Judgment of 21 December 1962

Document Number
046-19621221-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

INTERNATIONAL COURTOF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,

ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

SOUTH WEST AFRICA CASES

(ETHIOPIA v.SOUTH AFRICA;
LIBERIA v.SOUTH AFRICA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS

JUDGMENT OF 21 DECEMBER 1962

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,

AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRES DU SUD-OUEST AFRICAIN

(ÉTHIOPIEc.AFRIQUE DU SUD;
LIBERIA c.AFRIQUE DU SUD)
EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIMINAIRES This Judgment should be cited as follows:
"South West Africa Cases (Ethiopia v. SoztthAfrica;
Liberia. South Africa), Preliminnry Objections,

Judgment of1 Decembe1962:I.C . Report1962 ,.319."

Le présent arrêtdoit êtrecitécomme suit:

aAgaires du Sud-Ouest africain (Éthiopie c. Af;ique du Sud
Libériac. Ajrique du,Exceptions préliminaires,
Arrêtdu 21décembr1962: C.I. JRecuei1962 ,.319.))

'"es nu""' 270 1
No de vente: INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

1962
21 December YEAR 1962
Xos. 46 & 47
21 December 1962

SOUTH WEST AFRICA CASES
(ETHIOPIA v.SOUTH AFRICA;

LIBERIA v.SOUTH AFRICA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS

Preliminary questionof existenceof a disputebetweentheParties.-
Origin,nature andcharacteristicsof Mandatesm.-Mandate for

South West Africa as an instrument of an internationalcharacter.-
Questionof registrationof Ma:dArticle18 ofCovenant.-Article 7
of Mandate as treaty or conventionwithin meaning of Article 37 of
Statute.-Dissolution ofLeagueofNationsandsurvivalof Mandate.-
Essentialityof Article Mandate.-Cafiacity to invokethat Article.

-Scope of Article 7 and interestof MemberStatesin PerfoO!ance
Mandate.-Rule of prior difilornaticnegotiationand its applicability.
-Court's finding of jurisdiction.

JUDGMENT
Presen: President WINIARSK ;IVice-PresidentALFARO ; Judges

BASDEVANT B,ADAWIM , ORENO QUINTANA W, ELLINGTON
Koo, SPIROPOULO SS, Percy SPENDER S,ir Gerald FITZ-
MAURICE, KORETSKYB ,USTAMANT YERIVERO, JESSUP,

MOKELLI ;udges ad hocSir Louis MBANEFO VAN WYK;
RegistrarGARNIER-COIGNET.320 SOUTH WEST AFKICA CASES (JUDGMENT 21 XII62)

In the South West Africa cases,

betweerz
the Empire of Ethiopia,

represented by
H.E. Dr. Tesfaye Gebre-Egzy,
Hon. Ernest A. Gross, Member of the New York Bar,

as Agents,
assisted by
Mr. Edward R. Moore, Assistant Attorney-General of Liberia,
Mr. Leonard S. Sandweiss, Member of the New York Bar,
as Counsel;

the Republic of Liberia,

represented by
Hon. Joseph J. F. Chesson, Attorney-General of Liberia,
Hon. Ernest A. Gross, Member of the New York Bar,
as Agents,

assisted by
Mr. Edward R. Moore, Assistant Attorney-General of Liberia,
Mr. Leonard S. Sandweiss, Member of the New 1-ork Bar,
as Counsel,

and

the Republic of South Africa,
represented by

Dr. J. P. verLoren van Themaat, S.C., Law Adviser to the
Department of Foreign -4ff,airs,
as Agent,
and by
Mr. Ross McGregor, Deputy State Attorney,

as Additional Agent,
assisted by
Mr. D. P. de Villiers, S.C., Member of the South African Ear,

Mr. G. van R. Muller, S.C., Member of the South African Bar,
as Counsel,
Mr. J.S. F. Botha, Department of Foreign Affairs,

as Adviser,
and

Mr. F. D. Tothill, Department of Foreign Affairs,
as Secretary,
5 composed as above,

deliuersthe folloz~~igudgment :

On 4 November 1960 the Registrar received two Applications,
each instituting proceedings against the Government of the Union
of South Africa relating to "the continued existence of the Mandate
for South West Africa and the duties and performance of the
Union, as Mandatory, thereunder." One of these Applications was
submitted on behalf ofthe Government of Ethiopia; it was transmit-
ted by a letter from the Agents who had been appointed in the case
by that Government, as appears from a communication by the
Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia,
the letter and communication being dated 28 October 1960. The
other Application was submitted on behalf of the Government of

Liberia; it was transmitted by a letter from the Agents who hadbeen
appointed in the case by that Government, as appears from a
communication from the Ambassador of Liberia in the Netherlands,
the letter and communication being dated 4 November 1960.
To found the jurisdiction of the Court in the proceedings thus
instituted, the Applications, having regard to Article 80, paragraph
1, of the Charter of the United Nations, rely on Article 7 of the
Mandate of 17December 1920 for German South West Africa and
Article 37 of the Statute of the Court.
.In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2,of the Çtatute, the
Applications were communicated to the Government of the Union of
South Africa. In accordance with paragraph 3 of the same Article,
the other Members of the United Nations and the non-Member
States entitled to appear before the Court were notified.
Time-limits for the filing of the Memorial of Ethiopia and the

&TernoriaolfLiberia, and for the filingofthe Counter-Memorials ofthe
Union of South Africa, werefixed by tulo Orders of 13January 1961.
By letters dated 28 March 1961, the Agent of the Government of
Ethiopia, on the one hand, requested that atime-limit be fixedwithin
which his Governmentmight notify its intention to exercise the right
to choose a Judge ad hocand might indicate the name of the person
chosen; and the Agent of the Government of Liberia, on the other
hand, made the same request in respect of that Government. Seised
of these two requests, and having taken cognizance of the two
Mernorials which had been filed on 15 April 1961, the Court,
considering that the two applicant Governments were in the same
interest and were therefore, so far as the choice of a Judge ad hoc
was concerned, to be reckoned asone party only, by Order of 20 May
1961, joined the proceedings in the two cases, and fixed the time-

limit as requested.
On 30 November 1961, within the time-limit fixed for the presen-
tation of its first pleading, the Government of South Afnca filed
6Preliminary Objections. Accordingly, an Order of 5 December 1961
recorded that by virtue of the provisions of Article 62, paragraph 3,
of the Rules of Court, the proceedings on the merits were suspended
and fixed I March 1962 as the time-limit within which the Govern-

ments ofEthiopia and Liberia might present a written statement of
their observations and submissions on the objections..

The statement having been presented within the prescribed time-
limit, the casesbecame ready for hearing on I March 1962in respect
of the Preliminary Objections.
Pursuant to Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute, and the Order
of the Court of 20 May 1961, the Governments of Ethiopia and
Liberia, acting in concert, chose Sir Louis Mbanefo, Chief Justice of
the Eastern Region of Nigeria, to sit as Judge ad hoc.In accordance
with the same Article, the Govemment of South Africa chose the
Honourable J. T. van Wyk, Judge of the Appellate Division of the
Supreme Court of South Africa, to sit as Judge ad hoc.

On 2-5, 8-11, 15-17, and 19 and 22 October 1962, hearings were
held in the course of which the Court heard the oral arguments and
,replies of Mr. verLoren van Themaat, Agent, Mr. de Villiers and
Mr. Muller, Counsel, on behalf of the Government of South Africa;
and of the Honourable Emest A. Gross, Agent, and the Honourable
Edward R. Moore, Counsel, on behalf of the Governments of Ethio-
pia and Liberia.
In the written proceedings, the following Submissions were
presented by the Parties:

On behalfof the Governmentsof Ethiopia and Liberia,

In the Applications :
"May it please the Court, to adjudge and declare, whether the
Govemment of the Union of South Africa is present or absent and
aftersuch time limitations as the Court may see fit to fix, that,
A. SouthWestAfricaisa Temtory under theMandateconferred
upon HisBritannic Majestyby the PrincipalAlliedand Associated
Powers, to be exercised on his behalf by the Govemment of the
Union of South Africa, accepted by His Britannic Majesty for
and onbehalf ofthe Govemmentofthe UnionofSouth Africa,and
conhed by the Councilof the League of Nations on December
17, 1920; and that the aforesaid Mandate is a treaty in force,
within the meaningofArticle37ofthe Statute ofthe International
Court of Justice.
B. The Union of South Africa remains subject to the inter-
national obligationsset forth in Articl22 of the Covenant of the
League of Nations and in the Mandate for South West Africa,
and that the General Assembly of the United Nations is legally
qualified to exercise the supervisory functions previously exer-
cisedby the League of Nations with regard to the administration
of the Territory, and that the Union is under an obligation to
7 SOUTH WEST AFRICA CASES (JUDGMENT 21 XII 62)
323
submit to the supervision and control of the General Assembly
with regard to the exercise of the Mandate.
C. The Union of South Africaremains subject tothe obligations
to transmit to the United Nations petitions from the inhabitants
of the Territory, as well as to submit an annual report to the
satisfaction of the United Nations in accordance with Article 6
of the Mandate.

D. The Union has substantially niodified the terms of the
Mandate without the consent of the United Nations; that such
modification is a violation of Article 7 of the Mandate and Arti-
cle 22 of the Covenant ;and that the consent of the United Nations
is a necessary prerequisite and condition to attempts on the part
of the Union dircctly or indirectly to modify the terms of the
Mandate.
E. The Union has failcd to promote to the utmost the material
and moral well-being and social progreçs of the inhabitants ofthe
Territory; its failure to do so is a violation of Article 2 of the
Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant ; and that the Union has
the duty forthwith to take al1pïacticablr action to fulfil its duties
under such Articles.
F. The Union, in administering the Territory, has practised
apartheid, i.e. has distinguished as to race, colbï, national or
tribal origin, in establishing the rights and duties ofthe inhabitants
of the Territory; that such practice is in violation of Article 2.of
the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant ;and that the Union
has the duty forthwith to cease the practice of apartheid in the
Territory.

G. The Union, in administering the Territory,has adopted and
applied legislation, regulations,proclamations, and administrative
decreeswhich are by their terms and in their application, arbitrary,
unreasonable, unjust and detrimental to hunian dignity; that the
foregoing actions by the Union violate Article 2 of the Mandate
and Article 22 of the Covenant; and that the Union has the duty
forthwith to repral and not to apply such legislation, regulations,
proclamations, and administrative decrees.

H. The Union has adopted and applied legislation, admin-
istrative regulations, and officia1actions whichsuppress the rights
and liberties of inhabitants of the Territory essential to their
orderly evolution toward self-government, the right to which is
implicit in the Covenant of the League of Nations, the terms of
the Mandate, and currently accepted international standards, as
embodied in the Charter of the United Nations and the Declara-
tion of Human Rights; that the foregoing actions by the Union
violate Article 2 of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant;
and that the Union has the duty forthwith to cease and desist
from any action which thwarts the orderly development of self-
govemment in the Territory.
1. The Union has exercised powers of administration and legis-
lation over the Territory inconsistent with the international status
of the Territory;' that the foregoing action by the Union is in

8. SOUTH WEST AFRICA CASES (JUDGMENT 21 XII 62)
324
violation of Article 2 of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Cove-
nant ;that theUnion has the duty to refrain from acts ofadministra-
tion and legislation which are inconsistent with the intematiorial
status of the Territory.
J. The Union has failed to render to the General Assembly
of the United Nations annual reports containing information
with regard to the Territory and indicating the measures it has
taken to carry out its obligations under the Mandate; that such
failure is a violation of Article 6 of the Mandate; and that the
Union has the duty forthwith to render such annual reports to
the General Assembly.

K. The Union has failed to transmit tothe General Assembly of
the United Nations petitions from the Territory's inhabitants
addressed to the General Assembly; that such failure is a violation
to transmit such petitions to the General Assembly.has the duty

The Applicant reserves the right to request the Court to declare
and adjudge with respect to such other and further matters as the
Applicant may deem appropriate to present to the Court.
May it also please the Court to adjudge and declare whatever
else it may deem fit and proper in regard to tllis Application, and
to make all necessary awards and orders, including an award of
costs, to effectuate its determinations";

In the Memorials:
"Upon the basis of the foregoing allegations of fact, supplemented
by such facts as rnay be adduced in further testimony before this
Court, and the foregoing statements of law, supplemented by sucl:
other statements of law as may be hereinafter made, may it please
the Court to adjudge and declare, whether the Government of the
Union of South Africa is present or absent, that :
1. South West Africa is a territory under the Mandate conferred
upon His Britannic Majesty by the Principal Allied and Associated
Powers, to be exercised on his behalf by the Government of the
Union of South Africa, accepted by his Britannic hlajeçty for and
on behalf of the Government of the Union of South Africa, and
confirmed by the Council of the Lcague of Nations on December 17,
1920;
2. the Union of South Africa continues to have the international
obligations stated in Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of
Nations and in the Mandate for South West Africa as wcll as the
obligation to transmit petitions fromthe inhabitants of that Territ-
ory, the supervisory functions to be exercised by the United Nations,
to which the annual reports and the petitions are to be submitted;

3. the Union, in the respects set forth in Chapter V of this Memor-
ial and summarized in Paragraphs 189and rgo thereof, lias practtsed
aflartlzeid,i.e., has distinguiched as to race, color, national or tribal
origin in establishing the rights and duties of the inhabitants of the
Territory; that such practice is in violation of its obligations as
9 stated in Article 2 of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant of
the League of Nations; and that the Union has the duty forthwith
to cease the practice of apartheid in the Territory;

4. the Union, by virtue of the economic, political, social and
educational policies applied within the Territory, which are described
in detail in ChapterV of this Memorial and summarized at Paragraph
p gothereof, has failed to promote to the utmost the material and
moral well-being and social progress of the inhabitants of the Terri-
tory; that its failure to do so is in violation of its obligations asstated
in the second paragraph of Article 2 of the Mandate and Article 22
of the Covenant; and that the Union has theduty forthwith to cease
its violations as aforesaid and to take al1practicable action to fulfil
its duties under such articles;

5. the Union, by word and by action, in the respects set forth
in Chapter VI11 of this Memorial, has treated the Territory in a
manner inconsistent with the international status of the Territory,
and has thereby impeded opportunities for self-determination by
the inhabitants of the Territory; that such treatment is in violation
of the Union's obligations as stated in the first paragraph of Article2
of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant; that the Union has
the duty forthwith to cease the actions summarized in Section C of
Chapter VI11 herein, and to refrain from similar actions in the
future; and that the Union has the duty to accord full faith and
respect to the international status of the Territory;

6. the Union, by virtue of the acts described in Chapter VI1
herein, has established military bases within the Territory in vio-
lation of its obligations as stated in Article 4 of the Mandate and
Article 22 of the Covenant; that the Union has the duty forthwith to
remove al1such military bases from within the Territory; and that
the Union has the duty to refrain from the establishment of military
bases within the Territory ;
7. the Union has failed to render to the General Assembly of
the United Nations annual reports containing information with
regard to the Territory and indicating the measures it has taken to
carry out its obligations under the Mandate; that such failure is
a violation of its obligations as stated in Article 6 of the Mandate;
and that the Union has the duty forthwith to render such annual
reports to the General Assembly ;

8. the Union has failed to transmit to the General Assembly of
the United Nations petitions from the Territory's inhabitants
addressed to the General Assembly; that such failure is a violation
of its obligations asMandatory; and that the Union has the duty to
transmit such petitions to the General Assembly ;
g. the Union, by virtue of the acts described in Chapters V, VI,
VI1 and VI11 of this Memorial coupled with its intent as recounted
herein, has attempted to modify substantially the terms of the
Mandate, without the consent of the United Nations; that such
1O Mandate and Articleti22 of the Covenants ;and that the consent of the
United Nations is a necessary prerequisite and condition precedent
to attempts on the part of the Union directly or indirectly to modify
the terms of the Mandate.
The Applicant reserves the right to request the Court to declare
and adjudge in respect to events which may occur subsequent to the
date this Memorial is filed,including any event by which the Union's
juridical and constitutional relationship to Her Britannic Majesty
undergoes any substantial modification.
May it also please the Court to adjudge and declare whatever
else it may deem fit and proper in regard to this Memorial, and to
make al1necessary awards and orders, including an award of costs,
to effectuate its determinations."

On behaif ofthe Government oj Soz~tizAfrica,
In the Preliminary Objections :

"For al1or any of the reasons set out in these Preliminary Objec-
tions, the Govemment of the Republic of South Africa submits that
the Govemments of Ethiopia and Liberia have no loczrsstandi in
no jurisdiction to hear, or adjudicate upon, the questions of law and
fact raised in the Applications and Memorials; and prays that the
Court may adjudge and determine accordingly."

On behnlf ofthe Governments of Ethiopia and Liberia,
In the written Observations on the Prelininary Objections:

"May it please this Honourable Court to dismiss the Preliminary
Objections raised by the Government of the Republic of South
Africa in the South West Africa Cases, and to adjudge and declare
that the Court has juridiction to hear and adjudicate the questions
of law and fact raised in the Applications and Nemorials of the
Governments of Ethiopia and Liberia in these Cases."

In the oral proceedings the following Submissions were presented
by the Parties:
On behnlf of tlzeGoaernnzent of SozlthAfvicn,

at the hearing on II October 1962:
"For al1or any one or more of the reasons set out in its written
and oral statements, the Government of the Republic of South
Africa submits that the Governments of Ethiopia and Liberia have
no locusstandi in these contentious proceedings, and that the Court
has no jurisdiction to hear or adjudicate upon the questions of la~v
and fact raised in the Applications and Memorials,more particularly
because :

Firstly, by reason of the dissolution of the League of Nations,
the Mandate for South West Africa is no longer a 'treaty or con-

II vention in force' within the meaning of Article 37 of the Statute
of the Court, this submission being advanced

(a) with respect to the said Mandate Agreement as a whole,
including Article 7 thereof, and
(b) in any event, with respect to Article 7 itself;
Secondly,neither the Govemment of Ethiopia nor the Govern-
ment of Liberia is 'another Member of the League of Nations', as
required for locusstandi by Article 7 of the Mandate for South
West Africa ;
Thirdly,the conflict or disagreement alleged by the Govemments
of Ethiopia and Liberia to exist between them andthe Govemment
of the Republic of South Africa, is by reason of its nature and
content not a 'dispute' as envisaged in Article 7 of the Mandate
for South West Africa, more particularly in that no material
interests of the Governments of Ethiopia and/or Liberia or of
their nationals are involvedtherein or affected thereby;

Fourthly, the alleged conflict or disagreement is as regards its
state of development not a 'dispute' which 'cannot be settled by
negotiation' within the meaning of Article 7 of the Mandate for
South West Africa."

On behal!of the Gol;ernmeittsof.Ethioflia and Liberia,
at the hearing on 17 October 1962:
"May it please the Court to dismiss the Preliminary Objections
raised by the Government of the Republic of South Africa in
the South West Africa cases, and to adjudge and declare that the
Court has jurisdiction to hear and adjudicate the questions of law
and fact raised in the Applications and Mernorialsofthe Govemments
of Ethiopia and Liberia in these cases."

Questions having been put to the Partiesby two Judges, the Court
decided that the answers to them should be given after the oral
rejoinder, first on behalf of the Republic of South Africa and then
on behalf of Ethiopia and Liberia; andthat, in the same order, the
Agents should be called upon to indicate whether those questions
and the answers given to them had led them to amend their re-
spectivesubmissions and, if so, to present the amended submissions.
Availing themselves of this decision, the Agents of the Parties
gave their answers on 22 October 1962. The Agent of the Republic
of South Africa amended the Submissions which he had read at the

hearing on II October by substituting the following paragraph for
the paragraph commencing with the word "Firstly" :
"Firstly, the Mandate for South West Africa has never been, or
at any rate is since the dissolution of the League of Nations no
longer, a 'treaty or convention in force' within the meaning of
Article37 ofthe Statute ofthe Court, this Submission being advanced
(a) with respect to the Mandate as a whole, including Article 7
thereof;and
(b) in any event, with respect to Article 7 itself."
12328 SOUTH WEST AFRICA C'4SEÇ (JUDGMENT 21 XII 62)

At the hearing on 22 October 1962, the Agent of Ethiopia and
Liberia stated that he did not intend to amend his Submissions.

To found the jurisdiction of the Court in the proceedings, the
Applicants, having regard to Article 80, paragraph 1, of the Charter

of the United Nations, relied on Article 7 of the Mandate of 17 De-
cember 1920 for South West ilfrica, and Article 37 of the Statute
of the Court. In response to the Applications and Memorials of
Ethiopia and Liberia, the Government of South Africa filed Pre-
liminary Objections to the jurisdiction of the Court. It is these
Objections which cal1for consideration in the present phase of the
proceedings.
Before undertakingthis task, however, the Court finds it necessary
to decide a preliminary question relating to the existence of the
dispute which is the subject of the Applications. The view has been
advanced that if no dispute within the purview of Article 7 of the
Mandate and Articles 36 and 37 of the Statute of the Court exists in

fact, a conclusion of incompetence or fin denon-recevoirmust follow.
Itis to be noted that this preliminary question really centres on
the point as to the existence of a dispute. between the Applicants
and the Respondent, irrespective of the nature and subject of the
dispute laid before the Court in the present case. In the case of th:
Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions (P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. II)
the Permanent Court defines a dispute as "a disagreement on a
point of Iaw or fact, a conflict of legal views or interests between
two persons". The said Judgment, in proceeding to examine the
nature ofthe dispute, enunciates this definition,only after establish-
ing that the conditions for the existence of a dispute are fulfilled.

In other words it is not sufficient for one party to a contentious
case to assert that a dispute exists with the other party. A mere
assertion is not sufficient to prove tlie existence ofa dispute any more
than a mere denial of the existence of the dispute proves its non-
existence. Nor is it adequate to show that the interests of the two
parties to such a case are in conflict. It must be shown that the
claim of one party is positively opposed by the other. Tested by
this criterion therecan be no doubt about the existence of a dispute
between the Parties before the Court, since it is clearly constituted
by their opposing attitudes relating to the performance of the obli-
gations of the Mandate by the Respondent as Mandatory.

Inasmuch as the grounds on which the Preliminary Objections
rely are generally connected with the interpretation of the Mandate
13 SOUTH WEST AFRICA CASES (JUDGMENT 21 XII 62)
329
Agreement for South West Africa, it is also necessary at the outset
to give a brief account of the origin, nature and characteristics of
the Mandates System established by the Covenant of the League
of Nations.
Under Article 119 of the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919,

Germany renounced in favour of the Principal Allied and Associated
Powers al1her rights and titles over her overseas possessions. The
said Powers, shortly before the signature of the Treaty of Peace,
agreed to allocate them as Mandates to certain Allied States which
had already occupied them. The terms of al1the "C" Mandates were
drafted by a Committee of the Supreme Council of the Peace
Conference and approved by the representatives of the Principal
Allied and Associated Powers in the autumn of 1919, with one
reservation which was subsequently withdrawn. Al1 these actions
were taken before the Covenant took effect and before the Leaguc
of Nations was established andstarted functioning in January 1920.
Theterms of each Mandate were subsequently defined and confirmed
by the Council in'conformity with Article 22 of the Covenant.

The essential principles of the Mandates System consist chiefly in
the recognition of certainrights of the peoples ofthe underdeveloped
territories; the establishment of a regime of tutelage for each of
such peoples to be exercised by an advanced nation as a "Manda-
tory" "on behalf of the League of Nations"; and the recognition
of "a sacred trust of civilisation" laidpon the League as an organ-
ized international community and upon its Member States. This
system is dedicated to the avowed object of promoting the well-
beïng and development of the peoples concerned and is fortified
by setting up safeguards for the protection of their rights.
These features are inherent in the Mandates System as con-
ceived by its authors and as entrusted to the respective organs of
the League and the Member States for application. The rights

of the Mandatory in relation to the mandated territory and the
inhabitants have their foundation in the obligations of the Manda-
tory andthey are, so to speak, mere tools given to enable it to fulfil
its obligations. The fact is that each Mandate under the Mandates
System constitutes a new international institution, the primary,
overriding purpose of which is to promote "the well-being and
development" of the people of the territory under Mandate.

As has already been pointed out, Ethiopia and Liberia indicated
in their Applications the provisions on which they founded the
jurisdiction of the Court to hear and determine the dispute which

they referred to it to this the Republic of South Africa replied with
a denial of jurisdiction.
The issue of the jurisdiction of the Court was raised by the
Respondent in the form of four Preliminary Objections. Its sub-
14missions at the end of its written and oral statementsare substantial-
ly the same, except that on the latter occasion the grounds on
which the respective objections are based were summarized under
each Objection, and, with reference to the submissions in the first

Preliminary Objection, the Respondent introduced a modification
on 22 October 1962, as a consequence of its replies to questions put
to the Parties by Members of the Court. The Court will deal first
with this modification.

The amended text of the First Objection reads:
"Firstly, the Mandate for South West Africa has never been, or
at any ratissincethe dissolutionofthe LeagueofNations nolonger,
a 'treaty or convention in force'within the meaning of Article 37
of the Statute ofthe Court, this Submission being advanced
(a) with respect to the Mandate as a whole, including Article 7
thereof; and

(b) in any event, with respect to Article 7 itself."

The amendment consists in the addition of the italicized words.
Counsel for the Respondent made a statement as a preface to
his amendment of 22 October 1962. From this statement it
appears that originally the Respondent had always considered or as-
sumed that the Mandate for South West Africa had been a "treaty or
convention in itself, that is, an international agreement between the
Mandatory on the one hand, and, on the other, the Council repre-
senting the League and/or its Members"; and that it had stated
several times "that that proposition could be taken to be common
cause as related to the period of the lifetime of the League"; but
"that the alternative view might well be taken that in defining the
terms of the Mandate, the Council Ras taking executive action in
pursuance of the Covenant (which of coursewas a convention) and
was not entering into an agreement which would itself be a treaty

or convention". At the same time, the statement added: "This
view, we put it no higher tl-ian a view that might be taken, would
regard the Council's Declaration as setting forth a resolution of the
Council,which would, like any other valid resolution of the Council,
owe its legal force to the fact of having been duly resolved by
the Council in the exercise of powers conferred upon it by the Cove-
nant."

