INTERNATIONCOURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
CASE CONCERNING THE
TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR
(CAMBODIA vTHAILAND)
MERITS
JUDGMENT OF 15 JUNE 1962
COUR INTERNATIONADE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
AFFAIRE DU TEMPLE DE
PRÉAH VIHÉAR
(CAMBODGE c.THAÏLANDE)
FOND
ARRÊT DU 15 JUIN 1962 This Judgment should be cited as follows
"Case concerningthe Temple of Preah Vihear
(Cambodia v. Thailand), Merits,
Judgment of1.5June 1962: I.C.J. Report1962,p. 6."
Le présent arrêtdoit êtrecitécomme sui:
(Aflaire du temple dePréahVihéar
(Cambodge c.Thaïlande), Fond,
.Arrêdtu15 juin 1962:C. 1.J. Recuei1962, p.6. N
Sales number
No de vente : 260 1 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
15 June YEAR 1962
;eneral :ist
No.45 15June 1962
CASE CONCERNING THE
TEMPLE PREAH VIHEAR
(CAMBODIA v.THAILAND)
MERITS
Territorial sovereignty.deriving from treaty.-Tclauses
establishing frontier along watershedline as delimited by Mixed Com-
mission of Parties.-Uncertcharacter of resulting delimitation in
disputed area.-Eventuproduction by exfierts of one Party, at th.e
request of the other, of a map.-Non-bicharacter of map ut
moment of its production.-Subsequacceptance by cootf mafi
and frontier line by other Party.eflet of silence as implying
consent.-Alleged- non-correspondenceof map line with true watershed
1ine.-Acceptancof risk of errors.-Subseqconduct confirming
original acceptanceand precluding a denial ofof subsequent
treaties confirming existing frontiers and as evidenceof Parties' desire
for frontier stabilifinality.-InterPretuof treaty settlement
consideredas a whole,including map.
JUDGMENT
Present: PresidentWINIARSKI; Vice-PresidentALFARO; Judges
BASDEVANT B,ADAIYIM, ORENO QUINTANA W, ELLINGTON
KOO, Sir Percy SPEXDER,Sir Gerald FITZMACRICE,
KORETSKYT ,ANAKAB , UÇTAMAXT E RIVERO, MOKELL :I
RegistraGARNIER-COIGNET.
47 TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHE.4R (JIERITS(JUDG~Z. OF I5 VI62)
In the case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear,
betsoeen
the Kingdom of Cambodia,
represented by
H.E. Tmong Cang, Member of the Haut Conseildu Trône,
as Agent,
and by
H.E. Ouk Chhoum, Minister Counsellor at the Cambodian
Embassy in France,
assisted by
Hon. Dean Acheson, Member of the Bar of the Supreme Court of
the United States of America,
RI.Roger Pinto, Professor at the Paris Law Faculty,
RI.Paul Reuter, Professor at the Paris Law Faculty,
as Counsel,
and by
Mr. Brice M. Clagett, Member of the Bar of the Cnited States
Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia,
as Legal Adviser,
Colonel Ngin Karet, Director of the Survey Department of the
Royal Khmer Armed Forces,
as Expert Adviser,
.M.Chan Youran,
as General Secretary of the Delegation,
M. Chem Snguon,
as Deputy General Secretary of the Delegation,
and
the Kingdom of Thailand,
represented by
H.S.H. Prince Vongsamahip Jayankura, Ambassador of Thai-
land to the Netherlands,
as Agent,
assisted by
ItIr. Seni Pramoj, Member of the Thai Bar,
M. Henri Rolin, Honorary Professor of the Free Vniversity of
Brussels, Advocate at the Court of Appeal of Brussels,
The Rt. Hon. Sir Frank Çoskice, Q.C., M.P., former Attorney-
General of England,
Rlr. James Nevins Ilyde, Member of the Bar of the State of ?\'enr
York and Member of the Bar of the Supreme Court of the
Gnited States of America,
M. Marcel Slusny, Advocate at the Court of Appeal of Brussels,
Lecturer at the Free Lniversity of Brussels,
5 Mr. J. G. Le Quesne, Member of the English Bar,
as Advocates and Counsel,
and by
Lieutenant-General Busrindre Bhakdikul, Director-General,
Royal Thai Survey Department, Ministry of Defence,
Mr. Suk Perunavin, Deputy Under-Secretary in the Officeof the
Prime Minister,
Mr. Chinda Na Songkhla, Deputy Secretary-General of the Civil
Service Commission,
Lieutenant-colonel Phoon Phon Asanachinta, Lecturer, School of
Surveying, Royal Thai Survey Department, Ministry of
Defence,
as Expert Advisers,
and by
Mr. Chapikorn Sreshthaputra, Chiefof the Legal Division, Treaty
and Legal Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Mr. David S. Downs, Solicitor, Supreme Court of Judicature,
England,
as Juridical Advisers,
composed as above,
deliversthe following Judgment:
By its Judgment of 26 May 1961, the Court rejected the first
preliminary objection of the Government of Thailand and found
that it had jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute submitted
to it on 6 October 1959 by the Application of the Government of
Cambodia.
By Order of the same date, the Court fixed the time-limits for
the further pleadings. The case became ready for hearing on the
filing of the last pleading o2 February 1962.
Public hearings were held on the following dates: 1-3 March,
5 March, 7-10 March, 12-13 March, 15-17 March, 19-24 March and
26-31 March 1962. At these hearings the Court heard oral argu-
ments and replies by M. Truong Cang,Mr.Dean Acheson, M.Roger
Pinto and M. Paul Reuter on behalf of the Government of Cam-
bodia, and by Prince Vongsamahip Jayankura, Mr. Seni Pramoj,
M. Henri Rolin, Sir Frank Soskice and Mr. James Nevins Hyde
on behalf of the Government of Thailand.
At the hearings from 15 to 20 March 1962',the Court heard the
evidence of the witnesses and experts, called by each of the Parties,
in reply to questions put to them in examination and cross-exami-
69 TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (MERITS) (JUDGM. OF 15 VI 62)
nation on behalf of the Parties andby Members of the Court. The
following persons gave evidence :
called by the Government of Cambodia:
M. Suon Bonn, former Govemor of Kompong Thom, Inspector of
Political and Administrative Affairs in the Ministry of the In-
terior of Cambodia, as witness ;
called by the Government of Thailand :
Professor Willem Schermerhorn, Dean of the International Training
Center for Aerial Survey, Delft, and Director of the Consulting
Department of the Center, asexpert;
Mr. Friedrich E. Ac~ermann, Dipl. Ing., Lecturer at the Inter-
nationalTraining Center for Aerial Survey, Delft, and member of
the Consulting Department of the Center, as witness and expert;
Mr. Herman Theodoor Verstappen, geomorphologist, Head of the
Geological Section of the International Training Center for
Aerial Survey, Delft, as expert.
At the hearing held on 19 March 1962, the Court withdrew and
reassembled in private to attend, in the presence of the represent-
atives of the Parties, the showing of a film of the place in dispute
filed by Cambodia. During the projection of the film and with the
authorization of the President, M. Suon Bonn gave bnef indications
relating to points of fact.
In the course of the written proceedings, the following Submis-
sions were presented bythe Parties :
On behalfof the Governmentof Cambodia,
in the Application and in the Memorial:
"May it please the Court to adjudge and declare, whether the
Kingdom of Thailand appears or not :
draw the detachments off armed forces it has stationed since 1954
in the ruins of the Temple of Preah Vihear;
(2)that the territorial sovereignty over the Temple of Preah
Vihear belongsto the Kingdom of Cambodia";
inthe Reply :
"May it please the Court:
1.-To reject the submissions presented by the Kingdom of
Thailand in its Counter-Memorial,subject, in particular, to
the presentation, if necessary, of any other grounds for the
rejection of any further submissionsthat may be presentedby
the Kingdom of Thailand;
11.-To findin favourofthe submissionscontaineàin its Application
instituting proceedingsand in its Memorial.
To adjudge and declare
7IO TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (MERITS) (JUDGM . F 15 VI 62)
1.-That the Kingdom of Thailand is under an obligation to with-
draw the detachments of armed forces it has stationed since
1954in the ruins of the Temple of Preah Vihear;
2.-That the territorial sovereignty over the Temple of Preah
Vihear belongs to the Kingdom of Cambodia."
On behalfof the Governmentof Thailand,
in the Counter-Memorial :
"The Government of Thailand submits:
(1) that the claims of the Kingdom of Cambodia formulated in
the Application and the Memorialare not sustainable and should be
rejected;
(2) that Phra Viharn is in Thai territor:and the Court isrespect-
fully asked so to adjudge and declare."
During the oral proceedings, Counsel for Thailand asked, at the
close of the hearing of 13 March 1962, to be allowed to defer formu-
lating the Final Submissions on behalf of Thailand until after the
evidence of witnesses and experts. The Agent for Cambodia was
requested to express his views on the matter and declared that he
relied entirely on the justice and wisdom of the Court. The Court,
after having deliberated, granted the authorization requested, it
being understood that, after the evidence of witnesses and experts
and before the filing of the Final Submissions of Thailand, the
Agent for Cambodia might file such modifications to his own Sub-
missions as he wished to make after having heard the evidence.
The Submissions presented by the Parties during the oral pro-
ceedings and in particular after the foregoing decision were as
follows :
On behalfof the Governmentof Cambodia:
A. Submissions read at the hearing of 5 March 1962
"May it please the Court:
I. To adjudge and declarethat the frontier linebetween Carnbodia
and Thailand, in the Dangrek sector, is that which is marked on the
map of the Commission of Delimitation between Indo-China and
Siam (Annex 1 to the Memorialof Cambodia) ;
2. TO adjudge and declare that the Temple of'preah Vihear is
situated in territory under the sovereignty of the Kingdom of
Cambodia ;
3. TOadjudge and declare that the Kingdom of Thailand is under
an obligation to withdraw the detachments of armed forces it has
stationed since 1954, in Cambodian territory, in the ruins of the
Temple of Preah Vihear ;
4. TOadjudge and declare that the sculptures, stelae, fragments
of monuments, sandstone mode1and ancient pottery which have
been removed from the Temple by the Thai authorities since 1954
are to be returned to the Government of the Kingdom of Cambodia
by the Government of Thailand."
8II TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (MERITS) (JUDGM. OF 15 VI 62)
B. Submissions, entitled Final Submissions, read at the hearing of
20 March 1962
"May it please the Court:
I. To adjudge and declare that the map of the Dangrek sector
(Annex 1to the Memorialof Cambodia) was drawn up and published
in the name and on behalf of the Mixed Delimitation Commission
set up by the Treaty of 13 February 1904, that it sets forth the
decisions taken by the said Commission and that, by reason of
that fact and also of the subsequent agreements and conduct of the
Parties, it presents a treaty character;
2. To adjudge and declare that the frontier line between Cam-
bodia and Thailand, in the dispiited region in the neighborhood of the
Temple of Preah Vihear, is that which is marked on the map of the
Commissionof Delimitation between Indo-China and Siam (Annex 1
to the Memorial of Cambodia) ;
3. To adjudge and declare that the Temple of Preah Vihear is
situated in territory under the sovereignty of the Kingdom of
Cambodia ;
4. To adjudge and declare that the Kingdom of Thailand is under
an obligation to withdraw the detachments of armed forces it has
stationed, since 1954, in Cambodian territory, in the ruins of the
Temple of Preah Vihear ;
j. To adjudge and declare that the sculptures, stelae, fragments of
monuments, sandstone mode1and ancient pottery which have been
removed from the Temple by the Thai authorities since 1954 are
to be returned to the Government of the Kingdom of Cambodia by
the Government of Thailand."
On behalf of the Governrnentof Thailand:
A. Submissions read at the hearing of 20 March 1962
"With respect to the Submissions presented by the Governnient
of Cambodia on the 5th March, 1962, the Government of Thailand
respectfully presents the following asits Submissions to the Court:
1. The Court is asked not to entertain the clairns put fonvard by
Cambodia in paragraphs I and 4 of the Submissions presented on
Monday, 5th March, by the Agent for the Government of Cambodia,
on the ground that both those claims are put fonvard too late and
were not included as claims which the Government of Cambodia
wished to present to the Court in the Application instituting these
proceedings or in the course of the written pleadings and mere for
the first time put forward by the Agent for Cambodia when he
formulated Cambodia's conclusions.
It is therefore submitted that these claims should not now be
entertained by the Court.
2. Alternatively,
In regard to the first of the said claims Thailand submits the
following conclusions :
(i) The map Annex 1has not been proved to be a document bind-
ing on the Parties whether by virtue of the Treaty af 1904 or
otherwise.(ii) Thailand and Cambodia have not in fact treated the frontier
marked out on Annex 1as the frontier between Thailand and
Cambodia in the Dang Rek region.
(iii) For the above reasons, the frontier line marked on Annex 1
ought not to be substituted for the existing boundary line in
fact observed and accepted by the two Parties in the Dang Rek
range.
(iv) Even, therefore, if the Court, contrary to the submission of
Thailand, thinks it proper to entertain the said claim (1) now
put forward by Cambodia, Thailand submits that on the merits
this claim is not well founded and ought to be rejected.
3. Thailand submits the following further conclusions in answer
to Submissions 2 and 3 put fonvard by Cambodia:
Abundant evidence has been given that at al1 material times
(i) Thailand has exercised full sovereignty in the area of the
Temple to the exclusion of Cambodia. Alternatively, if, which
is denied, Cambodia in any sense carried out any administrative
functions in the said area, such acts were sporadic and in-
conclusive, and in no sense such as to negative or qualify the
full exercise of sovereignty in the said area by Thailand.
(ii) The watershed in the said area substantially corresponds with
the cliff edge running round Phra Viharn and constitutes the
treaty boundary in the said area as laid down by the Treaty
of 1904.
(iii) To the estent that the cliff edge does not precisely correspond
with the watershed as shown by the configuration of the
ground in the area, the divergencies are minimal and sholild
be disregarded.
(iv) The general nature of the area allows access from Thailand to
the Temple, whereas access from Cambodia involves the scaling
of the high cliff from the Cambodian plain.
(v) There is no room in the circumstances of the present case for
the application in favour of Cambodia of any of the doctrines
prayed in aid by Counsel for Cambodia, whether acquiescence,
estoppel or prescription.
(vi) Cambodia ought not in any event now to be allowed by the
Court to put forward a claim based on prescription not having
anywhere in her pleadings or until the very end of her oral
argument put forward any such claim.
(vii) The evidence in favour of Cambodia is in any event wholly
inadequate to support any prescriptive title in Cambodia.
Cambodia's second and third Submissions ought therefore to be
rejected.
4. Further and in the alternative with regard to Cambodia's fourth
Submission, it is submitted that this Submission, even if entertained
by the Court, is wholly unsupported by evidence, and the claim
put forward by Cambodia in its fourth Submission is accordingly
unsustainable."B. Revised Submissions presented on 20 March 1962 after the
hearing
"With respect to the revised Submissions presented by the
Government of Cambodia on the 20th March 1962, the Government
of Thailand respectfullÿ submits the following Submissions to the
Court :
1.TVithregardto the first claim of the revisedSubmissions :
I.The whole of the evidence before the Court shows that the map of
the sector of the Dang Rek which 1s Annex 1 to the Memorial of
Cambodia \vas not prepared or published either in the name or on
behalf of the Mixed Commission of Delimitation set up under the
Treaty of the 13th February, 1904; but, whereas the said Mixed
Commission consisted of a French Commission and a Siamese
Commission, the said Annex 1 was prepared by members of the
French Commission alone and published only in the name of the
French Commission.
2. The French officers who prepared the said Annex 1 had no
authority to give any officia1or final interpretation of the decisions
of the said Mixed Comn~ission, still less of the intentions of the
said Mixed Commission at points at which no decision had been
recorded.
3. No decision of the said Mixed Commission uras recorded about
the boundary at Phra Viharn. If the said Mixed Commission did
reach such a decision, that decision is not correctly represented on
the said Annex 1,but was a decision that in the Phra Viharn area
the boundary should coincide with the cliff edge.
4. There was no subsequent agreement of the parties attributing
a bilateral or conventional character to the said Annex 1.
j. The conduct of the parties, so far from attributing any conven-
tional character to the said Annes 1, shows that the Parties have
not treated the line marked on the said Annes 1 as the boundary
in the Dang Rek; Thailand has remained in undisputed possession
of al1 the territory at the top of the Dang Rek. Wherever there is
a cliff edge in the Dang Rek the edge of the cliff is, and has been,
accepted as constituting the \vatershed boundary established in
this region by Article 1of the said Treaty of 1904.
6. Even if the said Annes 1 were to be regarded as possessing a
conventional cliaracter, the boundary line marked on it would not
be binding on the parties when proved-as it has been in the dis-
puted area-to be based on an inaccurate survey of the terrain.
II. IVith regardto the second claim of the rezised Submissions:
I. The Court is asked not to entertain the claim, because:
(i) the claim to a region 'in the neighbourhood of the temple of
Phra Viharn' constitutes an enlargement of the claim presented
by the Government of Cambodia in the Application instituting
these proceedings and throughout the written pleadings; (ii) the terms of the claim are too vague to allow either the Court
or the Government of Thailand to appreciate what are the limits
of the territory claimed.
2. Alternatively, the Government of Thailand repeats paragraph 3
of its submissions presented at the sitting of the Court on the 20th
March, 1962.
III. JYitlz regard to the third and fourth claims of the reoised
Submissions :
The Government of Thailand repeats paragraph 3 of its submis-
sions presented at the sitting of the Court on the 20th March, 1962.
IV. With regard tothe fifth claimof the revised Submissions.
I. The Court is asked not to entertain this claim, because it consti-
tutes an enlargement of the claim presented by the Government
of Cambodia in the Application instituting these proceedings and
throughout the written pleadings.
2. ~lternatively, the rejection of the firçt, second and third clairns
of the revised Submissionsmust involve the rejection of this claim.
3. Alternatively, this claim should be restricted to any objects
of the kinds specified in the claim proved by the evidence before
the Court to have been removed from the temple since 1954 by the
Thai authorities."
In its Judgment of 26 May 1961, by which it upheld its juris-
diction to adjudicate upon the dispute subrnitted to it by the
Application filed by the Government of Carnbodia on 6 October
1959, the Court described in the following terms the subject of the
dispute :
"In the present case, Cambodia alleges a violation on the part
of Thailand of Cambodia's territorial sovereignty over the region
of the Temple of Preah Vihear and its precincts. Thailand replies by
affirming that the area in question lies on the Thai side of the
common frontier between the two countries, and is under the sover-
eignty of Thailand. This is a dispute about territorial sovereigntp."
Accordingly, the subject of the dispute subrnitted to the Court
is confined to a difference of view about sovereignty over the
region of the Temple of Preah Vihear. To decide this question of
territorial sovereignty, the Court must have regard to the frontier
line between the two States in this sector. Maps haven been sub-
mitted to it and various considerations have been advanced in this
connection. The Court vLillhave regard to each of these only to
such extent as it may find in them reasons for the decision it has
to give in order to settle the sole dispute submitted to it, the
subject of which has just been stated. The Temple of Preah Vihear is an ancient sanctuary and shrine
situated on the borders of Thailand and Cambodia. Although now
partially in ruins, this Temple has considerable artistic and ar-
chaeological interest, and is still used as a place of pilgrimage. It
stands on a promontory of the same name, belonging to the eastern
sector of the Dangrek range of mountains which, in a general way,
constitutes the boundary between the two countriesin this region-
Cambodia to the south and Thailand to the north. Considerable
portions of this range consist of a high cliff-like escarpment rising
abruptly above the Cambodian plain. Thisis the situation at Preah
Vihear itself, where the main Temple buildings stand in the apex
of a triangular piece of high ground jutting out into the plain.
From the edge of the escarpment, the general inclination of the
ground in the northerly directionsis downwards to the Nam Moun
river, which is in Thailand.
It will be apparent from the description just given that a frontier
line which ran along the edge of the escarpment, or which at any
rate ran to the south and east of the Temple area, would leave this
area in Thailand; whereas a line running to the north, or to the
north and west, would place it in Cambodia.
Thailand has urged that the edge of this escarpment constitutes
the natural and obvious line for a frontier in thisregion.In support
of this view Thailand has referred to the documentary evidence
indicative of the desire of the Parties to establish frontiers which
would not only be "natural", but visible and unmistakable-such
as rivers, mountain ranges, and hence escarpments, where they
exist.
The desire of the Parties for a natural and visible frontier could
have been met by almost any line which followed a recognizable
course along the main chain of the Dangrek range. It could have
been a crest line, a watershed line or an escarpment line (where an
escarpment existed, which was far from always being the case).
As will be seen presently, the Parties provided for a watershed line.
In so doing, they must be presumed to have realized that such a
line would not necessarily, in any particular locality, be the same
line as the line of the crest or escarpment. They cannot therefore
be presumed to have intended that, wherever an escarpment
existed, the frontier must lie along it, irrespective of al1 other
considerations.
The Parties have also relied on other arguments of a physical,
historical, religious and archaeological character, but the Court is
unable to regard them as legally decisive.
As concerns the burden of proof, it must be pointed out that
though, from the forma1 standpoint, Cambodia is the plaintiff,
1316 TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (R~ERITS) (JUDGM. OF 15 VI 62)
having instituted the proceedings, Thailand also is a claimant
because of the claim which was presented by her in the second
Çubmission of the Counter-Memorial and which relates to the
sovereignty over the same piece of territory. Both Cambodia and
Thailand base their respective claims on a series of facts and con-
tentions which are asserted or put forward by one Party or the
other. The burden of proof in respect of these will of course lie on
the Party asserting or putting them forward.
Lntil Cambodia attained her independence in 1953 she was part
of French Indo-China, and her foreign relations-like those of the
rest of French Indo-China-were conducted by France as the pro-
tecting Power. It is common ground between the Parties that the
present dispute has its fofzs et origo in the boundary settlements
made in the period 1904-1908, between France and Siam (as Thai-
land Ras then called) and, in particular, that the sovereignty over
Preah Vihear depends upon a boundary treaty dated 13 February
1904, and upon events subsequent to that date. The Court isthere-
fore not called upon to go into the situation that existed between
the Parties prior to the Treaty of 1904.
The relevant provisions of the Treaty of 13 February 1904, which
regulated inter aLia the frontier in the eastern Dangrek region,
were as follows:
[Translation by the Registry]
"ArticleI
The frontier between Siam and Cambodia starts, on the left shore
of the Great Lake, from the mouth of the river Stung Roluos,
it follows the parallel from that point in an easterly direction
until it meets the ri\-er Prek Kompong Tiam, then, turning north-
far as the Pnom Dang Rek mountain chain. From there it follows
the watershed between the basins of the Nam Sen and the Mekong,
on the one hand, and the Nam Moun, on the other hand, and
joins the Pnom Padang chain the crest of which it followseastwards
as far as the Mekong.Upstream from that point, the Mekongremains
the frontier of the Kingdom of Siam, in accordance with Article I
of the Treaty of 3 October 1893."
"Article3
There shall be a delimitation of the frontiers between the King-
dom of Siam and the territories making up French Indo-China.
This delimitation will be carried out by Mixed Commissions com-
posed of officers appointed by the two contracting countries. The
work will relate to the irontier determined by Articles I and 2,
and the region lying between the Great Lake and the sea."
It will be seen, in the first place, that these articles make no
mention of Preah Vihear as such. It is for this reason that the Court can only give a decision asto the sovereignty over the Temple area
after having examined what the frontier line is. Secondly, whereas
the general character of the frontier established by Article I was,
along the Dangrek range, to be a watershed line, the exact course of
this frontier was, by virtue of Article 3, to be delimited by a Franco-
Siamese Mixed Commission. It is to be observed, moreover, that
what had to be delimited was "the frontiers" between Siam and
French Indo-China; and although this delimitation had, pvima facie,
to be carried out by reference to the criterionindicated in Article 1,
the purpose of it was to establish the actual line of the frontier.
In consequence, the line of the frontier would, to al1 intents and
purposes, be the line resulting from the work of delimitation, unless
the delimitation were shown to be invalid.
In due course, a Mixed Commission composed of French and
Siamese members was setup, charged with the task of delimiting the
frontier in various districts, including the eastern sector of the
Dangrek range in which Preah Vihear is situated. This Mixed
Commission was composed of two sections, one French and one
Siamese, sitting together-one consisting.of French topographical
and administrative officersunder a French president, and the other
of Siamese members under a Siamese president. So far as the
frontier in the Dangrek range was concerned, the task of this
Mixed Commission was confined to the eastern sector (roughly east
of the Pass of Kel) in which Preah Vihear is situated. At this
time the western sector of the Dangrek lay wholly in Thailand.
It was only when a further boundary settlement, under a treaty
dated 23 March 1907, brought within Cambodia various districts
abutting on the western Dangrek sector, that the latter became a
frontier region. The task of delimiting the frontier in this latter
region was given to a second Mixed Commission set up under the
1907 Treaty.
The Mixed Commission set up under the Treaty of 1904 held its
first meeting in January 1905, but did not reach that part of its
operations that concerned the frontier along the eastern sector of
the Dangrek range until December 1906, although it appears from
the minutes of the Commission's meeting of 2 December 1906 that
.one of the French members of the Commission, Captain Tixier, had
passed along the Dangrek in February 1905. At the meeting of
2 December 1906, held at Angkor-Wat, it was agreed that the
Commission should ascend the Dangrek from the Cambodian plain
bythe Pass of Kel, which lies westwards of Preah Vihear, and travel
eastwards along the range by the same route (or along the same
line) as had been reconnoitred by Captain Tixier in 1905("le tracé
qu'a reconnu ...le capitaine Tixier"). It was stated that al1 the necessary reconnaissance between this route and the crest line
(to which it ran roughly parallel) could be carried out by this
method, since the route was, at the most, only ten to fifteen kilo-
metres from the crest, on the Siamese side. It has not been contested
that the Presidents of the French and Siamese sections of the Com-
mission, as representing it, duly made thisjourney, and that in the
course of it they visited the Temple of Preah Vihear. But there is
no record of any decision that they may have taken.
At this same meeting of 2 December 1906, it was also agreed
that another of the members of the French section of the Com-
mission, Captain Oum, should, starting at the eastern end, surveg-
the whole of the eastern part of the Dangrek range, in which Preah
Vihear is situated, and that he would leave for this purpose the
next da-.
It is thus clear that the Mixed Commission fully intended to
delimit the frontier in this sector of the Dangrek and that it took
al1 the necessary steps to put the work of delimitation in hand.
The work must have been accomplished, for at the end of January
1907 the French Minister at Bangkok reported to the Minister of
Foreign Affairs in Paris that he had been formally notified by the
President of the French section of the Mixed Commission that the
whole work of delimitation had been finished without incident, and
that the frontier line had been definitely established, except in the
region of Siem Reap. Furthermore, in a report on the whole work
of delimitation, dated 20 February 1907, destined for his own
Go.vernment, the President said that: "Al1 along the Dangrek and
as far as the Mekong, the fixing of the frontier could not have
involved any difficulty." Mention may also be made of a map
produced by Thailand, recently prepared by the Royal Thai
Survey Department, Bangkok, tracing in the Dangrek the "Route
followed by the Mixed Commission of 1904".
It seems clear therefore that a frontier was surveyed and fixed;
but the question is what was that frontier (in particular in the
region of Preah Vihear), by whom \\,as it fixed, in what way, and
upon whose instructions ?The difficultly in answering these questions
lies in the fact that, after the minutes of the meeting of the First
Commission on 2 December 1906, there is no further reference
whatever, in any minutes of later meetings, to the question of the
frontier in the Dangrek region.
It appears that at about this time the Commission had in sub-
stance finished its work on the ground and was awaiting the reports
and provisional maps of the survey officers (Captain Oum and
others). These reports and maps would not be available until
Febmary-March 1907 when, in normal circumstances, another
meeting of the Commission would have been held to consider them.
It appears that a meeting had been provisionally fised for 8 March.
