INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
ANGLO-IRANIAN
OIL Co. CASE
(UNITED KINGDOMv.IRAN)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTION
JUDGMENT OF JULY 22nd,1952
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
AFFAIRE DE
L'ANGLO-IRANIAN OIL Co.
(ROYAUME-UNI CIRAN)
EXCEPTION PRÉLIMINAIRE
ARRÊT DU 22JUILLET1952 This Judgment should be cited as follows:
"Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case (jurisdiction), Judgwtent of
J~ly zznd, 1952: I.C. J. Reports 1952p. 93.''
Le présent arrêt doit être cité comme su:t
(Afjaire de Z'Anglo-IranianOil Co. (compétence),Arrêtdu
22 juillet 1952: C. I. J. Reczteil 1p.293.1)
No de vente : 91 1
ISales number JULY zznd, 1952
JUDGMENT
ANGLO-IRANTAN OIL Co. CASE
(UNITED KINGDOM v.IRAN)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTION
AFFAIRE DE L'ANGLO-IRAKIAN OIL CO.
(ROYAUME-UNIc. IRAN)
EXCEPTION PRÉLIMINAIRE
22JUILLET 1952 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
-.
1952
July annd YEAR 1952
GeneralList :
No: 16
July zznd, 1gj2
ANGLO-IRANIAN
OIL Co. CASE
(UNITED KIic'GDOM LI?IRAN)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTION
Interpretatioof the IraniaDeclaration of acceptarzce of the Court's
cmnpulsory jurisdictiozvovds to wlzich the expression "postérieurs à la
ratificatide cette déclaration" refev.-Declalimited totheapplica-
tion of treaties conventions accept~d by Iran after ratifof then
Dec1aration.-AVIost-favoztvecdla-nsetcntained in a treaty earlirr in
date than the ratification of the Ueclaration: imposof jounding
thereupon a claiîn to invoke subsequent treaties for the purpose of establishing
the Coztrt's jurisdiction.-7'reaand conventions.-,Vafztrof the
Concessio~z Contract of 193Question zuhether any agreement bctzveen
the Parties resulted fvonz the action taken by the Council of the Leayue of
Nations.-Inapplicabiliof the principle of forum prorogatuni.
Present : Vice-President GUERRERO,Acting President ; President
Sir Arnold MCNAIR ; Judges ALVAREZB , ASDEVANT,
HACKWORTW H,INIARSKI, ZORICIC,KLAESTADB , ADAWI
PASHA, READ, HSU MO, LEVI CARNEIROA , RMAND-
UGON ; M. Karim SANDJABI,Judge ad hoc ; Registrar
HAIIBRO. In the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company case,
between
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
represented by :
Sir Eric Beckett, K.C.M.G., Q.C., Legal Adviser of the Foreign
Office,
as Agent,
assisted by :
Sir Lionel Heald, Q.C., M.P., Attorney-General,
Professor C. H. M. Waldock, C.M.G., O.B.E., Q.C., Chichele
Professor of International Law in the Cniversity of Oxford,
Mr. H. A. P. Fisher, Member of the English Bar,
Mr. D. H. N. Johnson, Assistant Legal Adviser of the Foreign
Office,
as Counsel,
and by :
hlr. A. D.M. Ross, Eastern Department, Foreign Office,
Mr. A. K. Rothnie, Eastern Department, Foreign Office,
as Expert Advisers ;
and
the Imperia1 Government of Iran, represented by :
M. Hossein h'avab, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenips-
tentiary of Iran to the Netherlands,
as Agent,
and
Dr. Mossadegh, Prime Minister,
assisted by :
M. Nasrollah Entezam, Ambassador, former Minister,
and by :
M. Henri Rolin, Professor of International Law at Brussels
University, former President of the Belgian Senate,
as Advocate,
5 and by :
M. Allah Yar Saleh, former Minister,
Dr. S. Ali Shayegan, former Minister, Member of Parliament,
Dr. Mosafar Baghai, Member of Parliament,
M. Kazem Hassibi, Engineer, Member of Parliament,
Dr. Mohamad Hossein Aliabadi, Professor of the Tehran Faculty
of Law,
M. Marcel Sluszny, of the Brussels Bar,
as Counsel,
composed as above,
adjudicating on the Preliminary Objection of the Government of
the Empire of Iran,
deliversthe following Judgment :
On May 26th, 1951, the Government of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland filed an Application instituting
proceedings before the Court against the Imperial Government of
Iran. The Application referred to the Declarations by which the
Government of the Lnited Kingdom and the Government of Iran
accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court in accordance
with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Court's Statute. The Court is
asked :
"(a) To declare that the Imperial Government of Iran are under
a duty to submit the dispute between themselves and the
Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, Limited, to arbitration under
the provisions of Article 22 of the Convention concluded on
the 29th April 1933, between the Imperial Government of
Persia and the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Limited, and
to accept and carry out any award issued as a result of such
arbitration.
(b) Alternatively,
(i) To declare that the putting into effect of the Iranian
Oil Nationalization Act of the 1st May 1951, in so far
as it purports to effect a unilateral annulment, or alter-
ation of the terms, of the Convention concluded on
the 29th April 1933, between the Imperial Government
of Persia and the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Limited,
contrary to Articles 21 and 26 thereof, would be an
act contrary to international law for which the Imperial
Government of Iran would be internationally responsible ;
(ii) To declare that Article 22 of the aforesaid Convention
continues to be legally binding on the Imperia1 Govern- ment of Iran and that, by denying to the Anglo-Iranian
Oil Company, Limited, the exclusive legal remedy
provided in Article 22 of the aforesaid Convention, the
Imperial Government have committed a denial of justice
contrary to international law ;
(iii) To declare that the aforesaid Convention cannot law-
fully be annulled, or its terms altered, by the Imperial
Government of Iran, otherwise than as the result of
agreement with the -4nglo-Iranian Oil Company, Limited,
or under the conditions provided in Article 26 of the
Convention ;
(iv) To adjudge that the Imperial Government of Iran should
give full satisfaction and indemnity for al1 acts com-
mitted in relation to the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company,
Limited, which are contrary to international law or the
aforesaid Convention, and to determine the manner of
such satisfaction and indemnity."
Pursuant to Article 40, paragraphs 2 and 3, of the Statute, the
Application kvas communicated to the Iranian Government as
well as to the States entitled to appear before the Court. It was
also transmitted to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
The Memorial of the Government of the United Kingdom was
filed within the time-limit fixed by Order of July 5th, 1951, and
subsequently extended at the request of that Government by Order
of August zznd, 1951. The Iranian Government, within the time-
limit fixed for the presentation of its Counter-Memorial as finally
extended to February th, 1952, by Order of December 17th,
1951, at the request of that Government, filed a document entitled
"Preliminary Observations :Refusa1 of the Imperial Government to
recognize the jurisdiction of the Court".
The deposit of this document having suspended the proceedings
on the merits, an Order datedFebruary t th, 1952,fixedMarch 27th,
1952, as the time-limit within which the United Kingdom Govern-
ment might submit a written statement of its observations and
submissions in regard to the Objection. Furthermore, the States
entitled to appear before the Court were informed of the deposit of
the Objection. Finally, in pursuance of Article 63 of the Statute of
the Court, the Members of the United Nations were informed that
in its Objection, the Iranian Government relied, intea rlia, upon its
interpretation of Article 2, paragraph 7,of the Charter of the United
Nations.
The Observations of the United Kingdom Government in regard
to the Objection were deposited within the specified time-limit and
the case was thus ready forhearing, as far asthe Preliminary Objec-
tion was concerned.
As the Court included upon the Bench a Judge of the nationality
of one of the Parties, the other Party-the Government of Ican-by
virtue of Article 31, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court,97 JCDGMENT OF 22 VII 52 (APIGLO-IRANIAX OIL CO.)
appointed Dr. Karim Sandjabi, Professor and former Dean of the
Law Facultjr of Tehran, Member of Parliament and former
Rlinister, to sit as a Judge ad Itoc.
.Asthe President of the Court was a national of one of the Parties,
he transferred the Presidency for the present case to the Vice-
President, in accordance with Article 13, paragraph I, of the Rules
of Court.
Public hearings were held on June gth, ~oth, t th, 13ih, 14th,
16th, 17th, ~Sth, rgth, 21st and 23rd, 1952. The Court heard
hl. Navab, Dr. Mossadegh and hi. Henri Rolin on behalf of the
Iranian Government ; and Sir Lionel Heald and Sir Eric Beckett
on behalf of the United Kingdom Government.
In the course of the argument before the Court, the following
submissions were presented :
On behalf of the Iranian Government
blay it please the Court
Subject to al1 reservations and without prejudice,
To find as fact and hold in law :
IO That the Government of the United Kingdom has altered
the subject of its claim, as set forth in its Application instituting
proceeclings ;
That the said Application requested that the Iranian Govern-
ment should be required to give full satisfaction and indemnity
for al1 acts committed in regard to the Anglo-Iranian Company
contrary to the rules of international law or to the Concession
Convention of April zgth, 1933, and that the manner in which
this satisfaction and reparation were to be given should be
determined ;
That the United Kingdom Government requested, in its Memo-
rial, as its principal demand :
restitution of the enterprise to the concessionary Company and
the determination of the damages due to the said Company for
loss and damage, either by the Arbitration Court provided for
in Article 22 of the Concession or in such other nlanner as the
Court may decide ;
as an alternative, if the Court should not order restitution of
the enterprise, that the compensation due for regular expropria-
tion should similarly be determined by the arbitral procedure
laid down in Article 22 of the Concession Convention, or in such
other manner as the Court may decide ;
as a further alternative, tliat, in any case, the provisions
contained in the Nationalization Act with regard to compensation
should be declared inadequate from the point of view of inter-
national law, and that the amount of such compensation should
be determined by arbitration or by the Court ;
tliat the two first claims are inadmissible, because the Govern-
ment of the United Kingdom by its Declaration of August 3rd,
1951, abandoned its request for adjudication of the said claims ; That the third claim is not admissible, no such request having
been formulated in the Application instituting proceedings ;
That, in any case, the Court has no jurisdiction to deal with it,
as this claim was formulated subsequent to the Iranian Govern-
ment's denunciation on July ~oth, 1951, of its Declaration of
adherence to the Optional Clause under Article 36 of the Court's
Statute, and was not concerned' with the settlement of a dispute ;
2" That the Court should declare that it lacks jurisdiction ex
o$cio in application of Article 2, paragraph 7, of the Charter
of the United Nations, the matters dealt with by the National-
izatioii Laws of March 20th and May ~st, 1951, being essentially
within the domestic jurisdiction of States and incapable of being
the subject of an intervention by any orgai? of the United Nations ;
3" Tliat the Court has jurisdiction only in so far as jurisdiction
is conferred on it by the declarations of the Parties ;
That in the present case the Iranian Declaration limits the
jurisdiction of the Court to disputes arising after the ratification
of the said Declaration, with regard to situations or facts relating
directly or indirectly to the application of treaties or conventions
accepted by Persia and subsequent to the ratification of the said
Declaration ;
That the claims of the United Kingdom Governmerit are based
either upon treaties concluded between Iran and other Powers,
the benefit of which can only be invoked by the United Kingdom
by application of the most-favoured-nation clause, a clause which
appears only in the treaties concluded between Iran and the
United Kingdom in 1857 and 1903, i.e. prior to the ratification
of the Iranian Declaration ;
or upon an exchange of notes, which does not possess the
character of a treaty or convention, dated May ~oth, 1928, a date
which is prior to the ratification of the Iranian Declaration and
which confines itself to noting the Iranian Government's under-
taking to respect, in regard to British nationals, the rules of
general international law, the violation of which, as such, is not
invoked by the United Kingdom Government, and would not
give ground for the institution of proceedings before the Court,
having regard to the Declarations of the two Parties ;
or upon an alleged tacit agreement between the two Govern-
ments in connection with the renewal of the Anglo-Iranian Oil
Company's concession in 1933, which tacit agreement is formally
disputed, and in any case does not possess the character of a
treaty or convention, because it was not concluded between States,
was not put in writing, and was not registered in conformity
with Article 18 of the Covenant of the League of Xatioiis, which
was applicable at that time ;
That, accordingly, the Court, on these grounds, lacks juris-
diction ;
4" That furthermore, a prima facie examination suffices to show
that the British claims have no relation to the treaties, or alleged
treaties, that are invoked, as these instruments manifestly do
not possess the scope which the applicant State attributes to them ;
That, on this ground also, the Court should declare that it
lacks jurisdiction ;
9 5" That the claim concerning the amount of the compensation
due to the Anglo-Iranian Oil,Company is also inadmissible, because
that Company has not yet exhausted the local remedies provided
by Iranian law ;
6" That the United Kingdom and Iran, having in their Decla-
rations reserved questions which, according to international law,
are within the exclusive jurisdiction of States, this reservation,
having regard to the substitution of Article 2, paragraph 7, of
the Charter of the United Nations for Article 15, paragraph 8,
of the Covenant of the League of Nations, must be understood
as extending to questions which are essentially within the domestic
jurisdiction of States ;
That express declaration~ of this kind undoubtedly reinforce
the general provision in Article 2,paragraph 7, of the Charter of
the Cnited Nations, and therefore constitute an additional reason
for the Court to declare that it lacks jurisdiction ;
In view of the foregoing,
To declare that it lacks jurisdiction,
And, in any case, to find that the claims are inadmissible.
As a further alternative,
To place on record for the Iranian Government its declaration
that, in so far as may be necessary, it avails itself of the right
reserved in its Declaration, to require the suspension of the
proceedings, since the dispute before the Court has, in fact, been
submitted to the Security Council and is under examination by
that body.
On behalf of the United Kingdom Government :
i. That the question of the Court's jurisdiction is the only
cluestion which arises for decision by the Court at the present time
and no other question,,whether or not it is one which could be
raised by preliminary objection, falls for decision by the Court
at the present time.
2. That the Court has, under Article 36, paragraph 2, of its
Statute, jurisdiction in respect of al1 disputes covered by the
declaration of Iran accepting the Optional Clause.
3. That the Iranian declaration accepting the Optional Clause
covers disputes arising after the ratification thereof in regard to
situations or facts subsequent to the ratification thereof and
having reference directly or indirectly tothe application of treaties
or conventions accepted by Iran at any time.
4. That by reason of the third conclusion, the Court has juris-
diction to entertain the daim of the United Kingdom that Iran,
in putting into force the law of 1st May, 1951, relating to the
nationalization of the oil industry in Iran, lias violated its obli-
gations towards the United Kingdom resulting from the following
treaties or conventions accepted by Iran :
(a) The treaties and conventions between Iran and third States
enumerated in paragraph II of Annex 2 of the United Kingdom
1O 5" Que la demande relative au montant de l'indemnité revenant
à 1'Anglo-Iranian Oil Company est en outre irrecevable, cette
sociétén'ayant pas épuisé les voiesde recours internes prévues
par la législation iranienne;
6" Que le Royaume-Uni et l'Iran, ayant dans leurs déclarations,
réservéles questions qui, d'après le droit international, sont de
la compétence exclusive des États, cette réserve doit s'entendre,
eu égard à la substitution de l'article2,paragraphe 7 de la Charte
des Nations Unies à l'article 15, paragraphe 8 du Pacte de la
Sociétédes Nations, comme s'étendant aux questions qui sont
essentiellement de la compétence nationale des Etats ;
Que de telles déclarations expresses renforcent incontestablement
la disposition généralede l'article 2, paragraphe 7, de la Charte
des Nations Unies et constituent donc un motif supplémentaire
de nature à déterminer la Cour à se déclarer incompétente ;
En conséquence,
Se déclarer incompétente,
Dire en tout cas les demandes non recevables.
Très subsidiairement,
Donner acte au Gouvernement de l'Iran de ce qu'il déclare pour
autant que de besoin faire usage de la faculté que lui réserve sa
déclaration, de demander la suspension de la procédure, le différend
soumis à la Cour étant par ailleurs soumis au Conseil de Sécurité
et faisant l'objet de l'examen de celui-ci.
Au nom du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni :
1. La question relative à la compétence de la Cour est la seule
que la Cour soit appelée à trancher actuellement et aucune autre
question, qu'elle puisse ou non êtresoulevée par voie d'exception
préliminaire, n'appelle une décision de la Cour au moment actuel.
2. Aux termes de l'article 36, paragraphe 2, de son Statut, la
Cour est compétente pour connaitre de tous les différends que vise
la déclaration par laquelle l'Iran a accepté la disposition facultative.
3. La déclaration par laquelle l'Iran a accepté la disposition
facultative s'applique aux différends qui se présentent après la
ratification de cette déclaration, à l'égard de situations ou de
faits postérieurs à ladite ratification et visant directement ou indi-
rectement l'application de traités ou conventions acceptés à n'im-
porte quel moment par l'Iran.
4. A raison de la troisième conclusion, la Cour est compétente
pour connaitre de la demande du Royaume-Uni selon laquelle
l'Iran, en faisant entrer en vigueur la loi du 1.rmai 1951 ,elative
à la nationalisation de l'industrie pétrolièreen Iran, a manqué à
ses obligations envers le Royaume-Uni, résultant des traités ou
conventions suivants, acceptés par l'Iran:
a) Les traités et conventions conclus entre l'Iran et des États
tiers qui sont énumérésau paragraphe II de l'annexe 2 du
1OIO1 JUDGMENT OF 22 VI1 52 (ANGLO-IRANIAN OIL CO.)
(a) does not relate to the question of jurisdiction, and therefore
does not fa11for decision by the Court at the present time, and
(O) is ill-founded.
9. The contention in paragraph I of the Iranian conclusions
that the Court has no jurisdiction to entertain the aforesaid
claim B, on the ground that it was formulated after the denun-
ciation by Iran of its declaration accepting the Optional Clause,
is ill-founded.
IO. That the contention in paragraph 5 of the Iranian conclu-
sions that the said alternative claim B is not receivable because
municipal remedies have not been eshausted
(a) does not relate to the question of jurisdiction and therefore
does not faII for decision by the Court at the present time, and
(O) is ill-founded.
II. That the last "subsidiary" contention in the Iranian conclu-
sions that, by reason of the penultimate paragraph of the Persian
declaration accepting the Optional Clause, Iran is entitled to
require that proceedings in the Court should be suspended on
the ground that the dispute between the Parties has been submitted
to the Security Council of the United Nations,
(a) does not relate to the question of the jurisdiction of the Court
and therefore does not fa11for decision at the present stage, and
(O) is ill-founded.
12. That the present dispute between the United Kingdom and
Iran does not relate to a matter which, according to international
law, falls exclusively within the jurisdiction of Iran and therefore
the jurisdiction of the Court is not affected by exception (c) of the
Iranian declaration accepting the Optional Clause.
13.That the contention in paragraph 6 of the Iranian conclu-
sions that exception (c) of the Iranian declaration accepting the
Optional Clause must, having regard to the provisions of para-
graph 7 of Article z of the Charter of the United Nations, be
regarded as extending to questions which are essentially within the
jurisdiction of Iran, is ill-founded.
14. That if, contrary to Conclusion 13 above, the Iranian conten-
tion referred to in 13above is correct, the present dispute does not
relate to a question which falls essentially within the domestic
jurisdiction of Iran.
15. That paragraph 7 of Article 2 of the Charter of the United
Nations is not relevant to the jurisdiction of the Court.
16. That if, contrary to Conclusion 15 above, paragraph 7 of
Article 2 of the Charter of the United Nations is relevant to the
jurisdiction of the Court, the present dispute is not a matter which
is essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of Iran.
