Judgment of 17 November 1953

Document Number
017-19531117-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

THE MINQUIERS

AND ECREHOS CASE
(FRANCE/UNITED KINGDOM)

JUDGMENT OF NOVEMBER17th, 1953

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS, AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET
ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DES MINQUIERS
ET DES ÉCRÉHOUS

(FRANCE /ROYAUME-UNI)

ARRÊT DU 17NOVEMBRE1953

LEYDE LEYDEN
SOCIÉTÉ D'ÉDITIONS A.W. SIJTHOFF'S
A..SIJTHOFF l PUBLISHING COMPANY This Judgment should be cited as follows :
"The Minquiers and Ecrelzoscase,

Judgment of Novernber 17th, 1953 : I.C.J. Reports 1953, p. 47."

Le présent arrêt doit êtrecité comme suit :

(Afaire des Minq~iers et des Écréhous,
Arrêtdu 17 novembre1953: C.I. J. Recueil 1953, 9. 47. ))

Sales number
No de vente : INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAK 1953
1953
November I7th
General List: November 17th, 1953
No. 17

THE MINQUIERS

AND ECREHOS CASE

(FRANCE /UNITED KINGDOM)

Special Agreement.-Problem of exclusive sovereignty ouer the two
groups of islets and rocks.-Status of condominium and res nullius
excluded by the Special Agreement.-Burden of proof : each Party
obliged to prove its tit1e.-Origin of the dispute: initial division of

the territovy, subjecin the feudal period to a dual authority, that of
the Duke of Normandy, King of England, and that of the King of
France as suzerain.-Severance of the feudal 1ink.-Treaties of the
XIIIth, XIVth and XVth centuries: absence of provisions relating to
the disputed groups ;indications giuing rise to a presumptionof posses-
sion of the Channel Islands as a whole byEngland.-Decisive evidence :
acts of possession relatingto each group.
Convention of 1839 : settlement relating to fisheries excludingany
settlement of territorial questions.-Question of the critical date with

regard to the acceptance of evidence.
Evidence relating to sovereignty over each group.-Fief of Ecrelzos
held of the King of England ;evidence from medieual documents.-The
Minquiers group : jurisdiction exercised by Jersey in the XVIIth
century.-Exercise of jurisdictionand local administration by Jerse?t
in relation to the two groups in the XIXth and XXth centuries.-Eui-
dence from diplowzatic exchanges.-Absence of valid title on the part
of France.

JUDGMENT

Present : Vice-President GUERRERO,Acting President ; Preside~zt
Sir Arnold MCNAIR ; Judges ALVAREZ,BASDEVANT,

HACKWORTH W, INIARSKI,KLAESTADB , ADAWI,READ,
Hsu Mo, LEVI CARNEIRO,ARMAND-UGO ;NDepztty-

Registrar GARNIER-COIGNET.48 MIEQUIERS AND ECREHOS C.4SE (JUDG>IEI;T OF I7 XI 53)

In the Minquiers and Ecrehos case,
between

the French Republic,

represented by
M.-AndréGros, Professor of the Faculties of Law, Legal Adviser
to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs,

as Agent,
assisted by :

M. Jean Bumay, ConseiLLerd'État,
Rear-Admiral Durand de Saint-Front (Retd.),
M.Prosper Weil, Professor agrégéof the Law Faculty of Grenoble,

M. Pierre Duparc, Archivist-Palæographer, Assistant Keeper
of Archives at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
as Expert Advisers,

and

the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,

represented by :
Mr. R. S. B. Best, Third Legal Adviser to the Foreign Office,

as Agent,

assisted by :
Sir Lionel Heald, Q.C., M.P., Attorney-General,

Mr. C. S. Harrison, O.B.E., Attorney-General for the island of
Jersey,
Mr. G. G. Fitzmaurice, C.M.G., Legal Adviser of the Foreign
Office,
Professor E. C. S. Wade, Downing Professor of the Laws of
England in the University of Cambridge,

Mr. D. H. N. Johnson, Assistant Legal Adviser, Foreign Office,

as Counsel,

and by :
Mr. J. D. Lambert, Research Department, Foreign Office,

as Expert Adviser,

549 MIKQUIERS AND ECREHOS CrlSE (JUDGMEKT OF I7 XI 53)

composed as above,

delivers the folloze~ingJztdgwent :

By a letter dated December 5th, 1951, the British Ambassador
to the Netherlands transmitted to the Registry on behalf of his
Government a certified copy of a Special Agreement concluded
between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland andthe Government of the French Republic,
signed on December qth, 1950, the instruments of ratification in
respect of which were exchanged at Paris on September z4th, 1951.

Pursuant to Article 33, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the
French Government was informed of the notification to the Court
of the Special Agreement, copies of which were, in accordance

with Article 34, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, transmitted
to the States entitled to appear before the Court andto the Secre-
tary-General of the United Nations.
The Preamble and Articles 1 and II of the Special Agreement
were in the following terms :

"The Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
NoConsidering that differences have arisen between them as a result;
of claims by each of them to sovereignty over the islets and rocks in
the Minquiers and Ecrehos groups ;
Desiring that these differences should be settled by a decision of
the International Court of Justice determining their respective rights
as regards sovereignty over those islets and rocks;
Desiring to define the issues to be submitted to the International
Court of Justice ;
Have agreed as follows :

The Court is requested to determine whether the sovereignty over
the islets and rocks (in so far as they are capable of appropriation)
of the RIinquiers and Ecrehos groups respectively belongs to the
United Kingdom or the French Republic.

\Vithout prejudice to any question as to the burden of proof, the
Contracting Parties agree, having regard to Article 37 of the Rules
of Court, that the written proceedings should consist of
6 (1)a United Kingdom memorial to be submitted within three
months of the notification of the present Agreement to the
Court in pursuance of Article III below ;
(2)a French counter-memorial to be submitted within three
months of delivery of the United Kingdom memorial ;
(3)a United Kingdom reply followed by a French rejoinder to
be delivered within such times as the Court may order."

The Pleadings were filed within the time-limits fixed and sub-
sequently twice extended at the request of the Parties by Orders

of the Acting President. On March 28th, Igj3, the case became
ready for hearing.
Public hearings were held between September 17th and Octo-
ber 8th, 1953. In the course of these hearings the Court, which was
presided over by the Vice-President, in accordance with Article 13,
paragraph 1, of the Rules, heard the Parties who by agreement
addressed the Court in the order in which they had submitted
their Pleadings. Sir Lionel Heald, Mr. Fitzmaurice, Professor
Wade and Mr. Harrison spoke on behalf of the United Kingdom
Government, and Professor Gros on behalf of the French
Government.
At the end of the arguments before the Court, that is on Octo-

ber 6th and October 8th respectively, the following finalSubmissions
were presented by the Parties :

On behalf of the United Kingdom Government :
"The Court is asked to declare :

That the United Kingdom is entitled under international law to
full and undivided sovereignty over al1the Islets and Rocks of the
Minquiers and the Ecréhousgroups :
(1) by reason of having established the existence of an ancient
title supported throughout by effective possession evidenced
by acts which manifest a continuous display of sovereignty
over the groups ;
alternatively,

(2) effective possession alone, such possession being evidenced
by similar acts."

On behalf of the French Government :

"May it please the Court,
To adjudge and declare :

(1) that France po~sessesan original title to the islets and rocks
of the Minquiers group on the one hand and the Ecrehos group
on the other ;
751 31INQUIERS AND ECREHOS C.4SE (JUDG~~ENT OF I7 XI 53)

(2) that France has at al1 times confirmed this original title by
an effective exercise of her sovereignty to the extent that the
character of these islets and rocks lent itself to such an exercise ;

(3) that the United Kingdom has been unable to establish that
it had effective possession of these islets and rocks at the time of
the conclusion of the Treaty of Paris of 1259, which made effective
possession the necessary condition for English sovereignty over the
various Channel Islands, or at any subsequent period ;

(4) that by the Convention of August snd, 1839, the United
Kingdom and France brought into being, between a line three miles
from low water mark on the island of Jersey and an ad hoc line

defined in Article I of the Convention, a zone in which fishery of
every type should be common to the subjects of the two countries ;

(5) that the islets and rocks of the Minquiers and Ecrehos groups,
being within the common fishery zone as so defined, were, in 1839,
subjected by the Parties to a régime of common user for fishery
purposes, without the territorial sovereignty over these islets and
rocks being otherwise affected by the said Convention ;

(6) that the acts performed by each Party on the islets and rocks
subsequently to August znd, 1839, are consequently not capable
of being set up against the other Party as manifestations of terri-
torial sovereignty, with the result that such sovereignty belongs
to-day to that one of the Parties to whom it belonged before
Xugust znd, 1839 ;

(7) that this 'critical date' would still apply even if the con-
struction put upon the Convention of August snd, 1839, by the
French Government should be incorrect, since the Government of
the United Kingdom was not unaware of this interpretation or of
the possibility it afforded to the Government of the United Kingdom

and to British subjects to benefit from the institution of a common
user of the islets and rocks of the two groups for fishery purposes,
as this resulted, in the mind of the French Government, from
I-lrticle3 of the Convention of August znd, 1839 ;

(8) that, even if the 'critical date' should be fixed at a date
subsequent to August end, 1839, the acts of possession invoked by
the Government of the United Kingdom do not satisfy the condi-
tions required by international law for the acquisition or preserva-
tion of territorial sovereignty ;

(9) that, furthermore, France in the nineteenth and twentieth
centuries has performed the acts of sovereignty required, having
regard to the special character of these islets, and has assumed the
essential responsibilities inherent in her sovereignty ;

(IO) that, for these reasons, sovereignty over the islets and rocks
of the Minquiers group and the Ecrehos group respectively belongs,
in so far as these islets and rocks are capable of appropriation, to
the French Republic."j2 3IISQCIERS ASD ECREHOS CASE (J~DG~IENT OF I7 SI 53)

The Submissions reproduced above and presented by the United
Kingdom Government consist of three paragraphs, the last two

being reasons underlying the first,which must be regarded as the
final Submission of that Goveroment. The Submissions of the
French Government consist of ten paragraphs, the first nine being
reasons leading up to the last, \\-hich must be regarded as the final
Submission of that Government.

The Submissions of the Parties should therefore be considered
to be as follows :
of the Vnited Kingdom Government,

"that the United Kingdom is entitled under international law to
full and undivided sovereignty over al1the Islets and Rocks of the
Minquiers and the Ecréhousgroups;"

of the French Government,
"that, for these reasons, sovereignty over the islets and rocks of
the Minquiers group and the Ecrehos group respectively belongs,
in so far as these islets and rocks are capable of appropriation, to
the French Republic".

By A4rticle1 of the Special Agreement, signed on December zgth,
19j0, the Court is requested

"to determine whether the sovereignty over the islets and rocks
(in so far as they are capable of appropriation) of the Minquiers
and Ecrehos groups respectively belongs to the United Kingdom
or the French Republic".

Having thus been requested to decide whether these groups
belong either to France or to the Cnited Kingdom, the Court has
to determine which of the Pdrties has produced the more convincing
proof of title to one or the other of these groups, or to both of
them. By the formulation of Article 1 the Parties have excluded
the status of res nullius as well as that of co~zdovuzinium.
In Article II the Parties have stated their agreement as to the
presentation of the Pleadings "without prejudice to any question as
to the burden of proof", a question which it is for the Court to
decide. Having regard to the position of the Parties, both claiming
sovereignty over the same territory, and in view of the formulation
of the task of the Court in Article 1, and the terms of Article II,

the Court is of opinion that each Party has to prove its alleged
title andthe facts upon which it relies. By the Special Agreement the Court is requested to determine
the sovereignty over the islets and rocks in so far as they are
capable of appropriation. These words must be considered as
relating to islets and rocks which are physically capable of appro-
priation. The Court is requested to decide in general to which Party
sovereignty over each group as a whole belongs, without determin-
ing in detail the facts relating to the particular units of which the
groups consist.
These groups lie between the British Channel Island of Jersey

and the coast of France and consist each of two or three habitable
islets, many smaller islets and a great number of rocks. The Ecrehos
group lies north-east of Jersey, 3.9 sea-miles from that island,
measured from the rock nearest thereto and permanently above
water, and 6.6 sea-miles from the coast of France, measured in the
same way. The Minquiers group lies south of Jersey, 9.8 sea-miles
therefrom and 16.2 sea-miles from the French mainland,. measured
in the same way. This group lies 8 sea-miles from the Chausey
Islands which belong to France.

Both Parties contend that they have respectively an ancient or
original title to the Ecrehos and the Minquiers, and that their title
has always been maintained and was never lost. The present case
does not therefore present the characteristics of a dispute concern-
ing the acquisition of sovereignty over terra nzdlius.

The United Kingdom Government derives the ancient title
invoked by it from the conquest of England in 1066 by William,
Duke of Normandy. By this conquest England became united with
the Duchy of Normandy, including the Channel Islands, and this
union lasted until 1204 when King Philip Augustus of France drove
the Anglo-Norman forces out of Continental Normandy. But his
attempts to occupy also the Islands were not successful, except
for brief periods when some of them were taken by French forces.
On this ground the United Kingdom Government submits the view
that al1 of the Channel Islands, including the Ecrehos and the
Minquiers, remained, as before, united with England and that this
situation of fact was placed on a legal basis by subsequent Treatieç
concluded between the English and French Kings.

The French Government does not dispute that the Islands of

Jersey, Guernsey, Aldemey, Sark, Herm and Jethou continued to
be held by the King of England ;but it denies that the Ecrehoç
and Minquiers groups were held by him after the dismemberment
of the Duchy of Normandy in 1204. After that event, these two
groups were, it is asserted, held by the King of France together54 MISQCIERS ASD ECREHOS C=1SE (JCDG~IEST OF 17 XI 53)

with some other islands close tothe continent, and reference is made
to the same medieval Treaties as those which are invoked by the
United Kingdom Government.
In such circumstances it must be examined whether these
Treaties, invoked by both Parties, contain anything which might
throw light upon the status of the Ecrehos and the Minquiers.
The Treaty of Lambeth of 1217, to which the Parties have
referred, cannot be said to contain anything which might elucidate
this question. The Treaty of Paris of 1259, which appears to be

the principal Treaty on which the Parties rely, enumerates in
Article 4 al1 the lands which the King of England should hold in
fee of the King of France in Saintonge beyond the river Charente
as well as Bordeaux, Bayonne and Gascony and "al1 the land
which he holds on this side of the sea of England in fee and
in demesne and the islands, if any there be, which the king of
england holds which are of the realm of france, and he shall hold
of us as peer of france and duke of Aquitaine". These terms seem
to refer to islands which the King of England held as Duke of
Aquitaine, and not to the Channel Islands. But even assuming
that these Islands were also included, the article refers in any
case only to islands, if any there be, which are held by the English
King. It does not Say which islands were at that time held by
him. Article 6 enumerates al1the lands which the King of England
relinquished "in any part of the Realm of france or in the islands,

if any are held by us or by our brother or by others in our or their
behalf". This text refers only to islands, if any, which are held
by the King of France, without indicating w-hich islands were so
held. From the text itself of this Treaty nothing can therefore be
deduced with regard to the status of the Ecrehos and the Min-
quiers. The Treaty of Calais of 1360 contai~is in Article 6 a clause
providing that the King of England shall have and hold al1islands
which he "now holds". This provision must be considered as
including those of the Channel Islands which the King held at
that tirne. But as it is not said which of these Islands were held
by the English King, it is not possible to draw from this text alone
any conclusion as to the status of the islets in dispute. TheTreaty
of Troyes of 1420 contains many far-reaching provisions, but it
cannot be said to provide anything which might throw- light upon

the present dispute. Common to al1 these Treaties is the fact that
they did not specify which islands were held by the Kings of
England and France respectively. The Court would therefore not
be justified in drawing from them any conclusion as to whether
the Ecrehos and the Minquiers at the time when these Treaties
were signed were held either by the English or hythe French King.
This question depends on facts which cannot be deduced from the
text of these Treaties.
There are, however, other documents which provide some
indication as to the possession of the islets in dispute. 55 ~IIKQUIERS AXD ECREHOS C-%SE (JUDGMENT OF 17 XI 53)

By a Charter of January 14th, 1200, King John of England
granted to one of his Barons, Piers des Préaux, the Islands of
Jersey, Guernsey and Alderney "to have and to hold of us by
service of three knights' fees". Three years later, by a Charter
of 1203, Piers des Préaux granted to the Abbey of Val-Richer
"the island of Escrehou in entirety", stating that the King of
England "gave me the islands" (insula mihidedit) This shon-s
that he treated the Ecrehos as an integral part of the fief of the

Islands which he had received from the King. In an Order from the
English King of July 5th, 1258, the Sub-Warden of the Islands
\vas ordered "to guard the islands of Gernere and Geresey, and
the king's other islands in his keeping". In Letters Patent of the
English King, dated June 28th, 1360, it uTasprovided that the
"keeper of the islands of Gerneseye, Jereseye, Serk and Aurneye,
and the other islands adjacent thereto" may have the keeping for
a further period. The Truce of London of1471 provided in Article 3
that the King of France would not make any hostile act against
the Kingdom of England and other lands specially mentioned,
including the Islands "of guernsey, Jersey and alderney [andj
other territoriesislands, lands and lordships, which are, or will
be, held and possessed by the said lord King of england or by his
subjects". A Papal Bull of January aoth, 1500, transferring the

Channel Islands from the Diocese of Coutances to the Diocese of
IVinchester, mentioned "the Islands of Jersey and Guernsey,
Chausey, Alderney, Herm and Sark", while two commercial
Treaties of 1606 and 1655 mentioned only Jersey and Guernsey.
Basing itself on factsuch as these, the United Kingdom Govern-
ment submits the view that the Channel Islands in the Middle
Ages were considered as an entity, physically distinct from Conti-
nental Normandy, and that any failure to mention by name any
particular island in any relevant document, while enumerating
other Channel islands, does not imply that any such island lay
outside this entity.Having regard to the above-mentioned docu-
ments, and particularly to the Charters of 1200 and 1203, and
in view of the undisputed fact that the whole of Normandy,
including al1 of the Channel Islands, was held by the English

King in his capacity as Duke of Normandy from 1066 until 1204,
there appears to be a strong presumption in favour of this British
view. If the Ecrehos and Minquiers were never specifically men-
tioned in such enumerations, this was probably due to their slight
importance. Even some of the more important Islands, such as
Sark and Herm, were only occasionally mentioned by name in
documents of that period, though they were held by the English
King just as were the three largest Islands. The Court does not,
however, feel that it can draw from these considerations alone
any definitive conclusion as to the sovereignty over the Ecrehos
and the Minquiers, since this question must ultimately depend
on the evidence which relates directly to the possession of these
groups.56 MIKQUIERS AND ECREHOS CASE (JUDGMEXT OF 17 XI 53)
The French Government derives the original title invoked by
it from the fact that the Dukes of Normandy were the vassals of
the Kings of France, and that the Kings of England after 1066,

in their capacity as Dukes of Normandy, held the Duchy in fee
of the French Kings. It is contended that the Channel Islands
became added to the fiefs of the Duke of Normandy when William
Longsword in 933 received the Islands in fee of the King of France,
and that he, as well as his successors, did homage to the French
Kings for the whole of Normandy, iacluding the Islands. The
French Government further relies on a Judgment of April &th,
1202, of the Court of France and contends that King John of
England was thereby condemned to forfeit al1 the lands which
he held in fee of the King of France, including the whole of
Kormandy. On the basis of this historical origin and of the Judg-
ment of 1202, there is, in the opinion of that Government, a

presumption in favour of the present French claim to sovereignty
over the Ecrehos and the Minquiers.
The United Kingdom Government contends that the feudal title
of the French Kings in respect of Normandy was only nominal.
It denies that the Channel Islands were received by the Duke of
Normandy in fee of the King of France, and that William Long-
sword or any of his successors ever did homage for the Islands.
It contests the validity, and even the existence, of the Judgment
of 1202, and asserts that even if such a Judgment was validly
pronounced against the English King in his capacity as Duke of
Normandy, it could not have the alleged consequences.
These opposite contentions are based on more or less uncertain

and controversial views as to w-hat was the true situation in this
remote feudal epoch. For the purpose of deciding the present case
it is, in the opinion of the Court, not necessary to solve these
historical controversies. The Court considers it sufficient to state
as its view that even if the Kings of France did have an original
feudal title also in respect of the Channel Islands, such a title
must have lapsed as a consequence of the events of the year 1204
and following years. Such an alleged original feudal title of the
Kings of France in respect of the Channel Islands could to-day
produce no legal effect, unless it had been replaced by another title
valid according to the law of the time of replacement. It is for
the French Government to establish that it \vas so replaced. The

Court will later deal with the evidence which that Government
has produced with a view to establishing that its alleged original
title was replaced by effective possession of the islets in dispute.
With regard to the Judgment of 1202 invoked by France it is
the opinion of the Court that, whatever view is held as to its
existence, validity, scope and consequences, it was not executed in
respect of the Channel Islands, the French Kings having failed to
obtain possession of these Islands except for brief periods. Even
if this feudal Judgment, assuming that it was in fact pronounced,

13was intended to produce legal effects at that time, it remained in
any case inoperative with regard to the Channel Islands. To revive
its legal force to-day by attributing legal effects to it after an
interval of more than seven centuries seems to lead far beyond
any reasonable application of legal considerations.

The vietv is expressed by the French Government that the
dismemberment of the Duchy of Normandy, which in fact occurred
in 1204 tvhen Continental Normandy was occupied by the King of
France, has legal consequences in the present dispute. It is said
that if the United Kingdom Government is unable to establish
its claim to the Ecrehos and the Minquiers, the title to these islets
must be considered as having remained with France since 1204.
But since that time there has been a further development in the

territorial position. Many wars and peace settlements between the
two States succeeded each other during the following centuries.
The Channel Islands, or some of them, were occupied temporarily
by French forces during some years immediately following the
events in 1204, as well as for brief periods in the next two centuries,
and Continental Normandy was reconquered by the English King
and held by him for a long period in the fifteenth century. In
such circumstances it is difficult to see why the dismemberment
of the Duchy of Normandy in 1204 should have the legal conse-
quences attributed to it by the French Government. What is of
decisive importance, in the opinion of the Court, is not indirect
presumptions deduced from events in the Middle Ages, but the
evidence which relates directly to the possession of the Ecrehos
and Minquiers groups.

Before considering this evidence, the Court will examine some
questions tvhich concern both groups.
On August znd, 1839, France and the United Kingdom concluded
a Convention concerning fishery, and particularly the oyster fishery
between the Island of Jersey and the neighbouring coast of France.
It is common ground between the Parties that this Convention
did not settle the question of sovereignty over the Ecrehos and
the Minquiers. But the French Government has submitted conten-
tions which to a certain extent affect that question. These conten-
tions, which were modified during the proceedings, were at the
public hearing on October 8th, 1953, formulated as follows, as
part of the Submissions presented on behalf of that Government :

"(4) that by the Convention of August znd, 1839, the United
Kingdom and France brought into being, between a line three
miles from low water mark on the island of Jersey and an ad hoc
line defined in ArticlI of the Convention, a zone in which fishery
ofevery type should be commonto the subjects ofthe two countries ;
1458 MINQUIERS AND ECREHOS CASE (JUDGMENS OF I7 XI 53)

(5)that the islets and rocks of the Minquiers and Ecrehos groups,
being within the common fishery zone as so defined, were, in 1839,
subjected by the Parties to a régimeof common user for fishery
purposes, without the territorial sovereignty over these islets and
rocks being otherwise affected by the said Convention ;
(6)that the acts performed by each Party on the islets and rocks
subsequently to August znd, 1839, are consequently not capable of
being set up against the other Party as manifestations of terri-
torial sovereignty, with the result that such sovereignty belongs
to-day to that one of the Parties to whom it belonged before
August end, 1839".