I6That it was certainly the intention to cal1one, can be seen from a
despatch from the French Minister in Bangkok to the hlinister of
Foreign Affairs in Paris, dated 23 February 1907,covering the report
from Colonel Bernard, President of the French section of the
Commission. The Rlinister, in his despatch, said: "The maps indi-
cating the frontier can be brought up to date in a fairly short time
and the plenary meetin? of the French and Siamese Commissioners
\vil1 probably be held before 15 March." No meeting apparently
ever took place. In the meantime the two Governments had entered
into negotiations for a further boundary treaty. This treaty was
signed on 23 March 1907, and provided for exchanges of territory
and a comprehensive regulation of al1 those frontiers not covered
by the previous treaty settlement of 1904
A second Rfixed Commission of Delimitation was then set up
under the Treaty of 1907. As already mentioned, part of its task was
to delimit that sector of the Dangrek region not having corne within
the ambit of the First Commission, namely from the Pass of Kel
westwards, and therefore not including Preah Vihear which lay
to the east. There was in fact some overlapping of the work of the
two Commissions in the Kel region, but this overlapping did not
extend to Preah Vihear. There is, however, evidence in the records
of the Second Commission that, at or near the Pass of Kel, the line
drawn by this Commission joined up with an already esisting line
proceeding eastwards to the Temple area and beyond. There is no
definite indication as to what this line was, or ho\v it had come
to be established; but the presumption that it was in sorne manner
or other theoutcoine of the survey work which the First Commission
had put in hand, and which the President of its French section,
in his report of20 February 1907, stated to have been accornplished
without difficulty is, in the circumstances, overwhelming1~-strong.
The Court has noted that although, under Article IV of the Treaty
of 1907, the task of the Second Rfixed Commission was to delimit
the "new frontiers" established by that Treaty, the Commission
also had the task, under Clause III of the Protocol attached to the
Treaty, of delimitingall that part of the frontier defined in Clause 1
of the Protocol. This latter provision related to the entire Dangrek
range from a point in its western half to the eastern continuation
of the Dangrek, the Pnom Padang range, as far as the River
Mekong. Therefore, had the eastern Dangrek and Pnom Padang
sectors not already been delimited by the first (1904) Mixed Com-
mission, it would have been the duty of the second (1907) Com-
mission to do this work. This Commission did not do it, apart from
the overlap (notextending to Preah Vihear) already mentioned, and
therefore the presumption must be that it had already been done. The First Jlixed Commission apparently did not hold any forma1
meeting after 19 January 1907. It must not be forgotten that, at
the time when such a meeting might have been held for the purpose
of ~vinding up the work of the Commission, attention in both
countrics,on thepart of those ivho sverespecially qualified to act and
speak on their behalf in these matters, was directed towards the
conclusion of the Treaty of 23 March 1907. Their chief concern,
particularly in the case of Colonel Bernard, could hardly have been
the forma1 completion of the results of the delimitation they had
carried out.
The final stage of the operation of delimitation svas theprepara-
tion and publication of maps. For the execution of this technical
work, the Siamese Government, which at that time did not dispose
of adequate means, had officially requested that French topo-
graphical officers should map the frontier region. It is clear from the
opening paragraph of the minutes of the meeting of the first JIixed
Commission on 29 Sovember 1905that this request had the appros-al
of the Siamese section of the Commission, which inay indeed have
inspired it, for in theetter of20 August 1908 in which the Siamese
)finister in Paris communicated to his Government the eventual
results of thiswork of mapping, he referred to "the hiixed Commis-
sion of Delimitation of the frontiers and the Siamese Con~missioners'
request that the French Commissioners prepare maps of various
frontiers". That this \vas the deliberate policy ofthe Siamese author-
ities is also sho~vn by the fact that in the second (1907) llixed
Commission, the French members of the Commission svere equally
requested by their Siamese colleagues to carry out cartographical
svork, as can be seen from the minutes of the meeting of 6 J~ne
1908.
The French Government duly arranged for the work to be done
by a team of four French officers, three of svhom, Captains Tixier,
Kerler and de Batz, had been members of the first Mixed Com-
mission. This team svorked under the gcneral direction of Colonel
Bernard, and in the late autumn of 1907 it completed a series of
eleven maps covering a large part of the frontiers betsveen Siam
and French Indo-China, including those portions that are matei-ial
in the present case. The maps sverc printed and published by a
well-known French cartographical firm, H. Barrcre.
The eleven maps n-erein due course communicated to the Sianlese
Government, as being the maps requestecl by the latter, and the
Court will consider later the circumstances of that communication
and the deductions to be drawn from it. Three of the maps had
been overtakcn by events, inasmuch as the foi-mer frontier areas
they showed had, by virtue of the Treaty of JIarch 1907, noiv
become situated svholly in Cambodia. Siam ss-as not therefore
called upon either to accept or reject them. Her interest in the other
maps remained. Amongst these svas one of that part of the Ilangrek
1S 21 TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHErlR (SIERITS) (JUDGM. OF 15 VI 62)
range in which the Temple is situated, and on it was traced a fron-
tier line purporting to be the outcome of the work of delimitation
and showing the whole Preah Vihear promontory, with the Temple
area, as being on the Cambodian side. If therefore the delimitation
carried out in respect of the Eastern Dangrek sector established
or was intended to establish a watershed line, this rnap purported
to show such a line. This rnap was filed by Cambodia as Annex 1
to its Memorial, and has become known in the case (and uill be
referred to herein) as the Annex 1 map.
It is on this rnap that Cambodia principally relies in support of
her claim to sovereignty over the Temple. Thailand, on the other
hand, contests any claim based on this map, on the following
grounds :first, that the rnap was not the work of the hlixed Com-
mission, and had therefore no binding character; secondly, that
at Preah Vihear the rnap embodied a material error, not explicable
on the basis of any exercise of discretionary powers of adaptation
which the Commission may have possessed. This error, according
to Thailand's contention, was that the frontier line indicated on
the rnap was not the true watershed line in this vicinity, and that
a line drawn in accordance with the true watershed line would
have placed, and would now place, the Temple area in Thailand.
It is further contended by Thailand that she never accepted this
rnap or the frontier line indicated on it, at any rate so far as Preah
Vihear is concerned, in such a way as to become bound thereby;
or, alternatively that, if she did accept the map, she did so only
under, and because of, a mistaken belief (upon urhich she relied)
that the rnap line was correctly drawn to correspond with the
watershed line.
The Court will, for the moment, confine itself to the first of these
contentions, based on an argument urhich the Court considers to
be correct, namely that the rnap was never formally approved
by the first Mixed Commission as such, since that Commission had
ceased to function some months before the production of the map.
The record does not show whether the rnap and the line were based
on any decisions or instructions given by the Commission to the
surveying officers while it was still functioning. What is certain
is that the rnap must have had a basis of some sort, and the Court
thinks there can be no reasonable doubt that it was based on the
work of the surveying officers in the Dangrek sector. Being one of
the series of maps of the frontier areas produced by French Govern-
ment topographical experts in response to a request made by the
Siamese authorities, printed and published by a Paris firm of
repute, al1 of which was clear from the rnap itself, it was thus
invested with an officia1standing;it had its own inherent technical
authority; and its provenance %-asopen and obvious. The Court
must nevertheless conclude that, in its incepiion, and at the
moment of its production, it had no binding character. Thailand has argiied that in the absence of any delimitation
approved and adopted by the Mixed Commission, or based on its
instructions, the line of the frontier must necessarily-by virtue
of Article I of the Treaty of 1904-follow strictly the line of the
true watershed, and that this line, at Preah Vihear, would place
the Temple in Thailand. While admitting that the Mixed Com-
mission had a certain discretion to depart from the watershed line
in order to avoid anomalies, and to take account of certain purely
local considerations, Thailand contends that any departure such as
to place Preah Vihear in Cambôdia would have far exceeded the
scope of any discretionary powers the Mixed Commission could
have had authority to exercise without specific reference to the
Governments.
Whatever substance these contentions niaj7have, taken by them-
selves, the Court considers that they do not meet the real issues
here involved. Even if there u7as no delimitation of the frontier
in the eastern sector of the Dan~rek approved and adopted by the
Riixed Commission, it was obviously open to the Governments
themselves to adopt a delimitation for that region, making use of
the work of the technical members of the Mixed Commission. As
regards any departures from the watershed line which any such
delimitation embodied-since, according to Thailand's own con-
tention, the delimitation indicated on the Annex 1 map was not
the Mixed Commission's-there is no point in discussing whether
such departures as may have occurred at Preah Vihear fell within
the Commission's discretionary powers or not. The point is that it
was certainly within the power of the Governments to adopt
such departures.
The real question, therefore, which is the essential one in this
case, is whether the Parties did adopt the Annex 1 map, and the
line indicated on it, as representing the outcome of the work of
delimitation of the frontier in the region of Preah Vihear, thereby
conferring on it a binding character.
Thailand denies this so far as she is concerned, representing her-
self as having adopted a merely passive attitude in what ensued.
She maintains also that a course of conduct, involving at most a
failure to object, cannot suffice to render her a consenting party
to a departure at Preah Vihear from the watershed line specified
by Article I of the Treaty of 1904, so great as to affect the sover-
eignty over the Temple area.
The Court sees the matter differently. It is clear from the record
that the publication and communication of the eleven maps referred
20 to earlier,including the Annex 1map, was something of an occasion.
This was no mere interchange between the French and Siamese
Governments, though, even if it had been, it. could have sufficed
in law. On the contrary, the maps were given wide publicity in
al1technically interested quarters by being also communicated to
the leading geographical societies in important countries, and to
other circles regionally interested; to the Siamese legations ac-
credited to the British, German,Russian and United States Govern-
ments; and to al1 the members of the Mixed Commission, French
and Siamese. The full original distribution consisted of about one
hundred and sixty sets of eleven maps each. Fifty sets of this
distribution were allocated to the Siamese Government. That the
Annex 1 rnap was communicated as purporting to represent the
outcome of the work of delimitation is clear from the letter from
the Siamese Minister in Paris to the Minister of Foreign Affairs
in Bangkok, dated 20 August 1908, in which he said that "regarding
the Mixed Commission of Delimitation of the frontiers and the
Siamese Commissioners' request that the French Commissioners
prepare maps of various frontiers, the French Commissioners have
now finished their work". He added that a series of maps had been
brought to him in order that he might forward them to the Siamese
Minister of Foreign Affairs. He went on to give a list of the eleven
maps, including the rnap of the Dangrek region-fifty sheets of
each. He ended by saying that he was keeping two sheets of each
map for his Legation and was sending one sheet of each to the
Legations in London, Berlin, Russia and the United States of
America.
It has been contended on behalf of Thailand that this communi-
cation of the maps by the French authorities was, so to speak,
ex parte, and that no forma1 acknowledgment of it was either
requested of, or given by, Thailand. In fact, as will be seen
presently, an acknowledgment by conduct was undoubtedly made
in a very definite way; but even if it were otherwise, it is clear that
the circumstances were such as called for some reaction, within a
reasonable period, on the part of the Siamese authorities, if they
wished to disagree with the rnap or had any serious question to
raise in regard to it. They did not do so, either then or for many
years, and thereby must be held to have acquiesced. Qzri tacet
consentirevidetur si loqui debuissetac potuisset.
So far as the Annex 1 rnap is concerned, it was not merely the
circumstances of the communication of this and the other maps
that called for some reaction from the Siamese side, if reaction
there was to be; there were also indications on the face of the rnap
sheet which required a reaction if the Siamese authorities had any
reason to contend that the rnap did not represent the outcome of
2 124 TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (MERITS) (JUDGM. OF 15 VI 62)
the work of delimitation. The map-together with the other maps-
was, as already stated, communicated to the Siamese members of
the Mixed Commission. These must necessarily have known (and
through them the Siamese Government must have known) that
this map could not have represented anything formally adopted
by the Mixed Commission, and therefore they could not possibly
have been deceived by the title of the map, namely, "Dangrek-
Commission of Delimitation between Indo-China and Siam" into
supposing that it was purporting to be a production of the hlixed
Commission as such. Alternatively, if the Siamese members of the
Commission did suppose othenvise, this could only have been be-
cause, though without recording them, the Mixed Commission had
in fact taken some decisions on which the map was based; and of
any such decisions the Siamese members of the Commission would
of course have been aware.
The Siamese members of the Commission must also have seen
the notice appearing in the top left-hand corner of the map sheet
to the effect that the work on the ground had been carried out by
Captains Kerler and Oum. They would have known, since they were
present at the meeting of the Commission held on 2 December 1906,
that Captain Oum had then been instructed to carry out the survey
of the eastern sector of the Dangrek range, covering Preah Vihear,
and that he was to leave the next day to take up this assignment.
They said nothing-either then or later-to suggest that the map
did not represent the outcome of the work of delimitation or that
it was in any way inaccurate.
That the Siamese authorities by their conduct acknowledged the
receipt, and recognized the character, of these maps, and what
they purported to represent, is shown by the action of the hlinister
of the Interior, Prince Damrong, in thanking the French Minister
in Bangkok for the maps, and in asking him for another fifteen
copies of each of them for transmission to the Siamese provincial
Governors.
Further evidence is afforded by the proceedings of the subsequent
Commission of Transcription which met in Bangkok in March of
the following year,1909, and for some months thereafter. This was
a mixed Franco-Siamese Commission set up by the Parties with
the object of getting an officia1Siamesegeographical service started,
through a consolidation of al1 the work of the two Mixed Com-
missions of 1904 and 1907. A prima~ aim was to convert the
existing maps into handy atlas form, and to give the French and
Siamese terms used in them their proper equivalents in the other
languages. No suggestion that the Annex 1 map or line was un-
acceptable was made in the course of the work of this Commission.25 TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (MERITS) (JuDGM. OF 15 VI 62)
It was claimed on behalf of Thailand that the maps received
from Paris were only seen by minor officials who had no expertise
in cartography, and would know nothing about the Temple of
Preah Vihear. Indeed it was suggested during the oral proceedings
that no one in Siam at that time knew anything about the Temple or
would be troubling about it.
The Court cannot accept these contentions either on the facts
or the law. If the Siamese authorities did show these maps only to
minor officials, they clearly acted at their own risk, and the claim
of Thailand could not, on the international plane, derive any
assistance from that fact. But the history of the matter, as set out
above, shows clearly that the maps were seen by such persons as
Prince Devawongse, the Foreign Minister, Prince Damrong, the
Minister of the Interior, the Siamese members of the First Mixed
Commission, the Siamese members of the Commission of Tran-
scription;and it must also be assumed that the Annex 1 map was
seen by the Governor of Khukhan province, the Siamese province
adjoining the Preah Vihear region on the northern side, who must
have been amongst those for whom extra copies were requested by
Prince Damrong. None of these perçons was a minor official. Al1
or most had local knowledge. Some must have had knowledge of
the Dangrek region. It is clear from the documentation in the case
that Prince Damrong took a keen persona1 interest in the work of
delimitation, and had a profound knowledge of archaeological
monuments. It is not conceivable that the Governor of Khukhan
province, of which Preah Vihear formed part up to the 1904 settle-
ment, was ignorant of its existence.
In any case this particular contentionof Thailand's is decisively
disproved by a document deposited by Thailand herself, according
to which the Temple was in 1899 "re-discovered" by the Siamese
Prince Sanphasit, accompanied by some fifteen to twenty officials
and local dignitaries, including, it seems, the then Governor and
Deputy-Governor of Khukhan. It thus appears that only nine
years previous to the receipt of the Annex 1 map by the Siamese
authorities, a considerable number of persons having high officia1
standing in Siam knew of Preah Vihear.
The Court moreover considers that there is no legal foundation
for the consequence it is attempted to deduce from the fact that
no one inThailand at that time may have known of the importance
of the Temple or have been troubling about it. Frontier rectifica-
tions cannot in law be claimed on the ground that a frontier area
has turned out to have an importance not known or suspected
when the frontier was established. It followsfrom the preceding findings that the Siamese authorities
in due course received the Annes 1 rnap and that they accepted it.
Now, however, it is contended on behalf of Thailand, so far as the
disputed area of Preah Vihear is concerned, that an error was
committed, an error of which the Siamese authorities were unaware
at the time when they accepted the map.
It is an established rule of law that the plea of error cannot be
allowed as an element vitiating consent if the party advancing it
contributed by its own conduct to the error, or could have avoided
it, or if the circumstances weresuch as to put that party on notice
of a possible error. The Court considers that the character and
qualifications of the persons who saw the Annex 1 rnap on the
Siamese side would alone make it difficult for Thailand to plead
error in law. These persons included the members of the very
Commission of Delimitation within whose competence this sector
of the frontier hadlain. But even apart from this, the Court thinks
that there were other circumstances relating to the Annex 1 rnap
which make the plea of error difficult to receive.
An inspection indicates that the rnap itself drew such pointed
attention to the Preah Vihear region that no interested person,
nor anyone charged with the duty of scrutinizing it, could have
failed to see what the rnap was purporting to do in respect of that
region. If, as Thailand has argued, the geographical configuration
of the place is such as to make it obvious to anyone who has been
there that the watershed must lie along the line of the escarpment
(a fact which, if true, must have been no less evident in 1go8),
then the rnap made it quite plain that the Annex 1 line did not
follow the escarpment in this region since it was plainly drawn
appreciably to the north of the whole Preah Vihear promontory.
Nobody looking at the map could be under any misapprehension
about that.
Xext, the rnap marked Preah Vihear itself quite clearly as lying
on the Cambodian side of the line, using for the Temple a symbol
which seems to indicate a rough plan of the building and its stair-
wavs.
ft would thus seem that, to anyone who considered that the line
of the watershed at Preah Vihear ought to follow the line of the
escarpment, or whose duty it was to scrutinize the map, there was
everything in the Annex 1 rnap to put him upon enquiry. Further-
more, as has already been pointed out, the Siamese Government
knew or must be presumed to have known, through the Siamese
members of the llixed Commission, that the Annex 1 rnap had
never been formally adopted by the Commission. The Siamese
authorities knew it was the work of French topographical officers
to whom they had themselves entrusted the work of producing themaps. They accepted it without any independent investigation, and
cannot therefore now plead any error vitiating the reality of their
consent. The Court concludes therefore that the plea of error has
not been made out.
The Court will now consider the events subsequent to the period
1904-1909.
The Siamese authorities did not raise any queryabout the Annex 1
map as between themselves and France or Cambodia, or expressly
repudiate it as such, until the 1958 negotiations in Bangkok, when,
inter alia, the question of Preah Vihear came under discussion
between Thailand and Cambodia. Nor was any question raised
even after 1934-1935, when Thailand carried out a survey of her
own in this region, and this survey had, in Thailand's .iew, es-
tablished a divergence between the map line and the true line of
the watershed-a divergence having the effect of placing the Temple
in Cambodia. Although, after this date, Thailand eventually pro-
duced some maps of her otvn showing Preah Vihear as being in
Thailand, she continued, even for public and officia1purposes, to
use the Annex 1 map, or other maps showing Preah Vihear as lying
in Cambodia, without raising any query about the matter (her
explanations as to this will be considered presently). Moreover, the
Court finds it difficult to overlooksuch a fact as, for instance, that
in 1937, even after Thailand's own survey in 1934-1935, and in
the same year as the conclusion of a treaty with France in which,
as will be seen, the established common frontiers were reaffirmed,
the Siamese Royal Survey Department produced a map showing
Preah Vihear as lying in Cambodia.
Thailand had several opportunities of raising with the French
authorities the question of the Annex 1 map. There were first of
al1the negotiations for the 1925 and 1937 Treaties of Friendship,
Commerce and Navigation between France, on behalf of Indo-China,
and Siam. These Treaties, although they provided for a general
process of revision or replacement of previous Agreements, excluded
from this process the existing frontiers as they had been established
under the Boundary Settlements of 1893, 1904 and 1907. Thereby,
and in certain more positive provisions, the Parties confirmed the
existing frontiers, whatever they were. These were occasions (par-
ticularly in regard to the negotiations for the 1937 Treaty, which
occurred only two years after Thailand's own survey of the frontier
regions had disclosed, in her belief, a serious divergence betw-een
the map line and the watershed line at Preah Vihear) on which it
would have been natural for Thailand to raise the matter, if she
considered the map indicating the frontier at Preah Vihear to beincorrect-occasions on which she could and should have done so
if that was her belief. She did not do so and she even, as has been
seen, produced a map of her ou7n in 1937 showing Preah Vihear
as being in Cambodia. That this map may have been intended
for interna1 military use does not seem to the Court to make it
any less evidence of Thailand's state of mind. The inference must
be-particularly in regard to the 1937 occasion-that she accepted
or still accepted the Annex 1 map, and the line it indicated, even
if she believed it incorrect, even if, after her own survey of 1934-
1935, she thought she knew it \vas incorrect.
Thailand having temporarily corne into possession of certain
parts of Cambodia, including Preah Vihear, in 1941, the Ministry
of Information of Thailand published a work entitled "Thailand
during national reconstruction" in which it \vas stated in relation
to Preah Vihear that it had now been "retaken" for Thailand.
This has been represented by Thailand as being an error on the
part of a minor official. Severtheless, similar language, sug-
gesting that Thailand had been in possession of Preah Vihear only
since about 1940, \vas used by representatives of Thailand in the
territorial negotiations that took place between Thailand and Cam-
bodia at Bangkok in 1958.
Xfter the war, by a Settlement ,4greement of Kovember 1946
with France, Thailand accepted a reversion to the stntzis qz~o ante
1941. It is Tl-iailand's contention that this reversion to the sfatus
pzrodid not affect Preah Vihear because Thailand already Lad
sovereignty over it before the war. The Court need not discuss this
contention, for whether Thailand did have such sovereignty is
precisely what is in issue in these proceedings. The important point
is that, in consequence of the war events, France agreed to set
up a Franco-Sian-iese Conciliation Commission consisting of the tnro
representatives of the Parties and three neutral Commissioners,
whose terms of reference were specifically to go into, and make
recommendations on an equitable basis in regard to, any complaints
or proposals for rexrision\vhich Thailand might wish to make as to,
inter nlin, the frontier settlements of 190.4and 1907. The Commission
met in 1947in IVashington, and here therefore \vas an outstanding
opportunity for Thailand to claim a rectification of the frontier at
Preah Vihear on the ground that the delimitation embodied a
serious error which would have caused Thailand to reject it had
she known of the error in 1908-1909. In fact, although Thailand
made complaints about the frontier line in a considerable number
of regions, she macle none about Preah Vihear. She even (12 1Iay
1947) filed n-ith the Commission a map sliowing Preah Vihear as
lying in Cambodia. Thailand contends that this involved no
adverse implications as regards her clüim to the Temple, because
26the Temple area was not in issue before the Commission, that it was
other regions that were under discussion, and thatit was in relation
to these that the map was used. But it is precisely the fact that
Thailand had raised these other questions, but not that of Preah
Vihear, which requires explanation; for, everything else apart,
Thailand was by thistime well aware, from certain local happenings
in relation to the Temple, to be mentioned presently, that France
regarded Preah Vihear as being in Cambodian territory-even if
this had not already and long since been obvious from the frontier
line itself, as mapped bythe French authorities and communicated
to the Siamese Government in 1908. The natural inference from
Thailand's failure to mention Preah Vihear on this occasion is,
again, that she did not do so because she accepted the frontier at
this point as it was drawn on the map, irrespective of its corre-
spondence with the watershed line.
As regards the use of a map showing Preah Vihear as lying in
Cambodia, Thailand maintains that this was for purely carto-
graphical reasons, that there were no other maps, or none that were
so convenient, or none of the right scale for the occasion. The Court
does not find this explanation convincing. Thailand could have
used the map but could also have entered some kind of reservation
with France as to its correctness. This she did not do.
As regards her failure even to raise the question of the map as
such until 1gj8, Thailand states that this was because she was, at
al1 material times, in possession of Preah Vihear; therefore she
had no need to raise the matter. She indeed instances her acts on
the ground as evidence that she never accepted the Annex 1 line
at Preah Vihear at all, and contends that if she never accepted it
she clearly had no need to repudiate it, and that no adverse conclu-
sions can be drawn from her failure to do so. The acceptability of
this explanation must obviously depend on whether in fact it is the
case that Thailand's conduct on the ground affords ex Post facto
evidence sufficient to show that she never accepted the Annex 1
line in 1908 in respect of Preah Vihear, and considered herself at
al1material times to have the sovereignty over the Temple area.
The Court has considered the evidence furnished by Thailand of
acts of an administrative character performed by her officials
at or relative to Preah Vihear. France, and subsequently Cambodia,
27in view of her title founded on the Treaty of 1904, performed only a
very few routine acts of administration in this small, deserted area.
It was specifically admitted by Thailand in the course of the oral
hearing that if Cambodia acquired sovereignty over the Temple
area by virtue of the frontier settlement of 1904, she did not sub-
sequently abandon it, nor did Thailand subsequently obtain it by
any process of acquisitive prescription. Thailand's acts on the
ground were therefore put forward as evidence of conduct as
sovereign, sufficient to negative any suggestion that, under the
1904 Treaty settlement, Thailand accepted a delimitation having
the effect of attributing the sovereignty over Preah Vihear to
Cambodia. It is therefore from this standpoint that the Court must
consider and evaluate these acts. The real question is whether they
sufficed to efface or cancel out the clear impression of acceptance
of the fqontier line at Preah Vihear to be derived from the various
considerations already discussed.
With one or two important exceptions to be mentioned presently,
the acts concerned were exclusively the acts of local, provincial,
authorities. To the extent that these activities took place, it is
not clear that they had reference to the summit of Mount Preah
Vihear and the Temple area itself, rather than to places somewhere
inthe viciIsity. But however that may be, the Court finds it difficult
to regard such local acts as overriding and negativing the consistent
and undeviating attitude of the central Siamese authorities to the
frontier line as mapped.
In this connection, much the most significant episode consisted
of the visit paid to the Temple in930 by Prince Damrong, formerly
Minister of the Interior, and at this time President of the Royal
Institute of Siam, charged with duties in connection with the
National Library and with archaeological monuments. The visit
was part of an archaeological tour made by the Prince with the
permission of the King of Siam, and it clearly had a quasi-officia1
character. When the Prince arrived at Preah Vihear, he was
officially received there by the French Resident for the adjoining
Cambodian province, on behalf of the Resident Superior, with the
French flag flying. The Prince could not possibly have failed to
see the implications of a reception of this character. A clearer
affirmation of title on the French Indo-Chinese side can scarcely
be imagined. It demanded a reaction. Thailand did nothing.
Furthermore, when Prince Damrong on his return to Bangkok
sent the French Resident some photographs of the occasion, he
used language which seems to admit that France, through her
Resident, had acted as the host country.
The explanations regarding Prince Damrong's visit given on
behalf of Thailand have not been found convincing by the Court.
Looking at the incident as a whole, it appears to have amounted
28 to a tacit recognition by Siam of the sovereignty of Cambodia
(under French Protectorate) over Preah Vihear, through a failure
to react in any way, on an occasion that called for a reaction in
order to affirmor preserve title in the face of an obvious rival claim.
What seems clear is that either Siam did not in fact believe she
had any title-and this would be wholly consistent with her attitude
al1along, and thereafter, to the Annex 1 map and line-or else she
decided not to assert it, which again means that she accepted the
French claim, or accepted the frontier at Preah Vihear as it was
drawn on the map.
The remaining relevant facts vmust now be stated. In February
1949,not long afterthe conclusion of the proceedings of the Franco-
Siamese Conciliation Commission, in the course of which, as has
been seen, Thailand did not raise the question of Preah Vihear,
France addressed a Note to the Government of Thailand statinz
that a report had been received of the stationing of four ~iame;
keepers at the Temple, and asking for information. There was no
reply to this Note, nor to a follow-up Note of filarch 1949. In May
1949, France sent a further Note, setting out briefly, but quite
explicitly, the grounds on which she considered Preah Vihear to
be in Cambodia, and pointing out that a map produced by Thailand
herself had reco~nized this fact. The withdrawal of the kee~ers
was requested. ~ïthou~h there was an error in this Note, the siinifi-
cance of the latter was that it contained an unequivocal assertion
of sovereignty. This French Note also received no reply. In July
1950, a further Note was sent. This too remained unanswered.
Inthese circumstances Cambodia, on attaining her independence
in 1953, proposed, for her part, to send keepers or guards to the
Temple, in the assertion or maintenance of her position. However,
finding that Thai keepers were already there, the Cambodian
1954
keepers withdrew, and Cambodia sent a Note dated January
to the Government oI Thailand asking for information. This received
a mere acknowledgment, but no explanation. Kor u7asthere, even
then, any forma1 affirmation of Thailand's claim. At the end of
March 1954, the Government of Cambodia, drawing attention
to the fact that no substantive reply to its previous Note had been
received, notified the Government of Thailand that it now proposed
to replace the previously withdrawn Cambodian keepers or guards
by some Cambodian troops. In this Kote Cambodia specifically
referred to the justification of the Cambodian claim contained in
the French Note of May 1949. This Cambodian Xote also was not
29answered. However, the Cambodian troops were not in fact sent;
andin June 1954, Cambodia addressed to Thailand a further Note
stating that, as information had been received to the effect that
Thai troops were already in occupation, the despatch of the Cam-
bodian troops had been suspended in order not to aggravate the
situation. The Note went on to ask that Thailand should either
withdraw her troops or furnish Cambodia with her views on the
matter. This Note equally received no reply. But the Thai "troops"
(the Court understands that they are in fact a police force) re-
mained. Again, therefore, it would seem that Thailand, while taking
certain local action, was not prepared to deny the French and
Cambodian claim at the diplomatic level.
h:o further diplomatic correspondence was produced to the Court ;
but eventually, in 1958, a conference was held at Bangkok between
Thailand and Cambodia, to discuss various territorial matters in
dispute between the Parties, including that of Preah Vihear. The
representative of Thailand having declined to discuss the legal
aspects of the matter, the negotiations broke down and Cambodia
jnstituted the present proceedings.
