to be shifted
northward of the median line between Libya and Malta, it seems appro-
priate first to establish what might be theextreme limit of such ashift.This
is easilydone and indeed the calculation is,in broad terms, apparent from
any map of the area as a whole, showing the wider geographical context
whichthe Courthasfound to be relevant. Letitbesupposed, for the sakeof

argument, that the Maltese islands were part of Italian territory, and that
there was a question of the delimitation of the continental shelf between
Libya and Italy, within the area to which this Judgment relates. Again,
between opposite coasts, with a large, clear area between them, that
boundary would not then be the median line, based solelyupon the coasts
of Libya to the south and Sicilyto the north. At least someaccount would
be taken of the islands of Malta ;and even if the minimum account were
taken, the continental shelf boundary between Italy and Libya would be
somewhat south of the median linebetween the Sicilianand Libyan coasts.
Since Malta is not part of Italy, but is an independent State, it cannot be
the case that, as regards continental shelf rights, it will be in a worse
position because of its independence.Therefore,it is reasonable to assume
that an equitable boundary between Libya and Malta must be to the south
of a notional median line between Libya and Sicily ;for that is the line, aspoints de base, setrouvant sur l'îlotde Filflaàel'extrémité sud-esdte l'île
de Malte, qui ne sont séparésquepar quelque 11kilomètres. Même si l'on

exclut l'îlotde Filfla commepoint de base, conformément à la conclusion
de la Cour, la ligne n'est commandéedans la zone indiquéeque par des
points situésentreRas il-Qaws et la pointe Benghisa sur la côte sud-ouest
de l'île de Malte. Dans un cas comme dans l'autre ni la côte ouest plus
éloignéede l'île de Malte, ni l'île de Gozo, ni la ligne de base droite de
Ras il-Qaws à Ras il-Wardija n'ont d'influence sur le tracéde la ligne
médiane. Sur la côte libyenneaussi, les points de base qui déterminentle
tracéde la lignedans la zoneindiquéesont concentréssur un bref segment
du littoral immédiatement à l'est de Ras Tadjoura. 11convient en outre
derappeler la raison précisepour laquelle, dans son arrêtde 1969,la Cour
a distinguéentre les effets d'une ligne d'équidistanceselon qu'il s'agit de
côtes opposéesou de côtes adjacentes. Dans cette dernière situation, tout
effet de déformation produit par une avancéede la côte peut fort bien se
fairesentir et s'accroîtresur toute la longueur de la ligne, alors quedans la
première l'influenced'un seul accident est, dans des conditions normales,
rapidement remplacéeet compenséepar l'influence d'un autre, à mesure
que la ligne avance entre des côtes plus ou moins parallèles.
71. Dans ces conditions, la Cour estime nécessaire,pour qu'une solu-

tion équitablepuisse êtreobtenue, d'ajuster la ligne de délimitationentre
leszones de plateau continental relevant respectivement des deux Parties,
de manière àla rapprocher des côtes de Malte. Dans lazone envisagéepar
laCour lescôtesdesParties sefont faceetla ligned'équidistanceentre elles
estapproximativement orientéed'ouestenest,de sorteque l'ajustement de
la ligne peut êtreréaliséd'une façon simple et satisfaisante en opérantsa
translation vers le nord.
72. Dès lorsque la nécessitéd'une translation vers le nord de la ligne
médianeentre la Libye et Malte est envisagée,il semble qu'ily ait lieu de
déterminer tout d'abord quelle doit en êtrela limite extrême. Cela n'offre
pas de difficulté, et d'ailleurs toute carte de l'ensemble de la région,
reproduisant le cadre géographiquegénéralque la Cour ajugépertinent,
indique quel doit êtreen gros le calcul. On peut supposer aux fins du
raisonnement que les îles maltaises fassent partie du territoire italien et
qu'un problème de délimitation du plateau continental se pose entre la
Libye et l'Italie dans la zone sur laquelle porte l'arrêt.Entre des côtes en
vis-à-vis, séparéespar un large espace dégagél,a limite ne serait pas dans
cette hypothèsela médiane,tracée uniquement en fonction des côtes de la