These contentions were based on the first three Articles of the
Convention, and particularly on Article 3. By Article I an ad hoc
line is acknowledged by the two Governments "as defining the
limits between which and the French shore the oyster fishery shall
be reserved exclusively to french subjects". Article 2 provides that
"oyster fishery within three miles of the Island of Jersey, calculated
from lower water mark, shall be reserved exclusively to british
subjects". Article 3 provides as follows :

"The oyster fishery outside of the limits within which that
fishery is exclusively reserved to french and bntish subjects respec-
tively, as stipulated in the preceding articles, shall be common to
the subjects of both countries."

The French Government asserts and the United Kingdom Govern-
ment denies that the Ecrehos and Minquiers groups are included
within this agreed common fishery zone, the United Kingdom
Government basing itself on a provision in Article 9 concerning
exclusive right of fishery for British subjects within three miles
from low water mark "along the whole extent of the coasts of
the British Islands".
The Court does not consider it necessary, for the purpose of
deciding the present case, to determine whether the waters of the

Ecrehos and Minquiers groups are inside or outside the common
fishery zone established by Article 3. Even if it be held that these
groups lie within this common fishery zone, the Court cannot admit
that such an agreed common fishery zone in these waters would
involve a régime of common user of the land territory of the islets
and rocks, since the Articles relied on refer to fishery only and not
to any kind of user of land territory. Nor can the Court admit
that such an agreed common fishery zone should necessarily have
the effect of precluding the Parties from relying on subsequent acts
involving a manifestation of sovereignty in respect of the islets.
The Parties could have established such a common fishery zone,

including the waters of the groups, even if these groups had in
1839 been under the undisputed exclusive sovereignty of one of
them ; and they could equally have acquired or claimed exclusive
sovereignty after 1839 and relied upon subsequent acts involvingthe manifestation of sovereignty, notwithstanding such an agreed
common fishery zone, provided of course that the common fisherg-
in this zone would not in any way be impaired thereby. The above-
mentioned contention asto exclusion of acts subsequent to 1839 is,
moreover, not compatible with the attitude which the French
Government has taken since that time. It not only claimed
sovereignty over the Ecrehos in 1886 and over the Minquiers in
1888, and later, but it has, in order to establish such a sovereignty,
itself relied on measures taken subsequent to 1839, as referred to
in its communications to the Foreign Office, dated August zyth,
1888, and July ~jth, 1903, as well as in the present proceedings.
Nor can the contention that the Court should determine to which
Party sovereignty belonged in 1839, be considered as consistent
with the SpecialAgreement of 1950, by which the Court is requested

to determine to which Party sovereignty belongs at present. The
Court is therefore unable to accept the above-mentioned contentions
as to the effects of the Convention of 1839 on the question of the
sovereignty over the Ecrehos and Minquiers groups.

The Parties have further discussed the question of the selection
of a "critical date" for allowing evidence in the present case. The
United Kingdom Government submits that, though the Parties
have for a long time disagreed as to the sovereignty over the two
groups, the dispute did not become "crystallized" before the
conclusion of the Special Agreement of December zgth, 1950,
and that therefore this date should be considered as the critical
date, with the result that al acts before that date must be taken
into consideration by the Court. The French Government, on the
other hand, contends that the date of the Convention of 1839
should be selected as the critical date, and that al1 subsequent
acts must be excluded from consideration.
At the date of the Convention of 1839, no dispute as to the
sovereignty over the Ecrehos and Minquiers groups had yet arisen.
The Parties had for a considerable time been in disagreement with

regard to the exclusive right to fish oysters, but they did not link
that question to the question of sovereignty over the Ecrehos and
the Minquiers. In such circumstances there is no reason why the
conclusion of that Convention should have any effect on the question
of allowing or ruling out evidence relating to sovereignty. A dispute
as to sovereignty over the groups did not arise before the years
1886 and 1888, when France for the first time claimed sovereignty
over the Ecrehos and the Minquiers respectively. But in view of
the special circumstances of the present case, subsequent acts
should also be considered by the Court, unless the measure in
question was taken with a view to improving the legal position
of the Party concerned. In many respects activity in regard to
these groups had developed gradually long before the dispute asto sovereignty arose, and it has since continued without inter-
ruption and in a similar manner. In such circumstances there would
be no justification for ruling out al1 events which during this
continurd development occurred after the years 1886 and 1888
respectively.

There is also another point concerning both groups which the
Court will mention before dealing with each group separately.
The United Kingdom Government has endeavoured to show that
the groups must be considered as dependencies of Jersey and has
referred to Article 38 of a Franco-British Fishery Convention of
1867, which was ratified but not brought into operation. This
Article provided :

"The terms 'British Islands' and 'United Kingdom',employed in
this Convention, shall include the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey,
Alderney ,Sark and Man, with their dependencies."

The United Kingdom Government has also invoked similar
clauses in a Franco-British Submarine Telegraph Convention of
1859 and in a British Sea Fisheries Act of 1843.

These various clauses indicate that there are islands or islets
which are dependencies of such Channel Islandsas are enumerated ;
but no evidence is produced showing that it was the intention
of the contracting Parties to include the Ecrehos and Minquiers
groups within the terms "British Islands" or "dependencies" or,
on the other hand, to exclude the groups from these terms.

The Court will now consider the claims of both Parties to
sovereignty over the Ecrehosand begins with the evidence produced
by the United Kingdom Government.

It has already been mentioned that the Charter of 1200 of
the English King, whereby he granted the fief of the Channel
Islands to Piers des Préaux, and the Charter of 1203, whereby
the latter in turn granted the Ecrehos to the Abbey of Val-
Richer, show that the Ecrehos were treated by him as an integral
part of his fief.
The grant of the Ecrehos was in frankalmoin. The French
Government contends that such a grant had the effect of severing
the feudal link between Piers des Préaux and the Abbey, so that

the Ecrehos no longer formed a part of the fief of the Channel
Islands. The view submitted by that Government is that the
Ecrehos remained subject to the Duke of Normandy through the
intermediary of the Abbey of Val-Richer, which was situated on
the French mainland, and that, when the King of France succeeded
1761 IIISQTJIERS -1SD ECREHOS C-1SE (JUDGXEST OF I7 XI j3)

to the rights of the Duke after the occupation of ContinentaI
Xormandy in 1204, the Abbey "passed under his protection, as
did the Ecrehos, whose overlord he became".
This contention renders it necessary to consider the Charter

of 1203 more closely. It provided the follotving :
" ...Koverit universitas vestra me divins pietatis intuitu conces-
sisse & dedisse, & præsenti charta mea confirmasse Deo & ecclesiæ

sanctæ Mariæ de Valle-Richerii, & monachis ibidem Deo servienti-
bus, pro salute animæ Johannis illustris regis Angliæ, qui insulas
mihi dedit, & pro salute animæ meæ, & patris & matris meæ, &
omnium antecessorum meorum, insulam de Escrehou integre, ad
ædificandam ibidem basilicam in honore Dei & beatæ Mariæ, ita ut
divina ibidem celebrentur mysteria singulis diebus, habendam &
possidendam libere & quiete, plenarie & honorifice, in liberam &
puram & perpetuam eleemosynam, & quidquid in eadem insula
poterunt augmentare & ædificare. Item concessi prædictis monachis
quidquid ab hominibus meis de Gersy, & de Gernesé,& deAurene,
eis caritatis intuitu rationabiliterdatum fuerit, salvo jure meo."
[Gallia Christiana, XI, col.94, No. XXXII (Instrumenta).]

[Translation]
" ...Know ye al1that 1, having regard to the mercy of God, have

granted and given and by my present charter have confirmed to
God and to the church of St. Mary of Val-Richer and to the monkç
there serving God, for the salvation of the sou1 of John, illustrious
king of England, who gave me the islands, and for the salvation of
the souls of myself and of my father and mother and of al1 my
ancestors, the island of Escrehou in entirety, for the building there
of a church in honour of God and of the blessed Mary, so that the
divine mysteries be daily celebrated there, to have and possess [it]
and whatever in the same island they shall be able to increase and
build, freely and quietly, fully and honourably, in free pure and
perpetual alms. 1 have further granted to the aforesaid monks
whatever by my men of Jersey, and of Guernsey, and of Alderney,
having regard to charity, shall be reasonably given to them, saving
my right."

It appears clearly from the Grand Coutumier de Normandie of
the thirteenth century, chapters XXVIII and XXXII (deGruchy

edition, 1881, pp. 90-91 and 98) hat land held in frankalmoin was
a tenure, and that such a grant in frankalmoin to an ecclesiastical
institution did not have the effect of severing feudal ties. The text
of the first part of Chapter XXXII is as follows:

[Translation]
"They are said to hold by alms who hold lands given in pure

alms to God and his servants, wherein the donors retain nothing
to themselves or their heirs save only the patronal domain ; and
they hold from them by alms only, as from patrons. Wone can make
alms out of any land, save only that which is his own therein.
Wherefore note that neither the duke, nor barons, nor anyone, ought
to sustain any detriment if their men make alms of the lands which
18 they hold of them ; and their lords shall exercise their justice and
levy their rights in the lands so put in alms, notu-ithstanding."

This text shows that the grantor retained the "patronal domain"
(dominium patronale). According to this ancient Korman custom,
Piers des Préaux did not by his grant drop out of the feudal chain
as far as the Ecrehos was concerned. He continued to hold the
Ecrehos as a part of his fief of the Channel Islands, with the Abbot
of Val-Richer as his vassal and the King of England as his overlord,
and the King continued to exercise his justice and levy his rights
in the land so put in alms. By granting the Ecrehos in frankalmoin
to the Abbey, Piers des Préaux did not, and could not, alienate
the island from the fief of the Channel Islands ; it remained a part

of that fief.
This view is contested by the French Government on the ground
that Piers des Préaux had not in the Charter reserved any feudal
service and that he therefore had not created an? feudal tenure.
It seems that no such condition for the creation of a "teneure par
ornosne", or frankalmoin, was required by the aricient Xormari
custom, as described in the Coutumier. But even assuming that
a condition or reservation was required, the grant to the Abbey
did contain such a condition or reservation. As is seen from the
text of the Charter, the Abbey was to build a church in the Ecrehos
"so that the divine mysteries be daily celebrated there", and
when the grant was said to be given "for the salvation of the sou1
of John, illustrious king of England ...and for the salvation of the
souls of myself and of my father and mother and al1my ancestors",
this could, in view of the custom at that time, only mean that a
service of prayers was reserved in the Charter. That this must
also have been the view of the Abbot himself and of his successors
is seen from the records of certain Quo Warranto proceedings held
in Jersey in 1309 before the King's itinerant Justices. The Assize

Rolls show that a chapel had in fact been built in the Ecrehos, and
that the Prior of that chapel, appearing before the Justices, gave
evidence that he and his fellow monk, dwelling in the chapel
throughout the whole year, "always celebrate for the lord the
King and his progenitors". These records show that the Prior
himself as well as the Justices called the grant a tefzz~ra.

Shortly after his grant of 1203 Piers des Préaux forfeited the
fief of the Channel Islands, which thereupon reverted to the
English King and were administered by Wardens aypointed by
that King, except for certain periods in the thirteenth and the
beginning of the fourteenth century, when the Islands were again
granted in fee. Up to 1309, there is no indication that any change
had occurred as to the connection of the Ecrehos with the Channel
Islands.

19 The object of the Quo Warranto proceedings of 1309 mentioned
above was to enquire into the property and revenue of the English
King. These proceedings, which were numerous, took the form of
calling upon perçons to justify their possession of property. The
Abbot of Val-Richer was summoned before the King's Justices
to answer regarding a mill and the a&docatioof the Priory of the
Ecrehos as well as a rent. As the mill was situated in Jersey and
the rent was payable there, the proceedings in respect of these
objects do not show anything with regard to the status of the
Ecrehos. But the question of the advocatiois in a different position.
Such a right of a patron to presentation to an ecclesiastical office

was, according to an ancient Korman custom, considered and
treated as a jus in rem, inherent in the soi1and inseparable from
the territory of the fief to which it was attached. (Grand Coutzwnier
de Normandie, Chapter CXI, de Gruchy edition, p. 259 ;rlfirernens
et Jugiés d'Eschequiers, published by Génestal and Tardif, 1921,
p. 7, 5 18.) When therefore the Abbot of Val-Richer was sum-
moned before the King's Justices in Jersey to answer for this
advocatio, it must have been on the ground that the Ecrehos,
to which the advocatio was attached, was witliin the domain of
the English King. And when the Prior of the Ecrelios appeared
as the Abbot's attorney in answer to the summons, jurisdiction
in respect of the Ecrehos was exercised by the Justices, who
decided that "it is permitted to the said Prior to hold the premissa
as he holds them as long as it shall please the lord the King".
The Prior of the Ecrehos became involved in three other legal
proceedings in Jersey in the years1323 and 1331. As they concerned
events which occurred in Jersey, they do not throw any light
upon the status of the Ecrehos, but they show that there was
a close relationship between the Ecrehos and Jersey at that time.

Further evidence of this relationship is given by Letters of Pro-
tection, which, on August 18th, 1337, shortly before the outbreak
of the Hundred Years War between England and France, ivere
granted by the English King to ten Priors of Jersey and Guernsey,
including the Prior of the Ecrehos, who was described as "Prior
de AcrehowedeInsula de Iereseye". Such protection was apparently
accorded to him because the Priory was under the authority
of the English King.
In his Charter of 1203 Piers des Préaux "granted to the aforesaid
monks whatever by my men of Jersey and of Guernsey and of
Alderney, having regard to charity, shall be reasonably given
to them, saving my right". That such gifts were in fact given
to the Priory of the Ecrehos is shown by subsequent documents,
such as an account of the IVarden of the Channel Islands for
1328-1329, a list of rents in a fifteenth century rental and in other
rentals of Jersey showing wheat-rents due by certain Jersey
parishioners "by cause of Escrehoo" in 1528 and some later
years. It is explained that these wheat-rents, which formerly

20 were due to the Priory, had been appropriated by the English
King as a result of confiscatory measures taken against "alien
priories". Both Parties have endeavoured to draw from this fact
conclusions as to thestatus of the Ecrehos. The French Government
contends that the confiscation of the Ecrehos rents can only be
ascribed to the fact that the Priory mias regarded as foreign ; it
was the result of measures taken against "alien priories". The
United Kingdom Government asserts that this term meant priories
established on English soi1 whose motl-ier church was situated
on foreign territory. The Court cannot find that the Parties have
justified their respective contentions in this regard. It appears
that it was as a result of these confiscatorv measures that the
Priory, having lost its means of subsistence, some time later was

abandoned and the chape1 fell into ruins. The close relationship
between the Ecrehos and Jersey ceased and for a considerable
period thereafter the islets were only occasionally visited by
Jerseymen for the purpose of fishing and collecting seaweed.
In 1706 fishermen from Jersey proceeding to the Ecrehos came
across a Frenchman there who had just fled from police prosecution
in France, and at his request they brought him to Jersey, where
he was examined by the authorities. The United Kingdom Govern-
ment has relied on this examination, but it cannot be considered
as an exercise of jurisdiction in respect of the Ecrehos. It was
a measure which would naturally have been taken against any
fiigitive arriving in Jersey who was a national of another State.

In 1754 plague broke out at Rouen and, as a sanitary measure,
the States of Jersey issued an Act providing inter alia:

"Qu'aucun Vaisseau ou Bateau venant du Royaume de France
ne sera soufferàentrer dans aucun Havre, ni mettre àTerre Aucun
Passagers ou Marchandises en aucun Endroit de cette Isle, pareille
Deffence etant faiteàl'egarddes Iles& Rochers de Chauzé,Marqués,
.&Icrehots, ou Rochers adjacents."

Both Parties have invoked this Act, but its text is ambiguous.
It may signify a ban on traffic from France to these islands and
rocks, thereby involving a manifestation of authority in respect
lof them. But the text may also mean that traffic to Jersey from
France, as well as from these islands and rocks is forbidden, as
in a previous prohibition in 1720. The prohibition could then be
explained by the fact that it was impossible to create a sanitary
barrier round the Minquiers and the Ecrehos, and that therefore
it became necessary to defend Jersey against the dangers of
infection spreading from these islets. But even if this were the
case, it would not follow that these islets were regarded as foreign
territory.

From the beginning of the nineteenth century the connection
between the Ecrehos and Jersey became closer again because ofthe growing importance of the oyster fishery in the waters sur-
rounding the islets, and Jersey authorities took, during the sub-
sequent period, action in many ways in respect of the islets. Of
the manifold facts invoked by the United Kingdom Government,
the Court attaches, in particular, probative value to the acts
which relate to the exercise of jurisdiction and local administration
and to legislation.
In 1826 criminal proceedings were instituted before the Royal
Court of Jersey against a Jerseyman for having shot at a person on
the Ecrehos. Similar judicial proceedings in Jersey in respect of
criminal offencescommitted on the Ecrehos took place in 1881,1883,
1891,1913 and 1921. On the evidence produced the Court is satisfied
that the Courts of Jersey, in criminal cases such as these, have no
jurisdiction in the matter of a criminal offence committed outside
the Bailiwick of Jersey, even though the offence be committed by

a British subject resident in Jersey, and that Jersey authorities
took action in these cases because the Ecrehos were considered to
be within the Bailiwick. These facts show therefore that Jersey
courts have exercised criminal jurisdiction in respect of the Ecrehos
during nearly a hundred years.
Evidence produced shows that the law of Jersey has for centuries
required the holding of an inquest on corpses found within the
Bailiwick where it was not clear that death was due to natural
causes. Such inquests on corpses found at the Ecrehos were held
in 1859, 1917 and 1948 and are additional evidence of the exercise
of jurisdiction in respect ofthese islets.
Since about 1820, and probably earlier, perçons from Jersey have
erected and maintained some habitable houses or huts on the islets
of the Ecrehos, where they have stayed during the fishing season.
Some of these houses or huts have, for the purpose of parochial
rates, been included in the records of the Parish of St. Martin in
Jersey, which have been kept since 1889, and they have been
assessed for the levying of local taxes. Rating schedules for 1889
and 1950 were produced in evidence.

A register of fishing boats for the port of Jersey shows that the
fishing boat belonging to a Jersey fisherman, who lived permanently
on an islet of the Ecrehos for more than forty years, was entered
in that register in 1872, the port or place of the boat being indicated
as "Ecrehos Rocks", and that the licence of that boat was cancelled
in 1882. According to a letter of June, 1876, from the Principal
Customs Officer of Jersey, an officia1of that Island visited occa-
sionally the Ecrehos for the purpose of endorsing the licence of that
boat.
It is established that contracts of sale relating to real property
on the Ecrehos islets have been passed before the competent
authorities of Jersey and registered in the public registry of deeds
of that island. Examples of such registration of contracts are
produced for 1863, 1881, 1884 and some later years. In 1884, a custom-house was established in the Ecrehos by
Jersey customs authorities. The islets have been included by Jersey
authorities within the scope of their census enumerations, and in
1901 an official enumerator visited the islets for the purpose of
taking the census.
These various facts show that Jersey authorities have in several
ways exercised ordinary local administration in respect of the
Ecrehos during a long period of time.
By a British Treasury Warrant of 1375, constituting Jersey as a
Port of the Channel Islands, the "Ecrehou Rocks" were included
within the limits of that port. This legislative Act was a clear
manifestation of British sovereignty over the Ecrehos at a time
when a dispute as to such sovereignty had not yet arisen. The
French Government protested in 1376 on the ground that this Act
derogated from the Fishery Convention of 1839. But this protest
could not deprive the Act of its character as a manifestation of
sovereignty.
Of other facts ~vhichthrow light upon the dispute, it should be
mentioned that Jersey authorities have made periodical official

visits to the Ecrehos since 1885, and that they have carried out
various works and constructions there, such as a slipway in 1895,
a signal post in 1910 and the placing of a mooring buoy in 1939.

The French Government, in addition to the alleged original
feudal title considered above, has invoked the fact that the States of
Jersey in 1646 prohibited the inhabitants of Jersey from fishing
without special permission at the Ecrehos and the Chausey Islands,
and that they restricted visits to the Ecrehos in 1692 because of
the war between England and France. This shows, it is contended,
that the Ecrehos were not considered as British territory. But the
Court does not consider that this is the necessary or natural infer-
ence to be drawn from these facts.
In the course of the diplomatic exchanges between the two
Governments in the beginning of the nineteenth century
concerning fisheries off the coast of Cotentin, the French hmbas-
sador in London addressed to the Foreign Office a Note, dated

June ~zth, 1820, attaching two charts sent from the French Ministry
of Marine to the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs purporting to
delimit the areas within which the fishermen of each country were
entitled to exclusive rights of fishery. Inthese charts a blue line
marking territorial waters was drawn dong the coast of the French
mainland and round the Chausey Islands, which were indicated
as French, and a red line marking territorial waters was drawn
round Jersey, Alderney, Sark and the Minquiers, which were
indicated as British.No line of territorial waters was drawn round
the Ecrehos group, one part of which was included in the red linefor Jersey and consequently marked as belonging to Great Britain
and the other part apparently treated as res nullius. When the
French Government in 1876 protested against the British Treasury
Warrant of 1875 and challenged British sovereignty over the
Ecrehos, it did not itself claim sovereignty, but continued to
treat the Ecrehos as res nullius. In a letter of March 26th, 1884,
from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the French Minister
of Marine, it was stated that the British Government had not
ceased to claim the Ecrehos as a dependency to the Channel Islands,
and it was suggested that French fishermen should be prohibited
access to the Ecrehos. It does not appear that any such measure
was taken, and subsequently, in a Note to the Foreign Office of
December 15th, 1886, the French Government claimed for the
first time sovereignty over the Ecrehos "à la lumière des nouvelles
données historiqz~eset géologiques".

The Court, being now called upon 10 appraise the relative strength
of the opposing claims to sovereignty over the Ecrehos in the light
of the facts considered above, finds that the Ecrehos group in the
beginning of the thirteenth century was considered and treated as
an integral part of the fief of the Channel Islands wl-iichwere held
by the English King, and that the group continued to be under the
dominion of that King, who in the beginning of the fourteenth

century exercised jurisdiction in respect thereof. The Court further
finds that British authorities during the greater part of the nine-
teenth century and in the twentieth century have exercised State
functions in respect of the group. The French Government, on the
other hand, has not produced evidence showing that it has any
valid title to the group. In such circumstances it must be con-
cluded that the sovereignty over the Ecrehos belongs to the United
Kingdom.
* * *

The Court will now consider the claims of both Parties to sover-
eignty over the Minqz~iersand begins with the evidence produced
by the United Kingdom Government.