The Court will now state the conclusions it draws from the facts
as above set out.
Even if there were any doubt as to Siam's acceptance of the map
in 1908, and hence of the frontier indicated thereon, the Court
would consider, in the light of the subsequent course of events, that
Thailand is now precludeti by her conduct from asserting that she
did not accept it. She has, for fifty years, enjoyed such benefits as
the Treaty of 1904 conferred on her, if only the benefit of a stable
frontier. France, and through her Cambodia, relied on Thailand's
acceptance of the map. Since neither side can plead error, it is
immatenal whether or not this reliance was based on a belief that
the map was correct. It is not now open to Thailand, while con-
tinuing to claim and enjoy the benefits of the settlement, to deny
that she was ever a consenting party to it.
The Court however considers that Thailand in 1908-1909 did
accept the Annex 1 map as representing the outcome of the work
of delimitation, and hence recognized the line on that mapas being
the frontier line, the effect of which is tosituate Preah Vihear in
Cambodian territory. The Court considers further that, looked at
30 as a whole, Thailand's subsequent conduct confirms and bears out
her original acceptance, and that Thailand's acts on the ground do
not suffice to negative this. Both Parties, by their conduct, recog-
nized the line and thereby in effect agreed to regard it as being
the frontier line.
The Court must now consider two further matters. Thailand
contends that since 1908, and at any rate up to her own 1934-1935
survey, she believed that the rnap line and watershed line coincided,
and therefore that if she accepted the rnap line, she did so only in
that belief. It is evident that such a contention would be quite
inconsistent with Thailand's equally strongly advanced contention
that these acts in the concrete exercise of sovereignty evidenced
her belief that she had sovereignty over the Temple area: for if
Thailand was truly under a misapprehension about the Annex 1
line-if she really believed it indicated the correct watershed line-
then she must have believed that, on the basis of the rnap and her
acceptance of it, the Temple area lay rightfully in Cambodia. If she
had such a belief-and such a belief is implicit in any plea that she
had accepted the Annex 1rnap only because she thought it was cor-
rect-then her acts on the ground would have to be regarded as
deliberate violations of the sovereignty which (on the basis of the
assumptions above stated) she must be presumed to have thought
Cambodia to possess. The conclusion is that Thailand cannot allege
that she was under any misapprehension in accepting the Annex 1
line, for this is wholly inconsistent with the reason she gives for
her acts on the ground, namely that she believedher self to possess
sovereignty in this area.
It may be added that even if Thailand's plea of misapprehension
could, in principle, be accepted, it should have been advanced
shortly after Thailand's own survey of the disputed region \vas
carried out in 1934-1935. Since then Thailand could not have been
'under any misapprehension.
There is finally one further aspect of the case with which the
Court feels it necessary to deal. The Court considers that the
acceptance of the Annex 1 rnap by the Parties caused the rnap to
enter the treaty settlement and to become an integral part of it.
It cannot be said that this process involved a departure from, and
31 even a violation of, the terms of the Treaty of 1904, wherever the
map line diverged from the line of the watershed, for, as the Court
sees the matter, the map (whether in al1 respects accurate by
reference to the true watershed line or not) was accepted by the
Parties in 1908 and thereafter as constituting the result of the
interpretation given by the two Governments to the delimitation
which the Treaty itself required. In other words, the Parties
at that time adopted an interpretation of the treaty settlement
which caused the map line, in so far as it may have departed from
the line of the watershed, to prevail over the relevant clause of the
treaty. Even if, however, the Court were called upon to deal with
the matter now as one solely of ordinary treaty interpretation, it
considers that the interpretation to be given would be the same,
for the following reasons.
In general, when two countries establish a frontier between them,
one of the primary objects is to achieve stability and finality.
This is impossible if the line so established can, at any moment,
and on the basis of a continuously available process, be called in
question, and its rectification claimed, whenever any inaccuracy
by reference to a clause in the parent treaty is discovered. Such a
process could continue indefinitely, and finality would never be
reached so long as possible errors still remained to be discovered.
Such a frontier, so far from being stable, would be completely
precarious. It must be asked why the Parties in this case provided
for a delimitation,instead of relying on the Treaty clause indicating
that the frontier line in thisregion would be the watershed. There
are boundary treaties which do no more than refer to a watershed
line, or to a crest line, and which make no provision for any deli-
mitation in addition. The Parties in the present case must have
had a reason for taking this furtherstep. This could only have been
because they regarded a watershed indication as insufficient by
itself to achieve certainty and finality. It is precisely to achieve
this that delimitations and map lines are resorted to.
Various factors support the view that the primary object of the
Parties in the frontier Settlements of 1904-1908 was to achieve
certainty and finality. From the evidence furnished to the Court,
and from the statements of the Parties themselves, it is clear that
the whole question of Siam's very long frontiers with French Indo-
China had, in the period prior to 1904, been a cause of uncertainty,
trouble and friction, engendering what was described in one con-
temporary document placed before the Court as a state of "growing
tension" in the relations between Siam and France. The Court
thinks it legitimate to conclude that an important, not to Say a
3235 TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (MERITS) (JUDGM. OF 15 VI 62)
paramount object of the settlements of the 1904-1908 period (which
brought about a comprehensiveregulation of al1outstanding frontier
questions between the two countries), was to put an end to this
state of tension and to achieve frontier stability on a basis of
certainty and finality.
In the Franco-Siamese Boundary Treaty of 23 March 1907, the
Parties recited in the preamble that they were desirous "of ensuring
the finalregulation of al1questions relating to the common frontiers
of Indo-China and Siam". A further token of the same object is to
be found in the desire, of which the documentation contains ample
evidence, and which was evinced by both Parties, for natural and
visible frontiers. Even if, as the Court stated earlier, this is not in
itself a reason for holding that the frontier must follow a natural
and visible line, itdoes support the view that the Parties tvanted
certainty and finality by means of natural and visible lines.
The same view is strongly supportedby the Parties' attitude over
frontiers in the 1925 and 1937 Treaties. By specifically excluding
frontiers from the process of revision of previous treaties, which
the 1925 and 1937 Treaties otherwise effected, the Parties bore
witness to the paramount importance they attached to finality in
this field. Their attitude in 1925 and 1937 can properly be taken
as evidence that they equally desired finality in the 1904-1908
period.
The indication of the line of the watershed in Article I of the
1904 Treaty was itself no more than an obvious and convenient way
of describing a frontier line objectively, though in general terms.
There is, however, no reason to think that the Parties attached any
special importance to the line of the watershed as such, as compared
with the overriding importance, in the interests of finality, of ad-
hering to the map line as eventually delimited and as accepted by
them. The Court, therefore, feels bound, as a matter of treaty
interpretation, to pronounce in favour of the line as mapped in
the disputed area.
Given the grounds on which the Court bases its decision, it be-
comes unnecessary to consider Lvhether, at Preah Vihear, the line
as mapped does in fact correspond to the true tvatershed line in
this vicinity, or did so correspond in1904-1908, or, if not, how the
watershed line in fact runs.
33 Keferring finally to the Submissions presented at the end of the
oral proceedings, the Court, for the reasons indicated at the be-
ginning of the present Judgment, finds that Cambodia's first and
second Submissions, calling for pronouncements on the legal status
of the Annex 1 map and on the frontier line in the disputed region,
can be entertained only to the extent that they give expression to
grounds, and not as claims to be dealt with in the operative pro-
visions of the Judgment. It finds on the other hand that Thailand,
after having stated her own claim concerning sovereignty over
Preah Vihear, confined herself in her Submissions at the end of the
oral proceedings to arguments and denials opposinç the contentions
of the other Party, leaving it to the Court to word as it sees fit
the reasons on which its Judgment is based.
In the presence of the claims submitted to the Court by Cam-
bodia and Thailand, respectively, concerning the sovereign~y over
Preah Vihear thus in dispute between these two States, the Court
finds in favour of Cambodia in accordance with her third Sub-
mission. It also finds in favour of Cambodia as regards the fourth
Submission concerning the withdrawal of the detachments of armed
forces.
As regards the fifth Submission of Cambodia concerning resti-
tution, the Court considers that the request made in it does not
represent any extension of Cambodia's original claim (in which case
it urould have been irreceivable at the stage at which it was first
advanced). Rather is it, like the fourth Submission, implicit in, aiid
consequential on, the claim of sovereignty itself. On the other hand,
no concrete evidence has been placed before the Court showing in
any positive way that objectç of the kind mentioned in this Sub-
mission have in fact been removed by Thailand from the Temple
or Temple area since Thailand's occupation of it in 1954. It is true
that Thailand has not so much denied the allegation as contended
that it is irreceivable. In the circumstances,however, the question
of restitution is one on which the Court can only give a finding
of principle in favour of Cambodia, without relating it to any
particular objects.
For these reasons,
by nine votes to three,
finds that the Temple of Preah Vihear is situated in territory
under the sovereignty of Cambodia;finds in consequence,
by nine votes to three,
that Thailand is under an obligation to withdraw any military
or police forces, or other guards or keepers, stationed by her at
the Temple, or in its vicinity on Cambodian territory;
by seven votes to five,
that Thailand is under an obligation to restore to Cambodia any
objects of the kind specified in Cambodia's fifth Submission which
may, since the date of the occupation of the Temple by Thailand
in 1954, have been removed from the Temple or the Temple area
by the Thai authorities.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authori-
tative, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this fifteenth day of June,
one thousand nine hundred and sixty-two, in three copies, one of
which will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others
transmitted to the Government of the Kingdom of Cambodia and
to the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand, respectively.
(Signed) B. WINIARSKI,
President .
(Signed) GARNIER-COIGXET,
Registrar.
Judge TAXAKAand Judge MORELLI make the follosving Joint
Declaration :
We wish to make clear the reason xslhy,to Our great regret, we
svere unable to concur in the majority opinion on the clause of the
operative provisions of the Judgrnent concerning the restoration
by Thailand to Cambodia of any objects svhich may have been
removed from the Temple.
The fact that \ve voted against this clause of the operative pro-
visions is in no way connected with the foundation of Cambodia's
claim for the restoration of the objects in question. We did so
because we think that the Court should have refrained from pro-
nouncing on that claim since, having been made for the first time
in the Submissions filed by Cambodia on 5 March 1962, it must be
considered to be out of time.
35 The claim as it is formulated in Cambodia's Application is directed
not to thereturn of the Temple as such, but rather to sovereignty
over the portion of territory in which the Temple is situated. It is
directed, further, to one of the consequences flowing from Cambod-
ian sovereignty over the said portion of territory, that is to say,
Thailand's obligation to withdraw the detachments of armed forces
it had stationed there, thisconsequence being explicitly indicated
by Cambodia in its Application.
The other possible consequence of Cambodian sovereignty over
the portion of territory in which the Temple is situated, namely,
Thailand's obligation to restore to Cambodia any objects that may
have been removed from the Temple, is a consequence that is not
indicated in the Application. A claim for the return of the said
objects cannot be considered to be implicitly contained in the claim
presented by Cambodia in its Application, that claim having, as
has been stated above, a con~pletely different subject.
It is only if the claim by Cambodia had had directly asits subject
the return of the Temple that it would have been possible, but then
only through a liberal construction of such a claim, to consider
that that claim was concerned also with objects which, having
formed part of the Temple prior to the Application, had, also prior
to the Application, been removed from the Temple.
Vice-President ALFAROand Judge Sir Gerald FITZ~~AURICE
append to the Judgment of the Court statements of their Separate
Opinions.
Judges MORENOQUINTANA, WELLIXGTON KOO and Sir Percy
SPENDER append to the Judgment of the Court statements of their
Dissenting Opinions.
(InitialledB. W.
(Initialled) G.-C.
INTERNATIONCOURT OF JUSTICE
REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS
CASE CONCERNING THE
TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR
(CAMBODIA vTHAILAND)
MERITS
JUDGMENT OF 15 JUNE 1962
COUR INTERNATIONADE JUSTICE
RECUEIL DES ARRÊTS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES
AFFAIRE DU TEMPLE DE
PRÉAH VIHÉAR
(CAMBODGE c.THAÏLANDE)
FOND
ARRÊT DU 15 JUIN 1962 This Judgment should be cited as follows
"Case concerningthe Temple of Preah Vihear
(Cambodia v. Thailand), Merits,
Judgment of1.5June 1962: I.C.J. Report1962,p. 6."
Le présent arrêtdoit êtrecitécomme sui:
(Aflaire du temple dePréahVihéar
(Cambodge c.Thaïlande), Fond,
.Arrêdtu15 juin 1962:C. 1.J. Recuei1962, p.6. N
Sales number
No de vente : 260 1 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
15 June YEAR 1962
;eneral :ist
No.45 15June 1962
CASE CONCERNING THE
TEMPLE PREAH VIHEAR
(CAMBODIA v.THAILAND)
MERITS
Territorial sovereignty.deriving from treaty.-Tclauses
establishing frontier along watershedline as delimited by Mixed Com-
mission of Parties.-Uncertcharacter of resulting delimitation in
disputed area.-Eventuproduction by exfierts of one Party, at th.e
request of the other, of a map.-Non-bicharacter of map ut
moment of its production.-Subsequacceptance by cootf mafi
and frontier line by other Party.eflet of silence as implying
consent.-Alleged- non-correspondenceof map line with true watershed
1ine.-Acceptancof risk of errors.-Subseqconduct confirming
original acceptanceand precluding a denial ofof subsequent
treaties confirming existing frontiers and as evidenceof Parties' desire
for frontier stabilifinality.-InterPretuof treaty settlement
consideredas a whole,including map.
JUDGMENT
Present: PresidentWINIARSKI; Vice-PresidentALFARO; Judges
BASDEVANT B,ADAIYIM, ORENO QUINTANA W, ELLINGTON
KOO, Sir Percy SPEXDER,Sir Gerald FITZMACRICE,
KORETSKYT ,ANAKAB , UÇTAMAXT E RIVERO, MOKELL :I
RegistraGARNIER-COIGNET.
4 COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
ANNEE 1962 1962
R61eg6néra
15 juin 1962 no 45
AFFAIRE DU TEMPLE DE
PRÉAH VIHÉAR
(CAMBODGE c. THAÏLANDE)
FOND
Souverainetéterritoria-e. Titre découlantd'une conventio-.
Dispositions conventionnelles établissanlta frontièresur une ligne de
partagedeseaux à délimiterpar une commissionmixte des Part-es.
Caractèreincertain de la délimitationopéen conséquencedans la
zone contestée. Établissement d'une carte par les experts de l'une
des Partieà la demandede l'autr-. Caractèrenon obligatoirede la
carte au moment oh elle a édressée- Acceptation ultérieurepar
conduite,de la part de l'autrePartie, de la carteet de la frontièrequi
y estindiquée.-Egetjuridique du silenceimpliquant consentement.-
Prétenduenon-concordanceentrela frontièrede la carteet la véritable
ligne de partagedes eau-. Acceptationdu risqued'erreu-s.Con-
duite ultérieure confirmant l'acceptanitiale et empêchantde la
contester- Eget de traitésultérieursconfirmantles frontièresexis-
tantes et prouvant le désir desParties d'avoirdes frontièreetstables
définitive-. Interprétation du règlement conventionnel considéré
dans son ensembley compris la carte.
Présents: M. WINIARSKI P,résiden; M. ALFARO, Vice-Présiden;
MM. BASDEVANT B,ADAWI,MORENO QUINTANA , EL-
LINGTON KOO, sir Percy SPENDER, sir GERALDFITZ-
MAURICE, MM. KORETSKYT , ANAKA,BUSTAMANT E
RIVERO,MORELL Iuges; M. GARNIER-COIGNE Grefier.
47 TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHE.4R (JIERITS(JUDG~Z. OF I5 VI62)
In the case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear,
betsoeen
the Kingdom of Cambodia,
represented by
H.E. Tmong Cang, Member of the Haut Conseildu Trône,
as Agent,
and by
H.E. Ouk Chhoum, Minister Counsellor at the Cambodian
Embassy in France,
assisted by
Hon. Dean Acheson, Member of the Bar of the Supreme Court of
the United States of America,
RI.Roger Pinto, Professor at the Paris Law Faculty,
RI.Paul Reuter, Professor at the Paris Law Faculty,
as Counsel,
and by
Mr. Brice M. Clagett, Member of the Bar of the Cnited States
Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia,
as Legal Adviser,
Colonel Ngin Karet, Director of the Survey Department of the
Royal Khmer Armed Forces,
as Expert Adviser,
.M.Chan Youran,
as General Secretary of the Delegation,
M. Chem Snguon,
as Deputy General Secretary of the Delegation,
and
the Kingdom of Thailand,
represented by
H.S.H. Prince Vongsamahip Jayankura, Ambassador of Thai-
land to the Netherlands,
as Agent,
assisted by
ItIr. Seni Pramoj, Member of the Thai Bar,
M. Henri Rolin, Honorary Professor of the Free Vniversity of
Brussels, Advocate at the Court of Appeal of Brussels,
The Rt. Hon. Sir Frank Çoskice, Q.C., M.P., former Attorney-
General of England,
Rlr. James Nevins Ilyde, Member of the Bar of the State of ?\'enr
York and Member of the Bar of the Supreme Court of the
Gnited States of America,
M. Marcel Slusny, Advocate at the Court of Appeal of Brussels,
Lecturer at the Free Lniversity of Brussels,
5 TEMPLE DE PRÉAH VIHÉAR (FOND) (ARRÊT DU 15 VI 62) 7
En l'affaire du temple de Préah Vihéar,
le Royaume du Cambodge,
représentépar
S. Exc. RI.Truong Cang, membre du Haut Conseil du Trône,
comme agent,
et par
S. Exc. 11. Ouk Chhoum, ministre conseiller de l'ambassade du
Cambodge en France,
assistéspar
l'honorable Dean Acheson, membre du barreau de la Cour
suprêmedes Etats-Unis d'Amérique,
31. Roger Pinto, professeur à la faculté de aroit de Paris,
31.Paul Reuter, professeur à la faculté de droit de Paris,
comme conseils,
et par
11.Brice M. Clagett, membre du barreau de la Cour d'appel des
Etats-Cnis pour le district de Columbia,
comme conseiller juridique,
le colonel Sgin Karet, directeur du Service géographique des
forces arméesroyales khmères,
comme expert conseiller,
31. Chan Youran,
comme secrétaire généralde la délégation,
31. Chem Snguon,
comme secrétaire généraladjoint de la délégation,
ct
le Royaume de Thaïlande,
représentépar
S.A. S. le prince Vongsamahip Jayankura, ambassadeur de
Thaïlande aux Pays-Bas,
comme agent,
assistépar
31.Seni Pramoj, membre du barreau de Thaïlande,
31.Henri Rolin, professeur honoraire à l'université libre de
Bruxelles, avocatàla Cour d'appel de Bruxelles,
le très honorable sir Frank Soskice,C.,11.P., ancien-4ttonzey-
Gr)zernld'Angleterre,
11. James Sevins Hyde, membre du barreau de l'État de Sew
1-ork et membre du barreau de la Cour suprême desEtats-mis
d'Amérique,
31.Marcel Slusny, avocat à la Cour d'appel de Bruxelles, chargé
de conférencesà l'université libre de Bruxelles,
5 Mr. J. G. Le Quesne, Member of the English Bar,
as Advocates and Counsel,
and by
Lieutenant-General Busrindre Bhakdikul, Director-General,
Royal Thai Survey Department, Ministry of Defence,
Mr. Suk Perunavin, Deputy Under-Secretary in the Officeof the
Prime Minister,
Mr. Chinda Na Songkhla, Deputy Secretary-General of the Civil
Service Commission,
Lieutenant-colonel Phoon Phon Asanachinta, Lecturer, School of
Surveying, Royal Thai Survey Department, Ministry of
Defence,
as Expert Advisers,
and by
Mr. Chapikorn Sreshthaputra, Chiefof the Legal Division, Treaty
and Legal Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Mr. David S. Downs, Solicitor, Supreme Court of Judicature,
England,
as Juridical Advisers,
composed as above,
deliversthe following Judgment:
By its Judgment of 26 May 1961, the Court rejected the first
preliminary objection of the Government of Thailand and found
that it had jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute submitted
to it on 6 October 1959 by the Application of the Government of
Cambodia.
By Order of the same date, the Court fixed the time-limits for
the further pleadings. The case became ready for hearing on the
filing of the last pleading o2 February 1962.
Public hearings were held on the following dates: 1-3 March,
5 March, 7-10 March, 12-13 March, 15-17 March, 19-24 March and
26-31 March 1962. At these hearings the Court heard oral argu-
ments and replies by M. Truong Cang,Mr.Dean Acheson, M.Roger
Pinto and M. Paul Reuter on behalf of the Government of Cam-
bodia, and by Prince Vongsamahip Jayankura, Mr. Seni Pramoj,
M. Henri Rolin, Sir Frank Soskice and Mr. James Nevins Hyde
on behalf of the Government of Thailand.
At the hearings from 15 to 20 March 1962',the Court heard the
evidence of the witnesses and experts, called by each of the Parties,
in reply to questions put to them in examination and cross-exami-
6 M. J. G. Le Quesne, membre du barreau d'Angleterre,
comme avocats et conseils,
et par
le général Busrindre Bhakdikul, directeur généraldu Service
géographique royal thaïlandais, ministère de la Défense,
M. Suk Perunavin, sous-secrétaire adjoint au Cabinet du premier
ministre,
RI. Chinda Na Songkhla, secrétaire généraladjoint de la Commis-
sionde la Fonction publique,
le lieutenant-colonel Phoon Phon Asanachinta, chargé de confé-
rences à l'école topographique, Service géographique royal
thaïlandais, ministère de la Défense,
comme conseillers experts,
et par
RI. Chapikorn Sreshthaputra, chef de la division juridique,
Service juridique et des traités, ministère des Affaires
étrangères,
M. David S. Downs, Solicitor, Supreme Court of Judicature
d'Angleterre,
comme conseillers juridiques,
ainsi composée,
relzdl'arrêstuivant :
Par son arrêtdu 26 mai 1961, la Cour a rejeté la première excep-
tion préliminaire du Gouvernement thaïlandais et a dit qu'elle
était compétente pour statuer sur le différendqui lui a étésoumis
le 6octobre 1959 par la requête du Gouvernement cambodgien.
Par ordonnance du mêmejour, la Cour a fixé les délais pour la
suite de la procédure. Le2 février 1962,date du dépôt de la der-
nière pièce,l'affaire s'est trouvée en état.
Des audiences publiques ont ététenues aux dates suivantes: du
I~~ au 3 mars, le 5 mars, du 7 au IO mars, les 12 et 13 mars, du
1.5au 17 mars, du 19 au 24 mars et du 26 au 31 mars 1962. AU
cours de ces audiences, la Cour a entendu en leurs plaidoiries et
réponses MM. Truong Cang, Dean Acheson, Roger Pinto et Paul
Reuter pour le Gouvernement cambodgien; et le prince Vong-
samahip Jayankura, MM. Seni Pramoj, Henri Rolin, sir Frank
Soskice et M. James Nevins Hyde pour le Gouvernement
thaïlandais.
Au cours des audiences du 15 au 20 mars 1962, la Cour a entendu
les témoinset experts présentéspar chacune des Parties dans leurs
réponses aux questions qui leur étaient posées,tant au nom des
69 TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (MERITS) (JUDGM. OF 15 VI 62)
nation on behalf of the Parties andby Members of the Court. The
following persons gave evidence :
called by the Government of Cambodia:
M. Suon Bonn, former Govemor of Kompong Thom, Inspector of
Political and Administrative Affairs in the Ministry of the In-
terior of Cambodia, as witness ;
called by the Government of Thailand :
Professor Willem Schermerhorn, Dean of the International Training
Center for Aerial Survey, Delft, and Director of the Consulting
Department of the Center, asexpert;
Mr. Friedrich E. Ac~ermann, Dipl. Ing., Lecturer at the Inter-
nationalTraining Center for Aerial Survey, Delft, and member of
the Consulting Department of the Center, as witness and expert;
Mr. Herman Theodoor Verstappen, geomorphologist, Head of the
Geological Section of the International Training Center for
Aerial Survey, Delft, as expert.
At the hearing held on 19 March 1962, the Court withdrew and
reassembled in private to attend, in the presence of the represent-
atives of the Parties, the showing of a film of the place in dispute
filed by Cambodia. During the projection of the film and with the
authorization of the President, M. Suon Bonn gave bnef indications
relating to points of fact.
In the course of the written proceedings, the following Submis-
sions were presented bythe Parties :
On behalfof the Governmentof Cambodia,
in the Application and in the Memorial:
"May it please the Court to adjudge and declare, whether the
Kingdom of Thailand appears or not :
draw the detachments off armed forces it has stationed since 1954
in the ruins of the Temple of Preah Vihear;
(2)that the territorial sovereignty over the Temple of Preah
Vihear belongsto the Kingdom of Cambodia";
inthe Reply :
"May it please the Court:
1.-To reject the submissions presented by the Kingdom of
Thailand in its Counter-Memorial,subject, in particular, to
the presentation, if necessary, of any other grounds for the
rejection of any further submissionsthat may be presentedby
the Kingdom of Thailand;
11.-To findin favourofthe submissionscontaineàin its Application
instituting proceedingsand in its Memorial.
To adjudge and declare
7 TEMPLE DE PRÉAH VIHÉAR (FOND) (ARRÊT DU 15 VI 62) 9
Parties, en interrogatoire et contre-interrogatoire, que par les
membres de la Cour. Ont ainsi déposé,
sur présentation du Gouvernement cambodgien:
M. Suon Bonn, ancien gouverneur de Kompong Thom,"inspecteur
des affaires politiques et administratives au ministère de l'In-
térieur du Cambodge, à titre de témoin;
sur présentation du Gouvernement thaïlandais :
le professeur Willem Schermerhorn, doyen du Centre international
d'instruction pour la photogrammétrie aérienne de Delft et
directeur du service consultatif de ce centre, à titre d'expert;
M. Friedrich E. Ackermann, ingénieur diplômé, chargé de confé-
rences au Centre international d'instruction pour la photo-
grammétrie aérienne de Delft et membre du service consultatif
de ce centre,à titre de témoin et expert;
M. Herman Theodoor Verstappen, géomorphologue, chef de la
section géologique du Centre international d'instruction pour la
photogrammétrie aérienne de Delft, à titre d'expert.
Au cours de l'audience du 19 mars 1962,la Cour s'est rendue en
chambre du conseil pour assister, en présence desreprésentants des
Parties, à la projection d'un film des lieux en litige déposépar le
Cambodge. Pendant cette projection et sur l'autorisation du Prési-
dent, M. Suon Bonn a donné de brèves informations sur des points
de fait.
Au cours de la procédure écrite, les conclusions ci-après ont été
prises par les Parties:
Au nom du Gouvernement cambodgien,
dans la requêteet dans le mémoire:
«Plaise à la Cour dire et juger, tant en présencequ'en l'absence
du Royaume de Thaïlande,
1) que le'Royaume de Thaïlande devra retirer les élémentsde
forces arméesqu'il a installés depuis1954dans les ruines du temple
de PréahVihéar ;
2) que la souverainetéterritoriale sur le temple de PréahVihéar
appartient au Royaume du Cambodge 1);
dans la réplique
(Plaise àla Cour :
1. - Rejeter les conclusionsprésentéespar le Royaume de Thaï-
lande dans son contre-mémoire, sous réserve,notamment,
d'opposer toutes autres fins de non recevoir, si besoin en est,
aux conclusions éventuelles du Royaume de Thaïlande;
II. - Lui adjuger les conclusio~~dse sa requêteintroductive d'ins-
tance et de son méi~ioire.
Dire et juger
7IO TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (MERITS) (JUDGM . F 15 VI 62)
1.-That the Kingdom of Thailand is under an obligation to with-
draw the detachments of armed forces it has stationed since
1954in the ruins of the Temple of Preah Vihear;
2.-That the territorial sovereignty over the Temple of Preah
Vihear belongs to the Kingdom of Cambodia."
On behalfof the Governmentof Thailand,
in the Counter-Memorial :
"The Government of Thailand submits:
(1) that the claims of the Kingdom of Cambodia formulated in
the Application and the Memorialare not sustainable and should be
rejected;
(2) that Phra Viharn is in Thai territor:and the Court isrespect-
fully asked so to adjudge and declare."