17. That the Iranian Government, having in its conclusions
submitted to the Court for decision several questions which are
not objections to the jurisdiction of the Court and which could
only be decided if the Court had jurisdiction, has by this action
conferred jurisdiction upon the Court on the basis of the principle
of forum prorogatum.IO2 JUDGMENT OF 22 VI1 52 (ANGLO-IRANIAN OIL CO.)
For these reasons, the Government of the United Kingdom
accordingly prays the Court :
(1) to declare that it has jurisdiction or, alternatively, to join
the question of jurisdiction to the merits;and
(2) to order the Iranian Government to plead on the merits and
fixthe time-limits for the further written proceedings.
On April zgth, 1933, an agreement was concluded between the
Imperial Government of Persia (now the Imperial Government of
Iran, which name the Court will use hereinafter) and the Anglo-
Persian Oil Company, Limited (later the Anglo-Iranian Oil Com-
pany, Limited), a Company incorporated in the cnited Kingdom.
This agreement \vas ratified by the Iranian Majlis on May 28th,
1933, and came into force on the following - . after having received
the Imperial assent.
On March 15th and zoth, 1951, the Iranian Majlis and Senate,
respectively, passed a law enunciating the principlc of nationaliza-
tion of the oil industry in Iran.On April 28th and 3oth, 1951, they
passed another law "concerning the procedure for enforcement of the
law concerning the nationalization of the oil industry throughout
the country". These two laws received the Imperial assent on
May ~st, 1951.
As a consequence of these laws, a dispute arose between the
Government of Iran and the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, Limited.
The Government of the United Kingdom adopted the cause of this
British Company and submitted, in virtue of the right of diplomatic
protection, an Application tothe Court on May 26th, 1951, insti-
tuting proceedings in the name of the Government of the United
Kingdoin of Great Britain and Northern Ireland against the Imperial
Government of Iran.
On June zznd, 1951,the Government of the United Kingdom sub-
mitted, in accordance with Article 41 of the Statute and Article 61
of the Rules of Court, a request that the Court should indicate
provisional measures in order to preserve the rights of that Govern-
ment. In view of the urgent nature of such a request, the Court, by
Order of July 5th, 1951, indicated certain provisional measures by
virtue of the power conferred on it by Article 41 of the Statute. The
Court stated expressly that "the indication of such measures in no
way prejudges the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal
nith the merits of the case and leaves unaffected the right of the
Respondent to submit arguments against such jurisdiction".
While the Court derived its power to indicate these provisional
measures from the special provisions contained in Article 41 of the
Statute, it must now derive its jurisdiction to deal with the rnerits
of the case from the general rules laid down in Article 36 of theIO3 JUDGMENT OF 22 1'1152 (ANGLO-IRAKIAN OIL CO.)
Statute. These general rules, which are entirely different from the
special provisions of Article 41, are based on the principle that the
jurisdiction of the Court to deal with and decide a case on the
merits depends on the will of the Parties. Unless the Parties have
conferred jurisdiction on the Court in accordance with Article 36,
the Court lacks such jurisdiction.
In the present case the jurisdiction of the Court depends on the
Declarations made bythe Parties under Article 36,paragraph 2, on
condition of reciprocity, which were, in the case of the United King-
dom, signed onFebruary 28th, 1940, and, in the case of Iran, signed
on October znd, 1930, and ratified on September ~gth, 1932. By
these Declarations, jurisdiction is conferred on the Court only to the
estent to which the two Declarations coincide in conferring it. As
the Iranian Declaration is more limited in scope than thesUnited
Kingdom Declaration, it is the Iranian Declaration on which the
Court must base itself. This is common ground between the Parties.
The Iranian Declaration, which was drafted in French, is as
follows :
"The Imperial Government of Persia recognizes as compulsory
ipso facto and without special agreement in relation to any other
State accepting the same obligation, that is to say, on condition
of reciprocity, the jurisdiction of the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice, in accordance with Article 36, paragraph 2, of
the Statute of the Court, in any disputes arising after the ratifi-
cation of the present declaration with regard to situations or facts
relatingdirectly or indirectly to the application of treaties or conven-
tions accepted by Persia and subsequent to the ratification of this
declaration, with the ~xception of :
(a) disputes relating to the territorial status of Persia, includ-
ing those concerning the rights of sovereignty of Persia over its
islands and ports ;
(b) disputes in regard to which the Parties have agreed or
shall agree to have recourse to some other method of peaceful
settlement ;
(c)disputes with regard to questions which, by international
law, fa11exclusivelywithin the jurisdiction of Persia;
to require that proceedings in the Court shall be suspended int
respect of any dispute which has been submitted to the Council of
the League of Nations.
The present declaration is made for a period of six years. At the
expiration of that period, it shall continue to bear its full effects
until notification is given of its abrogation."
According to the first clause of this Declaration, the Court has
jurisdiction only when a dispute relates to the application of a
treaty or conventionaccepted by Iran. The Parties are in agreement
on this point. But they disagree on the question whether this juris-diction is limited to the application oftreaties orconventionsaccepted
by Iran after the ratification of the Declaration, or whether it com-
prises the application of treatics or conventions accepted by Iran
at any time.
The Government of Iran contends that the jurisdiction of the
Court islimited to the application of treatiesor conventionsaccepted
by Iran after the ratification of theDeclaration. It refers to the fact
that the words "et postériezirsà la ratification de cette déclaration"
follow immediately after the expression "traités ozt conventions
acceptés parla Perse".
The Government of the United Kingdom contends that the words
"et postérieursà la ratification decettedéclaration"refer to the expres-
sion "au sujet de situations ou de faits". Consequently, the Govern-
mtnt of the Vnited Kingdom maintains that the Declaration relates
to th? application of trcaties or conventions accepted by Iran at
any the.
If the Declaration is considered from a purely grammatical point
of view, both contentions might be regarded as compatible with the
tcst. The words "et postériez~r s la ratificatio?~de cettedéclaratiorc"
niay, strictly speaking, be considered as referring either to the
ex~ression "traitésou conventions accebt1sbar la Perse". or to the
expression "az~sujet de situations ou de faits".
But the Court cannot base itself on a ~urelv grammatical
interpretation of the text. It rnust seek theintérpretagon which is
in harmony with a natural and reasonable way of reading the text,
having due regard to the intention of the Government of Iran at the
time when it accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court.
Thetext itself conveys the impression that the words "postérieurs
à In retification de cette déclaration"relate to the expression which
immediately precedes them, namely, to "traités oz1 conventions
acceptéspar la Perse", to which they are linked by the word "et".
This is, in the opinion of the Court, the natural and reasonable way
of reading the text. It would require special and clearly established
reasons to link the words "et postériezirsà la ratification de cette
déclaration", to the expression "au szijet de situations ou de faits",
which is separated from them by a considerable numberof words,
namely, "ayant directement ou indirectement trait à l'application des
traitésnu conventions acceptés par la Perse".
The Government of the United Kingdom has endeavoured to
invoke such specialreasons. It has relied on the fact that the Iranian
Declaration is copied from the corresponding clause adopted by
Belgium in 1925 which refers to "tous les di8érendsqui s'élèveraient
aprèsla ratification de la présentedéclarationau szijetde situations ou
de faits postériezrrà cette ratification". It is argued that thereafter
this formula or a similar one was adopted by numerous States and
that the Iranian Declaration must be understood in the same sense,
namely, that the expression "et postérieurs à la ratification de cettedéclaration,"relates on1y to the expression "azt sujet desituations ou
de faits".
But these expressions, which in the Belgian Declaration are
closely linked to each other, are in theIranian Declaration separated
by the words "ayant directementoz& indirectement traità l'application
des traitésou conventionsacceptéspar la Perse". By the interpolation
of these words, the substance of the usual formula was so much
altered that it is impossible to seek the real meaning of the Iranian
Declaration in that formula. This Declaration must be interpreted
as it stands, having regard to the words actually used.
The Government of the United Kingdom has further argued that
the Declaration would contain some superfluous words if it is inter-
preted as contended by Iran. It asserts that a legal text should be
interpreted in such a wav that a reason and a meaning can be
attributed to every word in the text.
It may be said that this principle should in general be applied
when interpreting the text of a treaty. But the text of the Iranian
Declaration is not a treatytext resulting from negotiations between
two or more States. It is the result of unilateral drafting by the
Government of Iran, which appears to have shown a particular
degree of caution when drafting the text of the Declaration. It
appears to have inserted, ex abundanti cautela,words which, strictly
speaking, may seem to have been superfluous. This caution is
explained by the special reasons which led the Government of Iran
to draft the Declaration in a very restrictive manner.
On May ~oth, 1927, the Government of Iran. denounced al1
treaties with other States relating to the régime of capitulations,
the denunciation to take effect one year thereafter, and it had corn-
menced negotiations with these States with a view to replacing the
denounced treaties by new treaties based on the principle of equal-
ity. At the time when the Declaration was signed in October 1930,
these negotiations had been brought to an end with some States,
but not with all. The Government of Iran considered al1capitulatory
treaties as no longer binding, but was uncertain as to the legal effect
of its unilateral denunciations. It is unlikely that the Government
of Iran, in such circumstances, should have been willing, on its own
initiative, to agree that disputes relating to such treaties might be
submitted for adjudication to an international court of justice by
virtue of a general clause in the Declaration.
It is reasonable to assume, therefore, that when the Government
of Iran was about to accept the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court, it desired to exclude from that jurisdiction al1disputes wliich
might relate to the application of the capitulatory treaties, and the
Declaration was drafted on the basis of this desire. In the light of
these considerationsit does not seem possible to hold that theteïm
'(traitéou conventions", used in the Declaration, could mean treaties
I6or conventions concluded at any time, as contended by the Goverii-
ment of the United Kingdom.
It is objected that the Government of Iran, at or about the time
whe~iit signed the Declaration, concluded with a number of other
States bilateral treaties which provided for arbitration of disputes
relating to treaties already concluded or to be concluded. This
attitude is said to be contrary to the view that the Government of
Iran desired to exclude from the jurisdiction of the Court treaties
accepted by it before the ratification of the Declaration.
This objection loses al1 weight when it is viewed in the light of
the special reasons which prompted the formulation by the Iranian
Government of its Declaration on the one hand, and of the arbitra-
tion clauses inserted in certain treaties on the other. That Govern-
ment was dealing with two different situations, one being particular,
the other general. It is quite understandable that it was disposed
to accept the arbitration clause as it is expressed in the treaties
concluded with certain States which were willing to give up capitu-
latory rights. Rut the Government of Iran was corifronted with an
entirely different problem when it was preparing a Declaration
under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Court's Statute, binding
itself to submit to the jurisdiction of the Court in relation to al1
States which had signed similar Declarations or which might do
so in the future, whether such States had concluded with Iran
treaties replacing the régime of capitulations or not.
Having regard to these considerations, the Court is satisfied
that it was the manifest intention of the Government of Iran to
exclude from the jurisdiction of the Court disputes relating to the
application of al1 treaties or conventions accepted by it before the
ratification of the Declaration. Thisintention has found an adequate
expression in the text of the Declaration as interpreted above by
the Court.
That such was the intention of the Government of Iran is
confirmed by an Iranian law of June 14th, 1931, by which the
Majlis approved the Declaration. This law was passed some months
after the Declaration was signed and some months before it was
ratified. It was stated in that law that the Majlis approved the
Declaration relating to the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court
"as it was signed by the representative of Iran" on October znd,
1930 ;it was furtherstated that the law comprised a single article
and the text of Article 36 of the Court's Statute, "together with
the conditions of the Iranian Government's accession to the afore-
said Article". One of these conditions was mentioned as follows :
"In respect of ail disputes arising out of situations or facts
relating, directly or indirectly, to the execution of treaties and
conventions which the Government will have accepted after the
ratification of the Declaration." This clause, referring as it does to "treaties and conventions
which the Government will have accepted after the ratification of
the Declaration", is, in the op'inion of the Court, a decisive confir-
mation of the intention of the Governnient of Iran at the time
when it accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court.
It is argued that the terms used in the law are not identical
with the text of the Declaration. That is true. But it is irrelevant,
since the !aw only paraphrases the Declaration without repeating
it textually. Had the Iranian Government been of the opinion
that the terms of the laur differed from the true meaning of the
Declaration, as it was signed in October 1930, it could easily
have altered the Declaration. But it did not do so. It ratified it in
September 1932 without any modification. It must therefore have
considered that the Declaration corresponded to the explanation
given in the law of 1931.
It is contended that this evidence as to the intention of the
Govemment of Iran should be rejected as inadmissible and that
this Iranian law is a purely domestic instrument, unknown to
other governments. The law is described as "a private document
written only in the Persian language which was not communicated
to the League or to any of the other States which had made decla-
rations".
The Court is unable to see why it should be prevented from
taking this piece of evidence into consideration. The law was
published in the Corpus of Iranian laws voted and ratified during
the period from January 15th, 1931, to January 15th, 1933. It has
thus been available for the examination of other governments
during a period of about twenty years. The law is not, and could
not he, relied on as affording abasis for the jurisdiction of the Court.
It uras filed for the sole purpose of throwing light on a disputed
question of fact, namely, the intention of the Government of Iran
at the time when it signed the Declaration.
Having regard to the foregoing considerations, the Court con-
cludes that the Declaration is limited to disputes relating to the
application of treaties or conventions accepted by Iran after the
ratification of the Declaration.
The United Kingdom contends, however, that even if the Court
werc to liold that the Declaration applies only to disputes relating
to the application of treaties or conventioris accepted by Iran
after the ratification ofthe Declaration, it would still have jurisdic-
tion in the present case. The contention of the United Kingdom is
that the acts of which it complains constitute a violation by Iran
of certain of its obligations to the United Kingdom reculting from
treüties or conventions accepted by Iran after the ratification of
tlie I?eclaration. The treatie~ and conveiitions relied upoii in this
connectioii art>: ji) The Treaty of Friendship, Establishment and Commerce
concluded between Iran and Denmark on February zoth, 1934 ;the
Establishment Convention co~~cludedbetween Iran and Switzerland
on April 25th, 1934 ; and the Establishment Convention concluded
between Iran and Turkey on March qth, 1937.
(ii) What the Vnited Kingdom Government describes as the
"treaty stipulation" between the Government of Iran and the
Government of the cnited Kingdom arising out of the settlement
in 1933, through the mediation of the Council of the League of
Kations, of the international dispute between the United Kingdom
and Iran relating to a concession known asthe D'Arcy Concession.
Article IV of theTreaty of1934 between Iran and Denmark, upon
which the Cnited Kingdom Gorernment relies, provides that :
[Translationj "The nationals of each of the High Contracting
Parties shall, in the territory of the other, be received and treated,
principles and practice of ordinary internationalncelaw. They shall
enjoy therein the most constant protection of the laws and author-
ities of the territory for their persons, property, rights and
interests."
The Establishment Conventions concluded by Iran with Switzer-
land and Turkey each contain an article similar to Article IV of the
Iranian-Danish Treatv.
The United Kingdom relies on these three treaties by virtue
of the most-favoured-nation clause contained in Article IX of
the Treaty concluded between the United Kingdom and Iran on
Irlarch 4th, 1857, and in Article 2 of the Commercial Convention
concluded between the United Kingdom andIran on February gth,
1903.
Article IX of the Treaty of 1857 reads :
"The High Contracting Parties engage that, in the establishment
and recognition of Consuls-General, Consuls, Vice-Consuls, and
Consular Agents, each shall be placed in the dominions of the
other on the footing of the most-favoured nation ; and that the
treatment of their respective subjects, and their trade, shall also,
in every respect, be placed on the footing of the treatment of
the subjects and commerce of the most-favoured nation."
Article II of the Commercial Convention of 1903 provides as
follo\vs:
[Translatio~z] "....It is formally stipulated that British subjects
and importations in Persia, as well as Persian subjects and Persian
importations in the British Empire, shall continue to enjoy in
al1 respects, the régime of the most-favoured nation ...."
It is argued by the Cnited Kingdom Government that the
conduct of the Iranian Government towards the Anglo-Iranian OilCompany constitutes a breach of the principles and practice of
international law which, by her treaty with Denmark, Iran
promised to observe towards Danish nationals, and which, by the
operation of the mos+-favoured-nation clause contained in the
treaties between Iran and the United Kingdom, Iran became
bound to observe towards British nationals. Consequently, the
argument continues, the dispute which the United Kingdom haç
brought before the Court concerns situations or facts relating
directly or indirectly to the application of a treaty-the Treaty of'
1934 between Denmark and Iran-accepted by Iran after the.
ratification of her Declaration.
The Court cannot accept this contention. It is obvious that the
term traitésou conventions used in the Iranian Declaration refers
to treaties or conventions which the Party bringing the dispute
before the Court has the right to invoke against Iran, and does not
mean any of those which Iran may have concluded with any State.
But in order that the United Kingdom may enjoy the benefit of
any treaty concIuded by Iran with a third party by virtue of a
most-favoured-nation clause contained in a treaty concluded by
the United Kingdom with Iran, the United Kingdom must be in a
position to invoke thelatter treaty. The treaty containing the most-
favoured-nation clause is the basic treaty upon which the United
Kingdom must rely. It is this treaty which establishes the juridical
link between the United Kingdom and a third-party treaty and
confers upon that State the rights enjoyed by the third party. A
third-party treaty, independent of and isolated from the basic
treaty, cannot produce any legal effect as between the United King-
dom and Iran :it is res inter alios acta.
It is contended by the United Kingdom that upon the coming
into force of the Iranian-Danish Treaty on March 6th, 1935, Iran
became bound, by the operation of the most-favoured-nation
clause, to treat British nationals on her territory in accordance
with the principles and practice of international law. Without
considering the meaning and the scope of the most-favoured-nation
clause, the Courtconfines itself to stating that this clause iscontained
in the Treaties of1857 and 1903 between Iranandthe United King-
dom, which are not subsequent to the ratification of the Iranian
Declaraticm. While Iran is bound by her obligations under these
Treaties as long as they are in force, the United Kingdom is not
entitled to rely upon them for the purpose of establishing the juris-
diction of the Court, since they are excluded by the terms of the
Declaration.
The United ~ingdom argued that the question which the Court
had to consider was not "what are the treaties which confer
on Great Britain the rights in question", but "what are
the treaties whose application is in dispute". But from the legal
p0in.t of view, what is in dispute is not the application of the
Treaty of 1934 between Iran and Denmark, but the application
of the Treaty of 1857 or the Convention of 1903 between Iran and
20the United Kingdom in conjunction with the Treaty of 1934
between Iran and Denmark. There could be no dispute between Iran
and the Cnited Kingdom upon the Iranian-Danish Treaty alone.
The Cnited Kingdom also put forward, in a quite different
form, an argument concerning the most-favoured-nation clause.
If Denmark, it is argued, can bring before the Court questions as
to the application of her 1934 Treaty with Iran, and if the United
Kingdom cannot bring before the Court questions as to the applica-
tion of the same Treaty to the benefit of which she is entitled under
the most-favoured-nation clause, then the United Kingdom would
not be in the position of the most-favoured nation. The Court needs
only observe that the most-favoured-nation clause in the Treaties
of 1857 and 1903 between Iran and the United Kingdom has no
relation whatever to jurisdictional matters between the two
Governments. If Denmark is entitled under Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute, to bring before the Court any dispute as to the
application of its Treaty with Iran, it is because that Treaty is
subsequent to the ratification of the Iranian Declaration. This can
not give rise to any question relating to most-favoured-nation
treatment.