Libye au sud etde cellesde la Sicileaunord. Il devrait êtretenu comptedes
îles maltaises, au moins dans une certaine mesure, et, mêmeen réduisant
leur effeà un minimum, la limite de plateau continental entre l'Italieet la
Libye serait situéequelque peu au sud de la médiane entre les côtes
siciliennes et libyennes. Malte n'étant pas une partie del'Italie, mais un
Etat indépendant, ne saurait être,à cause de son indépendance, dans une
situation moins favorable en ce qui concerne les droits sur le plateau
continental. Il est donc raisonnable de supposer qu'une limite équitable
entre la Libye et Malte doit se trouver au sud d'une lignemédiane hypo- we have seen, which allows no effect at al1to the islands of Malta. The
position of such a median line, employing the baselines on the coasts of
Sicilyestablished by the Italian Government, may be defined for present
purposes by its intersection with the meridian 15" 10'E ; according to the
information supplied to the Court, this intersection is at about latitude

34" 36'N. The course of that line evidently does not run parallel to that of
the median line between Malta and Libya, but itsform is,it isunderstood,
not greatly different. The equidistance line drawn between Malta and
Libya (excluding as basepoint the islet of Filfla), according to the infor-
mation available to the Court, intersects that same meridian 15" 10'E at
approximately 34" 12' N. A transposition northwards through 24' of
latitude of the Malta-Libya median line would therefore be the extreme
limit of such northward adjustment.
73. The position reached by the Court at this stage of its consideration
of the case is therefore the following. It takes the median line (ignoring
Filfla as a basepoint) as the first step of the delimitation. But relevant
circumstances indicate that some northward shift of the boundary line is
needed in order to produce an equitable result. These are first, the general

geographical context in which the islands of Malta appear as a relatively
small feature in a semi-enclosed sea ; and secondly, the great disparity in
the lengths of the relevant coasts of the two Parties. The next step in the
delimitation is therefore to determinethe extent of therequirednorthward
shift of the boundary line.Here, there are twoimportant parameters which
the Court has alreadymentioned above. First, there is the outside limit of
anynorthward shift, of some24'(seeparagraph 72above). Second, there is
the considerable distance between the coasts (some 195' difference of
latitude, in round terms, between BenghisaPoint and theLibyan coast due
south of that point), which is an obviously important consideration when
deciding whether, and by how much, a median line boundary can be
shifted without ceasing to have an approximately median location, or
approaching sonear toone coast asto bring into play other factors such as
security. In the present case there is clearly room for a significant adjust-

ment, if it is found to be required for acheving an equitable result.
Weighingup these severalconsiderations in the present kind of situation is
not a process that can infallibly be reduced to aformula expressed in actual
figures. Nevertheless, such an assessment has to be made, and the Court
has concluded that a boundary line that represents a shift of around
three-quarters of the distance between the two outer parameters - that is
to say between the median line and the line 24'north of it - achieves an
equitable result in al1the circumstances. It has therefore decided that the
equitable boundary line is a line produced by transposing the median line
northwards through 18'of latitude. By "transposing" is meant the opera-
tion whereby to every point on the median line there will correspond a
point on the line of delimitation, lyingon the same meridian of longitude
but 18'further to thenorth. Since the median line intersects the meridian

15" 10'E at 34" 12'N approximately, the delimitation line will intersect
that meridian at 34" 30'N approximately ;but it willbe for the Parties andthétiqueentre la Libye et la Sicile; car, comme on l'a vu,cette ligne ne
reconnaît aucun effet aux îles maltaises. La localisation de cette ligne
médiane,obtenue àpartir des lignes de base des côtes siciliennes établies

par le Gouvernement italien, peut êtredéfinieaux fins présentes par le
point oùellecoupe leméridien15 " 10'E ;d'aprèslesdonnéesdont laCour
dispose, cepoint sesitue àune latitude de 34" 36'N environ. Bienentendu
cette ligne n'est pas parallèlà la ligne médianeentre Malte et la Libye,
mais il semble que sa forme n'en soitpas trèsdifférente.Selon les indi-
cations dont laCour dispose,laligned'équidistanceentre Malteetla Libye
(tracée en excluant l'îlot de Filfla comme point de base) coupe le méri-
dien 15" 10' E à une latitude d'environ 34" 12'N. Une translation de la
médiane Malte-Libyede 24'de latitude vers le nord serait donc la limite
extrêmed'une tel ajustement.
73. A ce point de son examen la position de la Cour est donc celle-ci:
elleretient la ligne médiane(en rejetant Filfla commepoint de base) dans
une première étape dela délimitation. Toutefois les circonstances perti-