The Rolls of the Manorial Court of the fief of Noirmont in Jersey
contain three entries for the years 1615, 1616 and 1617 concerning
certain objects sl-iipwrecked at the Minquiers. The first two entries
state that certain wreckage of a ship, believed to belong to Hon-
fleur, and lost at the Minquiers, was carried off from the islets by
certain named persons. The Court, which was held "on this fief",
ordered the Serjeant to take charge of the objects until other pro-
vision should have been made. The third entrystates that a named
person is "in default towards the Officers of the Seigneur for having
taken awayan Anchor from the Minquiers and their neighbourhood

2468 31I'iQUIERS AXD ECREHOS C.1SE(JUDG~~E'U'T OF I7 XI j3)

and carried it to St. Malo". The Court, which again was held "on
the fief", ordered that certain persons "keep their day at the next
Court, or answer in the superior Court if the circumstances shall
require". The United Kingdom Government contends and the
French Government contests that these entries show that the Min-
quiers were a part of the fief of Noirmont.
The Grand Coutz~mierde Normandie, to which the French Govern-
ment has referred in this connection, deals with wreck in Chapter
XVII (de Gruchy edition, pp. 48-50) and contains detailed state-

ments as to custody and ownership. The wreck should be guarded
and thereafter inspected by the Bailiff or his Officers, whereupon
it should be given into custody of the lord of the fief or of "preudes
hommes" and kept during a year and a day in case the owner
should come forward and claim it. The Coutumier enumerates the
things to which the Duke of Normandy was erititled and continues :
"Al1 things other than these shall enure to the lord in whose fief
the wreck is found."
The Court inclines to the view that it was on the basis of this
ancient Norman custom that the P\lanorial Court of Noirmont
dealt with these two cases of wreck fou~d at the Minquiers. It

dealt with them on behalf of "the lord in whose fief the wreck
is found", the lord of Noirmont. In the first case it ordered the
Serjeant to take charge of the wreck, in the second case it declared
a certain person to be "in default towards the Officers of the
Seigneur" for having taken away the wreck, and it ordered some
other persons to "keep their day at the next Court". As the
jurisdiction of a local Court such as that of a Manor must have
been strictly territorial and, in cases concerning wreck, limited
to wreck found within the territory of its jurisdiction, it is difficult
to explain its dealing with the two cases unless the Minquiers
were considered to be a part of the fief of Noirmont.

The United Kingdom Government has further invoked a Judg-
ment of 1692 of the Royal Court of Jersey in litigation between
the English King and the guardian of the Seigneur of the fief
of Samarès in Jersey, concerning goods shipwrecked on the rocks
of the Minquiers. The Court decided that the goods should be
shared between the two litigants and the salvors, each taking
a third, and it based this decision on "certain Letters" of the
King's Privy Council of 1620 and on an Act of 1632. As these
documents are not produced, it cannot be seen on what ground
the Judgment was based. It is therefore not possible to draw
from this Judgment any conclusion supporting the British claim

to the Minquiers.
In 1779 the Jersey Piers and Harbours Cornmittee made an
order for subsidizing the owner of a boat for the use of his boat
and for services rendered by him and his crew "who have been
at the Minquiers for the purpose of helping and saving persons
2570 MISQCIERS AXD ECREHOS C-ISE (JVDG~~EXT OF 1.7SI 53)

The evidence thus produced by the United Kingdom Governmeilt
shows in the opinion of the Court that the Minquiers in the begiilning
of the seventeenth century were treated as a part of the fief of
Noirmont in Jersey, and that British authorities during a consider-
able part of the nineteenth century and in the twentieth cei1tur.i-
have exercised State functions in respect of this group.

The French Government has, in addition to the alleged original
feudal title,invoked certain facis. It contends that the Biinquiers
have been a dependency of the Chausey Islands, ~vhich, according
to the view of that Goverilment, have always belongetl. to France,
and which in 1022 n-ere granted by the Duke of Sormandy to the

Abbey of Mont-Saint-Michel. It has referred to a Papal Bull of
1179 which confirmed this Abbey in al1 its possessions, among
which the Bull mentioned "totanzi~zsztlamde causecz~nz pertine~ztiis
suis". But from this general clause about appurtenances to the
Chausey Islands no deduction can be made with regard to the
status of the Minquiers. The United Kingdom Government has,
on the other hand, contended that the Chausey Islands belonged
to England until about 1764. But the Court does not, for the
purpose of deciding the present case, consider it necessary to
determine at what time the Chausey Islands became a French
possession.
In 1784 a French national submitted to the French NIinister of
Marine an application for a concession in respect of the Ninquiers,
an application which was not granted.The correspondence between
the French authorities, relating to this matter, does not disclose

anything which could support the present French claim to sover-
eignty, but it reveals certain fears of creating difficulties with the
English Crown.
In 1831 a French national made a hydrographical survey of the
Minquiers group ;but a British Naval officer, on instructions from
the British Admiralty, surveyed both the Minquiers and the Ecrehos
as early as 1813-1815.
The French Government further contends that since 1861 it
has assumed the sole charge of the lighting and buoying of the
Minquiers for more than 75 years, without having encountered
any objection from the United Kingdom Government. The buoys
were placed outside the reefs of the group and purported to aid
navigation to and from French ports and protect shipping against
the dangerous reefs of the Minquiers. In 1888 a French mission,
appointed to make a hydrographic survey of the islets, erected

provisional beacons on several of them to facilitate the survey.

The French Government has also relied on the fact that the
French Prime 3~linisterand the Air Mjnister in 1938 travelled to
the Minquiers in order to inspect the buoying, and that a Frenchman 71 MINQUIERS AND ECREHOS CASE (JUDGMENT OF 17 XI 53)

in 1939 erected a house on one of the islets with a subsidy from
the Mayor of Granville. It has finally referred to certain recent
hydro-electric projects for the installation of tidal power plants in
the Bay of Mont-Saint-Michel and the region of the Minquiersislets.
The Court does not find that the facts, invoked by the French
Government, are sufficient to show that France has a valid title
to the Minquiers. As to the above-mentioned acts from the nine-
teenth and twentieth centuries in particular, including the buoying
outside the reefs of the group, such acts can hardly be considered
as sufficient evidence of the intention of that Government to act
as sovereign over the islet;nor are those acts of such a character

that they can be considered as involving a manifestation of State
authority in respect of the islets.
A perusal of the diplomatic exchanges between the two Govern-
ments from the beginning of the nineteenth century confirms this
view. By his Note of June ~zth, 1820, to the Foreign Office,
already referred to above, the French Ambassador in London
transmitted a letter from the French Minister of Marine of Sep-
tember 14th, 1819, to the French Foreign Minister, in ~vhich
the Minquiers were stated to be "possédéspar L'Angleterre",and
in one of the charts enclosed the Minquiers group was indicated
as being British. It is argued by the French Government that
this admission cannot be invoked against it, as it \vas made in
the course of negotiations which did not result in agreement.
But it was not a proposa1 or a concession made during negotiations,
but a statement of facts transmitted to the Foreign Office by

the French Ambassador, who did not express any reservation
in respect thereof. This statement must therefore be considered
as evidence of the French officia1view at that time. When the
British Embassy in Paris, in a Note of November ~zth, 1869, to
the French Foreign Minister, had complained about alleged theft
by French fishermen at the Minquiers and referred to this group
as "this dependency of the Channel Islands", the French Minister,
in his reply of March t th, 1870, refuted the accusation against
French fishermen, but made no reservation in respect of the
statement that the Minquiers group was a dependency of the
Channel Islands. It was not until 1888, that France, in a Note
of August 27th. for the first time made a claim to sovereignty
over that group, a claim which appears to have been provoked
by a visit to the islets of the Jersey Piers and Harbours Committee.

In 1929 a French national, M. Leroux, commenced the construction
of a house on one of the islets of the Minquiers in virtue of a lease
issued by French Government officials. In a Note of July 26th,
1929, the United Kingdom Government protested and said that
they "have no doubt that the French Government, in order to
obviate al1 risk of the occurrence of some untoward incident on
the spot, will restrain RIonsieur Leroux from proceeding further
with his building operations". No reply appears to have been
28given by the French Government ; but the construction of the
house was stopped. That it was stopped at the instigation of that
Government appears to follow from a Note of October 5th, 1937,
from the French Ambassador to the Foreign Office, where it was
stated that "the French Government, moreover, in spite of the
slight distance between the Minquiers islands and the Chausey
islands, did not hesitate, a few years ago, to prevent the acquisition
of land on the Minquiers by French nationals".

In such circumstances, and having regard to the view expressed
above with regard to the evidence produced by the United Kingdom
Government, the Court is of opinion that the sovereignty over

the Minquiers belongs to the United Kingdom.

For these reasons,

unanimously,

finds that the sovereignty over the islets and rocks of the
Ecrehos and Minquiers groups, in so far as these islets and rocks
are capable of appropriation, belongs to the United Kingdom.

Done in English and French, the English text being autho-
ritative, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this seventeenth day of
November, one thousand nine hundred and fifty-three, in three

copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the Court
and the others will be transmitted to the Government of the
French Republic and to the Government of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, respectively.

(Signed) J. G. GUERRERO,

Vice-President.

(Signed) GARNIER-COIGNET,

Deputy-Registrar.73 MIXQGIERS AKD ECREHOS CASE (JCDGMEKT OF I7 XI 53)

Judge ALTAREZdeclares that he concurs in the conclusions
reached in the Judgment of the Court but for different reasons.
In his opinion, it is clear from the ~vritten proceedings and the
oral arguments that the Parties have attributed excessive impor-
tance to historic titles and that they have not sufficiently taken
into account the state of international law or its present tendencies

in regard to territorial sovereignty.
He wishes to emphasize that the task of the Court is to resolve
international disputes by applying, not the traditional or classical
international law, but that nrhich exists at the present day and
which is in conformity with the new conditions of international
life, and to develop this law in a progressive spirit.

Judges BASDETAKT and CXRSEIRO,availing themselves of the

right conferred on them by Article57 of the Statute, append to the
Judgment of the Court statements of their individual opinions.

(Initialled) J. G.G.

(Initialled) G.-C.

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

THE MINQUIERS

AND ECREHOS CASE
(FRANCE/UNITED KINGDOM)

JUDGMENT OF NOVEMBER17th, 1953

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS, AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET
ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DES MINQUIERS
ET DES ÉCRÉHOUS

(FRANCE /ROYAUME-UNI)

ARRÊT DU 17NOVEMBRE1953

LEYDE LEYDEN
SOCIÉTÉ D'ÉDITIONS A.W. SIJTHOFF'S
A..SIJTHOFF l PUBLISHING COMPANY This Judgment should be cited as follows :
"The Minquiers and Ecrelzoscase,

Judgment of Novernber 17th, 1953 : I.C.J. Reports 1953, p. 47."

Le présent arrêt doit êtrecité comme suit :

(Afaire des Minq~iers et des Écréhous,
Arrêtdu 17 novembre1953: C.I. J. Recueil 1953, 9. 47. ))

Sales number
No de vente : INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

YEAK 1953
1953
November I7th
General List: November 17th, 1953
No. 17

THE MINQUIERS

AND ECREHOS CASE

(FRANCE /UNITED KINGDOM)

Special Agreement.-Problem of exclusive sovereignty ouer the two
groups of islets and rocks.-Status of condominium and res nullius
excluded by the Special Agreement.-Burden of proof : each Party
obliged to prove its tit1e.-Origin of the dispute: initial division of

the territovy, subjecin the feudal period to a dual authority, that of
the Duke of Normandy, King of England, and that of the King of
France as suzerain.-Severance of the feudal 1ink.-Treaties of the
XIIIth, XIVth and XVth centuries: absence of provisions relating to
the disputed groups ;indications giuing rise to a presumptionof posses-
sion of the Channel Islands as a whole byEngland.-Decisive evidence :
acts of possession relatingto each group.
Convention of 1839 : settlement relating to fisheries excludingany
settlement of territorial questions.-Question of the critical date with

regard to the acceptance of evidence.
Evidence relating to sovereignty over each group.-Fief of Ecrelzos
held of the King of England ;evidence from medieual documents.-The
Minquiers group : jurisdiction exercised by Jersey in the XVIIth
century.-Exercise of jurisdictionand local administration by Jerse?t
in relation to the two groups in the XIXth and XXth centuries.-Eui-
dence from diplowzatic exchanges.-Absence of valid title on the part
of France.

JUDGMENT

Present : Vice-President GUERRERO,Acting President ; Preside~zt
Sir Arnold MCNAIR ; Judges ALVAREZ,BASDEVANT,

HACKWORTH W, INIARSKI,KLAESTADB , ADAWI,READ,
Hsu Mo, LEVI CARNEIRO,ARMAND-UGO ;NDepztty-

Registrar GARNIER-COIGNET. COUR INTERNATIONALE D7<JUSTICE

ANNÉE 1953
Le 17 novembr'
Rôle général
17 novembre 1953 no 17

AFFAIRE DES MINQUIERS

ET DES ÉCRÉHOUS

(FRANCE / ROYAUME-UNI)

Compromis. - Problème de la souveraineté exclusive sur les deux
groupes d'îlots et deochers. - Statut de condonziniunz et celzri de reç
nullius exclus par le comprowzis. - Fardeau de la preuve : chaque
Partie chargéede prouver ses propres titreOrigine du litig:partage
initial du territoire, soumisl'époque féodale, à une double autorité,
celle du duc de Normandie roi d'Angleterre et celle du roi de France
comme suzerain. - Rupture du lien féodal. - Traités desXIllm,
XIVme et XVme siècle: absence de dispositions relatives aux groupes
en litige; indicationscréant une présomption quant à la possession
par l'Angleterre de l'ensemble des îles de la Manche.Preuves décisi-
ves :faits de possession relatifs à clzacun des deux groupes.

Convention de 1839 :règlement relatif à la pêcheexclua,nt tout règle-
ment de questions territoriales- Question de la date critique pour
Z'admission des preuves.
Preuves relatives la souveraineté de chaque group-. Fief d'Écré-
hou tenu du roi d'Angleterre; preuves tirées des documents du moyen
âge. - Le groupe des Minquiers : juridictioexercée par Jersey au
XVIIme siècle.-Exercicepar Jersey d'actes de juridiction et d'adminis-
tration locale l'égarddes deux groz.tpesXIXme etau XXme siècles.-
Preuves tirées des échanges diplomatiques- Absence de titre valable
de la part de la France.

Présents: M. GUERRERO,Vice-Président, faisant fonction de
Présidenten L'agaire ; Sir Arnold MCNAIR,Président ;

MM. ALVAREZB , ASDEVANT H,ACKWORTH W, INIARSKI,
KLAESTADB , ADAWI,READ,HSU MO, LEVI CARNEIRO,
ARMAND-UGON, Juges; M. GARNIER-COIGNEG T,refier

adjoint.

448 MIEQUIERS AND ECREHOS C.4SE (JUDG>IEI;T OF I7 XI 53)

In the Minquiers and Ecrehos case,
between

the French Republic,

represented by
M.-AndréGros, Professor of the Faculties of Law, Legal Adviser
to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs,

as Agent,
assisted by :

M. Jean Bumay, ConseiLLerd'État,
Rear-Admiral Durand de Saint-Front (Retd.),
M.Prosper Weil, Professor agrégéof the Law Faculty of Grenoble,

M. Pierre Duparc, Archivist-Palæographer, Assistant Keeper
of Archives at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
as Expert Advisers,

and

the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,

represented by :
Mr. R. S. B. Best, Third Legal Adviser to the Foreign Office,

as Agent,

assisted by :
Sir Lionel Heald, Q.C., M.P., Attorney-General,

Mr. C. S. Harrison, O.B.E., Attorney-General for the island of
Jersey,
Mr. G. G. Fitzmaurice, C.M.G., Legal Adviser of the Foreign
Office,
Professor E. C. S. Wade, Downing Professor of the Laws of
England in the University of Cambridge,

Mr. D. H. N. Johnson, Assistant Legal Adviser, Foreign Office,

as Counsel,

and by :
Mr. J. D. Lambert, Research Department, Foreign Office,

as Expert Adviser,

5 En l'affaire des Minquiers et des Écréhous,

entre

la République française,
représentéepar

M.André Gros, professeur des Facultés de droit, jurisconsulte du
ministère des Affaires étrangères,
comme agent,

assisté par
M. Jean Burnay, conseiller d'État,
le contre-amiral Durand de Saint-Front (R.),

31. Prosper Weil, professeur agrégé à la Faculté de droit de
Grenoble,
31. Pierre Duparc, archiviste-paléographe, conservateur-adjoint
des archives au ministère des Affaires étrangères,

comme experts,

le Royaume-TJni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Xord,

représentépar

M. R. S. B. Best, troisième jurisconsulte au ministère des
Affaires étrangères,
comme agent,

assisté par
Sir Lionel Heald, Q. C., M. P., Attorney-Genernl,
AI. C. S. Harrison, O. B. E., Attorney-General pour l'île de

Jersey,
M. G. G. Fitzmaurice, C. SI. G., jurisconsulte du ministère des
-4ffaires étrangères,
M. E. C. S. Wade, Downi~zgProfessor of the Lnws of England
à l'université de Cambridge,
SI. D. H. N. Johnson, jurisconsulte adjoint au ministère des
Affaires étrangères,

comme conseils,

et par
M. J. D. Lambert, du ministère des -Affaires étrangères, Service
des Études,

comme expert,
549 MIKQUIERS AND ECREHOS CrlSE (JUDGMEKT OF I7 XI 53)

composed as above,

delivers the folloze~ingJztdgwent :

By a letter dated December 5th, 1951, the British Ambassador
to the Netherlands transmitted to the Registry on behalf of his
Government a certified copy of a Special Agreement concluded
between the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland andthe Government of the French Republic,
signed on December qth, 1950, the instruments of ratification in
respect of which were exchanged at Paris on September z4th, 1951.

Pursuant to Article 33, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, the
French Government was informed of the notification to the Court
of the Special Agreement, copies of which were, in accordance

with Article 34, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, transmitted
to the States entitled to appear before the Court andto the Secre-
tary-General of the United Nations.
The Preamble and Articles 1 and II of the Special Agreement
were in the following terms :

"The Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
NoConsidering that differences have arisen between them as a result;
of claims by each of them to sovereignty over the islets and rocks in
the Minquiers and Ecrehos groups ;
Desiring that these differences should be settled by a decision of
the International Court of Justice determining their respective rights
as regards sovereignty over those islets and rocks;
Desiring to define the issues to be submitted to the International
Court of Justice ;
Have agreed as follows :

The Court is requested to determine whether the sovereignty over
the islets and rocks (in so far as they are capable of appropriation)
of the RIinquiers and Ecrehos groups respectively belongs to the
United Kingdom or the French Republic.

\Vithout prejudice to any question as to the burden of proof, the
Contracting Parties agree, having regard to Article 37 of the Rules
of Court, that the written proceedings should consist of
6 La COUR,

ainsi composée,

rend L'arrêstuivant :

Par une lettre du 5 décembre 1951, l'ambassadeur du Royaume-
Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord à La Haye a transmis
au Greffe, au nom de son Gouvernement, la copie certifiée conforme
d'un compromis conclu entre le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni
de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord et le Gouvernement de
la République française, signé le 29 décembre 1950, et dont les
instruments de ratification ont étééchangés à Paris le 24 septem-
bre 1951.

Conformément à l'article 33, paragraphe 2, du Règlement, le
Gouvernement français a étéinformé de la notification à la Cour
du compromis, dont copie a été transmise, ,en application de
l'article34, paragraphe 2, du Règlement, aux Etats admis à ester
,devant la Cour et au Secrétaire généraldes Nations Unies.

Le préambule et les articles 1 et II du compromis disposent :

((Le Gouvernement de la Républiquefrançaiseet le Gouvernement
du Royaume-Uni de la Grande-Bretagne et de l'Irlande du Nord ;
Considérant que des différendssont survenus entre eux à la suite
de revendications de souverainetédela part del'une et l'autre Partie
suDésirant que ces différends soient résoluspar une décisionde las ;
Cour internationale de Justice qui déterminera leurs droits res-
pectifs quant à la souveraineté sur ces îlots et rochers;
Désirant que soient définies lesquestions à soumettre à la Cour
internationale de Justice ;
Sont convenus de ce qui suit :

La Cour est priée de déterminer si la souveraineté sur les îlots
et rochers des groupes des Minquiers, d'une part, et des Ecréhous,
d'autre part, dans la mesure où ces îlots et rochers sont susceptibles
Royaume-Uni.ion, appartient à la République française ou au

Sans préjuger en rien de la charge de la preuve, les Parties
contractantes sont convenues, seréférant à l'article 37 du Règlement
de la Cour, que la procédure écrite consisterait en :

6 (1)a United Kingdom memorial to be submitted within three
months of the notification of the present Agreement to the
Court in pursuance of Article III below ;
(2)a French counter-memorial to be submitted within three
months of delivery of the United Kingdom memorial ;
(3)a United Kingdom reply followed by a French rejoinder to
be delivered within such times as the Court may order."

The Pleadings were filed within the time-limits fixed and sub-
sequently twice extended at the request of the Parties by Orders

of the Acting President. On March 28th, Igj3, the case became
ready for hearing.
Public hearings were held between September 17th and Octo-
ber 8th, 1953. In the course of these hearings the Court, which was
presided over by the Vice-President, in accordance with Article 13,
paragraph 1, of the Rules, heard the Parties who by agreement
addressed the Court in the order in which they had submitted
their Pleadings. Sir Lionel Heald, Mr. Fitzmaurice, Professor
Wade and Mr. Harrison spoke on behalf of the United Kingdom
Government, and Professor Gros on behalf of the French
Government.
At the end of the arguments before the Court, that is on Octo-

ber 6th and October 8th respectively, the following finalSubmissions
were presented by the Parties :

On behalf of the United Kingdom Government :
"The Court is asked to declare :

That the United Kingdom is entitled under international law to
full and undivided sovereignty over al1the Islets and Rocks of the
Minquiers and the Ecréhousgroups :
(1) by reason of having established the existence of an ancient
title supported throughout by effective possession evidenced
by acts which manifest a continuous display of sovereignty
over the groups ;
alternatively,

(2) effective possession alone, such possession being evidenced
by similar acts."

On behalf of the French Government :

"May it please the Court,
To adjudge and declare :

(1) that France po~sessesan original title to the islets and rocks
of the Minquiers group on the one hand and the Ecrehos group
on the other ;
7 1) un mémoire du Royaume-Uni devant être soumis à la Cour
dans les trois mois qui suivront la notification du présent
accord prévue à l'article III ci-après;
2) un contre-mémoire francais devant êtresoumis dans les trois
mois qui suivront la remise du mémoiredu Royaume-Uni ;

3) une réplique du Royaume-Uni, suivie d'une duplique de la
France, devant êtresoumises l'une et l'autre dans un délai
à fixer par la Cour. 1)

Les pièces de la procédure écrite ont été déposéesdans les délais
primitivement fixés puis, à la demande des Parties, prorogés à
deux reprises par ordonnance du Vice-Président. L'affaire s'est
trouvée en état le 28 mars 1953.
Des audiences publiques ont ététenues entre le 17 septembre
et le 8 octobre 1953. AU cours de ces audiences, la Cour, présidée
par le Vice-Président en application de l'article 13, paragraphe 1,

du Règlement, a entendu les Parties qui, par accord entre elles,
ont présenté leurs plaidoiries dans l'ordre où avaient été présentées
les pièces de la procédure écrite. Sir Lionel Heald, MM.Fitzmaurice,
Wade et Harrison ont pris la parole au nom du Gouvernement du
Royaume-Uni et M. Gros au nom du Gouvernement français.