In the Court's opinion, this modified view is not well-founded for
the foîlowing reasons. For its confirmation, the Mandate for South
West Africa took the form of a resolution of the Council of the League
but obviously it was of a different character. It cannot be correctly
regarded as embodying only an executive action in pursuance of
the Covenant. The Mandate, in fact and in law, is an international

agreement having the character of a treaty or convention. The
Preamble of the Mandate itself shows this character. The agreement331 SOUTH WEST AFRICA CASES (JUDGMENT 21 XII 62)
referred to therein was effected by a decision of the Principal Allied

and AssociatedPowersincludingGreat Britain taken on 7 May 1919
to confer a Mandate for the Territory on His Britannic Majesty and
by the confirmation of its acceptance on 9 May 1919 by the Union
of South Africa. The second and third paragraphs of the Preamble
record these facts. It is further stated therein that "His Bntannic
Majesty, for and on behalf of the Government of the Union of
South Africa ..has undertaken to exercise it on behalf of the League
of Nations in accordance with the following provisions". These
"provisions" were formulated "in the following terms".
The draft Mandate containing the explicit terms was presented
to the Council of the League in December 1920 and, with a few
'changes,was confirmed on 17December 1920. The fourth and final
paragraph of the Preamble recites the provisions of Article 22,
paragraph 8, of the Covenant, and then "confirming the said
Mandate, defines its terms as follows: ...".

Thus it can be seen from what has been stated above that this

Mandate, like practically al1 other similar Mandates, is a special
type of instrument composite in nature and instituting a novel
international regime. It incorporates adefinite agreement consisting
in the conferment and acceptance of a Mandate for South West
Africa, a provisional or tentative agreement on the terms of this
Mandate between the Principal Allied and Associated Powers to be
proposed to the Council of the League of Nations and a forma1
confirmation agreement onthe terms therein explicitly definedby the
Council and agreed to between the Mandatory and the Council
representing the League and its Members. It is an instrument having
the character of a treaty or convention and embodying international
engagements for the Mandatory as defined by the Council and
accepted by the Mandatory.
The fact that the Mandate is described in its last paragraph as
a Declaration [exemplairein the French text] is of no legal signifi-
cance. The Mandates confirmed by the Council of the League of
Nations in the course of 1922 are al1called instruments [actesin the

French text], such as the French Mandate for Togoland, the British
Mandate for the Cameroons, the Belgian Mandate for East Africa
(Ruanda-Urundi), etc. Terminology is not a determinant factor as
to the character of an international agreement or undertaking. In
the practice of States and of international organizations and in the
jurisprudence of international courts, thereexists a great variety of
usage; there aremany different types of acts to which the character
of treaty stipulations has been attached.

Moreover, the fact that the Mandate confirmed by the Council of
the League embodies a provision that it "shall be deposited in the
archives of the League of Nations" and that "certified copies shall
be fonvarded by the Secretary-General of the League of Nations

16to al1 Powers Signatories of the Treaty of Peace with Germany",
clearly implies that it was intended and understood to be an inter-
national treaty or convention embodying international engagements
of general interest to the Signatory Powers of the German Peace
Treaty.

It has been argued that the Mandate in question was not registered
in accordance with Article 18 of the Covenant which provided:
"No such treaty or international engagement shall be binding until
so registered." If the Mandate was ab initio nul1and void on the
ground of non-registration it would follow that the Respondent
has not andhas never had a legal title for its administration of the
territory of South West Africa ;it would therefore be impossiblefor
it to maintain that it has had such a title up to the discovery ofthis
ground of nullity. The fact is that Article 13 provided for regis-
tration of "Every treaty or international engagement entered into
hereafterbÿ any Member of the League" and the word "hereafter"
meant after IO January 1920 when the Covenant took effect,
whereas the Mandate for South West Africa, as stated in the pre-

amble of the instrument, had actualiy been conferred on and
accepted by the Union of South Africa more than seven months
earlier on 7-9 May 1919 ;and its termshad been provisionally agreed
upon between the Principal Allied and Associated Powers and the
Mandatory, in August 1919. Moreover, Article 18, designed to
secure publicity and avoid secret treaties, could not apply in the
same way in respect of treaties to which the League of Nations
itself was one of the Parties as in respect of treaties concluded
among individual Member States. The Mandate for South West
Africa, like al1 the other Mandates, is an international instru-
ment ofan institutional character, to which the League of Nations,
represented by the Council, was itself a Party. It is the implemen-
tation of an institution in which al1the Member States are interes-
ted as such. The procedure to give the necessary publicity to the

Mandates including the one under consideration was applied in
view of their special character, and in any event they uere publish-
ed in the Ogcial Journal of the League of Nations.

Since the Mandate in question had the character of a treaty or
convention at its start, the next relevant question to consider is
whether this treaty or convention, with respect to the Mandate as
a whole including Article 7 thereof, or with respect to Artic7eitself,
is still in force. The Respondent contends that it is not in force, and
?his contention constitutes the essence of the First Preliminary

3bjection. It is argued that the rights and obligations under the
'dandate in relation to the administration of the territory of South
:7West Africa being of an objective character still exist, while those
rights and obligations relating to administrative supervision by
the League and submission to the Permanent Court of International
Justice, being of a contractual character, have necessarily become
extinct on the dissolution of the League of Nations which involved
as a consequence the ending of membership of the League, leaving
only one party to the contract and resulting in the total extinction
of the contractual relationship.

The Respondent further argues that the casualties arising from
the demise of the League of Nations are not therefore confined to
the provisions relating to supervision by the League over the

Mandate but include Article 7 by which the Respondent agreed to
submit to the jurisdiction of the Permanent Court of International
Justice in any dispute whatever between it as Mandatory and
another Member of the League of Nations relating to the interpre-
tation or the application of the provisions of the Mandate. If the
object of Article 7 of the Mandate is the submission to the Court
of disputes relating to the interpretation or the application of the
Mandate, it naturally follows,that no Application based on Article7
could be accepted unless the said Mandate, of which Article 7 is
a part, is in force. This proposition, moreover, constitutes the very
basis of the Applications to the Court.

Similar contentions were advanced by Lhe Respondent in 1950,
and the Court in its Advisory Opinion ruled:

"The authority which the Union Government exercises over tht
Territory is based on the Mandate. If the Mandate lapsed, as the
Union Government contends, the latter's authority would equally
have lapsed. To retain the rights derived from the Mandate and
Reports 1950,page 133.) thereunder could not be justified." (I.C.J.

After observing that the international obligations assumed by the
Union of South Africa were of two kinds, those "directly related to
the administration of the Territory" and corresponding "to the
sacred trust of civilization referred to in Article2 of the Covenant"
and those "related to the machinery for implementation" and
"closely linked to the supervision and control of the League",
corresponding to the " 'securities for the performance of this trust'

referred to in the same article", the Court went on to Say with
reference to the second group of obligations:
"The obligation incumbent upon a mandatory State to accept
international supervision ancl to submit reports is an important
part of the Mandates System. When the authors of the Covenant
created this system, they considered that the effective performance
of the sacred trust of civilization by the mandatory Powers required
that the administration of mandated territories should be subject to
international supervisio..It cannot be admitted that the obligation to submit to supei.visionhas disappeared merely because the super-
visory organ has ceased to exis..."(Ibid page 136.)

The findings of the Court on the obligation of the Union Govern-
ment to submit to international supervision are thus crystal clear.
Indeed, to exclude the obligations connected with the Mandate
would be to exclude the very essence of the Mandate.
That the League of Nations in ending its own existence did not

terminate the Mandates but that it definitely intended to continue
them by its resolution of 18 April 1946 will be seen later when
the Court states its views as to the true effect of the League's final
act of dissolution on the Mandates.

What is relevant to the issue under consideration is the finding
of the Court in the same Advisory Opinion on the effect of the
dissolution of the League of Nations on Article 7 of the Mandate.
After recalling the provisions of this Article, the Court stated :

"Having regard to Article 37 of the Statute of the International
CCourt is ofopinion that this clausein the Mandate is still in forceand
that, therefore, the Union of South Africa is under an obligation to
accept the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court according to those
provisions." (Ibidp. age 138.)

It is also to be recalled that while the Court was divided on the
other points involved in the questions put to it for an Advisory
Opinion, it was unanimous on the finding that Article 7 of the
Mandate relating to the obligation of the Union of South Africa
to submit to the compulsory jurisdiction of this Court is still "in

force".
The unanimous holding of the Court in 1950 on the survival and
continuing effect of Article 7 of the Mandate, continues to reflect
the Court's opinion today. Nothing has since occurred which would
warrant the Court reconsidering it. Al1important facts were stated
or referred to in the proceedings before the Court in 1950.

The Court finds that, though the League of Nations and th(
Permanent Court of International Justice have both ceased to exist,
the obligation of the Respondent to submit to the compulsor-
jurisdiction of that Court was effectively transferred to this Cour1
before the dissolution of the League of Nations. By its own reso -
lution of 18 April1946 the League ceased to exist from the followin~
day, i.e. 19 April 1946. The Charter of the United Nations, in

accordance with Article IIO thereof, entered into force on 24 OC-
tober 1945. South Africa, Ethiopia and Liberia, the three Parties
tothe present proceedings, deposited their ratifications respectively
on 7 November 1945, 2 November 1945 and 13 November 1945,
19and in accordance with paragraph 4 of the said Article IIO al1
became original Members of the United Nations from the respective
dates. They have since been subjected to the obligations, and en-
titled to the rights, under the Charter. One of these obligations is
embodied in Article 37 of the Statute of this Court, which by
Article 92 of the Charter "forms an integral part of the present
Charter", and by Article 93 thereof "Al1 Members of the United
Nations are i$so factoparties to the Statute of the International
Court of Justice". By the effect of these provisions the Respondent
has bound itself since 7 November 1945, when the League of
Nations and the Permanent Court were still in existence and when
therefore Article7 of the Mandate was also in full force, to accept
the compulsory jurisdiction of this Court in lieu of that of the
Permanent Court, to which it had originally agreed to submit under
Article 7of the Mandate.
This transferred obligation was voluntarily assumed by the
Respondent when joining the United Nations. There could be no
question of lack of consent on thepart of the Respondent as regards
this transfer to this Court of the Respondent's obligation under

Article 7 of the Mandate to submit to the compulsory jurisdiction
of the Permanent Court. The validity of Article 7, in the Court's
view, was not affected by the dissolution of the League, just as the
Mandate as a whole is still in force for the reasons stated above.

* * *

The Second Objection of the Respondent consists mainly of an
argument which has been advanced in support of the First Ob-
jection. It centres on the term "another Member of the League
of Nations" in Article 7, of which paragraph 2 reads:

"The Mandatory agrees that, if any dispute whatever should
arisebetweenthe Mandatoryand another Memberof the Leagueof
Nationsrelating to the interpretation or the application of the pro-
visionsofthe Mandate,suchdispute, if it cannot besettled by nego-
tiation, shall be submitted to the PermanentCourt of International
Justice providedfor byArticle 14of the Covenantof the Leagueof
Nations."
It is contended that since al1 Member States of the League
necessarily lost their membership and its accompanying rights when
the League itself ceased to exist on 19 April 1946, there could no
longer be "another Member of the League of Nations" today.
According to this contention, even assuming that Article 7 of
the Mandate is still in force as a treaty or convention within the
meaning of Article 37 of the Statute, no State has "locus standi"
or is qualified to invoke the jurisdiction of this Court in any dispute
with the Respondent as Mandatory. This contention is claimed to be based upon the natural and
ordinary meaning of the words employed in the provision. But this

rule of interpretation isnot an absolute one. Where such a method of
interpretation results in a meaning incompatible with the spirit,
purpose and context of the clause or instrument in which the words
are contained, no reliance can be validly placed on it.
In the first place, judicial protection ofthe sacred trust in each Man-
date was an essential feature of the Mandates System. The essence
of this system, as conceived by its authors and embodied in Ar-
ticle 22of the Covenant ofthe League of Nations,consisted, as stated
earlier, of two features: a Mandate conferred upon a Power as "a
sacred tnist of civilisation" andthe "securities for the performance of
this trust".While the faithful discharge of the trust was assigned
to the Mandatory Power alone, the duty and the right of ensuring
the performance of this trust were given to the League with its
Council, the Assembly, the Permanent Mandates Commission and
al1 its Members within the limits of their respective authority,

power and functions, as constitutingadministrative supervision, and
the Permanent Court was to adjudicate and determine any dispute
within the meaning of Article 7 of the Mandate. The administrative
supervision by the League constituted a normal security to ensure
fullperformance by the Mandatory of the "sacred trust" toward the
inhabitants of the mandated territory, but the specially assigned
role of the Court was even more essential, since it was to serve as
the final bulwark of protection by recourse to the Court against
possible abuse or breaches of the Mandate.

The raison d'être of this essential provision in the Mandate is
obvious. Without this additional security the supervision by the
League and its Members could not be effective in the last resort.
For example, under Article 6 of the Mandate for South West Africa:

"The Mandatory shall make to the Councilof the League of Na-
tions anannual report to the satisfaction of the Council,containing
full information with regard to the territory, and indicating the
measures taken to carry out the obligationsassumedunder Articles
2, 3,4 and 5."

Ili actual operation the Council when satisfied with the report
on the recommendation of the Permanent Mandates Commission
would approve the report. If some Member of the Council had
doubts on some point orpoints in the report,explanations wouldbe
asked from the representative of the Mandatorypresent. If the ex-
planations were considered satisfactory, approval of the annual
report would follow. In either case the approval meant the unani-
mous agreement of al1 the representatives including that of the
Mandatory who, under Article 4, paragraph 5, of the Covenant,

21 was entitled to send a representative to such a meeting to take part
in the discussion and to vote. But if some measure proposed to the
Mandatory on the recommendation of the Permanent Mandates
Commission in the interest of the inhabitants of the mandated
territory and within the terms of the Mandate and of Article 22
of the Covenant should be opposed by the Mandatory, it could
not be adopted by the Council. Or if the Mandatory should adopt

some measure in connection with its administration of the
Temtory notwithstanding the objection of the Permanent Mandates
Commission and the Council that it was a violation of the Mandate,
and should persist in carrying it out, a conflict would occur. This
possibility is not a mere conjecture or hypothesis. As a matter of
fact, the Respondent had more than once intimated its desire to
incorporate South West Africa into the Union and the Permanent
Mandates Commission of the League each time objected to it
as being contrary to the Mandate; and the same idea of the
Mandatory Power was also conveyed tothe United Nations in 1946.
If it should have attempted in the days of the League to carry out
the idea contrary to paragraph I of Article7, an important dispute
would arise between it and the Council of the League.

Under the unanimity rule (Articles 4 and 5 of the Covenant), the
Council coul,dnot impose its own view on the Mandatory. It could
of course ask for an advisory opinion of the Permanent Court but
that opinion would not have binding force, and the Mandatory
coyld continue to turn a deaf ear to the Council's admonitions.
1n.such an event the only course left to defend the interests of the

inhabitants in order to protect the sacred trust would be to obtain
an adjudication by the Court on the matter connected with the
interpretation or the application of the provisions of the Mandate.
But neither the Council nor the League was entitled to appear
before the Court. The only effective recourse for protection of the
sacred trust would be for a Member or Members of the League
to invoke Article 7 and bring the dispute as also one between
them and the Mandatory to the Permanent Court for adjudication.
It was for this all-important purpose that the provision was
couched in broad terms embracing "any dispute whatever ...
between the Mandatory and another Member of the League of
Nations relating to the interpretation or the application of the
provisions of the Mandate ..if it cannot be settled by negotiation".
It is thus seen what an essential part Article 7 was intended
to play as one of the securities in the Mandates System for the
observance of the obligations by the Mandatory.
In the second place, besides the essentiality of judicial protection
for the sacred trust and for the rights of Member States under the
Mandates, and the lack of capacity on the part of the League or the

Councilto invoke such protection, the right to implead the Mandato-
ry Power before the Permanent Court was specially and expresslyconferred on the Members of the League, evidently also because it
was the most reliable procedure of ensuring protection bythe Court,
whatever might happen to or arise from the machinery of admini-
strative supervision.
The third reason for concluding that Article 7 with particular
reference to the term "another Member of the League of Nations"
continues to be applicable is that obviously an agreement was

reached among al1 the Members of the League at the Assembly
session in April 1946 to continue the different Mandates as far as
it was practically feasible oroperable with reference to the obliga-
tions of the Mandatory Powers and therefore to maintain the rights
of the Members of the League, notwithstanding the dissolution of
the League itself. This agreement is evidenced not only by the
contents of the dissolution resolution of 18 April 1946 but also by
the discussions relating to the question of Mandates in the First
Committee of the Assembly and the whole set of surrounding
circumstances which preceded, and prevailed at, the session. More-
over, the Court seesno validground fordeparting from the conclusion
reached in the Advisory Opinion of 1950 to the effect that the
dissolution of the League of Nations has not rendered inoperable
Article 7 of the Mandate. Those States who were Members of the
League at the time of its dissolution continue to have the right to
invoke the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, as they had the

right to do before the dissolution of the League. That right con-
tinues to exist for as long as the Respondent holds on to the right
to administer the territory under the Mandate.

The Assembly of the League of Nations met in April1946 specially
to arrange for the dissolution of the League. Long before the session
important events had taken place which bore a direct influence on
its course of action at the indicated session. The Charter of the
United Nations with its Chapter XI on non-self-governing territories
and Chapters XII and XII1 on the new trusteeship system embody-
ing principles corresponding to those in Article22 of the Covenant
on Mandates and the Mandates System entered into force in
October 1945 and the United Nations began to operate in January
1946, and the General Assembly held its first session in the follow-
ing February. When the Assembly of the League actually met
subsequently in April of the same year, it had full knowledge of
these events. Therefore before it finally passed the dissolution reso-

lution, it took special steps to provide for the continuation of the
Mandates and the Mandate System "until other arrangements have
beenagreedbetween the United Nations and the respective mandato-
ry Powers". It was fully realized by al1the representatives attending
the Assembly session that the operation of the Mandates during the
transitional period was bound to be handicapped by legal technicali-
ties and formalities. Accordingly they took specialsteps to meet them.
For example, these special circumstances show that the assembled
23representatives did not attach importance to the letter of the

constitutional procedure. Under the Covenant the role of the
Council in the Mandates System waspreponderant. But the Council
held no meeting to deal with the question of what should be done
with the Mandates after the League's dissolution. Instead the
Assembly by a resolution of 12 April 1946 attributed to itself the
responsibilities of the Council. The resolution reads:

"The .Assembly,with the concurrence of all the Membersof the
Council whichare represented at its present session:Decides that,
so far as required, it will,uring the present session, assume the
functionsfallingwithin the competence of the Council."
On the basis of this resolution, the Assembly also approved the
end of the Mandates for Syria, Lebanon and Trans-Jordan.

To provide for the situation certain to arise from the act of
dissolution, and to continue the Mandates on the basis of a sacred
trust, prolonged discussions were held both in the Assembly and in
its First Committee to find ways and means of meeting the difficul-
ties and making up for the imperfections as far as was practicable.
It was in these circumstances that al1the Mandatory Powers made
declarations of their intentions relatinto their respective Mandates.
Each of the delegates of the Mandatory Powers present solemnly ex-
pressed their intention to continue to administer in each case the
Temtory :for the United Kingdom, "in accordancewith the general
principles of the existing mandates"; for France, "to pursue the
execution of the mission entrusted to it by the League of Nations";
for New Zealand, "in accordance with the terms of the Mandate";
for Belgium, to "remain fdly alive to al1the obligations devolving

on members of the United Nations under Article 80 of the Charter" ;
for Australia, "in accordance with the provision of the Mandates,
for the protection and advancement of the inhabitants". The state-
ment by the delegate of South Africa, at the second plenary meeting
of the Assembly on g April 1946 is particularly clear. After an-
nouncing that

"..it is the intention of the Union Govemment, at the forthcoming
session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York, to
formulate its case for according South West Africa a status under
which it would be intemationally recognized as an integral part of
the Union",

he continues :
"In the meantirne, the Union will continue to administer the
temtory scrupulously in accordance with the obligations of the
24 SOUTH WEST AFRICA CASES (JUDGMENT 21 XII 62!
340
Mandate, for the advancement and promotion of the interests of the
inhabitants, as she has done during the past six years when meetings
of the Mandates Commission could not be held.
The disappearance of those organs of the League concerned with
the supervision of mandates, primarily the Mandates Commission
and the League Council, will necessarily preclude complete compli-
ance with the letter of the Mandate. The Union Government will
nevertheless regard the dissolution of the League as in no way dim-
inishing its obligations under the Mandate, which it will continue
to discharge with the full and proper appreciation of its respon-
sibilities until such time as other arrangements are agreed upon
concerning the future status of the territory."

There could be no clearerrecognition on thepart of the Government
of South Africa of the continuance of its obligations under the
Mandate for South West Africa, including Article 7, after the Qisso-
lution of the League of Nations.
It was on the basis of the declarations of the Mandatory Powers
as well as on the views expressed by the other Members that
the League Assembly unanimously adopted its final resolution of
18 April 1946, the last two paragraphs of which read:

"3. Recognizes that, on the termination of the League's existence,
its functions with respect to the mandated territories will come to
an end, but notes that Chapters XI, XII and XII1 ofthe Charter of the
United Nations embody principles corresponding to those declared
in Article22 of the Covenant of the League;
4. Takes note of the expressed intentions of the Members of
the League now administeringterritories under mandate to continue
to administer them for the well-being and development of the peoples
concerned in accordance with the obligations contained in the
respective Mandates, until other arrangements have been âgreed
between the United Nations and the respective mandatory Powers."

The Chinese delegate, in introducing the resolution inthe Assem-
bly relating to the possible effect of the League's dissolution on the
problem of the Mandates from which the two passages are taken,
stated :
"It was gratifying to the Chinese delegation, as representing a
country which had always stood for the principle of trusteeship, that
al1the Mandatory Powers had announced their intention to admin-
ister the territories under their control in accordance with tl-ieir
obligations under the mandates system until other arrangements
were agreed upon."

The French delegate in supporting the resolution said that he
wished :
"to stress once more the fact that al1territories under the mandate
of his Government would continue to be administered in the spirit of
the Covenant and of the Charter".Professor Bailey of Australia, Rapporteur, speaking as delegate of
his country, welcomed :

which he supported. The Australian delegation had made its position
clear in the Assembly-namely, that Australia did not regard the
dissolution of the League as weakening the obligations of countries
administering mandates. They regarded the obligation as still in
force and would continue to administer their mandated territories
in accordance with the provisions of the mandates for the well-
being of the inhabitants."

The delegate of the United Kingdom made it even clearer that
there was agreement by al1the Mandatory Powers when he "formal-
ly seconded the resolution on behalf of his Government" :

"It had been settled in consultation and agreement by al1coun-
tries interested in mandates and he thought it could therefore be
passed without discussion and with complete unanimity."
It is clear from the foregoing account that there was a unanimous
agreement among al1 the Member States present at the Assembly
meeting that the Mandates should be continued to be exercised in
accordance with the obligations therein defined although the disso-
lution of the League, in the words of the representative of South
Africa at the meeting, "will necessarily preclude complete com-

pliance with the letter of the Mandate", i.e. notwithstanding the
fact that some organs of the League like the Council and the
Permanent Mandates Commission would be missing. In other words
the common understanding of the Member States in the Assembly
-including the Mandatory Powers-in passing the said resolution,
was to continue the Mandates, however imperfect the whole system
would be after the League's dissolution, and as much as it would
be operable, until other arrangements were agreed upon by the
Mandatory Powers with the United Nations concerning their
respective Mandates. Manifestly, this continuance of obligations
under the Mandate could not begin to operate until the day after
the dissolution of the League of Nations and hence the literal
objections derived from the words "another Member of the League
of Nations" arenot meaningful, since the resolution of 18 April1946
was adopted precisely with a view to averting them and continuing
the Mandate as a treaty between the Mandatory and the Members

of the League of Nations.

In conclusion, any interpretation of Article 7 or more particularly
the term therein "another Member of the League of Nations" must
take into consideration al1 of the relevant facts and circumstances
relating to the act of dissolution of the League, inorder to ascertain
the true intent and purpose of the Members of the Assembly in
adopting the final resolution of 18 April 1946. In further support of the finding of an agreement at the time of
the dissolution of the League to maintain the status quo as far as

possible in regard to the Mandates pending other arrangements
agreed between the United Nations and the respective Mandatory
Powers, it should be stated that the interval was expected to be
of short duration and that in due course the different Mandates
would be converted by mutual agreement into trusteeship agree-
ments under the Charter of the United Nations. This expectation
has been realized and the only exception is the Respondent's
Mandate for South West Africa. In the light of this fact the finding
of an agreement appears al1the more justified.

To deny the existence of the agreement it has been said that
Article 7 was not an essential provision of the Mandate instrument
for the protection of the sacred trust of civilization. If therefore
Article 7 were not an essential tool in the Sense indicated, the
claim of jurisdiction would fa11to the ground. In support of this
argument attention has been called to the fact that three of the

four "C" Mandates, when brought under the trusteeship provisions
of the Charter of the United Nations, did not contain in the
respective Trusteeship Agreements any comparable clause and that
these three vrrerethe Trusteeship Agreements for the territories
previously held under Mandate by Japan, Australia and New Zea-
land. The point is drawn that what was essential the moment before
was no longer essential the moment after, and yet the principles
under the Mandates system corresponded to those under the
Trusteeship system. This argument apparently overlooks one im-
portant difference in the structure and working of the two systems
aildlosesits whole point when it is noted tliat under Article 18 of
the Charter of the United Nations, "Decisions of the General Assem-
bly on important questions shall be made by a two-thirds majority
of the members present and voting", whereas the unanimity rule
prevailed in the Council andthe Assembly of the League of Nations
under the Covenant. Thus legally valid decisions can be taken by
the General Assembly of the United Nations and the Trusteeship

Council under Chapter XII1 of the Charter without the concurrence
of the trustee State,and the necessity for invoking the Permanent
Court for judicial protection which prevailed under the Mandates
system is dispensed with under the Charter.

For the reasons stated,the First and Second Objections must be
dismissed.