nentes indiquent la nécessitéd'un certain déplacementde la limite vers le
nord afin de parvenir à un résultat équitable. Ces circonstances sont les
suivantes :primo, le cadre géographique d'ensemble dans lequel les îles
maltaises apparaissent commeun accident relativement modeste dans une
mer semi-fermée ;secundo, la disparité considérable des longueurs des
côtes pertinentes des deux Parties. L'étape suivante de la délimitation
consiste donc à déterminer l'étendue du déplacementnécessaire de la
limite vers le nord. Interviennent ici deux paramètres importants que la
Cour a déjàmentionnés. Ily a tout d'abord la marge extrêmede toute
translation versle nord, fixéà 24'environ (voir paragraphe 72ci-dessus).
Vient ensuiteladistanceconsidérable qui séparelescôtes (quelque 195'de
différencede latitude en chiffres ronds entre la pointe Benghisa et la côte
libyenne droit au sud de celle-ci), qui est d'une importance manifeste
quand il s'agit de décidersi une limite tracée selonla médianedoit être

déplacéee ,t de combien, sans qu'elle cesse pour autant de conserver une
position approximativement médiane et sans qu'elle serapproche d'une
côte au point de faire intervenir d'autres facteurs telsque la sécur. n la
présenteespèceilexiste manifestement un espacesuffisant pour pratiquer
un ajustement appréciable si celui-ci apparaît nécessairepour parvenir à
un résultat équitable.Dans ce type de situation, la pondération de ces
divers élémentsn'est pas un processus que l'on puisseimmanquablement
réduire à une formule chiffrée.Cette évaluationn'en estpâs moins indis-
pensable, et la Cour a conclu qu'une limite correspondant à un déplace-
ment des trois quarts environ de la distance entre les deux paramètres
externes - c'est-à-direentre lalignemédianeetlaligne à24'plus aunord -
donne un résultat équitableau vude toutes les circonstances. Sa décision

estdoncque lalimiteéquitableconsisteen une ligneobtenue enimprimant
à la ligne médianeune translation vers le nord de 18'de latitude. Par
(<translation il faut entendre l'opération qui, à tout point de la ligne
médiane,fait correspondre un point de la ligne de délimitation situésur le
mêmeméridien à 18'plus au nord. La ligne médianecoupant le méridientheir experts to determine the exact position of the line resulting from the
northward transposition by 18'.The course of the delimitation line dic-
tated by themethod adopted isshown,for thepurposes ofillustration only,
on Map No. 3 appended hereto.

74. There remains the aspect which the Coure in its Judgrnent in the
North Sea Continental Shelf cases called "the element of a reasonable
degree of proportionality .. .between the extent of the continental shelf
areas appertaining to the coastal State and the length of its coast" (I.C.J.
Reports1969,p. 54,para. 101(D) (3)).In the viewof the Court, there is no
reason ofprinciple whythe test ofproportionality, more or lessin theform
inwhich it wasused inthe TunisialLibya case,namely the identification of
"relevant coasts", the identification of "relevant areas" of continental
shelf,the calculation of themathematical ratios of thelengths of the coasts
and the areas of shelf attributed,and finally the comparison of such ratios,
should not be employed to verify the equity of a delimitation between
opposite coasts, just as well as between adjacent coasts. However, there
may well in such a case be practical difficulties which render it inappro-
priate in that form. Thesedifficulties are particularly evident in thepresent
case where, in the first place, the geographical context is such that the
identification of the relevant coasts and the relevant areas is so much at
large that virtually any variant couldbe chosen, leading to widelydifferent

results ;and in the second place thearea to which the Sudgrnentwillin fact
apply is limited by reason of the existence of claims of third States. To
apply theproportionality test simply to the areas within theselimits would
be unrealistic ; there is no need to stress the dangers of reliance upon a
calculation in which a principal component has already been determined
at the outset of the decision, not by a consideration of the equities, but by
reason of quite other preoccupations of the Court. Yet to apply propor-
tionality calculations to any wider area would involve two serious diffi-
culties. First, there is the probability that future delimitations with third
States would overthrow not only the figures for shelfareas used asbasis for
calculations but also the ratios arrived at. Secondly, it is the result of the
delimitation line indicated by the Court which is to be tested for equita-
bleness ;but that line does not extend beyond the meridians 13" 50'E to
the Westand 15' 10'Eto the east. To base proportionality calculations on
any wider area would therefore involve an artificial prolongation of the
line of delimitation, which would be beyond thejurisdiction of the Court,
evenby wayof hypothesis for an assessment of the equities within the area