A la fin des plaidoiries,à savoirle 6 octobre et le 8 octobre respec-
tivement, les conclusions finales suivantes ont été déposées par
les Parties :

Au nom du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni :
« La Cour est invitée à dire:

Que, selon le droit international, le Royaume-Uni a droit à la
souveraineté pleine et entière sur les ilots et rochers des groupes
des Minquiers et des Ecréhous :
1) attendu qu'il a établi l'existence d'un titre ancien, confirmé
à travers les siècles par une possession effective démontrée
par des actes qui sont la manifestation d'un exercice continu
de la souveraineté sur ces groupes ;
subsidiairement,

2) attendu qu'il a établi un titre résultant de la seule possession
effective continue et de longue durée, cette possession étant
démontréepar des actes semblables. 1)

Au nom du Gouvernement français :

((Plaise à la Cour,
Dire et juger :

1) que la France possède un titre originel sur les ilots et rochers
du groupe des Minquiers d'une part, et du groupe des Ecréhous
d'autre part ;
751 31INQUIERS AND ECREHOS C.4SE (JUDG~~ENT OF I7 XI 53)

(2) that France has at al1 times confirmed this original title by
an effective exercise of her sovereignty to the extent that the
character of these islets and rocks lent itself to such an exercise ;

(3) that the United Kingdom has been unable to establish that
it had effective possession of these islets and rocks at the time of
the conclusion of the Treaty of Paris of 1259, which made effective
possession the necessary condition for English sovereignty over the
various Channel Islands, or at any subsequent period ;

(4) that by the Convention of August snd, 1839, the United
Kingdom and France brought into being, between a line three miles
from low water mark on the island of Jersey and an ad hoc line

defined in Article I of the Convention, a zone in which fishery of
every type should be common to the subjects of the two countries ;

(5) that the islets and rocks of the Minquiers and Ecrehos groups,
being within the common fishery zone as so defined, were, in 1839,
subjected by the Parties to a régime of common user for fishery
purposes, without the territorial sovereignty over these islets and
rocks being otherwise affected by the said Convention ;

(6) that the acts performed by each Party on the islets and rocks
subsequently to August znd, 1839, are consequently not capable
of being set up against the other Party as manifestations of terri-
torial sovereignty, with the result that such sovereignty belongs
to-day to that one of the Parties to whom it belonged before
Xugust znd, 1839 ;

(7) that this 'critical date' would still apply even if the con-
struction put upon the Convention of August snd, 1839, by the
French Government should be incorrect, since the Government of
the United Kingdom was not unaware of this interpretation or of
the possibility it afforded to the Government of the United Kingdom

and to British subjects to benefit from the institution of a common
user of the islets and rocks of the two groups for fishery purposes,
as this resulted, in the mind of the French Government, from
I-lrticle3 of the Convention of August znd, 1839 ;

(8) that, even if the 'critical date' should be fixed at a date
subsequent to August end, 1839, the acts of possession invoked by
the Government of the United Kingdom do not satisfy the condi-
tions required by international law for the acquisition or preserva-
tion of territorial sovereignty ;

(9) that, furthermore, France in the nineteenth and twentieth
centuries has performed the acts of sovereignty required, having
regard to the special character of these islets, and has assumed the
essential responsibilities inherent in her sovereignty ;

(IO) that, for these reasons, sovereignty over the islets and rocks
of the Minquiers group and the Ecrehos group respectively belongs,
in so far as these islets and rocks are capable of appropriation, to
the French Republic." 2) que la France a confirmé, à toute époque, ce titre originel
par un exercice effectif de sa souveraineté dans la mesure où le
caractère de ces îlots et rochers se prêtait à un tel exercice ;

3) que le Royaume-Uni n'a pu établir avoir eu la possession
effective de ces îlots et rochers au moment de la conclusion du
traité de Paris de 12j9, lequel faisait de la possession effective la
condition nécessaire de la souveraineté anglaise sur les diverses
îles de la Manche, ni à une époque ultérieure ;

4) que, par la convention du 2 août 1839 ,e Royaume-Uni et la
France ont crééentre la ligne située à 3 milles de la laisse de basse
mer de l'île de Jersey et la ligne adhoc définieà l'article premier
de la convention, une zone où la pêchede toute espèce de poisson

est commune aux ressortissants des deux pays ;
j) que les îlots et rochers des groupes des Minquiers et des Écrk-

hous, se trouvant situés dans la zone de pêche commune ainsi
définie, ont étésoumis par les parties, en1839 , un régimed'utili-
sation commune à fin de pêche,sans que la souveraineté territoriale
sur ces ilots et rochers ait étéaffectéepar ailleurs par ladite conven-
tion ;

6) que, par voie de conséquence, les actes accomplis par chaque
partie sur les îlots et rochers postérieurement au2 août 1839 sont
inopposables à l'autre partie en tant que manifestation de la
souveraineté territoriale, de sorte que cette souveraineté appartient
aujourd'hui à celle des parties à qui elle appartenait avant le
2 août 1839 ;

7) que cette «date critique » demeurerait alors même que le
Gouvernement français aurait donnéà la convention du 2 août 1839
une interprétaticn erronée, étant donné que le Gouvernement du
Royaume-Uni n'ignorait pas cette interprétation ni la possibilité
qu'elle donnait au Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni et aux ressor-
tissants britanniquesde bénéficierde la mise en commun des ilots
et rochers des deux groupesà des fins de pêchetelle qu'elle découlait,

dans l'esprit du Gouvernement français, de l'article 3 de la con-
vention du 2 août 1839 ;

8) que, mêmesi la date critique))devait êtrefixéeà une date
postérieure au 2 août 1839, les faits de possession invoqués par
le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni ne réunissent pas les conditions
requises par le droit internationalpour l'acquisition ou la conser-
vation de la souveraineté territoriale ;

9) qu'au surplus la France a accompli pendant le x~xme et le
xxme siècles les actes de souveraineté que comportait le caractère
particulier de ces ilots et assumé les responsabilités essentielles
inhérentes à sa souveraineté ;

IO) que, pour ces motifs, la souveraineté sur leçîlots et rochers
du groupe des Minquiers, d'une part, du groupe des Ecréhousd'autre
part, appartient, dans la mesure où ces îlots sont susceptibles
d'appropriation, à la République francaise. ))j2 3IISQCIERS ASD ECREHOS CASE (J~DG~IENT OF I7 SI 53)

The Submissions reproduced above and presented by the United
Kingdom Government consist of three paragraphs, the last two

being reasons underlying the first,which must be regarded as the
final Submission of that Goveroment. The Submissions of the
French Government consist of ten paragraphs, the first nine being
reasons leading up to the last, \\-hich must be regarded as the final
Submission of that Government.

The Submissions of the Parties should therefore be considered
to be as follows :
of the Vnited Kingdom Government,

"that the United Kingdom is entitled under international law to
full and undivided sovereignty over al1the Islets and Rocks of the
Minquiers and the Ecréhousgroups;"

of the French Government,
"that, for these reasons, sovereignty over the islets and rocks of
the Minquiers group and the Ecrehos group respectively belongs,
in so far as these islets and rocks are capable of appropriation, to
the French Republic".

By A4rticle1 of the Special Agreement, signed on December zgth,
19j0, the Court is requested

"to determine whether the sovereignty over the islets and rocks
(in so far as they are capable of appropriation) of the Minquiers
and Ecrehos groups respectively belongs to the United Kingdom
or the French Republic".

Having thus been requested to decide whether these groups
belong either to France or to the Cnited Kingdom, the Court has
to determine which of the Pdrties has produced the more convincing
proof of title to one or the other of these groups, or to both of
them. By the formulation of Article 1 the Parties have excluded
the status of res nullius as well as that of co~zdovuzinium.
In Article II the Parties have stated their agreement as to the
presentation of the Pleadings "without prejudice to any question as
to the burden of proof", a question which it is for the Court to
decide. Having regard to the position of the Parties, both claiming
sovereignty over the same territory, and in view of the formulation
of the task of the Court in Article 1, and the terms of Article II,

the Court is of opinion that each Party has to prove its alleged
title andthe facts upon which it relies. Les conclusions du Gouvernement du Royaume-L'ni, reproduites
ci-dessus, consistent en trois paragraphes, les deux derniers étant
les motifs à l'appui de la première proposition qui doit êtreconsi-
déréecomme la conclusion finale de ce Gouvernement. Les conclu-
sions du Gouvernement français se composent de dix paragraphes,
les premiers neuf étant les motifs qui conduisent à la dixième
proposition, qui doit être considérée comme la conclusion finale
de ce Gouvernement.
Partant, les conclusions des Parties doivent être considérées
comme étant les suivantes :
Pour le Gouvernement du Royaume-Lni :

«Que, selon le droit international, le Royaume-Uni a droit à la
souverainetépleine et entière sur les ilots et rochers des groupes des
Minquiers et des Ecréhous.))

Pour le Gouvernement français

«Que, pour ces motifs, la souverainetésur les îlots et rochers du
part, appartient, dans la mesure où ces îlots et rochers sont sus-
ceptibles d'appropriationà la Républiquefrançaise. ))

Aux termes de l'article 1 du compromis signé le 29 décembre
1950, la Cour est priée

Kde déterminersi la souverainetésur les îlots et rochers des groupes
des Minquiers d'une part, et des Ecréhous d'autre part, dans la
mesure où ces îlots et rochers sont susceptibles d'appropriation,
appartientà la République française ou au Royaume-Uni ».

Ainsi priée de décider si ces groupes appartiennent soit à la
France, soit au Royaume-Uni, la Cour doit rechercher laquelle des
Parties a produit la preuve la plus convaincante d'un titreà l'un
.ou à l'autre de ces groupes, ou aux deux à la fois. Par le texte de
l'article1, les Parties ont exclu le statut de res nu11iu comme
celui de condominium.
Dans l'article II, les Parties ont énoncéleur accord quant à
l'ordre de présentation des pièces écrites ccsans préjuger en rien
de la charge de la preuve », question qu'il appartient à la Cour

,de trancher. Considérant la position des Parties, qui toutes deux
revendiquent la souveraineté sur un même territoire, et vu la
façon dont a étéformulée la tâche de la Cour dans l'article 1, vu
aussi les termes de l'articleII, la Cour est d'avis que chaque Partie
doit apporter la preuve des titres qu'elle allègue et des faits sur
lesquels elle se fonde. By the Special Agreement the Court is requested to determine
the sovereignty over the islets and rocks in so far as they are
capable of appropriation. These words must be considered as
relating to islets and rocks which are physically capable of appro-
priation. The Court is requested to decide in general to which Party
sovereignty over each group as a whole belongs, without determin-
ing in detail the facts relating to the particular units of which the
groups consist.
These groups lie between the British Channel Island of Jersey

and the coast of France and consist each of two or three habitable
islets, many smaller islets and a great number of rocks. The Ecrehos
group lies north-east of Jersey, 3.9 sea-miles from that island,
measured from the rock nearest thereto and permanently above
water, and 6.6 sea-miles from the coast of France, measured in the
same way. The Minquiers group lies south of Jersey, 9.8 sea-miles
therefrom and 16.2 sea-miles from the French mainland,. measured
in the same way. This group lies 8 sea-miles from the Chausey
Islands which belong to France.

Both Parties contend that they have respectively an ancient or
original title to the Ecrehos and the Minquiers, and that their title
has always been maintained and was never lost. The present case
does not therefore present the characteristics of a dispute concern-
ing the acquisition of sovereignty over terra nzdlius.

The United Kingdom Government derives the ancient title
invoked by it from the conquest of England in 1066 by William,
Duke of Normandy. By this conquest England became united with
the Duchy of Normandy, including the Channel Islands, and this
union lasted until 1204 when King Philip Augustus of France drove
the Anglo-Norman forces out of Continental Normandy. But his
attempts to occupy also the Islands were not successful, except
for brief periods when some of them were taken by French forces.
On this ground the United Kingdom Government submits the view
that al1 of the Channel Islands, including the Ecrehos and the
Minquiers, remained, as before, united with England and that this
situation of fact was placed on a legal basis by subsequent Treatieç
concluded between the English and French Kings.

The French Government does not dispute that the Islands of

Jersey, Guernsey, Aldemey, Sark, Herm and Jethou continued to
be held by the King of England ;but it denies that the Ecrehoç
and Minquiers groups were held by him after the dismemberment
of the Duchy of Normandy in 1204. After that event, these two
groups were, it is asserted, held by the King of France together Le compromis prie la Cour de déterminer la souveraineté sur
les îlots et rochers dans la mesure où ils sont susceptibles d'ap-
propriation. Il faut considérer que ces mots se réfèrent aux îlots
et rochers qui sont matériellement susceptibles d'appropriation.
La Cour est invitée à dire d'une manière générale à laquelle des
Parties appartient la souveraineté sur chaque groupe dans son
ensemble, sans déterminer en détail les faits relatifs à chacun des
élémentsconstitutifs des groupes.

Ces groupes se trouvent entre Jersey, une des îles britanniques
de la Manche. et la côte de France. Chacun consiste en deux ou
trois îlots habitables,plusieurs îlots plus petits et un grand nombre
de rochers. Le groupe des Écréhous est situé au nord-est de Jersey,
à 3.9 milles de cette île, mesure prise à partir du rocher constam-
ment émergéet qui en est le plus proche ; et à 6,6 milles de la
côte de France, mesure prise de la mêmefaçon. Le groupe des
Minquiers est situé au sud de Jersey, à une distance de 9,8 milles
de cette île et de 163 milles de la côte continentale française,
mesures prises de la même façon ; 8 milles le séparent des îles
Chausey qui appartiennent à la France. \

Les deux Parties soutiennent qu'elles ont, chacune, un titre
ancien ou originaire sur les Ecréhous et les Minquiers, qui a toujours
étéconservé sans jamais se perdre. L'espèce actuelle ne présente
donc pas les caractéristiques d'un différend relatif à l'acquisition
de la souveraineté sur un territoire sans maître (telva nullius).
Le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni fait découler le titre ancien
qu'il invoque de la conquête de l'Angleterre par Guillaume, duc
de Normandie, en 1066. Cette conquête a entraîné l'union de
l'Angleterre avec le duché de Normandie, lequel englobait les
Îles de la Manche, et cette union dura jusqu'en 1204, date à laquelle
le roi Philippe-Auguste de France a rejetéles forces anglo-normandes
de la Normandie continentale. Mais les tentatives qu'il entreprit
en vue d'occuper également les Îles ne furent pas couronnées de
succès, àl'exception de courtes périodespendant lesquelles certaines

d'entre elles furent prises par des forces françaises. Sur cette base,
le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni soutient que toutes les Des
de la Manche, y compris les Ecréhous et les Minquiers, sont restées
comme auparavant unies à l'Angleterre et que cette situation de
fait a étéconsacrée juridiquement par les traités qui furent par
la suite conclus entre le roi d'Angleterre et le roi de France.
Le Gouvernement français ne conteste pas que les îles de Jersey,
Guernesey, Aurigny, Serk, Herm et Jethou aient continué d'être
tenues par le roi d'Angleterre ;mais il conteste que ce roi ait tenu
les Ecréhous et les Minquiers après le démembrement du duché
de Normandie en 1204. Il soutient qu'après cet événement le roi
de France tenait ces deux groupes, de mêmeque certaines autres54 MISQCIERS ASD ECREHOS C=1SE (JCDG~IEST OF 17 XI 53)

with some other islands close tothe continent, and reference is made
to the same medieval Treaties as those which are invoked by the
United Kingdom Government.
In such circumstances it must be examined whether these
Treaties, invoked by both Parties, contain anything which might
throw light upon the status of the Ecrehos and the Minquiers.
The Treaty of Lambeth of 1217, to which the Parties have
referred, cannot be said to contain anything which might elucidate
this question. The Treaty of Paris of 1259, which appears to be

the principal Treaty on which the Parties rely, enumerates in
Article 4 al1 the lands which the King of England should hold in
fee of the King of France in Saintonge beyond the river Charente
as well as Bordeaux, Bayonne and Gascony and "al1 the land
which he holds on this side of the sea of England in fee and
in demesne and the islands, if any there be, which the king of
england holds which are of the realm of france, and he shall hold
of us as peer of france and duke of Aquitaine". These terms seem
to refer to islands which the King of England held as Duke of
Aquitaine, and not to the Channel Islands. But even assuming
that these Islands were also included, the article refers in any
case only to islands, if any there be, which are held by the English
King. It does not Say which islands were at that time held by
him. Article 6 enumerates al1the lands which the King of England
relinquished "in any part of the Realm of france or in the islands,

if any are held by us or by our brother or by others in our or their
behalf". This text refers only to islands, if any, which are held
by the King of France, without indicating w-hich islands were so
held. From the text itself of this Treaty nothing can therefore be
deduced with regard to the status of the Ecrehos and the Min-
quiers. The Treaty of Calais of 1360 contai~is in Article 6 a clause
providing that the King of England shall have and hold al1islands
which he "now holds". This provision must be considered as
including those of the Channel Islands which the King held at
that tirne. But as it is not said which of these Islands were held
by the English King, it is not possible to draw from this text alone
any conclusion as to the status of the islets in dispute. TheTreaty
of Troyes of 1420 contains many far-reaching provisions, but it
cannot be said to provide anything which might throw- light upon

the present dispute. Common to al1 these Treaties is the fact that
they did not specify which islands were held by the Kings of
England and France respectively. The Court would therefore not
be justified in drawing from them any conclusion as to whether
the Ecrehos and the Minquiers at the time when these Treaties
were signed were held either by the English or hythe French King.
This question depends on facts which cannot be deduced from the
text of these Treaties.
There are, however, other documents which provide some
indication as to the possession of the islets in dispute.îles situées à proximité du continent, et il se réfère aux mêmes
traités du moyen âge qu'invoque le Gouvernement du Royaume-
Lni.
Dans ces conditions, il faut examiner si ces traités, invoqués
par les deux Parties, contiennent quelque chose qui soit de nature
à jeter quelque luniière sur le statut des Ecréhous et des Minquiers.

Le traité de Lambeth de 1217, auquel les Parties se sont référées,
ne peut pas êtreconsidérécomme contenant quoi que ce soit qui
puisse éclairerce problème. Letraité deParisde 1259, qui paraît être
le principal traité invoqué par les Parties, énumèreen son article 4
toutes les terres que le roi d'Angleterre devra posséder en fief
du roi de France, en Saintonge au delà de la Charente ainsi
qu'à Bordeaux, à Bayonne et en Gascogne et (tote la terre que il
tient deçà la mer dangl' en fiez et en demaisne et des isles
saucune en i a que li rois dangl' tiegne qui soient del roiaume de
franc' e tendra de nos comme pers de franc' & dux de Aquitain ».
Ces termes paraissent viser les îles que le roi d'Angleterre tenait
en sa qualité de duc d'Aquitaine et non les fles de la Manche.

Même à supposer qu'ils aient compris ces Îles, l'article ne vise en
tout cas que les îles, s'il y en a, qui sont tenues par le roi d'Angle-
terre. Il n'indique pas quelles îles étaient à cette époque tenues
par lui. L'article 6 énumère toutes les terres que le roi d'Angleterre
abandonne c(en aucune partie del Roiaume de franc' ou es isles
saucunes en tenons nos ou nostre frere ou autres de par nos ou de
par els ».Ce texte se réfèreuniquement aux îles, s'il y en a, qui
étaient tenues par le roi de France, sans indiquer les îles qui étaient
ainsi tenues. Du texte même de ce traité on ne peut donc rien
déduire touchant le statut des Ecréhous et des Minquiers. Le
traité de Calais de 1360 contient, en son article 6, une disposition
énonçant que le roi d'Angleterre aura et tiendra toutes les îles

qu'il (ctient a present 1).Cette disposition doit être considérée
comme comprenant celles des Iles de la Manche que le roi tenait
à cette époque. Mais comme il n'est pas dit lesquelles de ces Iles
étaient tenues par le roi d'Angleterre, il n'est pas possible de tirer
de ce texte seul une conclusion quelconque touchant le statut des
îlots litigieux. Le traité de Troyes de1420 contient de nombreuses
dispositions d'une grande portée, mais on ne peut dire qu'il s'y
trouve quoi que ce soit de nature à éclairer le présent différend.
Cn trait commun à tous ces traités est qu'ils ne précisent pas
quelles îles étaient tenues par le roi d'Angleterre ou par le roi de
France. La Cour ne serait dès lors pas fondée à en tirer quelque

conclusion pour déterminer si, à l'époque de la signature de ces
traités, les Ecréhous et les Minquiers étaient tenus par le roi
d'Angleterre ou par le roi de France. Cette question dépend de
faits qu'il n'est pas possible de déduire du texte de ces traités.