The Third Preliminary Objection consists essentially of the pro-
position that the dispute brought before the Court by the Appli-cants is not a dispute as envisaged in Article 7 of the Mandate-
more particularly in that the said conflict or disagreement does not
affect any material interests of the Applicant States or their
nationals.
In support of this proposition, the Respondent contends that the
word "dispute" must be given its generally accepted meaning in a
context of a compulsory jurisdiction clause and that, when so
interpreted, it means a disagreement or conflict between the

Mandatory and another Member of the League concerning the legal
rights and interests ofsuch other Member in the matter before the
Court; that "the obligations imposed for the benefit of the in-
habitants would have been owed to the League on whose behalf
the Mandatory undertook to exercise the Mandate" and that
"League hlembers would then, by virtue of their membership, be
entitled to participate in the League's supervision of the Mandate,
but would individually, vis-d-vis the Mandatory,have no legal right
or interest in the observance by the Mandatory of its duties to
the inhabitants".
The question which calls for the Court's consideration is whether
the disputeis a "dispute" as envisaged in Article 7 of the Mandate
and within the meaning of Article 36 of the Statute of the Court.
The Respondent's contention runs counter to the natural and
ordinary meaning of the provisions of Article 7 of the Mandate,
which mentions "any dispute whatever" arising between the Manda-
tory and another Member of the League of Nations "relating to

the interpretation or the application of the provisions of the
Mandate". The language used is broad, clear and precise: it gives
rise to no ambiguity and it permits of no exception. It reiers to
any dispute whatever relating not to any one particular provision
or provisions, but to "the provisions" of the Mandate, obviously
meaning al1 or any provisions, whether they relate to substantive
obligations of the Mandatorytoward the inhabitants of the Territory
or toward the other Members of the League or to its obligation to
submit to supervision by the League under Article 6 or to protection
under Article 7 itself. For the manifest scope and purport of the
provisions of this Article indicate that the Members of the League
were understood to have a legal right or interest in the observance
by the Mandatory of its obligations both toward the inhabitants of
the Mandated Territory, and toward the League of Nations and its
Members.

Nor can it be said, as argued by the Respondent, that any broad
interpretation of the compulsory jurisdiction in question would be
incompatible with Article 22 of the Covenant on which al1Mandates
are based, especially relating to the provisions of Article,because
Article 22 did not provide for the Mandatory's submission to the
Permanent Court in regard to its observance of the Mandate. But
28 Article7, paragraph 2,is clearly in the nature of implementing one
of the "securities for the performance of this trust", mentioned in
Article 22, paragraph I. It was embodied in the draft agreement
among the Principal Allied and Associated Powers and proposed
to the Council of the League by the representative of the United
Kingdom as original Mandatory on behalf of South Africa, the
present Mandatory for South West Africa. The right to take legal
action conferred by Article 7 on Member States of the League of
Nations is an essential part of the Mandate itself and inseparable
from its exercise. Moreover, Article7 reads : "The Mandatory agrees
that ..."so that there could be no doubt about the scope and effect
of the provision at the time of its stipulation.

While Article 6 of the Mandate under consideration provides for
administrative supervision by the League, Article 7 in effect pro-
vides, with the express agreement of the Mandatory, for judicial
protection by the Permanent Court by vesting the right of invoking
the compulsory jurisdiction against the Mandatory for the same
purpose in each of the other Members of the League. Protection
of the material interests of the Members or their nationals is of
course included within its compass, but the well-being and develop-
ment of the inhabitants of the Mandated territory are not less
important.
The foregoing considerations and reasons lead to the conclusion
that the present dispute is a dispute as envisaged in Article 7 of
the Mandate and that the Third Preliminary Objection must be
dismissed.
* * *

The Court will now consider the Fourth and last Preliminary
Objection raised by the Respondent. In essence it consists of the
proposition that if it is a dispute within the meaning of Article 7,
it is not one which cannot be settled by negotiation with the Appli-
cants and that there have been no such negotiations with a view
toits settlement. The Applicants' reply is to the effect thaf repeated
negotiations have taken place over a period of more than ten years

between them andthe other Members of the United Nations holding
the same views as they, on the one hand, and the Respondent, on
the other, inthe Assembly and various organs ofthe United Nations,
and that each time the negotiations reached a deadlock, due to
the conditions and restrictions the Respondent placed upon them.
The question to consider, therefore, is: What are the chances of
success of further negotiations between the Parties in the present
cases for reaching a settlement ?

In considering the question, it is to be noted, first, that the alleged
impossibility of settling the dispute obviously could only refer to
the time when the Applications were filed. In the second place, it should be pointed out that behind the present dispute there is
another and similar disagreement on points of law and fact-a
similar conflict ofgal views and interests-between the Respondent
on the one hand, and the other Members of the United Nations,
holding identical views with the Applicants, on the other hand.

But though the dispute in the United Nations and the one now
before the Court may be regarded as two different disputes, the
questions at issue are identical. Even a cursory examination of the
views, propositions and arguments consistently maintained by the
two opposing sides, shows that an impasse was reached before
4 November 1960 when the Applications in the instant cases were
filed, and that the impasse continues to exist. The actual situation
appears from a letter of 25 March 1954 from the Permanent Repre-
sentative of the Union of South Africa to the Chairman of the
Committee on South West Africa:

"As the terms of reference of your Committee appear to be even
Government are doubtful whether there is any hope that newion
negotiations within the scopeofyour Committee'sterms ofreference
willlead to any positive results."

This situation remains unchanged as appears clearly from subse-
quent communications addressed to the Chairman of the Committee
on South West Africa on 21 May 1955 and 21 April 1956.
It is immaterial and unnecessary to enquire what the different
and opposing views were which brought about the deadlock in the
past negotiations in the United Nations, since the present phase
calls for determination of only the question of jurisdiction. The fact

that a deadlock was reached in the collective negotiations in the
past and the further fact that both the written pleadings and oral
arguments of the Parties in the present proceedings have clearly
confirmed the continuance of this deadlock, compel a conclusion
that noreasonable probability exists that further negotiations would
lead to a settlement.
In this respect it is relevant to cite a passage from the Judgment
of the Permanent Court in the case of the Mavrommatis Palestine
Concessions (P.C.I.J., Ser. A, No. 2, p. 13) which supports the
view stated. The Court said in respect of a similarobjection advanced
by the Respondent in that case to the compulsory jurisdiction
under Article 26 of the Palestine Mandate, which corresponds to
Article 7 of the Mandate for South West Africa:

"The true value of this objection will readily been if it be re-
membered that the question of the importance and chances of
success of diplomatic negotiations is essentially a relative one.
Negotiations do not of necessity always presupposea more or less
lengthy seriesofnotes anddespatches; it maysufficethat a discussion
should have been commenced, and this discussion may have been
very short; this will bethe caseif a deadlocks reached, or if finally
30 a point is reached at which one of the Parties definitely declares
hirnselfunable, or refuses, to give way, and there can be therefore
no doubt that the dispute cannot be settled by diplomatic negotia-
tion.
But itis equally true that if the diplomaticnegotiations between
the Governments commenceat a point where the previous discus-
sions left off, it maywell happen that the nature of the latter was
such as to render superAuousrenewed discussion of the opposing
contentions in which the dispute originated. No general and ab-
solute rule can be laid down in this respect. It is a matter for con-
sideration in each case."

Now in the present cases, it is evident that a deadlock on the
issues of the dispute was reached and has remained since, and that
no modification of the respective contentions has taken place since

the discussions and negotiations inthe United Nations. It is equally
evident that "there can be no doubt", inthe words of the Permanent
Court, "that the dispute cannot be settled by diplomatic negotia-
tion", and that it would be "superfluous" to undertake renewed
discussions.
It is, however, further contended by the Respondent that the
collective negotiations in the United Nations are one thing and
direct negotiations between it and the Applicants are another, and
that no such direct negotiations have ever been undertaken by
them. But in this respect it is not so much the form of negotiation
that matters astheattitudeand views of the Parties on the substan-
tive issues of the question involved. So long as both sides remain
adamant, and this is obvious even from their oral presentations
before the Court, there is no reason to think that the dispute can
be settled by further negotiations between the Parties.

Moreover, diplomacy by conference or parliamentary diplomacy

has come to be recognized in the past four or five decades as one
of the established modes of international negotiation. In cases
where the disputed questions are of common interest to a group of
States on one side or the other in an organized body, parliamentary
or conference diplomacy has often been found to be the most
practical form of negotiation. The number of parties to one side
or the other of a dispute is of no importance; it depends upon the
nature of the question at issue. If it is one of mutual interest to
many States, whether in an organized body or not, there is no
reason why each of them should go through the formality and
pretence of direct negotiation with the common adversary State
after they have already fully participated in the collective negotia-
tions with the same State in opposition.

For the reasons stated above, the Fourth Objection like the
preceding three Objections is not well-founded and should also be
dismissed.

31 The Court concludes that Article 7 of the Mandate is a treaty or
convention still in force within the meaning of Article 37 of the
Statute of the Court and that the dispute is one which is envisaged
in the said Article7 and cannot be settled by negotiation. Conse-
quently the Court is competent to hear the dispute on the merits.

For these reasons,

by eight votes to seven,

finds that ithas jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the merits of the
dispute.

Done in English and in French, the English text being authori-
tative, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-first day of
December,one thousand nine hundred and sixty-two, in four copies,
one of which will be placed in the archives of the Court and the
others transmitted to the Govemment of the Empire of Ethiopia,
the Govemment of the Republic of Liberia and the Government
of the Republic of South Africa, respectively.

(Signed) B. WINIARSKI,
President.

(Signed) GARNIER-COIGNET,
Registrar.

Judge SPIROPOULO mSakes the following declaration:
Although the interest of the Governments of Liberia and Ethiopia
that the Court should pass upon the violations by South Africa of
the Mandate for South West Africa alleged by those Governnients

is entirely comprehensible, it is not possible for me to follow the
rksoning of the Court which leads itto hold that it has jurisdiction.

Can it readily be found that the Mandate isa "treaty or conven-
tion" within the meaning of Article 37 of the Statute ofthe Inter-
national Court of Justice; that the Mandate, as a "treaty", survived
the collapse of the League of Nations (of which the forma1 act of
"dissolution" of the League of Nations was the result); that
Article 7of the Mandate-assuming the Mandate to be in force--
32can be relied on by States none of which is a "hIember of the
League of Nations", that organization no longer being in existence?
It appears to me that any attempt to give an affirmative answer
to these questions, and they are not the only ones which arise, must
necessanly be based on arguments which, from the standpoint of

law, do not seem to me to have sufficient weight.
In these circumstances it is not possible for me to concur in the
Court's conclusion. To be upheld, the Court's junsdiction must be
very clearly and unequivocally established, and that does not seem
to me to be the case here.

Judges BUSTAMANT E RIVEROand JESSUP and Judge ad %oc
Sir Louis MBANEFO append to the Judgment of the Court statements
of their Separate Opinions.

President WINIARSKa Ind Judge BASDEVANaT ppend to the Judg-
ment of the Court statements of their Dissenting Opinions; Judges
Sir Percy SPENDERand Sir Gerald FITZMAURIC Eppend to the
Judgment of the Court a statement of their Joint Dissenting
Opinion; Judge MORELLI and Judge ad hoc VAN WYK append to
the Judgment of the Court statements of their Dissenting Opinions.

(InitialledB. W.

(Initialled) -C.

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONAL COURTOF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,

ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

SOUTH WEST AFRICA CASES

(ETHIOPIA v.SOUTH AFRICA;
LIBERIA v.SOUTH AFRICA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS

JUDGMENT OF 21 DECEMBER 1962

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,

AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRES DU SUD-OUEST AFRICAIN

(ÉTHIOPIEc.AFRIQUE DU SUD;
LIBERIA c.AFRIQUE DU SUD)
EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIMINAIRES This Judgment should be cited as follows:
"South West Africa Cases (Ethiopia v. SoztthAfrica;
Liberia. South Africa), Preliminnry Objections,

Judgment of1 Decembe1962:I.C . Report1962 ,.319."

Le présent arrêtdoit êtrecitécomme suit:

aAgaires du Sud-Ouest africain (Éthiopie c. Af;ique du Sud
Libériac. Ajrique du,Exceptions préliminaires,
Arrêtdu 21décembr1962: C.I. JRecuei1962 ,.319.))

'"es nu""' 270 1
No de vente: INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

1962
21 December YEAR 1962
Xos. 46 & 47
21 December 1962

SOUTH WEST AFRICA CASES
(ETHIOPIA v.SOUTH AFRICA;

LIBERIA v.SOUTH AFRICA)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS

Preliminary questionof existenceof a disputebetweentheParties.-
Origin,nature andcharacteristicsof Mandatesm.-Mandate for

South West Africa as an instrument of an internationalcharacter.-
Questionof registrationof Ma:dArticle18 ofCovenant.-Article 7
of Mandate as treaty or conventionwithin meaning of Article 37 of
Statute.-Dissolution ofLeagueofNationsandsurvivalof Mandate.-
Essentialityof Article Mandate.-Cafiacity to invokethat Article.

-Scope of Article 7 and interestof MemberStatesin PerfoO!ance
Mandate.-Rule of prior difilornaticnegotiationand its applicability.
-Court's finding of jurisdiction.

JUDGMENT
Presen: President WINIARSK ;IVice-PresidentALFARO ; Judges

BASDEVANT B,ADAWIM , ORENO QUINTANA W, ELLINGTON
Koo, SPIROPOULO SS, Percy SPENDER S,ir Gerald FITZ-
MAURICE, KORETSKYB ,USTAMANT YERIVERO, JESSUP,

MOKELLI ;udges ad hocSir Louis MBANEFO VAN WYK;
RegistrarGARNIER-COIGNET. COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

1962
ANNÉE 1962 Le 21décembre
R81egénkral
21 décembre 1962 nos46& 47

AFFAIRESDU SUD-OUEST AFRICAIN

(ÉTHIOPIE c. AFRIQUE DU SUD;
LIBÉRIA c. AFRIQUE DU SUD)
EXCEPTIONS PRÉLIMINAIRES

Questionpréalablede l'existenced'un digérendentreles Pa-ties.

Origine, natureet caractéristsu systèmedesMandats. -Mandat
pour leSud-Ouestafricaincommeinstrwmentdecaractèinternational.
- Question de l'enregistrementdu Mandat: article 18 du P-cte.
Article 7 du Mandat comme traou conventionau sens del'art37le
du Statut- Dissolution de la Socides Nations et survivance du
Mandat. - Caractère essentle l'article7 du Manda-. Capacité

pour invoquer leditarti-lePortéede l'article7 et intérêdtes États
Membres àl'accom~lissernetu Mandat. - Règle dela négociation
diplomatiquepréalableet sonpplicabili-é.Conclusionde la Cour
en faveur de sa compétence.

ARRET
Présents: M. WINIARSKI , résiden; M. ALFARO, Vice-Président;

MM. BASDEVANT B,ADAWI,MORENO QUINTANAW , EL-
LINGTON KOO, SPIROPOULOS si,r Percy SPENDER,sir
Gerald FITZBIAURICE M, M. KORETSKY,BUSTAMANTE
Y RIVERO,JESSUP,MORELLI Juges; sir Louis MBANEFO,

M. VAN m-YK Jzges ad hoc; M. GARNER-COIGNET,
Gre$er.
4320 SOUTH WEST AFKICA CASES (JUDGMENT 21 XII62)

In the South West Africa cases,

betweerz
the Empire of Ethiopia,

represented by
H.E. Dr. Tesfaye Gebre-Egzy,
Hon. Ernest A. Gross, Member of the New York Bar,

as Agents,
assisted by
Mr. Edward R. Moore, Assistant Attorney-General of Liberia,
Mr. Leonard S. Sandweiss, Member of the New York Bar,
as Counsel;

the Republic of Liberia,

represented by
Hon. Joseph J. F. Chesson, Attorney-General of Liberia,
Hon. Ernest A. Gross, Member of the New York Bar,
as Agents,

assisted by
Mr. Edward R. Moore, Assistant Attorney-General of Liberia,
Mr. Leonard S. Sandweiss, Member of the New 1-ork Bar,
as Counsel,

and

the Republic of South Africa,
represented by

Dr. J. P. verLoren van Themaat, S.C., Law Adviser to the
Department of Foreign -4ff,airs,
as Agent,
and by
Mr. Ross McGregor, Deputy State Attorney,

as Additional Agent,
assisted by
Mr. D. P. de Villiers, S.C., Member of the South African Ear,

Mr. G. van R. Muller, S.C., Member of the South African Bar,
as Counsel,
Mr. J.S. F. Botha, Department of Foreign Affairs,

as Adviser,
and

Mr. F. D. Tothill, Department of Foreign Affairs,
as Secretary,
5 AFFAIRES DU SUD-OUEST AFRIC4IW (ARRÊT 21 XII 62) 320

En les affaires du Sud-Ouest africain,

entre
l'Empire d'Éthiopie,

représentépar
S. Exc. M. Tesfaye Gebre-Egzy,
l'honorable Ernest A. Gross, membre du barreau de New York,

comme agents,
assistéspar
M. Edward R. Moore, Attonzey-Generaladjoint du Libéria,
M. Leonard S. Sandweiss, membre di-1barreau de New York,
comme conseils ;

la République du Libéria,
représentéepar

l'honorable Joseph J. F.Chesson, Attorney-Getzeraldu Libéria,
l'honorable Ernest A. Gross, membre du barreau de New York,
comme agents,

assistéspar
M. Edward R. Moore, Attorney-Generaladjoint du Libéria,
M. Leonard S. Sandweiss, membre du barreau de New York,
comme conseils,

la République sud-africaine,
'représentéepar
M. 1.P. verLoren van Themaat, S. C., conseiller juridique du
département des Affaires Ctrangères,

comme agent,
et par
M. Ross McGregor, Stnte Attorney adjoint,
comme agent supplémentaire,

assistéspar
M. D. P. de J'illiers, S. C., membre du barreau d'Afrique du Sud,
M. G. van R. Muller, S.C.,membre du barreau d'Afrique du Sud,
comme conseils,

hl.J. S. F. Botha, du département des Affaires étrangères,
comme conseiller,

et
M. F. D. Tothill, du département des Affaires étrangères,
comme secrktaire,

5 composed as above,

deliuersthe folloz~~igudgment :

On 4 November 1960 the Registrar received two Applications,
each instituting proceedings against the Government of the Union
of South Africa relating to "the continued existence of the Mandate
for South West Africa and the duties and performance of the
Union, as Mandatory, thereunder." One of these Applications was
submitted on behalf ofthe Government of Ethiopia; it was transmit-
ted by a letter from the Agents who had been appointed in the case
by that Government, as appears from a communication by the
Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia,
the letter and communication being dated 28 October 1960. The
other Application was submitted on behalf of the Government of

Liberia; it was transmitted by a letter from the Agents who hadbeen
appointed in the case by that Government, as appears from a
communication from the Ambassador of Liberia in the Netherlands,
the letter and communication being dated 4 November 1960.
To found the jurisdiction of the Court in the proceedings thus
instituted, the Applications, having regard to Article 80, paragraph
1, of the Charter of the United Nations, rely on Article 7 of the
Mandate of 17December 1920 for German South West Africa and
Article 37 of the Statute of the Court.
.In accordance with Article 40, paragraph 2,of the Çtatute, the
Applications were communicated to the Government of the Union of
South Africa. In accordance with paragraph 3 of the same Article,
the other Members of the United Nations and the non-Member
States entitled to appear before the Court were notified.
Time-limits for the filing of the Memorial of Ethiopia and the

&TernoriaolfLiberia, and for the filingofthe Counter-Memorials ofthe
Union of South Africa, werefixed by tulo Orders of 13January 1961.
By letters dated 28 March 1961, the Agent of the Government of
Ethiopia, on the one hand, requested that atime-limit be fixedwithin
which his Governmentmight notify its intention to exercise the right
to choose a Judge ad hocand might indicate the name of the person
chosen; and the Agent of the Government of Liberia, on the other
hand, made the same request in respect of that Government. Seised
of these two requests, and having taken cognizance of the two
Mernorials which had been filed on 15 April 1961, the Court,
considering that the two applicant Governments were in the same
interest and were therefore, so far as the choice of a Judge ad hoc
was concerned, to be reckoned asone party only, by Order of 20 May
1961, joined the proceedings in the two cases, and fixed the time-

limit as requested.
On 30 November 1961, within the time-limit fixed for the presen-
tation of its first pleading, the Government of South Afnca filed
6 AFFAIRES DU SUD-OUEST AFRICAIN (ARRÊT 21 XII 62) 321

ainsi composée,

rend l'arrêst uivan:t

Le 4novembre 1960, le Greffier areçu deux requêtesintroduisant
chacune, contre le-Gouvernement de l'Union sud-africaine, une
instance relative à al'existence persistante du Mandat pour le
Sud-Ouest africain et les devoirs et le comportement de l'Union, en
sa qualité de Mandataire, découlant de ce Mandat. ))L,'une des
requêtesétait présentéeau nom du Gouvernement de 1'Ethiopie;
elle était transmise par une lettre des agents désignésen l'affaire
par ce Gouvernement comme il, appert d'une communication

du premier ministre adjoint dlEthiopie, ministre des Affaires
étrangères, lettre et communication datées du 28 octobre 1960.
L'autre requête était présentée au nom du Gouvernement du
Libéria; elle était transmise par une lettre des agents désignésen
l'affaire par ce Gouvernement comme ilappert d'une communication
de l'ambassadeur du Libéria aux Pays-Bas, lettre et communication
datées du 4 novembre 1960.
Pour établir la juridiction de la Cour dans les instances ainsi
introduites, les requêtes, se référantà l'article 80, paragraphe 1,
de la Charte des Nations Unies, invoquent l'article 7 du Mandat
du 17 décembre 1920, pour le Sud-Ouest africain allemand,
ainsi que l'article 37 du Statut de la Cour.
Conformément àl'article 40, paragraph2, duStatut, les requêtes

ont étécommuniquées au Gouvernement de l'Union sud-africaine.
Conformément auparagraphe 3 d! mêmearticle, les autres Membres
des Nations IJnies, ainsi que les Etats non membres admis à ester
en justice devant la Cour en ont étéinformés.
Lesdélaispour le dépôtdu mémoirede 1'Ethiopie et du mémoiredu
Libéria ainsi que pour le dépôtdes contre-mémoires de 1'Cnionsud-
africaine ont étéfixéspar deux ordonnances du 13 janvier 1961.Par
lettres du 28mars 1961,l'agent du Gouvernementde l'Éthiopie,d'une
part, a demandéque soit fixéun délaidans lequel son Gouvernement
devrait notifier son intention d'exercer la faculté de désigner
un juge ad hocet pourrait indiquer le nom de la personne choisieet
l'agent du Gouvernement du Libéria, d'autre part, a formulé la

mêmedemande en ce qui concerne ce Gouvernement. Saisie de ces
deux demandes, et ayant pris connaissance desmémoiresquiavaient
étédéposés le Ij avril 1961, la Cour, considérant que les deux
Gouvernements demandeurs faisaient cause commune et ne
comptaient par conséquent, en ce qui concerne la désignation
d'un juge ad hoc, que pour une seule partie a, par ordonnance
rendue le 20 mai 1961, joint les deux instances, et fixé le délai
sollicité.
Le 30 novembre 1961, dans le délaifixépour la présentation de sa
première piècede procédure écrite,le Gouvernement sud-africain a

6Preliminary Objections. Accordingly, an Order of 5 December 1961
recorded that by virtue of the provisions of Article 62, paragraph 3,
of the Rules of Court, the proceedings on the merits were suspended
and fixed I March 1962 as the time-limit within which the Govern-

ments ofEthiopia and Liberia might present a written statement of
their observations and submissions on the objections..

The statement having been presented within the prescribed time-
limit, the casesbecame ready for hearing on I March 1962in respect
of the Preliminary Objections.
Pursuant to Article 31, paragraph 3, of the Statute, and the Order
of the Court of 20 May 1961, the Governments of Ethiopia and
Liberia, acting in concert, chose Sir Louis Mbanefo, Chief Justice of
the Eastern Region of Nigeria, to sit as Judge ad hoc.In accordance
with the same Article, the Govemment of South Africa chose the
Honourable J. T. van Wyk, Judge of the Appellate Division of the
Supreme Court of South Africa, to sit as Judge ad hoc.