The word "indirectement" in the phrase "au sujet de situations
ou de faits ayant directement ou indirectement trait à l'application
des traités ou conventions" has been relied upon in arguing that
the dispute brought before the Court may be considered as involv-
ing indirectly the application of a treaty subsequent to the Declar-
ation-the Iranian-Danish Treaty of 1934. The words "directement
ou indirectement" clearly describe the manner in which a certain
situation or certain facts forming the subject-matter of a dispute
may be related to a treaty :such relation may be direct or indirect.
But such direct or indirect relation is not in issue in the present
case. What is in issue is whether the United Kingdom, for the
purpose of satisfying the requirements of the Declaration, can
invoke a treaty to which it is not a party by way of a treaty to
which it is a party. The word "indirectement" cannot apply to
the solution of this question. If the United Kingdom is not entitled
to invoke its own Treaty of 1857 or 1903 with Iran, it cannot
rely upon the Iranian-Danish Treaty, irrespective of whether the
facts of the dispute are directly or indirectly related to the latter
treaty.
The Court must, therefore, find in regard to the Iranian-Danish
Treaty of 1934, that the United Kingdom is not entitled, for the
purpose of bringing its present dispute with Iran under the terms
of the Iranian Declaration, to invoke its Treaties of 1857 and 1903
with Iran, since those Treaties were concluded before the ratification
of the Declaration ;that the most-favoured-nation clause contained
in those Treaties cannot thus be brought into operation ; and that,
consequently, no treaty concluded by Iran with any third party
can be relied upon by the United Kingdom in the present case. The Court will now consider whether the settlement in 1933 of
the dispute between the Government of the United Kingdom and
the Government of Iran relating to the D'Arcy Concession, through
the mediation of the Council of the League of Nations, resulted,
as is claimed by the United Kingdom, in any agreement between
the two Governments which may be regarded as a treaty or conven-
tion within the meaning of this expression in the Iranian Declara-
tion.
Whether or not the concession contract of 1933 or the settlement
of the dispute in that year constituted an agreement between the
Government of Iran and the Government of the United Kingdom
is a question relating to jurisdiction, the solution of which does
not depend upon a consideration of the merits. It can be and must
be determined at this stage, quite independently of the facts
surrounding the act of nationalization complained of by the
United Kingdom.
In November 1932 the Iranian Government decided to cancel
the D'Arcy Concession. On December ~gth, 1932, the United
Kingdom Government, having protested to the Iranian Government
without avail, submitted the case to the Council of the League of
Nations. The Council placed the question on the agenda and
appointed a Rapporteur. On February 3rd, 1933, the Rapporteur
informed the Council that the Governments of Iran and the United
Kingdom had agreed to suspend al1proceedings before the Council ;
that they agreed that the Company should immediately enter into
negotiations with the Iranian Government, the respective legal
points of view being entirely reserved ;and that, in the event that
the negotiations should fail, the question should go back to the
Council. After prolonged discussion between the representatives of
the Iranian Government and the representatives of the Company,
an agreement-the Concession Contract-was signed by them at
Tehran on April 29th. It was subsequently ratified by the Iranian
Government. On October ~zth, the Rapporteur submitted his
report,together'with the text of the new concession, to the Council,
declaring that "the dispute between His Majesty's Govemment
in the United Kingdom and the Imperia1 Govemment of Persia
is now finally settled". Thereupon the representatives of Iran and
the United Kingdom at the Council each expressed their satisfaction
at the settlement thus reached. The question was removed from
the agenda of the Council.
The United Kingdom maintains that, as a result ofthese proceed-
ings, the Government of Iran undertook certain treaty obligations
towards the Government of the United Kingdom. It endeavours to
establish those obligations by contending that the agreement
signed by the Iranian Government with the Anglo-Persian Oil
22Company on April zgth, 1933, has a double character, the character
of being at once a concessionary contract between the Iranian
Government and the Company and a treaty between the two
Governments. It is further argued by the United Kingdom that
even if the settlement reached in 1933 only amounted to a tacit or
an implied agreement, it must be considered to be within the
meaning of the term "treaties or conventions" contained in the
Iranian Declaration.
The Court cannot accept the view that the contract signed
between the Iranian Government and the Anglo-Persian Oil
Company has a double character. It is nothing more than a conces-
sionary contract between a government and a foreign corporation.
The United Kingdom Government is not a party to the contract ;
there is no privity of contract between the Government of Iran
and the Government of the United Kingdom. Under the contract
the Iranian Government cannot claim from the United Kingdom
Government any rights which it may claim from the Company,
nor can it be called upon to perform towards the United Kingdom
Government any obligations which it is bound to perform towards
the Company. The document bearing the signatures of the represen-
tatives of the Iranian Government and the Company has a single
purpose : the purpose of regulating the relations between that
Government and the Company in regard to the concession. It does not
regulate in any way the relations between the two Governments.
This juridical situation is not altered by the fact that theonces-
sionary contract was negotiated and entered into through the
good offices of the Council of the League of Nations, actingthrough
its Rapporteur. The United Kingdom, in submitting its dispute
with the Iranian Government to the League Council, was only
exercising its right of diplomatic protection in favour of one of its
nationals. It was seeking redress for what it believed to be a wrong
which Iran had committed against a juristic person of British
nationality. The final report by the Rapporteur to the Council on
the successful conclusion of a new concessionary contract between
the Iranian Government and the Company gave satisfaction to the
United Kingdom Government. The efforts of the United Kingdom
Government to give diplomatic protection to a British national
had thus borne fruit, and the matter came to an end with its
removal from the agenda.
Throughout the proceedings before the Council, Iran did not
make any engagements to the United Kingdom other than to
negotiate with the Company, and that engagement was fully
executed. Iran did not give any promise or make any pledge of any
kind to the United Kingdom in regard to the new concession. The
fact thatthe concessionary contract was reported to the Council and
placed in its recordsdoes not convert its terms into the terms of
a treaty by which the Iranian Government is bound vis-à-vis the
United Kingdom Government. The United Kingdom has stressed the similarity between the
case of The Free Zones of Ufiper Savoy and theDistrict of Gex and
the present case, and has cited the Order made by the Permanent
Court of International Justice on December 6th, 1930, in the
former case to show that the concessionary contract of 1933
"laid down what was to be the law between the United Kingdom
and Iran". The Court does not see any analogy between the two
cases. The subject-matter of the dispute in that part of the Free
Zones case which has been relied upon by the United Kingdom
related to customs matters, which were of direct concern to the
two countries, while the subject-matter of the dispute between the
United Kingdom and Iran in 1932 and 1933 arose out of a private
concession. The conclusion of the new concessionary contract
removed the cause of a complaint by the United Kingdom against
Iran. It did not regulate any public matters directly concerning
the two Governments. It could not possibly be considered to lay
down the law between the two States.
It is thus clear that the proceedings before the Council of the
League of Nations which led up to the settlement in 1933 of the
dispute between the United Kingdom and Iran relating to the
D'Arcy Concession, did not result in the conclusion of any treaty
or convention between the two countries.
The Court has found that the United Kingdom is not entitled to
invoke any of the treaties concluded by Iran with Denm7rk and
Switzerland in 1934 and with Turkey in 1937 and that no treaty
or convention was concluded in 1933 between Iran and the United
Kingdom. No other treaties having been relied upon by the United
Kingdom as treaties or conventions subsequent to the ratification
of theIranian Declaration, the Court must conclude that the dispute
brought before it by the United Kingdom is not one of those
disputes arising "in regard to situations or facts relating directly
or indirectly to the application of treaties or conventions accepted
by Persia and subsequent to the ratification of this Declaration".
Consequently, the Court cannot derive jurisdiction in the present
case from the terms of the Declaration ratified by Iran on Septem-
ber ~gth, 1932.
During the oral proceedings, the United Kingdom Government
presented a Submission "that the Iranian Government, having in
its Conclusions submitted to the Court for decision several questions
which are not objections to the jurisdiction of the Court, and which
could only be decided if the Court had jurisdiction, has by this
action conferred jurisdiction upon the Court on the basis of the
principle offorum prorogatum". Although the Agent of the UnitedII4 JUDGMENT OF 22 VI152 (ANGLO-IRANIA NIL CO.)
Kingdom Government stated subsequently that he did not wish
to press his contention on this point, the Submission was not
formally withdrawn. The Court must, therefore, deal with it.
The principle of forum prorogaturn, if it could be applied to the
present case, would have to be based on some conduct or statement
of the Government of Iran which involves an element of consent
regarding the jurisdiction of the Court. But that Government has
consistently denied the jurisdiction of the Court. Having filed a
Preliminary Objection for the purpose of disputing the jurisdiction,
it has throughout the proceedings maintained that Objection.
It is true that it has submitted other Objections which have no
direct bearing on the question of jurisdiction. But they are clearly
designed as measures of defence which it would be necessary to
examine only if Iran's Objection to the jurisdiction were rejected.
No element of consent can be deduced from such conduct on the
part of the Government of Iran. Consequently, the Submission of
the United Kingdom on this point cannot be accepted.
Accordingly, the Court has arrived at the conclusion that it
has no jurisdiction to deal with the case submitted to it by the
Application of the Government of the United Kingdom dated
May 26th, 1951. It is unnecessary for the Court to consider any
of the other objections raised to its jurisdiction.nce the Court is
without jurisdiction in the present case, it need not examine any
arguments put forward by the Iranian Government against the
admissibility of the claims of the United Kingdom Government.
In its above-mentioned Order of July 5th, 1951, the Court stated
that the provisional measures were indicated "pending its final
decision in the proceedings instituted on May 26th, 1951, by the
Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland against the Imperia1 Government of Iran". It follows that
this Order ceases to be operative upon the delivery of this Judg-
ment and that the Provisional Meastires lapse at the same time.115 JUDGMENT OF 22 VI1 52 (ANGLO-IRANIA OIL CO.)
For these reasons,
by nine votes to five,
finds that it has no jurisdiction in the present case.
Done in English and French, the English text beingauthoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-second day of July, one
thousand nine hundred and fifty-two, in three copies, one of which
will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others will be
transmitted to the Government of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland and to the Imperia1 Government of
Iran, respectively.
(Signedj J. G. GUERRERO,
Vice-President.
(Signed) E. HAMBRO,
Registrar.
Sir Arnold MCNAIR,President, availing himself of the right
conferred on him by Article 57of the Statute, appends to the Judg-
ment the statement of his individual opinion.
Judges ALVAREZ,HACKWORTH, READ and LEVI CARNEIRO,
availing themselves of the right conferred on them by Article 57
of the Statute, append to the Judgment statements of their dissent-
ing opinions.
(InitialledJ. G. G.
(Initialled) E. H.
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
ANGLO-IRANIAN
OIL Co. CASE
(UNITED KINGDOMv.IRAN)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTION
JUDGMENT OF JULY 22nd,1952
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
AFFAIRE DE
L'ANGLO-IRANIAN OIL Co.
(ROYAUME-UNI CIRAN)
EXCEPTION PRÉLIMINAIRE
ARRÊT DU 22JUILLET1952 This Judgment should be cited as follows:
"Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. case (jurisdiction), Judgwtent of
J~ly zznd, 1952: I.C. J. Reports 1952p. 93.''
Le présent arrêt doit être cité comme su:t
(Afjaire de Z'Anglo-IranianOil Co. (compétence),Arrêtdu
22 juillet 1952: C. I. J. Reczteil 1p.293.1)
No de vente : 91 1
ISales number JULY zznd, 1952
JUDGMENT
ANGLO-IRANTAN OIL Co. CASE
(UNITED KINGDOM v.IRAN)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTION
AFFAIRE DE L'ANGLO-IRAKIAN OIL CO.
(ROYAUME-UNIc. IRAN)
EXCEPTION PRÉLIMINAIRE
22JUILLET 1952 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
-.
1952
July annd YEAR 1952
GeneralList :
No: 16
July zznd, 1gj2
ANGLO-IRANIAN
OIL Co. CASE
(UNITED KIic'GDOM LI?IRAN)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTION
Interpretatioof the IraniaDeclaration of acceptarzce of the Court's
cmnpulsory jurisdictiozvovds to wlzich the expression "postérieurs à la
ratificatide cette déclaration" refev.-Declalimited totheapplica-
tion of treaties conventions accept~d by Iran after ratifof then
Dec1aration.-AVIost-favoztvecdla-nsetcntained in a treaty earlirr in
date than the ratification of the Ueclaration: imposof jounding
thereupon a claiîn to invoke subsequent treaties for the purpose of establishing
the Coztrt's jurisdiction.-7'reaand conventions.-,Vafztrof the
Concessio~z Contract of 193Question zuhether any agreement bctzveen
the Parties resulted fvonz the action taken by the Council of the Leayue of
Nations.-Inapplicabiliof the principle of forum prorogatuni.
Present : Vice-President GUERRERO,Acting President ; President
Sir Arnold MCNAIR ; Judges ALVAREZB , ASDEVANT,
HACKWORTW H,INIARSKI, ZORICIC,KLAESTADB , ADAWI
PASHA, READ, HSU MO, LEVI CARNEIROA , RMAND-
UGON ; M. Karim SANDJABI,Judge ad hoc ; Registrar
HAIIBRO. COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
1952
Le 22 juillet
ANNÉE 1952 Rôle général
nC 16
22 juillet 1952
AFFAIRE DE
L'ANGLO-IRANIAN OIL Co.
(ROYAUME-UNI C. IRAN)
EXCEPTIOK PRÉLIMINAIRE
Interprétation de la déclaration d'acceptation par l'lran de la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour: termes que qualifie l'expapostérieurs à la
ratification de cette décl».-tiDéclaration limitée à l'application des
traités ou conventions acceptés'lran après la ratification de la décla-
ration.- Clause de la nation la plus favorisée contenue dans un traité
antérieurà la ratification de la déclaration: impossibilité d'en faire état
pour invoquer le'néficede traitéspostérieurs en vue d'établir lacompétence
de la Cour.- Traitéset convention-. Caractère du contrat de colzces-
sion de 1933.- Question de savoir si un accord entre lesies est
résulté del'action du Conseil de la Société desNatiInapplicabilité
du principe du forum prorogatum.
Présefzts: M. GUERREROV , ice-Président,faisant fonction de Prési-
dent en l'nflair; Sir Arnold MCNAIR, Président ;
Alhi. ALVAREZB , ASDEVANTH , ACKWORTH , INIARSKI,
ZORICIC,KLAESTADR , ADAWIPACHA,MAI. RE-~D,HSU
Mo, LEVI C.ARSEIRO,ARJIASD-CGON,Juges ; Karim
SANDJABI,Juge ad hoc ;M. H..znlB~o,GreïJîer.
1 In the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company case,
between
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,
represented by :
Sir Eric Beckett, K.C.M.G., Q.C., Legal Adviser of the Foreign
Office,
as Agent,
assisted by :
Sir Lionel Heald, Q.C., M.P., Attorney-General,
Professor C. H. M. Waldock, C.M.G., O.B.E., Q.C., Chichele
Professor of International Law in the Cniversity of Oxford,
Mr. H. A. P. Fisher, Member of the English Bar,
Mr. D. H. N. Johnson, Assistant Legal Adviser of the Foreign
Office,
as Counsel,
and by :
hlr. A. D.M. Ross, Eastern Department, Foreign Office,
Mr. A. K. Rothnie, Eastern Department, Foreign Office,
as Expert Advisers ;
and
the Imperia1 Government of Iran, represented by :
M. Hossein h'avab, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenips-
tentiary of Iran to the Netherlands,
as Agent,
and
Dr. Mossadegh, Prime Minister,
assisted by :
M. Nasrollah Entezam, Ambassador, former Minister,
and by :
M. Henri Rolin, Professor of International Law at Brussels
University, former President of the Belgian Senate,
as Advocate,
5 ARRÈT DU 22 VI1 jZ (.~SGLO-1R.4~1.4 O~IL CO.) 94
En l'affaire de 1'Anglo-Iranian Oil Company,
entre
le Royaume-Lni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord,
représenté par
Sir Eric Beckett, K. C. 31. G.,Q. C., jurisconsulte du ministère
des Affaires étrangères,
comme agent,
assisté par
Sir Lionel Heald, Q. C., M. P.,Attorney-General,
M.C. H. hl. Waldock, C. M.G., O. B. E., Q. C., professeur dedroit
international public à l'Université d'Oxford (chaire Chichele),
M. H. A. P. Fisher, membre du barreau anglais,
M. D. H. N. Johnson, jurisconsulte adjoint au ministère des
Affaires étrangères,
comme conseils,
et par
M. A. D. 11.Ross, du ministère des Affaires étrangères, départe-
ment d'orient,
31. ,4.K. Rothnie, du ministère des Affaires étrangères, départe-
ment d'Orient,
comme experts ;
le Gouvernement impérial de l'Iran, représentépar
M. Hossein Navab, envoyé extraordinaire et ministre pléni-
potentiaire de l'Iran aux Pays-Bas,
comme agent,
et par
M. le Dr 3Iossadegh, premier ministre,
assisté par
M. Nasrollah Entezam, ambassadeur, ancien ministre,
et par
M. Henri Rolin, professeur de droit international à lJC'niversité
de Bruxelles, ancien président du Sénat belge,
comme avocat,
5 and by :
M. Allah Yar Saleh, former Minister,
Dr. S. Ali Shayegan, former Minister, Member of Parliament,
Dr. Mosafar Baghai, Member of Parliament,
M. Kazem Hassibi, Engineer, Member of Parliament,
Dr. Mohamad Hossein Aliabadi, Professor of the Tehran Faculty
of Law,
M. Marcel Sluszny, of the Brussels Bar,
as Counsel,
composed as above,
adjudicating on the Preliminary Objection of the Government of
the Empire of Iran,
deliversthe following Judgment :
On May 26th, 1951, the Government of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Northern Ireland filed an Application instituting
proceedings before the Court against the Imperial Government of
Iran. The Application referred to the Declarations by which the
Government of the Lnited Kingdom and the Government of Iran
accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court in accordance
with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Court's Statute. The Court is
asked :
"(a) To declare that the Imperial Government of Iran are under
a duty to submit the dispute between themselves and the
Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, Limited, to arbitration under
the provisions of Article 22 of the Convention concluded on
the 29th April 1933, between the Imperial Government of
Persia and the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Limited, and
to accept and carry out any award issued as a result of such
arbitration.
(b) Alternatively,
(i) To declare that the putting into effect of the Iranian
Oil Nationalization Act of the 1st May 1951, in so far
as it purports to effect a unilateral annulment, or alter-
ation of the terms, of the Convention concluded on
the 29th April 1933, between the Imperial Government
of Persia and the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Limited,
contrary to Articles 21 and 26 thereof, would be an
act contrary to international law for which the Imperial
Government of Iran would be internationally responsible ;
(ii) To declare that Article 22 of the aforesaid Convention
continues to be legally binding on the Imperia1 Govern- et par
M. Allah Yar Saleh, ancien ministre,
M. le Dr S. Ali Shayegan, ancien ministre, membre du Parlement,
M. le Dr Mosafar Baghai, membre du Parlement,
M. Kazem Hassibi, ingénieur, membre du Parlement,
M. le Dr Mohamad Hossein Aliabadi, professeur à la Faculté de
droit de Téhéran,
M. Marcel Sluszny, du barreau de Bruxelles,
comme conseils,
ainsi composée,
statuant sur l'exception préliminaire du Gouvernement impérial
de l'Iran,
rend L'arrêstcbizlanf:
A la date du 26 mai 1951 e Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni de
Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord a déposé une requête
introduisant une instance devant la Cour contre le Gouvernement
impérial de l'Iran. La requête se réfère aux déclarations par les-
quelles le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni et le Gouvernement de
l'Iran ont accepté la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour, conformé-
ment à l'article36, paragraphe 2, du Statut de la Cour. La Cour
est priée de :
«a) Déclarer que le Gouvernement impérial de l'Iran est tenu de
soumettre à l'arbitrage le différend qui a surgi entre lui et
1'Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, Limited, cela en vertu de
l'article22 de la Convention conclue le 29 avril 1933 entre le
Gouvernement impérial de Perse et lJAnglo-Persian Oil Com-
pany, Limited, et qu'il est tenu d'accepter et d'exécuter la
sentence rendue à la suite de cet arbitrage.