to which the Judgment relates.
75. This does not mean, however, that the Court is debarred from
considering the equitableness of the result of the delimitation which it has
in contemplation from the viewpoint of the proportional relationship of15" 10'E à 34" 12'N environ, la ligne de délimitation viendra couper le
même méridien à 34" 30'N environ ;il appartiendra cependant aux Par-
ties età leurs experts de déterminer laposition exacte de la ligne obtenue
par translation de 18'vers le nord. Le tracéde la ligne de délimitation
résultantde la méthodeadoptéeest indiqué, à des fins purement illustra-
tives, sur la carte no 3jointe au présentarrêt.

74. Reste ce que, dans son arrêtdans les affaires du Plateau continental
de la mer du Nord, la Cour a appelé :<(le rapport raisonnable ...entre
l'étenduedes zones de plateau continental relevant de 1'Etatriverain et la
longueur de sonlittoral ))(C.I.J. Recueil1969,p. 54,par. 101D 3).Del'avis
de la Cour, aucune raison de principe n'empêche d'employer le tesd te
proportionnalité, à peu près de la manière dont on l'a fait en l'affaire
Tunisie/Libye, et qui consiste à déterminerles (côtes pertinentes ))et les

zones pertinentes de plateau continental, à calculer les rapports arith-
métiquesentre leslongueurs de côte etlessurfacesattribuées,etfinalement
à comparer ces rapports, afin de s'assurer de l'équitéd'une délimitation
entre côtessefaisant facetout autant qu'entre côtesadjacentes. Mais, dans
ce cas, certaines difficultés pratiques peuvent fort bien rendre le test
inappropriésous cette forme. Ces difficultéssont particulièrement mani-
festes en laprésenteespèceoù, pour commencer,lecontextegéographique
rend la marge de détermination des côtes pertinentes et des zones perti-
nentes si large que pratiquement n'importe quelle variante pourrait être
retenue, cequi donnerait desrésultats extrêmemend t iver; ensuitela zone

à laquelle l'arrêt s'appliqueraen fait est limitéepar l'existencedes reven-
dications d'Etats tiers. Il serait illusoire de n'appliquer laproportionnalité
qu'auxsurfacescomprises dans ceslimites ;point n'estbesoin de souligner
à quel point il est dangereux de se fonder sur un calcul dont un élément
essentiel a déjàétéétabliau débutde la décision,non pas dans un souci
d'équité,mais à cause de préoccupations toutes différentesde la Cour.
Cependant, en faisant porter les calculs de proportionnalité sur une éten-
due plus vaste, on s'exposerait à deux graves difficultés.Premièrement,il
est probableque lesdélimitationsfutures avecdes Etats tiers remettraient
en cause non seulement les chiffres des surfaces de vlateau vrises comme

base de calcul, mais aussi les rapports obtenus. Deuxièmement, c'est
l'équitédu résultatde lalignede délimitation indiquéeparla Cour qui doit
êtreappréciée ;or la ligne ne dépassepasles méridiens13" 50'E à l'ouest
et 15" 10'E à l'est. Pourprocéder à descalculs deproportionnalité dans un
espace plus large il faudrait donc prolonger artificiellement la ligne de
délimitation, ce qui dépasserait la compétence de la Cour, mêmes'il
s'agissaitd'une simple hypothèse destinée à apprécier l'équitédu résultat
dans la zone sur laquelle porte l'arrêt.
75. Cela ne veut cependant pas dire qu'il soit interdit à la Cour d'exa-
miner l'équité du résultatde la délimitation qu'elle envisage,du point de

vue de la proportion existant entre les côtes et les surfaces de plateau54 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)CARTE NO3. Etablieà desfinpsurement illustrativescoasts and continental shelf areas. The Court does not consider that an
endeavour to achieveapredetermined arithmetical ratio in therelationship
between the relevant coasts and the continental shelf areas generated by
them would be in harmony with the principles governing the delimitation
operation. The relationship between the lengths of the relevant coasts of
the Parties has of course already been taken into account in the determi-
nation of thedelimitation line ;if the Courtturns its attention to the extent
of the areas of shelflyingon each sideof the line,it ispossible forit tomake
a broad assessment of the equitableness of the result, without seeking to
define the equities in arithmetical terms. The conclusion to which the

Court comes in this respect is that there is certainly no evident dispro-
portion in the areas of shelf attributed to each of the Parties respectively
such that it could be said that the requirements of the test of propor-
tionality as an aspect of equity were not satisfied.