On 2-5, 8-11, 15-17, and 19 and 22 October 1962, hearings were
held in the course of which the Court heard the oral arguments and
,replies of Mr. verLoren van Themaat, Agent, Mr. de Villiers and
Mr. Muller, Counsel, on behalf of the Government of South Africa;
and of the Honourable Emest A. Gross, Agent, and the Honourable
Edward R. Moore, Counsel, on behalf of the Governments of Ethio-
pia and Liberia.
In the written proceedings, the following Submissions were
presented by the Parties:

On behalfof the Governmentsof Ethiopia and Liberia,

In the Applications :
"May it please the Court, to adjudge and declare, whether the
Govemment of the Union of South Africa is present or absent and
aftersuch time limitations as the Court may see fit to fix, that,
A. SouthWestAfricaisa Temtory under theMandateconferred
upon HisBritannic Majestyby the PrincipalAlliedand Associated
Powers, to be exercised on his behalf by the Govemment of the
Union of South Africa, accepted by His Britannic Majesty for
and onbehalf ofthe Govemmentofthe UnionofSouth Africa,and
conhed by the Councilof the League of Nations on December
17, 1920; and that the aforesaid Mandate is a treaty in force,
within the meaningofArticle37ofthe Statute ofthe International
Court of Justice.
B. The Union of South Africa remains subject to the inter-
national obligationsset forth in Articl22 of the Covenant of the
League of Nations and in the Mandate for South West Africa,
and that the General Assembly of the United Nations is legally
qualified to exercise the supervisory functions previously exer-
cisedby the League of Nations with regard to the administration
of the Territory, and that the Union is under an obligation to
7déposédes exceptions préliminaires. En conséquence, une ordon-
nance du 5 décembre 1961, constatant que la procédure sur le fond
était suspendue en vertu des dispositions de l'article 62, para-

graphe 3, du Règlement de la Cour, a accordé aux Gouvernements
de l'gthiopie et du Libéria un délai,expirant le ler mars 1962, pour
présenter un exposéécritcontenant leursobservations eEconclusions
sur les exceptions.
Cet exposé ayant étéprésentédans le délai prescrit, les affaires
se sont trouvées en état le xer mars 1962 pour ce qui est des ex-
ceptions préliminaires.
En application de l'article 31, paragraphe 3, du Statut et de
l'ordonnance de la Cour du 20 mai 1961, les Gouvernements de
l'Éthiopie et du Libéria ont désignéd'un commun accord sir Louis
Mbanefo, Chief Justice de la Nigeria de l'Est, pour siéger conime
juge ad hoc. En application de ce mêmearticle, le Gouvernement
sud-africain a désignépour siéger comme juge ad hoc l'honorable
J. T. van Wyk, juge à l'dfifiellate Division de la Cour suprême
d'Afrique du Sud.
Des audiences ont ététenues du 2 au 5, du 8 au II,du 15 au 17,
le 19 et le 22 octobre 1962, durant lesquelles ont étéentendus en

leurs plaidoiries et réponses, pour le Gouvernement sud-africain :
M. verLoren van Themaat, agent, et MM. de Villiers et Muller,
conseils; et pour les Gouvernements de l'Éthiopie et du Libéria:
l'honorable Ernest A. Gross, agent, et l'honorable Edward R.
Moore, conseil.
Dans la procédure écrite les conclusions ci-après ont été prises
par les Parties:

Au nom des Gozivenzementsde l'Éthiopie et du Libéria,
Dans les requêtes:
«Plaise àla Cour dire et juger, tant en présencequ'en l'absence
du Gouvernement de l'Union sud-africaine et dans les délaisque
la Cour peut estimer devoir fixer, que:

A. Le Sud-Ouest africain est un territoire sous Mandat conféré
nique pour être exercé en son nom par le Gouvemement de britan-
l'Union de l'Afrique du Sud, accepté par S. M. britannique agis-
sant pour le Gouvemement de l'Union de l'Afrique du Sud et en
son nom, et confirmépar le Conseil de la Société desNations le
17 décembre1920; et que ledit Mandat est un traité en vigueur
au sens de l'article 37 du Statut de la Cour internationale de
Justice.
B. L'Union sud-africaine demeure soumise aux obligations
internationales énoncéesà l'articl22 du Pacte de la Société des
Nations et dans le Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain, et que
I'Assembléegénéraledes Nations Unies est juridiquement quali-
fiéepour exercer les fonctionsde surveillance exercéesauparavant
par la Société desNations en ce qui concerne l'administration du
Territoire,et que 1'Unioriest tenuede sesoumettàela sumeillance

7 SOUTH WEST AFRICA CASES (JUDGMENT 21 XII 62)
323
submit to the supervision and control of the General Assembly
with regard to the exercise of the Mandate.
C. The Union of South Africaremains subject tothe obligations
to transmit to the United Nations petitions from the inhabitants
of the Territory, as well as to submit an annual report to the
satisfaction of the United Nations in accordance with Article 6
of the Mandate.

D. The Union has substantially niodified the terms of the
Mandate without the consent of the United Nations; that such
modification is a violation of Article 7 of the Mandate and Arti-
cle 22 of the Covenant ;and that the consent of the United Nations
is a necessary prerequisite and condition to attempts on the part
of the Union dircctly or indirectly to modify the terms of the
Mandate.
E. The Union has failcd to promote to the utmost the material
and moral well-being and social progreçs of the inhabitants ofthe
Territory; its failure to do so is a violation of Article 2 of the
Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant ; and that the Union has
the duty forthwith to take al1pïacticablr action to fulfil its duties
under such Articles.
F. The Union, in administering the Territory, has practised
apartheid, i.e. has distinguished as to race, colbï, national or
tribal origin, in establishing the rights and duties ofthe inhabitants
of the Territory; that such practice is in violation of Article 2.of
the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant ;and that the Union
has the duty forthwith to cease the practice of apartheid in the
Territory.

G. The Union, in administering the Territory,has adopted and
applied legislation, regulations,proclamations, and administrative
decreeswhich are by their terms and in their application, arbitrary,
unreasonable, unjust and detrimental to hunian dignity; that the
foregoing actions by the Union violate Article 2 of the Mandate
and Article 22 of the Covenant; and that the Union has the duty
forthwith to repral and not to apply such legislation, regulations,
proclamations, and administrative decrees.

H. The Union has adopted and applied legislation, admin-
istrative regulations, and officia1actions whichsuppress the rights
and liberties of inhabitants of the Territory essential to their
orderly evolution toward self-government, the right to which is
implicit in the Covenant of the League of Nations, the terms of
the Mandate, and currently accepted international standards, as
embodied in the Charter of the United Nations and the Declara-
tion of Human Rights; that the foregoing actions by the Union
violate Article 2 of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant;
and that the Union has the duty forthwith to cease and desist
from any action which thwarts the orderly development of self-
govemment in the Territory.
1. The Union has exercised powers of administration and legis-
lation over the Territory inconsistent with the international status
of the Territory;' that the foregoing action by the Union is in

8. AFF.4IRES DU SGD-OUEST AFRICAIN (ARRÊT 21 XII 62) 323

et au contrôle de l'Assembléegénéraleen ce qui concerne l'exer-
cice du Mandat.
C. L'Union sud-africaine demeure soumise à l'obligation de
transmettre aux Nations Unies les pétitions des habitants du
Territoire et d'adresser un rapport annuel satisfaisant lesNations
Unies, conformément à l'article 6 du Mandat.

D. L'Union a apporté aux dispositions du ~andat des modifi-
cations de fond sans l'autorisation des Nations Unies; que
cette modification est une violation de l'article7 du Mandat et
de l'article2 du Pacte; et que l'autorisation des Nations Unies
PS+:.-ie condition préalable indispensable à toute tentative de la
F? de l'Union de modifier directement ou indirectement les
dispositions du Mandat.
E. L'Union n'a pas accru, par tous les moyens en son pouvoir,
le bien-être matériel et moral ainsi que le progrès social des
habitants du Territoire; que cette carence est une violation de
l'articl2 du Mandat et l'article 22 du Pacte;et que l'Union a le
devoir de prendre sur-le-champ toutes les mesures possibles pour
remplir ses obligations aux termes de ces articles.

F. Dans l'administration du Territoire, l'Union a pratiqué
l'apartheid, c'est-à-dire qu'elle a établi une discrimination fondée
sur la race, la couleur, l'origine nationale ou tribale, lorsqu'elle
a fixéles droits et devoirs des habitants du Territoire; que cette
pratique constitue une violation de l'article 2 du Mandat et de
l'article2 du Pacte; et que l'Union a le devoir de cesser sur-le-
champ de pratiquer l'apartheid dans le Territoire.
G. Dans l'administration du Territoire, l'union a adopté et
appliqué une législation, des règlements, des proclamations et
des ordonnances administratives qui par leurs tennes et dans
leur application sont arbitraires, déraisonnables, injustes et
contraires à la dignité humaine; que les mesures officielles de
l'Union mentionnées ci-avant violent l'article 2 du Mandat et
l'article2 du Pacte; et que l'Union a le devoir de rapporter sur-
ie-champ et de ne pas appliquer ces législations, règlements, pro-
clamations et ordonnances administratives.
H. L'Union a adopté et appliqué une législation, des règle-
ments administratifs et des mesures officielles qui suppriment les
droits et les libertés des habitants du Territoire, droits essentiels
à l'évolution régulière versl'autonomie, à laquelle leur donnent
implicitement droit le Pacte de la Société des Nations, les dispo-
sitions du Mandat et les normes internationales couramment
acceptées telles qu'elles sont inscrites dans la Charte des Nations
Unies et la Déclaration des droits de l'homme; que les actes cl-
dessus de l'Union violent l'article2 du Mandat et l'article 22 du
Pacte; et que l'Union a le devoir de cesser et de s'abstenir sur-
le-champ de toute action qui entrave le développement régulier
de l'autonomie dans le Territoire.
1. L'Union a exercédes pouvoirs d'administration et de légis-
lation sur le Territoire incompatibles avec le statut international
du Territoire; que l'action susdite de l'Union constitue une

8 SOUTH WEST AFRICA CASES (JUDGMENT 21 XII 62)
324
violation of Article 2 of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Cove-
nant ;that theUnion has the duty to refrain from acts ofadministra-
tion and legislation which are inconsistent with the intematiorial
status of the Territory.
J. The Union has failed to render to the General Assembly
of the United Nations annual reports containing information
with regard to the Territory and indicating the measures it has
taken to carry out its obligations under the Mandate; that such
failure is a violation of Article 6 of the Mandate; and that the
Union has the duty forthwith to render such annual reports to
the General Assembly.

K. The Union has failed to transmit tothe General Assembly of
the United Nations petitions from the Territory's inhabitants
addressed to the General Assembly; that such failure is a violation
to transmit such petitions to the General Assembly.has the duty

The Applicant reserves the right to request the Court to declare
and adjudge with respect to such other and further matters as the
Applicant may deem appropriate to present to the Court.
May it also please the Court to adjudge and declare whatever
else it may deem fit and proper in regard to tllis Application, and
to make all necessary awards and orders, including an award of
costs, to effectuate its determinations";

In the Memorials:
"Upon the basis of the foregoing allegations of fact, supplemented
by such facts as rnay be adduced in further testimony before this
Court, and the foregoing statements of law, supplemented by sucl:
other statements of law as may be hereinafter made, may it please
the Court to adjudge and declare, whether the Government of the
Union of South Africa is present or absent, that :
1. South West Africa is a territory under the Mandate conferred
upon His Britannic Majesty by the Principal Allied and Associated
Powers, to be exercised on his behalf by the Government of the
Union of South Africa, accepted by his Britannic hlajeçty for and
on behalf of the Government of the Union of South Africa, and
confirmed by the Council of the Lcague of Nations on December 17,
1920;
2. the Union of South Africa continues to have the international
obligations stated in Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of
Nations and in the Mandate for South West Africa as wcll as the
obligation to transmit petitions fromthe inhabitants of that Territ-
ory, the supervisory functions to be exercised by the United Nations,
to which the annual reports and the petitions are to be submitted;

3. the Union, in the respects set forth in Chapter V of this Memor-
ial and summarized in Paragraphs 189and rgo thereof, lias practtsed
aflartlzeid,i.e., has distinguiched as to race, color, national or tribal
origin in establishing the rights and duties of the inhabitants of the
Territory; that such practice is in violation of its obligations as
9 AFFAIRES DU SUD-OUEST AFRICAIX (ARRÊT 21 XII 62) 324
violation de l'article2 du Mandat et de l'article 22 du Pacte;

que l'Union a le,devoir de s'abstenir de tous actes d'administra-
tion et de législation qui soient incompatibles avec le statut inter-
national du Territoire.
J. L'Union n'a pas envoyéà l'Assemblée générale desNations
Unies des rapports annuels contenant des informationsintéressant
le Territoire et indiquant les mesures qu'elle a prises pour assurer

ses engagements aux termes du Mandat; que cette carence est
une violation de l'article6 du Mandat; et que l'Union a le devoir
d'envoyer sur-le-champ ces rapports annuels à l'Assemblée
générale.
K. L'Union n'a pas transmis à l'Assemblée générale des
Nations Unies les pétitions des habitants du Territoire adressées

à l'Assembléegénérale; que cette carence est une violation de la
règle de la Société desNations; et que l'Union a le devoir de
transmettre ccs pétitions à l'Assembléegénérale.
Le demandeur se réservele droit de demander àla Cour de statuer
à l'égard de toute autre et nouvelle question que le demandeur
pourrait juger opportun de lui soumettre.

Plaise également à la Cour se prononcer sur tout ce qu'elle
pourra estimer pertinent et convenable se rapportant à la présente
requête, et rendre toute décision et prendre toute ordonnance,
y compris une décisionsur les dépens, pour donner effet à ce qu'elle

aura statué 1);
Dans les mémoires:

((Se fondant sur les allégations de fait ci-avant, complétéespar
tels faits qui pourront ressortide nouveaux témoignages présentés
à la Cour, et sur les conclusions juridiques ci-avant, complétées
par toutes autres déclarations qui pourront êtrefaites par la suite,
plaise à la Cour dire et juger, tant en présence qu'en l'absence du
Gouvernement de l'Union sud-africaine, que:

I. Le Sud-Ouest africain est un territoire sous Mandat conféré
par les Principales Puissances alliées et associées à Sa Majesté
britannique pour être exercé en son nom par le Gouvernement de
l'Union de l'Afrique du Sud, accepté par Sa Majesté britannique
agissant pour le Gouvernement de l'Union de l'Afrique du Sud et
en son nom, et confirmé par le Conseil de la Société des Nations
le 17 décembre 1920;

2. L'Union sud-africaine demeure soumise aux obligations inter-
nationales énoncées à l'articl22 du Pacte de la Société desNations
et dans le Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain, ainsi qu'à l'obligation
de transmettre aux Nations Unies les pétitions des habitants du
Territoire, les fonctions de surveillance étant exercées par les
Nations Unies auxquelles les rapports annuels et les pétitions
doivent êtreenvoyés;

3. L'Union, dans toutes les circonstances exposées au chapitre V
du présent mémoire et résuméesdans les paragraphes 189 et 190
dudit mémoire, a pratiqué lJa$artheid, c'est-à-dire qu'elle a établi
une discrimination fondée sur la race, la couleur, l'origine nationale
ou tribale, lorsqu'elle a fixé les droits et devoirs des habitants

9 stated in Article 2 of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant of
the League of Nations; and that the Union has the duty forthwith
to cease the practice of apartheid in the Territory;

4. the Union, by virtue of the economic, political, social and
educational policies applied within the Territory, which are described
in detail in ChapterV of this Memorial and summarized at Paragraph
p gothereof, has failed to promote to the utmost the material and
moral well-being and social progress of the inhabitants of the Terri-
tory; that its failure to do so is in violation of its obligations asstated
in the second paragraph of Article 2 of the Mandate and Article 22
of the Covenant; and that the Union has theduty forthwith to cease
its violations as aforesaid and to take al1practicable action to fulfil
its duties under such articles;

5. the Union, by word and by action, in the respects set forth
in Chapter VI11 of this Memorial, has treated the Territory in a
manner inconsistent with the international status of the Territory,
and has thereby impeded opportunities for self-determination by
the inhabitants of the Territory; that such treatment is in violation
of the Union's obligations as stated in the first paragraph of Article2
of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant; that the Union has
the duty forthwith to cease the actions summarized in Section C of
Chapter VI11 herein, and to refrain from similar actions in the
future; and that the Union has the duty to accord full faith and
respect to the international status of the Territory;

6. the Union, by virtue of the acts described in Chapter VI1
herein, has established military bases within the Territory in vio-
lation of its obligations as stated in Article 4 of the Mandate and
Article 22 of the Covenant; that the Union has the duty forthwith to
remove al1such military bases from within the Territory; and that
the Union has the duty to refrain from the establishment of military
bases within the Territory ;
7. the Union has failed to render to the General Assembly of
the United Nations annual reports containing information with
regard to the Territory and indicating the measures it has taken to
carry out its obligations under the Mandate; that such failure is
a violation of its obligations as stated in Article 6 of the Mandate;
and that the Union has the duty forthwith to render such annual
reports to the General Assembly ;

8. the Union has failed to transmit to the General Assembly of
the United Nations petitions from the Territory's inhabitants
addressed to the General Assembly; that such failure is a violation
of its obligations asMandatory; and that the Union has the duty to
transmit such petitions to the General Assembly ;
g. the Union, by virtue of the acts described in Chapters V, VI,
VI1 and VI11 of this Memorial coupled with its intent as recounted
herein, has attempted to modify substantially the terms of the
Mandate, without the consent of the United Nations; that such
1O AFFAIRES DU SUD-OUEST AFRICAIN (ARRÊT 21 XII 62) 325
du Territoire; que cette pratique constitue une violation de ses
obligations telles qu'elles figurent à l'article 2 du Mandat et à

l'article22 du Pacte de la Société desNations; et que l'Union a
le devoir de cesser sur-le-champ de pratiquer lJa$artheid dans le
Territoire.
4. Par l'effet des principes économiques, politiques, sociaux et
éducatifs appliqués dans le Territoire et décrits en détail au chapi-
tre V du présent mémoire, puis résumésau paragraphe go dudit

mémoire,l'Union n'a pas accru par tous les moyens en son pouvoir,
le bien-êtrematériel et moral ainsi que le progrès socialdes habitants
du Territoire; et que cette carence constitue une violation de ses
obligations telles qu'elles figurent au second alinéa de l'article 2
du Mandat et à l'article 22 du Pacte; et que l'Union a le devoir de
mettre sur-le-champ un terme aux violations indiquées ci-avant et
de prendre toutes les mesures possibles pour remplir ses obligations
aux termes desdits articles;

5. L'Union, par ses paroles et par ses actes, a agi à l'égard du
Territoire, dans toutes les circonstances exposées au chapitre VI11
du présent mémoire, d'une manière incompatible avec le statut
internationaldu Territoire et a entravé par là les chances qu'avaient
les habitants du Territoire de s'engager dans la voie de l'auto-
détermination; que ces agissements constituent une violation des
obligations de l'Union telles qu'elles figurent au premier alinéa de
l'article2 du Mandat et à l'article 22 du Pacte; que l'Union a le
devoir de mettre sur-le-champ un terme aux agissements résumés
à la section C du chapitre VI11 ci-avant et de s'abstenir dans

l'avenir de pareils agissements; et que l'union a le devoir de respecter
en toute bonne foi le statut international du Territoire;
6. L'Union, par les mesures décrites au chapitre VI1 ci-avant,
a établi des bases militaires sur le Territoire en violation de ses
obligations telles qu'elles figurent à l'article 4 du Mandat et à
l'article22 du Pacte; que l'Union a le devoir de supprimer sur-le-

champ toutes les bases militaires établies sur le Territoire; et que
l'Union a le devoir de s'abstenir d'établir des bases militaires sur
le Territoire;
7. L'Union n'a pas envoyé à l'Assembléegénérale desNations
Unies des rapports annuels contenant des informations intéressant
le Territoire et indiquant les mesures qu'elle a prises pour assurer
ses engagements aux termes du Mandat; que cette carence est une
violation de ses obligations telles qu'elles figurent à l'article6 du

Mandat; et que l'union a le devoir d'envoyer sur-le-champ ces
rapports annuels à l'Assembléegénérale;
8. L'Union n'a pas transmis à l'Assembléegénérale desNations
Unies les pétitions des habitants du Territoire adressées à l'Assem-
blée générale; quecette carence est une violation de ses obligations
de Mandataire; et que l'union a le devoir detransmettre ces pétitions
à l'Assembléegénérale;

g. L'Union, par ses agissements décrits aux chapitres V, VI, VI1
et VI11 du présent mémoire, s'ajoutant à ses intentions telles
qu'elles sont exposéesci-avant, a tenté d'apporter aux dispositions
du Mandat des modifications de fond sans l'autorisation des Nations
1O Mandate and Articleti22 of the Covenants ;and that the consent of the
United Nations is a necessary prerequisite and condition precedent
to attempts on the part of the Union directly or indirectly to modify
the terms of the Mandate.
The Applicant reserves the right to request the Court to declare
and adjudge in respect to events which may occur subsequent to the
date this Memorial is filed,including any event by which the Union's
juridical and constitutional relationship to Her Britannic Majesty
undergoes any substantial modification.
May it also please the Court to adjudge and declare whatever
else it may deem fit and proper in regard to this Memorial, and to
make al1necessary awards and orders, including an award of costs,
to effectuate its determinations."

On behaif ofthe Government oj Soz~tizAfrica,
In the Preliminary Objections :

"For al1or any of the reasons set out in these Preliminary Objec-
tions, the Govemment of the Republic of South Africa submits that
the Govemments of Ethiopia and Liberia have no loczrsstandi in
no jurisdiction to hear, or adjudicate upon, the questions of law and
fact raised in the Applications and Memorials; and prays that the
Court may adjudge and determine accordingly."

On behnlf ofthe Governments of Ethiopia and Liberia,
In the written Observations on the Prelininary Objections:

"May it please this Honourable Court to dismiss the Preliminary
Objections raised by the Government of the Republic of South
Africa in the South West Africa Cases, and to adjudge and declare
that the Court has juridiction to hear and adjudicate the questions
of law and fact raised in the Applications and Nemorials of the
Governments of Ethiopia and Liberia in these Cases."

In the oral proceedings the following Submissions were presented
by the Parties:
On behnlf of tlzeGoaernnzent of SozlthAfvicn,

at the hearing on II October 1962:
"For al1or any one or more of the reasons set out in its written
and oral statements, the Government of the Republic of South
Africa submits that the Governments of Ethiopia and Liberia have
no locusstandi in these contentious proceedings, and that the Court
has no jurisdiction to hear or adjudicate upon the questions of la~v
and fact raised in the Applications and Memorials,more particularly
because :

Firstly, by reason of the dissolution of the League of Nations,
the Mandate for South West Africa is no longer a 'treaty or con-

II AFFAIRES DU SCD-OUEST AFRICAIN (ARRÊT 21 XII 62) 326

Unies; que cette tentative constitue une violation de ses obligations
telles qu'elles figurenà l'article 7 du Mandat et à l'articl22 du
Pacte; et que l'autorisation des Nations Unies est une condition
préalable indispensable à toute tentative de la part de l'Union de
modifier directement ou indirectement les dispositions du Mandat.
Le demandeur se réservele droit de prier la Cour de dire et juger
à l'égardde tous événementsqui pourraient se produire après la
date du dépôt du présent mémoire,y compris tout événement
entraînant toute modification de fond dans les rapports juridiques
et constitutionnels entrel'Union et Sa Majestébritannique.
Plaise également à la Cour se prononcer sur tout ce qu'elle
pourra estimer pertinent et convenable se rapportant au présent
mémoireet rendre toute décisionet prendre toute ordonnance, y
compris une décisionsur les dépens,pour donner effet à ce qu'elle
aura statué. ))

Au nom dz~Gouvernementsud-africain,
dans les exceptions préliminaires:

« Pour l'un quelconque des motifs énoncésdans les présentes ex-
ceptions préliminairesoupour tous cesmotifs à la fois, le Gouverne-
ment de la République sud-africaine conclut à ce que les Gouveme-
ments de 1'Ethiopie et du Libérian'ont pas de locusstandidans la
présente procédure contentieuse et à ce que l'Honorable Cour n'a
pas compétence pour connaître des questions de droit et de fait
soulevéesdans les requêtes et les mémoires, ni pour statuer sur
cesquestions, et demande àla Cour de dire et juger en conséquence))

Azt nom des Gouvernementsde l'Éthiopie et du Libéria,
Dans les observations écrites sur les exceptions préliminaires:

«Plaise à la Cour rejeter les exceptions préliminaires soulevées
par le Gouvernement dela République sud-africaine dans les affaires
du Sud-Ouest africain, et dire et juger que la Cour est compétente
pour connaître des questions de droit et de fait soulevéesdans les
requêteset mémoires des Gouvernements dlEthiopie et du Libéria
en ces affaires et pour statuer sur ces questions))

Dans la procédure orale les conclusions ci-après ont été prises
par les Parties:
Au nom du Goz~vernemenstid-africain,

à l'audience du II octobre 1962:
«Pour un ou plusieurs des motifs énoncésdans ses écritures et
plaidoiries ou pour tous ces motifs à la fois, le Gouvernement de
la-République sud-africaine conclut à ce que les Gouvernements de
1'Ethiopie et du Libéria n'ont pas de locusstandidans la présente
procédurecontentieuse et àce que la Cour n'a pas compétence pour
connaître des questions de droit et de fait soulevéesdans lesrequêtes
et les mémoires, ni pour statuer sur ces questions, et cela plus
particulièrement parce que :

Premièrement,en raison de la dissolution de la Société des
Nations, le Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain n'est plus «un vention in force' within the meaning of Article 37 of the Statute
of the Court, this submission being advanced

(a) with respect to the said Mandate Agreement as a whole,
including Article 7 thereof, and
(b) in any event, with respect to Article 7 itself;
Secondly,neither the Govemment of Ethiopia nor the Govern-
ment of Liberia is 'another Member of the League of Nations', as
required for locusstandi by Article 7 of the Mandate for South
West Africa ;
Thirdly,the conflict or disagreement alleged by the Govemments
of Ethiopia and Liberia to exist between them andthe Govemment
of the Republic of South Africa, is by reason of its nature and
content not a 'dispute' as envisaged in Article 7 of the Mandate
for South West Africa, more particularly in that no material
interests of the Governments of Ethiopia and/or Liberia or of
their nationals are involvedtherein or affected thereby;

Fourthly, the alleged conflict or disagreement is as regards its
state of development not a 'dispute' which 'cannot be settled by
negotiation' within the meaning of Article 7 of the Mandate for
South West Africa."

On behal!of the Gol;ernmeittsof.Ethioflia and Liberia,
at the hearing on 17 October 1962:
"May it please the Court to dismiss the Preliminary Objections
raised by the Government of the Republic of South Africa in
the South West Africa cases, and to adjudge and declare that the
Court has jurisdiction to hear and adjudicate the questions of law
and fact raised in the Applications and Mernorialsofthe Govemments
of Ethiopia and Liberia in these cases."