6) Subsidiairement,
i) Déclarer que la mise en vigueur de la loi iranienne sur la
nationalisation du pétrole du ~er mai 1951, en tant que
cette loi a pour objet, contrairement aux articles21 et 26
de la Convention conclue le 29 avril 1933 entre le Gouver-
nement impérial de Perse et 1'Anglo-Persian Oil Company,
Limited, d'annuler ou de modifier unilatéralement les
termes de ladite Convention, serait un acte contraire au
droit international qui engagerait la responsabilité inter-
nationale du Gouvernement impérial de l'Iran ;
ii) Déclarer que l'articl22de la Convention précitée continue
à lier juridiquement le Gouvernement impérial d'Iran, et ment of Iran and that, by denying to the Anglo-Iranian
Oil Company, Limited, the exclusive legal remedy
provided in Article 22 of the aforesaid Convention, the
Imperial Government have committed a denial of justice
contrary to international law ;
(iii) To declare that the aforesaid Convention cannot law-
fully be annulled, or its terms altered, by the Imperial
Government of Iran, otherwise than as the result of
agreement with the -4nglo-Iranian Oil Company, Limited,
or under the conditions provided in Article 26 of the
Convention ;
(iv) To adjudge that the Imperial Government of Iran should
give full satisfaction and indemnity for al1 acts com-
mitted in relation to the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company,
Limited, which are contrary to international law or the
aforesaid Convention, and to determine the manner of
such satisfaction and indemnity."
Pursuant to Article 40, paragraphs 2 and 3, of the Statute, the
Application kvas communicated to the Iranian Government as
well as to the States entitled to appear before the Court. It was
also transmitted to the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
The Memorial of the Government of the United Kingdom was
filed within the time-limit fixed by Order of July 5th, 1951, and
subsequently extended at the request of that Government by Order
of August zznd, 1951. The Iranian Government, within the time-
limit fixed for the presentation of its Counter-Memorial as finally
extended to February th, 1952, by Order of December 17th,
1951, at the request of that Government, filed a document entitled
"Preliminary Observations :Refusa1 of the Imperial Government to
recognize the jurisdiction of the Court".
The deposit of this document having suspended the proceedings
on the merits, an Order datedFebruary t th, 1952,fixedMarch 27th,
1952, as the time-limit within which the United Kingdom Govern-
ment might submit a written statement of its observations and
submissions in regard to the Objection. Furthermore, the States
entitled to appear before the Court were informed of the deposit of
the Objection. Finally, in pursuance of Article 63 of the Statute of
the Court, the Members of the United Nations were informed that
in its Objection, the Iranian Government relied, intea rlia, upon its
interpretation of Article 2, paragraph 7,of the Charter of the United
Nations.
The Observations of the United Kingdom Government in regard
to the Objection were deposited within the specified time-limit and
the case was thus ready forhearing, as far asthe Preliminary Objec-
tion was concerned.
As the Court included upon the Bench a Judge of the nationality
of one of the Parties, the other Party-the Government of Ican-by
virtue of Article 31, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, qu'en déniant à l'Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, Limited,
l'usage de la voie exclusive de recours prévue à l'article22
de la Convention précitée,le Gouvernement impérial a
commis un dénide justice contraire au droit international ;
iii) Déclarerque le Gouvernement impérial del'Iran ne saurait
annuler licitement ladite Convention ni en modifier les
dispositions, sauf par la voie d'un accord avec 1'Anglo-
Iranian Oil Company, Limited, ou dans les conditions
prévues à l'article26 de la Convention ;
iv) Dire et juger que le Gouvernement impérial d'Iran est
tenu d'accorder pleine satisfaction et indemnité pour tous
actes commis à l'égard de 1'Anglo-Iranian Oil Company,
Limited, et contraires aux règlesde droit international ou à
la Convention précitée,et déterminer la manière dont cette
satisfaction et cette indemnité devraient êtreaccordées. ))
Conformément à l'article 40, paragraphes 2 et 3, du Statut, la
requêtea étécommuniquée au Gouvernement de l'Iran ainsi qii'aus
Etats admis à ester en justice devant la Cour. Elle a ététransmise
aussi au Secrétaire général des Nations Unies.
Le mémoire du Gouvernement du Royaume-L7ni a étédéposédans
le délai fixé par ordonnance du 5 juillet 1951, puis prorogé à la
demande de ce gouvernement par ordonnance du 22 août 1951. Le
Gouvernement de l'Iran, dans le délai fixépour la présentation de
sori contre-mémoire, délai qui,par ordonnance du 17décembre 1951,
avait finalement étéprorogé au II février 1952 à la demande de ce
gouvernement, a déposéun document intitulé (Observations préli-
minaires : Refus du Gouvernement impérial de reconnaître la com-
pétence de la Cour n.
Le dépôt de ce document ayant suspendu la procédure sur le
fond, une ordonnance du II février 1952 a fixé le 27 mars 1952
comme date d'expiration du délai dans lequel le Gouvernement du
Royaume-Vni pouvait présenter un exposéécritcontenant sesobser-
vations et conclusions sur l'exception. D'autre part, les Etats admis
à ester en justice devant la Cour ont été informés du dépôt de
l'exception. Enfin, les Membres des Nations Unies ont, aux termes
de l'article63 du Statut, étéavertisque,dans l'exception, le Gouver-
nement de l'Iran invoquait, entre autres considérations, l'inter-
prétation qu'il donnait de l'article 2,paragraphe 7, de la Charte des
Nations Unies.
Les observations du Gouvernement du Royaume-llni sur l'es-
ception ont étédéposéesdans le délai prescrit, et l'affaire s'est ainsi
trouvée en état en ce qui concerne l'exception préliminaire.
La Cour comptant sur le siège un juge de la nationalité d'une des
Parties,l'autre Partie - le Gouvernement de l'Iran -, se prévalant
de l'article 31, paragraphe 2, du Statut, a tltsigné pour siéger cn
797 JCDGMENT OF 22 VII 52 (APIGLO-IRANIAX OIL CO.)
appointed Dr. Karim Sandjabi, Professor and former Dean of the
Law Facultjr of Tehran, Member of Parliament and former
Rlinister, to sit as a Judge ad Itoc.
.Asthe President of the Court was a national of one of the Parties,
he transferred the Presidency for the present case to the Vice-
President, in accordance with Article 13, paragraph I, of the Rules
of Court.
Public hearings were held on June gth, ~oth, t th, 13ih, 14th,
16th, 17th, ~Sth, rgth, 21st and 23rd, 1952. The Court heard
hl. Navab, Dr. Mossadegh and hi. Henri Rolin on behalf of the
Iranian Government ; and Sir Lionel Heald and Sir Eric Beckett
on behalf of the United Kingdom Government.
In the course of the argument before the Court, the following
submissions were presented :
On behalf of the Iranian Government
blay it please the Court
Subject to al1 reservations and without prejudice,
To find as fact and hold in law :
IO That the Government of the United Kingdom has altered
the subject of its claim, as set forth in its Application instituting
proceeclings ;
That the said Application requested that the Iranian Govern-
ment should be required to give full satisfaction and indemnity
for al1 acts committed in regard to the Anglo-Iranian Company
contrary to the rules of international law or to the Concession
Convention of April zgth, 1933, and that the manner in which
this satisfaction and reparation were to be given should be
determined ;
That the United Kingdom Government requested, in its Memo-
rial, as its principal demand :
restitution of the enterprise to the concessionary Company and
the determination of the damages due to the said Company for
loss and damage, either by the Arbitration Court provided for
in Article 22 of the Concession or in such other nlanner as the
Court may decide ;
as an alternative, if the Court should not order restitution of
the enterprise, that the compensation due for regular expropria-
tion should similarly be determined by the arbitral procedure
laid down in Article 22 of the Concession Convention, or in such
other manner as the Court may decide ;
as a further alternative, tliat, in any case, the provisions
contained in the Nationalization Act with regard to compensation
should be declared inadequate from the point of view of inter-
national law, and that the amount of such compensation should
be determined by arbitration or by the Court ;
tliat the two first claims are inadmissible, because the Govern-
ment of the United Kingdom by its Declaration of August 3rd,
1951, abandoned its request for adjudication of the said claims ;qualité de juge ad hoc le Dr Karim Sandjabi, professeur à la Faculté
de droit de Téhéran et ancien doyen de cette faculté, membre du
Parlement et ancien ministre.
Le Président de la Cour se trouvant être le ressortissant d'une
Partie en cause a, pour la présente affaire, cédé la présidence au
Vice-Président, conformément à l'article 13, paragraphe 1, du
Règlement.
Des audiences publiques ont ététenues les 9, IO, II, 13, 14, 16,
17, 18, 19, 21 et 23 juin 19j2. Ont été entendus : pour le Gouverne-
ment de l'Iran, M. Navab, le Dr Mossadegh et M. Henri Rolin ;
pour le Gouvernement du Royaume-Vni, sir Lionel Heald et sir
Eric Beckett.
Au cours des plaidoiries,les conclusions ci-après ont été
présentées :
Au nom du Gouvernement de l'Iran :
Plaise à la Cour
Sous toutes réserves et sans reconnaissance préjudiciable,
Constater en fait et dire pour droit :
IO Que le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni a modifié l'objet de
son action, tel qu'il était défini dans sa requête introductive
d'instance ;
Que la requête tendait à obtenir que le Gouvernement de l'Iran
fût condamné à donner pleine satisfaction et indemnité pour tous
actes commis à l'égard de 1'Anglo-Iranian Company et contraires
aux règles du droit international ou à l'acte de concession du
29 avril 1933, et à déterminer la manière dont cette satisfaction
et réparation devrait être accordée ;
Que, dans .son mémoire, le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni
demande :
en ordre principal, la restitution de l'entreprise à la Compagnie
concessionnaire et la dé.termination de l'indemnité revenant à
ladite Compagnie pour privation de jouissance, soit par la voie
de l'arbitrage prévu à l'article22 de la concession, soit de telle
autre manière que la Cour déciderait ;
en ordre subsidiaire, et pour le cas où la restitution ne serait
pas ordonnée, que l'indemnité pour expropriation régulière soit
de mêmedéterminéepar l'arbitrage prévu à l'article 22 de l'acte
de concession, ou de toute autre manière que la Cour déciderait ;
en ordre plus subsidiaire encore, que tout au moins les dispositions
de la loi de nationalisation relatives à l'indemnisation soient
déclarées insuffisantes (inadéquates) au point de vue du droit
international,et que le montant de celle-ci soit déterminé par
l'arbitrage ou par la Cour ;
que les deux premières demandes ne sont pas recevables, le
Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni s'étant désistéde toute action
tendant à l'adjudication de ces demandes par sa dtclaration du
3 aoîit 1951 ;
8 That the third claim is not admissible, no such request having
been formulated in the Application instituting proceedings ;
That, in any case, the Court has no jurisdiction to deal with it,
as this claim was formulated subsequent to the Iranian Govern-
ment's denunciation on July ~oth, 1951, of its Declaration of
adherence to the Optional Clause under Article 36 of the Court's
Statute, and was not concerned' with the settlement of a dispute ;
2" That the Court should declare that it lacks jurisdiction ex
o$cio in application of Article 2, paragraph 7, of the Charter
of the United Nations, the matters dealt with by the National-
izatioii Laws of March 20th and May ~st, 1951, being essentially
within the domestic jurisdiction of States and incapable of being
the subject of an intervention by any orgai? of the United Nations ;
3" Tliat the Court has jurisdiction only in so far as jurisdiction
is conferred on it by the declarations of the Parties ;
That in the present case the Iranian Declaration limits the
jurisdiction of the Court to disputes arising after the ratification
of the said Declaration, with regard to situations or facts relating
directly or indirectly to the application of treaties or conventions
accepted by Persia and subsequent to the ratification of the said
Declaration ;
That the claims of the United Kingdom Governmerit are based
either upon treaties concluded between Iran and other Powers,
the benefit of which can only be invoked by the United Kingdom
by application of the most-favoured-nation clause, a clause which
appears only in the treaties concluded between Iran and the
United Kingdom in 1857 and 1903, i.e. prior to the ratification
of the Iranian Declaration ;
or upon an exchange of notes, which does not possess the
character of a treaty or convention, dated May ~oth, 1928, a date
which is prior to the ratification of the Iranian Declaration and
which confines itself to noting the Iranian Government's under-
taking to respect, in regard to British nationals, the rules of
general international law, the violation of which, as such, is not
invoked by the United Kingdom Government, and would not
give ground for the institution of proceedings before the Court,
having regard to the Declarations of the two Parties ;
or upon an alleged tacit agreement between the two Govern-
ments in connection with the renewal of the Anglo-Iranian Oil
Company's concession in 1933, which tacit agreement is formally
disputed, and in any case does not possess the character of a
treaty or convention, because it was not concluded between States,
was not put in writing, and was not registered in conformity
with Article 18 of the Covenant of the League of Xatioiis, which
was applicable at that time ;
That, accordingly, the Court, on these grounds, lacks juris-
diction ;
4" That furthermore, a prima facie examination suffices to show
that the British claims have no relation to the treaties, or alleged
treaties, that are invoked, as these instruments manifestly do
not possess the scope which the applicant State attributes to them ;
That, on this ground also, the Court should declare that it
lacks jurisdiction ;
9 ARRÊT DU 22 VI1 52 (ANGLO-IRANIAN OIL CO.) 98
Que la troisième demande n'est pas recevable, cette demande
n'ayant pas étéformulée dans la requête introductive ;
Que la Cour n'est en tout cas pas compétente pour en connaître,
cette demande ayant étéformuléepostérieurement à la dénonciation
par le Gouvernement de l'Iran, le IO juillet 1951, de sa déclaration
d'adhésion à la clause facultative de l'article 35 du Statut de la
Cour et ne poursuivant pas le règlement d'un différend ;
2' Que la Cour doit se déclarer incompétente ex ofjiciopar appli-
cation de 'article2, paragraphe 7,dela Charte des Nations Unies, la
matière régléepar les lois de nationalisation des 20 mars et rer mai
1951 relevant essentiellement de la compétence nationale des Etats
et ne pouvant faire l'objet d'une intervention de la part d'un
organe quelconque de l'Organisation des Nations Unies ;
3' Que la Cour n'est compétente que dans la mesure où com-
pétence lui est attribuée par les déclarations des Parties ;
Qu'en l'espèce, la déclaration iranienne limite la compétence de
la Cour aux différends qui s'élèveraient après la ratification de
ladite déclaration au sujet de situations ou de faits ayant directe-
ment ou indirectement trait à l'application des traités ou conven-
tions acceptés par la Perse et postérieurs à la ratification de cette
déclaration ;
Que les demandes du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni sont
fondées soit sur des traités conclus entre l'Iran et d'autres Puis-
sances, et dont le Royaume-Uni ne peut invoquer le bénéficeque
par application de la clause de la nation la plus favorisée, qui n'est
inscrite que dans les traités conclus entre l'Iran et le Royaume-
Uni en 1Sj7 et 1903, c'est-à-dire antérieurement à la ratification
de la déclaration iranienne ;
soit sur un échange de notes du IO mai 1928, lequel n'a pas le
caractère d'un traité ou d'une convention, date d'avant la ratifi-
cation de la déclaration iranienne, et se borne à constater l'engage-
ment du Gouvernement iranien de respecter, en ce qui concerne
les ressortissants britanniques, le droit commun international,
dont la violation comme tel n'est pas invoquéepar le Gouvernement
du Koyaume-Uni et ne donnerait pas ouverture à une action devant
la Cour, eu égard aux déclarations des deux Parties ;
soit sur le prétendu accord tacite qui serait intervenu entre les
deux gouvernements, à l'occasion du renouvellement de la conces-
sion de llAnglo-Iranian Oil Company en 1933, accord tacite qui
est formellement contesté et qui n'a en tout cas pas le caractère
d'un traité ou convention, pour ne pas être conclu entre Etats,
n'être pas écritet ne pas 6tre enregistré conformément à l'article 18
du Pacte de la Société desNations applicable à l'époque;
Que la Cour est donc de ce chef incompétente ;
4' Qu'au surplus, un examen prima facis euffit à démontrer que
les demandes britanniques sont sans rapport avec les traités ou
prétendus traités invoqués, ceux-ci n'ayant manifestement pas
la portée que 1'Etat demandeur leur attribue ;
Que de ce chef anssi la Cour doit se déclarer incompétente; 5" That the claim concerning the amount of the compensation
due to the Anglo-Iranian Oil,Company is also inadmissible, because
that Company has not yet exhausted the local remedies provided
by Iranian law ;
6" That the United Kingdom and Iran, having in their Decla-
rations reserved questions which, according to international law,
are within the exclusive jurisdiction of States, this reservation,
having regard to the substitution of Article 2, paragraph 7, of
the Charter of the United Nations for Article 15, paragraph 8,
of the Covenant of the League of Nations, must be understood
as extending to questions which are essentially within the domestic
jurisdiction of States ;
That express declaration~ of this kind undoubtedly reinforce
the general provision in Article 2,paragraph 7, of the Charter of
the Cnited Nations, and therefore constitute an additional reason
for the Court to declare that it lacks jurisdiction ;
In view of the foregoing,
To declare that it lacks jurisdiction,
And, in any case, to find that the claims are inadmissible.
As a further alternative,
To place on record for the Iranian Government its declaration
that, in so far as may be necessary, it avails itself of the right
reserved in its Declaration, to require the suspension of the
proceedings, since the dispute before the Court has, in fact, been
submitted to the Security Council and is under examination by
that body.
On behalf of the United Kingdom Government :
i. That the question of the Court's jurisdiction is the only
cluestion which arises for decision by the Court at the present time
and no other question,,whether or not it is one which could be
raised by preliminary objection, falls for decision by the Court
at the present time.
2. That the Court has, under Article 36, paragraph 2, of its
Statute, jurisdiction in respect of al1 disputes covered by the
declaration of Iran accepting the Optional Clause.
3. That the Iranian declaration accepting the Optional Clause
covers disputes arising after the ratification thereof in regard to
situations or facts subsequent to the ratification thereof and
having reference directly or indirectly tothe application of treaties
or conventions accepted by Iran at any time.
4. That by reason of the third conclusion, the Court has juris-
diction to entertain the daim of the United Kingdom that Iran,
in putting into force the law of 1st May, 1951, relating to the
nationalization of the oil industry in Iran, lias violated its obli-
gations towards the United Kingdom resulting from the following
treaties or conventions accepted by Iran :
(a) The treaties and conventions between Iran and third States
enumerated in paragraph II of Annex 2 of the United Kingdom
1Oxoo JCTDGMENT OF 22 VII 52 (ANGLO-IRANIAN OIL CO.)
Memorial, being treaties or conventions upon which the
United Kingdom is entitled to rely by reason of Article 9
of the Treaty of 1857 between the United Kingdom and
Persia and Article2 of the Treaty of 1903 between the United
Kingdom and Persia.
(b) The exchange of notes between the Imperial Government of
Persia and the United Kingdom dated 10th May 1928
regarding the position of British nationals in Persia.