76. Having thus completed the task conferred upon it by the Special
Agreement of 23 May 1976,the Court will briefly summarize the conclu-
sions reached in the present Judgment. The Courthas found that that task
is to lay down the principles and rules of international law which should
enable the Parties to effect a delimitation of the areas of continental shelf
between the two countries in accordance with equitable principles and so
as to achieve an equitable result. In doing so, the Court considers that the
terms of the SpecialAgreement alsomake it its duty to define as precisely
as possible a method of delimitation which should enable both Parties to
delimit their respective areas of continental shelf "without difficulty",
following the Court's decision in the case. The Court has however to look

beyond the interests of the Parties themselves ;it has, as explained above,
to leaveunaffected the possible claims of third States in the region, which
are outside the competence of the Court in the present case, and thus
remain unresolved. While every case of maritime delimitation is different
in itscircumstancesfrom the next, only aclearbody of equitable principles
can permit suchcircumstances to beproperly weighed,and the objectiveof
an equitable result, as required by general international law, to be
attained.
77. TheCourthas thus had occasion to note the development which has
occurred in the customary law of the continental shelf, and which is
reflected in Articles 76 and 83 of the United Nations Convention on the
Law of the Sea, concerning the relationship between the concept of the
continental shelf as the natural prolongation of the land territory of the
coastal State and the factor of distance from the coast. As the Court has
explained, in a geographical situation like that with which thepresent case
isconcerned, where a singlecontinental shelffalls to be delimited between
two opposite States,so that no question arises, as between those States, of

delimitation by reference to a continental margin extending beyond 200
milesfrom the baselines round the coast of eitherState, the legalconcept ofcontinental. La Cour ne pense pas qu'il soit conforme aux principes de
l'opération dedélimitationd'essayed reparvenir à un rapport arithmétique
préétablientre les côtespertinentes et les surfaces de plateau continental
qu'ellesengendrent. La longueurrelativedescôtespertinentes des Parties
a,bien entendu, déjàétépriseen considérationpour déterminelra limite ;
si la Cour envisage maintenant l'étendue deszones de plateau de part et
d'autre de la ligne,illui est possible de sefaire une idéeapproximativede

l'équitédu résultat sans toutefois essayer de l'exprimer en chiffres. La
conclusion de la Cour à cet égard est qu'il n'y a certainement pas de
disproportion évidenteentre les surfaces de plateau attribuées àchacune
des Parties, au point quel'onpourrait dire que les exigencesdu critèrede
proportionnalité en tant qu'aspect de l'équiténe sont pas satisfaites.

76. Etant ainsi parvenue au terme de la tâche que lui confiait le com-
promis du 23 mai 1976, la Cour résumera comme suit les conclusions
auxquelles elle est arrivée. Ellea constatéqu'elle estpriée d'énoncerles
principes et règlesde droit international devant permettre aux Parties

d'opérer une délimitation deszones de plateau continental entre elles
conformément à des principes équitables et de manière à aboutir à un
résultat équitable.La Cour a estimé que, pour ce faire, les termes du
compromis lui font aussi obligation de définirde façon aussi préciseque
possible une méthodede délimitation qui permette aux deux Parties de
délimiterleurszonesrespectivesde plateau continental sans difficultéH,
une foisl'arrêt rendu. a Cour doit cependant regarder au-delàdesintérêts
des Parties elles-mêmes ;ainsi qu'ila étéexpliquépluh saut sa décisionne
doit pas affecter les prétentions éventuelles'Etats tiers dans la région,
lesquelles échappent à sa compétenceen la présenteespèceet demeurent
donc pendantes. S'ilest vraique lescirconstancesde chaque cas de délimi-
tation maritime diffèrent, seul un ensembleclair de principes équitables
peut permettre de leur reconnaître le poids qui convient et d'atteindre

l'objectif du résultat équitable prescrit par ledroit international général.