Questions having been put to the Partiesby two Judges, the Court
decided that the answers to them should be given after the oral
rejoinder, first on behalf of the Republic of South Africa and then
on behalf of Ethiopia and Liberia; andthat, in the same order, the
Agents should be called upon to indicate whether those questions
and the answers given to them had led them to amend their re-
spectivesubmissions and, if so, to present the amended submissions.
Availing themselves of this decision, the Agents of the Parties
gave their answers on 22 October 1962. The Agent of the Republic
of South Africa amended the Submissions which he had read at the

hearing on II October by substituting the following paragraph for
the paragraph commencing with the word "Firstly" :
"Firstly, the Mandate for South West Africa has never been, or
at any rate is since the dissolution of the League of Nations no
longer, a 'treaty or convention in force' within the meaning of
Article37 ofthe Statute ofthe Court, this Submission being advanced
(a) with respect to the Mandate as a whole, including Article 7
thereof;and
(b) in any event, with respect to Article 7 itself."
12 AFFAIRES DU SUD-OUEST AFRICAIN (ARRÊT 21 XII 62) 327
traité ou une convention en vigueur 1)au sens de l'article 37 du
Statut de la Cour, la présente conclusion visant:

a) ledit accord de Mandat dans son ensemble, y compris l'ar-
ticle 7, et
b) en tout cas, l'article 7 même;
Deuxièmement,ni le Gouvernement de l'Éthiopie ni le Gouver-
nement du Libériane sont ((un autre Membre de la Sociétédes
Nations », ainsi que l'article 7 du Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest
africain l'exige pour qu'il y ait locus standi;

Trojsièmement,le conflit ou désaccord qiie les Gouvernements
de 1'Ethiopie et du Libéria prétendent exister entre eux et le
Gouvernement de la République sud-africaine n'est pas, eu égard
à sa nature et à sa teneur, un ((différend 1)comme il est prévu à
l'article 7 du Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain, et cela plus par-
ticulièremenf en tant qu'aucun intérêtconcret des Gouverne-
ments de l'Ethiopie et/ou du Libéria ou de leurs ressortissants
n'est en cause ou n'est affecté en l'espèce;
Quatrièmement,le prétendu conflit ou désaccord n'est pas, eu
égard à son état d'avancement, un ((différend ...qui ne soit pas

susceptible d'êtreréglé par des négociations )au sens de l'article 7
du Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain. »
Au nom des Gouver~ze~nentd se l'Éthiopie et du Libéria,

à-l'audience du 17 cctobre 1962 :
(Plaise à la Cour rejeter les exceptions préliminaires soulevées
par le Gouvernement de la République sud-africaine dans les affaires
du Sud-Ouest africain, et dire et juger que la Cour est compétente
pour connaître des questions de droit et de fait soulevéesdans les
requêteset mémoires des Gouvernements dlEthiopie et du Libéria
en ces affaires et pour statuer sur ces questions. ))

Des questions ayant été posées aux Parties par deus juges, la
Cour a décidéqu'il y serait répondu après la d,uplique orale, d'abord
au nom de l'Afrique du Sud, puis au nom de 1'Ethiopie etdu Libéria;
que, dans le même ordre, les agents seraient invités à faire savoir

si les questions dont il s'agissait et les réponses qui y seraient
faites les amenaient à amender leurs conclusions respectives et
éventuellement à énoncer des conclusions amendées.
Se prévalant decette décision, les agents des Parties ont répondu
le 22 octobre 1962. L'agent de l'Afrique du Sud a amendé les conclu-
sions dont il avait donné lecture à l'audience du II octobre en

substituant au paragraphe ((premièrement ))le texte ci-après:

(Premièrement, le Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain n'a jamais
été,ou en tout cas n'est plus depuis la dissolution de la Société des
Nations, cun traité ou une convention en vigueur )) au sens de
l'article 37 du Statut de la Cour, la présente conc!usion visant:
a) ledit accord de Mandat dans son ensemble, y compris l'article 7,

et
b) en tout cas l'article 7 meme. »
12328 SOUTH WEST AFRICA C'4SEÇ (JUDGMENT 21 XII 62)

At the hearing on 22 October 1962, the Agent of Ethiopia and
Liberia stated that he did not intend to amend his Submissions.

To found the jurisdiction of the Court in the proceedings, the
Applicants, having regard to Article 80, paragraph 1, of the Charter

of the United Nations, relied on Article 7 of the Mandate of 17 De-
cember 1920 for South West ilfrica, and Article 37 of the Statute
of the Court. In response to the Applications and Memorials of
Ethiopia and Liberia, the Government of South Africa filed Pre-
liminary Objections to the jurisdiction of the Court. It is these
Objections which cal1for consideration in the present phase of the
proceedings.
Before undertakingthis task, however, the Court finds it necessary
to decide a preliminary question relating to the existence of the
dispute which is the subject of the Applications. The view has been
advanced that if no dispute within the purview of Article 7 of the
Mandate and Articles 36 and 37 of the Statute of the Court exists in

fact, a conclusion of incompetence or fin denon-recevoirmust follow.
Itis to be noted that this preliminary question really centres on
the point as to the existence of a dispute. between the Applicants
and the Respondent, irrespective of the nature and subject of the
dispute laid before the Court in the present case. In the case of th:
Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions (P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. II)
the Permanent Court defines a dispute as "a disagreement on a
point of Iaw or fact, a conflict of legal views or interests between
two persons". The said Judgment, in proceeding to examine the
nature ofthe dispute, enunciates this definition,only after establish-
ing that the conditions for the existence of a dispute are fulfilled.

In other words it is not sufficient for one party to a contentious
case to assert that a dispute exists with the other party. A mere
assertion is not sufficient to prove tlie existence ofa dispute any more
than a mere denial of the existence of the dispute proves its non-
existence. Nor is it adequate to show that the interests of the two
parties to such a case are in conflict. It must be shown that the
claim of one party is positively opposed by the other. Tested by
this criterion therecan be no doubt about the existence of a dispute
between the Parties before the Court, since it is clearly constituted
by their opposing attitudes relating to the performance of the obli-
gations of the Mandate by the Respondent as Mandatory.

Inasmuch as the grounds on which the Preliminary Objections
rely are generally connected with the interpretation of the Mandate
13 SFFAIKES DU SUD-OUEST AFRICBIEY (ARRÊT 21 XII 62) 328
L'agent de l'Éthiopie et du Libéria a, lors de l'aiidience du

22 octobre 1962, déclarén'avoir pas l'intention d'amender ses
coridi;3ions *
* *

Pour établir-lacompétencede la Cour en l'espèce, lesdemandeurs,
se référantà l'article 80, paragraphe 1, de la Charte des Nations
Unies, ont invoqué l'article 7 du Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain
du 17 décembre 1920 ainsi que l'article37 du Statut de la Cour.
En réponse aux requêteset mémoires de l'Éthiopie et du Libéïia,
le Gouvernement sud-africain a soumis des exceptions préliminaires
à la compétence de la Cour. Ce sont ces exceptions qu'il convient
d'examiner au stade actuel de la procédure.

Avant d'entreprendre cette tâche, la Cour ektime toutefois néces-
saire de trancher une question préliminaire touchant l'existence du

différend qui fait l'objet des requêtes. 11a étédit que s'il n'existe
en fait aucun différend dans le cadre de l'article 7 du Mandat et
des articles 36 et 37 du Statut de la Cour, une conclusion d'in-
compétence ou une fin de non-recevoir doit s'ensuivre.
Il convient d'observer que cette question préliminaire porte en
réalité sur le problème de l'existence d'un différend entre les
demandeurs et le défendeur, quels que soient la nature et l'objet
du différend soumis à la Cour dans la présente instance. Dans
l'affaire des Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine (C. P. J. I.,
série A no 2, p. II),la Cour permanente définitun différend ences
termes: (un désaccordsurun point de droit ou de fait, une contra-
diction,une opposition de thèses juridiques ou d'intérêtsentre deux
personnes ))En procédant à l'examen de la nature du différend,
l'arrêtn'énoncecette définition qu'après avoir établique lescondi-
tions d'existence d'un différendsont remplies. En d'autres termes,
il ne suffit pas que l'une des parties à une affaire contentieuse
affirme l'existence d'un différend avec l'autre partie. La simple

affirmation ne suffit pas pour prouver l'existence d'un différend,tout
comme le simple fait que l'existence d'un différendest contestée ne
prouvepas que cedifférendn'existe pas. Il n'est pas suffisant nonplus
de démontrer que les intérêtsdes deux parties à une telle affaire
sont en conflit. Il faut démontrer que la réclamation de l'une des
parties se heurte à l'opposition manifeste de l'autre. D'après ce
critère, l'existence d'un différendentre les parties devant la Cour ne
saurait faire de doute puisqu'il résulte clairement de leurs attitudes
opposées à propos de l'accomplissement des obligations du Mandat
par le défendeur, en sa qualité de Mandataire.

En tant que les motifs sur lesquels se fondent les exceptions
préliminaires se rattachent en généralà l'interprétation de l'accord

13 SOUTH WEST AFRICA CASES (JUDGMENT 21 XII 62)
329
Agreement for South West Africa, it is also necessary at the outset
to give a brief account of the origin, nature and characteristics of
the Mandates System established by the Covenant of the League
of Nations.
Under Article 119 of the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919,

Germany renounced in favour of the Principal Allied and Associated
Powers al1her rights and titles over her overseas possessions. The
said Powers, shortly before the signature of the Treaty of Peace,
agreed to allocate them as Mandates to certain Allied States which
had already occupied them. The terms of al1the "C" Mandates were
drafted by a Committee of the Supreme Council of the Peace
Conference and approved by the representatives of the Principal
Allied and Associated Powers in the autumn of 1919, with one
reservation which was subsequently withdrawn. Al1 these actions
were taken before the Covenant took effect and before the Leaguc
of Nations was established andstarted functioning in January 1920.
Theterms of each Mandate were subsequently defined and confirmed
by the Council in'conformity with Article 22 of the Covenant.

The essential principles of the Mandates System consist chiefly in
the recognition of certainrights of the peoples ofthe underdeveloped
territories; the establishment of a regime of tutelage for each of
such peoples to be exercised by an advanced nation as a "Manda-
tory" "on behalf of the League of Nations"; and the recognition
of "a sacred trust of civilisation" laidpon the League as an organ-
ized international community and upon its Member States. This
system is dedicated to the avowed object of promoting the well-
beïng and development of the peoples concerned and is fortified
by setting up safeguards for the protection of their rights.
These features are inherent in the Mandates System as con-
ceived by its authors and as entrusted to the respective organs of
the League and the Member States for application. The rights

of the Mandatory in relation to the mandated territory and the
inhabitants have their foundation in the obligations of the Manda-
tory andthey are, so to speak, mere tools given to enable it to fulfil
its obligations. The fact is that each Mandate under the Mandates
System constitutes a new international institution, the primary,
overriding purpose of which is to promote "the well-being and
development" of the people of the territory under Mandate.

As has already been pointed out, Ethiopia and Liberia indicated
in their Applications the provisions on which they founded the
jurisdiction of the Court to hear and determine the dispute which

they referred to it to this the Republic of South Africa replied with
a denial of jurisdiction.
The issue of the jurisdiction of the Court was raised by the
Respondent in the form of four Preliminary Objections. Its sub-
14 AFFAIRES DU SUD-OUEST AFRICAIN (ARRÊT 21 XII 62) 329

de Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain, il faut également, dès le
départ, exposer brièvement l'origine, lanature et les caractéristiques
du système des Mandats établi par le Pacte de la Sociétédes
Nations.

Aux termes de l'article 119 du traité de Versailles du 28 juin 1919,
l'Allemagne a renoncé, en faveur des Principales Puissances alliées
et associées, à tous ses droits et titres sur ses possessions d'outre-
mer. Lesdites Puissances, peu de temps avant la signature du
traité de paix, sont ,convenues de conférer des Mandats sur ces
territoires à certains Etats alliésqui les occupaient déjà. Les termes
de tous les Mandats ((C ))ont été préparéspar une Commission
du Conseil suprême de la Conférencede la paix et approuvés en

l'automne de 1919 par les représentants des PrincipalesPuissances
alliées et associéesavec une réserve qui a étéretirée par la suite.
Tout celas'est produit avant quele Pacte n'entre en vigueur etavant
que la Sociétédes Nations ne s'établisseet commence à fonctionner,
en janvier 1920. Les termes de chacun des Mandats ont étédéfinis
et confirmésultérieurement par le Conseilselon l'article 22 du Pacte.
Les principes essentiels du système des Mandats consistent avant

tout dans la reconnaissance de certains droits des peuples des
territoires sous-développés; dans l'établissement d'un régime de
tutelle exercésur chacun de ces peuples par une nation développée,
en qualitéde (Mandataire )et ((au nom de la Société desNations »;
et dans la reconnaissance d'une ((mission sacrée de civilisation 1)
incombant à la Sqciétéen tant que communauté internationale
organiséeet à ses Etats Membres. Ce système a pour objet reconnu
le bien-être et le développement de ces peuples et il s'assortit de

garanties visant la protection de leurs droits.
Ces caract6res sont inhérents au système des Mandats tel que ses
auteurs l'ont conçu et tel qu'il a été confié pour application aux
divers organes de la Sociétéet à ses Etats Membres. Les droits du
Mandataire concernant le territoire sous Mandat et ses habitants
se fondent sur les obligations du Mandataire et ils ne sont, pour
ainsi dire, que de simples instruments lui permettant de remplir ses

obligations. Le fait est que, dans le système des Mandats, chaque
Mandat constitue une institution internationale nouvelle dont l'ob-
jectif principal est de promouvoir (lebien-êtreet ledéveloppement »
des peuples du territoire sous Mandat.

Comme on l'a déjà relevé, l'Éthiopie et le Libéria ont indiqué

dans leurs requêtes les dispositions sur lesquelles ils entendaient
fonder la compétence de la Cour pour connaître du différend qu'ils
lui ont soumis; à quoi la République sud-africaine a opposéune
dénégationde compétence.
La question de compétence a étésoulevéepar le défendeur sous
la forme de quatre exceptions préliminaires et les conclusions qu'il

14missions at the end of its written and oral statementsare substantial-
ly the same, except that on the latter occasion the grounds on
which the respective objections are based were summarized under
each Objection, and, with reference to the submissions in the first

Preliminary Objection, the Respondent introduced a modification
on 22 October 1962, as a consequence of its replies to questions put
to the Parties by Members of the Court. The Court will deal first
with this modification.

The amended text of the First Objection reads:
"Firstly, the Mandate for South West Africa has never been, or
at any ratissincethe dissolutionofthe LeagueofNations nolonger,
a 'treaty or convention in force'within the meaning of Article 37
of the Statute ofthe Court, this Submission being advanced
(a) with respect to the Mandate as a whole, including Article 7
thereof; and

(b) in any event, with respect to Article 7 itself."

The amendment consists in the addition of the italicized words.
Counsel for the Respondent made a statement as a preface to
his amendment of 22 October 1962. From this statement it
appears that originally the Respondent had always considered or as-
sumed that the Mandate for South West Africa had been a "treaty or
convention in itself, that is, an international agreement between the
Mandatory on the one hand, and, on the other, the Council repre-
senting the League and/or its Members"; and that it had stated
several times "that that proposition could be taken to be common
cause as related to the period of the lifetime of the League"; but
"that the alternative view might well be taken that in defining the
terms of the Mandate, the Council Ras taking executive action in
pursuance of the Covenant (which of coursewas a convention) and
was not entering into an agreement which would itself be a treaty

or convention". At the same time, the statement added: "This
view, we put it no higher tl-ian a view that might be taken, would
regard the Council's Declaration as setting forth a resolution of the
Council,which would, like any other valid resolution of the Council,
owe its legal force to the fact of having been duly resolved by
the Council in the exercise of powers conferred upon it by the Cove-
nant."

In the Court's opinion, this modified view is not well-founded for
the foîlowing reasons. For its confirmation, the Mandate for South
West Africa took the form of a resolution of the Council of the League
but obviously it was of a different character. It cannot be correctly
regarded as embodying only an executive action in pursuance of
the Covenant. The Mandate, in fact and in law, is an international

agreement having the character of a treaty or convention. The
Preamble of the Mandate itself shows this character. The agreementa déposées àla fin de ses écritures et de ses plaidoiries sont en subs-
tance les mêmes,si ce n'est que, dans les conclusions soumises à
la fin des plaidoiries, les motifs sur lesquels se fondent respective-
ment les exceptions ont été résumés sous chacune d'entre elles.

D'autre part, en ce qui concerne les conclusions relatives à la
premièreexceptionpréliminaire,ledéfendeur a introduitun amende-
ment le 22 octobre 1962, à la suite des réponses qu'il a donnéesaux
questions poséesaux Parties par des Membres de la Cour. La Cour
traitera en premier lieu de cette modification.
Le texte amendé de la première exception est le suivant:

((Premièrement,le Mandat pour le Sud-Ouestafricain n'a jamais
étéo,u en toutcas n'est plus depuis la dissolution de la Sociétédes
Nations, ((un traité ou une convention en vigueur ))au sens de
l'article 37 du Statut de la Cour, la présenteconclusionvisant:
a) ledit accordde Mandat dans sonensemble. vcomprisl'article7,
et
b) en tout cas l'article 7 même. ')

L'amendement consiste en l'addition des mots en italiques. Le
conseil du défendeur a fait une déclaration en manière de préface

à son amendement du 22 octobre 1962. 11ressort de cette décla-
ration que primitivement, le défendeur a toujours considéréou
supposé que le Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain était ((un traité
ou une convention en soi, c'est-à-dire un accord international entre
le Mandataire d'une part et le Conseil représentant la Société des
Nations et/ou ses Membres d'autre part »; et qu'il a déclaréà plu-
sieurs reprises ((qu'en ce qui concerne la période d'existence de la
SociétédesNationscette proposition pouvait êtreconsidéréecomme

un point communément admis par les Parties 1);mais qu'«on
pourrait adopter la conception alternative selon laquelle, en dé-
finissant les termes du Mandat, le Conseil prenait une mesure d'exé-
cution en application du Pacte (lequel constituait évidemment une
convention) et ne passait pas un accord qui aurait étélui-mêmeun
traité ou une convention ».La déclaration ajoutait immédiatement :
« Ce point de vue, que nous n'envisageons pas autrement que
comme une hypothèse, tendrait à considérer la déclaration du

Conseil comme constituant une résolution de ce Conseil laquelle,
comme toute autre résolution valable du Conseil, tirerait sa force
juridique du fait qu'elle aurait étédûment prise par le Conseil dans
l'exercice des pouvoirs qui lui étaient conféréspar le Pacte. »
De l'avis de la Cour, le point de vue ainsi modifié n'est pas
fondé pour les raisons suivantes. Aux fins d'êtreconfirmé,le Mandat
pour le Sud-Ouest africain a pris la forme d'une résolution du
Conseil de la SociétédesNations,mais il est évident qu'il était d'une

autre nature. On ne saurait le considérercomme une simple mesure
d'exécution prise en application du Pacte. Le Mandat est en fait et
en droit un engagement international ayant le caractère d'un traité
ou d'une convention. Le préambuledu Mandat lui-mêmele confirme.
1.5331 SOUTH WEST AFRICA CASES (JUDGMENT 21 XII 62)
referred to therein was effected by a decision of the Principal Allied

and AssociatedPowersincludingGreat Britain taken on 7 May 1919
to confer a Mandate for the Territory on His Britannic Majesty and
by the confirmation of its acceptance on 9 May 1919 by the Union
of South Africa. The second and third paragraphs of the Preamble
record these facts. It is further stated therein that "His Bntannic
Majesty, for and on behalf of the Government of the Union of
South Africa ..has undertaken to exercise it on behalf of the League
of Nations in accordance with the following provisions". These
"provisions" were formulated "in the following terms".
The draft Mandate containing the explicit terms was presented
to the Council of the League in December 1920 and, with a few
'changes,was confirmed on 17December 1920. The fourth and final
paragraph of the Preamble recites the provisions of Article 22,
paragraph 8, of the Covenant, and then "confirming the said
Mandate, defines its terms as follows: ...".

Thus it can be seen from what has been stated above that this

Mandate, like practically al1 other similar Mandates, is a special
type of instrument composite in nature and instituting a novel
international regime. It incorporates adefinite agreement consisting
in the conferment and acceptance of a Mandate for South West
Africa, a provisional or tentative agreement on the terms of this
Mandate between the Principal Allied and Associated Powers to be
proposed to the Council of the League of Nations and a forma1
confirmation agreement onthe terms therein explicitly definedby the
Council and agreed to between the Mandatory and the Council
representing the League and its Members. It is an instrument having
the character of a treaty or convention and embodying international
engagements for the Mandatory as defined by the Council and
accepted by the Mandatory.
The fact that the Mandate is described in its last paragraph as
a Declaration [exemplairein the French text] is of no legal signifi-
cance. The Mandates confirmed by the Council of the League of
Nations in the course of 1922 are al1called instruments [actesin the

French text], such as the French Mandate for Togoland, the British
Mandate for the Cameroons, the Belgian Mandate for East Africa
(Ruanda-Urundi), etc. Terminology is not a determinant factor as
to the character of an international agreement or undertaking. In
the practice of States and of international organizations and in the
jurisprudence of international courts, thereexists a great variety of
usage; there aremany different types of acts to which the character
of treaty stipulations has been attached.

Moreover, the fact that the Mandate confirmed by the Council of
the League embodies a provision that it "shall be deposited in the
archives of the League of Nations" and that "certified copies shall
be fonvarded by the Secretary-General of the League of Nations

16 AFFAIRES DU SUD-OUEST AFRICAIN (ARRÊT 21 XII 62) 331

L'accord qui y est viséa étéréalisépar une décisiondes Principales
Puissances alliéeset associées, y compris la Grande-Bretagne, prise
le 7 mai 1919 de conférer à Sa Majestébritannique un Mandat sur
le territoire et par la confirmation de son acceptation le g mai 1919
par l'Union sud-africaine. Le deuxième et le troisième considérant
du préambule prennent acte de ces faits. En outre, il y est déclaré:
« Sa MajestéBritannique, agissant pour le Gouvernementde l'Union
de l'Afrique du Sud ..a entrepris de l'exercer au nom de la Société

des Nations, conformément aux dispositions suivantes. » Ces « dis-
positions ))ont été formulées « ainsi que suit ».
Le projet de Mandat contenant les termes explicites a étéprésenté
au Conseil de la Sociétédes Nations en décembre 1920 et, après
quelques modifications, il a étéconfirméle 17 décembre 1920. Le
quatrième et dernier considérant du préambule reprend les disposi-
tions de l'article 22, paragraphe 8, du Pacte, puis indique que le
Conseil, ((confirmant le mandat, a statué sur ses termes comme

suit :...)).
Ce qui vient d'être dit montre donc que, comme pzesque tous
les autres Mandats semblables, ce Mandat constitue un acte d'un
type spécial,denature composite, instituant un régimeinternational
nouveau. Il contient un accord précisportant attribution et accep-
tation d'un Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain, un accord conclu
provisoirement ou à titre d'essai entre les Principales Puissances
alliéeset associéessur les termes du Mandat à proposer au Conseil
de la Sociétédes Nations et un accordconfirmantformellement les

termes qui y sont explicitement définispar le Conseil, et qui ont été
acceptéspar le Mandataire et par le Conseil représentant la Société
des Nations et ses Membres. C'est un instrument qui présente le
caractère d'un traité ou d'une convention et qui incorpore les
engagements internationaux du Mandataire définispar le Conseil et
acceptés par le Mandataire.
Il est juridiquement sans importance que le Mandat soit décrit
dans son dernier alinéa comme un « exemplaire » [Declaration dans

le texte anglais]. Les Mandats confirméspar le Conseil de la Société
des Nations en 1922, tels le Mandat français sur le Togo, le Mandat
britannique sur le Cameroun, le Mandat belge sur le Territoire de
l'Est africain (Ruanda-Urundi), etc., s'intitulent tous des ((actes))
[instruments dans le texte anglais]. La terminologie n'est pas un
élémentdéterminant quant au caractère d'un accord ou d'un en-
gagement international. Dans la pratique des Etats et des organisa-
tions internationales, comme dans la jurisprudence des tribunaux
internationaux, on trouve des usages très variés; le caractère de

dispositions conventionnelles a étéattribué à de nombreux types
d'actes différents.
Au surplus, le fait qu'il y ait dans le Mandat confirmé par le
Conseil de la Société des Nations une disposition énonçant qu'il
((sera déposédans les archives de la Société des Nations 1)et que
((Des copies certifiées conformes en seront remises par le Secrétaire
16to al1 Powers Signatories of the Treaty of Peace with Germany",
clearly implies that it was intended and understood to be an inter-
national treaty or convention embodying international engagements
of general interest to the Signatory Powers of the German Peace
Treaty.

It has been argued that the Mandate in question was not registered
in accordance with Article 18 of the Covenant which provided:
"No such treaty or international engagement shall be binding until
so registered." If the Mandate was ab initio nul1and void on the
ground of non-registration it would follow that the Respondent
has not andhas never had a legal title for its administration of the
territory of South West Africa ;it would therefore be impossiblefor
it to maintain that it has had such a title up to the discovery ofthis
ground of nullity. The fact is that Article 13 provided for regis-
tration of "Every treaty or international engagement entered into
hereafterbÿ any Member of the League" and the word "hereafter"
meant after IO January 1920 when the Covenant took effect,
whereas the Mandate for South West Africa, as stated in the pre-

amble of the instrument, had actualiy been conferred on and
accepted by the Union of South Africa more than seven months
earlier on 7-9 May 1919 ;and its termshad been provisionally agreed
upon between the Principal Allied and Associated Powers and the
Mandatory, in August 1919. Moreover, Article 18, designed to
secure publicity and avoid secret treaties, could not apply in the
same way in respect of treaties to which the League of Nations
itself was one of the Parties as in respect of treaties concluded
among individual Member States. The Mandate for South West
Africa, like al1 the other Mandates, is an international instru-
ment ofan institutional character, to which the League of Nations,
represented by the Council, was itself a Party. It is the implemen-
tation of an institution in which al1the Member States are interes-
ted as such. The procedure to give the necessary publicity to the

Mandates including the one under consideration was applied in
view of their special character, and in any event they uere publish-
ed in the Ogcial Journal of the League of Nations.