,'-) The Treaty stipulation arising out of the settlernent in 1933,
through the mediation of the Council of the League of Nations,
of the international dispute between the United Kingdom and
Persia, the conditions of which settlement are contained in
the Concession Convention concluded by the Imperial Govern-
ment of Persia with the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in that
year.
5. That the contention in paragraph 3 of the Iranian conclusions
that the Persian declaration accepting the Optional Clause only
covers disputes arising out of treaties accepted by Iran after the
date of the ratification of that declaration, is wrong.
6. That if, contrary to the fifth conclusion, the Persian decla-
ration is limited to treaties and conventions accepted by Iran
after the date of the ratification of its declaration accepting the
Optional Clause, the Court has jurisdiction to entertain the claim
by the United Kingdom that Iran has infringed its obligations
towards the United Kingdom resulting from the following treaties
or conventions accepted by Iran :
(i) the Treaty of Friendship, Establishment and Commerce
between Persia and Denmark signed on the 20th February
1934; upon which the United Kingdom is entitled to rely
by reason of Article g of the Treaty of 1857 and Article 2
of the Treaty of 1903 between the United Kingdom and
Persia, and
(ii) the treaty stipulation between the Government of Iran
and the Government of the United Kingdom referred to
in paragraph (c) of Conclusion 4.
7. That the contention in paragraph (1) of the Iranian conclu-
sions that, by reason of a statement in a note of the 3rd August
1951, from the British Embassy in Tehran to the Iranian Govern-
ment or otherwise, the United Kingdom has abandoned the claims
formulated in letter A of its final conclusions contained in para-
graph 48 of the United Kingdom Memorial of the 10th October
1951, and that therefore these claims cannot be entertained by
the Court
(a) does not relate to the question of jurisdiction and therefore
does not fa11for decision by the Court at the present time, and
(b) is ill-founded.
8. The contention in paragraph (1) of the Iranian conclusions
that the alternative claim (litt.B) of the final conclusions in
paragraph 48 of the United Kingdom Memorial must be rejected
on the ground that it was not covered by the Application insti-
tiiting proceedings
II 5" Que la demande relative au montant de l'indemnité revenant
à 1'Anglo-Iranian Oil Company est en outre irrecevable, cette
sociétén'ayant pas épuisé les voiesde recours internes prévues
par la législation iranienne;
6" Que le Royaume-Uni et l'Iran, ayant dans leurs déclarations,
réservéles questions qui, d'après le droit international, sont de
la compétence exclusive des États, cette réserve doit s'entendre,
eu égard à la substitution de l'article2,paragraphe 7 de la Charte
des Nations Unies à l'article 15, paragraphe 8 du Pacte de la
Sociétédes Nations, comme s'étendant aux questions qui sont
essentiellement de la compétence nationale des Etats ;
Que de telles déclarations expresses renforcent incontestablement
la disposition généralede l'article 2, paragraphe 7, de la Charte
des Nations Unies et constituent donc un motif supplémentaire
de nature à déterminer la Cour à se déclarer incompétente ;
En conséquence,
Se déclarer incompétente,
Dire en tout cas les demandes non recevables.
Très subsidiairement,
Donner acte au Gouvernement de l'Iran de ce qu'il déclare pour
autant que de besoin faire usage de la faculté que lui réserve sa
déclaration, de demander la suspension de la procédure, le différend
soumis à la Cour étant par ailleurs soumis au Conseil de Sécurité
et faisant l'objet de l'examen de celui-ci.
Au nom du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni :
1. La question relative à la compétence de la Cour est la seule
que la Cour soit appelée à trancher actuellement et aucune autre
question, qu'elle puisse ou non êtresoulevée par voie d'exception
préliminaire, n'appelle une décision de la Cour au moment actuel.
2. Aux termes de l'article 36, paragraphe 2, de son Statut, la
Cour est compétente pour connaitre de tous les différends que vise
la déclaration par laquelle l'Iran a accepté la disposition facultative.
3. La déclaration par laquelle l'Iran a accepté la disposition
facultative s'applique aux différends qui se présentent après la
ratification de cette déclaration, à l'égard de situations ou de
faits postérieurs à ladite ratification et visant directement ou indi-
rectement l'application de traités ou conventions acceptés à n'im-
porte quel moment par l'Iran.
4. A raison de la troisième conclusion, la Cour est compétente
pour connaitre de la demande du Royaume-Uni selon laquelle
l'Iran, en faisant entrer en vigueur la loi du 1.rmai 1951 ,elative
à la nationalisation de l'industrie pétrolièreen Iran, a manqué à
ses obligations envers le Royaume-Uni, résultant des traités ou
conventions suivants, acceptés par l'Iran:
a) Les traités et conventions conclus entre l'Iran et des États
tiers qui sont énumérésau paragraphe II de l'annexe 2 du
1O mémoire du Royaume-Uni, traités et conventions sur lesquels
le Royaume-Uni a le droit de se fonder, étant donné l'article 9
du traité de 1857, conclu entre le Royaume-Uni et la Perse,
et l'article2 du traité de 1903, conclu entre le Royaume-Uni
et la Perse.
b) L'échange de notes entre le Gouvernement impérial de Perse et
le Royaume-Uni, daté du IO mai 1928, et relatif à la situation
des ressortissants britanniques en Perse.
c) La clause conventionnelle provenant du règlement, effectué en
1933 grâce à la médiation du Conseil de la Société desNations,
du différend international entre le Royaume-Uni et la Perse ;
les conditions de ce règlement sont énoncéesdans le contrat de
concession conclu, au cours de la mêmeannée, par le Gouver-
nement impérial de Perse avec lJAnglo-Persian Oil Company.
5. La thèse énoncéeau paragraphe 3 des conclusions de l'Iran,
et selon laquelle la déclaration par laquelle l'Iran a accepté la
disposition facultative ne viserait que les différends qui naîtraient
au sujet de traités acceptés par l'Iran après la date de ratification
de cette déclaration, est erronée.
6. Si, contrairement à la cinquième conclusion, la déclaration
de la Perse était limitée aux traités et conventions acceptés par
l'Iran, après la date de ratification de la déclaration par laquelle
ce pays a accepté la disposition facultative, la Cour est compétente
pour connaître de la demande du Royaume-Uni selon laquelle
l'Iran a manqué vis-à-vis du Royaume-Uni aux obligations résultant
pour lui des traités ou conventions suivants acceptés par lui :
i) le traité d'amitié, d'établissement et de commerce, conclu
entre la Perse et le Danemark et signé le 20 février 1934; le
Royaume-Uni a le droit de se fonder sur ce traité à raison
de l'article9 du traité de 1857 et de l'article 2 du traité de
1903, conclus entre le Royaume-Uni et la Perse, et
ii) la clause conventionnelle, entre le Gouvernement de l'Iran
et le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni, mentionnée ci-dessus
au paragraphe c) de la conclusion 4.
7. La thèse énoncéeau paragraphe 1)des conclusions de l'Iran,
et selon laquelle, à raison de ce qui aurait été dit dans une note
adressée, le 3 août 1951, par l'ambassade de Grande-Bretagne à
Téhéranau Gouvernement iranien, ou autrement, le Gouvernement
du Royaume-Uni aurait renoncé aux demandes formulées sous la
lettre A de ses conclusions finales, formulées dans le paragraphe 48
du mémoire du Royaume-Uni, en date du IO octobre 1951 et, en
conséquence, cesdemandes ne pourraient êtreretenues par la Cour,
a) n'a pas trait à la question de compétence et, partant, n'est pas
soumise à la décision de la Cour au stade actuel, et
b) est infondée.
8. La thèse énoncéeau paragraphe (1) des conclusions de l'Iran,
selon laquelle la demande subsidiaire (litt.B) des conclusions
finales énoncéesau paragraphe 48 du mémoire du Royaume-Uni
devrait êtrerejetée pour le motif qu'elle n'était pas visée par la
requête introductive d'instance,IO1 JUDGMENT OF 22 VI1 52 (ANGLO-IRANIAN OIL CO.)
(a) does not relate to the question of jurisdiction, and therefore
does not fa11for decision by the Court at the present time, and
(O) is ill-founded.
9. The contention in paragraph I of the Iranian conclusions
that the Court has no jurisdiction to entertain the aforesaid
claim B, on the ground that it was formulated after the denun-
ciation by Iran of its declaration accepting the Optional Clause,
is ill-founded.
IO. That the contention in paragraph 5 of the Iranian conclu-
sions that the said alternative claim B is not receivable because
municipal remedies have not been eshausted
(a) does not relate to the question of jurisdiction and therefore
does not faII for decision by the Court at the present time, and
(O) is ill-founded.
II. That the last "subsidiary" contention in the Iranian conclu-
sions that, by reason of the penultimate paragraph of the Persian
declaration accepting the Optional Clause, Iran is entitled to
require that proceedings in the Court should be suspended on
the ground that the dispute between the Parties has been submitted
to the Security Council of the United Nations,
(a) does not relate to the question of the jurisdiction of the Court
and therefore does not fa11for decision at the present stage, and
(O) is ill-founded.
12. That the present dispute between the United Kingdom and
Iran does not relate to a matter which, according to international
law, falls exclusively within the jurisdiction of Iran and therefore
the jurisdiction of the Court is not affected by exception (c) of the
Iranian declaration accepting the Optional Clause.
13.That the contention in paragraph 6 of the Iranian conclu-
sions that exception (c) of the Iranian declaration accepting the
Optional Clause must, having regard to the provisions of para-
graph 7 of Article z of the Charter of the United Nations, be
regarded as extending to questions which are essentially within the
jurisdiction of Iran, is ill-founded.
14. That if, contrary to Conclusion 13 above, the Iranian conten-
tion referred to in 13above is correct, the present dispute does not
relate to a question which falls essentially within the domestic
jurisdiction of Iran.
15. That paragraph 7 of Article 2 of the Charter of the United
Nations is not relevant to the jurisdiction of the Court.
16. That if, contrary to Conclusion 15 above, paragraph 7 of
Article 2 of the Charter of the United Nations is relevant to the
jurisdiction of the Court, the present dispute is not a matter which
is essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of Iran.
17. That the Iranian Government, having in its conclusions
submitted to the Court for decision several questions which are
not objections to the jurisdiction of the Court and which could
only be decided if the Court had jurisdiction, has by this action
conferred jurisdiction upon the Court on the basis of the principle
of forum prorogatum. ARRÊT DU 22 VI1 52 (ANGLO-IR- NI A OIL CO.) IO1
a) n'a pas irait à la question de compétence et, partant, n'est pas
soumise à la décisionde la Cour au stade actuel, et
b) est infondée.
9.La thèse avancée au paragraphe I des conclusions de l'Iran,
selon laquelle la Cour ne serait pas compétente pour retenir ladite
demande B, pour le motif que cette demande aurait été présentée
après la dénonciation, par l'Iran, de la déclaration par laquelle ce
pays a accepté la disposition facultative, est infondée.
IO. La thèse qui figure au paragraphe 5 des conclusions de
l'Iran, et selon laquelle ladite demande subsidiaire B ne serait pas
recevable, parce que les remèdes internes n'auraient pas étéépuisés,
a) n'a pas trait à la question de compétence et, partant, n'est pas
soumise à la décisionde la Cour au stade actuel, et
b) est infondée.
II. La dernière thèse ((subsidiaire »,énoncéedans les conclusions
de l'Iran, et selon laquelle, à raison de l'avant-dernier paragraphe
de la déclaration par laquelle l'Iran a accepté la disposition facul-
tative, l'Iran serait fondéà demander la suspension de la procédure
engagée devant la Cour, pour le motif que le différend entre les
Parties a étésoumis au Conseil de Sécurité desNations Unies,
a) n'a pas trait à la question de la compétence de la Cour et,
partant, n'est pas soumise à la décision de la Cour au stade
actuel, et
b) est infondée.
12. Le présent différend,entre le Royaume-Uni et l'Iran, n'a pas
trait à une question qui, selon le droit international, ressortit exclu-
sivement à la compétence de l'Iran et, partant, la compétence de
la Cour n'est pas touchée par l'exception c) de la déclaration par
laquelle l'Iran a accepté la disposition facultative.
13. La thèse énoncéeau paragraphe 6 des conclusions de l'Iran et
selon laquelle l'exception c) de la déclaration par laquelle l'Iran a
accepté la disposition facultative devrait, eu égard aux dispositions
du paragraphe 7-de l'article2 de la Charte des Nations Unies, être
considérée commes'étendant à des questions qui sont essentielle-
ment de la compétence nationale de l'Iran, est infondée.
14. Si, contrairement à la conclusion 13 ci-dessus, la thèse ira-
nienne indiquée au paragraphe 13 ci-dessus était exacte, le présent
différend n'a pas trait à une question qui ressortit essentiellement
à la compétence nationale de l'Iran.
I j.Le paragraphe 7 de l'article2 de la Charte des Nations Unies
est sans pertinence à l'égard dela compétence de la Cour.
16. Si, contrairement à la conclusion 15 ci-dessus, le paragraphe 7
de l'article2 de la Charte des Nations Unies présentait de la perti-
nence à l'égard dela compétence de la Cour, le présentdifférendn'est
pas une question qui ressortit essentiellement à la compétence
nationale de l'Iran.
17. Le Gouvernement de l'Iran, ayant dans ses conclusions soumis
à la décision de la Cour plusieurs questions qui ne sont pas des
exceptions à la compétence de la Cour et qui ne pourraient être
tranchées que si la Cour était compétente, a ce faisant conféré com-
pétence à la Cour sur la base du principe forum prorogatzrm.IO2 JUDGMENT OF 22 VI1 52 (ANGLO-IRANIAN OIL CO.)
For these reasons, the Government of the United Kingdom
accordingly prays the Court :
(1) to declare that it has jurisdiction or, alternatively, to join
the question of jurisdiction to the merits;and
(2) to order the Iranian Government to plead on the merits and
fixthe time-limits for the further written proceedings.
On April zgth, 1933, an agreement was concluded between the
Imperial Government of Persia (now the Imperial Government of
Iran, which name the Court will use hereinafter) and the Anglo-
Persian Oil Company, Limited (later the Anglo-Iranian Oil Com-
pany, Limited), a Company incorporated in the cnited Kingdom.
This agreement \vas ratified by the Iranian Majlis on May 28th,
1933, and came into force on the following - . after having received
the Imperial assent.
On March 15th and zoth, 1951, the Iranian Majlis and Senate,
respectively, passed a law enunciating the principlc of nationaliza-
tion of the oil industry in Iran.On April 28th and 3oth, 1951, they
passed another law "concerning the procedure for enforcement of the
law concerning the nationalization of the oil industry throughout
the country". These two laws received the Imperial assent on
May ~st, 1951.
As a consequence of these laws, a dispute arose between the
Government of Iran and the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, Limited.
The Government of the United Kingdom adopted the cause of this
British Company and submitted, in virtue of the right of diplomatic
protection, an Application tothe Court on May 26th, 1951, insti-
tuting proceedings in the name of the Government of the United
Kingdoin of Great Britain and Northern Ireland against the Imperial
Government of Iran.
On June zznd, 1951,the Government of the United Kingdom sub-
mitted, in accordance with Article 41 of the Statute and Article 61
of the Rules of Court, a request that the Court should indicate
provisional measures in order to preserve the rights of that Govern-
ment. In view of the urgent nature of such a request, the Court, by
Order of July 5th, 1951, indicated certain provisional measures by
virtue of the power conferred on it by Article 41 of the Statute. The
Court stated expressly that "the indication of such measures in no
way prejudges the question of the jurisdiction of the Court to deal
nith the merits of the case and leaves unaffected the right of the
Respondent to submit arguments against such jurisdiction".
While the Court derived its power to indicate these provisional
measures from the special provisions contained in Article 41 of the
Statute, it must now derive its jurisdiction to deal with the rnerits
of the case from the general rules laid down in Article 36 of the ARRÊT DU 22 VI1 52 (.~NGLO-IR.~NIA OIL CO.) 102
Pour ces motifs, le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni demande à
la Cour:
I) de se déclarercompétenteou, àtitre d'alternative, de joindre la
question de compétence au fond,et
2) d'ordonner au Gouvernement de l'Iran de plaider au fond et de
fixer les délais afférentsaux pièces ultérieures de la procédure
écrite.
Le 29 avril 1933, un accord fut conclu entre le Gouvernement
impérial de Perse (actuellementGouvernement impérial del'Iran -
c'est ainsi que la Cour le désignera ci-après) et 1'Anglo-Persian
Oil Carnpany, Limited (dénommée plus tard 1'.4nglo-Iranian Oil
Company, Limited), société enregistrée au Royaume-Uni. Cet
accord fut ratifié le28 mai 1933 par le Majlis de l'Iran et entra en
vigueur le jour suivant, après avoir reçu l'assentiment impérial.
Les 15 et 20 mars 1951, le Majlis et le Sénat de l'Iran adoptèrent
respectivement une loi dans laquelle était énoncéle principe de la
nationalisation de l'industrie pétrolière en Iran. Les 28 et 30 avril
1951, ils adoptèrent une autre loi ((concernant la procédure de mise
en Œuvre de la loi portant nationalisation de l'industrie pétrolière
sur l'ensemble du territoire D.Le I~~ mai 1951, ces deux lois reçu-
rent l'assentiment impérial.
Comme conséquence de ces lois, un différend s'est élevéentre le
Gouvernement de l'Iran et 1'Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, Limited.
Le Gouvernement du Royaume-'Cni prit fait et cause pour cette
sociétébritannique et, en vertu de son droit de protection diplo-
matique, il déposa près la Cour, le 26 mai 1951, une requête intro-
duisant une instance, au nom du Gouvernement du Royaume-LTni
de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord, contre le Gouvernement
impérial de l'.Iran.
Le 22 juin 1951, le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni présenta,
conformément à l'article41 du Statut età l'article 61 du Règlement,
une demande priant la Cour d'indiquer des mesures conserva-
toires des droits de ce gouvernement. Vu la nature urgente d'une
telle demande, la Cour, agissant en vertu du pouvoir que lui
confère l'article 41 du Statut, a, par une ordonnance du 5 juillet
1951, indiqué certaines mesures conservatoires. Elle déclara
expressément i(que l'indication de telles mesures ne préjugeait t.n
rien la compétence de la Cour pour connaître au fond de l'affaire et
laissait intact le droit du défendeur de faire valoir ses moyens à
l'effet de la contester1).
Alors que, pour indiquer ces mesures conservatoires, la Cour
tirait ses pouvoirs de la clause spéciale figurant à l'article 41 du
Statut, il lui faut maintenant, pour connaître de l'affaire au fond,
tirer sa compétence des règles généralesénoncées à l'article 36 duIO3 JUDGMENT OF 22 1'1152 (ANGLO-IRAKIAN OIL CO.)
Statute. These general rules, which are entirely different from the
special provisions of Article 41, are based on the principle that the
jurisdiction of the Court to deal with and decide a case on the
merits depends on the will of the Parties. Unless the Parties have
conferred jurisdiction on the Court in accordance with Article 36,
the Court lacks such jurisdiction.
In the present case the jurisdiction of the Court depends on the
Declarations made bythe Parties under Article 36,paragraph 2, on
condition of reciprocity, which were, in the case of the United King-
dom, signed onFebruary 28th, 1940, and, in the case of Iran, signed
on October znd, 1930, and ratified on September ~gth, 1932. By
these Declarations, jurisdiction is conferred on the Court only to the
estent to which the two Declarations coincide in conferring it. As
the Iranian Declaration is more limited in scope than thesUnited
Kingdom Declaration, it is the Iranian Declaration on which the
Court must base itself. This is common ground between the Parties.