During the oral proceedings, Counsel for Thailand asked, at the
close of the hearing of 13 March 1962, to be allowed to defer formu-
lating the Final Submissions on behalf of Thailand until after the
evidence of witnesses and experts. The Agent for Cambodia was
requested to express his views on the matter and declared that he
relied entirely on the justice and wisdom of the Court. The Court,
after having deliberated, granted the authorization requested, it
being understood that, after the evidence of witnesses and experts
and before the filing of the Final Submissions of Thailand, the
Agent for Cambodia might file such modifications to his own Sub-
missions as he wished to make after having heard the evidence.
The Submissions presented by the Parties during the oral pro-
ceedings and in particular after the foregoing decision were as
follows :
On behalfof the Governmentof Cambodia:
A. Submissions read at the hearing of 5 March 1962
"May it please the Court:
I. To adjudge and declarethat the frontier linebetween Carnbodia
and Thailand, in the Dangrek sector, is that which is marked on the
map of the Commission of Delimitation between Indo-China and
Siam (Annex 1 to the Memorialof Cambodia) ;
2. TO adjudge and declare that the Temple of'preah Vihear is
situated in territory under the sovereignty of the Kingdom of
Cambodia ;
3. TOadjudge and declare that the Kingdom of Thailand is under
an obligation to withdraw the detachments of armed forces it has
stationed since 1954, in Cambodian territory, in the ruins of the
Temple of Preah Vihear ;
4. TOadjudge and declare that the sculptures, stelae, fragments
of monuments, sandstone mode1and ancient pottery which have
been removed from the Temple by the Thai authorities since 1954
are to be returned to the Government of the Kingdom of Cambodia
by the Government of Thailand."
8 IO- Que le Royaume de Thaïlande devra retirer les élémentsde
forces arméesqu'il a installés depuis 1954dans les ruines du
temple de Préah Vihéar;
z0 - Que 12souverainetéterritoriale sur le temple de PréahVihéar
appartient au Royaume du Cambodge. ))
Au nom du Gouvernementthailandais,
dans le contre-mémoire :
((Le Gouvernement thaïlandais conclut à ce que:
1) les prétentions du Gouvernement cambodgien formuléesdans
la requête et le mémoire ne sont pas soutenables et doivent être
rejetées;
2) Phra Viharn est en territoire thaïlandais: et la Cour est res-
pectueusement invitée à le dire et à le juger.»
Au cours de la procédure orale, le conseil de la Thaïlande a
demandé, àla fin de l'audience du 13mars 1962, l'autorisation de ne
formuler les conclusions finales de la Thaïlande qu'après l'audition
des témoins et experts. L'agent du Cambodge, priéde faire connaître
ses vues, a déclaré s'en rapporter à la justice et à la sagesse de la
Cour. &Après délibéré,l'autorisation demandée a étéaccordée, étant
entendu que l'agent du Cambodge pourrait déposer, après l'audi-
tion des témoins et experts et avant le dépôt des conclusions finales
de la Thaïlande, les modifications que l'audition aurait pu l'amener
à apporter à ses propres conclusions.
Les conclusions présentées par les Parties pendant la procédure
orale, en particulier àla suitede la décisionquivient d'être rappelée,
sont les suivantes :
AZL ~O~FZdt.Gouve~nementcambodgien :
A. Conclusions lues à 1'audienc.edu 5 mars 1962
((Plaiseà la Cour
I. Dire et juger que la ligne frontière entre le Cambodge et la
Thaïlande, dans le secteur des Dangrek, est celle qui est tracée sur
la carte de la Commission de délimitation entre l'Indochine et le
Siam (annexe no 1 au mémoiredu Cambodge) ;
2. Dire et juger que le temple de PréahVihéarest situé en terri-
toire relevant de la souverainetédu Royaume du Cambodge;
3. Dire et juger que le Royaume de Thaïlande devra retirer les
élémentsde forces arméesqu'il a installés,depuis 1954,enterritoire
cambodgien, dans les ruines du temple de Préah Vihéar;
4. Dire et juger que les sculptures, stèles, fragments des mon:-
ments, maquette en grès, et poteries anciennes qui ont étéenlelres
du temple depuis I9j4 par les autorités thaïlandaises, seront remis
nu Goul-ernement du lioyaume du Cambodge par le Gouvernement
de Thaïlande. »
SII TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (MERITS) (JUDGM. OF 15 VI 62)
B. Submissions, entitled Final Submissions, read at the hearing of
20 March 1962
"May it please the Court:
I. To adjudge and declare that the map of the Dangrek sector
(Annex 1to the Memorialof Cambodia) was drawn up and published
in the name and on behalf of the Mixed Delimitation Commission
set up by the Treaty of 13 February 1904, that it sets forth the
decisions taken by the said Commission and that, by reason of
that fact and also of the subsequent agreements and conduct of the
Parties, it presents a treaty character;
2. To adjudge and declare that the frontier line between Cam-
bodia and Thailand, in the dispiited region in the neighborhood of the
Temple of Preah Vihear, is that which is marked on the map of the
Commissionof Delimitation between Indo-China and Siam (Annex 1
to the Memorial of Cambodia) ;
3. To adjudge and declare that the Temple of Preah Vihear is
situated in territory under the sovereignty of the Kingdom of
Cambodia ;
4. To adjudge and declare that the Kingdom of Thailand is under
an obligation to withdraw the detachments of armed forces it has
stationed, since 1954, in Cambodian territory, in the ruins of the
Temple of Preah Vihear ;
j. To adjudge and declare that the sculptures, stelae, fragments of
monuments, sandstone mode1and ancient pottery which have been
removed from the Temple by the Thai authorities since 1954 are
to be returned to the Government of the Kingdom of Cambodia by
the Government of Thailand."
On behalf of the Governrnentof Thailand:
A. Submissions read at the hearing of 20 March 1962
"With respect to the Submissions presented by the Governnient
of Cambodia on the 5th March, 1962, the Government of Thailand
respectfully presents the following asits Submissions to the Court:
1. The Court is asked not to entertain the clairns put fonvard by
Cambodia in paragraphs I and 4 of the Submissions presented on
Monday, 5th March, by the Agent for the Government of Cambodia,
on the ground that both those claims are put fonvard too late and
were not included as claims which the Government of Cambodia
wished to present to the Court in the Application instituting these
proceedings or in the course of the written pleadings and mere for
the first time put forward by the Agent for Cambodia when he
formulated Cambodia's conclusions.
It is therefore submitted that these claims should not now be
entertained by the Court.
2. Alternatively,
In regard to the first of the said claims Thailand submits the
following conclusions :
(i) The map Annex 1has not been proved to be a document bind-
ing on the Parties whether by virtue of the Treaty af 1904 or
otherwise. TEMPLE DE PRÉAH VIHÉ-4~ (FOXD) (ARRÊT DU 1j VI 62) II
B. Conclusions intitulées finales lues à l'audience du 20 mars 1962
((Plaise à la Cour
I. Dire et juger que la carte du secteur des Dangrek (annexe 1
au mémoire du Cambodge) a étédresséeet publiée au nom et pour
le compte de la Commission miste de délimitation, crééepar le
traité du 13 février904, qu'elle énonce les décisions prisesparladite
Commission et qu'elle présente tant de ce fait que des accords et
comportements ultérieurs des Parties un caractère conventionnel;
2. Dire et juger que la ligne frontière entre le Cambodge et la
Thaïlande, dans la région contestée voisine du temple de Préah
Vihéar, est celle qui est marquée sur la carte de la Commission de
délimitation entre l'Indochine et le Siam (annexe 1 au mémoire du
Cambodge) ;
3. Dire et juger que le temple de Préah Vihéarest situéen terri-
toire relevant de la souveraineté du Royaume du Cambodge;
4. Dire et juger que le Royaume de Thaïlande devra retirer les
élémentsde forces armées qu'il a installés, depuis 1954, en territoire
cambodgien, dans les ruines du temple de Préah Vihéar;
5. Dire et juger que les sculptures, stèles, fragments des monu-
ments, maquette en grès et poteries anciennes qui ont étéenlevés
du temple depuis 1954 par les autorités thaïlandaises, seront remis
au Gouvernement du Royaume du Cambodge par le Gouvernement
de Thaïlande. »
d zinom dzt Goztvernement thaïlandais
A. Conclusions lues à l'audience du 20 mars 1962
cConcernant les conclusions présentées par le Gouvernement
cambodgien le 5 mars 1962, le Gouvernement thaïlandais présente
respectueusement à la Cour les conclusions suivantes:
I. La Cour est invitée à ne pas retenir les réclamations présentées
par le Cambodge aus paragraphes I et 4 des conclusions que l'agent
du Gouvernement cambodgien a présentées le lundi j mars, pour
le motif que ces deux réclamations ont été l'uneet l'autre formulées
trop tard et ne figuraient pas au nombre de celles que le Gouverne-
ment cambodgien a désiréprésenter à la Cour dans la requête in-
troductive d'instance ou au cours de la procédure écriteet qu'elles
ont étéprésentéespour la première fois par l'agent du Cambodge
lorsqu'il a formulé les conclusions du Cambodge.
En conséquence, la Thaïlande conclut à ce que la Cour ne doit
pas aujourd'hui retenir ces réclamations.
2. Subsidiairement,
Concernant la première desdites réclamations, la Thaïlande pré-
sente les conclusions suivantes:
Il n'a pas étédémontré que la carte de l'annese 1 fût un dom-
(i)
ment obligatoire pour les Parties soit en vertu de la convention
de 1904, soit pour toute autre raison.
9(ii) Thailand and Cambodia have not in fact treated the frontier
marked out on Annex 1as the frontier between Thailand and
Cambodia in the Dang Rek region.
(iii) For the above reasons, the frontier line marked on Annex 1
ought not to be substituted for the existing boundary line in
fact observed and accepted by the two Parties in the Dang Rek
range.
(iv) Even, therefore, if the Court, contrary to the submission of
Thailand, thinks it proper to entertain the said claim (1) now
put forward by Cambodia, Thailand submits that on the merits
this claim is not well founded and ought to be rejected.
3. Thailand submits the following further conclusions in answer
to Submissions 2 and 3 put fonvard by Cambodia:
Abundant evidence has been given that at al1 material times
(i) Thailand has exercised full sovereignty in the area of the
Temple to the exclusion of Cambodia. Alternatively, if, which
is denied, Cambodia in any sense carried out any administrative
functions in the said area, such acts were sporadic and in-
conclusive, and in no sense such as to negative or qualify the
full exercise of sovereignty in the said area by Thailand.
(ii) The watershed in the said area substantially corresponds with
the cliff edge running round Phra Viharn and constitutes the
treaty boundary in the said area as laid down by the Treaty
of 1904.
(iii) To the estent that the cliff edge does not precisely correspond
with the watershed as shown by the configuration of the
ground in the area, the divergencies are minimal and sholild
be disregarded.
(iv) The general nature of the area allows access from Thailand to
the Temple, whereas access from Cambodia involves the scaling
of the high cliff from the Cambodian plain.
(v) There is no room in the circumstances of the present case for
the application in favour of Cambodia of any of the doctrines
prayed in aid by Counsel for Cambodia, whether acquiescence,
estoppel or prescription.
(vi) Cambodia ought not in any event now to be allowed by the
Court to put forward a claim based on prescription not having
anywhere in her pleadings or until the very end of her oral
argument put forward any such claim.
(vii) The evidence in favour of Cambodia is in any event wholly
inadequate to support any prescriptive title in Cambodia.
Cambodia's second and third Submissions ought therefore to be
rejected.
4. Further and in the alternative with regard to Cambodia's fourth
Submission, it is submitted that this Submission, even if entertained
by the Court, is wholly unsupported by evidence, and the claim
put forward by Cambodia in its fourth Submission is accordingly
unsustainable." TEMPLE DE PRÉAH VIHÉAR (FOND) (ARRÊT DU 15 VI 62) 12
(ii)indiquée, à l'annexela1dcomme frontière entre la Thaïlande ettière
le Cambodge dans la région des Dangrek.
(iii) Pour les raisons qui précèdent, la ligne frontière indiquée à
l'annexe 1 ne doit pas être substituée à la frontière existante
observéeet acceptéeen fait par les deux Parties dans la chaîne
des Dangrek.
(iv) Par conséquent, mêmesi la Cour, contrairement à la conclusion
de la Thaïlande, croit devoir retenir ladite réclamation (1)
aujourd'hui présentéepar le Cambodge, la Thaïlande conclut
à ce que cette réclamation est mal fondéeau fond et doit être
rejetée.
3. La Thaïlande formule les conclusions supplémentaires suivantes,
en réponse aux conclusions 2 et 3 présentéespar le Cambodge:
(i) Des preuves abondantes ont étéproduites, démontrant qu'à
toutes les époques critiques la Thaïlande a exercé la pleine
souveraineté dans la zone du temple, à l'exclusion du Cam-
bodge. Subsidiairement, si, contrairement aux dénégations de
la Thaïlande, le Cambodge a, en un sens quelconque, rempli des
fonctions administratives dans ladite zone, ces actes ont été
sporadiques, ne sont pas concluants et ne sont en aucun cas de
nature à annuler ou à limiter le plein exercice de la souveraineté
dans cette zone par la Thaïlande.
La ligne de partage des eaux dans ladite zone correspond en
(ii)
substance au faîte de l'escarpement qui entoure Phra Viharn
et constitue la frontière conventionnelle dans cette zone, telle
qu'elle a étéfixéepar la convention de 1904.
(iii) Dansla mesure où le faîte de l'escarpement ne correspond pas
exactement à la ligne de partage des eaux indiquée dans cette
zone par la configuration du terrain, les divergences sont mi-
nimes et devraient êtrenégligées.
(iv) La nature généralede la zone offre un accès au temple depuis
la Thaïlande, alors que l'accès depuis le Cambodge nécessite
l'escalade d'une haute falaise depuis la plaine cambodgienne.
(v) Dans les circonstances de la présente affaire, il n'y a pas lieu
d'appliquer en faveur du Cambodge l'une des doctrines in-
voquées par le conseil du Cambodge, à savoirl'acquiescement,
l'estoppel ou la prescription.
(vi) En tout état de cause, le Cambodge ne saurait être autorisé
aujourd'hui par la Cour à présenter une réclamation fondéesur
la prescription, n'ayant, nulle part dans ses écritures et jusqu'à
la fin de ses plaidoiries, présentépareille réclamation.
(vii) En tout état de cause, les preuves en faveur du Cambodge sont
absolument insuffisantes pour lui conférer un titre prescriptif.
En conséquence, les deuxième et troisième conclusions du Cam-
bodge doivent êtrerejetées.
4. Au surplus et àtitre subsidiaire, en ce qui concerne la quatrième
conclusion du Cambodge, la Thaïlande conclut à ce que ce point des
conclusions du Cambodge, mêmes'il est retenu par la Cour, n'est
confirmépar aucune preuve et en conséquence la réclamation pre-
sentée par le Cambodge dans sa quatrième conclusion n'est pas
soutenable. 1)
IOB. Revised Submissions presented on 20 March 1962 after the
hearing
"With respect to the revised Submissions presented by the
Government of Cambodia on the 20th March 1962, the Government
of Thailand respectfullÿ submits the following Submissions to the
Court :
1.TVithregardto the first claim of the revisedSubmissions :
I.The whole of the evidence before the Court shows that the map of
the sector of the Dang Rek which 1s Annex 1 to the Memorial of
Cambodia \vas not prepared or published either in the name or on
behalf of the Mixed Commission of Delimitation set up under the
Treaty of the 13th February, 1904; but, whereas the said Mixed
Commission consisted of a French Commission and a Siamese
Commission, the said Annex 1 was prepared by members of the
French Commission alone and published only in the name of the
French Commission.
2. The French officers who prepared the said Annex 1 had no
authority to give any officia1or final interpretation of the decisions
of the said Mixed Comn~ission, still less of the intentions of the
said Mixed Commission at points at which no decision had been
recorded.
3. No decision of the said Mixed Commission uras recorded about
the boundary at Phra Viharn. If the said Mixed Commission did
reach such a decision, that decision is not correctly represented on
the said Annex 1,but was a decision that in the Phra Viharn area
the boundary should coincide with the cliff edge.
4. There was no subsequent agreement of the parties attributing
a bilateral or conventional character to the said Annex 1.
j. The conduct of the parties, so far from attributing any conven-
tional character to the said Annes 1, shows that the Parties have
not treated the line marked on the said Annes 1 as the boundary
in the Dang Rek; Thailand has remained in undisputed possession
of al1 the territory at the top of the Dang Rek. Wherever there is
a cliff edge in the Dang Rek the edge of the cliff is, and has been,
accepted as constituting the \vatershed boundary established in
this region by Article 1of the said Treaty of 1904.
6. Even if the said Annes 1 were to be regarded as possessing a
conventional cliaracter, the boundary line marked on it would not
be binding on the parties when proved-as it has been in the dis-
puted area-to be based on an inaccurate survey of the terrain.
II. IVith regardto the second claim of the rezised Submissions:
I. The Court is asked not to entertain the claim, because:
(i) the claim to a region 'in the neighbourhood of the temple of
Phra Viharn' constitutes an enlargement of the claim presented
by the Government of Cambodia in the Application instituting
these proceedings and throughout the written pleadings;B. Conclusions revisées présentées le 20 mars 1962 aprèsl'audience
((Visant les conclusions revisées présentéespar le Gouvernement
cambodgien le 20 mars 1962, le Gouvernement thaïlandais pré-
sente respectueusement à la Cour les conclusions suivantes:
1. Concernant Lapremière réclamationdes conclusions revisées:
I. Toutes les preuves soumises à la Cour montrent que la carte du
secteur des Dangrek qui constitue l'annexe 1 au mémoire du Cam-
bodge n'a étépréparéeou publiée ni au nom ni pour le compte de
la Commission mixte. de délimitation crééepar la convention du
13 février1904; mais, attendu que cette Commission mixte secompo-
sait d'une commission française et d'une commission siamoise,
ladite annese 1 a étépréparéepar les membres de la commission
française seuls et publiée uniquement au nom de la commission
française.
2. Les officiers français qui ont préparécette annexe 1n'avaient pas
autorité pour donner une interprétation officielle et définitive des
décisions de ladite Commission mixte, moins encore des intentions
de cette Commission sur des points pour lesquels aucune décision
n'avait été transcrite.
3. Aucune décision de ladite Commission mixte n'a été transcrite
concernant la frontière à Phra Viharn. Si la Commission mixte a
pris une telle décision,cette décisionn'est pas correctement indiquée
par ladite annexe 1 mais elle disposait que, dans la zone de Phra
Viharn, la frontière devait coïncider avec le faîte de l'escarpement.
4. 11n'y a pas eu d'accord ultérieur des Parties attribuant à l'an-
nexe 1 un caractère bilatéral ou conventionnel.
5. La conduite des Parties pour ce qui est de l'attribution d'un
caractère conventionnel à ladite annexe 1 montre que les Parties
n'ont pas traité la ligne tracéeà l'annexe 1comme frontière dans les
Dangrek; la Thaïlande est restée en possession incontestée de tout
le territoire au sommet des Dangrek. Partout où il y a une falaise
dans les Dangrek, le faite de l'escarpement est et a étéaccepté
comme constituant la frontière de la ligne de partage des eaux
établiedanscette régionpar l'article rerde ladite convention de 1904.
6. Mêmesi ladite annexe 1 devait être envisagée comme possédant
un caractère conventionnel, la ligne frontière qu'elle indique ne
serait pas obligatoire pour les Parties lorsqu'il est établi- comme
c'est le cas dans la zone contestée - qu'elle repose sur un levé
inexact du terrain.
II. Concernant la deuxième réclamationdes conclusions revisées :
I. La Cour est invitée à ne pas retenir cette réclamation pour les
motifs suivants:
(i)la réclamation d'une région ((voisine du temple de Phra Vi-
harn 1)constitue une extension de la réclamation présentéepar le
Gouvernement cambodgien dans la requête introductive d'instance
et tout au long des écritures; (ii) the terms of the claim are too vague to allow either the Court
or the Government of Thailand to appreciate what are the limits
of the territory claimed.
2. Alternatively, the Government of Thailand repeats paragraph 3
of its submissions presented at the sitting of the Court on the 20th
March, 1962.
III. JYitlz regard to the third and fourth claims of the reoised
Submissions :
The Government of Thailand repeats paragraph 3 of its submis-
sions presented at the sitting of the Court on the 20th March, 1962.
IV. With regard tothe fifth claimof the revised Submissions.
I. The Court is asked not to entertain this claim, because it consti-
tutes an enlargement of the claim presented by the Government
of Cambodia in the Application instituting these proceedings and
throughout the written pleadings.
2. ~lternatively, the rejection of the firçt, second and third clairns
of the revised Submissionsmust involve the rejection of this claim.
3. Alternatively, this claim should be restricted to any objects
of the kinds specified in the claim proved by the evidence before
the Court to have been removed from the temple since 1954 by the
Thai authorities."
In its Judgment of 26 May 1961, by which it upheld its juris-
diction to adjudicate upon the dispute subrnitted to it by the
Application filed by the Government of Carnbodia on 6 October
1959, the Court described in the following terms the subject of the
dispute :
"In the present case, Cambodia alleges a violation on the part
of Thailand of Cambodia's territorial sovereignty over the region
of the Temple of Preah Vihear and its precincts. Thailand replies by
affirming that the area in question lies on the Thai side of the
common frontier between the two countries, and is under the sover-
eignty of Thailand. This is a dispute about territorial sovereigntp."
Accordingly, the subject of the dispute subrnitted to the Court
is confined to a difference of view about sovereignty over the
region of the Temple of Preah Vihear. To decide this question of
territorial sovereignty, the Court must have regard to the frontier
line between the two States in this sector. Maps haven been sub-
mitted to it and various considerations have been advanced in this
connection. The Court vLillhave regard to each of these only to
such extent as it may find in them reasons for the decision it has
to give in order to settle the sole dispute submitted to it, the
subject of which has just been stated. (ii) les termes de la réclamationsont trop vagues pour permettre,
aussi bienà la Cour qu'au Gouvernement thaïlandais, d'apprécier
les limites du territoire revendiqué.
2. Subsidiairement, le Gouvernement thaïlandais répètele para-
graphe 3 des~conclusionsqu'il a présentées à l'audience de la Cour
du 20 mars 1962.
II1.Concernantles troisièmeet quatrième réclamations des conclusions
revisée:
Le Gouvernement thaïlandais répète le paragraphe 3 des conclu-
sions qu'il a présentéesàl'audience de la Cour du 20 mars 1962.
IV. ConcernantLacinquièmeréclamationdes conclusions revisées:
constitue une extension de celle qui a étéprésentéepar le Gouverne-lle
ment cambodgien dans la requête introductive d'instance et tout
au long des écritures.
2. Subsidiairement, le rejet des première, deuxième et troisième
réclamations des conclusions reviséesdoit amener le rejet de ladite
réclamation.
3. Subsidiairement, ladite réclamation devrait êtrelimitée à tous
objets rentrant dans les catégories énoncéed sans la réclamation
dont il a été démontré par les preuves présentées à la Cour qu'ils
ont étéenlevésdu temple depuis 1954 par les autorités thaïlan-
daises.1)
* * *
Dans son arrêtdu 26 mai 1961 par lequel elle a reconnu sa compé-
tence pour statuer sur le différend qui lui a étésoumis par la requête
que le Gouvernement cambodgien lui a adressée le 6 octobre 1959,
la Cour a décrit dans les termes suivants l'objet du différend:
«Dans la présente affaire, le Cambodge invoque la violation par
la Thaïlande de la souveraineté territoriale du Cambodge sur la
région du temple de Préah Vihéar et ses environs. La Thaïlande
répond en affirmant que ce territoire est situé du côtéthaïlandais
de la frontière commune entre les deux pays et qu'il relève de la
souveraineté thaïlandaise. Il s'agit là d'un différendportant sur la
souveraineté territoriale.)
L'objet du différend soumis àla Cour est donclimité àune contes-
tation relative à la souveraineté dansla région du temple de Préah
Vihéar. Pour trancher cette question de souveraineté territoriale,
la Cour devra faire état dela frontière entre les deux Etats dans ce
secteur. Des cartes lui ont étésoumises et diverses considérations
ont étéinvoquées à ce sujet. La Cour ne fera état des unes et des
autres que dans la mesure où elle y trouvera les motifs dela décision
qu'elle doit rendre pour trancher le seul différend qui lui est soumis
et dont l'objet vient d'êtreci-dessus énoncé. The Temple of Preah Vihear is an ancient sanctuary and shrine
situated on the borders of Thailand and Cambodia. Although now
partially in ruins, this Temple has considerable artistic and ar-
chaeological interest, and is still used as a place of pilgrimage. It
stands on a promontory of the same name, belonging to the eastern
sector of the Dangrek range of mountains which, in a general way,
constitutes the boundary between the two countriesin this region-
Cambodia to the south and Thailand to the north. Considerable
portions of this range consist of a high cliff-like escarpment rising
abruptly above the Cambodian plain. Thisis the situation at Preah
Vihear itself, where the main Temple buildings stand in the apex
of a triangular piece of high ground jutting out into the plain.
From the edge of the escarpment, the general inclination of the
ground in the northerly directionsis downwards to the Nam Moun
river, which is in Thailand.
It will be apparent from the description just given that a frontier
line which ran along the edge of the escarpment, or which at any
rate ran to the south and east of the Temple area, would leave this
area in Thailand; whereas a line running to the north, or to the
north and west, would place it in Cambodia.
Thailand has urged that the edge of this escarpment constitutes
the natural and obvious line for a frontier in thisregion.In support
of this view Thailand has referred to the documentary evidence
indicative of the desire of the Parties to establish frontiers which
would not only be "natural", but visible and unmistakable-such
as rivers, mountain ranges, and hence escarpments, where they
exist.
The desire of the Parties for a natural and visible frontier could
have been met by almost any line which followed a recognizable
course along the main chain of the Dangrek range. It could have
been a crest line, a watershed line or an escarpment line (where an
escarpment existed, which was far from always being the case).
As will be seen presently, the Parties provided for a watershed line.
In so doing, they must be presumed to have realized that such a
line would not necessarily, in any particular locality, be the same
line as the line of the crest or escarpment. They cannot therefore
be presumed to have intended that, wherever an escarpment
existed, the frontier must lie along it, irrespective of al1 other
considerations.
The Parties have also relied on other arguments of a physical,
historical, religious and archaeological character, but the Court is
unable to regard them as legally decisive.
As concerns the burden of proof, it must be pointed out that
though, from the forma1 standpoint, Cambodia is the plaintiff,
13 TEMPLE DE PRÉAH VIHÉAR (FOND) (ARRÊT DU 15 VI 62) 15
Le temple de Préah Vihéarest un sanctuaire et un lieu de culte
antique situéaux confins de la Thaïlande et du Cambodge. Bien
qu'il soit aujourd'hui partiellement en ruines, ce temple a un
intérêt artistique et archéologique considérable et sert toujours
de lieu de pélerinage. Il s'élèvesur un éperondu même nomfaisant
partie du secteur oriental de la chaîne de montagnes des Dangrek,
qui d'une façon généraleconstitue dans cette région la frontière
entre les deux pays - le Cambodge au sud et la Thaïlande au nord.
Des parties considérablesde la chaîne consistent en un escarpement
présentant l'aspect d'une haute falaise qui se dresse à l'abrupt au-
dessus de la plaine cambodgienne. Telle est la situation à Préah
Vihéar même,où les bâtiments principaux du temple s'élèventau
sommet d'un triangle montagneux en saillie sur la plaine. Depuis
le faîte de l'escarpement, la pente généraledu terrain descend vers
le nord jusqu'à la rivière Nam Moun qui est située en Thaïlande.
De la description qui vient d'être faire, il ressort qu'une ligne
frontière qui suivrait le faîte de l'escarpement, ou tout au moins
passerait au sud et à l'est de la zone du temple, laisserait cette
zone en Thaïlande, tandis qu'une ligne passant au nord, ou au nord
et à l'ouest, la placerait au Cambodge.
La Thaïlande a soutenu que le faîte de l'escarpement constitue
la frontière naturelle et évidente dans la région. A l'appui de cet
argument, la Thaïlande a fait état des documents prouvant le désir
des Parties d'établir des frontières qui fussent non seulement ((na-
turelles ))mais aussi visibles et incontestables - telles que des
fleuves, des chaînes de montagnes et, par conséquent, des escarpe-
ments là où il en existe.