Since the Mandate in question had the character of a treaty or
convention at its start, the next relevant question to consider is
whether this treaty or convention, with respect to the Mandate as
a whole including Article 7 thereof, or with respect to Artic7eitself,
is still in force. The Respondent contends that it is not in force, and
?his contention constitutes the essence of the First Preliminary

3bjection. It is argued that the rights and obligations under the
'dandate in relation to the administration of the territory of South
:7 AFFAIRES DU SUD-OUEST AFRICAIN (ARRÊT 21 XII 62)
332
généralde la Société desNations à toutes les Puissances signataires
du Traité de Paix avec l'Allemagne » implique clairement que ce

Mandat avait été conçu et était considéré comme un traité
international ou une convention internationale contenant des
engagements internationaux d'intérêtgénéralpour les Puissances
signataires du traité de paix avec l'Allemagne.
Il a étésoutenu que le Mandat en question n'a pas étéenre-
gistré conformément à l'article 18 du Pacte qui disposait: .«Aucun
de ces traités ou engagements internationaux ne sera obligatoire
avant d'avoir étéenregistré. 1Si le Mandat étaitnul et non avenu ab
initio en raison du non-enregistrement, il s'ensuivraitquele défen-
deur n'a pas et n'a jamais eu de titre juridique à administrer le
territoire du Sud-Ouest africain; il lui serait donc impossible de

soutenir qu'il a eu ce titre jusqu'à la découverte de ce motif de
nullité. Le fait est que l'article 18 prescrivait l'enregistrement de
((Tout traité ou engagement international conclu à l'avenir par
un Membre de la Société »,l'expression «à l'avenir » signifiant:
après le IO janvier 1920, date de l'entrée en vigueur du Pacte,
alors que le Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain, comme l'indique
le préambule de l'acte, avait été effectivement conféré à l'Union
sud-africaine et accepté par elle plus de sept mois auparavant, les
7 et 9 mai 1919 et que ses termes avaient été acceptés à titre
provisoire en août 1919 par les Principales Puissances alliées et

associées,et par le Mandataire. Au surplus, l'article 18, destiné à
assurer la publicité età éviter les traités secrets, ne pouvait s'ap-
pliquer de la même façondans le cas des traités auxquels la Société
des Nation? elle-mêmeétait partie et dans celui des traités conclus
entre les Etats Membres à titre individuel. Le Mandat pour le
Sud-Ouest africain, comme tous les autres Mandats, constitue un
acte international de caractère institutionnel auquel la Société des
Nations elle-même, représentée par le Conseil, était partie. Il
cpstitue la mise en Œuvre d'une institution à laquelle tous les
Etats Membres sont intéressés,comme tels. La procédure utilisée
pour donner la publicité nécessaire aux Mandats, y compris celui

qui est actuellement à l'examen, a étéappliquée en raison de leur
caractère spécial, et, de toute façon, ils ont étépubliés dans le
Joztrnal oficiel de la Société desNations.

Vu que le Mandat en question a eu dès l'origine le caractère d'un
traité ou d'une convention, la question pertinente qui se pose
ensuite est d'examiner si ce traité ou cette convention, pour ce qui
est du Mandat tout entier, y compris son article 7, ou pour ce qui

est de l'article7 lui-même, est encore en vigueur. Le défendeur
prétend qu'il n'est pas en vigueur et cette thèse constitue l'essence
de sa première exception préliminaire. Il affirme que les droits et
obligations prévus par le Mandat en ce qui concerne l'adminis-
1:West Africa being of an objective character still exist, while those
rights and obligations relating to administrative supervision by
the League and submission to the Permanent Court of International
Justice, being of a contractual character, have necessarily become
extinct on the dissolution of the League of Nations which involved
as a consequence the ending of membership of the League, leaving
only one party to the contract and resulting in the total extinction
of the contractual relationship.

The Respondent further argues that the casualties arising from
the demise of the League of Nations are not therefore confined to
the provisions relating to supervision by the League over the

Mandate but include Article 7 by which the Respondent agreed to
submit to the jurisdiction of the Permanent Court of International
Justice in any dispute whatever between it as Mandatory and
another Member of the League of Nations relating to the interpre-
tation or the application of the provisions of the Mandate. If the
object of Article 7 of the Mandate is the submission to the Court
of disputes relating to the interpretation or the application of the
Mandate, it naturally follows,that no Application based on Article7
could be accepted unless the said Mandate, of which Article 7 is
a part, is in force. This proposition, moreover, constitutes the very
basis of the Applications to the Court.

Similar contentions were advanced by Lhe Respondent in 1950,
and the Court in its Advisory Opinion ruled:

"The authority which the Union Government exercises over tht
Territory is based on the Mandate. If the Mandate lapsed, as the
Union Government contends, the latter's authority would equally
have lapsed. To retain the rights derived from the Mandate and
Reports 1950,page 133.) thereunder could not be justified." (I.C.J.

After observing that the international obligations assumed by the
Union of South Africa were of two kinds, those "directly related to
the administration of the Territory" and corresponding "to the
sacred trust of civilization referred to in Article2 of the Covenant"
and those "related to the machinery for implementation" and
"closely linked to the supervision and control of the League",
corresponding to the " 'securities for the performance of this trust'

referred to in the same article", the Court went on to Say with
reference to the second group of obligations:
"The obligation incumbent upon a mandatory State to accept
international supervision ancl to submit reports is an important
part of the Mandates System. When the authors of the Covenant
created this system, they considered that the effective performance
of the sacred trust of civilization by the mandatory Powers required
that the administration of mandated territories should be subject to
international supervisio..It cannot be admitted that the obligationtration du temtoire du Sud-Ouest africain, ayant un caractère

objectif, existent encore, tandis que les droits et obligations concer-
nant la surveillance administrative exercée par la Société des
Nations et le renvoi à la Cour permanente de Justice internationale,
étant de caractère contractuel, sont nécessairement devenus
caducs à la dissolution de la Sociétédes Nations, laquelle compor-
tait comme conséquence la fin de l'appartenance à cette Société,
ne laissant subsister relativement au contrat qu'une seule partie et
entraînant l'extinction totale du lien contractuel.
Le défendeur affirme en outre que les conséquences destructives
de la disparition de la Sociétédes Nations ne se limitent donc pas
aux dispositions touchant la surveillance exercéepar la Société des

Nations sur le Mandat, mais portent aussi sur l'article 7, aux termes
duquel le défendeur a accepté de se soumettre à la juridiction de
la Cour permanente de Justice internationale pour tout différend,
quel qu'il fîit, qui viendrait à s'élever entre lui, en sa qualité de
Mandataire, et un autre Membre de la Sociétédes Nations sur
l'interprétation ou l'application des dispositions du Mandat. En
effet, si l'article du Mandat a pour objet de soumettre à la Cour
les différends se rapportant à l'interprétation ou à l'application du
Mandat, il s'ensuit naturellement qu'aucune requête fondée sur
l'article7 ne peut être acceptée, à moins que ledit Mandat dont
l'article7fait partie ne soit en vigueur. Au surplus, cette proposition
constitue la base mêmedes requêtes présentées à la Cour.
Pareilles affirmations avaient étéavancées par le défendeur en

1950, et la Cour, dans son avis consultatif, a statué comme suit:
«L'autoritéque le Gouvernement de l'Union exerce sur le Terri-
toire est fondéesur le Mandat. Si le Mandat avait cesséd'exister,
comme le prétendle Gouvernement de l'Union, l'autoritéde celle-ci
aurait égalementcesséd'exister. Rien ne permet de conserver les
droits dérivésdu Mandat tout en répudiant les obligations qui en
découlent.» (C.I. J.Recueil 1950, p. 133.)

Après avoir observéque les obligations internationales assuméespar
l'Union sud-africaine étaient de deux sortes, les unes concernant
« directement l'administration du Territoire » et correspondant
« à la mission sacrée de civilisation mentionnée à l'article 22 du
Pacte »,et les autres ayant« trait au mécanisme de mise en Œuvre D,
((étroitement liéesà la surveillance et aux fonctions de contrôle de
la Sociétédes Nations » et correspondant aux ((garanties pour
l'accomplissement de cette mission))mentionnées dans le même
article»,la Cour a déclaréau sujet du second groupe d'obligations:

((L'obligation incombant à un État mandataire de se prêter à
une surveillance internationale et de soumettre des rapports tient
une place importante dans le système des Mandats. En instituant
celui-ci, les rédacteursdu Pacte ont eu la penséeque, pour assurer
effectivement l'accomplissement de la mission sacréede civilisation
confiée à la Puissance mandataire, il importait de soumettreà une
surveillance internationalel'administration des territoires sous Man-
18 to submit to supei.visionhas disappeared merely because the super-
visory organ has ceased to exis..."(Ibid page 136.)

The findings of the Court on the obligation of the Union Govern-
ment to submit to international supervision are thus crystal clear.
Indeed, to exclude the obligations connected with the Mandate
would be to exclude the very essence of the Mandate.
That the League of Nations in ending its own existence did not

terminate the Mandates but that it definitely intended to continue
them by its resolution of 18 April 1946 will be seen later when
the Court states its views as to the true effect of the League's final
act of dissolution on the Mandates.

What is relevant to the issue under consideration is the finding
of the Court in the same Advisory Opinion on the effect of the
dissolution of the League of Nations on Article 7 of the Mandate.
After recalling the provisions of this Article, the Court stated :

"Having regard to Article 37 of the Statute of the International
CCourt is ofopinion that this clausein the Mandate is still in forceand
that, therefore, the Union of South Africa is under an obligation to
accept the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court according to those
provisions." (Ibidp. age 138.)

It is also to be recalled that while the Court was divided on the
other points involved in the questions put to it for an Advisory
Opinion, it was unanimous on the finding that Article 7 of the
Mandate relating to the obligation of the Union of South Africa
to submit to the compulsory jurisdiction of this Court is still "in

force".
The unanimous holding of the Court in 1950 on the survival and
continuing effect of Article 7 of the Mandate, continues to reflect
the Court's opinion today. Nothing has since occurred which would
warrant the Court reconsidering it. Al1important facts were stated
or referred to in the proceedings before the Court in 1950.

The Court finds that, though the League of Nations and th(
Permanent Court of International Justice have both ceased to exist,
the obligation of the Respondent to submit to the compulsor-
jurisdiction of that Court was effectively transferred to this Cour1
before the dissolution of the League of Nations. By its own reso -
lution of 18 April1946 the League ceased to exist from the followin~
day, i.e. 19 April 1946. The Charter of the United Nations, in

accordance with Article IIO thereof, entered into force on 24 OC-
tober 1945. South Africa, Ethiopia and Liberia, the three Parties
tothe present proceedings, deposited their ratifications respectively
on 7 November 1945, 2 November 1945 and 13 November 1945,
19 dat ...On ne saurait admettre que l'obligation de se soumettre à
surveillance aurait disparu pour la simple raison que cet organe de
contrôle a cesséd'exister..))(Ibid p..136.)

Les conclusions de la Cour au sujet de l'obligation du Gouvernement
de l'union de se soumettre à une surveillance internationale sont
donc parfaitement claires. En fait, exclure les obligations liées au
Mandat reviendrait à exclure l'essence mêmedu Mandat.
On verra plus loin, lorsque la Cour exposera sa manière de voir
sur le véritable effet sur les Mandats de l'acte final de dissolution
de la Société desNations, qu'en mettant fin à sa propre.existence,
la Société desNations n'a pas mis fin aux Mandats mais qu'elle a

certainement entendu les maintenir par sa résolution du 18 avril
1946.
Cequi est pertinent en l'espèce c'est l'opinion énoncép ear la Cour
dans le mêmeavis consultatif quant à l'effet de la dissolution de
la Société des Nations sur l'article 7 du Mandat. Après avoir
rappelé les dispositions de cet article, la Cour a déclaré:

((Vu l'article 37 du Statut de la Courinternationale de Justice et
l'article0, paragraphe premier, de la Charte, la Cour est d'avis
que cette disposition du Mandat est encoreen vigueur et qu'encon-
séquence l'Union sud-africaine est tenue de reconnaître comme
obligatoire la juridiction de la Cour dans les termes prévuspar ces
dispositions.))(Ibid p. 138.)
Il convient aussi de rappeler que si la Cour s'est divisée sur
d'autres points touchant les questions à elle soumises pour avis

consultatif, elle a étéunanime à dire que l'article 7 du Mandat
relatifà l'obligation de l'union sud-africaine de se soumettre à la
juridiction obligatoire de la Cour demeure (en vigueur )).

La Cour s'en tient encore aujourd'hui à la conclusion à laquelle
elle est unanimement parvenue en 1950 quant à la survivance et au
maintien en vigueur de l'article 7 du Mandat. Depuis lors, rien ne
s'est produit qui justifierait la Cour de revenir sur cette conclu-
sion. Tous les faits importants ont étéexposés ou citésdans la
procédure devant la Cour en 1950.

Bien que'la Société desNations et la Cour permanente de Justice
internationale aient disparu l'une et l'autre, la Cour estime que
l'obligation du défendeur de se soumettre à la juridiction obliga-
toire de la Cour permanente a étéeffectivement transférée à la
présente Cour avant la dissolution de la Société des Nations. Par
sa propre résolution du 18 avril 1946, la Société desNations a cessé
d'exister à partir du jour suivant, soit à partir du 19 avril 1946. La
Charte des Nations Unies, conformément à son article 110, est
entrée en vigueur le 24 octobre 1,945.Les trois Parties àla présente
procédure, l'Afrique du Sud, 1'Ethiopie et le Libéria, ont déposé

leurs ratifications le 7 novembre 1945, le 2 novembre 1945 et le
19and in accordance with paragraph 4 of the said Article IIO al1
became original Members of the United Nations from the respective
dates. They have since been subjected to the obligations, and en-
titled to the rights, under the Charter. One of these obligations is
embodied in Article 37 of the Statute of this Court, which by
Article 92 of the Charter "forms an integral part of the present
Charter", and by Article 93 thereof "Al1 Members of the United
Nations are i$so factoparties to the Statute of the International
Court of Justice". By the effect of these provisions the Respondent
has bound itself since 7 November 1945, when the League of
Nations and the Permanent Court were still in existence and when
therefore Article7 of the Mandate was also in full force, to accept
the compulsory jurisdiction of this Court in lieu of that of the
Permanent Court, to which it had originally agreed to submit under
Article 7of the Mandate.
This transferred obligation was voluntarily assumed by the
Respondent when joining the United Nations. There could be no
question of lack of consent on thepart of the Respondent as regards
this transfer to this Court of the Respondent's obligation under

Article 7 of the Mandate to submit to the compulsory jurisdiction
of the Permanent Court. The validity of Article 7, in the Court's
view, was not affected by the dissolution of the League, just as the
Mandate as a whole is still in force for the reasons stated above.

* * *

The Second Objection of the Respondent consists mainly of an
argument which has been advanced in support of the First Ob-
jection. It centres on the term "another Member of the League
of Nations" in Article 7, of which paragraph 2 reads:

"The Mandatory agrees that, if any dispute whatever should
arisebetweenthe Mandatoryand another Memberof the Leagueof
Nationsrelating to the interpretation or the application of the pro-
visionsofthe Mandate,suchdispute, if it cannot besettled by nego-
tiation, shall be submitted to the PermanentCourt of International
Justice providedfor byArticle 14of the Covenantof the Leagueof
Nations."
It is contended that since al1 Member States of the League
necessarily lost their membership and its accompanying rights when
the League itself ceased to exist on 19 April 1946, there could no
longer be "another Member of the League of Nations" today.
According to this contention, even assuming that Article 7 of
the Mandate is still in force as a treaty or convention within the
meaning of Article 37 of the Statute, no State has "locus standi"
or is qualified to invoke the jurisdiction of this Court in any dispute
with the Respondent as Mandatory.13 novembre 1945 respectivement et, en vertu du paragraphe 4

dudit article 110, ces trois États sont devenus Membres originaires
des Nations Unies à partir de ces dates respectives. Depuis lors, ils
sont soumis aux obligations de la Charte et jouissent des droits qui
en découlent. L'une de ces obligationsfigure à l'articl37 du Statut
de la Cour qui, en vertu de l'article 92 de la Charte, ((fait partie
intégrante »de la Charte, tandis qu'aux termes de l'article 93 (Tous
les Membres des Nations Unies sont ipso facto parties au Statut de
la Cour internationale de Justice 1).Par l'effet de ces dispositions,
le défendeur s'est engagédepuis le 7 novembre 1945, époque où
la Société desNations et la Cour permanente existaient encore et
où par conséquent l'article 7 du Mandat était encore pleinement en

vigueur, à accepter la juridiction obligatoire de la présente Cour
au lieu de celle de la Cour permanente à laquelle il avait primitive-
ment accepté de se soumettre en vertu de l'article 7 du Mandat.
L'obligation ainsi transférée a étévolontairement assuméepar le
défendeur lorsqu'il est devenu Membre des Nations Unies. Il ne
saurait être question d'un défaut de consentement du défendeur à
l'égard de ce transfert à la présente Cour de l'obligation de se
soumettre à la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour permanente lui
incombant en vertu de l'article 7 du Mandat. De l'avis de la Cour,
liarticle7 reste en vigueur sans êtreaffecté par la dissolution de
la Sociétédes Nations, de mêmeque.le Mandat, dans son ensemble,

demeure en vigueur pour les raisons indiquées plus haut.

La deuxième exception du défendeur consiste principalement en
un argument qui a été avancé à l'appui de la première exception.
Il porte essentiellement sur l'expression ((un autre Membre de la
Sociétédes Nations »,qui figure dans le deuxième alinéa de l'arti-
cle 7, ainsi conçu:

(Le Mandataire accepte que tout différend, quelqu'il soit, qui
viendraità s'éleverentre lui et un autre Membre de la Société des
Nations relatifà l'interprétatioou à l'application des dispositions
du Mandat, et qui neàla Courpermanente de Justice internationale,
prévuepar l'article14 du Pacte de la Société desNations. ))

On soutient que, tous les Membres de la Société desNations ayant
nécessairement cesséd'en êtreMembres et ayant perdu les droits
qui s'attachaient à cette qualité lorsque la Sociétéelle-mêmea
cesséd'exister le 19 avril 1946, il ne saurait plus y avoir aujourd'hui
d'«autre Membre de la Société desNations ».Selon cette thèse, si
mêmel'on admet que l'article 7 du Mandat est encore en vigueur

en tant que traité ou convention au sens de l'article 37 du Statut,
aucun État n'a de loczfisstendi ni qualité pour invoquer la juridic-
tion de la Cour dans tout différend venant à s'éleverentre lui et
le défendeur en sa qualité de Mandataire.
20 This contention is claimed to be based upon the natural and
ordinary meaning of the words employed in the provision. But this

rule of interpretation isnot an absolute one. Where such a method of
interpretation results in a meaning incompatible with the spirit,
purpose and context of the clause or instrument in which the words
are contained, no reliance can be validly placed on it.
In the first place, judicial protection ofthe sacred trust in each Man-
date was an essential feature of the Mandates System. The essence
of this system, as conceived by its authors and embodied in Ar-
ticle 22of the Covenant ofthe League of Nations,consisted, as stated
earlier, of two features: a Mandate conferred upon a Power as "a
sacred tnist of civilisation" andthe "securities for the performance of
this trust".While the faithful discharge of the trust was assigned
to the Mandatory Power alone, the duty and the right of ensuring
the performance of this trust were given to the League with its
Council, the Assembly, the Permanent Mandates Commission and
al1 its Members within the limits of their respective authority,

power and functions, as constitutingadministrative supervision, and
the Permanent Court was to adjudicate and determine any dispute
within the meaning of Article 7 of the Mandate. The administrative
supervision by the League constituted a normal security to ensure
fullperformance by the Mandatory of the "sacred trust" toward the
inhabitants of the mandated territory, but the specially assigned
role of the Court was even more essential, since it was to serve as
the final bulwark of protection by recourse to the Court against
possible abuse or breaches of the Mandate.

The raison d'être of this essential provision in the Mandate is
obvious. Without this additional security the supervision by the
League and its Members could not be effective in the last resort.
For example, under Article 6 of the Mandate for South West Africa:

"The Mandatory shall make to the Councilof the League of Na-
tions anannual report to the satisfaction of the Council,containing
full information with regard to the territory, and indicating the
measures taken to carry out the obligationsassumedunder Articles
2, 3,4 and 5."

Ili actual operation the Council when satisfied with the report
on the recommendation of the Permanent Mandates Commission
would approve the report. If some Member of the Council had
doubts on some point orpoints in the report,explanations wouldbe
asked from the representative of the Mandatorypresent. If the ex-
planations were considered satisfactory, approval of the annual
report would follow. In either case the approval meant the unani-
mous agreement of al1 the representatives including that of the
Mandatory who, under Article 4, paragraph 5, of the Covenant,

21 Cette thèse prétend se fonder sur le sens naturel et ordinaire des
termes employésdans la disposition. Mais il ne s'agit pas là d'une
règled'interprétation absolue. Lorsque cette méthode d'interpréta-
tion aboutit à un résultat incompatible avec l'esprit, l'objet et le
contexte de la clause ou de l'acte où les termes figurent, on ne saurait
valablement lui accorder crédit.
En premier lieu, la protection judiciaire de la mission sacrée

contenue dans chaque Mandat constituait un aspect essentiel du
système des Mandats. Tel que ses auteurs l'avaient conçu et inscrit
dans l'article 22 du Pacte de la Sociétédes Nations, ce système,
comme il a déjà étédit, présentait essentiellement deux traits
principaux: un Mandat conféré àune Puissance à titre de (mission
sacrée de civilisation ))et ((des garanties pour l'accomplissement de
cette mission ». Si l'exécution fidèlede cette mission était assignée
à la seule Puissance mandataire, le devoir et le droit d'en assurer
l'accomplissement étaient confiésà la Sociétédes Nations, avec

son Conseil, l'Assemblée,la Commission permanente des Mandats et
tous ses Membres dans les limites de leur autorité, de leur pouvoir
et de leurs fonctions respectifs, ce qui constituait la surveillance
administrative, et la Cour permanente devait juger et trancher tout
différendau sens de l'article 7 du Mandat. La surveillance adminis-
trative exercéepar la Société desNations représentait une garantie
normale visant à assurer la pleine exécution par le Mandataire de
sa (mission sacrée » à l'endroit des habitants du territoire sous
Mandat, mais le rôle spécialement imparti à la Cour était encore

plus essentielpuisqu'elle devait servir d'ultime moyen de protection
,ar voie de recours judiciaire contre tous abus ou violations possibles
-lu Mandat.
La raison d'êtrede cette disposition essentielle du Mandat est
évidente. A défaut de cette garantie supplémentaire, la surveillance
exercéepar la Sociétéet par ses Membres ne pouvait en définitive
êtreefficace. Par exemple,l'article 6 du Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest
africain énonce :

((LeMandatairedevra envoyerau Conseildela Société desNations
un rapport annuel satisfaisant le Conseilet contenant toute informa-
tion intéressantle territoire et indiquant les mesures prises pour
assurer les engagements pris suivant les article2, 3, 4, 5.

En fait, sileConseilétaitsatisfait du rapport surlarecommandation
de la Commission permanente des Mandats, il l'approuvait. Si
un Membre du Conseil avait des doutes sur un ou plusieurs points
de ce rapport, des explications étaient demandées au représentant
du Mandataire alors présent. Si ces explications étaient considérées

comme satisfaisantes, le rapport annuel était approuvé immédiate-
ment. En tout cas, l'approbation exigeait l'unanimité de tous les
représentants, y compris celui du Mandataire qui, en vertu de
l'article 4, paragraphe 5, du Pacte, était habilité à envoyer siéger
2 1 was entitled to send a representative to such a meeting to take part
in the discussion and to vote. But if some measure proposed to the
Mandatory on the recommendation of the Permanent Mandates
Commission in the interest of the inhabitants of the mandated
territory and within the terms of the Mandate and of Article 22
of the Covenant should be opposed by the Mandatory, it could
not be adopted by the Council. Or if the Mandatory should adopt

some measure in connection with its administration of the
Temtory notwithstanding the objection of the Permanent Mandates
Commission and the Council that it was a violation of the Mandate,
and should persist in carrying it out, a conflict would occur. This
possibility is not a mere conjecture or hypothesis. As a matter of
fact, the Respondent had more than once intimated its desire to
incorporate South West Africa into the Union and the Permanent
Mandates Commission of the League each time objected to it
as being contrary to the Mandate; and the same idea of the
Mandatory Power was also conveyed tothe United Nations in 1946.
If it should have attempted in the days of the League to carry out
the idea contrary to paragraph I of Article7, an important dispute
would arise between it and the Council of the League.