The Iranian Declaration, which was drafted in French, is as
follows :
"The Imperial Government of Persia recognizes as compulsory
ipso facto and without special agreement in relation to any other
State accepting the same obligation, that is to say, on condition
of reciprocity, the jurisdiction of the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice, in accordance with Article 36, paragraph 2, of
the Statute of the Court, in any disputes arising after the ratifi-
cation of the present declaration with regard to situations or facts
relatingdirectly or indirectly to the application of treaties or conven-
tions accepted by Persia and subsequent to the ratification of this
declaration, with the ~xception of :
(a) disputes relating to the territorial status of Persia, includ-
ing those concerning the rights of sovereignty of Persia over its
islands and ports ;
(b) disputes in regard to which the Parties have agreed or
shall agree to have recourse to some other method of peaceful
settlement ;
(c)disputes with regard to questions which, by international
law, fa11exclusivelywithin the jurisdiction of Persia;
to require that proceedings in the Court shall be suspended int
respect of any dispute which has been submitted to the Council of
the League of Nations.
The present declaration is made for a period of six years. At the
expiration of that period, it shall continue to bear its full effects
until notification is given of its abrogation."
According to the first clause of this Declaration, the Court has
jurisdiction only when a dispute relates to the application of a
treaty or conventionaccepted by Iran. The Parties are in agreement
on this point. But they disagree on the question whether this juris-Statut. Ces règles générales, qui diffèrent entièrement de la clause
spéciale énoncée à l'article41, partent du principe selon lequel la
compétence de la Cour, pour connaître d'une affaire au fond et
pour la juger, dépend de la volonté des Parties. A moins que les
Parties n'aient conféré compétence à la Cour en conformité de
l'article 36, cette compétence lui fait défaut.
Dans le cas présent, la compétence de la Cour dépend des déclara-
tions faites par les Parties conformément à l'article 36, paragraphe 2,
sous condition de réciprocité : déclarations qui furent l'une, de la
part du Royaume-Uni, signéele 28 février 1940, l'autre, de la part
de l'Iran, signée le 2 octobre 1930 et ratifiée le 19 septembre 1932.
Par ces déclarations, compétence est conférée à la Cour seulement
dans la mesure où elles coïncident pour la lui conférer. La déclara-
tion de l'Iran étant de portée plus limitée que celle du Royaume-
Uni, c'est sur la déclaration de l'Iran que la Cour doit se fonder.
Sur ce point les Parties sont d'accord.
La déclaration de l'Iran, qui est rédigéeen français, est ainsi
conçue :
((Le Gouvernement impérial de Perse déclarereconnaître comme
obligatoire, de plein droit et sans convention spéciale, vis-à-vis de
tout autre Etat acceptant la mêmeobligation, c'est-à-dire sous
condition de réciprocité, la juridiction de la Cour permanente de
Justice internationale, conformément à l'artiçle36, paragraphe 2
du Statut de la Cour, sur tous les différendsqui s'élèveraientaprès
la ratification de la présente déclaration, au sujet de situations ou
de faits ayant directement ou indirectement trait à l'application
des traités ou conventions acceptés par la Perse et postérieurs à la
ratification de cette déclaration, exception faite pour :
a) les différendsayant trait au statut territorial de la Perse,
y compris ceux relatifs à ses droits de souveraineté sur ses îles et
~orts :
b) les différendsau sujet desquels les Parties auraient convenu
ou conviendraient d'avoir recours à un autre mode de règlement
pacifique ;
c) les différendsrelatifs à des questions qui, d'après le droit
international. relèveraient exclusivement de la juridiction de la
Perse ;
Toutefois, le Gouvernement impérial de Perse se réservele droit
de demander la suspension de la procédure devant la Cour pour
tout différend soumis au Conseil de la Société des Nations.
La présente déclaration est faite pour une durée de six ans ; à
l'expiration de ce délai, elle continuera à avoir ses pleins effets
jusqu'à ce que notification soit donnée de son abrogation. »
Selon la première clause de cette déclaration, la Cour n'est
compétente que quand un différend se rapporte à l'application
d'un traité ou d'une convention accepté par l'Iran. Les Parties
sont d'accord sur ce point. Mais elles sont en désaccord sur laques-diction is limited to the application oftreaties orconventionsaccepted
by Iran after the ratification of the Declaration, or whether it com-
prises the application of treatics or conventions accepted by Iran
at any time.
The Government of Iran contends that the jurisdiction of the
Court islimited to the application of treatiesor conventionsaccepted
by Iran after the ratification of theDeclaration. It refers to the fact
that the words "et postériezirsà la ratification de cette déclaration"
follow immediately after the expression "traités ozt conventions
acceptés parla Perse".
The Government of the United Kingdom contends that the words
"et postérieursà la ratification decettedéclaration"refer to the expres-
sion "au sujet de situations ou de faits". Consequently, the Govern-
mtnt of the Vnited Kingdom maintains that the Declaration relates
to th? application of trcaties or conventions accepted by Iran at
any the.
If the Declaration is considered from a purely grammatical point
of view, both contentions might be regarded as compatible with the
tcst. The words "et postériez~r s la ratificatio?~de cettedéclaratiorc"
niay, strictly speaking, be considered as referring either to the
ex~ression "traitésou conventions accebt1sbar la Perse". or to the
expression "az~sujet de situations ou de faits".
But the Court cannot base itself on a ~urelv grammatical
interpretation of the text. It rnust seek theintérpretagon which is
in harmony with a natural and reasonable way of reading the text,
having due regard to the intention of the Government of Iran at the
time when it accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court.
Thetext itself conveys the impression that the words "postérieurs
à In retification de cette déclaration"relate to the expression which
immediately precedes them, namely, to "traités oz1 conventions
acceptéspar la Perse", to which they are linked by the word "et".
This is, in the opinion of the Court, the natural and reasonable way
of reading the text. It would require special and clearly established
reasons to link the words "et postériezirsà la ratification de cette
déclaration", to the expression "au szijet de situations ou de faits",
which is separated from them by a considerable numberof words,
namely, "ayant directement ou indirectement trait à l'application des
traitésnu conventions acceptés par la Perse".
The Government of the United Kingdom has endeavoured to
invoke such specialreasons. It has relied on the fact that the Iranian
Declaration is copied from the corresponding clause adopted by
Belgium in 1925 which refers to "tous les di8érendsqui s'élèveraient
aprèsla ratification de la présentedéclarationau szijetde situations ou
de faits postériezrrà cette ratification". It is argued that thereafter
this formula or a similar one was adopted by numerous States and
that the Iranian Declaration must be understood in the same sense,
namely, that the expression "et postérieurs à la ratification de cettetion de savoir si la compétence se limite à l'application des traités
ou conventions acceptés par l'Iran après la ratification de la déclara-
tion, ou si elle s'étend à l'application de traités ou conventions
acceptés par l'Iran à une date quelconque.
Le Gouvernement de l'Iran soutient que la compétence de la
Cour est limitée à l'application des traités ou conventions acceptés
par l'Iran après la ratification de la déclaration. Il invoque le fait
que les mots ((et postérieurs à la ratification de cette déclaration 1)
suivent immédiatement l'expression I(traités ou conventions
acceptés par la Perse D.
Le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni soutient que les mots ((et
postérieurs à la ratification de cette déclaration » se rapportent à
l'expression ((au sujet de situations ou de faits )).En conséquencc,
le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni soutient que la déclaration se
réfère à l'application de traités ou conventions acceptés par l'Iran
à une date quelconque.
Si l'on envisage la déclaration au point de vue purement gram-
matical, on peut considérer que les deux thèses sont compatibles
avec le texte. A la rigueur, on peut soutenir que les mots ((et
postérieurs à la ratification de cette déclaration » se rapportent soit
à l'expression ((traités ou conventions acceptés par la Perse )),soit
à l'expression (au sujet de situations ou de faits ».
Mais la Cour ne saurait se fonder sur une interprétation pure-
ment grammaticale du texte. Elle doit rechercher l'interprétation
qui est en harmonie avec la manière naturelle et raisonnable de
lire le texte, eu égard à l'intention du Gouvernement de l'Iran à
l'époque où celui-ci a accepté la compétence obligatoire de la Cour.
Le texte par lui-mêmedonne l'impression que les termes (1posté-
rieurs à la ratification de cette déclaration ))se rapportent à l'expres-
sion qui les précèdeimmédiatement, à savoir : «traités ou converi-
tions acceptés par la Perse », expression à laquelle ces termcs
sont reliéspar le mot I(et 1).De l'avis dc la Cour, telle est la faqon
naturelle et raisonnable de lire le texte. Il faudrait des raisons
spéciales et bien établies pour rattacher les termes et postérieurs
à la ratification de cette déclaration »à l'expression ((.au sujet de
sitiiations ou de faits D, laquelle est séparéede ces termes par un
nombre considérable de mots, à savoir : Iayant directement ou
indirectement trait à l'application des traités ou conventions
acceptés par la Perse 1).
Le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni s'est efforcé d'invoquer cle
telles raisons spéciales. Il a invoqué le fait que la déclaration di.
l'Iran est calquée sur la clause correspondante adoptée par la
Belgique en 1925, clause qui vise ,tous les différends qui s'élève-
raient après la ratification de la présente déclaration au sujet de
situations ou de faits postérieurs à, cette ratification ». Il a fait
valoir que,parlasuite, de nombreux Etats ont atlopté cette formule
ou une formule semblable et qu'il faut comprendre la déclaration
de l'Iran comme ayant le mêmesens, 5 savoir que l'expression (1et
15déclaration,"relates on1y to the expression "azt sujet desituations ou
de faits".
But these expressions, which in the Belgian Declaration are
closely linked to each other, are in theIranian Declaration separated
by the words "ayant directementoz& indirectement traità l'application
des traitésou conventionsacceptéspar la Perse". By the interpolation
of these words, the substance of the usual formula was so much
altered that it is impossible to seek the real meaning of the Iranian
Declaration in that formula. This Declaration must be interpreted
as it stands, having regard to the words actually used.
The Government of the United Kingdom has further argued that
the Declaration would contain some superfluous words if it is inter-
preted as contended by Iran. It asserts that a legal text should be
interpreted in such a wav that a reason and a meaning can be
attributed to every word in the text.
It may be said that this principle should in general be applied
when interpreting the text of a treaty. But the text of the Iranian
Declaration is not a treatytext resulting from negotiations between
two or more States. It is the result of unilateral drafting by the
Government of Iran, which appears to have shown a particular
degree of caution when drafting the text of the Declaration. It
appears to have inserted, ex abundanti cautela,words which, strictly
speaking, may seem to have been superfluous. This caution is
explained by the special reasons which led the Government of Iran
to draft the Declaration in a very restrictive manner.
On May ~oth, 1927, the Government of Iran. denounced al1
treaties with other States relating to the régime of capitulations,
the denunciation to take effect one year thereafter, and it had corn-
menced negotiations with these States with a view to replacing the
denounced treaties by new treaties based on the principle of equal-
ity. At the time when the Declaration was signed in October 1930,
these negotiations had been brought to an end with some States,
but not with all. The Government of Iran considered al1capitulatory
treaties as no longer binding, but was uncertain as to the legal effect
of its unilateral denunciations. It is unlikely that the Government
of Iran, in such circumstances, should have been willing, on its own
initiative, to agree that disputes relating to such treaties might be
submitted for adjudication to an international court of justice by
virtue of a general clause in the Declaration.
It is reasonable to assume, therefore, that when the Government
of Iran was about to accept the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court, it desired to exclude from that jurisdiction al1disputes wliich
might relate to the application of the capitulatory treaties, and the
Declaration was drafted on the basis of this desire. In the light of
these considerationsit does not seem possible to hold that theteïm
'(traitéou conventions", used in the Declaration, could mean treaties
I6postérieurs à la ratification de cette déclaration )) se rapporte
uniquement à l'expression ((au sujet de situations ou de faits ».
Mais ces expressions qui, dans la déclaration belge, sont étroite-
ment liéesl'une à l'autre, sont séparéesdans la déclaration iranienne
par les mots (ayant directement ou indirectement trait à l'applica-
tion des traités ou conventions acceptés par la Perse ». Par l'inter-
polation de ces mots, la substance de la formule habituelle a étési
profondément changée qu'on ne saurait chercher le sens véritable
de la déclaration de l'Iran dans cette formule. Cette déclaration
doit êtreinterprétée telle qu'elle se présente, en tenant compte des
mots effectivement employés.
Le Gouverriement du Royaume-Uni a soutenu, en outre, que la
déclaration contiendrait des mots superflus si on l'interprétait
comme le veut l'Iran. Il affirme qu'un texte juridique doit être
inter~rétéde manière au'une raison d'êtreet un sens ~uissent être
attribués à chacun de ses mots.
On peut dire que ce principe doit s'appliquer en généralquand
il s'agit d'interpréter le texte d'un traité.ais le texte de la déclara-
tion de l'Iran n'est pas un texte contractuel résultant de négocia-
tions entre deux ou plusieurs Etats. Il résulte d'une rédaction
unilatérale par le Gouvernement de l'Iran, qui semble avoir apporté
iine prudence particulière à la rédaction du texte de la déclaration.
Il semble y avoir inséréex nbzlndanti caz~telades mots qui peuvent,
à strictement parler, sembler si~erflus. Cette prudence s'explique
Dar les raisons ~articulières aui ont conduit le Gouvernement de
l'Iran à rédiger la déclaration d'une façon très restrictive.
Le IO niai 1927, le Gouvernement de l'Iran a dénoncétous les
traités avec d'autres Etats relatifs au régime des capitulations, la
dénonciation devant prendre effet dan? le délai d'iin an, et il a
entrepris des négociations avec lesdits Etats afin de remplacer les
traités ainsi dénoncéspar de nouveaux traités fondéssur le principe
d'égalité. A l'époqueoù la déclaration a étésignée, enoctobre 1930,
ces négociations avaient abouti avec certains Etats, mais pas avec
tous. Le Gouvernement de l'Iran estimait que toutes les conven-
tions capitulaires étaient désormais dépourvues de force obliga-
toire, mais il n'était pas certain de l'effet juridique produit par ses
dénonciations unilatérales. Dans ces conditions, il est peu probable
que le Gouvernement de l'Iran ait étédisposé, de sa propre initia-
tive, à accepter de soumettre à une cour internationale de justice
les différends relatifsà ces traités, en vertu d'une clause générale de
la déclaration.
On peut donc raisonnablement admettre que, quand le Goiiverne-
ment de l'Iran se disposait à accepter la compétence obligatoire de
la Cour, il entendait exclure de cette compétence touç les différends
pouvant se rapportet B l'application des conventions capitulaires ;
la déclaration a étérédigéesur la base de cette intention. A la
lumière des considérations qiii précèdent,il ne paraît pas possi1)le
d'admettre qiie l'expression <1traités ou converitions )>employéeor conventions concluded at any time, as contended by the Goverii-
ment of the United Kingdom.
It is objected that the Government of Iran, at or about the time
whe~iit signed the Declaration, concluded with a number of other
States bilateral treaties which provided for arbitration of disputes
relating to treaties already concluded or to be concluded. This
attitude is said to be contrary to the view that the Government of
Iran desired to exclude from the jurisdiction of the Court treaties
accepted by it before the ratification of the Declaration.
This objection loses al1 weight when it is viewed in the light of
the special reasons which prompted the formulation by the Iranian
Government of its Declaration on the one hand, and of the arbitra-
tion clauses inserted in certain treaties on the other. That Govern-
ment was dealing with two different situations, one being particular,
the other general. It is quite understandable that it was disposed
to accept the arbitration clause as it is expressed in the treaties
concluded with certain States which were willing to give up capitu-
latory rights. Rut the Government of Iran was corifronted with an
entirely different problem when it was preparing a Declaration
under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Court's Statute, binding
itself to submit to the jurisdiction of the Court in relation to al1
States which had signed similar Declarations or which might do
so in the future, whether such States had concluded with Iran
treaties replacing the régime of capitulations or not.
Having regard to these considerations, the Court is satisfied
that it was the manifest intention of the Government of Iran to
exclude from the jurisdiction of the Court disputes relating to the
application of al1 treaties or conventions accepted by it before the
ratification of the Declaration. Thisintention has found an adequate
expression in the text of the Declaration as interpreted above by
the Court.
That such was the intention of the Government of Iran is
confirmed by an Iranian law of June 14th, 1931, by which the
Majlis approved the Declaration. This law was passed some months
after the Declaration was signed and some months before it was
ratified. It was stated in that law that the Majlis approved the
Declaration relating to the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court
"as it was signed by the representative of Iran" on October znd,
1930 ;it was furtherstated that the law comprised a single article
and the text of Article 36 of the Court's Statute, "together with
the conditions of the Iranian Government's accession to the afore-
said Article". One of these conditions was mentioned as follows :
"In respect of ail disputes arising out of situations or facts
relating, directly or indirectly, to the execution of treaties and
conventions which the Government will have accepted after the
ratification of the Declaration."dans la déclaration pouvait signifier les traités ou conventions
conclus à une date quelconque, ainsi que le prétend le Gouveme-
ment du Royaume-Uni.
Il a Sté objecté que le Gouvernement de l'Iran, à l'époque de
la signature de la déclaration, avait conclu, avec un certain nombre
d'autres Etats, des traités bilatéraux qui prévoyaient la soumission
à l'arbitrage des différends se rapportant aux traités déjà conclus
ou à conclure. Cette attitude a étéprésentée commeétant contraire
à l'idée que le Gouvernement de l'Iran souhaitait exclure de la
compétence de la Cour les traités acceptés par lui avant la ratifica-
tion de la déclaration.
Cette objection perd toute valeur si on l'examine à la lumière des
raisons particulières qui ont déterminé d'une part la rédaction de la
déclaration du Gouvernement de l'Iran et d'autre part cellede la
clause d'arbitrage inséréedans certains traités. Ce Gouvernement
devait faire face à deux situations différentes, l'une d'ordre particu-
lier, l'autre d'ordre général. On comprend aisément qu'il ait été
disposé àaccepter la clause d'arbitfage telle qu'elle est énoncéedans
les traités conclus avec certains Etats disposés à renoncer à leurs
droits capitulaires. Mais le Gouvernement de l'Iran avait devant lui
un problème entièrement différent quand il rédigeait une déclara-
tion aux termes de l'article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut de la Cour,
par laquelle il s',obligeaià accepter la compétence de la Cour vis-à-
vis de tous les Etats qui avaient signé ou signeraient à l'avenir des
déclarations semblables, que ces États aient conclu ou non avec
l'Iran des traités se substituant au régimedes capitulations.
Eu égard à ces considérations, la Cour estime que l'intention
manifeste du Gouvernement de l'Iran était d'exclure de la compé-
tence de la Cour les différends relatifs àl'application de tous traités
ou conventions acceptés par lui avant la ratification de la déclara-
tion. Cette intention a trouvé son expression adéquate dans le texte
de la déclaration tel qu'il a été interprétéci-dessus par la Cour.
Que tellc fut bien l'intention du Gouvernement de l'Iran est
confirmé par la loi iranienne du 14 juin 1931 par laquelle le Majlis
a approuvé la déclaration. Cette loi fut passéequelques mois après
la signature de la déclaration et cluel(lues mois avant sa ratification.