Il y a cependant d'autres documents qui apportent quelques
indications sur la possession des îlots litigieux. 55 ~IIKQUIERS AXD ECREHOS C-%SE (JUDGMENT OF 17 XI 53)

By a Charter of January 14th, 1200, King John of England
granted to one of his Barons, Piers des Préaux, the Islands of
Jersey, Guernsey and Alderney "to have and to hold of us by
service of three knights' fees". Three years later, by a Charter
of 1203, Piers des Préaux granted to the Abbey of Val-Richer
"the island of Escrehou in entirety", stating that the King of
England "gave me the islands" (insula mihidedit) This shon-s
that he treated the Ecrehos as an integral part of the fief of the

Islands which he had received from the King. In an Order from the
English King of July 5th, 1258, the Sub-Warden of the Islands
\vas ordered "to guard the islands of Gernere and Geresey, and
the king's other islands in his keeping". In Letters Patent of the
English King, dated June 28th, 1360, it uTasprovided that the
"keeper of the islands of Gerneseye, Jereseye, Serk and Aurneye,
and the other islands adjacent thereto" may have the keeping for
a further period. The Truce of London of1471 provided in Article 3
that the King of France would not make any hostile act against
the Kingdom of England and other lands specially mentioned,
including the Islands "of guernsey, Jersey and alderney [andj
other territoriesislands, lands and lordships, which are, or will
be, held and possessed by the said lord King of england or by his
subjects". A Papal Bull of January aoth, 1500, transferring the

Channel Islands from the Diocese of Coutances to the Diocese of
IVinchester, mentioned "the Islands of Jersey and Guernsey,
Chausey, Alderney, Herm and Sark", while two commercial
Treaties of 1606 and 1655 mentioned only Jersey and Guernsey.
Basing itself on factsuch as these, the United Kingdom Govern-
ment submits the view that the Channel Islands in the Middle
Ages were considered as an entity, physically distinct from Conti-
nental Normandy, and that any failure to mention by name any
particular island in any relevant document, while enumerating
other Channel islands, does not imply that any such island lay
outside this entity.Having regard to the above-mentioned docu-
ments, and particularly to the Charters of 1200 and 1203, and
in view of the undisputed fact that the whole of Normandy,
including al1 of the Channel Islands, was held by the English

King in his capacity as Duke of Normandy from 1066 until 1204,
there appears to be a strong presumption in favour of this British
view. If the Ecrehos and Minquiers were never specifically men-
tioned in such enumerations, this was probably due to their slight
importance. Even some of the more important Islands, such as
Sark and Herm, were only occasionally mentioned by name in
documents of that period, though they were held by the English
King just as were the three largest Islands. The Court does not,
however, feel that it can draw from these considerations alone
any definitive conclusion as to the sovereignty over the Ecrehos
and the Minquiers, since this question must ultimately depend
on the evidence which relates directly to the possession of these
groups. Par une charte du 14 janvier 1200, le roi Jean d'Angleterre
concède à Pierre des Préaux, un de ses barons, les îles de Jersey,
Guernesey et Aurigny que ((celui-ci aura et tiendra de nous moyen-
nant le service de trois chevaliers ».Trois ans plus tard, Pierre des
Préaux, par une charte de 1203, donne cl'île d'Escrehou tout
entière » à l'abbaye de Val-Richer, en énonçant que le roi d'Angle-
terre « m'a dpnnéles îles ))(insulas nzihi dedit). Cela démontre qu'il
traitait les Ecréhous comme faisant partie intégrante du fief des

Îles qu'il avaitrepes du roi. Par un ordre du 5 juillet 1258, le roi
d'Angleterre enjoint au sous-gardien des Îles c(de garder les îles de
Gernere, Geresey et les autres îles du roi en ses mains 1).Par lettres
patentes du roi d'Angleterre, en date du 28 juin 1360, il est disposé
que ccle gardien des îles de Gerneseye, Jereseye, Serk et Aurneye,
ainsi que les autres îles adjacentes à celles-ci » pourra en conserver
la garde pour une nouvelle période.L'article 3 de la trêve deLondres
de 1471 énonceque le roi de France ne fera aucun acte d'hostilité

contre le royaume d'Angleterre ou contre d'autres terres mention-
nées expressément, y compris les îles ccde G[re]nesey, Iarzey et
aunery [et] autres pais ysles terres et seigneuries qui sont ou seront
tenues et possidées par led' sr Ro[y d]a[ngle]te[r]re [ou pa]r ses
subgez ».Une bulle papale du 20 janvier 1500 transférant les Îles de
la Manche du diocèsede Coutances au diocèsede Winchéster men-
tionne (les îles de Jersey, Guernesey, Chausey, Aurigny, Herm et
Sark », tandis que deux traités de commerce de 1606 et de 1655
mentionnent seulement Jersey et Guernesey.

En se fondant sur de tels faits, le Gouvernement du Royaume-
Uni énoncel'opinionque les Îles de 1sManche étaientconsidérées au
moyen âge comme constituant une entité physiquement distincte
de la Normandie continentale et que le fait de n'avoir pas men-
tionné par son nom une île déterminéedans un document perti-

nent qui énumèred'autres îles de la Manche n'implique pas que
cette île soit en dehors de l'entité. Des documents précités,
notamment des chartes de 1200 et de 1203, et du fait incontesté
que la Normandie tout entière, y compris toutes les fles de la
Manche, était, de 1066 à 1204, tenue par le roi d'Angleterre en
sa qualité de duc de Normandie, il paraît se dégager une forte
présomption en faveur de la thèse britannique sur ce point. Si les
Écréhouset les Minquiers n'ont jamais étémentionnés expressément
dans ces énumérations, cela était dû probablement à leur faible

importance. Mêmecertaines des îles plus importantes, telles que
Serk et Herm, ne font qu'occasionnellement l'objet d'une mention
expresse dans les documents de cette époque,bien qu'elles fussent,
tout autant que les trois plus grandes îles, tenues par le roi
d'Angleterre. De ces seules considérations, la Cour ne croit cepen-
dant pas pouvoi; tirer une conclusion définitive quant àla souve-
raineté sur les Ecréhous et les Minquiers, cette question devant
dépendre en dernière analyse de preuves se référant directement

à la possession de ces groupes.56 MIKQUIERS AND ECREHOS CASE (JUDGMEXT OF 17 XI 53)
The French Government derives the original title invoked by
it from the fact that the Dukes of Normandy were the vassals of
the Kings of France, and that the Kings of England after 1066,

in their capacity as Dukes of Normandy, held the Duchy in fee
of the French Kings. It is contended that the Channel Islands
became added to the fiefs of the Duke of Normandy when William
Longsword in 933 received the Islands in fee of the King of France,
and that he, as well as his successors, did homage to the French
Kings for the whole of Normandy, iacluding the Islands. The
French Government further relies on a Judgment of April &th,
1202, of the Court of France and contends that King John of
England was thereby condemned to forfeit al1 the lands which
he held in fee of the King of France, including the whole of
Kormandy. On the basis of this historical origin and of the Judg-
ment of 1202, there is, in the opinion of that Government, a

presumption in favour of the present French claim to sovereignty
over the Ecrehos and the Minquiers.
The United Kingdom Government contends that the feudal title
of the French Kings in respect of Normandy was only nominal.
It denies that the Channel Islands were received by the Duke of
Normandy in fee of the King of France, and that William Long-
sword or any of his successors ever did homage for the Islands.
It contests the validity, and even the existence, of the Judgment
of 1202, and asserts that even if such a Judgment was validly
pronounced against the English King in his capacity as Duke of
Normandy, it could not have the alleged consequences.
These opposite contentions are based on more or less uncertain

and controversial views as to w-hat was the true situation in this
remote feudal epoch. For the purpose of deciding the present case
it is, in the opinion of the Court, not necessary to solve these
historical controversies. The Court considers it sufficient to state
as its view that even if the Kings of France did have an original
feudal title also in respect of the Channel Islands, such a title
must have lapsed as a consequence of the events of the year 1204
and following years. Such an alleged original feudal title of the
Kings of France in respect of the Channel Islands could to-day
produce no legal effect, unless it had been replaced by another title
valid according to the law of the time of replacement. It is for
the French Government to establish that it \vas so replaced. The

Court will later deal with the evidence which that Government
has produced with a view to establishing that its alleged original
title was replaced by effective possession of the islets in dispute.
With regard to the Judgment of 1202 invoked by France it is
the opinion of the Court that, whatever view is held as to its
existence, validity, scope and consequences, it was not executed in
respect of the Channel Islands, the French Kings having failed to
obtain possession of these Islands except for brief periods. Even
if this feudal Judgment, assuming that it was in fact pronounced,

13 Le Gouvernement françaistire le titre originaire qu'il invoque du
fait que les ducs de Normandie étaient les vassaux des rois de France
et que les rois d'Angleterre, après 1066, en leur qualité de ducs de
Normandie, tenaient le duché en fief des rois de France. Il invoque
que les fles de la Manche furent aj,outéesaux fiefs du duc de Nor-
mandie lorsque Guillaume Longue-Epée, en 933,reçut les fles en fief

du roi de France, et que lui et ses successeurs rendaient hommage
aux rois de France pour l'ensemble de la Normandie, y compris
les fles. Le Gouvernement français se réfère, en outre, à un arrêt
rendu le 28 avril 1202 par la Cour de France, et soutient que le
roi Jean d'Angleterre fut condamné par cet arrêt à la commise de
toutes les terres qu'il tenait en fief du roi de France, y compris
l'ensemble de la Normandie. Sur la base de cette origine historique
et de l'arrêtde 1202, il y a, selon le Gouvernement français, une
présomption en favor de la prétention française actuelle à la
souveraineté sur les Ecréhous et les Minquiers.

Le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni soutient, de son côté, que le
titre féodal des rois de France sur la Normandie était purement
nominal. Il conteste que le duc de Normandie ait reçu les ILesde la

Manche en fief du roi de France et que Guillaume Longue-Epée ou
l'un quelconque de ses successeurs ait jamais rendu l'hommage pour
les fles.Il conteste la validité, voire l'existence, de l'arrêt de 1202,
affirmant que mêmesi cet arrêtavait étévalablement rendu contre
le roi d'Angleterre en sa qualité de duc de Normandie, il ne pouvait
produire les effets allégués.
Ces thèses opposées sont fondées sur des vues plus ou moins
incertaines ou controversées quant à la situation réelle à cette
époque féodaleéloignée.Pour statuersur la présente affaire, la Cour
estime qu'il n'est pas nécessaire de résoudre ces controverses histo-
riques. La Cour considère qu'il suffit de dire que, selon elle, même
si les rois de France avaient un titre féodal originaireltendant aux
fles de la Manche, ce titre a dû cesser d'exister comme conséquence
des événements de l'année 1204 et des années suivantes. Un tel

titre féodal originaire des rois de France sur les fles de la Manche ne
saurait aujourd'hui produire effet juridique à moins qu'un autre
titre, valable d'après le droit applicableàl'époque considérée,y ait
été substitué. Il incombe au Gouvernement francais d'établir cette
substitution. La Cour examinera plus loin les preuves que ce Gouver-
nement a produites en vue d'établir que le titre originaire qu'il
invoque a étéremplacé par la possession effective des îlots litigieux.

Quant à l'arrêtde 1202 invoquépar la France, la Cour estime que,
quelle que soit l'opinion qu'on puisse avoir au sujet de son existence,
de sa validité, de sa portée et de ses effets, il n'a pas étésuivi d'exé-
cution dans les Îles de la Manche, puisqqe les rois de France ne sont
pas parvenus à obtenir possession de ces Iles, sauf au cours de brèves

périodes. Mêmesi cet arrêtféodal - à supposer qu'il ait étéréelle-was intended to produce legal effects at that time, it remained in
any case inoperative with regard to the Channel Islands. To revive
its legal force to-day by attributing legal effects to it after an
interval of more than seven centuries seems to lead far beyond
any reasonable application of legal considerations.

The vietv is expressed by the French Government that the
dismemberment of the Duchy of Normandy, which in fact occurred
in 1204 tvhen Continental Normandy was occupied by the King of
France, has legal consequences in the present dispute. It is said
that if the United Kingdom Government is unable to establish
its claim to the Ecrehos and the Minquiers, the title to these islets
must be considered as having remained with France since 1204.
But since that time there has been a further development in the

territorial position. Many wars and peace settlements between the
two States succeeded each other during the following centuries.
The Channel Islands, or some of them, were occupied temporarily
by French forces during some years immediately following the
events in 1204, as well as for brief periods in the next two centuries,
and Continental Normandy was reconquered by the English King
and held by him for a long period in the fifteenth century. In
such circumstances it is difficult to see why the dismemberment
of the Duchy of Normandy in 1204 should have the legal conse-
quences attributed to it by the French Government. What is of
decisive importance, in the opinion of the Court, is not indirect
presumptions deduced from events in the Middle Ages, but the
evidence which relates directly to the possession of the Ecrehos
and Minquiers groups.

Before considering this evidence, the Court will examine some
questions tvhich concern both groups.
On August znd, 1839, France and the United Kingdom concluded
a Convention concerning fishery, and particularly the oyster fishery
between the Island of Jersey and the neighbouring coast of France.
It is common ground between the Parties that this Convention
did not settle the question of sovereignty over the Ecrehos and
the Minquiers. But the French Government has submitted conten-
tions which to a certain extent affect that question. These conten-
tions, which were modified during the proceedings, were at the
public hearing on October 8th, 1953, formulated as follows, as
part of the Submissions presented on behalf of that Government :

"(4) that by the Convention of August znd, 1839, the United
Kingdom and France brought into being, between a line three
miles from low water mark on the island of Jersey and an ad hoc
line defined in ArticlI of the Convention, a zone in which fishery
ofevery type should be commonto the subjects ofthe two countries ;
14ment prononcé - avait pour but de produire alors des effets juri-
diques, il est, en tout cas, resté inopérant à l'égarddes Îles de la
Manche. Faire revivre aujourd'hui sa force juridique en lui attri-
buant des effets juridiques après un intervalle de plus de sept
siècles, serait aller bien au delà d'une application raisonnable de
considérations de droit.

Le Gouvernement français prétend que le démembrement du
duché de Normandie qui, en fait, s'est produit en 1204 lorsque la
Normandie continentale fut occupée par le roi de France, a des
effets juridiques affectant le litige actuel.avance que si le Gouver-
nement du Royaume-Uni est incapable d'établir son droit sur les
Écréhous et les Minquiers, le titre sur ces îlots doit êtreconsidéré
comme étant resté à la France depuis 1204. Mais, depuis cette
époque,un développement nouveau s'est produit dans la situation
territoriale. De nombreuses guerres et des traités de paix entre les
deux Etats se sont succédéau cours des siècles qui ont suivi. Les
Iles de la Manche ou certaines d'entre elles ont étéoccu~éestem~o-
rairement par les forces françaises pendant quelquesannées aussitôt
après les événementsde 1204, ainsi que durant de brèves périodes
dans les deux sièclessuivants, et la Normandie continentale a été
reconquise par le roi d'Angleterre et possédéepar lui pendant une

grande partie du xvme siècle. Dans ces conditions, il est difficile
de voir pourquoi le démembrement du duché de Normandie en
1204 devrait avoir les effets juridiques qui lui sont attribués par
le Gouvernement français. Ce qui, de l'avis de la Cour, a une
importance décisive, ce ne sont pas des présomptions indirectes
déduites d'événements du moyen âge, mais les preuves- se rap-
portant directement à la possession des groupes des Ecréhous
et des Minquiers.

Avant de considérer ces preuves, la Cour traitera de certaines
questions communes aux deux groupes.

Le 2 août 1839, la France et le Royaume-Uni ont conclu une
convention relative aux pêcheries, en particulier à la pêchedes
huîtres entre l'île de Jersey et les côtes avoisinantes de France.
Les Parties admettent toutes deux que cette convention n'a pas
régléla question de la souveraineté sur les Ecréhouset les Minquiers.
Mais le Gouvernement français a avancé des thèses qui, dans une
certaine mesure, affectent cette question. Ces thèses, qui ont été
modifiéesau cours de la procédure, ont étéformulées comme suit
à l'audience du 8 octobre 1953 comme partie des conclusions
présentéesau nom de ce Gouvernement :

4) que, par la convention du2août 1839, le Royaume-Uni et la
mer de l'îlede Jersey et la ligne hoc3définieàl'article premier de
la convention, une zone où la pêche detoute espècede poisson est
commune aux ressortissants des deux pays ;58 MINQUIERS AND ECREHOS CASE (JUDGMENS OF I7 XI 53)

(5)that the islets and rocks of the Minquiers and Ecrehos groups,
being within the common fishery zone as so defined, were, in 1839,
subjected by the Parties to a régimeof common user for fishery
purposes, without the territorial sovereignty over these islets and
rocks being otherwise affected by the said Convention ;
(6)that the acts performed by each Party on the islets and rocks
subsequently to August znd, 1839, are consequently not capable of
being set up against the other Party as manifestations of terri-
torial sovereignty, with the result that such sovereignty belongs
to-day to that one of the Parties to whom it belonged before
August end, 1839".

These contentions were based on the first three Articles of the
Convention, and particularly on Article 3. By Article I an ad hoc
line is acknowledged by the two Governments "as defining the
limits between which and the French shore the oyster fishery shall
be reserved exclusively to french subjects". Article 2 provides that
"oyster fishery within three miles of the Island of Jersey, calculated
from lower water mark, shall be reserved exclusively to british
subjects". Article 3 provides as follows :

"The oyster fishery outside of the limits within which that
fishery is exclusively reserved to french and bntish subjects respec-
tively, as stipulated in the preceding articles, shall be common to
the subjects of both countries."

The French Government asserts and the United Kingdom Govern-
ment denies that the Ecrehos and Minquiers groups are included
within this agreed common fishery zone, the United Kingdom
Government basing itself on a provision in Article 9 concerning
exclusive right of fishery for British subjects within three miles
from low water mark "along the whole extent of the coasts of
the British Islands".
The Court does not consider it necessary, for the purpose of
deciding the present case, to determine whether the waters of the

Ecrehos and Minquiers groups are inside or outside the common
fishery zone established by Article 3. Even if it be held that these
groups lie within this common fishery zone, the Court cannot admit
that such an agreed common fishery zone in these waters would
involve a régime of common user of the land territory of the islets
and rocks, since the Articles relied on refer to fishery only and not
to any kind of user of land territory. Nor can the Court admit
that such an agreed common fishery zone should necessarily have
the effect of precluding the Parties from relying on subsequent acts
involving a manifestation of sovereignty in respect of the islets.
The Parties could have established such a common fishery zone,

including the waters of the groups, even if these groups had in
1839 been under the undisputed exclusive sovereignty of one of
them ; and they could equally have acquired or claimed exclusive
sovereignty after 1839 and relied upon subsequent acts involving j) que les îlots et rochers des groupes des Minquiers et des Écré-
hous, setrouvant situésdansla zonede pêche commune ainsi définie,
ont étésoumis par les parties, en 1839, à un régimed'utilisation
commune àfin de pêche,sans que la souverainetéterritoriale sur ces
îlots et rochers ait étéaffectéepar ailleurs par ladite conventio;
6) que, par voie de conséquence,les actes accomplis par chaque
partie sur les îlots et rochers postérieurement a2 août 1839 sont
inopposables à l'autre partie en tant que manifestation de la souve-
raineté territoriale, de sorte que cette souveraineté appartient
aujourd'hui à celledes partiesàqui elle appartenait avant l2 août
1839 1).

Ces thèses sont fondéessur les trois premiersarticles dela conven-
tion, en particulier sur l'article 3. Par l'article premier, les deux
Gouvernements reconnaissent une ligne ad Jzoc (comme détermi-
nant les limites entre lesquelles et les côtes de France la pêchedes
huîtres sera exclusivement réservée aux sujets français ». L'arti-
cle 2 énonceque «la pêchedes huîtres 9 dedans detrois milles (cal-

culés de la laisse de basse mer) de 1'Ile de Jersey, sera exclusive-
ment réservéeaux sujets Britanniques ))L'article 3 dispose :
((Sera commune aux sujets des deux pays, la pêchedes huîtres
entre les limites cidessus désignées,t en dedans desquelles cette
pêcheest exclusivement réservée,soit aux pêcheursfrançais, soit
aux sujets britanniques.))

Le Gouvernement français prétend que les groupes des Min-
quiers et des Ecréhous sont inclus dans cette zone conventionnelle
de pêche commune. Le Gouvernement du Royaume-Cni le conteste

en se fondant sur une clause de l'article 9 relative au droit exclusif
de pêche des sujets britanniques dans un rayon de trois milles
à partir de la laisse de basse mer «le long de toute l'étendue des
côtes des îles Britanniques ».
Pour décider en la présente affaire, la Cour ne croit pas qu'il
soit nécessaire de déterminer si les eaux des groupes des Ecréhous
et des Minquiers se trouvent à l'intérieur ou à l'extérieur de la
zone de pêche commune instituée par l'article 3. Mêmes'il était
admis que ces groupes fussent à l'intérieur de la zone de pêche
commune, la Cour ne saurait admettre qu'une telle zone conven-

tionnelle de pêche commune dans ces eaux impliquât un régime
d'usage commun du territoire des îlots et rochers, puisque les
articles invoqués se rapportent seulement à la pêcheet en aucune
façon à l'usage du territoire. La Cour ne saurait admettre non
plus qu'une telle zone conventionnelle de pêche commune dût
nécessairement avoir pour effet d'empêcher les Parties d'invoquer
des actes postérieurs impliquant manifestation de souveraineté à
l'égard des îlots. Les Parties auraient pu établir une telle zone de
pêche commune en y comprenant aussi les eaux des groupes,
même si, en 1839, ces groupes avaient étésous la souveraineté

exclusive incontestée de l'une d'elles ;elles auraient pli tout aussi
15the manifestation of sovereignty, notwithstanding such an agreed
common fishery zone, provided of course that the common fisherg-
in this zone would not in any way be impaired thereby. The above-
mentioned contention asto exclusion of acts subsequent to 1839 is,
moreover, not compatible with the attitude which the French
Government has taken since that time. It not only claimed
sovereignty over the Ecrehos in 1886 and over the Minquiers in
1888, and later, but it has, in order to establish such a sovereignty,
itself relied on measures taken subsequent to 1839, as referred to
in its communications to the Foreign Office, dated August zyth,
1888, and July ~jth, 1903, as well as in the present proceedings.
Nor can the contention that the Court should determine to which
Party sovereignty belonged in 1839, be considered as consistent
with the SpecialAgreement of 1950, by which the Court is requested

to determine to which Party sovereignty belongs at present. The
Court is therefore unable to accept the above-mentioned contentions
as to the effects of the Convention of 1839 on the question of the
sovereignty over the Ecrehos and Minquiers groups.

The Parties have further discussed the question of the selection
of a "critical date" for allowing evidence in the present case. The
United Kingdom Government submits that, though the Parties
have for a long time disagreed as to the sovereignty over the two
groups, the dispute did not become "crystallized" before the
conclusion of the Special Agreement of December zgth, 1950,
and that therefore this date should be considered as the critical
date, with the result that al acts before that date must be taken
into consideration by the Court. The French Government, on the
other hand, contends that the date of the Convention of 1839
should be selected as the critical date, and that al1 subsequent
acts must be excluded from consideration.
At the date of the Convention of 1839, no dispute as to the
sovereignty over the Ecrehos and Minquiers groups had yet arisen.
The Parties had for a considerable time been in disagreement with

regard to the exclusive right to fish oysters, but they did not link
that question to the question of sovereignty over the Ecrehos and
the Minquiers. In such circumstances there is no reason why the
conclusion of that Convention should have any effect on the question
of allowing or ruling out evidence relating to sovereignty. A dispute
as to sovereignty over the groups did not arise before the years
1886 and 1888, when France for the first time claimed sovereignty
over the Ecrehos and the Minquiers respectively. But in view of
the special circumstances of the present case, subsequent acts
should also be considered by the Court, unless the measure in
question was taken with a view to improving the legal position
of the Party concerned. In many respects activity in regard to
these groups had developed gradually long before the dispute asbien avoir acquis ou revendiquer la souveraineté exclusive après
1839, et invoquer des actes postérieurs impliquant une manifesta-
tion de souveraineté, nonobstant la zone conventionnelle de pêche
commune, pourvu évidemment qu'en ce faisant, la pêchecommune
dans cette zone ne soit en rien gênée.La thèse ci-dessus mentionnée,
selon laquelle les actes postérieurs 1839 devraient être écartés,

est au surplus incompatible avec l'attitude que le Gouvernement
français a priserdepuis lors. Non seulement il a réclamé la souve-
raineté sur les Ecréhous en 1886 et les Minquiers en1888, et plus
tard, mais, pour établir cette souveraineté, il a lui-même, dans ses
communications au Foreign Office du 27 août 1888 et du Ij juillet
1903comme au cours de la présente procédure, invoqué des mesures
prises après1839 .a thèse selon laquelle la Cour devrait déterminer
à laquelle des Parties la souveraineté appartenait en 1839 n'est
pas non plus conciliable avec le compromis de 1950, qui prie la
Cour de dire à quelle Partie la souveraineté appartientà présent.
Partant, la Cour ne saurait accepter les thèses mentionnées
ci-dessus, relatives aux effets de la convention de39 àl'égardde
la question de la souveraineté sur les groupes des Ecréhous et des
Minquiers.