Under the unanimity rule (Articles 4 and 5 of the Covenant), the
Council coul,dnot impose its own view on the Mandatory. It could
of course ask for an advisory opinion of the Permanent Court but
that opinion would not have binding force, and the Mandatory
coyld continue to turn a deaf ear to the Council's admonitions.
1n.such an event the only course left to defend the interests of the

inhabitants in order to protect the sacred trust would be to obtain
an adjudication by the Court on the matter connected with the
interpretation or the application of the provisions of the Mandate.
But neither the Council nor the League was entitled to appear
before the Court. The only effective recourse for protection of the
sacred trust would be for a Member or Members of the League
to invoke Article 7 and bring the dispute as also one between
them and the Mandatory to the Permanent Court for adjudication.
It was for this all-important purpose that the provision was
couched in broad terms embracing "any dispute whatever ...
between the Mandatory and another Member of the League of
Nations relating to the interpretation or the application of the
provisions of the Mandate ..if it cannot be settled by negotiation".
It is thus seen what an essential part Article 7 was intended
to play as one of the securities in the Mandates System for the
observance of the obligations by the Mandatory.
In the second place, besides the essentiality of judicial protection
for the sacred trust and for the rights of Member States under the
Mandates, and the lack of capacity on the part of the League or the

Councilto invoke such protection, the right to implead the Mandato-
ry Power before the Permanent Court was specially and expresslyun représentant pour prendre part à la discussion et voter. Mais, si
une mesure proposée au Mandataire sur la recommandation de la
Commission permanente des Mandats, dans l'intérêtdes habitants
du territoire sous Mandat et dans les limites du Mandat et de
l'article22 du Pacte, se heurtait à l'opposition du Mandataire,
elle ne pouvait êtreadoptéepar le Conseil. Ou encore, si le Manda-
taire, nonobstant l'opposition de la Commission permanente des
Mandats et du Conseil, avait adopté en matière d'administration

du territoire une mesure constituant une violation du Mandat et
si le Mandataire persistait à la maintenir, un conflit en serait
résulté. Cette éventualité n'est pas une simple conjectureou hypo-
thèse. En fait, le défendeur a manifesté plus d'une fois le désir
d'incorporer le Sud-Ouest africain à l'Union et la Commission per-
manente des Mandats de la Sociétédes Nations s'est chaque fois
opposée à une telle mesure, la considérant comme contraire au
Mandat; et la mêmeidée dela Puissance mandataire a également
étéémiseen 1946 à l'organisation des Nations Unies. Si à l'époque
de la Société desNations, la Puissance mandataire avait tenté de
donner effet à cette idéecontrairement à l'alinéa I de l'article7,
il en serait résultéun différendimportant entre elle et le Conseil
de la Société des Nations.
En vertu de la règle de l'unanimité (articles 4 et 5 du Pacte),
le Conseil ne pouvait imposer ses vues au Mandataire. Il pouvait,
bien entendu, demander un avis consultatif à la Cour permanente
mais un tel avis n'aurait pas force obligatoire et le Mandataire

pourrait demeurer sourd aux admonestations du Conseil. En
pareil cas, le seul moyen de défendre les intérêtsdes habitants
aux fins de protéger la mission sacrée serait d'obtenir une dé-
cision de la Cour sur une question qui se rattachait à l'interpré-
tation ou à l'application des dispositions du Mandat. Mais ni le
Conseil ni la Sociétén'étaient admis à ester devant la Cour. IR
seul recours efficace pour la protection de la mission sacrée était
qu'un ou plusieurs Membres de la Société des Nations invoquas-
sent l'article 7 et soumissent le différend au jugement de la
Cour permanente comme constituant égalementun litige entre eux
et le Mandataire. C'est à cette fin essentielle que la clause a été
rédigéedans des termes très généraux embrassant «tout différend,
quel qu'il soit, ...entre [le Mandataire] et un autre Membre de
la Société desNationS.relatif à l'interprétation ou à l'application
des dispositions du Mandat, et qui ne soit pas susceptible d'être
réglépar des négociations ».On voit donc le rôle essentiel que l'ar-
ticle 7 devait jouer comme l'une des garanties du système des

Mandats quant au respect de ses obligations par le Mandataire.
En deuxième lieu, outre que la protection judiciaire était essen-
tielle pour la mission sacrée et pour les droits appartenant aux
États Membres en vertu des Mandats et que ni la Sociétédes Na-
tions ni le Conseiln'avaient qualité pour l'invoquer, le droit de citer
la Puissance mandataire devant la Cour permanente était conféré
22conferred on the Members of the League, evidently also because it
was the most reliable procedure of ensuring protection bythe Court,
whatever might happen to or arise from the machinery of admini-
strative supervision.
The third reason for concluding that Article 7 with particular
reference to the term "another Member of the League of Nations"
continues to be applicable is that obviously an agreement was

reached among al1 the Members of the League at the Assembly
session in April 1946 to continue the different Mandates as far as
it was practically feasible oroperable with reference to the obliga-
tions of the Mandatory Powers and therefore to maintain the rights
of the Members of the League, notwithstanding the dissolution of
the League itself. This agreement is evidenced not only by the
contents of the dissolution resolution of 18 April 1946 but also by
the discussions relating to the question of Mandates in the First
Committee of the Assembly and the whole set of surrounding
circumstances which preceded, and prevailed at, the session. More-
over, the Court seesno validground fordeparting from the conclusion
reached in the Advisory Opinion of 1950 to the effect that the
dissolution of the League of Nations has not rendered inoperable
Article 7 of the Mandate. Those States who were Members of the
League at the time of its dissolution continue to have the right to
invoke the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, as they had the

right to do before the dissolution of the League. That right con-
tinues to exist for as long as the Respondent holds on to the right
to administer the territory under the Mandate.

The Assembly of the League of Nations met in April1946 specially
to arrange for the dissolution of the League. Long before the session
important events had taken place which bore a direct influence on
its course of action at the indicated session. The Charter of the
United Nations with its Chapter XI on non-self-governing territories
and Chapters XII and XII1 on the new trusteeship system embody-
ing principles corresponding to those in Article22 of the Covenant
on Mandates and the Mandates System entered into force in
October 1945 and the United Nations began to operate in January
1946, and the General Assembly held its first session in the follow-
ing February. When the Assembly of the League actually met
subsequently in April of the same year, it had full knowledge of
these events. Therefore before it finally passed the dissolution reso-

lution, it took special steps to provide for the continuation of the
Mandates and the Mandate System "until other arrangements have
beenagreedbetween the United Nations and the respective mandato-
ry Powers". It was fully realized by al1the representatives attending
the Assembly session that the operation of the Mandates during the
transitional period was bound to be handicapped by legal technicali-
ties and formalities. Accordingly they took specialsteps to meet them.
For example, these special circumstances show that the assembled
23spécialement et expressément aux Membres de la Société desNa-
tions évidemment parce qu'il était aussi le moyen le plus sûr de
rendre la protection judiciaire effective, quoi qu'il pût advenir du
système de surveillance administrative ou survenir à son sujet.
Ide troisième motif pour conclure que l'article 7, en ce qui con-
cerne en particulier la formule (un autre Membre de la Sociétédes
Nations n,continued'êtreapplicable est qu'à la session d'avril 1946
on était de toute évidence parvenu à un accord entre tous les

Membres de la Société desNations en vue de continuer les diffé-
rents Mandats, dans toute la mesure possible ou praticable, en
ce qui concerne les obligations des Puissances mandataires et
par conséquent de maintenir des droits des Membres de la Société
des Nations, nonobstant la dissolution de la Sociétéelle-même.
Cet accord est prouvé non seulement par le contenu de la résolution
du 18 avril 1946 sur la dissolution, mais encore par les discussions
relatives à la question des Mandats tenues devant la Première
Commission de l'Assembléeet par t~ut l'ensemble des circonstances
co~temporaines qui ont précédé et dominé la session. Au surplus
1, Cour ne voit aucun motif valable de s'écarter de la conclusion
laquelle elle est parvenue dans son avis consultatif de 1950 et

d'après laquelle la dissolution de la SociétédesrNations n'a pas
rendu l'article 7 du Mandat inapplicable. Les Etats qui étaient
Membres de la Société à l'époque de sa dissolution continuent à
avoir le droit d'invoquer la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour, ainsi
qu'ils avaient le droit de le faire avant la dissolution de la Société.
Ce droit continue à exister aussi longtemps que le défendeur
maintient son droit d'administrer le territoire sous Mandat.
L'Assembléede la Sociétédes Nations s'est réunie en avril 1946
spécialement pour préparer la dissolution de la Société. Bienavant
la session, des événementsimportants avaient eu lieu qui ont di-
rectement influencéla ligne de conduite à cette session. La Charte

des Nations Unies, avec son chapitre XI sur les territoires non
autonomes et ses chapitres XII et XII1 relatifs au nouveau régime
de tutelle qui incorporent des principes correspondant à ceux de
l'article22 du Pacte sur les Mandats et du système des Man-
dats lui-même, était entrée en vigueur en octobre 1945, les
Nations Unies avaient commencé à fonctionner en janvier 1946
et l'Assemblée générale avait tenu sa première session au mois de
févriersuivant. Lorsque l'Assembléede la Sociétédes Nations s'est
effectivement réunie par la suite en avril de la mêmeannée, elle
connaissait tous ces événements.C'est pourquoi, avant de voter
définitivement la résolution de dissolution, elle a pris des mesures

particulières pour assurer la continuation des Mandats et du système
des Mandats (jusqu'à ce que de nouveaux arrangements soient
pris entre les Nations Unies et les diverses Puissances mandataires».
Tous les représentants qui ont pris part à la session de l'Assemblée
se rendaient parfaitement compte que le fonctionnement des
Mandats pendant la période transitoire serait forcément gêné par
23representatives did not attach importance to the letter of the

constitutional procedure. Under the Covenant the role of the
Council in the Mandates System waspreponderant. But the Council
held no meeting to deal with the question of what should be done
with the Mandates after the League's dissolution. Instead the
Assembly by a resolution of 12 April 1946 attributed to itself the
responsibilities of the Council. The resolution reads:

"The .Assembly,with the concurrence of all the Membersof the
Council whichare represented at its present session:Decides that,
so far as required, it will,uring the present session, assume the
functionsfallingwithin the competence of the Council."
On the basis of this resolution, the Assembly also approved the
end of the Mandates for Syria, Lebanon and Trans-Jordan.

To provide for the situation certain to arise from the act of
dissolution, and to continue the Mandates on the basis of a sacred
trust, prolonged discussions were held both in the Assembly and in
its First Committee to find ways and means of meeting the difficul-
ties and making up for the imperfections as far as was practicable.
It was in these circumstances that al1the Mandatory Powers made
declarations of their intentions relatinto their respective Mandates.
Each of the delegates of the Mandatory Powers present solemnly ex-
pressed their intention to continue to administer in each case the
Temtory :for the United Kingdom, "in accordancewith the general
principles of the existing mandates"; for France, "to pursue the
execution of the mission entrusted to it by the League of Nations";
for New Zealand, "in accordance with the terms of the Mandate";
for Belgium, to "remain fdly alive to al1the obligations devolving

on members of the United Nations under Article 80 of the Charter" ;
for Australia, "in accordance with the provision of the Mandates,
for the protection and advancement of the inhabitants". The state-
ment by the delegate of South Africa, at the second plenary meeting
of the Assembly on g April 1946 is particularly clear. After an-
nouncing that

"..it is the intention of the Union Govemment, at the forthcoming
session of the United Nations General Assembly in New York, to
formulate its case for according South West Africa a status under
which it would be intemationally recognized as an integral part of
the Union",

he continues :
"In the meantirne, the Union will continue to administer the
temtory scrupulously in accordance with the obligations of the
24des questions de technique et de formalisme juridiques. Aussi
prirent-ils des mesures spéciales pour y faire face. Ces circonstances
particulières montrent que les représentants assemblés n'ont pas
attaché d'importance à la lettre de la procédure constitutionnelle.
D'après le Pacte, le rôle du Conseil dans le système des Mandats
était prépondérant. Mais le Conseil ne s'est pas réuni pour traiter
de la question de savoir ce qu'il faudrait faire des Mandats après
la dissolution de la Sociétédes Nations. Au contraire, l'Assemblée

s'est attribuée les responsabilités du Conseil par une résolution du
12 avril 1946 ainsi conçue:
((L'Assemblée, avecl'assentiment de tous les Membres du Conseil
représentés à la présentesession: Décideque, pour autant qu'il sera
nécessaire, elle assumera, durant la présente session, toutes les
fonctions rentrant dans la compétencedu Conseil. »

Sur la base de cette résolution l'Assembléea également approuvé la
fin des Mandats pour la Syrie, le Liban et la Transjordanie.
En vue de prévoir la situation qui allait certainement naître de

l'acte de dissolution et de continuer les Mandats sur la base d'une
mission sacrée, des discussions prolongées ont eu lieu tant à l'As-
semblée qu'à la Première Commission pour trouver les voies et
moyens de faire face aux difficultéset de suppléer aux lacunes dans
toute la mesure du possible. C'est dans ces circonstances que toutes
les Puissances mandataires ont déclaré leurs intentions à propos
de leurs Mandats respectifs.Les déléguéd sesPuissances mandataires
présentes ont solennellement déclaré leur intention de continuer à

administrer les territoires à elles confiés: pour le Royaume-Uni,
((conformément aux principes généraux des Mandats existants »;
pour la France, en poursuivant ((l'exécution de la mission qui
lui avait été confiée par la Société des Nations 1); pour la
Nouvelle-Zélande, (cconformément aux termes du Mandat »;
pour la Belgique, en restant (pleinement consciente de toutes les
obligations qu'imposent aux Membres des Nations Unies les dis-
positions de l'article 80 de la Charte »; pour l'Australie, ((confor-
mément aux dispositions de ces Mandats, en vue de pourvoir à la

protection et au développement des habitants ». La déclaration
faite par le déléguéde l'Afrique du Sud, à la deuxième séance
plénière tenue le 9 avril 1946 est particulièrement claire. Après
avoir annoncé :

(...il est dans l'intention du Gouvernement de l'Union sud-africaine
d'exposer, à la prochaine sessiondes Nations Unies à New York, les
raisons pour lesquelles il conviendrait d'accorder au Sud-Ouest
africain un statut aux termes duquel ce territoire serait reconnu
internationalement comme formant partie intégrante de l'Union »,

il a continué
Dans l'intervalle, l'Union sud-africaine continuera à l'admi- .
nistrer en seconformantscrupuleusementauxobligationsduMandat,

24 SOUTH WEST AFRICA CASES (JUDGMENT 21 XII 62!
340
Mandate, for the advancement and promotion of the interests of the
inhabitants, as she has done during the past six years when meetings
of the Mandates Commission could not be held.
The disappearance of those organs of the League concerned with
the supervision of mandates, primarily the Mandates Commission
and the League Council, will necessarily preclude complete compli-
ance with the letter of the Mandate. The Union Government will
nevertheless regard the dissolution of the League as in no way dim-
inishing its obligations under the Mandate, which it will continue
to discharge with the full and proper appreciation of its respon-
sibilities until such time as other arrangements are agreed upon
concerning the future status of the territory."

There could be no clearerrecognition on thepart of the Government
of South Africa of the continuance of its obligations under the
Mandate for South West Africa, including Article 7, after the Qisso-
lution of the League of Nations.
It was on the basis of the declarations of the Mandatory Powers
as well as on the views expressed by the other Members that
the League Assembly unanimously adopted its final resolution of
18 April 1946, the last two paragraphs of which read:

"3. Recognizes that, on the termination of the League's existence,
its functions with respect to the mandated territories will come to
an end, but notes that Chapters XI, XII and XII1 ofthe Charter of the
United Nations embody principles corresponding to those declared
in Article22 of the Covenant of the League;
4. Takes note of the expressed intentions of the Members of
the League now administeringterritories under mandate to continue
to administer them for the well-being and development of the peoples
concerned in accordance with the obligations contained in the
respective Mandates, until other arrangements have been âgreed
between the United Nations and the respective mandatory Powers."

The Chinese delegate, in introducing the resolution inthe Assem-
bly relating to the possible effect of the League's dissolution on the
problem of the Mandates from which the two passages are taken,
stated :
"It was gratifying to the Chinese delegation, as representing a
country which had always stood for the principle of trusteeship, that
al1the Mandatory Powers had announced their intention to admin-
ister the territories under their control in accordance with tl-ieir
obligations under the mandates system until other arrangements
were agreed upon."

The French delegate in supporting the resolution said that he
wished :
"to stress once more the fact that al1territories under the mandate
of his Government would continue to be administered in the spirit of
the Covenant and of the Charter". afin d'assurer le progrès, et de sauvegarder les intérêtsde ses habi-
tants, comme elle l'a fait pendant les sis dernières annéesdurant
lesquelles la Commission des mandats n'a pu se réunir.
La disparition desorganes de la SociétédesNations qui s'occupent
du contrôle des mandats, à savoir, en premier lieu, la Commission
des mandats et le Conseil de la Société, empêchera évidemment de
se conformer entièrement à la lettre du Mandat. Le Gouvernement
de l'Union se fera, cependant, un devoir de considérer que la dispa-
rition de la SociétédesNations ne diminue en rien les obligations qui
découlent du Mandat; il continuera à s'en acquitter en pleine con-
science et avec le juste sentiment de ses responsabilités, jusqu'au
moment où d'autres arrangements auront étéconclus quant au
statut futur de ce territoire.

Il ne pouvait y avoir de la part du Gouvernement sud-africain de
reconnaissance plus claire de la continuation, après la dissolution
de la Sociétédes Nations, de ses obligations en vertu du Mandat
pour le Sud-Ouest africain, y compris l'article 7.
C'est sur la base des déclarations des Puissances mandataires
ainsi que des vues exprimées par les autres Membres que 1'Assem-
blée de la Société des Nations a adopté à l'unanimité sa résolution

finale du 18 avril 1946, dont les paragraphes 3 et 4 s'expriment en
ces termes:
((3. Reconnaît que la dissolution de la SociétédesNations mettra
finà ses fonctions en ce qui concerne les territoires sous mandat,
mais note que des principes correspondant à ceux que déclarel'arti-
cle22 du Pacte sont incorporks dans les chapitres XI, XII et XII1
de la Charte des Nations Unies;
3. Note que les Membres de la Sociétéadministrant actuellement
des territoires sous mandat ont expriméleur intention de continuer
à les administrer, en vue du bien-être et du développement des
peuples intéressés, conformémentaux obligations contenues dans
les divers mandats, jusqu'à ce que de nouveaux arrangements soient
pris entre les Nations Unies et les diverses Puissances mandataires.1)

En présentant àl'Assembléela résolution touchant l'effet possible

de la dissolution de la Société sur la question des Mandats où
figurent ces deux passages, le déléguéde la Chine a déclaré:

((C'est avec une vive satisfaction que la délégation chinoise,
représentant un pays quia toujours préconisé le principe dela tutelle,
constate que toutes les Puissances mandataires ont annoncé leur
intention d'administrer les territoires dont elles ont la garde suivant
les règlesdu système des mandats, jusqu'à ce que d'autres disposi-
tions aient étéadoptées. »

Le déléguéfrançais a déclaré,en appuyant cette résolution, qu'il:

(insiste une fois de plus sur le fait que tous les territoires sous man-
dat relevant de son Gouvernement continueront à êtreadn~inistrés
dans l'esprit du Pacte et de la Charte 11.

25Professor Bailey of Australia, Rapporteur, speaking as delegate of
his country, welcomed :

which he supported. The Australian delegation had made its position
clear in the Assembly-namely, that Australia did not regard the
dissolution of the League as weakening the obligations of countries
administering mandates. They regarded the obligation as still in
force and would continue to administer their mandated territories
in accordance with the provisions of the mandates for the well-
being of the inhabitants."

The delegate of the United Kingdom made it even clearer that
there was agreement by al1the Mandatory Powers when he "formal-
ly seconded the resolution on behalf of his Government" :

"It had been settled in consultation and agreement by al1coun-
tries interested in mandates and he thought it could therefore be
passed without discussion and with complete unanimity."
It is clear from the foregoing account that there was a unanimous
agreement among al1 the Member States present at the Assembly
meeting that the Mandates should be continued to be exercised in
accordance with the obligations therein defined although the disso-
lution of the League, in the words of the representative of South
Africa at the meeting, "will necessarily preclude complete com-

pliance with the letter of the Mandate", i.e. notwithstanding the
fact that some organs of the League like the Council and the
Permanent Mandates Commission would be missing. In other words
the common understanding of the Member States in the Assembly
-including the Mandatory Powers-in passing the said resolution,
was to continue the Mandates, however imperfect the whole system
would be after the League's dissolution, and as much as it would
be operable, until other arrangements were agreed upon by the
Mandatory Powers with the United Nations concerning their
respective Mandates. Manifestly, this continuance of obligations
under the Mandate could not begin to operate until the day after
the dissolution of the League of Nations and hence the literal
objections derived from the words "another Member of the League
of Nations" arenot meaningful, since the resolution of 18 April1946
was adopted precisely with a view to averting them and continuing
the Mandate as a treaty between the Mandatory and the Members

of the League of Nations.

In conclusion, any interpretation of Article 7 or more particularly
the term therein "another Member of the League of Nations" must
take into consideration al1 of the relevant facts and circumstances
relating to the act of dissolution of the League, inorder to ascertain
the true intent and purpose of the Members of the Assembly in
adopting the final resolution of 18 April 1946.Le professeur Bailey, de l'Australie, rapporteur, parlant en qualité
de délégué de son pays, a approuvé:
((l'initiative de la délégationchinoise et appuie la résolution.Ainsi
que la délégationaustralienne l'a nettement précisé à l'Assemblée,
l'Australie estime que la dissolution de la Société desNations ne
diminue pas les obligations des pays mandataires. Elle considèreque
cesobligations sont toujours valables et ellecontinueràadministrer
lesterritoires sousmandat australien conformémentaux dispositions
des mandats, pour le bien-êtredes habitants. ))

Le déléguédu Royaume-Uni a précisémieux encore qu'il y avait
accord entre toutes les Puissances mandataires, en déclarant qu'il
((appuie formellement [la résolution] au nom de son Gouverne-

ment ):
«[Elle] a étéétablieen consultation avectous lespays intéressés à
la question des mandats et d'accord aveceux; [il]pense doncqu'on
peut l'accepter sans discussion etàl'unanimité. ))

Il ressoft de ce qui précèdequ'il existait un accord unanime entre
tous les Etats Membres présents à la séance de l'Assemblée pour
que les Mandats continuassent d'être exercés conformément aux
obligations définies dans ces Mandats, bien que, pour reprendre
les termes dont s'est servi à cette séancele représentant de l'Afrique
du Sud, la dissolution de la Société des Nations (([empêcherait]
évidemment de se conformer entièrement à la lettre du Mandat D,
c'est-à-dire nonobstant le fait que certains organes de la Société,

tels le Conseil et la Commission permanente des Mandats, feraient
défaut. En d'autres termes, il était entendu à l'Assemblée entre les
Etats Membres - y compris les Puissances mandataires -, au
moment de passer la résolution, que les Mandats continueraient,
malgré les lacunes que présenterait l'ensemble du système après la
dissolution de la Sociétédes Nations et autant qu'il serait possible,
jusqu'à ce que de nouveaux arrangements fussent pris entre les
Puissances mandataires et les Nations Unies à propos des divers
Mandats. 11 est manifeste que cette continuation des obligations

du Mandat ne pouvait entrer en jeu qu'au lendemain de la dissolu-
tion de la Société desNations; c'est pourquoi les objections litté-
rales tenant à la formule «un autre Membre de la Société des
Nations » sont sans portée, puisque la résolution du 18 avril 1946
a été adoptée précisément en vue de les écarter et de continuer le
Mandat en tant que traité entre le Mandataire et les Membres de
la Sociétédes Nations.
En conclusion, toute interprétation de l'article 7,ouplus précisé-
ment de l'expression (un autre Membre de la Société desNations ))
qui y figure, doit tenir compte de tous les faits et circonstances

pertinents concernant l'acte de dissolution de la SociétédesNations,
si l'on veut s'assurer des véritables intentions et objectifs des
Membres de l'Assemblée lorsqu'ils ont adopté la résolution finale
du 18 avril 1946.
2 6 In further support of the finding of an agreement at the time of
the dissolution of the League to maintain the status quo as far as

possible in regard to the Mandates pending other arrangements
agreed between the United Nations and the respective Mandatory
Powers, it should be stated that the interval was expected to be
of short duration and that in due course the different Mandates
would be converted by mutual agreement into trusteeship agree-
ments under the Charter of the United Nations. This expectation
has been realized and the only exception is the Respondent's
Mandate for South West Africa. In the light of this fact the finding
of an agreement appears al1the more justified.

To deny the existence of the agreement it has been said that
Article 7 was not an essential provision of the Mandate instrument
for the protection of the sacred trust of civilization. If therefore
Article 7 were not an essential tool in the Sense indicated, the
claim of jurisdiction would fa11to the ground. In support of this
argument attention has been called to the fact that three of the

four "C" Mandates, when brought under the trusteeship provisions
of the Charter of the United Nations, did not contain in the
respective Trusteeship Agreements any comparable clause and that
these three vrrerethe Trusteeship Agreements for the territories
previously held under Mandate by Japan, Australia and New Zea-
land. The point is drawn that what was essential the moment before
was no longer essential the moment after, and yet the principles
under the Mandates system corresponded to those under the
Trusteeship system. This argument apparently overlooks one im-
portant difference in the structure and working of the two systems
aildlosesits whole point when it is noted tliat under Article 18 of
the Charter of the United Nations, "Decisions of the General Assem-
bly on important questions shall be made by a two-thirds majority
of the members present and voting", whereas the unanimity rule
prevailed in the Council andthe Assembly of the League of Nations
under the Covenant. Thus legally valid decisions can be taken by
the General Assembly of the United Nations and the Trusteeship

Council under Chapter XII1 of the Charter without the concurrence
of the trustee State,and the necessity for invoking the Permanent
Court for judicial protection which prevailed under the Mandates
system is dispensed with under the Charter.

For the reasons stated,the First and Second Objections must be
dismissed.

The Third Preliminary Objection consists essentially of the pro-
position that the dispute brought before the Court by the Appli- A l'appui de la conclusion selon laquelle il existait au moment
de la dissolution de la Société des Nations un accord visant à
maintenir dans toute la mesure du possible le statu quo à l'égard
des Mandats, en attendant que de nouveaux arrangements fussent
pris entre les Nations Unies et les diverses Puissances mandataires,
il convient encore d'observer qu'il était prévu que l'intervalle
serait de courte durée et qu'en temps utile et par consentement
mutuel les différents Mandats devaient êtreconvertis en accords
de tutelle en application de la Charte des Nations Unies. Cette
prévision s'est réalisée,la seule exception étant celle du Mandat
pour le Sud-Ouest africain exercépar le défendeur. De ce fait, la

conclusion sur l'existence d'un accord apparaît d'autant plus
justifiée.
Pour contester l'existence d'un accord, on a dit que l'article 7
constitue une disposition de l'acte de Mandat qui n'est pas essen-
tielle pour la protection de la mission sacrée de civilisation. Si
donc l'article7ne constituait pas un élémentessentiel dans le sens
indiqué, la thèse de la compétence s'effondrerait. A l'appui de cet
argument, on a fait observer que, lorsque trois des quatre Mandats
cC » ont étéplacéssous le régimede tutelle prévupar la Charte des
Nations Unies, aucune disposition comparable n'a étéinséréedans
les accords de tutelle respectifs et qu'il s'agissait des trois accords
de tutelle concernant les territoires auparavant placéssousMandats

attribués au Japon, à l'Australie et à la Nouvelle-Zélande. On a
soulignéque ce qui était essentiel à un moment donné cessait de
l'être ensuite; or, les principes sur lesquels se fondait le système
des Mandats correspondent à ceux qui sont à la base du régime
de tutelle. Cet argument négligeapparemment une différenceimpor-
tante dans la structure et le fonctionnement des deux systèmes et
il perd toute autorité si l'on se souvient qu'aux termes de l'arti-
cle r8 de la Charte des Nations Unies :(Les décisionsdel'Assemblée
généralesur les qiiestions importantes sont prises à la majorité des
deux tiers des Membres présents et votant »,alors qu'en vertu du
Pacte, la règle de l'unanimité prévalaitau Conseil et à l'Assemblée
dela Société desNations.Ainsi, desdécisionsjuridiquement valables

peuvent êtreprises par l'Assembléegénérale des Nations Unies et
par le Conseil de Tutelle en vertu du chapitre XII1 de la Charte
sans l'assentiment de l'État chargé de la tutelle et, dans le cadre
de la Charte, la nécessité, prévuepar le système des Mandats, de
recourir à la protection judiciaire de la Cour permanente, n'existe
plus.
Pour les motifs qui viennent d'être énoncés,les première et
deuxième exceptions doivent êtrerejetées.