Elle énonceque lc Majlis approuve la déclaration sur la compétence
ol~ligatoire de la Cour (telle qu'elle a étésignéepar le représentant
de l'Ira111)le2 octobre 1930. Elle énonce en outre qu'elle comporte
un article unique et le texte de l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour
ciainsi que les conditions de l'adhésion du Gouvernement iranien à
l'article précité1)[-ne des conditions est formulée comme suit :
(Au sujet de tout différendprovenant de situations ou de faits
ayant trait directement ou indirectement à l'exécution destraités
ou conventions que le gouvernement aura acceptésaprès la rati-
fication de cette déclaration.)) This clause, referring as it does to "treaties and conventions
which the Government will have accepted after the ratification of
the Declaration", is, in the op'inion of the Court, a decisive confir-
mation of the intention of the Governnient of Iran at the time
when it accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court.
It is argued that the terms used in the law are not identical
with the text of the Declaration. That is true. But it is irrelevant,
since the !aw only paraphrases the Declaration without repeating
it textually. Had the Iranian Government been of the opinion
that the terms of the laur differed from the true meaning of the
Declaration, as it was signed in October 1930, it could easily
have altered the Declaration. But it did not do so. It ratified it in
September 1932 without any modification. It must therefore have
considered that the Declaration corresponded to the explanation
given in the law of 1931.
It is contended that this evidence as to the intention of the
Govemment of Iran should be rejected as inadmissible and that
this Iranian law is a purely domestic instrument, unknown to
other governments. The law is described as "a private document
written only in the Persian language which was not communicated
to the League or to any of the other States which had made decla-
rations".
The Court is unable to see why it should be prevented from
taking this piece of evidence into consideration. The law was
published in the Corpus of Iranian laws voted and ratified during
the period from January 15th, 1931, to January 15th, 1933. It has
thus been available for the examination of other governments
during a period of about twenty years. The law is not, and could
not he, relied on as affording abasis for the jurisdiction of the Court.
It uras filed for the sole purpose of throwing light on a disputed
question of fact, namely, the intention of the Government of Iran
at the time when it signed the Declaration.
Having regard to the foregoing considerations, the Court con-
cludes that the Declaration is limited to disputes relating to the
application of treaties or conventions accepted by Iran after the
ratification of the Declaration.
The United Kingdom contends, however, that even if the Court
werc to liold that the Declaration applies only to disputes relating
to the application of treaties or conventioris accepted by Iran
after the ratification ofthe Declaration, it would still have jurisdic-
tion in the present case. The contention of the United Kingdom is
that the acts of which it complains constitute a violation by Iran
of certain of its obligations to the United Kingdom reculting from
treüties or conventions accepted by Iran after the ratification of
tlie I?eclaration. The treatie~ and conveiitions relied upoii in this
connectioii art>: ARRÈT DU 22 VI1 52 (ANGLO-IRANIAN OIL CO.)
IO7
La Cour estime que cette clause, qui se rapporte ((aux traités et
conventions que le gouvernement aura acceptés après la ratification
de cette déclaration »,est une confirmation décisive de l'intention
du Gouvernement de l'Iran, lorsqu'il a accepté la juridiction obli-
gatoire de la Cour.
Il a été soutenu que les termesde la loi ne sont pas identiques au
texte de la déclaration. Le fait est exact, mais il est sans pertinence,
puisque la loi se borne à paraphraser la déclaration sans la repro-
duire textuellement. Si le Gouvernement de l'Iran avait été d'avis
que les termes de la loi s'écartaient du sens véritable de la déclara-
tion, telle qu'elle avait été signée en octobre 1930, il aurait pu
facilement modifier la déclaration. Mais il n'en a rien fait. Il l'a
ratifiée en septembre 1932 sans aucune modification. Il doit donc
avoir considéré que la déclaration correspondait à l'explication
donnée dans la loi de 1931.
Il a étéalléguéque cette preuve des intentions du Gouvernement
de l'Iran doit être rejetée parce qu'irrecevable et que cette loi
iranienne est un texte purement interne, inconnu des autres gouver-
nements. La loi est qualifiée de ((document privé, rédigéunique-
ment en langue persane et qui nla pas étécommuniqué à la Société
des Sations ni à aucun des autres États ayant souscrit des déclara-
tions )).
La Cour ne ~7oitpas pour quelle raison elle serait empêchéede
retenir pareil élémentde preuve. La loi a étépubliée dans le Recueil
des lois iraniennes votées et ratifiées du 15 janvier 1931 au 15 jan-
vier 1933. Elle a donc étéaccessible àl'examen des autres gouverne-
ments pendant environ vingt ans. Cette loi n'est pas invoquée, et
ne pouvait pas êtreinvoquée, comme offrant une base pour la com-
pétence de la Cour. Elle a étéproduite simplement pour apporter la
lumière sur un point de fait contesté, à savoir :l'intention du Gou-
vernement de l'Iran lorsqu'il a signéla déclaration.
Eu. égard aux considérations qui précèdent, la Cour conclut que
la déclaration se limite ailx différends se rapportant àl'application
des traités et conventions acceptés par l'Iran après la ratification de
la déclaration.
Le Royaume-L'ni soutient toutefois que, inêmesi la Cour devait
considérer que la déclaration se limite aux différends relatifs à
l'application des traités ou conventions acceptés par l'Iran al)res la
ratification de la déclaration, elle n'en serait pas moins compétente
dans le cas présent. Ide Royaume-Uni soutient, en effet, que les
actes dont il se plaint constitueraient une violation par l'Iran de
certaines obligations envers le Royaunie-Lni qui résulteraient de
traités ou conventions acceptés par l'Iran après la ratification de la
déclaration. Les traités ou conventions invoqués à cet effet sont : ji) The Treaty of Friendship, Establishment and Commerce
concluded between Iran and Denmark on February zoth, 1934 ;the
Establishment Convention co~~cludedbetween Iran and Switzerland
on April 25th, 1934 ; and the Establishment Convention concluded
between Iran and Turkey on March qth, 1937.
(ii) What the Vnited Kingdom Government describes as the
"treaty stipulation" between the Government of Iran and the
Government of the cnited Kingdom arising out of the settlement
in 1933, through the mediation of the Council of the League of
Kations, of the international dispute between the United Kingdom
and Iran relating to a concession known asthe D'Arcy Concession.
Article IV of theTreaty of1934 between Iran and Denmark, upon
which the Cnited Kingdom Gorernment relies, provides that :
[Translationj "The nationals of each of the High Contracting
Parties shall, in the territory of the other, be received and treated,
principles and practice of ordinary internationalncelaw. They shall
enjoy therein the most constant protection of the laws and author-
ities of the territory for their persons, property, rights and
interests."
The Establishment Conventions concluded by Iran with Switzer-
land and Turkey each contain an article similar to Article IV of the
Iranian-Danish Treatv.
The United Kingdom relies on these three treaties by virtue
of the most-favoured-nation clause contained in Article IX of
the Treaty concluded between the United Kingdom and Iran on
Irlarch 4th, 1857, and in Article 2 of the Commercial Convention
concluded between the United Kingdom andIran on February gth,
1903.
Article IX of the Treaty of 1857 reads :
"The High Contracting Parties engage that, in the establishment
and recognition of Consuls-General, Consuls, Vice-Consuls, and
Consular Agents, each shall be placed in the dominions of the
other on the footing of the most-favoured nation ; and that the
treatment of their respective subjects, and their trade, shall also,
in every respect, be placed on the footing of the treatment of
the subjects and commerce of the most-favoured nation."
Article II of the Commercial Convention of 1903 provides as
follo\vs:
[Translatio~z] "....It is formally stipulated that British subjects
and importations in Persia, as well as Persian subjects and Persian
importations in the British Empire, shall continue to enjoy in
al1 respects, the régime of the most-favoured nation ...."
It is argued by the Cnited Kingdom Government that the
conduct of the Iranian Government towards the Anglo-Iranian Oil i) Le traité d'amitié, d'établissement et de commerce entre
l'Iran et le Danemark conclu le 20 février 1934 ; la convention
d'établissement entre l'Iran et la Suisse du 25 avril 1934 ; et la
convention d'établissement entre l'Iran et la Turquie du 14 mars
r937.
ii) Ce qui a étéqualifié par le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni
de cctreaty stipulation 1) entre le Gouvernement de l'Iran et le
Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni résultant du règlement, intervenu
en 1933 grâce à la médiation du Conseil de la Société des Nations,
du différend international entre le Royaume-Uni et l'Iran se
rapportant à une concession connue sous le nom de concession
D'Arcy.
L'article IV du traité entre l'Iran et le Danemark de 1934, qui
est invoqué par le Gouvernement du Royaume-C'ni, est ainsi
COllÇ'J:
((Les ressortissants de chacune des Hautes Parties contrac-
tantes seront, sur le territoire de l'autre, reçus et traités relative-
ment à leurs personnes et à leurs biens conformémentaux principes
de la plus constante protection des lois et des autorités territoriales
pour leurs personnes et pour leurs biens, droits et intérêts. »
Les conventions d'établissement conclues par l'Iran avec la Suisse
et la Turquie contiennent cliacune un article semblable àl'article IV
du traité entre l'Iran et le Danemark.
Le Royaume-Uni invoque ces trois traités en vertu de la clause
de la nation la plus favorisée contenue dans l'article ç du traité
conclu par lui avec l'Iran le 4 mars 1857 et dans l'article 2 de la
convention commerciale conclue entre le Royaume-Uni et l'Iran
le 9 février 1903.
L'article IX du traité de 1857 déclare que :
[Traduction] ((Les Hautes Parties contractantes s'engagent à ce
que dans l'établissement et la reconnaissance des consuls généraux,
consuls, vice-consuls et agents consulaires, chacune d'elles sera
placée dans les territoires de l'autre sur le pied de la nation la
plus favorisée et à ce que le traitement appliqué à leurs sujets
respectifs età leur commerce sera à tous égards placésur la base
du traitement appliqué aux ressortissants et au commerce de la
nation la plus favorisée. »
L'article II de la convention commerciale de 1903 énonce que
((...il est formellement stipulé que les sujets et les importations
britanniques en Perse, ainsi que les sujets persans et les importa-
tions persanes dans l'Empire britannique continueront àjouir sous
tous les rapports du régime de la nation la plus favorisée ...1).
Selon la thèse du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni, la
conduite du Gouvernement de l'Iran envers 1'Anglo-Iranian OilCompany constitutes a breach of the principles and practice of
international law which, by her treaty with Denmark, Iran
promised to observe towards Danish nationals, and which, by the
operation of the mos+-favoured-nation clause contained in the
treaties between Iran and the United Kingdom, Iran became
bound to observe towards British nationals. Consequently, the
argument continues, the dispute which the United Kingdom haç
brought before the Court concerns situations or facts relating
directly or indirectly to the application of a treaty-the Treaty of'
1934 between Denmark and Iran-accepted by Iran after the.
ratification of her Declaration.
The Court cannot accept this contention. It is obvious that the
term traitésou conventions used in the Iranian Declaration refers
to treaties or conventions which the Party bringing the dispute
before the Court has the right to invoke against Iran, and does not
mean any of those which Iran may have concluded with any State.
But in order that the United Kingdom may enjoy the benefit of
any treaty concIuded by Iran with a third party by virtue of a
most-favoured-nation clause contained in a treaty concluded by
the United Kingdom with Iran, the United Kingdom must be in a
position to invoke thelatter treaty. The treaty containing the most-
favoured-nation clause is the basic treaty upon which the United
Kingdom must rely. It is this treaty which establishes the juridical
link between the United Kingdom and a third-party treaty and
confers upon that State the rights enjoyed by the third party. A
third-party treaty, independent of and isolated from the basic
treaty, cannot produce any legal effect as between the United King-
dom and Iran :it is res inter alios acta.
It is contended by the United Kingdom that upon the coming
into force of the Iranian-Danish Treaty on March 6th, 1935, Iran
became bound, by the operation of the most-favoured-nation
clause, to treat British nationals on her territory in accordance
with the principles and practice of international law. Without
considering the meaning and the scope of the most-favoured-nation
clause, the Courtconfines itself to stating that this clause iscontained
in the Treaties of1857 and 1903 between Iranandthe United King-
dom, which are not subsequent to the ratification of the Iranian
Declaraticm. While Iran is bound by her obligations under these
Treaties as long as they are in force, the United Kingdom is not
entitled to rely upon them for the purpose of establishing the juris-
diction of the Court, since they are excluded by the terms of the
Declaration.
The United ~ingdom argued that the question which the Court
had to consider was not "what are the treaties which confer
on Great Britain the rights in question", but "what are
the treaties whose application is in dispute". But from the legal
p0in.t of view, what is in dispute is not the application of the
Treaty of 1934 between Iran and Denmark, but the application
of the Treaty of 1857 or the Convention of 1903 between Iran and
20Company est une violation des principes et de la pratique du droit
international que, dans son traité avec le Danemark, l'Iran s'est
engagé à respecter à l'égard des ressortissants danois et que, par le
jeu de la clause de la nation la plus favorisée contenue dans les
traités entre l'Iran et le Royaume~Uni, l'Iran est tenu d'observer
envers les ressortissants britanniques. En conséquence, suivant cet
argument, le différend dont le Royaume-Uni a saisi la Cour se
rapporterait à des situations ou faits ayant directement ou indirec-
tement trait à l'application d'un traité - le traité de 1934 entre le
Danemark et l'Iran - accepté par l'Iran après la ratification de sa
déclaration.
La Cour ne saurait accepter ce point de vue. L'expression ((traités
ou conventions ))figurant dans la déclaration de l'Iran se rapporte
évidemment aux traités et conventions dont la Partie qui saisit la
Cour d'un différend peut se prévaloir contre l'Iran, et ne c~mprend
pas tous ceux que l'Iran peut avoir conclus avec un EJat quel-
conque. Or, pour se prévaloir d'un traité entre l'Iran et un Etat tiers
en se fondant sur la clause de la nation la plus favorisée contenue
dans un traité conclu par le Royaume-Uni avec l'Iran, il faut que le
Royaume-Uni ait le droit d'invoquer ce dernier traité. Le traité
contenant la clause de la nation la plus favorisée est le traité de
base que le Royaume-Uni doit invoquer. C'est là le traité qui établit
le lien juridique entre le Royaumeluni et un traité avec un État
tiers, et qui confère au Royaume-Uni les droits dont jouit l'État
tiers. Un traité avec un Etat tiers, indépendamment et isolément
du traité de base, ne peut produire aucun effet juridique entre le
Royaume-Uni et l'Iran :il est res inter alios acta.
Le Royaume-Uni soutient que, lorsque le traité entre l'Iran et
le Danemark est entré en vigueur le 6 mars 1935, l'Iran s'est
trouvé tenu, par le jeu de la clause de la nation la plus favorisée,
de traiter les sujets britanniques sur son territoire conformément
aux principes et à la pratique du droit international. Sans examiner
le sens et la portée de la clause de la nation la plus favorisée, la Cour
se borne à constater que cette clause figure dans les traités de 1857 et
de 1903 entre l'Iran et le Royaume-Uni, qui ne sont pas postérieurs à
la ratification de la déclaration de l'Iran. Bien que l'Iran soit lié
par les obligations résultant de ces traités tant qu'ils restent en
vigueur, le Royaume-Uni n'a pas le droit de les invoquer pour
établir la compétence de la Cour, puisqu'ils sont exclus par les
termes de la déclaration.
Selon le Royaume-Uni, la question à examiner par la Cour
n'est pas : ((quels sont les traités qui confèrent à la Grande-
Bretagne les droits dont il s'agit», mais bien ((quels sont les
traités dont l'application est en cause D. Mais, du point de vue
juridique, ce qui est en cause, ce n'est pas l'application du traité
de 1934 entre l'Iran et le Danemark, mais l'application du traité de
1857 ou de la convention de 1903 entre l'Iran et le Royaume-Uni,the United Kingdom in conjunction with the Treaty of 1934
between Iran and Denmark. There could be no dispute between Iran
and the Cnited Kingdom upon the Iranian-Danish Treaty alone.
The Cnited Kingdom also put forward, in a quite different
form, an argument concerning the most-favoured-nation clause.
If Denmark, it is argued, can bring before the Court questions as
to the application of her 1934 Treaty with Iran, and if the United
Kingdom cannot bring before the Court questions as to the applica-
tion of the same Treaty to the benefit of which she is entitled under
the most-favoured-nation clause, then the United Kingdom would
not be in the position of the most-favoured nation. The Court needs
only observe that the most-favoured-nation clause in the Treaties
of 1857 and 1903 between Iran and the United Kingdom has no
relation whatever to jurisdictional matters between the two
Governments. If Denmark is entitled under Article 36, paragraph 2,
of the Statute, to bring before the Court any dispute as to the
application of its Treaty with Iran, it is because that Treaty is
subsequent to the ratification of the Iranian Declaration. This can
not give rise to any question relating to most-favoured-nation
treatment.
The word "indirectement" in the phrase "au sujet de situations
ou de faits ayant directement ou indirectement trait à l'application
des traités ou conventions" has been relied upon in arguing that
the dispute brought before the Court may be considered as involv-
ing indirectly the application of a treaty subsequent to the Declar-
ation-the Iranian-Danish Treaty of 1934. The words "directement
ou indirectement" clearly describe the manner in which a certain
situation or certain facts forming the subject-matter of a dispute
may be related to a treaty :such relation may be direct or indirect.
But such direct or indirect relation is not in issue in the present
case. What is in issue is whether the United Kingdom, for the
purpose of satisfying the requirements of the Declaration, can
invoke a treaty to which it is not a party by way of a treaty to
which it is a party. The word "indirectement" cannot apply to
the solution of this question. If the United Kingdom is not entitled
to invoke its own Treaty of 1857 or 1903 with Iran, it cannot
rely upon the Iranian-Danish Treaty, irrespective of whether the
facts of the dispute are directly or indirectly related to the latter
treaty.
The Court must, therefore, find in regard to the Iranian-Danish
Treaty of 1934, that the United Kingdom is not entitled, for the
purpose of bringing its present dispute with Iran under the terms
of the Iranian Declaration, to invoke its Treaties of 1857 and 1903
with Iran, since those Treaties were concluded before the ratification
of the Declaration ;that the most-favoured-nation clause contained
in those Treaties cannot thus be brought into operation ; and that,
consequently, no treaty concluded by Iran with any third party
can be relied upon by the United Kingdom in the present case. en liaison avec le traité de 1934 entre l'Iran et le Danemark. Il
ne saurait exister de différend entre l'Iran et le Royaume-Uni sur
la base du seul traité conclu entrel'Iran et le Danemark.
Le Royaume-Uni a également avancé, sous une forme toute
différente, un argument relatifà la clause de la nation la plus
favorisée. Si le Danemark pouvait porter devant la Cour des
questions relatives à l'application du traité conclu par lui en 1934
avec l'Iran, et si le Royaume-Uni ne pouvait soumettre à la Cour
des questions relatives à l'application du mêmetraité, au bénéfice
duquel il a droit en vertu de la clause de la nation la plus
favorisée, le Royaume-Uni ne serait pas dans la situation de la
nation la plus favorisée. Il suffità la Cour de faire observer que
la clause de la nation la plus favorisée contenue dans les traités de
1857 et de 1903 entre l'Iran et le Royaume-Uni n'a aucun rapport
quelconque avec les questions juridictionnelles entre les deux gou-
vernements. Si le Danemark a le droit, d'après l'article 36, para-
graphe 2, du Statut, de porter devant la Cour un différend relatif
à l'application du traité conclu par lui avec l'Iran, c'est parce que
ce traité est postérieur à la ratification de la déclaration de l'Iran.
Ceci ne peut faire surgir aucune question se rapportant au traite-
ment de la nation la plus favorisée.