77. La Cour a ainsi eu l'occasion de prendre note du changement
intervenu dans le droit coutumier relatif au plateau continental, que con-
sacrent lesarticles 76et83de la conventiondes Nations Unies surle droit
de la mer, au sujet de la relation entre, d'une part, le concept de plateau
continental en tant que prolongement naturel du territoire terrestre de
1'Etatcôtier et, d'autre part, la distance de la côte. Ainsi que la Cour l'a
expliqué,dans des conditions géographiquescomme cellesde l'espèce, où
c'estun plateau continental unique qui doit être délimitentre deux Etats
se faisant face, de sorte qu'il n'estpas question entre ces deux Etats
de définir la limite d'après une marge continentale s'étendant à plus de
200 milles des lignes de base tracées le long de la côte de l'un d'eux, lanatural prolongation does not attribute any relevance to geological or
geophysicalfactors either asbasis of entitlement or ascriterion for delimi-
tation. Each coastal State is entitled to exercise sovereign rights over the
continental shelfoffits coasts for thepurpose ofexploringit and exploiting
its natural resources (Art. 77 of the Convention) up to a distance of 200
miles from the baselines - subject of course to delimitation with neigh-
bouring States - whatever the geophysical or geological features of the
sea-bed within the area comprised between the Coast and the 200-mile
limit.Theintroduction of thiscriterion of distancehasnot howeverhad the
effect of establishing a principle of "absolute proximity" or of conferring
upon the equidistancemethod of delimitation the status of a general rule,
or an obligatory method of delimitation, or of a priority method, to be

tested in every case (cf. ContinentalShelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahir-
iya), I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 79, para. 110). The fact that the Court has
found that, in the circumstances of the present case, the drawing of a
median line constitutes an appropriate first step in the delimitation pro-
cess,shouldnot beunderstood as implying thatan equidistanceline willbe
an appropriate beginning in al1cases, or even in al1cases of delimitation
between opposite States.
78. Having drawn theinitial median line, the Court has found that that
line requires to be adjusted in view of the relevant circumstances of the
area, namely theconsiderabledisparity between the lengths of thecoasts of
theParties here under consideration,thedistance between thosecoasts, the
placing of the basepoints governing any equidistance line, and the general
geographical context. Taking these into consideration, and setting as an
extreme limit for anv northward dis~iacement of the line the notional
median line which, on the hypothesis Ofa delimitation between Italy and

Libya on the basis of equidistance, in the area to which the Judgment
relates, would deny any effect whatever to Malta, the Court has been able
to indicate a method making it possible for the Parties to determine the
location of a line which would ensure an equitable result between them.
This line givesa result which seems to the Court to meet the requirements
of the test of proportionality, and more generally to be equitable, taking
into account al1relevant circumstances.

79. For these reasons,

by fourteen votes to three,
finds that, with reference to the areas of continental shelf'between the
coasts of the Parties within the limits defined in the present Judgment,
namely the meridian 13" 50' E and the meridian 15" 10'E :

A. The principles and rules of international law applicable for the
delimitation, tobe effected by agreement in implementation of thepresentnotion juridique de prolongement naturel n'attribue aucune pertinence
aux facteurs géologiquesou géophysiquesq ,ue ce soit comme fondement
du titre ou comme critèrede délimitation. Chaque Etat côtier est titulaire
de droits souverainssur le plateau continental situé devant ses côtes aux
fins de son exploration et de l'exploitation de ses ressources naturelles
(article77 de la convention)jusqu'à une distance de 200 milles marins

des lignesde base - sous réservebien entendu d'une délimitationavecles
Etats voisins - quels que soient les accidents géologiquesou géophy-
siques des fonds marins dansla zone comprise entre le littoral et la limite
des 200 milles. L'adoption de ce critèrede distance n'a cependant pas eu
pour effet d'instaurer un principe de <(proximité absolue ni de faire
de la méthodede l'équidistance unerèglegénéraleou une méthode obli-
gatoire de délimitation, ou encoreune méthode àessayer en prioritédans
chaque cas (voir Plateau continental(Tunisie/Jamahiriya arabe libyenne),
C.I.J. Recueil 1982, p. 79, par. 110). Que la Cour ait estimé dans les
circonstances de la présente espècequ'il convenait de commencer par
établir uneligne médiane pour procéder a la délimitationne signifie pas