La troisième exceptionpréliminaire consisteessentiellement dans

la proposition selon laquelle le différend soumis à la Cour par les
27cants is not a dispute as envisaged in Article 7 of the Mandate-
more particularly in that the said conflict or disagreement does not
affect any material interests of the Applicant States or their
nationals.
In support of this proposition, the Respondent contends that the
word "dispute" must be given its generally accepted meaning in a
context of a compulsory jurisdiction clause and that, when so
interpreted, it means a disagreement or conflict between the

Mandatory and another Member of the League concerning the legal
rights and interests ofsuch other Member in the matter before the
Court; that "the obligations imposed for the benefit of the in-
habitants would have been owed to the League on whose behalf
the Mandatory undertook to exercise the Mandate" and that
"League hlembers would then, by virtue of their membership, be
entitled to participate in the League's supervision of the Mandate,
but would individually, vis-d-vis the Mandatory,have no legal right
or interest in the observance by the Mandatory of its duties to
the inhabitants".
The question which calls for the Court's consideration is whether
the disputeis a "dispute" as envisaged in Article 7 of the Mandate
and within the meaning of Article 36 of the Statute of the Court.
The Respondent's contention runs counter to the natural and
ordinary meaning of the provisions of Article 7 of the Mandate,
which mentions "any dispute whatever" arising between the Manda-
tory and another Member of the League of Nations "relating to

the interpretation or the application of the provisions of the
Mandate". The language used is broad, clear and precise: it gives
rise to no ambiguity and it permits of no exception. It reiers to
any dispute whatever relating not to any one particular provision
or provisions, but to "the provisions" of the Mandate, obviously
meaning al1 or any provisions, whether they relate to substantive
obligations of the Mandatorytoward the inhabitants of the Territory
or toward the other Members of the League or to its obligation to
submit to supervision by the League under Article 6 or to protection
under Article 7 itself. For the manifest scope and purport of the
provisions of this Article indicate that the Members of the League
were understood to have a legal right or interest in the observance
by the Mandatory of its obligations both toward the inhabitants of
the Mandated Territory, and toward the League of Nations and its
Members.

Nor can it be said, as argued by the Respondent, that any broad
interpretation of the compulsory jurisdiction in question would be
incompatible with Article 22 of the Covenant on which al1Mandates
are based, especially relating to the provisions of Article,because
Article 22 did not provide for the Mandatory's submission to the
Permanent Court in regard to its observance of the Mandate. But
28 -4FFAIRES DU SUD-OUEST AFRICAIN (ARRÊT 21 XII 62) 343

demandeurs n'est pas un différend comme il est prévu à l'article 7
du Mandat - et cela plus particulièrement en tant que ledit conflit
ou désaccord n'affecte aucun intérêtconcret des Etats demandeurs
ni de leurs ressortissants.
A l'appui de cette proposition, le défendeur prétend que le mot
(différend )doit êtrepris dans le sens qui lui est généralementrecon-
nu dans le contexte d'une clause de juridiction obligatoire et qu'ainsi

interprétéil signifie un désaccord ou un conflit entre le Mandataire
et un autre Membre de la Société desNations touchant les droits
et intérêtsjuridiques de ce Membre dans l'affaire soumise à la Cour;
que (les obligations imposéesau bénéfice des habitants seraient dues
à la Société desNations au nom de laquelle le Mandataire s'est
obligé à exercer le Mandat » et qu'c en raison de leur qualité de
Membres, les Membres de la Société desNations seraient alors
habilités à participer à la surveillance de la Société desNations sur

le Mandat, mais n'auraient individuellement à l'égard du Manda-
taire aucun droit ou intérêtjuridique à l'observation par le Manda-
taire de ses devoirs envers les habitants ».
La question que la Cour doit examiner est celle de savoir si ce
différend est bien un ((différend 1comme il est prévu à l'article 7
du Mandat et au sens de l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour.
1,a thèse du défendeurva àl'encontre du sens naturel et ordinaire
des dispositions de l'article 7 du Mandat, lequel mentionne (tout

différend, quel qu'il soit» qui viendrait à s'éleverentre le Manda-
taire et un autre Membre de la Société desNations crelatif à
l'interprétation ou à l'application des dispositions du Mandat ».Les
termes employés sont larges, clairs et précis: ils ne donnent lieu à
aucune ambiguïté et n'autorisent aucune exception. Ils se réfèrent
à tout différend, quel qu'il soit, relatif non pas à une ou plusieurs
dispositions particulières mais ccaux dispositions » du Mandat,
entendant par là, de toute évidence, l'ensemble ou une quelconque
de ces dispositions, qu'elles aient trait aux obligations de fond du

Mandataire à l'égard des habitants du territoire ou à l'égard des
autres Membres de la Société desNations ou encore à l'obligation du
Mandataire de se soumettre à la surveillance de la Sociétédes Na-
tions aux termes de l'article 6 ou à la protection prévue par l'arti-
cle 7 même.La portée et l'objet manifestes des dispositions de cet
article indiquent en effet qu'on entendait par là que les Membres
de la Société desNations eussent un droit ou un intérêtjuridique
à ce que le Mandataire observât ses obligations à la fois à l'égard

des habitants du territoire sous Mandat et à l'égard dela Société
des Nations et de ses Membres.
On ne peut non plus dire, comme l'a fait le défendeur, que toute
interprétation large de la juridiction obligatoire en question serait
incompatible avec l'article 22 du Pacte, fondement de tous les
Mandats, particulièrement en ce qui touche les dispositions de
l'article7, car l'article22 ne prévoyait pas que le Mandataire fût
soumis à la Cour permanente au sujet de la façon dont il applique-

28 Article7, paragraph 2,is clearly in the nature of implementing one
of the "securities for the performance of this trust", mentioned in
Article 22, paragraph I. It was embodied in the draft agreement
among the Principal Allied and Associated Powers and proposed
to the Council of the League by the representative of the United
Kingdom as original Mandatory on behalf of South Africa, the
present Mandatory for South West Africa. The right to take legal
action conferred by Article 7 on Member States of the League of
Nations is an essential part of the Mandate itself and inseparable
from its exercise. Moreover, Article7 reads : "The Mandatory agrees
that ..."so that there could be no doubt about the scope and effect
of the provision at the time of its stipulation.

While Article 6 of the Mandate under consideration provides for
administrative supervision by the League, Article 7 in effect pro-
vides, with the express agreement of the Mandatory, for judicial
protection by the Permanent Court by vesting the right of invoking
the compulsory jurisdiction against the Mandatory for the same
purpose in each of the other Members of the League. Protection
of the material interests of the Members or their nationals is of
course included within its compass, but the well-being and develop-
ment of the inhabitants of the Mandated territory are not less
important.
The foregoing considerations and reasons lead to the conclusion
that the present dispute is a dispute as envisaged in Article 7 of
the Mandate and that the Third Preliminary Objection must be
dismissed.
* * *

The Court will now consider the Fourth and last Preliminary
Objection raised by the Respondent. In essence it consists of the
proposition that if it is a dispute within the meaning of Article 7,
it is not one which cannot be settled by negotiation with the Appli-
cants and that there have been no such negotiations with a view
toits settlement. The Applicants' reply is to the effect thaf repeated
negotiations have taken place over a period of more than ten years

between them andthe other Members of the United Nations holding
the same views as they, on the one hand, and the Respondent, on
the other, inthe Assembly and various organs ofthe United Nations,
and that each time the negotiations reached a deadlock, due to
the conditions and restrictions the Respondent placed upon them.
The question to consider, therefore, is: What are the chances of
success of further negotiations between the Parties in the present
cases for reaching a settlement ?

In considering the question, it is to be noted, first, that the alleged
impossibility of settling the dispute obviously could only refer to
the time when the Applications were filed. In the second place, it rait le Mandat. Maisla nature del'article 7,alinéa 2, est évidemment
de pourvoir à la mise en Œuvre d'une (des garanties pour l'accom-

plissement de cette mission » mentionnées à l'article 22, para-
graphe 1.Il a étéinsérédans le projet d'accord entre les Principales
Puissances alliées et associéeset proposé au Conseil de la Société
par le représerïtant du Royaume-Uni àtitre deMandataire originaire
au nom de l'Afrique du Sud, actuel Mandataire pour le Sud-Ouest
africain. Le droit d'intenter une action conférépar l'article 7 aux
États Membres de la Société desNations est un élément essentiel
du Mandat lui-mêmeet inséparable de son exercice. Au surplus,
l'article énonce: (Le Mandataire accepte que.. .», de sorte qu'il
ne sauraitj7avoir de doute sur laportée et l'effetdecette disposition
au moment où elle a étéstipulée.
Tandis que l'article 6 du Mandat en question contient des disposi-
tions visant la surveillance administrative à exercer par la Société,
l'article instaure en fait, avec l'accord exprès du Mandataire, la
protection judiciaire de la Cour permanente puisqu'il donne àchacun
des autres Membres de la Société des Nations le droit d'invoquer aux
mêmes finsla juridiction obligatoire à l'encontre du Mandataire. Il

va de soi que la protection des intérêtsconcrets des Membres ou
de leurs ressortissants est comprise dans ce cadre, mais le bien-être
et le développement des habitants du territoire sous Mandat ne sont
pas moins importants.
Les considérations et les motifs qui précèdentamènent à conclure
que le présent différend est un différend comme il est prévu à
l'article7 du Mandat et que la troisième exception préli-minairedoit
êtrerejetée.
* * *

La Cour examinera maintenant la quatrième et dernière exception
préliminaire soulevéepar le défendeur. Elle consiste essentiellement
dans la proposition selon laquelle, s'il existe un différend au sens
de l'article7, il ne s'agit pas d'un différend qui ne soit pas suscep-
tible d'êtreréglépar des négociations avec les demandeurs et il n'y
a eu aucune négociation de ce genre en vue de son règlement. Les
demandeurs répondent que des négociations répétéesont eu lieu

pendant une périodede plus de dix ans, au sein de l'Assembléeet
de divers organes des Nations Unies, entre eux et les autres Membres
de la Société desNations partageant leur façon de voir, d'une part,
et le défendeur, d'autre part, et que ces négociations ont abouti
chaque fois àune impasse en raison des conditions et des restrictions
auxquelles elles sesont heurtées dela part du défendeur.La question
à envisager est donc la suivante: Quelles seraient les chances de
succès de nouvelles négociations entre les Parties aux présentes
affaires en vue de parvenir à un règlement?
En examinant cette question, il convient de noter tout d'abord
que la prétendue impossibilitéde régler le différendne peut évidem-
ment seréférerqu'à la seule date du dépôt des requêtes. Il convient

29 should be pointed out that behind the present dispute there is
another and similar disagreement on points of law and fact-a
similar conflict ofgal views and interests-between the Respondent
on the one hand, and the other Members of the United Nations,
holding identical views with the Applicants, on the other hand.

But though the dispute in the United Nations and the one now
before the Court may be regarded as two different disputes, the
questions at issue are identical. Even a cursory examination of the
views, propositions and arguments consistently maintained by the
two opposing sides, shows that an impasse was reached before
4 November 1960 when the Applications in the instant cases were
filed, and that the impasse continues to exist. The actual situation
appears from a letter of 25 March 1954 from the Permanent Repre-
sentative of the Union of South Africa to the Chairman of the
Committee on South West Africa:

"As the terms of reference of your Committee appear to be even
Government are doubtful whether there is any hope that newion
negotiations within the scopeofyour Committee'sterms ofreference
willlead to any positive results."

This situation remains unchanged as appears clearly from subse-
quent communications addressed to the Chairman of the Committee
on South West Africa on 21 May 1955 and 21 April 1956.
It is immaterial and unnecessary to enquire what the different
and opposing views were which brought about the deadlock in the
past negotiations in the United Nations, since the present phase
calls for determination of only the question of jurisdiction. The fact

that a deadlock was reached in the collective negotiations in the
past and the further fact that both the written pleadings and oral
arguments of the Parties in the present proceedings have clearly
confirmed the continuance of this deadlock, compel a conclusion
that noreasonable probability exists that further negotiations would
lead to a settlement.
In this respect it is relevant to cite a passage from the Judgment
of the Permanent Court in the case of the Mavrommatis Palestine
Concessions (P.C.I.J., Ser. A, No. 2, p. 13) which supports the
view stated. The Court said in respect of a similarobjection advanced
by the Respondent in that case to the compulsory jurisdiction
under Article 26 of the Palestine Mandate, which corresponds to
Article 7 of the Mandate for South West Africa:

"The true value of this objection will readily been if it be re-
membered that the question of the importance and chances of
success of diplomatic negotiations is essentially a relative one.
Negotiations do not of necessity always presupposea more or less
lengthy seriesofnotes anddespatches; it maysufficethat a discussion
should have been commenced, and this discussion may have been
very short; this will bethe caseif a deadlocks reached, or if finally
30de souligner en second lieu que derrière le présent différend existe
un autre désaccord du mêmeordre sur des points de droit et de

fait- une semblable opposition de thèses juridiques et d'intérêts -
entre le défendeur, d'une part, et les autres Membres des Nations
Unies qui partagent les vues des demandeurs, d'autre part. Mais,
bien quele différend qui s'est élevéau sein des Nations Unies et celui
qui est présentement soumis à la Cour puissent être considéré?
comme deux litiges distincts, les questions en cause sont identiques.
Un rapide examen des thèses, des propositions et des arguments
auxquels des deux côtés on s'estconstamment tenu suffit à montrer
que l'on s'étaittrouvé dans une impasse avant le 4 novembre 1960,
date du dépôt des requêtes relatives aux présentes affaires, et que
cette impasse existe toujours. La véritable situation ressort d'une
lettre du représentant permanent de l'Union sud-africaine au prési-
dent du Comitédu Sud-Ouest africain datée du 25 mars 1954:

«Étant donné quele mandat de votre comitésemble êtreplus
rigide encore que celui du Comitéspécial,le Gouvernement de
l'union doute que de nouvellesnégociationsmenéesdans le cadre du
mandat de votre comitépermettent d'espéreraboutir à desrésultats
positifs.)
Cette situation est demeuréeinchangée, ainsi que le montrent les
communications ultérieures adressées au président du Comité du

Sud-Ouest africain le 21 mai 1955 et le 21 avril 1956.
Il est sans pertinence et inutile de rechercher quelles thèses diffé-
rentes et opposéesont conduit les négociations des Nations Unies
dans une impasse, étant donné qu'au stade actuel il ne s'agit que
de trancher la question de compétence. Le fait que dans le passé
les négociations collectives aient abouti à une impasse et le fait que
les écritures et les plaidoiries des Parties dans la présente procédure
aient clairement confirmé que cette impasse demeure obligent à
conclure'qu'il n'est pas raisonnablement permis d'espérer que de
nouvelles négociations puissent aboutir à un règlement.

A cet égard, il est pertinent de citer à l'appui de la conclusion
qui vient d'être énoncéeun passage de l'arrêt rendu par la Cour
permanente en l'affaire des Concessio~tsMavrommatis en Palestine

(C. P. J. I.,série A no 2,p. 13).Au sujet d'une exception similaire
présentée encette espècepar le défendeur à l'égardde la juridiction
obligatoire découlant de l'article 26 du Mandat pour la Palestine,
qui correspond à l'article 7 du Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain;
la Cour a déclaré:
((L'objectionsera réduite à sa juste valeur si l'on considèreque
l'appréciation de l'importance et des chances de réussite d'une
négociationdiplomatique est essentiellementrelative. Une négocia-
tion ne suppose pas toujours et nécessairement unesérieplus ou
moins longue de notes et de dépêchesc ;e peut êtreassez qu'une
conversation ait été entamée; cetteconversation a pu être très
courte: tel est le cas si elle a rencontréun point mort, elle s'est a point is reached at which one of the Parties definitely declares
hirnselfunable, or refuses, to give way, and there can be therefore
no doubt that the dispute cannot be settled by diplomatic negotia-
tion.
But itis equally true that if the diplomaticnegotiations between
the Governments commenceat a point where the previous discus-
sions left off, it maywell happen that the nature of the latter was
such as to render superAuousrenewed discussion of the opposing
contentions in which the dispute originated. No general and ab-
solute rule can be laid down in this respect. It is a matter for con-
sideration in each case."

Now in the present cases, it is evident that a deadlock on the
issues of the dispute was reached and has remained since, and that
no modification of the respective contentions has taken place since

the discussions and negotiations inthe United Nations. It is equally
evident that "there can be no doubt", inthe words of the Permanent
Court, "that the dispute cannot be settled by diplomatic negotia-
tion", and that it would be "superfluous" to undertake renewed
discussions.
It is, however, further contended by the Respondent that the
collective negotiations in the United Nations are one thing and
direct negotiations between it and the Applicants are another, and
that no such direct negotiations have ever been undertaken by
them. But in this respect it is not so much the form of negotiation
that matters astheattitudeand views of the Parties on the substan-
tive issues of the question involved. So long as both sides remain
adamant, and this is obvious even from their oral presentations
before the Court, there is no reason to think that the dispute can
be settled by further negotiations between the Parties.

Moreover, diplomacy by conference or parliamentary diplomacy

has come to be recognized in the past four or five decades as one
of the established modes of international negotiation. In cases
where the disputed questions are of common interest to a group of
States on one side or the other in an organized body, parliamentary
or conference diplomacy has often been found to be the most
practical form of negotiation. The number of parties to one side
or the other of a dispute is of no importance; it depends upon the
nature of the question at issue. If it is one of mutual interest to
many States, whether in an organized body or not, there is no
reason why each of them should go through the formality and
pretence of direct negotiation with the common adversary State
after they have already fully participated in the collective negotia-
tions with the same State in opposition.

For the reasons stated above, the Fourth Objection like the
preceding three Objections is not well-founded and should also be
dismissed.

31 heurtéefinalement à un nonfiossumusou à un non volumuspéremp-
toire de l'unedes Parties et qu'ainsiil est apparu avec évidenceque
le différendn'est pas susceptible d'êtreréglépar une négociation
diplomatique.
Mais si les négociationsdiplomatiques entre les gouvernements
ont eu leur point de départ dans les discussions antérieures,il se
peut trèsbien que celles-ciaient étde natureà rendre superflueune
discussion nouvelle despoints de vue qui sont la base du différend.
c'est une question d'espèce.)ser aucune règlegénérale et absolue;

Or, dans les présentes affaires, il est Svident qu'on a abouti à une
impasse sur les questions en litige, q e cela n'a pas changé et que
les thèses respectives ne se sont aucunement modifiées depuis les
discussions et négociations aux Nations Unies. Il est également
((apparu avec évidence », pour reprendre les termes de la Cour
permanente, « que le différendn'est pas susceptible d'êtreréglépar

une négociation diplomatique » et qu''unenouvelle discussion serait
«superfiue ».
Cependant, le défendeur affirme en outre que des négociations
collectives au sein des Nations Unies sont une chose, que des négo-
ciations directes entre les demandeurs et lui-mêmeen sont une autre
et qu'aucune négociation directe n'a jamais étéengagée entre eux.
Mais ce qui importe en la matière ce n'est pas tant la forme des
négociations que l'attitude et les thèses des Parties sur les aspects
fondamentaux de la question en litige. Tant que l'on demeure in-
ébranlable de part et d'autre - et c'est ce qui ressort clairement
des plaidoiries présentées à la Cour - il n'y a aucune raison qui

permette de penser que le différendsoit susceptible d'êtreréglépar
de nouvelles négociations entre les Parties.
D'autre part, depuis quarante ou cinquante ans, la diplomatie
pratiquée au sein des conférences ou diplomatie parlementaire s'est
fait reconnaître comme l'un des moyens établis de conduire des
négociations internationales. Lorsque des questions en litige
intéressent à la fois un groupe d'États, de part ou d'autre, au sein
d'un corps organisé, la diplomatie parlementaire ou diplomatie par
conférences s'est souvent avérée la voie de négociation la plus
pratique. Peu importe le nombre de parties s'opposant dans un
différend;tout dépend de lanature de la question en litige. Lorsqu'il

s,'agit d'une question affectant les intérêtsmutuels de nombreux
Etats, qu'ils fassent ou non partie d'un corps organisé, il n'y a
aucune raison pour que chacun d'eux se conforme au formalisme
et aux faux-semblants d'une négociation directe avec l'État auquel
ils s'opposent s'ils ont déjà pleinement participé aux négociations
collectives avec cet Etat adverse.
Pour les motifs qui viennent d'êtreexposés,la quatrième excep-
tion, comme les trois précédentes, n'est pas fondée et doit aussi
êtrerejetée.

31 The Court concludes that Article 7 of the Mandate is a treaty or
convention still in force within the meaning of Article 37 of the
Statute of the Court and that the dispute is one which is envisaged
in the said Article7 and cannot be settled by negotiation. Conse-
quently the Court is competent to hear the dispute on the merits.

For these reasons,

by eight votes to seven,

finds that ithas jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the merits of the
dispute.

Done in English and in French, the English text being authori-
tative, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-first day of
December,one thousand nine hundred and sixty-two, in four copies,
one of which will be placed in the archives of the Court and the
others transmitted to the Govemment of the Empire of Ethiopia,
the Govemment of the Republic of Liberia and the Government
of the Republic of South Africa, respectively.

(Signed) B. WINIARSKI,
President.

(Signed) GARNIER-COIGNET,
Registrar.

Judge SPIROPOULO mSakes the following declaration:
Although the interest of the Governments of Liberia and Ethiopia
that the Court should pass upon the violations by South Africa of
the Mandate for South West Africa alleged by those Governnients

is entirely comprehensible, it is not possible for me to follow the
rksoning of the Court which leads itto hold that it has jurisdiction.

Can it readily be found that the Mandate isa "treaty or conven-
tion" within the meaning of Article 37 of the Statute ofthe Inter-
national Court of Justice; that the Mandate, as a "treaty", survived
the collapse of the League of Nations (of which the forma1 act of
"dissolution" of the League of Nations was the result); that
Article 7of the Mandate-assuming the Mandate to be in force--
32 La Cour conclut que l'article 7 du Mandat est un traité ou une
convention encore en vigueur au sens de l'article 37 du Statut de

la Cour, que le différend est de ceux qui sont prévus audit article 7
et qu'il n'est pas susceptible d'êtreréglépar des négociations. En
conséquence, la Cour est compétente pour connaître du différend
au fond.

Par ces motifs,

par huit voix contre sept,

dit qu'elle est compétente pour statuer sur le fond du différend.

Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au
Palais de la Paix, à La Haye, le vingt et un décembre mil neuf
cent soixante-deux, en quatre exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposé

aux archives de la Cour et dont les autres seront transmis respec-
tivement au Gouvernement de l'Empire de l'Ethiopie, au Gouver-
nement de la République du Libéria et au Gouvernement de la
République sud-africaine.

Le Président,
(Signé) B. WINIARSKI.

Le Greffier,
(Signé) GARNIER-COIGNET.

hl. SPIROPOUI.~~ j,ge, fait la déclaration suivante:
Bien que l'intérêtdes Gouvernements de Libéria et de l'Éthiopie
de voir la Cour se prononcer sur les violations par l'Afrique du Sud

du Mandat pour le Sud-Ouest africain alléguéespar lesdits Gouver-
nements soit parfaitement compréhensibleil ne nous est pas possible
de suivre le raisonnement de la Cour qui induit celle-ci à se déclarer
compétente.
Peut-on aisément dire que le Mandat constitue un (traité ou une
convention 1au sens de l'article 37 du Statut de la Cour internatio-
nale de Justice, que le Mandat, en tant que ((traité »,ait survécu à
l'effondrement de la Société desNations (l'acte formel de la ((disso-
lution ))de la Sociétédes Nations en était la conséquence), que
l'article7 du Mandat - en supposant celui-ci en vigueur - pusse

32can be relied on by States none of which is a "hIember of the
League of Nations", that organization no longer being in existence?
It appears to me that any attempt to give an affirmative answer
to these questions, and they are not the only ones which arise, must
necessanly be based on arguments which, from the standpoint of

law, do not seem to me to have sufficient weight.
In these circumstances it is not possible for me to concur in the
Court's conclusion. To be upheld, the Court's junsdiction must be
very clearly and unequivocally established, and that does not seem
to me to be the case here.

Judges BUSTAMANT E RIVEROand JESSUP and Judge ad %oc
Sir Louis MBANEFO append to the Judgment of the Court statements
of their Separate Opinions.

President WINIARSKa Ind Judge BASDEVANaT ppend to the Judg-
ment of the Court statements of their Dissenting Opinions; Judges
Sir Percy SPENDERand Sir Gerald FITZMAURIC Eppend to the
Judgment of the Court a statement of their Joint Dissenting
Opinion; Judge MORELLI and Judge ad hoc VAN WYK append to
the Judgment of the Court statements of their Dissenting Opinions.

(InitialledB. W.

(Initialled) -C.êtreinvoqué par des États dont aucun n'est (Membre de la Société
des Nations »,cette dernière organisation n'existant plus?
Il nous semble que toute tentativede donner une réponse affir-
mative à ces questions, et ce ne sont pas les seules qui se posent,
est nécessairement fondée sur des arguments qui, au point de vue
du droit, ne nous paraissent pas assez solides.
Dans ces conditions, il ne nous est pas possible de partager la
conclusion de la Cour. La compétencede la Cour, pour êtreadmise,
doit êtreétablie de façon claire et non équivoque et ceci ne nous

paraît pas êtrele cas dans la présente affaire.

MM. BUSTAMANTE Y RIVEROet JESSUP, juges, et sir Louis
MBANEFOj,uge ad hoc, joignentà l'arrêtles exposésde leur opinion
individuelle.

MM. WINIARSKI,Président, et BASDEVANTj,uge, joignent à
l'arrêtles exposésde leur opinion dissidente; sir Percy SPENDERet
sir Gerald FITZIVIAURIC jE,es, joignentà l'arrêtl'exposé commun
de leur opinion dissidente;MM. MORELLIj,uge, et VAN WYK, juge
ad hoc, joignent à l'arrêtles exposés de leur opinion dissidente.

(Paraphé) G.-C.

(Paraphé) B. W.

ICJ document subtitle

Preliminary Objections

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 21 December 1962

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