Le désir desParties de posséderune frontière naturelle et visible
aurait pu êtresatisfait par presque toute ligne qui aurait suivi un
tracé reconnaissable dans la chaîne principale des Dangrek. La
frontière aurait pu suivre la ligne de crête,la ligne de partage des
eaux ou la ligne d'escarpement (là où il existe des escarpements, ce
qui est loin d'être toujoursle cas). Comme on le verra ci-après, les
Parties ont choisi la ligne de partage des eaux. On doit présumer
que, ce faisant, elles se sont rendu compte que cette ligne ne coïnci-
derait pas nécessairement en tous points avec la ligne de crêteou
celle d'escarpement. On ne saurait donc présumer qu'ellesaient eu
l'intention d'établir la frontière sur les escarpements, chaque fois
qu'il en existe, indépendamment de toute autre considération.
Les Parties ont également invoqué d'autres arguments de carac-
tère géographique, historique, religieux et archéologique, mais la
Cour ne saurait les considérer comme juridiquement décisifs.
En ce qui concerne le fardeau de la preuve, il convient d'observer
que, si le Cambodge, qui a introduit l'instance, est au point de vue16 TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (R~ERITS) (JUDGM. OF 15 VI 62)
having instituted the proceedings, Thailand also is a claimant
because of the claim which was presented by her in the second
Çubmission of the Counter-Memorial and which relates to the
sovereignty over the same piece of territory. Both Cambodia and
Thailand base their respective claims on a series of facts and con-
tentions which are asserted or put forward by one Party or the
other. The burden of proof in respect of these will of course lie on
the Party asserting or putting them forward.
Lntil Cambodia attained her independence in 1953 she was part
of French Indo-China, and her foreign relations-like those of the
rest of French Indo-China-were conducted by France as the pro-
tecting Power. It is common ground between the Parties that the
present dispute has its fofzs et origo in the boundary settlements
made in the period 1904-1908, between France and Siam (as Thai-
land Ras then called) and, in particular, that the sovereignty over
Preah Vihear depends upon a boundary treaty dated 13 February
1904, and upon events subsequent to that date. The Court isthere-
fore not called upon to go into the situation that existed between
the Parties prior to the Treaty of 1904.
The relevant provisions of the Treaty of 13 February 1904, which
regulated inter aLia the frontier in the eastern Dangrek region,
were as follows:
[Translation by the Registry]
"ArticleI
The frontier between Siam and Cambodia starts, on the left shore
of the Great Lake, from the mouth of the river Stung Roluos,
it follows the parallel from that point in an easterly direction
until it meets the ri\-er Prek Kompong Tiam, then, turning north-
far as the Pnom Dang Rek mountain chain. From there it follows
the watershed between the basins of the Nam Sen and the Mekong,
on the one hand, and the Nam Moun, on the other hand, and
joins the Pnom Padang chain the crest of which it followseastwards
as far as the Mekong.Upstream from that point, the Mekongremains
the frontier of the Kingdom of Siam, in accordance with Article I
of the Treaty of 3 October 1893."
"Article3
There shall be a delimitation of the frontiers between the King-
dom of Siam and the territories making up French Indo-China.
This delimitation will be carried out by Mixed Commissions com-
posed of officers appointed by the two contracting countries. The
work will relate to the irontier determined by Articles I and 2,
and the region lying between the Great Lake and the sea."
It will be seen, in the first place, that these articles make no
mention of Preah Vihear as such. It is for this reason that the Court TEMPLE DE PRÉAH VIHÉAR (FOND) (ARRÊT DU Ij VI 62) 16
formel le demandeur, la Thaïlande est également demanderesse eu
égard à la demande qu'elle a présentéedans la deuxième conclusion
du contre-mémoire et qui a pour objet la souveraineté sur la même
portion de territoire. Tant le Cambodge que la Thaïlande fondent
leurs prétentions respectives sur une série de faits et d'allégations
quisont affirmésou avancées par l'un ou par l'autre. Or, la charge de
les prouver incombe évidemment à la Partie qui les affirme ou les
avance.
Jusqu'à son accession à l'indépendance en 1953, le Cambodge
faisait partie de l'Indochine française et ses relations extérieures
- comme celles du reste de l'Indochine francaise - étaient condui-
tes par la France en qualité de Puissance Protectrice. Les Parties
sont d'accord pour admettre que le litige actuel a son origine dans
lesrèglements de frontières effectués dans la période de 1904 à 1908
entre la France et le Siam (comme s'appelait alors la Thaïlande)
et en particulier que la souveraineté sur Préah Vihéar dépend d'une
convention de frontières datée du 13 février 1904 et des événements
postérieurs àcette date. La Cour n'a doncpas à examiner la situation
quiexistait entre les Parties antérieurement à la convention de 1904.
Les dispositions pertinentes de la convention du 13 février 1904,
qui a réglementé inter alia la frontière dans la région orientale des
Dangrek, sont les suivantes :
((Articleler
La frontière entre le Siam et le Cambodge part, sur la rive gauche
du Grand Lac, de l'embouchure de la rivière Stung Roluos, elle suit
le parallèle de ce point dans la direction de l'est jusqu'à la rencontre
de la ri\-ière Prék Kompong Tiam, puis, remontant vers le nord,
elle se confond avec le méridiende ce point de rencontre jusqu'à la
chaîne de montagnes Pnom Dang Rek. De là elle suit la ligne de
partage des eaux entre les bassins du Nam Sen et du Mékong,d'une
part, et du Nam Moun, d'autre part, et rejoint la chaîne Pnom
Paclang dont elle suit la crêtevers l'est jusqu'au Mékong.En amont
de ce point, le Mékongreste la frontière du royaume de Siam, con-
formément àl'articleI~~du traité du 3 octobre 1893. »
((Article 3
Il sera procédé à la délimitation des frontières entre le royaume
de Siam et les territoires formant 1'Indo-Chine française. Cette
délimitation sera effectuéepar des commissions mixtes composées
d'officiersnomméspar les deux pays contractants. Le travail portera
sur la frontière déterminéepar les articles I et 2,ainsi que sur la
région comprise entre le Grand Lac et la mer. »
On \-oit en premier lieu que ces articles ne mentionnent pas
Préah 1-iliéar. C'est pourquoi la Cour ne peut rendre une décision
14 can only give a decision asto the sovereignty over the Temple area
after having examined what the frontier line is. Secondly, whereas
the general character of the frontier established by Article I was,
along the Dangrek range, to be a watershed line, the exact course of
this frontier was, by virtue of Article 3, to be delimited by a Franco-
Siamese Mixed Commission. It is to be observed, moreover, that
what had to be delimited was "the frontiers" between Siam and
French Indo-China; and although this delimitation had, pvima facie,
to be carried out by reference to the criterionindicated in Article 1,
the purpose of it was to establish the actual line of the frontier.
In consequence, the line of the frontier would, to al1 intents and
purposes, be the line resulting from the work of delimitation, unless
the delimitation were shown to be invalid.
In due course, a Mixed Commission composed of French and
Siamese members was setup, charged with the task of delimiting the
frontier in various districts, including the eastern sector of the
Dangrek range in which Preah Vihear is situated. This Mixed
Commission was composed of two sections, one French and one
Siamese, sitting together-one consisting.of French topographical
and administrative officersunder a French president, and the other
of Siamese members under a Siamese president. So far as the
frontier in the Dangrek range was concerned, the task of this
Mixed Commission was confined to the eastern sector (roughly east
of the Pass of Kel) in which Preah Vihear is situated. At this
time the western sector of the Dangrek lay wholly in Thailand.
It was only when a further boundary settlement, under a treaty
dated 23 March 1907, brought within Cambodia various districts
abutting on the western Dangrek sector, that the latter became a
frontier region. The task of delimiting the frontier in this latter
region was given to a second Mixed Commission set up under the
1907 Treaty.
The Mixed Commission set up under the Treaty of 1904 held its
first meeting in January 1905, but did not reach that part of its
operations that concerned the frontier along the eastern sector of
the Dangrek range until December 1906, although it appears from
the minutes of the Commission's meeting of 2 December 1906 that
.one of the French members of the Commission, Captain Tixier, had
passed along the Dangrek in February 1905. At the meeting of
2 December 1906, held at Angkor-Wat, it was agreed that the
Commission should ascend the Dangrek from the Cambodian plain
bythe Pass of Kel, which lies westwards of Preah Vihear, and travel
eastwards along the range by the same route (or along the same
line) as had been reconnoitred by Captain Tixier in 1905("le tracé
qu'a reconnu ...le capitaine Tixier"). It was stated that al1 the TEMPLE DE PRÉAH VIHÉAR (FOND) (ARRÊT DU 15 VI 62) I7
sur le souveraineté dans la zone du temple qu'après avoir examiné
quelle est la ligne frontière. En second lieu, alors que, dans la chaîne
des Dangrek, la frontière établie par l'articleler devait suivre d'une
manière généralela ligne de partage des eaux, le tracéexact decette
frontière devait, en vertu de l'article 3, êtrefixépar une Coinmission
mixte franco-siamoise. En outre, il faut observer que ce qu'il s'agis-
sait de délimiter c'étaient les «frontières » entre le Siam et 1'Indo-
chine française; bien que cette délimitation dût êtreprinza fncie
effectuée sur la base du critère indiqué dans l'article I~~,son but
était d'établir le tracé exact de la frontière. En conséquence,la ligne
frontière devait être, à toutes fins, celle qui résulterait des travaux
de délimitation, à moins que l'on ne pût démontrer l'invalidité de
la délimitation.
LTneCommission mixte composéede membres français et siamois
a étéétablie en temps utile afin de s'occuper de la délimitation de
la frontière dans différents districts, parmi lesquels le secteur
oriental de la chaîne des Dangrek où est situé Préah Vihéar. Cette
C.ommission mixte était composée de deux sections, française et
siamoise, siégeant ensemble - la première comprenant des officiers
topographes et des fonctionnaires administratifs français sous la
direction d'un président français et la seconde des membres siamois
sous la direction d'un président siamois. En ce qui concerne la
frontière dans la chaîne des Dangrek, la tâche de la C.ommission
mixte se bornait au secteur oriental (en gros, à l'est du col de Kel)
où se trouve Préah Vihéar. A cette époque, le secteur occidental
des Dangrek était entièrement en Thaïlande. Ce n'est que lorsqu'un
nouveau règlement de frontières eut donné au Cambodge, en vertu
d'un traité daté du 23 mars 1907, certains districts adossés au
secteur occidental des Dangrek que celui-ci est devenu région
frontière. Les opérations de délimitation de la frontière dans cette
région ont étéconfiéesà une seconde Commission mixte établie en
vertu du traité de 1907.
La Commission mixte établie en vertu de la convention de 1904
a tenu sa première séance en janvier 1905 mais n'a abordé qu'en
décembre 1906 la partie de sa tâche concernant la frontière dans le
secteur oriental de la chaîne des Dangrek, bien qu'il ressorte du
procès-verbal de la séancedu z décembre 1906 que l'un desmembres
français de la Commission, le capitaine Tixier, avait parcouru les
Dangrek en février 1905. Au cours de cette séance du 2 décembre
1906, tenue à Angkor-Vat, il a étéconvenu que la Commission se
rendrait aux Dangrek en partant de la plaine cambodgienne et en
passant .par le col de Kel situéà l'ouest de Préah Vihéar et qu'elle
ferait route vers l'est le long de la crête,en suivant (ou en longeant)
« le tracéqu'a reconnu ...le capitaine Tixier»en 1905. Il a étédéclaré
que toutes les reconnaissances nécessaires entre ce tracé et la ligne
15 necessary reconnaissance between this route and the crest line
(to which it ran roughly parallel) could be carried out by this
method, since the route was, at the most, only ten to fifteen kilo-
metres from the crest, on the Siamese side. It has not been contested
that the Presidents of the French and Siamese sections of the Com-
mission, as representing it, duly made thisjourney, and that in the
course of it they visited the Temple of Preah Vihear. But there is
no record of any decision that they may have taken.
At this same meeting of 2 December 1906, it was also agreed
that another of the members of the French section of the Com-
mission, Captain Oum, should, starting at the eastern end, surveg-
the whole of the eastern part of the Dangrek range, in which Preah
Vihear is situated, and that he would leave for this purpose the
next da-.
It is thus clear that the Mixed Commission fully intended to
delimit the frontier in this sector of the Dangrek and that it took
al1 the necessary steps to put the work of delimitation in hand.
The work must have been accomplished, for at the end of January
1907 the French Minister at Bangkok reported to the Minister of
Foreign Affairs in Paris that he had been formally notified by the
President of the French section of the Mixed Commission that the
whole work of delimitation had been finished without incident, and
that the frontier line had been definitely established, except in the
region of Siem Reap. Furthermore, in a report on the whole work
of delimitation, dated 20 February 1907, destined for his own
Go.vernment, the President said that: "Al1 along the Dangrek and
as far as the Mekong, the fixing of the frontier could not have
involved any difficulty." Mention may also be made of a map
produced by Thailand, recently prepared by the Royal Thai
Survey Department, Bangkok, tracing in the Dangrek the "Route
followed by the Mixed Commission of 1904".
It seems clear therefore that a frontier was surveyed and fixed;
but the question is what was that frontier (in particular in the
region of Preah Vihear), by whom \\,as it fixed, in what way, and
upon whose instructions ?The difficultly in answering these questions
lies in the fact that, after the minutes of the meeting of the First
Commission on 2 December 1906, there is no further reference
whatever, in any minutes of later meetings, to the question of the
frontier in the Dangrek region.
It appears that at about this time the Commission had in sub-
stance finished its work on the ground and was awaiting the reports
and provisional maps of the survey officers (Captain Oum and
others). These reports and maps would not be available until
Febmary-March 1907 when, in normal circumstances, another
meeting of the Commission would have been held to consider them.
It appears that a meeting had been provisionally fised for 8 March.
I6de crête (à laquelle il était sensibiement parallèle) pourraient être
faites par cette méthode, car il ne s'écartait de la crête que
de dis ou quinze kilomètres au plus, sur le versant siamois. Il
n'est pas contesté que les présidents des sections française et
siamoise de la Commission, agissant comme représentants de
cette Commission, aient effectivement fait ce trajet, au cours
duquel ils ont visitéle temple de Préah Vihéar. Mais il n'y a trace
d'aucune décisionprise par eux.
Au cours de la même séancedu 2 décembre 1906, il a également
étéconvenu qu'un autre membre de la section française de la Com-
mission, le capitaine Oum, lèverait, en partant de l'extrémité est,
toute la partie orientale de la chaîne des Dangrek, où se trouve Préah
Vihéar, et qu'à cette fin il se mettrait en route le lendemain.
Il est donc évident que la Commission mixte avait pleinement
l'intention de délimiter la frontière dans ce secteur des Dangrek et
qu'elle a pris toutes les mesures nécessairespour faire exécuter les
travaus de délimitation. Ces travaux ont dû êtreaccomplis, puis-
qu'à la fin de janvier1907 le ministre de France à Bangkok rendait
compte au ministre des Affaires étrangères à Paris qu'il avait été
officiellen~entavisé par le président de la section française de la
Commission mixte que l'ensemble des travaux de délimitation
s'était achevé sans incident et que le tracé de la frontière avait
été définitivement arrêté,sauf pour la région de Siem-Réap. Au
surplus, le président déclarait dans un rapport sur l'ensemble des
opérations de délimitation daté du 20 février 1907 et destiné à
son propre gouvernement: ((Tout le long des Dangrek et jusqu'au
Mékong, la détermination de la frontière ne pouvait entraîner
aucune clifficult1)On peut mentionner également qu'une carte
produite par la Thaïlande, carte récemment préparéepar le Service
géographique royal thaïlandais de Bangkok, indique la «route
suivie par la Commission mixte de 1904 1,dans les Dangreli.
Il semble par conséquent évident qu'une frontière a étélevéeet
déterminée;mais il reste à savoir quelle était cette frontière (notam-
ment dans la régionde Préah Vihéar),par qui elle a étédéterminée,
de quelle manière et sur les instructionsde qui. La difficulté,lorsqu'il
s'agit de répondre à ces questions, réside dans le fait qu'après le
procès-\-erbal de la séancede la première Commission du 2 décembre
1906 il n'est plus fait aucune mention, dans aucun des procès-ver-
baux des séances ultérieures, de la question de la frontière dans la
région desDangrek.
Il apparaît qu'à peu près à cette époque la Commission avait
pratiquement terminé ses travaux sur le terrain et qu'elle attendait
les rapports et les cartes provisoires des officiers topographes
(capitaine Oum et autres). Ces rapports et ces cartes ne devaient
être prêts qu'en février-mars 1907, époque à laquelle, dans des
circonsta~~cesnormales, la Commission se serait réunie à nouveau
pour les examiner. Il apparait qu'une séance avait étéprovisoire-That it was certainly the intention to cal1one, can be seen from a
despatch from the French Minister in Bangkok to the hlinister of
Foreign Affairs in Paris, dated 23 February 1907,covering the report
from Colonel Bernard, President of the French section of the
Commission. The Rlinister, in his despatch, said: "The maps indi-
cating the frontier can be brought up to date in a fairly short time
and the plenary meetin? of the French and Siamese Commissioners
\vil1 probably be held before 15 March." No meeting apparently
ever took place. In the meantime the two Governments had entered
into negotiations for a further boundary treaty. This treaty was
signed on 23 March 1907, and provided for exchanges of territory
and a comprehensive regulation of al1 those frontiers not covered
by the previous treaty settlement of 1904
A second Rfixed Commission of Delimitation was then set up
under the Treaty of 1907. As already mentioned, part of its task was
to delimit that sector of the Dangrek region not having corne within
the ambit of the First Commission, namely from the Pass of Kel
westwards, and therefore not including Preah Vihear which lay
to the east. There was in fact some overlapping of the work of the
two Commissions in the Kel region, but this overlapping did not
extend to Preah Vihear. There is, however, evidence in the records
of the Second Commission that, at or near the Pass of Kel, the line
drawn by this Commission joined up with an already esisting line
proceeding eastwards to the Temple area and beyond. There is no
definite indication as to what this line was, or ho\v it had come
to be established; but the presumption that it was in sorne manner
or other theoutcoine of the survey work which the First Commission
had put in hand, and which the President of its French section,
in his report of20 February 1907, stated to have been accornplished
without difficulty is, in the circumstances, overwhelming1~-strong.
The Court has noted that although, under Article IV of the Treaty
of 1907, the task of the Second Rfixed Commission was to delimit
the "new frontiers" established by that Treaty, the Commission
also had the task, under Clause III of the Protocol attached to the
Treaty, of delimitingall that part of the frontier defined in Clause 1
of the Protocol. This latter provision related to the entire Dangrek
range from a point in its western half to the eastern continuation
of the Dangrek, the Pnom Padang range, as far as the River
Mekong. Therefore, had the eastern Dangrek and Pnom Padang
sectors not already been delimited by the first (1904) Mixed Com-
mission, it would have been the duty of the second (1907) Com-
mission to do this work. This Commission did not do it, apart from
the overlap (notextending to Preah Vihear) already mentioned, and
therefore the presumption must be that it had already been done.ment fixéeau 8 mars. Le fait qu'il y ait certainement eu intention
de tenir une séance ressort d'une dépêcheadressée le 23 février
1907 par le ministre de France à Bangkok au ministre des Affaires
étrangères à Paris, en couverture du rapport du colonel Bernard,
président de la section française de la Commission. Le ministre
déclarait dans sa dépêche: (Les cartes indiquant la frontière pour-
ront êtremises àjour dans un assez court délaiet la réunionplénière
des commissaires francais et siamois aura vraisemblablement lieu
avant le 15 mars. » Aucune séance ne semble avoir jamais eu lieu.
Entre-temps, les deux gouvernements avaient entrepris de négocier
un nouveau traité de frontières. Ce traité, qui a étésigné le23 mars
1907, prévoit des échanges de territoires et établit un règlement
généralde toutes les frontières non couvertes par le précédent
règlement conventionnel de 1904.
Vne seconde Commission mixte de délimitation a alors étécréée
en application du traité de 1907. Comme on l'a indiqué plus haut,
elle avait notamment pour tâche de délimiter le secteur de la région
des Dangrek qui n'avait pas été duressort de la première Commis-
sion, c'est-à-dire depuis le col de Kel vers l'ouest, et qui ne compre-
nait donc pas Préah Vihéar,situéà l'est du col. Il y a eu en fait un
certain chevauchement des travaux des deux Commissions dans la
régionde Kel, mais ce chevauchement ne s'est pas étendu à Préah
Vihéar. Il apparaît néanmoins dans les documents de la seconde
Commission qu'au col de Kel, ou dans le voisinage immédiat, la
ligne frontière tracée par cette Commission a rejoint une ligne déjà
existante qui se dirigeait vers l'est jusqu'à la zone du temple et au-
delà. On ne possède pas d'indication précise sur ce qu'était cette
ligne, ni sur la manière dont elle avait été établie; mais la suppo-
sition selon laquelle elle était bien, d'une façon ou d'une autre, le
résultat deslevésopéréspourle compte de la première Commission
et dont le président de la section francaise affirmait dans son rapport
du 20 février 1907 qu'ils avaient étéaccomplis sans difficulté est
dans ces conditions d'un poids décisif. La Cour constate que, si,
d'après l'article IV du traité de 1907, la tâche de la seconde
Commission mixte était de délimiter les ((nouvelles frontières» éta-
blies par le traité, cette Commission était également chargée, en
vertu de la clause III du protocole annexé au traité, de déterminer
toute lapartie de la frontièredécrite dansla clause1de ce protocole.
Cette dernière disposition visait toute la chaîne des Dangrek en
partant d'un point situé dans sa moitié occidentale et en allant
vers la chaîne du Pnom Padang, prolongement oriental des Dangrek,
jusqu'au fleuve Mékong. Sidonc le secteur oriental des Dangrek et le
secteur du Pnom Padang n'avaient pas déjà étédélimitéspar la
première Commission mixte (celle de ~goq), ce travail aurait in-
combé à la seconde Commission (celle de 1907). Ladite Commission
n'ayant pas procédéà ce travail, sauf dans la partie qui a fait
l'objet du chevauchement déjà mentionné (et qui n'intéressait pas
Préah Vihéar), on doit présumer qu'il avait déjà étéexécuté. The First Jlixed Commission apparently did not hold any forma1
meeting after 19 January 1907. It must not be forgotten that, at
the time when such a meeting might have been held for the purpose
of ~vinding up the work of the Commission, attention in both
countrics,on thepart of those ivho sverespecially qualified to act and
speak on their behalf in these matters, was directed towards the
conclusion of the Treaty of 23 March 1907. Their chief concern,
particularly in the case of Colonel Bernard, could hardly have been
the forma1 completion of the results of the delimitation they had
carried out.
The final stage of the operation of delimitation svas theprepara-
tion and publication of maps. For the execution of this technical
work, the Siamese Government, which at that time did not dispose
of adequate means, had officially requested that French topo-
graphical officers should map the frontier region. It is clear from the
opening paragraph of the minutes of the meeting of the first JIixed
Commission on 29 Sovember 1905that this request had the appros-al
of the Siamese section of the Commission, which inay indeed have
inspired it, for in theetter of20 August 1908 in which the Siamese
)finister in Paris communicated to his Government the eventual
results of thiswork of mapping, he referred to "the hiixed Commis-
sion of Delimitation of the frontiers and the Siamese Con~missioners'
request that the French Commissioners prepare maps of various
frontiers". That this \vas the deliberate policy ofthe Siamese author-
ities is also sho~vn by the fact that in the second (1907) llixed
Commission, the French members of the Commission svere equally
requested by their Siamese colleagues to carry out cartographical
svork, as can be seen from the minutes of the meeting of 6 J~ne
1908.
The French Government duly arranged for the work to be done
by a team of four French officers, three of svhom, Captains Tixier,
Kerler and de Batz, had been members of the first Mixed Com-
mission. This team svorked under the gcneral direction of Colonel
Bernard, and in the late autumn of 1907 it completed a series of
eleven maps covering a large part of the frontiers betsveen Siam
and French Indo-China, including those portions that are matei-ial
in the present case. The maps sverc printed and published by a
well-known French cartographical firm, H. Barrcre.
The eleven maps n-erein due course communicated to the Sianlese
Government, as being the maps requestecl by the latter, and the
Court will consider later the circumstances of that communication
and the deductions to be drawn from it. Three of the maps had
been overtakcn by events, inasmuch as the foi-mer frontier areas
they showed had, by virtue of the Treaty of JIarch 1907, noiv
become situated svholly in Cambodia. Siam ss-as not therefore
called upon either to accept or reject them. Her interest in the other
maps remained. Amongst these svas one of that part of the Ilangrek
1S TEMPLE DE PRÉAH VIHÉAR (FOND) (ARRÊT DU 15 VI 62) 20
Il n'apparaît pas que la première Commission mixte ait tenu
une séanceformelle après le 19 janvier 1907. On ne doit pas perdre
de vue qu'au moment où une telle séance aurait pu être tenue pour
clore les travaux de la Commission l'attention se portait dans les
deux pays, chez ceux qui étaient particulièrement qualifiés pour
agir et parler en leur nom en ces matières, sur la conclusion dutraité
du 23 mars 1907. Leur préoccupation dominante, et spécialement
celle du colonel Bernard, ne pouvait pas êtrede compléter en forme
protocolaire les résultats de la délimitation qu'ils avaient effectuée.
Le point final de l'opérationde délimitation étaitla préparation et
la publication de cartes. Pour l'exécution de ce travail technique,
le Gouvernement siamois, ne disposant pas alors des moyens suf-
fisants, avait officiellement demandé que des officiers topographes
français établissent la carte de la régionfrontière. Il ressort claire-
ment du premier alinéa du procès-verbal de la séancede la première
Commission mixte du 29 novembre 1905 que cette demande était
approuvée par la section siamoise de la Commission, qui peut-être
mêmel'avait inspirée: en effet, dans la lettre du 20 août 1908 par
laquelle il communiquait à son gouvernement les cartes produites
à la suite de ce travail, le ministre de Siam à Paris se référaità
(la Commission mixte de délimitation des frontières et [à] la de-
mande des commissaires siamois tendant à ce que les commissaires
français préparent des cartes des diverses frontières ».Qu'il y eût
là une politique délibéréede la part des autorités siamoises est
confirmé par le fait qu'au sein de la seconde Commission mixte
(celle de 1907) les commissaires français étaient également priés
par leurs collègues siamois de se charger de travaux cartographi-
ques, ainsi qu'on peut le voir au procès-verbal de la séance du
6 juin 1908.
Le Gouvernement fran~ais a bien pris les mesures nécessaires
pour que le travail fût exécutépar une équipe de quatre officiers
français dont trois, les capitaines Tixier, Kerler et de Batz,
avaient fait partie de la première Commission mixte. Cette équipe
a travaillé sous la direction généraledu colonel Bernard et àla fin
de l'automne de 1907 elle avait terminé une série de onze cartes
couvrant une grande partie des frontières entre le Siam et 1'Indo-
chine française, y compris la section pertinente en l'espèce. Ces
cartes ont étéimprimées et publiées par un éditeur géographe
français connu, H. Barrère.
Les onze cartes ont étédûment communiquées au Gouvernement
siamoiscomme étant celles qu'il avait demandées ;la Cour examinera
plus loin les circonstances de cette communication et les déductions
qu'il convient d'en tirer. Trois de ces cartes étaient dépasséespar
les événementsen tant que les anciennes régionsfrontières qu'elles
couvraient étaient entre temps revenues entièrement au Cambodge
en vertu du traité de mars 1907. Le Siam n'était donc appeléni à
les accepter, ni à les rejeter. Mais les autres cartes gardaient pour
lui leur intbrêt. Parmi celles-ci figurait une carte de la partie de la
1s 21 TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHErlR (SIERITS) (JUDGM. OF 15 VI 62)
range in which the Temple is situated, and on it was traced a fron-
tier line purporting to be the outcome of the work of delimitation
and showing the whole Preah Vihear promontory, with the Temple
area, as being on the Cambodian side. If therefore the delimitation
carried out in respect of the Eastern Dangrek sector established
or was intended to establish a watershed line, this rnap purported
to show such a line. This rnap was filed by Cambodia as Annex 1
to its Memorial, and has become known in the case (and uill be
referred to herein) as the Annex 1 map.
It is on this rnap that Cambodia principally relies in support of
her claim to sovereignty over the Temple. Thailand, on the other
hand, contests any claim based on this map, on the following
grounds :first, that the rnap was not the work of the hlixed Com-
mission, and had therefore no binding character; secondly, that
at Preah Vihear the rnap embodied a material error, not explicable
on the basis of any exercise of discretionary powers of adaptation
which the Commission may have possessed. This error, according
to Thailand's contention, was that the frontier line indicated on
the rnap was not the true watershed line in this vicinity, and that
a line drawn in accordance with the true watershed line would
have placed, and would now place, the Temple area in Thailand.