D'autre part, les Parties ont débattu la question relative au
choix d'une «date critique ))pour l'admission des preuves en
l'espèce. Selon le Gouvernement du Royaume-Cni, bien que les
Parties aient depuis longtemps été en désaccord au sujet de la
souveraineté sur les deux groupes, le différend ne s'est pasristal-
lisé» avant la conclusion du compromis le 29 décembre Igjû ;
partant, cette date devrait être considéréecomme la date critique,
avec cette conséquence que tous actes antérieurs devraient être
pris en considération par la Cour. De son côté, le Gouvernement
français soutient que la date de la convention de 1839 devrait
êtrechoisie comme date critique et que tous actes postérieurs sont
à écarter.
A la date de la convention de 1839, aucun différend relatifà la
souveraineté sur les groupes des Ecréhous et des Minquiers n'était

encore né. Depuis longtemps, les Parties avaient été en désaccord
quant au droit exclusif àla pêche deshuîtres, mais elles n'avaient
pas lié cette question à celle de la souveraineté sur les Ecréhous
et sur les Minquiers. Dans ces circonstances, il n'y a pas de raison
pour que la conclusion de la convention ait un effet quelconque sur
la question de l'admission ou du rejet de preuves relatiyes à la
souveraineté. Un différend relatià la souveraineté sur les Ecréhous
et les Minquiers n'est pas né avant les années886 et 1888 orsque
pour, la première fois la France a revendiqué la souveraineté sur
les Ecréhous et les Minquiers respectivement. Mais, à raison des
circonstances spéciales de la présente affaire, des actes posté-
rieurs doivent aussi être pris en considération par la Cour, en
exceptant les mesures qui auraient été prises en vue d'améliorer la
positio~i en droit de la Partie intéressée. Sous bien des rapports,

16to sovereignty arose, and it has since continued without inter-
ruption and in a similar manner. In such circumstances there would
be no justification for ruling out al1 events which during this
continurd development occurred after the years 1886 and 1888
respectively.

There is also another point concerning both groups which the
Court will mention before dealing with each group separately.
The United Kingdom Government has endeavoured to show that
the groups must be considered as dependencies of Jersey and has
referred to Article 38 of a Franco-British Fishery Convention of
1867, which was ratified but not brought into operation. This
Article provided :

"The terms 'British Islands' and 'United Kingdom',employed in
this Convention, shall include the Islands of Jersey, Guernsey,
Alderney ,Sark and Man, with their dependencies."

The United Kingdom Government has also invoked similar
clauses in a Franco-British Submarine Telegraph Convention of
1859 and in a British Sea Fisheries Act of 1843.

These various clauses indicate that there are islands or islets
which are dependencies of such Channel Islandsas are enumerated ;
but no evidence is produced showing that it was the intention
of the contracting Parties to include the Ecrehos and Minquiers
groups within the terms "British Islands" or "dependencies" or,
on the other hand, to exclude the groups from these terms.

The Court will now consider the claims of both Parties to
sovereignty over the Ecrehosand begins with the evidence produced
by the United Kingdom Government.

It has already been mentioned that the Charter of 1200 of
the English King, whereby he granted the fief of the Channel
Islands to Piers des Préaux, and the Charter of 1203, whereby
the latter in turn granted the Ecrehos to the Abbey of Val-
Richer, show that the Ecrehos were treated by him as an integral
part of his fief.
The grant of the Ecrehos was in frankalmoin. The French
Government contends that such a grant had the effect of severing
the feudal link between Piers des Préaux and the Abbey, so that

the Ecrehos no longer formed a part of the fief of the Channel
Islands. The view submitted by that Government is that the
Ecrehos remained subject to the Duke of Normandy through the
intermediary of the Abbey of Val-Richer, which was situated on
the French mainland, and that, when the King of France succeeded
17l'activité à l'égard de ces groupes s'est développéegraduellement,
longtemps avant la naissance du différend sur la souveraineté, et

elle s'est poursuivie depuis, sans interruption et d'une manière
semblable. Dans ces circonstances, il serait injustifié d'écarter tous
les faits qui, au cours de ce développement continu, se sont produits
.après 1886 et 1888 respectivement.
Un autre point touchant également les deux groupes doit être
mentionné par la Cour avant de traiter séparément de chacun
d'eux. Le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni a tenté de démontrer

que les groupes devaient êtreconsidérés commedes dépendances
de Jersey ; il s'est référéà l'article 38 de la convention franco-
britannique sur les pêcheries de 1867, laquelle a étératifiée sans
toutefois êtreentrée en vigueur. Cet article est ainsi conçu :

(Les termes (fies Britanniques ))et (Royaume-Uni ))employés
dans cette Convention, comprennent les îles de Jersey, Guernsey,
Alderney, Sark, l'Île de Man, et leurs dépendances. »

Le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni a aussi invoqué des clauses
semblables figurant dans une convention franco-britannique de
1859 relative à une ligne télégraphique sous-marine et dans une
loi britannique sur la pêcheen mer de 1843.
Ces clauses montrent qu'il y a des îles ou îlots constituant des
dépendances de celles des fles de la Manche qui y sont énumérées,

mais aucune preuve n'a été apportée de l'intention des Parties
contractantes d'inclure les groupes des Ecréhous et des Minquiers
dans les termes ((Îles Britanniques » ou (dépendances »,ni, d'ail-
leurs, de les en exclure.

La Cour examinera maintenant leç prétentions respectives des

Parties à la souveraineté sur les Ecréhous et elle commencera
cet examen par les preuves invoquées par le Gouvernement du
Royaume-Uni.
On a relevé plus haut que la charte de 1200, par laquelle le roi
,d'Angleterre a donné le fief des îles de la Manche à Pierre des
Préaux, et la charte de 1203, par laquelle ce dernier, à son tour,
a donné les Ecréhous à l'abbaye de Val-Richer, montrent qu'il

considérait les Ecréhouscomme faisant partie intégrante de son fief.

La donation des Écréhous était en franche aumône. Le Gouver-
nement français prétend que pareille donation avait pour effet
de rompre le ljen féodal entre Pierre des Préaux et l'abbaye en
sorte que les Ecréhous ne formaient plus partie du fief ,des Îles
de la Manche. L'opinion de ce Gouvernement est que les Ecréhous

sont restés soumis au duc de Normandie par l'intermédiaire de
l'abbaye de Val-Richer, laquelle était située en France continen-
tale, et que lorsque le roi de France a succédéaux droits du duc
1761 IIISQTJIERS -1SD ECREHOS C-1SE (JUDGXEST OF I7 XI j3)

to the rights of the Duke after the occupation of ContinentaI
Xormandy in 1204, the Abbey "passed under his protection, as
did the Ecrehos, whose overlord he became".
This contention renders it necessary to consider the Charter

of 1203 more closely. It provided the follotving :
" ...Koverit universitas vestra me divins pietatis intuitu conces-
sisse & dedisse, & præsenti charta mea confirmasse Deo & ecclesiæ

sanctæ Mariæ de Valle-Richerii, & monachis ibidem Deo servienti-
bus, pro salute animæ Johannis illustris regis Angliæ, qui insulas
mihi dedit, & pro salute animæ meæ, & patris & matris meæ, &
omnium antecessorum meorum, insulam de Escrehou integre, ad
ædificandam ibidem basilicam in honore Dei & beatæ Mariæ, ita ut
divina ibidem celebrentur mysteria singulis diebus, habendam &
possidendam libere & quiete, plenarie & honorifice, in liberam &
puram & perpetuam eleemosynam, & quidquid in eadem insula
poterunt augmentare & ædificare. Item concessi prædictis monachis
quidquid ab hominibus meis de Gersy, & de Gernesé,& deAurene,
eis caritatis intuitu rationabiliterdatum fuerit, salvo jure meo."
[Gallia Christiana, XI, col.94, No. XXXII (Instrumenta).]

[Translation]
" ...Know ye al1that 1, having regard to the mercy of God, have

granted and given and by my present charter have confirmed to
God and to the church of St. Mary of Val-Richer and to the monkç
there serving God, for the salvation of the sou1 of John, illustrious
king of England, who gave me the islands, and for the salvation of
the souls of myself and of my father and mother and of al1 my
ancestors, the island of Escrehou in entirety, for the building there
of a church in honour of God and of the blessed Mary, so that the
divine mysteries be daily celebrated there, to have and possess [it]
and whatever in the same island they shall be able to increase and
build, freely and quietly, fully and honourably, in free pure and
perpetual alms. 1 have further granted to the aforesaid monks
whatever by my men of Jersey, and of Guernsey, and of Alderney,
having regard to charity, shall be reasonably given to them, saving
my right."

It appears clearly from the Grand Coutumier de Normandie of
the thirteenth century, chapters XXVIII and XXXII (deGruchy

edition, 1881, pp. 90-91 and 98) hat land held in frankalmoin was
a tenure, and that such a grant in frankalmoin to an ecclesiastical
institution did not have the effect of severing feudal ties. The text
of the first part of Chapter XXXII is as follows:

[Translation]
"They are said to hold by alms who hold lands given in pure

alms to God and his servants, wherein the donors retain nothing
to themselves or their heirs save only the patronal domain ; and
they hold from them by alms only, as from patrons. Wone can make
alms out of any land, save only that which is his own therein.
Wherefore note that neither the duke, nor barons, nor anyone, ought
to sustain any detriment if their men make alms of the lands which
18après l'occupation de la Normandie continentale en 1204, l'abbaye
~cpassa sous sa garde, ainsi que 1'Ile d'Ecréhou dont il devint
seigneur supérieur 1).

Cette thèse rend nécessaire un examen plus attentif de la charte
de 1203. Celle-ci disposait :

<(...Xoverit universitas vestra me divinæ pietatis intuitu conces-
sisse & dedisse, & præsenti charta mea confirmasse Deo & ecclesiæ
sanctæ Marin de Valle-Richerii, & monachis ibidem Deo servienti-
bus, pro salute animæ Johannis illustris regis hngliæ, qui insulas
mihi dedit, & pro salute animæ meæ, & patris & matris meæ, &
omnium antecessorum meorum, insulam de Escvehou integre, ad
ædificandam ibidem basilicam in honore Dei & beatæ Mariæ, ita ut
divina ibidem celebrentur mysteria singulis diebus, habendam &
possidendam libere & quiete, plenarie & honorifice, in liberam &

puram & perpetuam eleemosynam, & quidquid in eadem insula
poterunt augmentare & ædificare. Item concessi prædictis monachis
quidquid ab hominibus meis de Gevsy, & de Gernesé,& de Auvene,
eis caritatis intuiturationabiliter datum fuerit, salvo jure meo. )>
[Gallia Chvistiana, XI, col. 94, no XXXII (Instrumenta).]

jTraduction]
((...Sachez tous que je, en considération de la divine miséri-
corde, ai concédéet donné, et confirmé par la présente charte, à

Dieu et à 1'Eglise de Notre Dame de Val-Richer et aux moines
qui y servent Dieu, pour le salut de l'âme de Jean, illustre roi
d'Angleterre, qui m'a donné les îles, et pour le salut de mon âme
et d- celles de mon père et de ma mère et de celles de tous mes
ancêtres, l'île d'Ecréhou tout entière pour y édifierune église en
l'honneur de Dieu et de Sainte Marie en sorte que les saints mystères
y soient célébréschaque jour, laquelle île devant être tenue et
possédéelibrement et paisiblement, pleinement et en titre d'hon-
neur, en libre, pure et perpétuelle aumône, ainsi que tout ce que
dans ladite île ils pourront augmenter et édifier.Item, j'ai concédé
aiisdits moines tout ce qui leur sera donné raisonnablement par
mes hommes de Jersey, Guernesey et Aurigny, par esprit de charité,

sauf mon droit. ))
11 résulte clairement du Grand Coz~turvzier de Xormandie du

XIIIII~~siècle, chapitres XXVIII et XXXII (édition de Gruchy,
1881 p,p. 90-91 et 98), quelaterre tenueen franche aumône était une
teriure et qu'une donation en franche aumône à une institution
ecclésiastique n'avait pas pour effet de rompre les liens féodaux.
La première partie du chapitre XXXII énonce ce qui suit :

«L'en dict que ceulx tiennent par omosne, qui tiennent terres
données en pure omosne à Dieu et à ceulx qui le servent, en quoy
le donneur ne retient aulcune droicture, fors seulement la seigneurie
de patronnage ;et tiennent d'iceulx par omosne comme de patrons.
Aucun ne peut omosner aulcune terre, fors ce qu'il y a ; et pour
cc doibt l'en sçavoir que le Duc ne les barons ne les aultres qui
ont hommes ne doivent avoir aulcun dommage, s'aulcuns de leurs

18 they hold of them ; and their lords shall exercise their justice and
levy their rights in the lands so put in alms, notu-ithstanding."

This text shows that the grantor retained the "patronal domain"
(dominium patronale). According to this ancient Korman custom,
Piers des Préaux did not by his grant drop out of the feudal chain
as far as the Ecrehos was concerned. He continued to hold the
Ecrehos as a part of his fief of the Channel Islands, with the Abbot
of Val-Richer as his vassal and the King of England as his overlord,
and the King continued to exercise his justice and levy his rights
in the land so put in alms. By granting the Ecrehos in frankalmoin
to the Abbey, Piers des Préaux did not, and could not, alienate
the island from the fief of the Channel Islands ; it remained a part

of that fief.
This view is contested by the French Government on the ground
that Piers des Préaux had not in the Charter reserved any feudal
service and that he therefore had not created an? feudal tenure.
It seems that no such condition for the creation of a "teneure par
ornosne", or frankalmoin, was required by the aricient Xormari
custom, as described in the Coutumier. But even assuming that
a condition or reservation was required, the grant to the Abbey
did contain such a condition or reservation. As is seen from the
text of the Charter, the Abbey was to build a church in the Ecrehos
"so that the divine mysteries be daily celebrated there", and
when the grant was said to be given "for the salvation of the sou1
of John, illustrious king of England ...and for the salvation of the
souls of myself and of my father and mother and al1my ancestors",
this could, in view of the custom at that time, only mean that a
service of prayers was reserved in the Charter. That this must
also have been the view of the Abbot himself and of his successors
is seen from the records of certain Quo Warranto proceedings held
in Jersey in 1309 before the King's itinerant Justices. The Assize

Rolls show that a chapel had in fact been built in the Ecrehos, and
that the Prior of that chapel, appearing before the Justices, gave
evidence that he and his fellow monk, dwelling in the chapel
throughout the whole year, "always celebrate for the lord the
King and his progenitors". These records show that the Prior
himself as well as the Justices called the grant a tefzz~ra.

Shortly after his grant of 1203 Piers des Préaux forfeited the
fief of the Channel Islands, which thereupon reverted to the
English King and were administered by Wardens aypointed by
that King, except for certain periods in the thirteenth and the
beginning of the fourteenth century, when the Islands were again
granted in fee. Up to 1309, there is no indication that any change
had occurred as to the connection of the Ecrehos with the Channel
Islands.

19 hommes omosnent aulcunes chosesdes terres qu'ils tiennent d'eulx ;
car pour ce ne remaindront pas, qu'ils n'y facent leurs justices, et
qu'ils ne lievent leurs droictures des terres que leurs hommes ont
omosnées. 1)

Il ressort de ce texte que le donateur conservait la ((seigneurie
de patronnage 1)(dominium patronale). Selon cette ancienne coutume
normande, la donation n',a pas fait sortir Pierre des Préayx de la
chaîne féodalequant aux Ecréhous. Il a continué àtenir les Ecréhous
comme partie de son fief des Îles de la Manche avec l'abbé de Val-
Richer comme son vassal et le roi d'Angleterre comme son suzerain,
et le roi a continué à exercer la justice et à percevoir ses droits sur
la terre ainsi placéeen aumône. En donnant les Ecréhous en franche

aumône à l'abbaye, Pierre des Préaux n'a pas et ne pouvait pas
séparer cette île du fief des Îles de la Manche ; elle restait partie
de ce fief.
Cette opinion est contestée par le Gouvernement franqais pour
le motif que Pierre des Préaux ne s'était pas réservépar la charte
un serviceféodal et qu'en conséquence il n'avait pas crééune tenure
féodale. Il paraît que l'ancienne coutume de Normandie, telle
qu'elle est formulée dans le Coz~tzlmier,n'exigeait pas une telle

condition pour la création d'une (teneure par omosne D, ou franche
aumône. Mais mêmesi l'on estimait qu'une condition ou réserve
était nécessaire, la donation à l'abbaye comportait effectivement
une telle condition ou réserve. En effet, il ressort du texte de la
charte que l'abbaye devait construire une église aux Ecréhous
<(en sorte que les saints mystères y soient célébrés chaque jour 1);
d'autre part, il y est dit que la donation était faite (pour le salut
de l'âme de Jean, illustre roi d'Angleterre ....et pour le salut de
mon âme et de celles de mon père et de ma mère et de celles de

tous mes ancêtres ». D'après la coutume de l'époque, ceci ne peut
signifier autre chose que la réserve, dans la charte, d'un service de
prières. Que telle ait dû êtrel'opinion de l'abbélui-mêmeet de ses
successeurs, c'est ce qui appert des procès-verbaux d'un plaid de
Quo Warranto tenu à Jersey en 1309 devant les juges itinérants du
roi. Le rôle des assises montre qu'une chapelle avait été effective-
ment édifiéeaux Ecréhous et que le prieur de cette chapelle,
comparaissant devant les juges, témoigna que lui-mêmeet l'autre

moine habitant la chapelle pendant toute l'année (( y célébraient
toujours un service divin pour le seigneur roi et ses ancêtres 1).
D'après les termes du rôle, le prieur lui-même ainsi que les juges
appelaient la donation tenura.
Peu de temps après sa donation de 1203, Pierre des Préaux
perdit par confiscation le fief des Îles de la Manche, lesquelles dès
lors firent retour au roi d'Angleterre et furent administrées par
les gardiens désignéspar le roi, sauf durant certaines périodes

au xlnme siècle et au début du xlvme pendant lesquelles les Îles
furent à nouveau données en fief. Jusqu'en 1309, rien n'indique
qu'un changement soit intervenu dans le rattachement des Ecréhous
aux rles de la Manche. The object of the Quo Warranto proceedings of 1309 mentioned
above was to enquire into the property and revenue of the English
King. These proceedings, which were numerous, took the form of
calling upon perçons to justify their possession of property. The
Abbot of Val-Richer was summoned before the King's Justices
to answer regarding a mill and the a&docatioof the Priory of the
Ecrehos as well as a rent. As the mill was situated in Jersey and
the rent was payable there, the proceedings in respect of these
objects do not show anything with regard to the status of the
Ecrehos. But the question of the advocatiois in a different position.
Such a right of a patron to presentation to an ecclesiastical office

was, according to an ancient Korman custom, considered and
treated as a jus in rem, inherent in the soi1and inseparable from
the territory of the fief to which it was attached. (Grand Coutzwnier
de Normandie, Chapter CXI, de Gruchy edition, p. 259 ;rlfirernens
et Jugiés d'Eschequiers, published by Génestal and Tardif, 1921,
p. 7, 5 18.) When therefore the Abbot of Val-Richer was sum-
moned before the King's Justices in Jersey to answer for this
advocatio, it must have been on the ground that the Ecrehos,
to which the advocatio was attached, was witliin the domain of
the English King. And when the Prior of the Ecrelios appeared
as the Abbot's attorney in answer to the summons, jurisdiction
in respect of the Ecrehos was exercised by the Justices, who
decided that "it is permitted to the said Prior to hold the premissa
as he holds them as long as it shall please the lord the King".
The Prior of the Ecrehos became involved in three other legal
proceedings in Jersey in the years1323 and 1331. As they concerned
events which occurred in Jersey, they do not throw any light
upon the status of the Ecrehos, but they show that there was
a close relationship between the Ecrehos and Jersey at that time.

Further evidence of this relationship is given by Letters of Pro-
tection, which, on August 18th, 1337, shortly before the outbreak
of the Hundred Years War between England and France, ivere
granted by the English King to ten Priors of Jersey and Guernsey,
including the Prior of the Ecrehos, who was described as "Prior
de AcrehowedeInsula de Iereseye". Such protection was apparently
accorded to him because the Priory was under the authority
of the English King.
In his Charter of 1203 Piers des Préaux "granted to the aforesaid
monks whatever by my men of Jersey and of Guernsey and of
Alderney, having regard to charity, shall be reasonably given
to them, saving my right". That such gifts were in fact given
to the Priory of the Ecrehos is shown by subsequent documents,
such as an account of the IVarden of the Channel Islands for
1328-1329, a list of rents in a fifteenth century rental and in other
rentals of Jersey showing wheat-rents due by certain Jersey
parishioners "by cause of Escrehoo" in 1528 and some later
years. It is explained that these wheat-rents, which formerly

20 L'objet du plaid de Quo Warranto de 1309 mentionné plus haut
était de faire une enquêtesur les biens et lesrevenus du roi d'Angle-

terre. Ces procès, qui furent nombreux. consistaient à appeler des
personnes à justifier la possession par elles d'un bien. L'abbé de
Val-Richer fut convoqué devant les juges du roi pour répondre au
sujet d'un moulin et de l'advocatio au prieuré des Ecréhous, ainsi
qu'au sujet d'une rente. Comme le moulin était situé à Jersey et
que la rente y était payable, la procédure touchant ces objets ne
révèlerien concernant le statut des Écréhous. Mais la question de
l'advocatio se présente autrement. Selon une ancienne coutume
normande, ce droit de présentation à un office ecclésiastique était
considéréet traité comme un jus in rem, inhérent au sol et insépa-

rable du territoire du fief auquel il se rattachait. (Grand Coutuvnier
de Normandie, chapitre CXI, édition de Gruchy, p. 259 ; Atire-
mens et Jugiés d'Eschequiers, publiés par Génestal et Tardif, 1921,
p. 7, par. 18.) Par conséquent, lorsque l'abbé de Val-Richer fut
convoqué devant les juges du roi à Jersey pour,répondre au sujet
de cette advocatio, ce dut être parce que les Ecréhous auxquels
l'advocatio était attachée rentraient dans le domaine du roi d'Angle-
terre. Et, quand le prieur des Ecréhous comparut comme représen-
tant de l'abbé en réponse à la convocation, la juridiction au titre
des Ecréhons fut exercée par les juges qui décidèrent (qu'il est

permis audit prieur de tenir les pemissa comme il les tient aussi
longtemps qu'il plaira au seigneur roi 1).