qu'une ligne d'équidistance soitle point de départ dans tous les cas, ni
mêmedans tous les cas de délimitationentre Etats se faisant face.
78. Ayant tracélalignemédianeinitiale,laCouraconcluque cetteligne
doit êtreajustée pour tenir compte des circonstances pertinentes de la
région, à savoir la disparité considérable des longueurs des côtes des
Parties actuellement àl'examen et la distance entre ces côtes, la position
despoints de base déterminant la ligned'équidistance, et le cadregéogra-
phiqued'ensemble. En tenant compte de cescirconstances, et enassignant
comme limite extrême à tout déplacement de la ligne vers le nord la
médianethéoriquequi,dans l'hypothèsed'une délimitationentre l'Italieet
la Libye fondée sur l'équidistancedans la zone sur laquelle porte l'arrêt,

n'accorderait aucun effet à Malte, la Cour a étéen mesure d'indiquer une
méthode permettant aux Parties de déterminerla position d'unelignequi
soit de nature à assurer entre elles un résultat équitable.A son avis cette
ligne répond auxexigencesdu critèrede proportionnalité et, plus généra-
lement, elle tient compte d'une manière équitablede toutes les c,ircons-
tances pertinentes.

79. Par ces motifs,

par quatorze voix contre trois,

dit que, en ce qui concerne les zones de plateau continental comprises
entre les côtes des Parties l'intérieur des limitesdéfiniesdans le présent
arrêt,à savoir le méridien 13"50'E et le méridien 15" 10'E :
A. Les principes et règlesdu droit international applicables à la déli-
mitation, qui devraêtreréalisée par voied'accord en exécutiondu présentJudgment, of the areas of continental shelf appertaining to the Socialist
People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and to the Republic of Malta respec-
tively are as follows :
(1) the delimitation is to be effected in accordance with equitable princi-
ples and taking account of al1relevant circumstances, so asto arrive at
an equitable result ;

(2) the area of continental shelf to be found to appertain to either Party
not extending more than 200 miles from the coast of the Party con-
cerned, no criterionfor delimitation of shelf areas can be derived from
the principle of natural prolongation in the physical sense.
B. The circumstances and factors to be taken into account in achieving

an equitable delimitation in the present case are the following :

(1) the general configuration of the coasts of the Parties, their opposite-
ness, and their relationship to each other within the general geogra-
phical context ;
(2) thedisparity in the lengths of the relevant coasts of the Parties and the
distance between them ;
(3) the need to avoid in the delimitation any excessive disproportion

between the extent of the continental shelf areas appertaining to the
coastal Stateand the length of the relevant part of its coast, measured
in the general direction of the coastlines.
C. In consequence, an equitable result may be arrived at by drawing,as
afirst stagein the process, a median line everypoint ofwhich isequidistant

from the low-water mark of the relevant coast of Malta (excluding the islet
ofFilfla), and thelow-water mark of the relevant coast of Libya, that initial
line being then subject to adjustment in the light of the above-mentioned
circumstances and factors.
D. The adjustment of the median line referred to in subparagraph C

above is to be effected by transposing that line northwards through 18'of
latitude (so that it intersects the meridian 15" 10'E at approximately
latitude 34" 30' N) such transposed line then constituting the delimitation
line between the areas of continental shelf appertaining to the Socialist
People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and to the Republic of Malta respec-
tively.
IN FAVOUR : President Elias ; Vice-President Sette-Camara ; Judges Lachs,
Morozov,Nagendra Singh, Ruda, Ago, El-Khani, Sir Robert Jennings,
de Lacharrière,Mbaye, Bedjaoui ; Judges ad hoc Valticos, Jiménezde

Aréchaga.
AGAIN~T :Judges Mosler,Oda and Schwebel.

Done in English and in French, the English text being authoritative, at
the Peace Palace, The Hague, this third day of June, one thousand nine
hundred and eighty-five,in three copies, one of which willbe placed in thearrêt,des zones de plateau continental relevant respectivement de la
Jamahiriya arabe libyenne populaire et socialiste et de la République de
Malte sont les suivants :

1) ladélimitationdoit s'opérerconformément àdesprincipeséquitableset
compte tenu de toutes les circonstances pertinentes, de manière à
aboutir à un résultat équitable ;
2) du fait que la zone de plateau continental qui se trouvera relever de
chaque Partie ne s'étendpas à plus de 200 milles de la côte de la Partie
concernée,aucun critèrede délimitation deszones deplateau ne saurait
êtretirédu principe du prolongement naturel au sens physique.