It is further contended by Thailand that she never accepted this
rnap or the frontier line indicated on it, at any rate so far as Preah
Vihear is concerned, in such a way as to become bound thereby;
or, alternatively that, if she did accept the map, she did so only
under, and because of, a mistaken belief (upon urhich she relied)
that the rnap line was correctly drawn to correspond with the
watershed line.
The Court will, for the moment, confine itself to the first of these
contentions, based on an argument urhich the Court considers to
be correct, namely that the rnap was never formally approved
by the first Mixed Commission as such, since that Commission had
ceased to function some months before the production of the map.
The record does not show whether the rnap and the line were based
on any decisions or instructions given by the Commission to the
surveying officers while it was still functioning. What is certain
is that the rnap must have had a basis of some sort, and the Court
thinks there can be no reasonable doubt that it was based on the
work of the surveying officers in the Dangrek sector. Being one of
the series of maps of the frontier areas produced by French Govern-
ment topographical experts in response to a request made by the
Siamese authorities, printed and published by a Paris firm of
repute, al1 of which was clear from the rnap itself, it was thus
invested with an officia1standing;it had its own inherent technical
authority; and its provenance %-asopen and obvious. The Court
must nevertheless conclude that, in its incepiion, and at the
moment of its production, it had no binding character.chaîne des Dangrek où se trouve le temple, carte portant le tracé
d'une frontière qui se présentait comme le résultat des travaux de
délimitation et qui situait tout l'éperonde Préah Vihéar, zone du
temple comprise, en territoire cambodgien. Donc, si la délimitation
effectuéedans le secteur oriental des Dangrek avait déterminé,ou
entendu déterminer, une ligne de partage des eaux, cette carte
prétendait indiquer une telle ligne. Elle a été produitepar le Cam-
bodge en annexe 1 à son mémoire et désignéeen la présente affaire
(ainsi qu'elle le sera ci-après) comme la carte de l'annexe 1.
C'est sur cette carte que le Cambodge fonde principalement sa
prétention à la souveraineté sur le temple. La Thaïlande, d'autre
1 ,t. conteste toute rétention fondée sur cette carte Dour les
raisons suivantes: en premier lieu, parce que la carte n'est pas
l'Œuvre de la Commission mixte et qu'elle n'a par conséquent
aucun caractère obligatoire; en second lieu, par ce que, pour Préah
Vihéar, la carte comporte une erreur importante qu'on ne saurait
expliquer par l'exercice des pouvoirs discrétionnaires d'adaptation
dont la Commission aurait pu être dotée. Cette erreur, selon la
thèse de la Thaïlande, est que la frontière marquée sur la carte
n'est pas la véritable ligne de partage des eaux dans la région, et
qu'une frontière tracée conformément à la véritable ligne de par-
tage des eaux aurait placé et placerait actuellement la zone du
temple en Thaïlande. La Thaïlande soutient en outre qu'elle n'a
jamais accepté la carte ni la frontière qui y est indiquée (tout
au moins en ce qui concerne Préah Vihéar) de manière à êtreliée
par cette acceptation; ou subsidiairement que, si elle a accepté
la carte, elle ne l'a fait qu'en raison d'une croyance erronée (sur
laauelle elle se fondait)à savoir aue la frontière marauée sur cette
carte suivait bien la ligne de partage des eaux.
La Cour se bornera, pour le moment, à examiner la première de
ces thèses, fondée sur un argument que la Cour estime exact, à
savoir que la carte n'a jamais étéformellement approuvée par la
~remière Commission mixte en tant aue telle. celle-ci avant cessé
de fonctionner plusieurs mois avant que la carte ne soit dressée.Le
dossier n'indique pas si la carte et la frontière qui est tracée sont
fondées sur des décisions ou des instructions que la Commission
aurait transmises aux officiers topographes alors qu'elle fonction-
nait encore. Ce qui est certain c'est qu'il a bien fallu une base
pour établir la carte et, de l'avis de la Cour, on ne peut mettre
raisonnablement en doute que cette base ait été constituée par les
travaux des officiers topo~raphes dans le secteur des Dangrek.
Faisant partie d'une sériede cartes des régions frontières dressées
par les experts topographes du Gouvernement français en réponse
à une demande des autorités siamoises, imprimée et publiée par
une maison parisienne connue, tous points qui ressortent clairement
de la carte même,elle a ainsi étéinvestie d'un caractère officiel;
elle faisait par elle-mêmeautorité sur le plan technique et sa prove-
nance était manifeste et évidente. La Cour doit néanmoins conclure Thailand has argiied that in the absence of any delimitation
approved and adopted by the Mixed Commission, or based on its
instructions, the line of the frontier must necessarily-by virtue
of Article I of the Treaty of 1904-follow strictly the line of the
true watershed, and that this line, at Preah Vihear, would place
the Temple in Thailand. While admitting that the Mixed Com-
mission had a certain discretion to depart from the watershed line
in order to avoid anomalies, and to take account of certain purely
local considerations, Thailand contends that any departure such as
to place Preah Vihear in Cambôdia would have far exceeded the
scope of any discretionary powers the Mixed Commission could
have had authority to exercise without specific reference to the
Governments.
Whatever substance these contentions niaj7have, taken by them-
selves, the Court considers that they do not meet the real issues
here involved. Even if there u7as no delimitation of the frontier
in the eastern sector of the Dan~rek approved and adopted by the
Riixed Commission, it was obviously open to the Governments
themselves to adopt a delimitation for that region, making use of
the work of the technical members of the Mixed Commission. As
regards any departures from the watershed line which any such
delimitation embodied-since, according to Thailand's own con-
tention, the delimitation indicated on the Annex 1 map was not
the Mixed Commission's-there is no point in discussing whether
such departures as may have occurred at Preah Vihear fell within
the Commission's discretionary powers or not. The point is that it
was certainly within the power of the Governments to adopt
such departures.
The real question, therefore, which is the essential one in this
case, is whether the Parties did adopt the Annex 1 map, and the
line indicated on it, as representing the outcome of the work of
delimitation of the frontier in the region of Preah Vihear, thereby
conferring on it a binding character.
Thailand denies this so far as she is concerned, representing her-
self as having adopted a merely passive attitude in what ensued.
She maintains also that a course of conduct, involving at most a
failure to object, cannot suffice to render her a consenting party
to a departure at Preah Vihear from the watershed line specified
by Article I of the Treaty of 1904, so great as to affect the sover-
eignty over the Temple area.
The Court sees the matter differently. It is clear from the record
that the publication and communication of the eleven maps referred
20qu'à l'origine et au moment où elle a étédressée lacarte ne possédait
pas de caractère obligatoire.
La l'haïlande a soutenu que, faute d'une délimitation approuvée
et adoptée par la Commission mixte ou fondée sur sesinstructions,
la frontière doit nécessairement - en vertu de l'article I~~de la
convention de 1904 - suivre rigoureusement la véritable ligne
de partage des eaux et que, à Préah Vihéar, cette ligne situe le
temple en Thaïlande. Si elle admet que la Commission mixte avait un
certain pouvoir de s'écarter de la ligne de partage des eaux pour
éviter des anomalies et pour tenir compte de certaines considé-
rations purement locales, la Thaïlande soutient néanmoins que
toute déviation situant Préah Vihéar en territoire cambodgien
aurait largement dépassé les pouvoirs discrétionnaires que la
Commission mixte était libre d'exercer sans en référer expressément
aux gouvernements.
Quel que puisse êtrele fondement de ces propositions prises en
elles-mêmes,la Cour considère qu'elles ne répondent pas à la véri-
table question qui se pose ici. Blêmes'il n'y a pas eu dans le secteur
oriental des Dangrek une délimitation de la frontière approuvée et
adoptée par la Commission mixte, il était évidemment loisible aux
gouvernements eux-mêmes d'adopter une délimitation pour cette
région en profitant des travaux des membres techniciens de la
Commission mixte. Quant aux déviations entre cette délimitation
et la ligne de partage des eaux - puisque, selon la thèse mêmede
la Thaïlande, la délimitation indiquée sur la carte de l'annexe 1
n'était pas le fait de la Commission mixte - il n'y a pas lieu
d'examiner si celles qui ont pu intervenir à Préah Vihéar relevaient
ou non des pouvoirs discrétionnaires de la Comnlission. Le fait
est que les gouvernements avaient certainement le pouvoir d'adop-
ter de telles déviations.
Le vrai problème, et le problème essentiel en l'espèce, est donc
de savoir si les Parties ont adopté la carte de l'annexe 1, et la ligne
qu'elle indique, comme représentant le résultat des travaux de
délimitation de la frontière dansla régionde Préah Vihéar,conférant
ainsi un caractère obligatoire à cette carte.
La Thaïlande le conteste pour ce qui la concerne; elle déclare
avoir adopté une attitude purement passive dans ce qui est advenu
par la suite. Elle soutient également qu'une ligne de conduite
impliquant au plus un défaut d'opposition ne saurait suffire à
établir qu'elle consentait qu'on s'écartât pour Préah Vihéar de
la ligne de partage des eaux visée à l'articleI~~ de la convention
de 1904, au point d'affecter la souveraineté sur la zone du temple.
La Cour ne partage pas cette manière de voir. Il ressort claire-
ment du dossier que la publication et la communication des onze to earlier,including the Annex 1map, was something of an occasion.
This was no mere interchange between the French and Siamese
Governments, though, even if it had been, it. could have sufficed
in law. On the contrary, the maps were given wide publicity in
al1technically interested quarters by being also communicated to
the leading geographical societies in important countries, and to
other circles regionally interested; to the Siamese legations ac-
credited to the British, German,Russian and United States Govern-
ments; and to al1 the members of the Mixed Commission, French
and Siamese. The full original distribution consisted of about one
hundred and sixty sets of eleven maps each. Fifty sets of this
distribution were allocated to the Siamese Government. That the
Annex 1 rnap was communicated as purporting to represent the
outcome of the work of delimitation is clear from the letter from
the Siamese Minister in Paris to the Minister of Foreign Affairs
in Bangkok, dated 20 August 1908, in which he said that "regarding
the Mixed Commission of Delimitation of the frontiers and the
Siamese Commissioners' request that the French Commissioners
prepare maps of various frontiers, the French Commissioners have
now finished their work". He added that a series of maps had been
brought to him in order that he might forward them to the Siamese
Minister of Foreign Affairs. He went on to give a list of the eleven
maps, including the rnap of the Dangrek region-fifty sheets of
each. He ended by saying that he was keeping two sheets of each
map for his Legation and was sending one sheet of each to the
Legations in London, Berlin, Russia and the United States of
America.
It has been contended on behalf of Thailand that this communi-
cation of the maps by the French authorities was, so to speak,
ex parte, and that no forma1 acknowledgment of it was either
requested of, or given by, Thailand. In fact, as will be seen
presently, an acknowledgment by conduct was undoubtedly made
in a very definite way; but even if it were otherwise, it is clear that
the circumstances were such as called for some reaction, within a
reasonable period, on the part of the Siamese authorities, if they
wished to disagree with the rnap or had any serious question to
raise in regard to it. They did not do so, either then or for many
years, and thereby must be held to have acquiesced. Qzri tacet
consentirevidetur si loqui debuissetac potuisset.
So far as the Annex 1 rnap is concerned, it was not merely the
circumstances of the communication of this and the other maps
that called for some reaction from the Siamese side, if reaction
there was to be; there were also indications on the face of the rnap
sheet which required a reaction if the Siamese authorities had any
reason to contend that the rnap did not represent the outcome of
2 1 TEMPLE DE PRÉAH VIHÉAR (FOND) (ARRÊT DU 15 VI 62) 23
cartes mentionnées plus haut, y compris la carte de l'annexe 1,
ont constitué un événement d'une certaine importance. Il ne s'est
pas agi d'un simple échange entre les Gouvernements français et
siamois, encore que, en eût-il étéainsi, cela aurait pu suffire en
droit. Au contraire, les cartes ont reçu une large publicité dans tous
les milieux scientifiques intéressés,ayant étéégalement communi-
quées aux principales sociétésde géographie de grands pays et à
d'autres milieux intéresséssur le plan régional, ainsi qu'aux léga-
tions siamoises accréditéesauprès des Gouvernements britannique,
allemand et russe et du Gouvernement des États-unis et à tous les
membres de la Commission mixte, français et siamois. La première
distribution s'est élevée à quelque cent soixante séries de onze
cartes chacune. Cinquantede cessériesont étéattribuées au Gouver-
nement siamois. Le fait que la carte de l'annexe 1 a ététransmise
comme prétendant représenter le résultat des travaux de délimi-
tation ressort clairement de la lettre qui a étéadresséele 20 août
1908 au ministre des Affaires étrangères à Bangkok par le ministre
de Siam à Paris et dans laquelle ce dernier déclare: (En ce qui
concerne la Commission mixte de délimitation des frontières et la
demande des commissaires siamois tendant à ce que les commis-
saires français préparent des cartes des diverses frontières, les com-
missaires français viennent d'achever leur travail. » Il ajoute
qu'on lui a apporté une sériede cartes afin qu'il les transmette au
ministre des Affaires étrangères du Siam. Il donne ensuite la liste
des onze cartes, y compris celle de la région des Dangrek, reçues
en cinquante exemplaires chacune. Il termine en idiquant qu'il
en conserve deux jeux pour sa légation et en envoie un a chacune
des légations à Londres, à Berlin, en Russie et aux Etats-Lnis
d'Amérique.
On a soutenu au nom de la Thaïlande que cette communication
des cartes par les autorités françaises a été,pour ainsi dire, uni-
latérale, que la Thaïlande n'a pas étéinvitée à en accuser formelle-
ment réception et qu'elle ne l'a pas fait. En réalité, ainsiqu'on le
verra ci-après, un accuséde réception très net ressort incontestable-
ment de la conduite de la Thaïlande; mais, même s'il n'en avait
pas étéainsi, il est clair que les circonstances étaient de natureà
appeler dans un délai raisonnable une réaction de la part des
autorités siamoises, au cas où celles-ci auraient voulu contester
la carte ou auraient eu de graves questions à soulever à son égard.
Or, elles n'ont réagi ni l'époqueni pendant de nombreuses années
et l'on doit, de ce fait, conclure à leur acquiescement. Qui taoet
consentirevidetur si loqui debztissetac potuisset.
En ce qui concerne la carte de l'annexe 1,ce ne sont pas seulement
les circonstances dans lesquelles cette carte et les autres ont été
communiquées qui appelaient du côté siamois une réaction, s'il
devait y en avoir une; il y avait également des indications sur la
feuille de la carte qui appelaient une réactionsi les autorités siamoi-
ses avaient des motifs de soutenir qu'elle ne représentait pas le
2124 TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (MERITS) (JUDGM. OF 15 VI 62)
the work of delimitation. The map-together with the other maps-
was, as already stated, communicated to the Siamese members of
the Mixed Commission. These must necessarily have known (and
through them the Siamese Government must have known) that
this map could not have represented anything formally adopted
by the Mixed Commission, and therefore they could not possibly
have been deceived by the title of the map, namely, "Dangrek-
Commission of Delimitation between Indo-China and Siam" into
supposing that it was purporting to be a production of the hlixed
Commission as such. Alternatively, if the Siamese members of the
Commission did suppose othenvise, this could only have been be-
cause, though without recording them, the Mixed Commission had
in fact taken some decisions on which the map was based; and of
any such decisions the Siamese members of the Commission would
of course have been aware.
The Siamese members of the Commission must also have seen
the notice appearing in the top left-hand corner of the map sheet
to the effect that the work on the ground had been carried out by
Captains Kerler and Oum. They would have known, since they were
present at the meeting of the Commission held on 2 December 1906,
that Captain Oum had then been instructed to carry out the survey
of the eastern sector of the Dangrek range, covering Preah Vihear,
and that he was to leave the next day to take up this assignment.
They said nothing-either then or later-to suggest that the map
did not represent the outcome of the work of delimitation or that
it was in any way inaccurate.
That the Siamese authorities by their conduct acknowledged the
receipt, and recognized the character, of these maps, and what
they purported to represent, is shown by the action of the hlinister
of the Interior, Prince Damrong, in thanking the French Minister
in Bangkok for the maps, and in asking him for another fifteen
copies of each of them for transmission to the Siamese provincial
Governors.
Further evidence is afforded by the proceedings of the subsequent
Commission of Transcription which met in Bangkok in March of
the following year,1909, and for some months thereafter. This was
a mixed Franco-Siamese Commission set up by the Parties with
the object of getting an officia1Siamesegeographical service started,
through a consolidation of al1 the work of the two Mixed Com-
missions of 1904 and 1907. A prima~ aim was to convert the
existing maps into handy atlas form, and to give the French and
Siamese terms used in them their proper equivalents in the other
languages. No suggestion that the Annex 1 map or line was un-
acceptable was made in the course of the work of this Commission. TEMPLE DE PRÉAH VIHÉAR (FOND) (ARRÊT DU 15 VI 62) 24
résultat des travaux de délimitation. Ainsi qu'il a déjà été indiqué,
la carte a étécommuniquée - avec les autres - aux membres
siamois de la Commission mixte. Ceux-ci ont nécessairement dû
savoir (et par leur intermédiaire le Gouvernement siamois doit
avoir su) qu'elle ne pouvait rien représenter qui eût étéformelle-
ment adopté par la Commission mixte et, par conséquent, il est
impossible qu'ils aient été trompéspar son titre, à savoir ((Dangrek
- Commission de délimitation entre 1'Indo-Chine et le Siam )),et
amenésà supposer qu'elle prétendait êtrel'Œuvre dela Commission
mixte comme telle. Dans l'hypothèse inverse, si les membres siamois
de la Commission ont pensé autrement, c'est que la Commission
mixte, sans le constater dans les procès-verbaux, avait en fait pris
des décisionsayant servi de base à la carte; or, les membres siamois
de la Commission devaient évidemment avoir connaissance de
toutes décisionsde ce genre.
Les membres siamois de la Commission ont également dû voir la
mention qui figurait au coin supérieur gauche de la feuille de la
carte et d'après laquelle les travaux sur le terrain avaient été exécu-
téspar les capitaines Kerler et Oum. Ils devaient savoir, puisqu'ils
avaient pris part à la séancetenue par la Commission le 2 décembre
1906, que le capitaine Oum avait alors étéchargé de lever le secteur
oriental de la chaîne des Dangrek comprenant Préah Vihéar et
qu'il devait partir le lendemain mêmepour accomplir cette mis-
sion. Ils n'ont rien dit - ni à l'époque ni plus tard - pour in-
diquer que la carte ne représentait pas le résultat des travaux de
délimitation ou qu'elle était en quelque manière inexacte.
Que par leur conduite les autorités siamoises aient admis avoir
reçu les cartes, reconnaissant le caractère de ces cartes et ce que
celles-ci prétendaient représenter, cela ressort du fait que le prince
Damronp, ministre de l'Intérieur, a remerciéle ministre de France
à Bangkok pour les cartes et lui a demandé quinze autres exem-
plaires de chacune d'elles en vue de les transmettre aux gouver-
neurs de province siamois.
Une autre preuve peut êtretirée de la considération des travaux
de la Commission de transcription qui, par la suite, s'est réunie à
Bangkok pour quelques mois, à partir de mars de l'année suivante,
1909. Il s'agissait d'une commission mixte franco-siamoise créée
par les Parties pour jeter les bases d'un service géographique siamois
officiel, en réunissant tout le travail des deux Commissions mixtes
de 1904 et de 1907. L'un de ses premiers objectifs était de convertir
les cartes existantes en un atlas maniable et de donner aux termes
français et siamois utilisés dans ces cartes leurs équivalents corrects
dans l'autre langue. Il n'a jamais étésuggéréau cours des travaux
decette Commission que la cartede l'annexe 1ou lafrontière qu'elle
indique fussent inacceptables.25 TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (MERITS) (JuDGM. OF 15 VI 62)
It was claimed on behalf of Thailand that the maps received
from Paris were only seen by minor officials who had no expertise
in cartography, and would know nothing about the Temple of
Preah Vihear. Indeed it was suggested during the oral proceedings
that no one in Siam at that time knew anything about the Temple or
would be troubling about it.
The Court cannot accept these contentions either on the facts
or the law. If the Siamese authorities did show these maps only to
minor officials, they clearly acted at their own risk, and the claim
of Thailand could not, on the international plane, derive any
assistance from that fact. But the history of the matter, as set out
above, shows clearly that the maps were seen by such persons as
Prince Devawongse, the Foreign Minister, Prince Damrong, the
Minister of the Interior, the Siamese members of the First Mixed
Commission, the Siamese members of the Commission of Tran-
scription;and it must also be assumed that the Annex 1 map was
seen by the Governor of Khukhan province, the Siamese province
adjoining the Preah Vihear region on the northern side, who must
have been amongst those for whom extra copies were requested by
Prince Damrong. None of these perçons was a minor official. Al1
or most had local knowledge. Some must have had knowledge of
the Dangrek region. It is clear from the documentation in the case
that Prince Damrong took a keen persona1 interest in the work of
delimitation, and had a profound knowledge of archaeological
monuments. It is not conceivable that the Governor of Khukhan
province, of which Preah Vihear formed part up to the 1904 settle-
ment, was ignorant of its existence.
In any case this particular contentionof Thailand's is decisively
disproved by a document deposited by Thailand herself, according
to which the Temple was in 1899 "re-discovered" by the Siamese
Prince Sanphasit, accompanied by some fifteen to twenty officials
and local dignitaries, including, it seems, the then Governor and
Deputy-Governor of Khukhan. It thus appears that only nine
years previous to the receipt of the Annex 1 map by the Siamese
authorities, a considerable number of persons having high officia1
standing in Siam knew of Preah Vihear.
The Court moreover considers that there is no legal foundation
for the consequence it is attempted to deduce from the fact that
no one inThailand at that time may have known of the importance
of the Temple or have been troubling about it. Frontier rectifica-
tions cannot in law be claimed on the ground that a frontier area
has turned out to have an importance not known or suspected
when the frontier was established. TEMPLE DE PRÉAH VIHÉAR (FOND) (ARRÊT DU I5 VI 62)
25
On a soutenu au nom de la Thaïlande que les cartes reçues de
Paris n'ont étévues que par des fonctionnaires subalternes sans
expérience en matière de cartographie et ignorant tout du temple
de Préah Vihéar. On a mêmeprétendu au cours de la procédure
orale que, dans le Siam de l'époque, personne ne savait rien du
temvle ni ne s'en souciait.
N; en fait ni en droit, la Cour ne peut accepter cette défense.
Si les autorités siamoises n'ont montré les cartes qu'à des fonction-
naires subalternes, elles ont nettement agi à leurs propres risques
et cela ne saurait appuyer les prétentions de la Thaïlande sur le
plan international. Au surplus l'historique de la question, qui a été
retracé plus haut, montre clairement que les cartes ont été vues par
des personnalités telles que le prince Devawongse, ministre des
Affaires étrangères, le prince Damrong, ministre de l'Intérieur, les
membres siamois de la première Commission mixte et les membres
siamois de la Commission de transcription; et l'on doit également
supposer que la carte de l'annexe 1 a étévue par le gouverneur de
la province de Khukhan, province siamoise avoisinant au nord la
région de Préah Vihéar, lequel doit êtrel'une des personnes pour
qui le prince Damrong a réclamé desexemplaires supplémentaires.
Aucun de ces personnages n'était un fonctionnaire subalterne. Tous,
ou la plupart d'entre eux, connaissaient les provinces. Certains
devaient connaître la région des Dangrek. Il ressort clairement de
la documentation produite en l'espèce que le prince Damrong a
pris personnellement un vif intérêtaux travaux de délimitation
et qu'il avait une connaissance approfondie des monuments archéo-
logiques. Il est inconcevable que le ,gouverneur de la province de
Khukhan,dont PréahVihéara fait partie jusqu'au règlement de 1904,
ait ignoréson existence.
E; tout cas, l'argumentation de la Thaïlande sur ce point est
réfutéede manière décisive par un document qu'elle a elle-même
produit et d'après lequel le temple a été(redécouvert »en 1899 par
le prince siamois Sanphasit, accompagné de quelque quinze ou
vingt fonctionnaires et dignitaires locaux, parmi lesquels, semble-
t-il, ceux qui exerçaient à l'époqueles fonctions de gouverneur et
de gouverneur adjoint de Khukhan. Il apparaît ainsi, neuf années
seulement avant la réception de la carte de l'annexe 1 par les
autorités siamoises, qu'un nombre considérable de personnalités
officielles siamoises de haut rang connaissaient Préah Vihéar.
Au surplus la Cour considère comme juridiquement mal fondéela
conséquence que l'on voudrait tirer du fait que personne en Thaï-
lande à l'époquen'aurait connu l'importance du temple ni ne s'en
serait soucié. On ne saurait en droit réclamer des rectifications
de frontière pour le motif qu'une région frontière se révélerait
présenter une importance inconnue ou insoupçonnée au moment
de l'établissement de la frontière. It followsfrom the preceding findings that the Siamese authorities
in due course received the Annes 1 rnap and that they accepted it.
Now, however, it is contended on behalf of Thailand, so far as the
disputed area of Preah Vihear is concerned, that an error was
committed, an error of which the Siamese authorities were unaware
at the time when they accepted the map.
It is an established rule of law that the plea of error cannot be
allowed as an element vitiating consent if the party advancing it
contributed by its own conduct to the error, or could have avoided
it, or if the circumstances weresuch as to put that party on notice
of a possible error. The Court considers that the character and
qualifications of the persons who saw the Annex 1 rnap on the
Siamese side would alone make it difficult for Thailand to plead
error in law. These persons included the members of the very
Commission of Delimitation within whose competence this sector
of the frontier hadlain. But even apart from this, the Court thinks
that there were other circumstances relating to the Annex 1 rnap
which make the plea of error difficult to receive.
An inspection indicates that the rnap itself drew such pointed
attention to the Preah Vihear region that no interested person,
nor anyone charged with the duty of scrutinizing it, could have
failed to see what the rnap was purporting to do in respect of that
region. If, as Thailand has argued, the geographical configuration
of the place is such as to make it obvious to anyone who has been
there that the watershed must lie along the line of the escarpment
(a fact which, if true, must have been no less evident in 1go8),
then the rnap made it quite plain that the Annex 1 line did not
follow the escarpment in this region since it was plainly drawn
appreciably to the north of the whole Preah Vihear promontory.
Nobody looking at the map could be under any misapprehension
about that.
Xext, the rnap marked Preah Vihear itself quite clearly as lying
on the Cambodian side of the line, using for the Temple a symbol
which seems to indicate a rough plan of the building and its stair-
wavs.
ft would thus seem that, to anyone who considered that the line
of the watershed at Preah Vihear ought to follow the line of the
escarpment, or whose duty it was to scrutinize the map, there was
everything in the Annex 1 rnap to put him upon enquiry. Further-
more, as has already been pointed out, the Siamese Government
knew or must be presumed to have known, through the Siamese
members of the llixed Commission, that the Annex 1 rnap had
never been formally adopted by the Commission. The Siamese
authorities knew it was the work of French topographical officers
to whom they had themselves entrusted the work of producing the Il résulte des constatations qui précèdent que les autorités
siamoises ont recu en son temps la carte de l'annexe 1 et qu'elles
l'ont acceptée. Mais aujourd'hui il est alléguéau nom de la Thaï-
lande, pour ce qui concerne la zone dePréahVihéaractuellement en
litige, qu'une erreur a étécommise, erreur que les autorités siamoises
ne connaissaient pas lorsqu'elles ont accepté la carte.
C'est une règlede droit établie qu'une partie ne saurait invoquer
une erreur comme vice du consentement si elle a contribué à cette
erreur par sa propre conduite, si elle était en mesure de l'éviter ou
si les circonstances étaient telles qu'elle avait étéavertie de la
possibilité d'une erreur. La Cour considère que les qualités et les
compétences des personnes qui ont vu la carte de l'annexe 1 du côté
siamois rendent à eux seuls difficile que la Thaïlande puisse juri-
diquement invoquer l'erreur. Parmi ces personnes figuraient les
membres de la Commission de délimitation à la compétence de
laquelle avait précisément appartenu ce secteur de la frontière.
Mais, même endehors de cela, la Cour estime que d'autres circons-
tances relatives à la carte de l'annexe 1 rendent difficilement rece-
vable la défensetirée de l'erreur.