Le prieur des Écréhous fut impliqué dans trois autres plaids à
Jersey au cours des années 1323 et 1331. Comme ceux-ci se ratta-
chent àdes événementsqui s'étaienf produits à Jersey, ilsn'apportent
aucune lumière sur le statut des Ecréhous, mais ils montrent qu'il
y avait des relations étroites entre les Ecréhous et Jersey à cette
époque. Une autre preuve en est fournie par des lettres de protec-

tion qui, datées du 18 août 1337, peu avant le début de la guerre
de Cent ans entre l'Angleterre et la France, furent accordées par
le roi d'Angleterre à dix prieurs de Jersey et de Guernesey, parmi
lesquels le prieur des Ecréhous. Celui-ci fut qualifié de (Prior de
Acrehowe de Insula de Iereseye ». Apparemment, cette protection
lui fut accordée parce que le prieuré était sous l'autorité du roi
d'Angleterre.
Par la charte de 1203, Pierre des Préaux (concéda auxdits
moines tout ce qui leur sera donné raisonnablement par mes
hommes de Jersey, Guernesey et Aurigny,, par esprit de charité,

sauf mon droit 1)Que le prieuré des Ecrehous ait effectivement
recu de tels dons est établi par des documents postérieurs, par
exemple, un compte du gardien des Îles de la Manche pour 1328-
1329, une liste de rentes figurant dans un rentier du xvlllesiècle et
dans d'autres rentiers de Jersey faisant état de rentes de froment
dues, pour 1528 et plus tard, par certains paroissiens de Jersey
((by cause of Escrehoo 1).On a expliqué que ces rentes de froment, were due to the Priory, had been appropriated by the English
King as a result of confiscatory measures taken against "alien
priories". Both Parties have endeavoured to draw from this fact
conclusions as to thestatus of the Ecrehos. The French Government
contends that the confiscation of the Ecrehos rents can only be
ascribed to the fact that the Priory mias regarded as foreign ; it
was the result of measures taken against "alien priories". The
United Kingdom Government asserts that this term meant priories
established on English soi1 whose motl-ier church was situated
on foreign territory. The Court cannot find that the Parties have
justified their respective contentions in this regard. It appears
that it was as a result of these confiscatorv measures that the
Priory, having lost its means of subsistence, some time later was

abandoned and the chape1 fell into ruins. The close relationship
between the Ecrehos and Jersey ceased and for a considerable
period thereafter the islets were only occasionally visited by
Jerseymen for the purpose of fishing and collecting seaweed.
In 1706 fishermen from Jersey proceeding to the Ecrehos came
across a Frenchman there who had just fled from police prosecution
in France, and at his request they brought him to Jersey, where
he was examined by the authorities. The United Kingdom Govern-
ment has relied on this examination, but it cannot be considered
as an exercise of jurisdiction in respect of the Ecrehos. It was
a measure which would naturally have been taken against any
fiigitive arriving in Jersey who was a national of another State.

In 1754 plague broke out at Rouen and, as a sanitary measure,
the States of Jersey issued an Act providing inter alia:

"Qu'aucun Vaisseau ou Bateau venant du Royaume de France
ne sera soufferàentrer dans aucun Havre, ni mettre àTerre Aucun
Passagers ou Marchandises en aucun Endroit de cette Isle, pareille
Deffence etant faiteàl'egarddes Iles& Rochers de Chauzé,Marqués,
.&Icrehots, ou Rochers adjacents."

Both Parties have invoked this Act, but its text is ambiguous.
It may signify a ban on traffic from France to these islands and
rocks, thereby involving a manifestation of authority in respect
lof them. But the text may also mean that traffic to Jersey from
France, as well as from these islands and rocks is forbidden, as
in a previous prohibition in 1720. The prohibition could then be
explained by the fact that it was impossible to create a sanitary
barrier round the Minquiers and the Ecrehos, and that therefore
it became necessary to defend Jersey against the dangers of
infection spreading from these islets. But even if this were the
case, it would not follow that these islets were regarded as foreign
territory.

From the beginning of the nineteenth century the connection
between the Ecrehos and Jersey became closer again because of ailtérieurenlent dues au prieuré des Écréhous, avaieiit étéconfis-
quées par le roi d'Angleterre à la suite de mesures *rises contre les
(nliefz priories».Les deux Parties se sont employées déduire de
ce fait certaines conclusions relatives au statut des Ecréhous. Le

Gouvernement francais soutient que la confiscation des rentes des
Ecréhous ne peut s'expliquer que parce que le prieuré était consi-
déré comme étranger ;elle serait la conséquence de mesures prises
contre les (nliert priories1).Le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni
prétend que ce terme signifie les prieurés établis sur territoire
anglais dont la maison mère était située à l'étranger. La Cour
n'estime pas que les Parties aient démontréleurs thèses respectives
à cet égard. C'est, semble-t-il, à la suite de ces confiscations que
le prieuré, ayant perdu ses moyens de subsistance, fut abandonné

quelque temps après et ,que la chapelle tomba en ruines. Les
rapports étroits entre les Ecréhous et Jersey cessèrent et, ensuite,
pour une longue période, les îlots ne reçurent que la visite occasion-
nelle de Jersiais pour la pêcheet la récolte du goémon.
En 1706, des pêcheurs de Jersey se rendant aux Ecréhous y
rencontrèrent un Francais qui venait de s'y réfugier pour échapper
à la police francaise et, sur sa demande, l'amenèrent à Jersey, où
il fut interrogé par les autorités. Le Gouvernement du Royaume-
Lni a fait état de cet interrogatoire qui, toutefois, ne saurait être
considérécomme un cas d'exercice de juridiction sui-les Ecréhous-

C'était une mesure qui aurait étéprise tout naturellement contre
n'importe quel fugitif arrivant à Jersey et ressortissant d'un autre
pays.
En 1754, la peste éclata à Rouen et, à titre de inesure sanitaire,
les Etats de Jersey prirent un acte au cours duquel il est disposé :

(Qu'aucun Vaisseau ou Bateau venant du Royaume de France
ne sera soufferà entrer dans aucun Havre, nimettre àTerre Aucun
Passagers ou Marchandises en aucun Endroit de cette Isle, pareille
Deffenceetant faiteà l'égarddes Ile& Rochers de Chauzé,Alarqués,
& Icrehots, ou Rochers adjacents.))

Les deux Parties ont invoqué cet acte, mais le texte en est
ambigu. Il peut signifier une interdiction du trafic de la France
vers ces îles et rochers, comportant par là une manifestation d'auto-
rité à l'égard de ceux-ci. Mais il peut également signifier que le
trafic en provenance de la France et de ces îles et rochers vers
Jersey était interdit, comme dans une prohibition antérieure de
1720. L'interdiction pourrait alors s1expliqu?r par le fait qu'on
ne pouvait pas entourer les Minquiers et les Ecréhous d'un cordon

sanitaire et que, par conséquent, il devenait nécessaire de défendre
Jersey contre les dangers de contagion provenant de ces îlots. Mais,
mêmesi tel était le cas, on ne pourrait en conclure que ces îlots
étaient considéréscomme territoire étranger.
partir du début di1 xlxme siècle, les liens entre les Écréhous
et Jersey devinrent à nouveau plus étroits à raison de l'importancethe growing importance of the oyster fishery in the waters sur-
rounding the islets, and Jersey authorities took, during the sub-
sequent period, action in many ways in respect of the islets. Of
the manifold facts invoked by the United Kingdom Government,
the Court attaches, in particular, probative value to the acts
which relate to the exercise of jurisdiction and local administration
and to legislation.
In 1826 criminal proceedings were instituted before the Royal
Court of Jersey against a Jerseyman for having shot at a person on
the Ecrehos. Similar judicial proceedings in Jersey in respect of
criminal offencescommitted on the Ecrehos took place in 1881,1883,
1891,1913 and 1921. On the evidence produced the Court is satisfied
that the Courts of Jersey, in criminal cases such as these, have no
jurisdiction in the matter of a criminal offence committed outside
the Bailiwick of Jersey, even though the offence be committed by

a British subject resident in Jersey, and that Jersey authorities
took action in these cases because the Ecrehos were considered to
be within the Bailiwick. These facts show therefore that Jersey
courts have exercised criminal jurisdiction in respect of the Ecrehos
during nearly a hundred years.
Evidence produced shows that the law of Jersey has for centuries
required the holding of an inquest on corpses found within the
Bailiwick where it was not clear that death was due to natural
causes. Such inquests on corpses found at the Ecrehos were held
in 1859, 1917 and 1948 and are additional evidence of the exercise
of jurisdiction in respect ofthese islets.
Since about 1820, and probably earlier, perçons from Jersey have
erected and maintained some habitable houses or huts on the islets
of the Ecrehos, where they have stayed during the fishing season.
Some of these houses or huts have, for the purpose of parochial
rates, been included in the records of the Parish of St. Martin in
Jersey, which have been kept since 1889, and they have been
assessed for the levying of local taxes. Rating schedules for 1889
and 1950 were produced in evidence.

A register of fishing boats for the port of Jersey shows that the
fishing boat belonging to a Jersey fisherman, who lived permanently
on an islet of the Ecrehos for more than forty years, was entered
in that register in 1872, the port or place of the boat being indicated
as "Ecrehos Rocks", and that the licence of that boat was cancelled
in 1882. According to a letter of June, 1876, from the Principal
Customs Officer of Jersey, an officia1of that Island visited occa-
sionally the Ecrehos for the purpose of endorsing the licence of that
boat.
It is established that contracts of sale relating to real property
on the Ecrehos islets have been passed before the competent
authorities of Jersey and registered in the public registry of deeds
of that island. Examples of such registration of contracts are
produced for 1863, 1881, 1884 and some later years. grandissante de la pêche deshuîtres dans les eaux environnant les
îlots, et les autorités de Jersey, au cours de l'époque qui suivit,
1rirent des mesures nombreuses et variéesau suiet des îlots. Parmi
les divers faits qui ont été invoqués par le Gouvernement du
Royaume-Gni, la Cour attache, en particulier, valeur probante
aux actes qui se rapportent à l'exercice de la juridiction et de
l'administration locales, ainsi qu'à la législation.
En 1826 une procédure criminelle fut ouverte devant la Cour
royale de Jersey contre un Jersiais qui, aux Ecréhous, avait tiré sur
quelqu'un. Semblables prqcédures judiciaires, àpropos d'infractions

pénales commises aux Ecréhous, ont eu lieu à Jersey en 1881,
1883, 1891, 1913 et 1921. Selon la Cour, les preuves produites
démontrent que les tribunauxde Jersey, dans des affairescriminelles
de cette sorte, n'ont pas compétence à l'égardd'infractions pénales
commises hors du bailliage de Jersey, même si l'infraction est
commise par un sujet britannique résidant à Jersey, et, que les
autorités jersiaises ont agi dans ces affaires parce que les Ecréhous
étaient considérés comme faisant partie du bailliage. Ces faits
montrent donc que leç tribunaux de Jersey ont exercéla juridiction
pénale à l'égarddes Ecréhous pendant près de cent ans.

Il a étéégalement prouvé que le droit jersiais depuis des siècles
exige qu'il soit procédéà enquêtelorsque des cadavres sont trouvés
dans le bailliage et lorsqu'il n'est pas certain que la mort soit due
à des causes naturelles. Des enquêtes sur cadavres trouvés aux
Ecréhous ont été faitesen 1859, 1917 et 1948 et sont des preuves
supplémenta.ires de l'exercice de la juridiction à l'égard deces ilots.
Depuis 1820 environ, et probablement plus tôt, des personnes
de Jersey ont édifiéet entretenu des maisons ou cabanes habitables
sur les ilots des Ecréhous où elles ont demeuré pendant la saison
de pêche.Certaines de ces maisons ou cabanes ont, aux fins des

taxes paroissiales, étéinscrites aux registres, tenus depuis 1889,
de la paroisse de Saint Martin à Jersey et ont étéimposées au
titre de taxes locales. Des rôles fiscaux pour les années 1889 et
Ia/C/ont étéversésaux débats.
Un registre des bateaux de pêchedu port de Jersey montre que
le bateau de pêche,appartenant à un pêcheur jersiais qui vivait en
permanence sur un îlot des Ecréhous depuis plus de quarante ans,
.était inscrità ce registre en 1872, le port ou lieu d'attache du
bateau étant indiqué comme (Ecrehos Rocks 1): et que la licence

du bateau fut annulée en 1882. Selon une lettre de juin 1876,
émanant du fonctionnaire principal des douanes ,à Jersey, un
fonctionnaire de cette île s'est parfois rendu aux Ecréhous pour
i viser la licence du bateau.
Il est établi que des contrats de vente se rapportant à des im-
meubles sur les îlots des Ecréhous ont étépassés devant les auto-
rités compétentes de Jersey et inscrits au registre public de cette
île. Des exemples d'enregistrement de contrats ont été produits
pour les années 1863, 1881, 1884 et plus tard. In 1884, a custom-house was established in the Ecrehos by
Jersey customs authorities. The islets have been included by Jersey
authorities within the scope of their census enumerations, and in
1901 an official enumerator visited the islets for the purpose of
taking the census.
These various facts show that Jersey authorities have in several
ways exercised ordinary local administration in respect of the
Ecrehos during a long period of time.
By a British Treasury Warrant of 1375, constituting Jersey as a
Port of the Channel Islands, the "Ecrehou Rocks" were included
within the limits of that port. This legislative Act was a clear
manifestation of British sovereignty over the Ecrehos at a time
when a dispute as to such sovereignty had not yet arisen. The
French Government protested in 1376 on the ground that this Act
derogated from the Fishery Convention of 1839. But this protest
could not deprive the Act of its character as a manifestation of
sovereignty.
Of other facts ~vhichthrow light upon the dispute, it should be
mentioned that Jersey authorities have made periodical official

visits to the Ecrehos since 1885, and that they have carried out
various works and constructions there, such as a slipway in 1895,
a signal post in 1910 and the placing of a mooring buoy in 1939.

The French Government, in addition to the alleged original
feudal title considered above, has invoked the fact that the States of
Jersey in 1646 prohibited the inhabitants of Jersey from fishing
without special permission at the Ecrehos and the Chausey Islands,
and that they restricted visits to the Ecrehos in 1692 because of
the war between England and France. This shows, it is contended,
that the Ecrehos were not considered as British territory. But the
Court does not consider that this is the necessary or natural infer-
ence to be drawn from these facts.
In the course of the diplomatic exchanges between the two
Governments in the beginning of the nineteenth century
concerning fisheries off the coast of Cotentin, the French hmbas-
sador in London addressed to the Foreign Office a Note, dated

June ~zth, 1820, attaching two charts sent from the French Ministry
of Marine to the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs purporting to
delimit the areas within which the fishermen of each country were
entitled to exclusive rights of fishery. Inthese charts a blue line
marking territorial waters was drawn dong the coast of the French
mainland and round the Chausey Islands, which were indicated
as French, and a red line marking territorial waters was drawn
round Jersey, Alderney, Sark and the Minquiers, which were
indicated as British.No line of territorial waters was drawn round
the Ecrehos group, one part of which was included in the red line En 1884, un poste de douane fut installé aux Écréhous par les
autorités douanières de Jersey. Les îlots avaient étécompris par
les autorités jersiaises dans leurs opérations de recensement et en
1901 un fonctionnaire se rendit aux îlots pour y procéder au recen-
sement.
Ces divers faits montrent que les autorités de Jersey ont de
plusieurs manières exercé une administration locale ordinaire aux
Écréhous pendant une période prolongée.
Une ordonnance du Trésorbritannique de 1875,faisant de Jersey
un port des Îles de la Manche, a compris les Ecrehou Rocks » dans
leslimites de ceport. Cette mesure législative étaitune manifestation
évidente de la souveraineté britannique sur les Ecréhous à une

époque où un différend sur cette souveraineté n'avait pas encore
surgi. Le Gouvernement français protesta en 1876, motif pris de
ce que cette loi dérogeait à la convention sur la pêchede 1839.
Mais cette protestation ne pouvait enlever à l'acte son caractère
de manifestation de souveraineté.
Parmi les autres faits qui jettent de la lumière sur le diffé-
rend, il faut mentionner les visites officielles périodiques des auto-
rités jersiaises aux Ecréhous depuis 1885 et l'exécution par ces
autorités de divers travaux et constructions sur ces îlots, tels que
la construction d'un plan incliné en 1895, l'établissement d'un
mât--signalen 1910, et l'installation d'une bouéed'amarre en 1939.

X

Le Gouvernement français, en plus du titre féodal originaire
invoqué par lui et examiné plus haut, fait valoir le fait que les
Etats de Jersey, en 1646, ont interdit aux habitants de Jersey de
pêchersans une autorisation spécialeaux Ecréhous et aux Chausey
et qu'ils ont limité les visites aux Ecréhous en 1692 à raison de
!'état de guerre entre l'Angleterre et la France ;il s'ensuivrait que
les Ecréhous n'étaient pas considérés commeterritoire britannique.
Mais la Cour ne considère pas que ce soit là la déduction nécessaire
ou naturelle à tirer de ces faits.
Au cours des échanges diplomatiques qui intervinrent entre
les deux Gouvernements, au début du xlxme siècle, au sujet des
pêcheriesau large du Cotentin, l'ambassadeur de France à Londres
adressa au Foreign Officeune note, datéedu 12 juin 1820, à laquelle
étaient annexées deux cartes envoyées par le ministère français de

la Marine au ministère français des Affaires étrangères, en vue de
délimiterleszones dans lesquelleslespêcheursdechaquepays avaient
un droit exclusif de pêche.Sur ces cartes, une ligne bleue marque
les eaux territoriales le long de la côte continentale française et
autour des Chausey, qui sont indiquées comme françaises, et une
ligne rouge marque les eaux territoriales autour de Jersey, Aurigny,
Serk et les Minquiers, qui sont indiqués comme anglais. Aucune
ligne d'eaux territoriales n'est tracée autour du groupe des Ecré-
hous dont une partie est comprise dans la ligne rouge de Jersey et

23for Jersey and consequently marked as belonging to Great Britain
and the other part apparently treated as res nullius. When the
French Government in 1876 protested against the British Treasury
Warrant of 1875 and challenged British sovereignty over the
Ecrehos, it did not itself claim sovereignty, but continued to
treat the Ecrehos as res nullius. In a letter of March 26th, 1884,
from the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the French Minister
of Marine, it was stated that the British Government had not
ceased to claim the Ecrehos as a dependency to the Channel Islands,
and it was suggested that French fishermen should be prohibited
access to the Ecrehos. It does not appear that any such measure
was taken, and subsequently, in a Note to the Foreign Office of
December 15th, 1886, the French Government claimed for the
first time sovereignty over the Ecrehos "à la lumière des nouvelles
données historiqz~eset géologiques".

The Court, being now called upon 10 appraise the relative strength
of the opposing claims to sovereignty over the Ecrehos in the light
of the facts considered above, finds that the Ecrehos group in the
beginning of the thirteenth century was considered and treated as
an integral part of the fief of the Channel Islands wl-iichwere held
by the English King, and that the group continued to be under the
dominion of that King, who in the beginning of the fourteenth

century exercised jurisdiction in respect thereof. The Court further
finds that British authorities during the greater part of the nine-
teenth century and in the twentieth century have exercised State
functions in respect of the group. The French Government, on the
other hand, has not produced evidence showing that it has any
valid title to the group. In such circumstances it must be con-
cluded that the sovereignty over the Ecrehos belongs to the United
Kingdom.
* * *

The Court will now consider the claims of both Parties to sover-
eignty over the Minqz~iersand begins with the evidence produced
by the United Kingdom Government.

The Rolls of the Manorial Court of the fief of Noirmont in Jersey
contain three entries for the years 1615, 1616 and 1617 concerning
certain objects sl-iipwrecked at the Minquiers. The first two entries
state that certain wreckage of a ship, believed to belong to Hon-
fleur, and lost at the Minquiers, was carried off from the islets by
certain named persons. The Court, which was held "on this fief",
ordered the Serjeant to take charge of the objects until other pro-
vision should have been made. The third entrystates that a named
person is "in default towards the Officers of the Seigneur for having
taken awayan Anchor from the Minquiers and their neighbourhood

24par conséquent marquée comme appartenant àla Grande-Bretagne,
et l'autre partie apparemment traitée comme res nullizss. Lorsqu'en
1876 le Gouvernement français a protesté contre l'ordonnance du

Trésor bfitannique de 1875 et a contesté la souveraineté britannique
sur les Ecréhous, il n'a pas lui-même revendiqué la souveraineté,
mais a continué à traiter les Ecréhous comme res ~zullius. Dans
une lettre du 26 mars 1884 du ministère français des Affaires
étrangères au ministère français de la Marine, il est dit que le
Gouvernement britannique n'a pas cesséde réclamer les Ecréhous
comme dépendances des Iles de la Manche, et,il est suggéréd'inter-
dire aux pêcheursfrançais de se rendre aux Ecréhous. Il ne semble
pas qu'une telle mesure ait étéprise, et, par la suite, dans une note
au Foreign Office du Ij décembre 1886 e Gouvernement français
a revendiqué pour la première fois la souveraineté sur les Ecréhous
((à la lumière des nouvelles données historiques et géologiques 1).

Ayant maintenant à apprécier,à la lumière des faits considérés
ci-dessus, la valeurre!ative des prétentions des deux Parties à la
souveraineté sur les Ecréhpus, la Cour constate qu'au début du
XIII~~siècle, le groupe des Ecréhous était considéréet traité comme
partie intégrante du fief des Îles de la Manche tenues par le roi
d'Angleterre et que le groupe a continué à faire partie du domaine
de ce roi, lequel, au début dulvmesiècle, y exerçait sa juridiction.
La Cour constate en outre que des autorités britanniques,durant
la plus grande partie du xlxme siècle et au xxme siècle, ont exercé
des fonctions étatiques à l'égard de ce groupe. Le Gouvernement
français, d'autre part, n'a pas apport6 la preuve qu'il ait un titre
valable sur ce groupe. Dan? ces conditions, on doit en conclure
que la souveraineté sur les Ecréhous appartient ail Royaume-Uni.

La Cour examinera maintenant les prétentions respectives des
Parties à la souveraineté sur les Minquiers et elle commencera
cet examen par les preuves invoquées par le Gouvernement du
Royaume-Uni.
Les rôles de la cour seigneuriale du fief de Noirmont à Jersey
contiennent trois mentions pour les années 1615,161 et 1617 ,e
rapportant à diverses épaves aux Minquiers ;les deux premières
énonçant que des débris d'un navire, appartenant probablement à
Honfleur et perdu aux Minquiers, avaient étéenlevés des îlots par
des individus dont les noms sont indiqués. La cour, siégeant «sur
ce fief,ordonna au sergent de prendre ces objets .en garde, jusqu'à

ce qu'il y soit autrement pourvu. La troisième mention énonce
qu'une personne dont le nom est indiqué, est «en défaut envers les
Officiers du Seigneur pour avoir enlevé une Ancre à Ninkés et es
2468 31I'iQUIERS AXD ECREHOS C.1SE(JUDG~~E'U'T OF I7 XI j3)

and carried it to St. Malo". The Court, which again was held "on
the fief", ordered that certain persons "keep their day at the next
Court, or answer in the superior Court if the circumstances shall
require". The United Kingdom Government contends and the
French Government contests that these entries show that the Min-
quiers were a part of the fief of Noirmont.
The Grand Coutz~mierde Normandie, to which the French Govern-
ment has referred in this connection, deals with wreck in Chapter
XVII (de Gruchy edition, pp. 48-50) and contains detailed state-

ments as to custody and ownership. The wreck should be guarded
and thereafter inspected by the Bailiff or his Officers, whereupon
it should be given into custody of the lord of the fief or of "preudes
hommes" and kept during a year and a day in case the owner
should come forward and claim it. The Coutumier enumerates the
things to which the Duke of Normandy was erititled and continues :
"Al1 things other than these shall enure to the lord in whose fief
the wreck is found."
The Court inclines to the view that it was on the basis of this
ancient Norman custom that the P\lanorial Court of Noirmont
dealt with these two cases of wreck fou~d at the Minquiers. It

dealt with them on behalf of "the lord in whose fief the wreck
is found", the lord of Noirmont. In the first case it ordered the
Serjeant to take charge of the wreck, in the second case it declared
a certain person to be "in default towards the Officers of the
Seigneur" for having taken away the wreck, and it ordered some
other persons to "keep their day at the next Court". As the
jurisdiction of a local Court such as that of a Manor must have
been strictly territorial and, in cases concerning wreck, limited
to wreck found within the territory of its jurisdiction, it is difficult
to explain its dealing with the two cases unless the Minquiers
were considered to be a part of the fief of Noirmont.