B. Les circonstances et facteurs à prendre en considération pour par-
venir à une délimitation équitable en la présente espèce sont les sui-
vants :
1) la configuration généraledes côtes des Parties, le fait qu'elles sefont

face et leur situation réciproque dans le cadre géographique gené-
ral ;
2) ladisparitédeslongueurs descôtespertinentes des Parties et ladistance
qui les sépare ;
3) la nécessité d'évited ransla délimitation toute disproportion excessive
entre l'étendue de la zone de plateau continental relevant de 1'Etat
côtier et la longueur de la partie pertinente de son littoral, mesurée
suivant la direction généralede la côte.

C. En conséquence,un résultat équitablepeut être obtenu en traçant,
dansune premièreétapede ladélimitation,une lignemédianedont chaque
point soit équidistant de la laisse de basse mer de la côte pertinente de
Malte (àl'exclusion de l'îlotde Filfla) et de la laisse de basse mer de lacôte
pertinente de la Libye, ladite ligne initiale étantensuite ajustée eu égard
aux circonstances et facteurs susmentionnés.

D. L'ajustement de la ligne médianevisésous C s'opéreraen faisant
subir à celle-ci une translation vers le nord de 18'de latitude (de manière
qu'elle vienne couper le méridien 15" 10'E à une latitude d'environ
34" 30'N), la ligne ainsi déplacéeconstituant la ligne de délimitation
entre les zones de plateau continental qui relèvent respectivement de la
Jamahiriya arabe libyenne populaire et socialiste et de la République
de Malte.

POUR : M. Elias, Président;M. Sette-Camara, Vice-Présiden tMM. Lachs,
Morozov, Nagendra Singh, Ruda, Ago, El-Khani, sir Robert Jennings,
MM.de Lacharrière,Mbaye, Bedjaoui, juges ;MM. Valticoset Jiménez
de Aréchaga, juges ad hoc ;
CONTRE :MM. Mosler,Oda et Schwebel, juges.

Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au palais de la
Paix, à La Haye, le trois juin mil neuf cent quatre-vingt-cinq, en trois
exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposé auxarchives de la Cour et dont les58 CONTINENTAL SHELF (JUDGMENT)

archivesof the Court and the others transmitted to the Government of the
Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and to the Governof the
Republic of Malta, respectively.

(Signed) T. O. ELIAS,
President.

(Signed) Santiago TORREBERNARDEZ,
Registrar.

Judge EL-KHANIappends a declaration to the Judgment of the
Court.

Vice-President SETTE-CAMARA appends a separate opinion, Judges
RUDAand BEDJAOUa Ind Judge ad hoc JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA a joint
separate opinion, and Judge MBAYand Judge ad hocVALTICOs Separate
opinions, to the Judgment of the Court.

JudgesMOSLER O,DAand SCHWEBEaL ppend dissentingopinions to the
Judgment of the Court.

(Initialled) T.O.E.
(Initialled) S.T.B.autres seront transmis respectivement au Gouvernement dela Jamahiriya
arabe libyenne populaire et socialiste et au Gouvernement de la Répu-
blique de Malte.

Le Président,
(Signé)S. O. ELIAS.

Le Greffier,

(Signé)Santiago TORRES BERNARDEZ.

M. EL-KHANIj,uge, joint une déclaration àl'arrêt.

M. SETTE-CAMARV Ai,ce-Président,joiàtl'arrêtl'exposéde son opi-
nion individuelle;MM. RUDAet BEDJAOUIj,uges, et M. JIMÉNEZ DE
ARECHAGA j,ge ad hoc, y joignent celui de leur opinion conjointe,

MM. MBAYEj,uge, et VALTICOjSu,ge ad hoc,les exposésde leur opinion
individuelle.

MM. MOSLERO , DAet SCHWEBEjL u,ges,joignenà l'arrêtlesexposésde
leur opinion dissidente.

(Paraphé)T.O.E.
(Paraphé)S.T.B.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 3 June 1985

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