En regardant la carte, on voit qu'elle attirait si nettement l'atten-
tion sur la région de Préah Vihéar qu'aucune personne intéressée
ou chargée d'examiner cette carte n'aurait pu manquer de remar-
quer ce qu'elle indiquait pour cette région.Si, comme la Thaïlande
l'a soutenu, la configuration géographique du terrain est telle qu'il
est évident,pour quiconqueest allésur place, que la ligne departage
des eaux suit celle de l'escarpement (fait qui, s'il est exact, devait
être tout aussi évident en 1go8), il ressortait nettement de la carte
que la frontière de l'annexe1ne suivait pas l'escarpement danscette
région, puisqu'elle passait manifestement bien au nord de tout
l'éperonde Préah Vihéar. Il était impossible en regardant la carte
de se méprendre à cet égard.
En outre, la carte situait tout à fait clairement Préah Vihéar
du côtécambodgien de la ligne et marquait le temple par un signe
semblant reproduire le plan général desbâtiments et des escaliers.
Il semble donc que la carte de l'annexe 1 avait tout pour inspirer
des doutes à quiconque estimait qu'à Préah Vihéar la ligne de
partage des eaux devait suivre la ligne d'escarpement, ou à qui-
conque était chargé d'examiner cette carte. ,4u surplus, ainsi qu'il
a déjà été indiqué,le Gouvernement siamois savait, ou on doit
présumer qu'il savait, par les membres siamois de la Commission
mixte, que la carte de l'annexe 1 n'avait jamais étéformellement
adoptée par la Con~mission. Les autorités siamoises savaient qu'elle
était l'Œuvre d'officiers topographes français à qui elles avaient
elles-mêmes confiéce travail cartographique. Elles l'ont acceptée
24maps. They accepted it without any independent investigation, and
cannot therefore now plead any error vitiating the reality of their
consent. The Court concludes therefore that the plea of error has
not been made out.
The Court will now consider the events subsequent to the period
1904-1909.
The Siamese authorities did not raise any queryabout the Annex 1
map as between themselves and France or Cambodia, or expressly
repudiate it as such, until the 1958 negotiations in Bangkok, when,
inter alia, the question of Preah Vihear came under discussion
between Thailand and Cambodia. Nor was any question raised
even after 1934-1935, when Thailand carried out a survey of her
own in this region, and this survey had, in Thailand's .iew, es-
tablished a divergence between the map line and the true line of
the watershed-a divergence having the effect of placing the Temple
in Cambodia. Although, after this date, Thailand eventually pro-
duced some maps of her otvn showing Preah Vihear as being in
Thailand, she continued, even for public and officia1purposes, to
use the Annex 1 map, or other maps showing Preah Vihear as lying
in Cambodia, without raising any query about the matter (her
explanations as to this will be considered presently). Moreover, the
Court finds it difficult to overlooksuch a fact as, for instance, that
in 1937, even after Thailand's own survey in 1934-1935, and in
the same year as the conclusion of a treaty with France in which,
as will be seen, the established common frontiers were reaffirmed,
the Siamese Royal Survey Department produced a map showing
Preah Vihear as lying in Cambodia.
Thailand had several opportunities of raising with the French
authorities the question of the Annex 1 map. There were first of
al1the negotiations for the 1925 and 1937 Treaties of Friendship,
Commerce and Navigation between France, on behalf of Indo-China,
and Siam. These Treaties, although they provided for a general
process of revision or replacement of previous Agreements, excluded
from this process the existing frontiers as they had been established
under the Boundary Settlements of 1893, 1904 and 1907. Thereby,
and in certain more positive provisions, the Parties confirmed the
existing frontiers, whatever they were. These were occasions (par-
ticularly in regard to the negotiations for the 1937 Treaty, which
occurred only two years after Thailand's own survey of the frontier
regions had disclosed, in her belief, a serious divergence betw-een
the map line and the watershed line at Preah Vihear) on which it
would have been natural for Thailand to raise the matter, if she
considered the map indicating the frontier at Preah Vihear to be TEMPLE DE PRÉAH VIHÉAR (FOND)(ARRÊT DU 15 VI 62) 27
sans faire faire de recherches pour leur proprecompte et ne sauraient
donc maintenant invoquer une erreur viciant leur consentement. En
conséquence, la Cour conclut que l'erreur invoquée n'a pas été
établie.
La Cour examinera maintenant les événementsqui ont suivi la
période de 1904 à 1909.
Les autorités siamoises n'ont soulevé aucune question quant à
la carte de l'annexe 1 au cours de leurs ra~~orts avec la France
ou le Cambodze et elles n'ont expressément ;éiudiéla carte comme
telle qu'aux négociations de Bangkok de 1958, lors desquelles la
question de Préah Vihéar est venue, parmi d'autres, en discussion
entre la Thaïlande et le Cambodge. Aucune question n'a même
étésoulevée après 1934-1935, quand la Thaïlande eut fait faire
pour son propre compte un levéde la régionet que, selon la Thaï-
lande, ce levéeut fait apparaître entre lafrontière de la carte et la
véritable ligne de partage des eaux une divergence qui avait pour
effet de placer le temple en territoire cambodgien. Si, à partir de
cette date, laThaïlande a elle-mêmepublié à l'orcasion des cartes
situant Préah Vihéar enterritoire thaïlandais, elle n'en a pas moins
continué à employer, même à des fins publiques et officielles, la
carte de l'annexe 1 ou d'autres cartes indiquant Préah VihSar en
territoire cambodgien sans soulever aucune question à ce sujet (les
explications de la Thaïlande sur ce point seront examinées plus
loin). D'ailleurs, la Cour ne peut guère négligerle fait, par exemple,
qu'en 1937, après le levéeffectuépar la Thaïlande en 1934-1935 et
l'année mêmede la conclusion avec la France d'un traité où les
frontières communes établies étaient, on le verra, réaffirmées, le
Service géographique royal siamois a publié une carte indiquant
Préah Vihéar en territoire cambodgien.
La Thaïlande a plusieurs fois étéen mesure de soulever auprès des
autorités françaises la question de lacarte de l'annexe. Il y a eu en
premier lieu les négociations relatives aux traités d'amitié, de com-
merce et de navigation conclus en 1925 et en 1937 entre la France,
agissant au nom de l'Indochine, et le Siam. Ces traités, qui établis-
saient une procédure généralede revision ou de remplacement des
accords antérieurs, en excluaient les frontières existantes telles
qu'elles avaient étéétabliespar lesrèglements de frontières de1893,
1904 et 1907. Par là mêmeetpar certaines dispositions plus directes,
les Parties confirmaient les frontières existantes quelles qu'elles
fussent. En pareilles circonstances (notamment au cours des négo-
ciations en vue du traité de 1937, qui n'ont eu lieu que deux ans
après que le levédes régions frontières effectué par la Thaïlande
eut révélé,à son avis, une grave divergence entre la frontière
tracée sur la carte et la ligne de partage des eaux Préah Vihéar),
il aurait été naturel que la Thaïlande soulevât la question si elleincorrect-occasions on which she could and should have done so
if that was her belief. She did not do so and she even, as has been
seen, produced a map of her ou7n in 1937 showing Preah Vihear
as being in Cambodia. That this map may have been intended
for interna1 military use does not seem to the Court to make it
any less evidence of Thailand's state of mind. The inference must
be-particularly in regard to the 1937 occasion-that she accepted
or still accepted the Annex 1 map, and the line it indicated, even
if she believed it incorrect, even if, after her own survey of 1934-
1935, she thought she knew it \vas incorrect.
Thailand having temporarily corne into possession of certain
parts of Cambodia, including Preah Vihear, in 1941, the Ministry
of Information of Thailand published a work entitled "Thailand
during national reconstruction" in which it \vas stated in relation
to Preah Vihear that it had now been "retaken" for Thailand.
This has been represented by Thailand as being an error on the
part of a minor official. Severtheless, similar language, sug-
gesting that Thailand had been in possession of Preah Vihear only
since about 1940, \vas used by representatives of Thailand in the
territorial negotiations that took place between Thailand and Cam-
bodia at Bangkok in 1958.
Xfter the war, by a Settlement ,4greement of Kovember 1946
with France, Thailand accepted a reversion to the stntzis qz~o ante
1941. It is Tl-iailand's contention that this reversion to the sfatus
pzrodid not affect Preah Vihear because Thailand already Lad
sovereignty over it before the war. The Court need not discuss this
contention, for whether Thailand did have such sovereignty is
precisely what is in issue in these proceedings. The important point
is that, in consequence of the war events, France agreed to set
up a Franco-Sian-iese Conciliation Commission consisting of the tnro
representatives of the Parties and three neutral Commissioners,
whose terms of reference were specifically to go into, and make
recommendations on an equitable basis in regard to, any complaints
or proposals for rexrision\vhich Thailand might wish to make as to,
inter nlin, the frontier settlements of 190.4and 1907. The Commission
met in 1947in IVashington, and here therefore \vas an outstanding
opportunity for Thailand to claim a rectification of the frontier at
Preah Vihear on the ground that the delimitation embodied a
serious error which would have caused Thailand to reject it had
she known of the error in 1908-1909. In fact, although Thailand
made complaints about the frontier line in a considerable number
of regions, she macle none about Preah Vihear. She even (12 1Iay
1947) filed n-ith the Commission a map sliowing Preah Vihear as
lying in Cambodia. Thailand contends that this involved no
adverse implications as regards her clüim to the Temple, because
26considérait que le tracé de la frontière de Préah Vihéar porté sur
la carte était inexact; elle pouvait et aurait dû le faire si telle
avait été sa conviction. Elle n'en a rien fait et même,on l'a vu,
elle a elle-mêmepublié en 1937 une carte situant Préah Vihéar
en territoire cambodgien. Que cette carte ait été destinée à des
fins internes d'ordre militaire ne paraît pas à la Cour de nature
à en affaiblir la valeur comme preuve de l'état d'esprit de la Thaï-
lande. Il faut donc en déduire - notamment en ce qui concerne
les circonstances de 1937 - qu'elle acceptait ou qu'elle acceptait
encore lacarte de l'annexe 1 et la frontière quy est indiquke. même
si elle l'estimait inexacte et mêmesi, d'après son propre levé de
1934-1935, elle pensait êtrecertaine de son inexactitude.
La Thaïlande étant entrée temporairement en possession de cer-
tainesparties du Cambodge dont PréahVihéaren 1941, le ministère
de l'Information thaïlandais a publié un ouvrage intitulé nLa
Thaïlande à l'époque de la reconstruction nationale »,où il était
dit que Préah Vihéar venait d'être ((repris))pour la Thaïlande. Le
fait a étéprésentépar celle-ci comme une erreur commise par un
fonctionnaire subalterne. Cependant des termes semblables, lais-
sant entendre que la Thaïlande n'avait été enpossession de Préah
Vihéar que depuis 1940 environ, ont étéemployéspar les représen-
tants de la Thaïlande dans les négociations sur les questions terri-
toriales qui ont eu lieu à Bangkok en 1958 entre la Thaïlande et le
Cambodge.
Aprèsla guerre, aux termes d'un accord de règlement conclu avec la
1946, la Thaïlande a accepté d'en revenir au
France en novembre
statuquo antérieurà 1941.LaThaïlandeprétend que ce retour au statu
quo n'affectait pas PréahVihéardu fait que la Thaïlandeen possédait
déjà la souveraineté avant la guerre. La Cour n'a pas à examiner
cet argument, puisque la question à trancher en la présente affaire
est précisément de savoir si la Thaïlande possédait bien cette
souveraineté. Le point important est qu'à la suite des événements
de guerre la France a accepté la création d'une Commission de
conciliation franco-siamoise composée des deus représentants des
Parties et de trois neutres, dont le mandat était précisément
d'étudier toute plainte ou proposition de revision que la Thaïlande
pourrait souhaiter présenter au sujet des règlements de frontières,
notamment ceux de 1904 et1907, et d'établir surunebase équitable
des recommandations à cet égard. Cette Commission s'est réunie
en 1947 à Washington; c'était là une excellente ~ccasion pour
la Thaïlande de réclamer une rectification de frontière à Préah
Vihéar pour le motif que la délimitation contenait une erreur
grave qui aurait amenéla Thaïlande àla rejeter si elle avait connu
cette erreur en1908-1909. En fait, si la Thaïlande a élevé desreven-
dications au sujet de la frontière dans de nombreux secteurs, elle
n'en a présenté aucune touchant Préah Vihéar. Elle a même
déposé le 12 mai 1947 auprès de la Commission une carte indiquant
Préah Vihéar en territoire cambodgien. La Thaïlande prétend que
26the Temple area was not in issue before the Commission, that it was
other regions that were under discussion, and thatit was in relation
to these that the map was used. But it is precisely the fact that
Thailand had raised these other questions, but not that of Preah
Vihear, which requires explanation; for, everything else apart,
Thailand was by thistime well aware, from certain local happenings
in relation to the Temple, to be mentioned presently, that France
regarded Preah Vihear as being in Cambodian territory-even if
this had not already and long since been obvious from the frontier
line itself, as mapped bythe French authorities and communicated
to the Siamese Government in 1908. The natural inference from
Thailand's failure to mention Preah Vihear on this occasion is,
again, that she did not do so because she accepted the frontier at
this point as it was drawn on the map, irrespective of its corre-
spondence with the watershed line.
As regards the use of a map showing Preah Vihear as lying in
Cambodia, Thailand maintains that this was for purely carto-
graphical reasons, that there were no other maps, or none that were
so convenient, or none of the right scale for the occasion. The Court
does not find this explanation convincing. Thailand could have
used the map but could also have entered some kind of reservation
with France as to its correctness. This she did not do.
As regards her failure even to raise the question of the map as
such until 1gj8, Thailand states that this was because she was, at
al1 material times, in possession of Preah Vihear; therefore she
had no need to raise the matter. She indeed instances her acts on
the ground as evidence that she never accepted the Annex 1 line
at Preah Vihear at all, and contends that if she never accepted it
she clearly had no need to repudiate it, and that no adverse conclu-
sions can be drawn from her failure to do so. The acceptability of
this explanation must obviously depend on whether in fact it is the
case that Thailand's conduct on the ground affords ex Post facto
evidence sufficient to show that she never accepted the Annex 1
line in 1908 in respect of Preah Vihear, and considered herself at
al1material times to have the sovereignty over the Temple area.
The Court has considered the evidence furnished by Thailand of
acts of an administrative character performed by her officials
at or relative to Preah Vihear. France, and subsequently Cambodia,
27 TEMPLE DE PRÉAH VIHÉAR (FOND) (ARRÊT DU 15 VI 62) 29'
ce fait ne saurait entraîner de conséquences défavorables quant à
ses prétentions sur le temple, car la zone du temple n'était pas
en cause devant la Commission; la discussion portait sur d'autres
régionset c'est au sujet de ces régionsque ladite carte a étéutilisée.
Mais ce qui exige d'êtreexpliqué c'est précisémentle fait que la
Thaïlande a soulevé ces autres questions et n'a pas soulevé celle
de Préah Vihéar; en effet, en dehors de toute autre considération,
la Thaïlande savait parfaitement à cette époque, d'après certains
événements locaux concernant le temple dont il sera question plus
loin, que la France considérait Préah Vihéarcomme situé en terri-
toire cambodgien - s'il se pouvait que la chose ne fût pas déjà
apparue depuis longtemps comme évidente d'après le tracé même
de la frontière porté par les autorités françaises sur la carte et
communiqué au Gouvernement sian~ois en 1908. Ce qui se déduit
naturellement du fait que la Thaïlande n'a pas mentionné Préah
Vihéar en l'occurrence c'est, encore une fois, qu'elle a agi ainsi
parce qu'elle acceptait le tracé de la frontière tel qu'il était marqué
à cet endroit sur la carte, qu'il correspondît ou non à la ligne de
partage des eaux.
En ce qui concerne l'emploi d'une carte indiquant Préah Vihéar
en territoire cambodgien, la Thaïlande soutient qu'elle ne s'en est
servi que pour des raisons d'ordre purement cartographique, qu'il
n'existait pas d'autres cartes, qu'il n'en existait pas d'aussi com-
modes ou qu'il n'en existait pas en l'occurrence qui fussent à
l'échelleconvenable. La Cour ne juge pas cette explication convain-
cante. Tout en employant la carte,la Thaïlande aurait pu exprimer
quelque réserve auprès de la France quant à son exactitude. Elle
n'en a rien fait.
La Thaïlande déclareque,si elle n'a pas même soulevé la question
de la carte en soi avant 1958, c'est qu'elle a étéà toutes les époques
critiques en possession de Préah Vihéar; elle n'avait donc aucun
besoin de soulever cette question. Elle représente mêmeses actes
sur les lieux comme la preuve qu'elle n'a jamais accepté la frontière
de l'annexe 1 pour Préah Vihéaret elle prétend que, si elle ne l'a ja-
mais acceptée, elle n'avait évidemment aucun besoin de la répudier
et qu'on ne saurait tirer de son abstention en l'espèceaucune coiiclu-
sion défavarable à sa cause. La valeur de cette explication dépend
évidemment du point de savoir s'il est vrai que la conduite de la
Thaïlande sur les lieux constitue un témoignage ex fast factosuffisant
pour prouver qu'elle n'a jamais accepté la frontière dc l'annexe 1 en
190s pour Préah Vihéar et qu'elle s'est considérée à toutes les
époquescritiques comme souveraine dans la zone du temple.
La Cour a considéréles preuves invoquttes par la Thaïlande quant
aux actes de caractère administratif accomplis par ses fonction-
naires à Préah Vihéar ou au sujet de ces lieux. La France et parin view of her title founded on the Treaty of 1904, performed only a
very few routine acts of administration in this small, deserted area.
It was specifically admitted by Thailand in the course of the oral
hearing that if Cambodia acquired sovereignty over the Temple
area by virtue of the frontier settlement of 1904, she did not sub-
sequently abandon it, nor did Thailand subsequently obtain it by
any process of acquisitive prescription. Thailand's acts on the
ground were therefore put forward as evidence of conduct as
sovereign, sufficient to negative any suggestion that, under the
1904 Treaty settlement, Thailand accepted a delimitation having
the effect of attributing the sovereignty over Preah Vihear to
Cambodia. It is therefore from this standpoint that the Court must
consider and evaluate these acts. The real question is whether they
sufficed to efface or cancel out the clear impression of acceptance
of the fqontier line at Preah Vihear to be derived from the various
considerations already discussed.
With one or two important exceptions to be mentioned presently,
the acts concerned were exclusively the acts of local, provincial,
authorities. To the extent that these activities took place, it is
not clear that they had reference to the summit of Mount Preah
Vihear and the Temple area itself, rather than to places somewhere
inthe viciIsity. But however that may be, the Court finds it difficult
to regard such local acts as overriding and negativing the consistent
and undeviating attitude of the central Siamese authorities to the
frontier line as mapped.
In this connection, much the most significant episode consisted
of the visit paid to the Temple in930 by Prince Damrong, formerly
Minister of the Interior, and at this time President of the Royal
Institute of Siam, charged with duties in connection with the
National Library and with archaeological monuments. The visit
was part of an archaeological tour made by the Prince with the
permission of the King of Siam, and it clearly had a quasi-officia1
character. When the Prince arrived at Preah Vihear, he was
officially received there by the French Resident for the adjoining
Cambodian province, on behalf of the Resident Superior, with the
French flag flying. The Prince could not possibly have failed to
see the implications of a reception of this character. A clearer
affirmation of title on the French Indo-Chinese side can scarcely
be imagined. It demanded a reaction. Thailand did nothing.
Furthermore, when Prince Damrong on his return to Bangkok
sent the French Resident some photographs of the occasion, he
used language which seems to admit that France, through her
Resident, had acted as the host country.
The explanations regarding Prince Damrong's visit given on
behalf of Thailand have not been found convincing by the Court.
Looking at the incident as a whole, it appears to have amounted
28la suite le Cambodge, vu le titre fondé sur la convention de 1904,
n'effectuaient dans cette petite zone déserte que des actes peu
nombreux d'administration usuelle. Il a étéexpressément admis
par la Thaïlande au cours de la procédure orale que, si le Cam-
bodge a acquis la souveraineté sur la zone du temple en vertu
du règlement de frontières de 1904, il ne l'a pas abandonnée par
la suite et la Thaïlande ne l'a pas ultérieurement obtenue par
voie de prescription acquisitive. Les actes accomplis par la Thaï-
lande sur les lieux ont donc étéinvoqués comme preuves de sa
conduite d'Etat souverain suffisantes pour faire échecà tout ce qui
pourrait suggérer quela Thaïlande ait acceptéen vertu de la conven-
tion de 1904 une délimitation ayant pour effet d'attribuer au
Cambodge la souveraineté sur Préah Vihéar. C'estpar conséquent
sous cet angle que la Cour doit examiner et apprécier ces actes. Le
vrai problème est de savoir s'ils suffisent à effacer ou à annuler
l'impression nette d'acceptation de la frontière dePréah Vihéarqui
se dégagedes diverses considérations examinées plus haut.
A une ou deux importantes exceptions près, qui seront mention-
nées plusloin, les actesen cause ont étéexclusivement le fait d'auto-
rités locales provinciales. Pour autant que de telles activités ont
.té exercées. on ne voit Das clairement si elles concernaient le
sommet de la montagne de PréahVihéaretla zone mêmedu temple,
plutôt que d'autres lieux situés à proximité. Quoi qu'il en soit, la
Cour juge difficile d'admettre que ces actes émanant d'autorités
locales aient annulé et neutralisé l'attitude uniforme et constante
des autorités centrales siamoises à l'égarddu tracé de la frontière
indiqué sur la carte.
A cet égard, l'incident de loin le plus important est la visite du
temple faite en 1930 par le prince Damrong, ancien ministre de
l'Intérieur,àl'époque présidentde l'Institut royal du Siam et chargé
de fonctions se rapportant à la bibliothèque nationale et aux mo-
numents archéologiques. Cette visite, qui s'inscrivaitdans le
cadre d'une tournée archéologique accomplie par le prince avec
l'autorisation du roi de Siam, a manifestement revêtuun caractère
quasi officiel. son arrivéeà Préah Vihéar,le prince a étéofficielle-
ment reçu, au nom du résident supérieur, par le résident français
de la province adjacente du Cambodge, qui avait fait hisser les
couleurs françaises. Le prince ne peut avoir manqué de saisir les
implications d'un tel accueil. On pourrait difficilement imaginer
une affirmation plus nette de titre de souveraineté du côté franco-
indochinois. Cela appelait une réaction, que la Thaïlanden'a pas eue.
Au surplus, lorsqu'à son retour à Bangkok le prince Damrong a en-
voyéau résident français des photographies commémorant l'événe-
ment, il l'a fait en des termes semblant admettre que la France,
par l'intermédiairede son résident, avait agi en qualité depays hôte.
La Cour ne peut accepter les explications de la visite du prince
Darnrong données au nom de la Thaïlande. Si l'on considère l'in-
cident dans son ensemble, il apparaît qu'il a équivalu à une re- to a tacit recognition by Siam of the sovereignty of Cambodia
(under French Protectorate) over Preah Vihear, through a failure
to react in any way, on an occasion that called for a reaction in
order to affirmor preserve title in the face of an obvious rival claim.
What seems clear is that either Siam did not in fact believe she
had any title-and this would be wholly consistent with her attitude
al1along, and thereafter, to the Annex 1 map and line-or else she
decided not to assert it, which again means that she accepted the
French claim, or accepted the frontier at Preah Vihear as it was
drawn on the map.
The remaining relevant facts vmust now be stated. In February
1949,not long afterthe conclusion of the proceedings of the Franco-
Siamese Conciliation Commission, in the course of which, as has
been seen, Thailand did not raise the question of Preah Vihear,
France addressed a Note to the Government of Thailand statinz
that a report had been received of the stationing of four ~iame;
keepers at the Temple, and asking for information. There was no
reply to this Note, nor to a follow-up Note of filarch 1949. In May
1949, France sent a further Note, setting out briefly, but quite
explicitly, the grounds on which she considered Preah Vihear to
be in Cambodia, and pointing out that a map produced by Thailand
herself had reco~nized this fact. The withdrawal of the kee~ers
was requested. ~ïthou~h there was an error in this Note, the siinifi-
cance of the latter was that it contained an unequivocal assertion
of sovereignty. This French Note also received no reply. In July
1950, a further Note was sent. This too remained unanswered.
Inthese circumstances Cambodia, on attaining her independence
in 1953, proposed, for her part, to send keepers or guards to the
Temple, in the assertion or maintenance of her position. However,
finding that Thai keepers were already there, the Cambodian
1954
keepers withdrew, and Cambodia sent a Note dated January
to the Government oI Thailand asking for information. This received
a mere acknowledgment, but no explanation. Kor u7asthere, even
then, any forma1 affirmation of Thailand's claim. At the end of
March 1954, the Government of Cambodia, drawing attention
to the fact that no substantive reply to its previous Note had been
received, notified the Government of Thailand that it now proposed
to replace the previously withdrawn Cambodian keepers or guards
by some Cambodian troops. In this Kote Cambodia specifically
referred to the justification of the Cambodian claim contained in
the French Note of May 1949. This Cambodian Xote also was not
29connaissance tacite par le Siam de la souveraineté du Cambodge
(sous protectorat français)à Préah Vihéar,du fait que le Siam n'a
pas réagi enune circonstance qui appelait une réaction tendant à
affirmer ou à conserver un titre de souveraineté en face d'une pré-
tention contraire évidente. Ce qui semble clair c'est ou bien que le
Siam ne pensait pas en réalitéposséderde titre de souveraineté -
ce qui correspondrait parfaitement à l'attitude qu'il avait toujours
observée et qu'il a maintenue à l'égard de la carte de l'annexe
1 et de la frontière qu'elle indiqu- ou bien qu'il avait décidéde
ne pas faire valoir son titre, ce qui signifierait encore une fois qu'il
admettait les prétentions françaises ou acceptait la frontière à
Préah Vihéar telle qu'elle était tracée sur la carte.
Il convient maintenant de mentionner les autres faits pertinents.
En février 1949, peu après la clôture des travaux de la Commission
franco-siamoise de conciliation, au cours desquels, on l'a vu, la
Thaïlande n'avait pas soulevé la question de Préah TTihéar,la
France a adressé au Gouvernement thaïlandais une note par la-
quelle elle l'avisait que, d'après les renseignements reçus, quatre
Siamois avaient étéaffectés à la garde du temple et lui demandait
de vouloir bien lui fournir des informations à ce sujet. Cette note,
ainsi qu'une note de rappel du mois de mars 1949, sont restées
sans réponse. En mai 1949, la France a envoyéune nouvelle note
dans laquelle elle exposait succinctement, mais très explicitement,
les motifs pour lesquels elle considérait queéahVihéarse trouvait
en territoire cambodgien et soulignait qu'une carte établie par
la Thaïlande elle-mêmeavait reconnu ce fait. Elle demandait le
retrait des gardiens. Bien que cette note contint une erreuril reste
qu'elle constituait une affirmation de souveraineté sans équivoque.
Cette note française est également demeuréesans réponse.En juillet
1950, une nouvelle note a étéenvoyée, toujours sans réponse.
Dans ces conditions, le Cambodge, ayant accédé à l'indépendance
en 1953, s'est proposé d'affecter des gardiens ou des gardes au
temple, affirmant ou maintenant ainsi sa position. Toutefois,consta-
tant que des gardiens thaïlandais se trouvaient déjà sur place, les
gardiens cambodgiens se sont retirés et le Cambodge a adresséen
janvier 1954 une note au Gouvernement thaïlandais pour lui de-
mander des informations. Il y a étérépondu par un simple accusé
de réception sans explications. Mêmealors, la Thaïlande n'a pré-
senté formellement-aucune réclamation. A la fin de mars 1954, le
Gouvernement cambodgien, attirant l'attention sur le fait qu'il
n'avait pas reçu de réponse quant au fond à sa note précédente,
a informé le Gouvernement thaïlandais qu'il se proposait dès lors
de remplacer par des éléments detroupes cambodgiennes les gar-
diens ou gardes cambodgiens retirés antérieurement. Dans cette
note, le Cambodge se référait expressémentaux justifications déjàanswered. However, the Cambodian troops were not in fact sent;
andin June 1954, Cambodia addressed to Thailand a further Note
stating that, as information had been received to the effect that
Thai troops were already in occupation, the despatch of the Cam-
bodian troops had been suspended in order not to aggravate the
situation. The Note went on to ask that Thailand should either
withdraw her troops or furnish Cambodia with her views on the
matter. This Note equally received no reply. But the Thai "troops"
(the Court understands that they are in fact a police force) re-
mained. Again, therefore, it would seem that Thailand, while taking
certain local action, was not prepared to deny the French and
Cambodian claim at the diplomatic level.
h:o further diplomatic correspondence was produced to the Court ;
but eventually, in 1958, a conference was held at Bangkok between
Thailand and Cambodia, to discuss various territorial matters in
dispute between the Parties, including that of Preah Vihear. The
representative of Thailand having declined to discuss the legal
aspects of the matter, the negotiations broke down and Cambodia
jnstituted the present proceedings.