Le mot cindirectement n, contenu dans le membre de phrase
« au sujet de situations ou de faits ayant directement ou indirecte-
ment trait à l'application des traités ou conventions », a servi de
base à un argument selon lequel le différend soumis à la Cour pour-
rait êtreconsidéré comme entraînant indirectement l'application
d'un traité postérieur à la déclaration :le traité entre l'Iran et le
Danemark de 1934. Il est clair que l'expression « directement ou
indirectement » décrit la façon dont une certaine situation ou cer-
tains faits formant l'objet d'un différend peuvent se rapporter à un
traité :ce rapport peut être soit direct, soit indirect. Mais un tel
rapport, direct ou indirect, n'est pas en cause. Ce qui est en cause,
c'est de savoir si le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni peut, afin de
satisfaire aux conditions de la déclaration, invoquer un traité auquel
il n'est pas partie, parle moyen d'un traité auquel il est partie. Le
mot « indirectement »ne peut s'appliquer à la solution de la ques-
tion. Si le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni n'est pas fondé à
s'appuyer sur son propre traité avec l'Iran de 1857 ou de 1903, il
ne peut invoquer le traité entre l'Iran et le Danemark, indépen-
damment du point de savoir si les faits de l'espèce ont directement
ou indirectement trait à ce dernier traité.
La Cour doit donc conclure, à l'égard du traité de 1934 entre
l'Iran et le Danemark, que, pour faire rentrer son présent différend
avec l'Iran dans les termes de la déclaration de l'Iran, le Royaume-
Uni n'est pas fondé à invoquer les traités conclus par lui
avec l'Iran en 1857 et 1903, puisque ces traités ont étéconclus
antérieurement à la ratification de la déclaration ;la clause de la
nation la plus favorisée, que contiennent ces traités, ne peut donc
entrer en jeu ;et en conséquence le Royaume-Uni ne peut, dans
la présente espèce,se fonder sur aucun traité conclu par l'Iran avec
une tierce partie. The Court will now consider whether the settlement in 1933 of
the dispute between the Government of the United Kingdom and
the Government of Iran relating to the D'Arcy Concession, through
the mediation of the Council of the League of Nations, resulted,
as is claimed by the United Kingdom, in any agreement between
the two Governments which may be regarded as a treaty or conven-
tion within the meaning of this expression in the Iranian Declara-
tion.
Whether or not the concession contract of 1933 or the settlement
of the dispute in that year constituted an agreement between the
Government of Iran and the Government of the United Kingdom
is a question relating to jurisdiction, the solution of which does
not depend upon a consideration of the merits. It can be and must
be determined at this stage, quite independently of the facts
surrounding the act of nationalization complained of by the
United Kingdom.
In November 1932 the Iranian Government decided to cancel
the D'Arcy Concession. On December ~gth, 1932, the United
Kingdom Government, having protested to the Iranian Government
without avail, submitted the case to the Council of the League of
Nations. The Council placed the question on the agenda and
appointed a Rapporteur. On February 3rd, 1933, the Rapporteur
informed the Council that the Governments of Iran and the United
Kingdom had agreed to suspend al1proceedings before the Council ;
that they agreed that the Company should immediately enter into
negotiations with the Iranian Government, the respective legal
points of view being entirely reserved ;and that, in the event that
the negotiations should fail, the question should go back to the
Council. After prolonged discussion between the representatives of
the Iranian Government and the representatives of the Company,
an agreement-the Concession Contract-was signed by them at
Tehran on April 29th. It was subsequently ratified by the Iranian
Government. On October ~zth, the Rapporteur submitted his
report,together'with the text of the new concession, to the Council,
declaring that "the dispute between His Majesty's Govemment
in the United Kingdom and the Imperia1 Govemment of Persia
is now finally settled". Thereupon the representatives of Iran and
the United Kingdom at the Council each expressed their satisfaction
at the settlement thus reached. The question was removed from
the agenda of the Council.
The United Kingdom maintains that, as a result ofthese proceed-
ings, the Government of Iran undertook certain treaty obligations
towards the Government of the United Kingdom. It endeavours to
establish those obligations by contending that the agreement
signed by the Iranian Government with the Anglo-Persian Oil
22 ARRÊT DU 22 VII 52 (ANGLO-IRANIA NIL CO.) III
La Cour recherchera maintenant si le règlement, effectué en 1933
grâce à la médiation du Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations, du diffé-
rend entre le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni et le Gouvernement
,de l'Iran, au sujet de la concession D'Arcy, a, comme le soutient le
Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni, abouti à un accord entre les deux
gouvernements qui puisse êtreconsidéré commeun traité ou une
convention au sens de ces termes dans la déclaration de l'Iran.
Déterminer sile contrat de co~cessionde 1933ou si lerèglement du
.différend de la mêmeannée ont ou non constitué un accord entre
le Gouvernement de l'Iran et le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni
.c'est répondre à une question qui concerne la compétence et dont la
solution ne dépend pas de l'examen du fond.Cettequestion peut être
et doit êtretranchée au stade actuel, indépendamment des faits qui
ont accompagné la nationalisation dont se plaint le Royaume-Uni.
Au mois de novembre 1932, le Gouvernement de l'Iran décida
d'annuler la concession D'Arcy. A la date du 19 décembre 1932,
le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni, après avoir, sans résultat,
protesté auprès du Gouvernement de l'Iran, soumit l'affaire au
Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations. Celui-ci inscrivit la question à son
ordre du jour et désigna un rapporteur. Le 3 février 1933, le
rapporteur porta à la connaissance du Conseil que les Gouver-
nements de l'Iran et du Royaume-Uni étaient d'accord pour
suspendre toute procédure devant le Conseil ;ils étaient con-
venus que la compagnie devrait immédiatement entrer en
négociations avec le Gouvernement de l'Iran, les points de vue
juridiques respectifs étant entièrement réservés ; au cas où les
négociations échoueraient, la question reviendrait devant le Conseil.
Après des débats prolongés entre les représentants du Gouverne-
ment de l'Iran et ceux de la compagnie, un accord - le contrat de
concession - fut signé par eux, le 29 avril, à Téhéran,et ratifié
plus tard par le Gouvernementde l'Iran. Le 12octobre, le rapporteur
présenta au Conseil son rapport, en y joignant le texte du nouveau
contrat de concession, déclarant que (le Conseil pouvait considérer
comme définitivement réglé le différend survenu entre le Gouverne-
ment de Sa Majesté dans le Royaume-Uni et le Gouvernement
impérial de Perse ».Sur quoi les représentants de l'Iran et du
Royaume-Uni au Conseil exprimèrent la satisfaction que leur
causait le règlement ainsi intervenu. La question fut retirée de
l'ordre du jour du Conseil.
Le Royaiime-Uni soutient qu'à la suite de cette procédure, le
Gouvernement de l'Iran a assumé certaines obligations convention-
nelles à l'égard du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni. Il s'efforce
d'établir ces obligations en soutenant que l'accord signé par le
,Gouvernement de l'Iran avec l'Anglo-Persian Oil Company, leCompany on April zgth, 1933, has a double character, the character
of being at once a concessionary contract between the Iranian
Government and the Company and a treaty between the two
Governments. It is further argued by the United Kingdom that
even if the settlement reached in 1933 only amounted to a tacit or
an implied agreement, it must be considered to be within the
meaning of the term "treaties or conventions" contained in the
Iranian Declaration.
The Court cannot accept the view that the contract signed
between the Iranian Government and the Anglo-Persian Oil
Company has a double character. It is nothing more than a conces-
sionary contract between a government and a foreign corporation.
The United Kingdom Government is not a party to the contract ;
there is no privity of contract between the Government of Iran
and the Government of the United Kingdom. Under the contract
the Iranian Government cannot claim from the United Kingdom
Government any rights which it may claim from the Company,
nor can it be called upon to perform towards the United Kingdom
Government any obligations which it is bound to perform towards
the Company. The document bearing the signatures of the represen-
tatives of the Iranian Government and the Company has a single
purpose : the purpose of regulating the relations between that
Government and the Company in regard to the concession. It does not
regulate in any way the relations between the two Governments.
This juridical situation is not altered by the fact that theonces-
sionary contract was negotiated and entered into through the
good offices of the Council of the League of Nations, actingthrough
its Rapporteur. The United Kingdom, in submitting its dispute
with the Iranian Government to the League Council, was only
exercising its right of diplomatic protection in favour of one of its
nationals. It was seeking redress for what it believed to be a wrong
which Iran had committed against a juristic person of British
nationality. The final report by the Rapporteur to the Council on
the successful conclusion of a new concessionary contract between
the Iranian Government and the Company gave satisfaction to the
United Kingdom Government. The efforts of the United Kingdom
Government to give diplomatic protection to a British national
had thus borne fruit, and the matter came to an end with its
removal from the agenda.
Throughout the proceedings before the Council, Iran did not
make any engagements to the United Kingdom other than to
negotiate with the Company, and that engagement was fully
executed. Iran did not give any promise or make any pledge of any
kind to the United Kingdom in regard to the new concession. The
fact thatthe concessionary contract was reported to the Council and
placed in its recordsdoes not convert its terms into the terms of
a treaty by which the Iranian Government is bound vis-à-vis the
United Kingdom Government. The United Kingdom has stressed the similarity between the
case of The Free Zones of Ufiper Savoy and theDistrict of Gex and
the present case, and has cited the Order made by the Permanent
Court of International Justice on December 6th, 1930, in the
former case to show that the concessionary contract of 1933
"laid down what was to be the law between the United Kingdom
and Iran". The Court does not see any analogy between the two
cases. The subject-matter of the dispute in that part of the Free
Zones case which has been relied upon by the United Kingdom
related to customs matters, which were of direct concern to the
two countries, while the subject-matter of the dispute between the
United Kingdom and Iran in 1932 and 1933 arose out of a private
concession. The conclusion of the new concessionary contract
removed the cause of a complaint by the United Kingdom against
Iran. It did not regulate any public matters directly concerning
the two Governments. It could not possibly be considered to lay
down the law between the two States.
It is thus clear that the proceedings before the Council of the
League of Nations which led up to the settlement in 1933 of the
dispute between the United Kingdom and Iran relating to the
D'Arcy Concession, did not result in the conclusion of any treaty
or convention between the two countries.
The Court has found that the United Kingdom is not entitled to
invoke any of the treaties concluded by Iran with Denm7rk and
Switzerland in 1934 and with Turkey in 1937 and that no treaty
or convention was concluded in 1933 between Iran and the United
Kingdom. No other treaties having been relied upon by the United
Kingdom as treaties or conventions subsequent to the ratification
of theIranian Declaration, the Court must conclude that the dispute
brought before it by the United Kingdom is not one of those
disputes arising "in regard to situations or facts relating directly
or indirectly to the application of treaties or conventions accepted
by Persia and subsequent to the ratification of this Declaration".
Consequently, the Court cannot derive jurisdiction in the present
case from the terms of the Declaration ratified by Iran on Septem-
ber ~gth, 1932.
During the oral proceedings, the United Kingdom Government
presented a Submission "that the Iranian Government, having in
its Conclusions submitted to the Court for decision several questions
which are not objections to the jurisdiction of the Court, and which
could only be decided if the Court had jurisdiction, has by this
action conferred jurisdiction upon the Court on the basis of the
principle offorum prorogatum". Although the Agent of the United Le Royaume-Uni a soulignéla similarité qui existe entre l'affaire
des zones franches de Haute-Savoie et du Pays de Gex et la présente
affaire; il a cité l'ordonnance rendue dans cette affaire par la Cour
permanente de Justice internationale le 6 décembre 1930, pour
démontrer que le contrat de concession de 1933 ((énonçait ce qui
devait êtrele droit entre le Royaume-Uni et l'Iran 1)La Cour ne
saurait voir aucune analogie entre les deux affaires. Dans la partie
de l'affaire des zones franches invoquéepar le Royaume-Uni, l'objet
du différend visait des questions douanières intéressant directe-
ment les deux pays ;au contraire, l'objet du différend opposant
le Royaume-Uni et l'Iran en 1932 et 1933 provenait d'une conces-
sion privée. La conclusion du nouveau contrat de concession a
supprimé le grief du Royaume-Uni envers l'Iran. Il n'avait pas pour
objet de régler des questions publiques intéressant directement les
deux gouvernements. Il ne pouvait, en aucune façon, êtreconsidéré
comme fixant le droit entre les deux pays.
Il est donc clair que la procédure qui s'est dérouléedevant le
Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations et a abouti au règlement du dif-
férend de 1933 entre le Royaume-Uni et l'Iran, relatif à la conces-
sion D'Arcy, n'a pas eu pour résultat la conclusion d'un traité ou
d'une convention entre les deux pays.
La Cour conclut que le Royaume-Uni n'est fondé à invoquer
aucun des traités conclus par l'Iran avec le Danemark et la Suisse
en 1934, et avec la Turquie en 1937, et qu'aucun traité ou conven-
tion n'a étéconclu en 1933 entre l'Iran et le Royaume-Uni. Le
Royaume-Uni n'ayant invoqué aucun autre traité ou convention
postérieur à la ratification de la déclaration de l'Iran, la Cour est
dans l'obligation de conclure que le différend qui lui a étésoumis
par le Royaume-Uni n'est pas un des différends ((au sujet de situa-
tions ou de faits ayant directement ou indirectement trait à l'appli-
cation des traités ou conventions acceptés par la Perse et posté-
rieurs à la ratification de cette déclaration ))En conséquence, la
Cour ne saurait tirer sa compétence, dans la présente affaire, des
termes de la déclaration ratifiée par l'Iran le 19 septembre 1932.
Au cours des débats oraux le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni
a déposé une conclusionaux termes de laquelle (le Gouvernement
de l'Iran, ayant, dans ses conclusions, soumis à la décision de la
Cour plusieurs questions qui ne sont pas des exceptions à la compé-
tence de la Cour et qui ne pourraient êtretranchées que si la Cour
était compétente, a, ce faisant, conféré compétence à la Cour, sur
la base du principe du forzm prorogatum 1).Bien que l'agent du
24II4 JUDGMENT OF 22 VI152 (ANGLO-IRANIA NIL CO.)
Kingdom Government stated subsequently that he did not wish
to press his contention on this point, the Submission was not
formally withdrawn. The Court must, therefore, deal with it.
The principle of forum prorogaturn, if it could be applied to the
present case, would have to be based on some conduct or statement
of the Government of Iran which involves an element of consent
regarding the jurisdiction of the Court. But that Government has
consistently denied the jurisdiction of the Court. Having filed a
Preliminary Objection for the purpose of disputing the jurisdiction,
it has throughout the proceedings maintained that Objection.
It is true that it has submitted other Objections which have no
direct bearing on the question of jurisdiction. But they are clearly
designed as measures of defence which it would be necessary to
examine only if Iran's Objection to the jurisdiction were rejected.
No element of consent can be deduced from such conduct on the
part of the Government of Iran. Consequently, the Submission of
the United Kingdom on this point cannot be accepted.
Accordingly, the Court has arrived at the conclusion that it
has no jurisdiction to deal with the case submitted to it by the
Application of the Government of the United Kingdom dated
May 26th, 1951. It is unnecessary for the Court to consider any
of the other objections raised to its jurisdiction.nce the Court is
without jurisdiction in the present case, it need not examine any
arguments put forward by the Iranian Government against the
admissibility of the claims of the United Kingdom Government.
In its above-mentioned Order of July 5th, 1951, the Court stated
that the provisional measures were indicated "pending its final
decision in the proceedings instituted on May 26th, 1951, by the
Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland against the Imperia1 Government of Iran". It follows that
this Order ceases to be operative upon the delivery of this Judg-
ment and that the Provisional Meastires lapse at the same time.Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni ait déclarépar la suite qu'il ne
tenait pas à insister sur ce point, sa conclusion n'a pas étéformelle-
ment retirée. La Cour est donc tenue de l'examiner.
Pour pouvoir s'appliquer en l'espèce, leprincipe du forum proro-
gatum devrait êtrefondésur quelque acte ou déclaration du Gouver-
nement de l'Iran impliquant un élément deconsentement à l'égard
de la compétence de la Cour. Mais ce Gouvernement n'a pas cessé
de contester la compétence de la Cour. Après avoir déposéune
exception préliminaire aux fins d'incompétence, il a maintenu cette
exception pendant toute la durée de la procédure. Il est vrai qu'il
a présentéd'autres objections sans rapport direct avec la question
de compétence. Mais elles étaient clairement indiquées comme des
moyens de défensequi auraient à être traités seulement si l'excep-
tion d'incompétence de l'Iran était rejetée. Aucun-élément de
consentement ne saurait êtredéduit de l'attitude adoptée par l'Iran.
En conséquence, la conclusion du Royaume-Uni sur ce point ne
saurait êtreadmise.
La Cour en vient donc à la conclusion qu'elle n'est pas compétente
pour connaître de l'instance introduite par le Royaume-Uni, par
requête du 26 mai 1951. Il n'est nécessaire pour elle d'examiner
aucune des autres exceptions soulevées contre sa compétence. La
compétence de la Cour n'étant pas établie en l'espèce, la Cour
n'estime pas nécessaire non plus d'examiner les objections élevées
par le Gouvernement de l'Iran contre la recevabilité des demandes
présentées par le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni.
Dans l'ordonnance du 5 juillet1951 dont il a été fait mention
plus haut, la Cour a déclaréque les mesures conservatoires étaient
indiquées ((en attendant l'arrêt définitif dans l'affaire introduite
le 26 mai 1951 par le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni de Grande-
Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord contre le Gouvernement impérial
de l'IranD. Il s'ensuit que cette ordonnance cesse de produire ses
effets dès le prononcé du présent arrêt et que les mesures conser-
vatoires sont en mêmetemps frappées de caducité.115 JUDGMENT OF 22 VI1 52 (ANGLO-IRANIA OIL CO.)
For these reasons,
by nine votes to five,
finds that it has no jurisdiction in the present case.
Done in English and French, the English text beingauthoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-second day of July, one
thousand nine hundred and fifty-two, in three copies, one of which
will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others will be
transmitted to the Government of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland and to the Imperia1 Government of
Iran, respectively.
(Signedj J. G. GUERRERO,
Vice-President.
(Signed) E. HAMBRO,
Registrar.
Sir Arnold MCNAIR,President, availing himself of the right
conferred on him by Article 57of the Statute, appends to the Judg-
ment the statement of his individual opinion.
Judges ALVAREZ,HACKWORTH, READ and LEVI CARNEIRO,
availing themselves of the right conferred on them by Article 57
of the Statute, append to the Judgment statements of their dissent-
ing opinions.
(InitialledJ. G. G.
(Initialled) E. H. Par ces motifs,
LA COUR,
par neuf voix contre cinq,
se déclareincompétente en la présente affaire.
Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au
Palais de la Paix, à La Haye, le vingt-deux juillet mil neuf cent
cinquante-deux, en trois exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux
archives de la Cour et dont les autres seront transmis respective-
ment au Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et
d'Irlande du Nord et au Gouvernement impérial de l'Iran.
Le Vice-Président,
(Signé)J. G. GUERRERO.
Le Greffier,
(Signé)E. HAMBRO.
Sir Arnold MCNAIR,Président, se prévalant du droit que lui
confèrel'articl57 du Statut, jointà l'arrêtl'exposéde son opinion
individuelle.
MM. ALVAREZH , ACKWORTH R,EADet LEVICARNEIROj,uges, se
prévalant du droit que leur confère l'articledu Statut, joignent
à l'arrêtles exposés de leur opinion dissidente.
(Paraphé) J. G. G.
(Paraphé) E. H.
Preliminary Objection
Judgment of 22 July 1952