The United Kingdom Government has further invoked a Judg-
ment of 1692 of the Royal Court of Jersey in litigation between
the English King and the guardian of the Seigneur of the fief
of Samarès in Jersey, concerning goods shipwrecked on the rocks
of the Minquiers. The Court decided that the goods should be
shared between the two litigants and the salvors, each taking
a third, and it based this decision on "certain Letters" of the
King's Privy Council of 1620 and on an Act of 1632. As these
documents are not produced, it cannot be seen on what ground
the Judgment was based. It is therefore not possible to draw
from this Judgment any conclusion supporting the British claim

to the Minquiers.
In 1779 the Jersey Piers and Harbours Cornmittee made an
order for subsidizing the owner of a boat for the use of his boat
and for services rendered by him and his crew "who have been
at the Minquiers for the purpose of helping and saving persons
25environs et portée à St Xalo 1)Le tribunal, siégeantencore une fois
((sur ce fief))ordonna à certaii~espersonnes de (garder leur jour à
la prochaine Cour, ou répondre à la Cour supérieure si le cas
requiert D. Le Gouvernement du Royaume-Lni soutient, et le Gou- '
vernement francais conteste, que ces mentions démontrent que les
Minquiers faisaient partie du fief de Noirmont.
Le Grand Coutumier de Nornzandie, auquel se réfère à ce propos

le Gouvernement francais, traite des épaves au chapitre XT711
(édition deGruchy, pp. 4s-50) et contient des renseignements détail-
léssur la garde et la propriété.Les épaves devaient êtregardées,
puis inspectéespar le bailli ou ses officiers, après quoi elles devaient
êtreconfiées àla garde du seigneur du fiefou à de (preudes hommes 1)
et êtreconservéespendant un an et un jour, pour le cas où le pro-
priétaire se présenterait pour les réclamer. Le Coz~tz~mieé rnumère

les choses auxquelles le duc de Normandie avait droit, et continue :
<(Toutes les aultres choses remaindront au seigneur en quel fief le
varech aura été trouvé. 1)
La Cour incline à estimer que c'est sur la base de cette ancienne
coutume normande que la cour seigneuriale de Noirmont a connu
de ces deux affaires d'épaves trouvées aux Minquiers. Elle en a
connu au nom du cseigneur en quel fief le varech aura été trouvé »,
le seigneur de Noirmont. Dans la première affaire, elle a ordonné

au sergent d'assumer la garde de l'épave ; dans la seconde, elle
a déclaréqu'une certaine personne (cétait en défaut envers les
Officiers du Seigneur » pour avoir enlevé l'épave, et a ordonné à
d'autres personnes a de garder leur jour à la prochaine cour ».
Comme la compétence d'une juridiction locale telle qu'une cour
seigneurialea dû êtrestrictement territoriale et, en matière d'épaves,
limitée aux épaves trouvées sur le territoire de son ressort, il est

difficile d'expliquer comment cette cour aurait pu connaître de ces
deux affaires, si les hlinquiers n'avaient pas étéconsidéréscomme
faisant partie du fief de Noirmont.
Le Gouvernement du Royaume-Cni a invoqué en outre un arrêt
de 1692 de la cour royale de Jersey, dans un procès entre le roi
d'Angleterre et le tuteur du seigneur du fief de Samarès à Jersey,
à propos d'épaveséchouéessur les rochers des Minquiers. La cour

a décidéque les épaves devaient être partagées entre les deux
plaideurs et les sauveteurs, chacun en recevant un tiers, et elle a
fondé sa décisionsur (certaines lettres »du conseil privé du roi de
1620 et sur un acte de 1632. Comme ces documents n'ont pas été
produits, on ne saurait voir sur quel motif le jugement fut fondé.
Il n'est donc pas possible d'en tirer une conclusion quelconque en
faveur de la réclamation britannique sur les Minquiers.

En 1779, le comité des Havres et Chaussées de Jersey rendit
une ordonnance accordant une rémunération au propriétaire d'un
bateau pour usage de son bateau et services rendus par lui et son
équipage (qui ont étéaux Minquais dans l'Intention de Secourir

25et Sauver les Personnes qu'il y avait lieu de croire y avoir été
Naufragées ». Cela montre que le comité s'intéressait à assurer de
tels services aux Minquiers, mais on peut difficilement y voir une
mesure constituant l'exercice d'une autorité sur les îlots ni en
conclure que le comité ait accordéla rémunération seulement parce
qu'il considérait que les Minquiers faisaient partie de Jersey. Le
Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni a invoqué encore deux jugements
de 1811 et 1817 de la cour royale de Jersey, concernant des services
de sauvetage rendus par des Jersiaisà deux navires naufragés aux
Minquiers. Il semble qu'il s'agissait de deux affaires ordinaires de
sauvetage, et il n'est pas démontré que la cour royale de Jersey
eût étéincompétente si le sauvetage avait eu lieu hors du territoire

de Jersey.
Les autres preuves produites par le Gouvernemeilt du Royaume-
Uni au sujet des Alinquiers présentent le même caractère que
celles examinées plus haut àpropos de sa prétention aux Ecréhous.
Ainsi qu'il a déjàétéindiqué, la loi de Jersey exige depuis des siècles
qu'il soit procédéà enquêtelorsque des cadavres sont trouvés dans
le bailliage. Pareilles enquêtes sur cadavres trouvés aux Minquiers
ont été faitesen 1850, 1938 et 1948, et elles montrent que juridiction
a étéexercée à l'égard de ces îlots.
Depuis environ 181j, et peut-être plus tôt, des personnes de
Jersey ont aussi édifiéet entretenu des maisons ou cabanes habita-
bles sur les îlots des >linquiers, où elles ont demeuré pendant la
saison de pêche. Certaines de ces maisons ou cabanes ont été
inscrites aux registres de la paroisse de Grouville à Jersey pour
l'application de la taxe paroissiale, et l'impôt foncier a été payé

par les propriétaires. Des rôles fiscaux pour 1939 et 1950 ont été
versés aux débats.
Il est établi que des contrats de vente se rapportant à des im-
meubles aux Minqüiers ont, comme dans le cas des Ecréhous,
étépassés devant les autorités compétentes de Jersey et inscrits
au registre public de l'île. Des exemples d'enregistrement de
contrats ont été produits pour 1896, 1909 et plus tard.
En 1909, les autorités douanières de Jersey ont établi aux Min-
quiers un poste de douane portant les armes de Jersey. Les îlots
avaient été compris par les ailtorités jersiaises dans leurs opérations
de recensement et, en 1921, un fonctionnaire se rendit aux îlots pour
y procéder au recensement.
Ces divers faits montrent que les autorités de Jersey ont de

plusieurs manières exercé une administration locale ordinaire aux
Minquiers pendant une période prolongée.
Parmi les autres faits qui apportent de la lumière sur le différend,
il faut mentionner les visites officielles périodiques des autorités
jersiaises aux Minquiers depuis 1888 et l'exécution par ces autorités
de divers travaux et constructions sur ces îlots,tels que la construc-
tion d'un plan incliné en 1907, l'installation d'une bouée d'amarre
en 1913, de feux et bouées en 1931 et plus tard, et d'un treuil
en 1933.
2670 MISQCIERS AXD ECREHOS C-ISE (JVDG~~EXT OF 1.7SI 53)

The evidence thus produced by the United Kingdom Governmeilt
shows in the opinion of the Court that the Minquiers in the begiilning
of the seventeenth century were treated as a part of the fief of
Noirmont in Jersey, and that British authorities during a consider-
able part of the nineteenth century and in the twentieth cei1tur.i-
have exercised State functions in respect of this group.

The French Government has, in addition to the alleged original
feudal title,invoked certain facis. It contends that the Biinquiers
have been a dependency of the Chausey Islands, ~vhich, according
to the view of that Goverilment, have always belongetl. to France,
and which in 1022 n-ere granted by the Duke of Sormandy to the

Abbey of Mont-Saint-Michel. It has referred to a Papal Bull of
1179 which confirmed this Abbey in al1 its possessions, among
which the Bull mentioned "totanzi~zsztlamde causecz~nz pertine~ztiis
suis". But from this general clause about appurtenances to the
Chausey Islands no deduction can be made with regard to the
status of the Minquiers. The United Kingdom Government has,
on the other hand, contended that the Chausey Islands belonged
to England until about 1764. But the Court does not, for the
purpose of deciding the present case, consider it necessary to
determine at what time the Chausey Islands became a French
possession.
In 1784 a French national submitted to the French NIinister of
Marine an application for a concession in respect of the Ninquiers,
an application which was not granted.The correspondence between
the French authorities, relating to this matter, does not disclose

anything which could support the present French claim to sover-
eignty, but it reveals certain fears of creating difficulties with the
English Crown.
In 1831 a French national made a hydrographical survey of the
Minquiers group ;but a British Naval officer, on instructions from
the British Admiralty, surveyed both the Minquiers and the Ecrehos
as early as 1813-1815.
The French Government further contends that since 1861 it
has assumed the sole charge of the lighting and buoying of the
Minquiers for more than 75 years, without having encountered
any objection from the United Kingdom Government. The buoys
were placed outside the reefs of the group and purported to aid
navigation to and from French ports and protect shipping against
the dangerous reefs of the Minquiers. In 1888 a French mission,
appointed to make a hydrographic survey of the islets, erected

provisional beacons on several of them to facilitate the survey.

The French Government has also relied on the fact that the
French Prime 3~linisterand the Air Mjnister in 1938 travelled to
the Minquiers in order to inspect the buoying, and that a Frenchman La Cour est d'avis que les preuves ainsi présentéespar le Gouver-
nement du Royaume-Uni montrent qu'au début du xvllrne siècle
les Minquiers étaient traités comme faisant partie du fief de Noir-
mont àJersey, et que les autorités britanniques, pendant une grande
partie du xlxme siècleet au xxme, ont exercé desfonctions étatiques
à l'égardde ce groupe.

Le Gouvernement français, en plus du prétendu titre féodalorigi-
naire invoqué par lui, fait valoir certains faits. Il soutient que les
Minquiers ont étéune dépendance des îles Chausey qui, d'après ce

Gouvernement, ont toujours appartenu à la France et ont été
données par le duc de Normandie à l'abbaye du Mont-Saint-Michel
en 1022. Il a cité une bulle papale de 1179 qui confirme l'abbaye
dans toutes ses possessions, parmi lesquelles la bulle mentionne
« totanzinsulam de causecum fi-vtinentiis suis».Mais de cette clause
généralesur les appartenances des îles Chausey, on ne saurait rien
déduire quant au statut des Minquiers. De son côté, le Gouverne-
ment du Royaume-Uni a soutenuque les îles Chausey ont appartenu
à l'Angleterre jusque vers 1764. Mais pour statuer sur la présente
affaire, la Cour ne croit pas nécessairede détermineràquelle époque
les îles Chausey sont devenues une possession française.

En 1784,un ressortissant français a présentéau ministère français
de la Marine une demande de concession se rapportant aux Min-
quiers, demande qui ne fut pas acceptée. La correspondance échan-
gée à cette occasion par les autorités françaises ne contient rien qui
vienne àl'appui de la prétention française actuellà la souveraineté
sur les îlots, mais elle révèleune certaine crainte de créer des diffi-
cultés avec la Couronne d'Angleterre.
En 1831, un ressortissant français a fait un relevéhydrographique
du groupe des Minquiers ; mais, sur les instructions de l'amirauté
britannique, un officierde marine britannique avait, dès 1813-1815,
procédéau relevédes Minquiers et des Ecréhous.
Le Gouvernement français soutient en outre que, depuis 1861,
il a assumé seulla charge de l'éclairageet du balisage des Minquiers
pendant plus de soixante-quinze ans, sans avoir rencontré aucune

objection de lapart du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni. Les bouées
ont étéplacéeshors des récifsdu groupe, dans le but d'aider la navi-
gation à l'entréeet à la sortie des ports français et de protéger les
bateaux contre les dangereux récifs des Minquiers. En 1888, une
mission française, chargéede procéder à un relevéhydrographique
des îlots, a édifdes feux temporaires sur plusieurs d'entre eux pour
faciliter le relevé.
Le Gouvernement français a égaiement invoqué le fait que le
président du Conseil français et le ministre de l'Air se sont rendus
aux Minquiers en 1938 poar inspecter le balisage, et qu'en 1939, 71 MINQUIERS AND ECREHOS CASE (JUDGMENT OF 17 XI 53)

in 1939 erected a house on one of the islets with a subsidy from
the Mayor of Granville. It has finally referred to certain recent
hydro-electric projects for the installation of tidal power plants in
the Bay of Mont-Saint-Michel and the region of the Minquiersislets.
The Court does not find that the facts, invoked by the French
Government, are sufficient to show that France has a valid title
to the Minquiers. As to the above-mentioned acts from the nine-
teenth and twentieth centuries in particular, including the buoying
outside the reefs of the group, such acts can hardly be considered
as sufficient evidence of the intention of that Government to act
as sovereign over the islet;nor are those acts of such a character

that they can be considered as involving a manifestation of State
authority in respect of the islets.
A perusal of the diplomatic exchanges between the two Govern-
ments from the beginning of the nineteenth century confirms this
view. By his Note of June ~zth, 1820, to the Foreign Office,
already referred to above, the French Ambassador in London
transmitted a letter from the French Minister of Marine of Sep-
tember 14th, 1819, to the French Foreign Minister, in ~vhich
the Minquiers were stated to be "possédéspar L'Angleterre",and
in one of the charts enclosed the Minquiers group was indicated
as being British. It is argued by the French Government that
this admission cannot be invoked against it, as it \vas made in
the course of negotiations which did not result in agreement.
But it was not a proposa1 or a concession made during negotiations,
but a statement of facts transmitted to the Foreign Office by

the French Ambassador, who did not express any reservation
in respect thereof. This statement must therefore be considered
as evidence of the French officia1view at that time. When the
British Embassy in Paris, in a Note of November ~zth, 1869, to
the French Foreign Minister, had complained about alleged theft
by French fishermen at the Minquiers and referred to this group
as "this dependency of the Channel Islands", the French Minister,
in his reply of March t th, 1870, refuted the accusation against
French fishermen, but made no reservation in respect of the
statement that the Minquiers group was a dependency of the
Channel Islands. It was not until 1888, that France, in a Note
of August 27th. for the first time made a claim to sovereignty
over that group, a claim which appears to have been provoked
by a visit to the islets of the Jersey Piers and Harbours Committee.

In 1929 a French national, M. Leroux, commenced the construction
of a house on one of the islets of the Minquiers in virtue of a lease
issued by French Government officials. In a Note of July 26th,
1929, the United Kingdom Government protested and said that
they "have no doubt that the French Government, in order to
obviate al1 risk of the occurrence of some untoward incident on
the spot, will restrain RIonsieur Leroux from proceeding further
with his building operations". No reply appears to have been
28un Français a construit une maison sur l'un desîlots avec un subside
du maire de Granville.Enfin, on a mentionné certains projets hydro-
électriquesrécents pour l'installation d'usines marémotrices dans la
baie du Mont-Saint-Michel et les parages des îlots des Minquiers.
La Cour n'estime pas que les faits invoquéspar le Gouvernement
français suffisent à démontrer que la France ait un titre valable aux
Minquiers. En particulier, les divers actes du xlxme et du xxme

sièclesmentionnés ci-dessus, y compris le balisage autour des récifs
du groupe, ne sauraient être considérés commepreuve suffisante de
l'intention de ce Gouvernement de se comporter en souverain sur
les îlots d'autre part, ces actes ne présentent pas un caractère per-
mettant de les considérer comme une manifestation de l'autorité
étatique sur les îlots.
L'examen des échanges diplomatiques entre les deux Gouver-
nements à partir du début du xlxme siècle confirme cette opinion.
Par une note du 12 juin 1820au Foreign Office,déjàcitée plushaut,
l'ambassadeur de France à Londres a transmis une lettre du 14 sep-
tembre 1819du ministrefrançais delaMarine au ministrefrançais des

Affaires étrangères,où les Minquiers sont indiquéscomme ((possédés
par l'Angleterre »,et sur l'une des cartes annexées, le groupe des
Minquiers est indiquécomme étant anglais. Le Gouvernement fran-
çais soutient que cette admission ne saurait luiêtreopposée,car elle
fut faite au cours de négociations qui n'ont pas abouti à un accord.
Toutefois, il ne s'agit pas d'une proposition ou d'une concession
faite au cours de négociations, mais de l'énoncéde faits transmis au
Foreign Officepar l'ambassadeur de France, qui n'a exprimé aucune
réserve à ce sujet. Cette déclaration doit donc êtreconsidérée comme
la preuve des vues officiellesfrançaises à l'époque.Quand l'ambas-
sade britannique à Paris, dans une note du 12 novembre 1869 au

ministre français des Affaires étrangères, s'est plaint de prétendus
vols par les pêcheursfrançais aux Minquie~s et s'est référée à ce
groupe en disant : cette dépendance des Iles de la Manche )),le
ministre français, dans sa réponse du II mars 1870, a réfutél'accu-
sation contre les pêcheursfrançais mais sans faire de réserve sur la
déclaration que le groupe des Minquiers était une dépendance des
Des de la Manche. Ce n'est qu'en 1888, dans une note du 27 août,
que la France a, pour la première fois, revendiqué la souveraineté
sur ce eroupe, revendication qui semble avoir étéprovoquée par
une visite aux îlots faite par le comité des Havres et Chausséesde

Jersey. En 1929, un ressortissant français, M. Leroux, entreprit la
construction d'une maison sur l'un des îlots des Minquiers, en vertu
d'un bail consenti par l'administration française. Dans une note du
26 juillet 1929, le Gouvernement du Royaume-Cni a protesté et
s'est déclaré (convaincu que le Gouvernement français, pour éviter
tout risque d'un incident regrettable sur les lieux, dissuadera
M. Lcroux de poursuivre plus avant les travaux de construction ».
Il-n'apparaît pas que le Gouvernement français ait répondu, mais
la construction de la maison fut interrompue. Que la construction

28given by the French Government ; but the construction of the
house was stopped. That it was stopped at the instigation of that
Government appears to follow from a Note of October 5th, 1937,
from the French Ambassador to the Foreign Office, where it was
stated that "the French Government, moreover, in spite of the
slight distance between the Minquiers islands and the Chausey
islands, did not hesitate, a few years ago, to prevent the acquisition
of land on the Minquiers by French nationals".

In such circumstances, and having regard to the view expressed
above with regard to the evidence produced by the United Kingdom
Government, the Court is of opinion that the sovereignty over

the Minquiers belongs to the United Kingdom.

For these reasons,

unanimously,

finds that the sovereignty over the islets and rocks of the
Ecrehos and Minquiers groups, in so far as these islets and rocks
are capable of appropriation, belongs to the United Kingdom.

Done in English and French, the English text being autho-
ritative, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this seventeenth day of
November, one thousand nine hundred and fifty-three, in three

copies, one of which will be placed in the archives of the Court
and the others will be transmitted to the Government of the
French Republic and to the Government of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, respectively.

(Signed) J. G. GUERRERO,

Vice-President.

(Signed) GARNIER-COIGNET,

Deputy-Registrar.ait été arrêtéeà l'instigation de ce Gouvernement, parait résulter
d'une note du joctobre 1937de l'ambassadeur deFrance au Foreign
Office, où il est dit quee Gouvernement français, malgré la faible
distance qui sépareles îles Minquiers des îles Chausey, n'a d'ailleurs
pas hésité, il y a quelques années, à empêcher des ressortissants
francais d'acquérir des terrains sur les îles Minqui1).

Dans ces circonstances et eu égard à l'opinion exprimée plus
haut sur les preuves produites par le Gouvernement du Royaume-
Uni, la Cour est d'avis que la souveraineté sur les Minquiers
appartient au Royaume-Gni.

Par ces motifs,

à l'unanimité,

dit que !a souveraineté sur les îlots et rochers des groupes des
Écréhous et des Minquiers, dans la mesure où ces îlots et rochers
sont susceptibles d'appropriation, appartient au Royaume-Uni.

Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au
Palais de la Paix, à La Haye, le dix-sept novembre mil neuf cent
cinquante-trois, en trois exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposé
aux archives de la Cour et dont les autres seront transmis respec-
tix-ement ail Gouvernement de la République française et au
Gouvernemeiit du Royaume-L-ni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande
du Xord.

Le Vice-Président,
(Signé ) .G. GCERRERO.

Le Greffier adjoint,

(Signé ) ARNER-COIGSET.73 MIXQGIERS AKD ECREHOS CASE (JCDGMEKT OF I7 XI 53)

Judge ALTAREZdeclares that he concurs in the conclusions
reached in the Judgment of the Court but for different reasons.
In his opinion, it is clear from the ~vritten proceedings and the
oral arguments that the Parties have attributed excessive impor-
tance to historic titles and that they have not sufficiently taken
into account the state of international law or its present tendencies

in regard to territorial sovereignty.
He wishes to emphasize that the task of the Court is to resolve
international disputes by applying, not the traditional or classical
international law, but that nrhich exists at the present day and
which is in conformity with the new conditions of international
life, and to develop this law in a progressive spirit.

Judges BASDETAKT and CXRSEIRO,availing themselves of the

right conferred on them by Article57 of the Statute, append to the
Judgment of the Court statements of their individual opinions.

(Initialled) J. G.G.

(Initialled) G.-C. M. ALVAREZj,uge, déclarequ'il adhère aux conclusions de l'arrêt
de la Cour mais pour des motifs différents.
,4 son avis, il résulte tant du dossier que des plaidoiries que
les Parties ont donné une importance excessive aux titres histo-
riques et qu'elles n'ont pas tenu un compte suffisant de l'état
du droit international et de ses tendances actuelles en matière
de souveraineté territoriale.
Il tient à souligner que la mission de la Cour est de régler les

différends internationaux en appliquant non le droit international
traditionnel ou classique, mais celui qui existe actuellement,
conforme aux nouvelles conditions de la vie internationale et de
le développer dans un esprit progressiste.

MM. BASDEVANe Tt CARNEIROj,uges, se prévalant du droit que
leur confère l'articl57 du Statut, joignent à l'arrêtles exposésde
leur opinion individuelle.

(Paraphé) J. G. G.

(Paraplzé)G.-C.

ICJ document subtitle

(including the text of the declaration of Judge Alvarez)

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 17 November 1953

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