The Court will now state the conclusions it draws from the facts
as above set out.
Even if there were any doubt as to Siam's acceptance of the map
in 1908, and hence of the frontier indicated thereon, the Court
would consider, in the light of the subsequent course of events, that
Thailand is now precludeti by her conduct from asserting that she
did not accept it. She has, for fifty years, enjoyed such benefits as
the Treaty of 1904 conferred on her, if only the benefit of a stable
frontier. France, and through her Cambodia, relied on Thailand's
acceptance of the map. Since neither side can plead error, it is
immatenal whether or not this reliance was based on a belief that
the map was correct. It is not now open to Thailand, while con-
tinuing to claim and enjoy the benefits of the settlement, to deny
that she was ever a consenting party to it.
The Court however considers that Thailand in 1908-1909 did
accept the Annex 1 map as representing the outcome of the work
of delimitation, and hence recognized the line on that mapas being
the frontier line, the effect of which is tosituate Preah Vihear in
Cambodian territory. The Court considers further that, looked at
30 TEMPLE DE PRÉAH VIHÉAR (FOND) (ARRÊT DU I5 VI 62)
32
fournies dans la note française de mai 1949 à l'appui de la revendi-
cation cambodgienne. La note du Cambodge est, elle aussi, restée
sans réponse. Cependant les troupes cambodgiennes n'ont pas en
fait étéenvoyées sur les lieux et, en juin 1954, le Cambodge a
adressé à la Thaïlande une nouvelle note dans laquelle il indiquait
qu'il avait étéinformé que les ruines étaient déjàoccupéespar des
militaires thaïlandais et que l'envoi de militaires cambodgiens avait
donc étésuspendu, dans le souci d'éviter d'aggraver la situation.
Le Cambodge demandait ensuite que la Thaïlande voulût bien faire
retirer ses militaires ou l'informer de ses sentiments à ce sujet.
Cette note est également restée sans réponse. hiais les (militaires ))
thaïlandais (la Cour croit comprendre qu'il s'agissait, en fait, d'une
force de police) sont demeurés sur place. Il semblerait donc là
encore que la Thaïlande, tout en accomplissant certains actes sur
le plan local, n'envisageait pas de rejeter la revendication française
et cambodgienne sur le plan diplomatique.
Aucune autre correspondance diplomatique n'a été produite
devant la Cour; mais finalement, en 1958, une conférences'est tenue
à Bangkok entre la Thaïlande et le Cambodge pour examiner
diverses questions territoriales en litige entre les Parties,notamment
celle de Préah Vihéar. Le représentant de la Thaïlande s'étant
refilséà discuter les aspects juridiques de cette dernière question,
les négociations ont été rompues et le Cambodge a introduit la
présente instance.
La Cour exposera maintenant les conclusions qu'elle tire des
faits qui viennent d'êtrerappelés.
Mêmes'il existait un doute sur l'acce~tation Dar le Siam en 1ao8
de la carte, et par conséquent de la frontière qui y est indiquée, la
Cour, tenant compte des événementsultérieurs,considérerait que la
Thaïlande, en raison de sa conduite, ne saurait aujourd'hui affirmer
qu'elle n'a pas accepté la carte. Pendant cinquante ans cet Etat
a joui des avantages que la convention de 1904 lui assurait, quand
ce ne serait que l'avantage d'une frontière stable. La France et,
par l'intermédiaire de celle-ci, le Cambodge se sont fiésà son ac-
ceptation de la carte. Puisqu'aucune des deux Parties ne peut
invoquer l'erreur, il est sans importance de rechercher si cette
confiance était fondéesur la conviction de l'exactitude de la carte.
La Thaïlande ne peut aujourd'hui, to~t en continuant à invoquer
les bénéficesdu règlement et à en jouir, contester qu'elle ait jamais
été partieconsentante au règlement.
Toutefois la Cour considère qu'en 1908-1909 la Thaïlande a bien
accepté la carte de l'annexe 1 comme représentant le résultat des
travaux de délimitation et a ainsi reconnu la ligne tracée sur cette
carte comme étant la frontière dont l'effet est de situer PréahVihéar
dans le territoire du Cambodge. La Cour estime d'autre part que, as a whole, Thailand's subsequent conduct confirms and bears out
her original acceptance, and that Thailand's acts on the ground do
not suffice to negative this. Both Parties, by their conduct, recog-
nized the line and thereby in effect agreed to regard it as being
the frontier line.
The Court must now consider two further matters. Thailand
contends that since 1908, and at any rate up to her own 1934-1935
survey, she believed that the rnap line and watershed line coincided,
and therefore that if she accepted the rnap line, she did so only in
that belief. It is evident that such a contention would be quite
inconsistent with Thailand's equally strongly advanced contention
that these acts in the concrete exercise of sovereignty evidenced
her belief that she had sovereignty over the Temple area: for if
Thailand was truly under a misapprehension about the Annex 1
line-if she really believed it indicated the correct watershed line-
then she must have believed that, on the basis of the rnap and her
acceptance of it, the Temple area lay rightfully in Cambodia. If she
had such a belief-and such a belief is implicit in any plea that she
had accepted the Annex 1rnap only because she thought it was cor-
rect-then her acts on the ground would have to be regarded as
deliberate violations of the sovereignty which (on the basis of the
assumptions above stated) she must be presumed to have thought
Cambodia to possess. The conclusion is that Thailand cannot allege
that she was under any misapprehension in accepting the Annex 1
line, for this is wholly inconsistent with the reason she gives for
her acts on the ground, namely that she believedher self to possess
sovereignty in this area.
It may be added that even if Thailand's plea of misapprehension
could, in principle, be accepted, it should have been advanced
shortly after Thailand's own survey of the disputed region \vas
carried out in 1934-1935. Since then Thailand could not have been
'under any misapprehension.
There is finally one further aspect of the case with which the
Court feels it necessary to deal. The Court considers that the
acceptance of the Annex 1 rnap by the Parties caused the rnap to
enter the treaty settlement and to become an integral part of it.
It cannot be said that this process involved a departure from, and
31considéréedans son ensemble, la conduite ultérieure de la Thaïlande
a confirmé et corroboré son acceptation initiale et que les actes
accomplis par la Thaïlande sur les lieux n'ont pas suffi à l'annuler.
Les deux Parties ont par leur conduite reconnu la ligne et, par là
même,elles sont effectivement convenues de la considérer comme
étant la frontière.
La Cour doit maintenant examiner deux autres ~oints. L; Thaï-
lande affirme que, depuis 1908 et en tout cas jusqu'au levéeffectué
par elle en 1934-1935, elle a cru que la frontière de la carte coïncidait
avec la ligne de partage des eaux et que, par conséquent, si elle
a accepté la frontière de la carte, elle ne l'a fait que dans cette
croyance. Il est évident qu'un tel argument est tout à fait incompa-
tible avec celui que la Thaïlande avance tout aussi énergiquement
et d'après lequel les actes qu'elle a accomplis dans l'exercice concret
de la souveraineté prouvent sa croyance à sa propre souveraineté
sur la zone du temple car, si la Thaïlande s'est réellement méprise
quant à la frontière de l'annexe 1 - si elle a véritablement cru que
cette frontière suivait exactement la ligne de partage des eaux -,
elle doit avoir cru, sur la base de la carte et de son acceptation
de celle-ci, que la zone du temple était légitimement située en
territoire cambodgien. Si elle a eu cette croyance - croyance qui
résulte implicitement de tout argument d'après lequel la Thaïlande
n'a accepté la carte de l'annexe 1 que parce qu'elle la croyait
exacte -, les actes qu'elle a accomplis sur les lieux doivent être
considérés comme desviolations délibérées d'une souveraineté que,
sur la base des éléments indiqués plushaut, elle doit êtreprésumée
avoir cru appartenir au Cambodge. Il faut en conclure que la
Thaïlande ne peut alléguer qu'elle aaccepté la frontière de l'annexe1
par méprise, car cela est absolument incompatible avec le motif
qu'elle invoque pour les actes qu'elle a accomplis sur les lieux, à
savoir qu'elle croyait posséder elle-mêmela souveraineté sur cette
zone.
On peut ajouter que, même sil'argument de la Thaïlande fondé
sur la méprise était acceptable en principe, cet argument aurait
dû êtreavancé peu après le levéde la régionlitigieuse effectué par
la Thaïlande en 1934-1935. Depuis lors, la Thaïlande ne peut avoir
étéla victime d'une méprisequelconque.
Il est enfin un autre aspect de l'affaire que la Cour croit devoir
traiter. La Cour considère que l'acceptation par les Parties de la
carte del'annexe 1a incorporécettecartedans le règlement conven-
tionnel, dont elle est devenue partie intégrante. On ne peut pas dire
que ce fait implique qu'ily ait eu une déviation par rapport aux dis-
31 even a violation of, the terms of the Treaty of 1904, wherever the
map line diverged from the line of the watershed, for, as the Court
sees the matter, the map (whether in al1 respects accurate by
reference to the true watershed line or not) was accepted by the
Parties in 1908 and thereafter as constituting the result of the
interpretation given by the two Governments to the delimitation
which the Treaty itself required. In other words, the Parties
at that time adopted an interpretation of the treaty settlement
which caused the map line, in so far as it may have departed from
the line of the watershed, to prevail over the relevant clause of the
treaty. Even if, however, the Court were called upon to deal with
the matter now as one solely of ordinary treaty interpretation, it
considers that the interpretation to be given would be the same,
for the following reasons.
In general, when two countries establish a frontier between them,
one of the primary objects is to achieve stability and finality.
This is impossible if the line so established can, at any moment,
and on the basis of a continuously available process, be called in
question, and its rectification claimed, whenever any inaccuracy
by reference to a clause in the parent treaty is discovered. Such a
process could continue indefinitely, and finality would never be
reached so long as possible errors still remained to be discovered.
Such a frontier, so far from being stable, would be completely
precarious. It must be asked why the Parties in this case provided
for a delimitation,instead of relying on the Treaty clause indicating
that the frontier line in thisregion would be the watershed. There
are boundary treaties which do no more than refer to a watershed
line, or to a crest line, and which make no provision for any deli-
mitation in addition. The Parties in the present case must have
had a reason for taking this furtherstep. This could only have been
because they regarded a watershed indication as insufficient by
itself to achieve certainty and finality. It is precisely to achieve
this that delimitations and map lines are resorted to.
Various factors support the view that the primary object of the
Parties in the frontier Settlements of 1904-1908 was to achieve
certainty and finality. From the evidence furnished to the Court,
and from the statements of the Parties themselves, it is clear that
the whole question of Siam's very long frontiers with French Indo-
China had, in the period prior to 1904, been a cause of uncertainty,
trouble and friction, engendering what was described in one con-
temporary document placed before the Court as a state of "growing
tension" in the relations between Siam and France. The Court
thinks it legitimate to conclude that an important, not to Say a
32 TEMPLE DE PRÉAH VIHÉAR (FOND) (ARRÊT DU 15 VI 62) 34
positions de la convention de 1904, et mêmeune violation de ces
dispositions, dans tous les cas où la frontière de la carte s'écartede
la ligne de partage des eaux, parce que, de l'avis de la Cour, la
carte (qu'elle soit ou non exacte à tous égards par rapport à la
véritable ligne de partage des eaux) a étéacceptée par les Parties
en 1908 et par la suite comme constituant le résultat de l'interpré-
tation que les deux gouvernements donnaient de la délimitation
prescrite par la convention elle-même. En d'autres termes, les
Parties ont adopté à l'époque une interprétation du règlement
con~entionnel suivant laquelle, en cas de divergence avec la ligne
de partage des eaux, la frontière tracée sur la carte l'emportait
sur lesdispositions pertinentesde la convention. Mais,mêmesila Cour
devait aujourd'hui traiter la question du seul point de vue de
l'interprétation ordinaire des traités, elle considérerait que l'inter-
prétation à donner serait la même,et ce pour les raisons suivantes.
D'une manière générale,lorsque deux pays définissent entre eux
une frontière, un de leurs principaux objectifs est d'arrêter une
solution stable et définitive. Cela est impossible si le tracé ainsi
établi peut êtreremis en question à tout moment, sur la base d'une
procédure constamment ouverte, et si la rectification peut en être
demandée chaque fois que l'on découvre une inexactitude par
rapport à une disposition du traité de base. Pareille procédure
pourrait se poursuivre indéfiniment et l'onn'atteindrait jamais une
solution définitive aussi longtemps qu'il resterait possible de décou-
vrir cles erreurs. La frontière, loin d'êtrestable, serait tout à fait
précaire. Il faut se demander pourquoi les Parties en la présente
instance ont prévu une délimitaticn, au lieu de s'en tenirà la dispo-
sition conventionnelle prescrivant que, dans la région,la frontière
serait la ligne de partage des eaux. Il existe des traités définissant
des frontières qui se bornent à se référerà la ligne de partage des
eaux ou à la ligne de crête, sans prévoir en outre une délimitation.
Les Parties en cause doivent avoir eu une raison pour adopter
cette mesure supplémentaire. La seule raison possible est qu'elles
considéraient la mention de la ligne de partage des eaux comme
insuffisante en elle-mêmepour obtenir un résultat certain et défi-
nitif. C'est précisément pouratteindre un tel btt que l'on a recours
aux délimitations et aux tracés cartographiques.
Divers facteurs viennent appuyer le point de vue selon lequel
l'objectif essentiel des Parties dans les règlements de frontières de
1904 à 1908 était d'aboutir à une solution certaine et définitive.
D'après les preuves soumises à la Cour et d'après les déclarations
des Parties elles-mêmes,il est clair que toute la question des très
longues frontières entre le Siam et l'Indochine française avait été
dans la période antérieure à 1904 la source d'incertitudes, de trou-
bles et de frictions, engendrant ce qu'un document contemporain
présenté à la Cour décrit comme un état de ((tension croissante ),
dans les rapports entre le Siam et la France. La Cour croit pouvoir35 TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (MERITS) (JUDGM. OF 15 VI 62)
paramount object of the settlements of the 1904-1908 period (which
brought about a comprehensiveregulation of al1outstanding frontier
questions between the two countries), was to put an end to this
state of tension and to achieve frontier stability on a basis of
certainty and finality.
In the Franco-Siamese Boundary Treaty of 23 March 1907, the
Parties recited in the preamble that they were desirous "of ensuring
the finalregulation of al1questions relating to the common frontiers
of Indo-China and Siam". A further token of the same object is to
be found in the desire, of which the documentation contains ample
evidence, and which was evinced by both Parties, for natural and
visible frontiers. Even if, as the Court stated earlier, this is not in
itself a reason for holding that the frontier must follow a natural
and visible line, itdoes support the view that the Parties tvanted
certainty and finality by means of natural and visible lines.
The same view is strongly supportedby the Parties' attitude over
frontiers in the 1925 and 1937 Treaties. By specifically excluding
frontiers from the process of revision of previous treaties, which
the 1925 and 1937 Treaties otherwise effected, the Parties bore
witness to the paramount importance they attached to finality in
this field. Their attitude in 1925 and 1937 can properly be taken
as evidence that they equally desired finality in the 1904-1908
period.
The indication of the line of the watershed in Article I of the
1904 Treaty was itself no more than an obvious and convenient way
of describing a frontier line objectively, though in general terms.
There is, however, no reason to think that the Parties attached any
special importance to the line of the watershed as such, as compared
with the overriding importance, in the interests of finality, of ad-
hering to the map line as eventually delimited and as accepted by
them. The Court, therefore, feels bound, as a matter of treaty
interpretation, to pronounce in favour of the line as mapped in
the disputed area.
Given the grounds on which the Court bases its decision, it be-
comes unnecessary to consider Lvhether, at Preah Vihear, the line
as mapped does in fact correspond to the true tvatershed line in
this vicinity, or did so correspond in1904-1908, or, if not, how the
watershed line in fact runs.
33 TEMPLE DE PRÉ-4~ VIHÉAR (FOND) (ARRÊT DU 15 VI 62)
35
légitimement conclure qu'un but important, pour ne pas dire
essentiel, des arrangements de la période de 1904 à 1908 (qui ont
amené un règlement généralde toutes les questions de frontières
en suspens entre les deux pays) était de mettre fin à cet état de
tension et de réaliser la stabilité des frontières d'une manière cer-
taine et définitive.
Dans le préambule du traité de frontières franco-siamois du
23 mars 1907, les Parties ont proclamé leur désir «d'assurer le
règlement final de toutes les questions relatives aux frontières com-
munes de 1'Indo-Chine et du Siam ».On trouve une autre indication
decemêmeobjectif dans lesouci,dont lespiècesproduitescontiennent
d'abondantes preuves et qui a étémanifesté par les deux Parties,
d'établir des frontières naturelles et visibles. Mêmesi, comme la
Cour l'adéjàindiqué,ce fait n'est pas en soiun motif pour dire que la
frontière doit suivre une ligne naturelle et visible, il appuie néan-
moins le point de vue selon lequel les Parties désiraient obtenir une
solution certaine et définitive au moyen de lignes naturelles et
visibles.
Ce mêmepoint de vue est s'olidement appuyé par l'attitude
adoptée par les Parties en matière de frontières dans les traités de
1923 et 1937. En excluant expressément les frontières de la procé-
dure de revision des traités antérieurs que les traités de 192j et de
1937 appliquaient par ailleurs, les Parties ont manifesté l'impor-
tance primordiale qu'elles accordaient au caractPre définitif des
frontière?. Leur attitude en 1925 et 1937 peut à bon droit être
considéréecomme prouvant qu'elles désiraient également une solu-
tion définitive au cours de la période de 1904 à 190s.
La mention de la ligne de partage des eaux à l'article I~*de la
convention de 1904 n'était en soi rien de plus qu'une façon évidente
et commode de décrirela frontière objectivement quoiqu'eil termes
généraux. Mais rien ne permet de penser que lesParties aient attaché
une importance particulière à la ligne de partage des eaux en soi, au
regard de l'importance primordiale que présente, dans l'intérêt
d'une solution définitive, l'adhésion à la frontière de la carte telle
qu'elle a pu être déterniinbe et telle qu'elle a étéacceptée par les
Parties. La Cour s'estime donc tenue, du point de vue de l'interpré-
tation des traités, de se prononcer en faveur de la frontière indiquée
sur la carte pour la zone litigieuse.
Étant donné les motifs sur lesquels ra Cour fonde sa décision,il
devient inutile d'examiner si, à Préah Vihéar, la frontière de la
carte correspond bien à la véritable ligne de partage des eaux dans
ces parages, si elle y correspondait en 1904-1908 ou, dans le cas
contraire, quel est le tracé exact de la ligne de partage des eaux. Keferring finally to the Submissions presented at the end of the
oral proceedings, the Court, for the reasons indicated at the be-
ginning of the present Judgment, finds that Cambodia's first and
second Submissions, calling for pronouncements on the legal status
of the Annex 1 map and on the frontier line in the disputed region,
can be entertained only to the extent that they give expression to
grounds, and not as claims to be dealt with in the operative pro-
visions of the Judgment. It finds on the other hand that Thailand,
after having stated her own claim concerning sovereignty over
Preah Vihear, confined herself in her Submissions at the end of the
oral proceedings to arguments and denials opposinç the contentions
of the other Party, leaving it to the Court to word as it sees fit
the reasons on which its Judgment is based.
In the presence of the claims submitted to the Court by Cam-
bodia and Thailand, respectively, concerning the sovereign~y over
Preah Vihear thus in dispute between these two States, the Court
finds in favour of Cambodia in accordance with her third Sub-
mission. It also finds in favour of Cambodia as regards the fourth
Submission concerning the withdrawal of the detachments of armed
forces.
As regards the fifth Submission of Cambodia concerning resti-
tution, the Court considers that the request made in it does not
represent any extension of Cambodia's original claim (in which case
it urould have been irreceivable at the stage at which it was first
advanced). Rather is it, like the fourth Submission, implicit in, aiid
consequential on, the claim of sovereignty itself. On the other hand,
no concrete evidence has been placed before the Court showing in
any positive way that objectç of the kind mentioned in this Sub-
mission have in fact been removed by Thailand from the Temple
or Temple area since Thailand's occupation of it in 1954. It is true
that Thailand has not so much denied the allegation as contended
that it is irreceivable. In the circumstances,however, the question
of restitution is one on which the Court can only give a finding
of principle in favour of Cambodia, without relating it to any
particular objects.
For these reasons,
by nine votes to three,
finds that the Temple of Preah Vihear is situated in territory
under the sovereignty of Cambodia; TEMPLE DE PRÉAH VIHÉAR (FOSD) (ARRÊT DU 15 VI62) 36
Se référantfinalement aux conclusions présentées à la fin de la
procédure orale, la Cour, pour les raisons indiquées au début du
présent arrêt,constate que les première et deuxième conclusions du
Cambodge priant la Cour de se prononcer sur le statut juridique de
lacarte de l'annexe1 et sur la ligne frontière dansla régioncontestée
ne peuvent êtreretenues que dans la mesure où elles énoncent des
motifs et non des demandes à retenir dans le dipositif de l'arrêt.
Elle constate d'autre part qu'après avoir énoncésa propre demande
concernant la souveraineté sur Préah Vihéar la Thaïlande, dans
ses conclusions formuléesà la fin de la procédure orale, s'est bornée
à énoncerles arguments et dénégationsopposésà la Partie adverse,
laissantà la Cour le soin de rédigerà sa convenance les motifs de
son arrêt.
La Cour, en présencedes demandes que le Cambodge et la Thaï-
lande lui ont respectivement soymises concernant la souveraineté,
ainsi contestée entre ces deux Etats, sur Préah Vihéar, décideen
faveur du Cambodge conformément à sa troisième conclusion.
Elle décide égalementen faveur du Cambodge en ce qui concerne
sa quatrième conclusion relative au retrait des élémentsde forces
armées.
Quant à la cinquième conclusion du Cambodge concernant
certaines restitutions,la Cour estime que la demande contenue
danscette conclusion ne représente pas une extension de la demande
primitive du Cambodge (auquel cas elle aurait étéirrecevable au
stade auquel elle a étéprésentée pour la première fois). Elle est
plutôt, comme la quatrième conclusion, implicite dans la revendi-
cation de souveraineté et en découle. En revanche, il n'a pas été
positivement démontré à la Cour que des objets des catégories
mentionnées dans cette conclusion aient étéeffectivement enlevés
du temple ou de la zone du temple par la Thaïlande depuis l'occupa-
tion de 1954. Il est vrai que la Thaïlande n'a pas tant contesté
cette allégation qu'elle ne l'a prétendue irrecevable. Mais, dans
ces conditions, la question des restitutions ne peut êtretranchée
par la Cour en faveur du Cambodge qu'en principe, sans que les
conclusions de la Cour visent des objets déterminés.
Par ces motifs,
par neuf voix contre trois,
dit que le temple de Préah Vihéar est situé en territoire relevant
de la souveraineté du Cambodge;finds in consequence,
by nine votes to three,
that Thailand is under an obligation to withdraw any military
or police forces, or other guards or keepers, stationed by her at
the Temple, or in its vicinity on Cambodian territory;
by seven votes to five,
that Thailand is under an obligation to restore to Cambodia any
objects of the kind specified in Cambodia's fifth Submission which
may, since the date of the occupation of the Temple by Thailand
in 1954, have been removed from the Temple or the Temple area
by the Thai authorities.
Done in English and in French, the English text being authori-
tative, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this fifteenth day of June,
one thousand nine hundred and sixty-two, in three copies, one of
which will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others
transmitted to the Government of the Kingdom of Cambodia and
to the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand, respectively.
(Signed) B. WINIARSKI,
President .
(Signed) GARNIER-COIGXET,
Registrar.
Judge TAXAKAand Judge MORELLI make the follosving Joint
Declaration :
We wish to make clear the reason xslhy,to Our great regret, we
svere unable to concur in the majority opinion on the clause of the
operative provisions of the Judgrnent concerning the restoration
by Thailand to Cambodia of any objects svhich may have been
removed from the Temple.
The fact that \ve voted against this clause of the operative pro-
visions is in no way connected with the foundation of Cambodia's
claim for the restoration of the objects in question. We did so
because we think that the Court should have refrained from pro-
nouncing on that claim since, having been made for the first time
in the Submissions filed by Cambodia on 5 March 1962, it must be
considered to be out of time.
35dit en conséquence,
par neuf voix contre trois,
que la Thaïlande est tenue de retirer tous les élémentsde forces
armées ou de police ou autres gardes ou gardiens qu'elle a installés
dans le temple ou dans ses environs situés en territoire cambodgien;
par sept voix contre cinq,
que la Thaïlande est tenue de restituer au Cambodge tous objets
des catégories spécifiéesdans la cinquième conclusion du Cambodge
qui, depuis la date de l'occupation du temple par la Thaïlande en
1954, auraient pu être enlevésdu temple ou de la zone du temple
par les autorités thaïlandaises.
Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au
Palais de la Paix, à La Haye, le quinze juin mil neuf cent soixante-
deux, en trois exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux archives de
la Cour et dont les autres seront transmis respectivement au
Gouvernement du Royaume du Cambodge et au Gouvernement du
Royaume de Thaïlande.
IdePrésident,
(Signé)B. WINIARSKI.
Le Greffier,
(Signé) GARNIER-COIGNET.
MM. TANAKAet MORELLI,juges, font la déclaration commune
suivante :
Nous tenons à préciser la raison pour laquelle nous n'avons pu,
à notre vif regret, nous rallier à l'opinion de la majorité sur le point
du dispositif de l'arrêtconcernant la restitution par la Thaïlande
au Cambodge des objets qui auraient été enlevés du temple.
Si nous avons voté contre ce point du dispositif, cela ne regarde
d'aucune façon le fondement de la prétention du Cambodge à la
restitution des objets dont il s'agit. C'est que nous pensons que la
Cour aurait dû s'abstenir de se prononcer sur cette prétention,
étant donnéque la demande relative, avancée pour la première fois
dans les conclusions déposéespar le Cambodge le 5mars 1~62, doit
êtreconsidéréetardive.
35 The claim as it is formulated in Cambodia's Application is directed
not to thereturn of the Temple as such, but rather to sovereignty
over the portion of territory in which the Temple is situated. It is
directed, further, to one of the consequences flowing from Cambod-
ian sovereignty over the said portion of territory, that is to say,
Thailand's obligation to withdraw the detachments of armed forces
it had stationed there, thisconsequence being explicitly indicated
by Cambodia in its Application.
The other possible consequence of Cambodian sovereignty over
the portion of territory in which the Temple is situated, namely,
Thailand's obligation to restore to Cambodia any objects that may
have been removed from the Temple, is a consequence that is not
indicated in the Application. A claim for the return of the said
objects cannot be considered to be implicitly contained in the claim
presented by Cambodia in its Application, that claim having, as
has been stated above, a con~pletely different subject.
It is only if the claim by Cambodia had had directly asits subject
the return of the Temple that it would have been possible, but then
only through a liberal construction of such a claim, to consider
that that claim was concerned also with objects which, having
formed part of the Temple prior to the Application, had, also prior
to the Application, been removed from the Temple.
Vice-President ALFAROand Judge Sir Gerald FITZ~~AURICE
append to the Judgment of the Court statements of their Separate
Opinions.
Judges MORENOQUINTANA, WELLIXGTON KOO and Sir Percy
SPENDER append to the Judgment of the Court statements of their
Dissenting Opinions.
(InitialledB. W.
(Initialled) G.-C. La demande, telle qu'elle est formuléedans la requêtedu Cam-
bodge, concerne, non pas la restitution temple en tant que tel,
mais plutôt la souveraineté sur la parcelle de territoire où le temple
est situé. Elle concerne, en outre, l'une des conséquencesdécoulant
de la souveraineté cambodgienne sur ladite parcelle, c'est-à-dire
l'obligation, pour la Thaïlande, de retirer les éléments deforces
armées qu'elley avait installés; conséquencequi est expressément
indiquée par le Cambodge dans sa requête.
L'autre conséquence possible de la souveraineté cambodgienne
sur la parcelle où le temple est situé,voir l'obligation, pour la
Thaïlande, de remettre au Cambodge les objets qui auraient été
enlevésdu temple, est une conséquencequi n'est pas indiquéedans
la requête.Une demande de restitution desdits objets ne peut être
considéréeimplicitement contenue dans la demande présentéepar
le Cambodge dans sa requête; demande ayant, comme on l'a dit,
tout autre objet.
C'est uniquement au cas où la demande du Cambodge aurait eu
directement pour objet la restitutiondu temple qu'il aurait été
possible, mais seulement au moyen d'une interprétation extensive
d'une telle demande, de considérer quela mêmedemande concernait
aussi les objets qui, ayant fait partie du temple avant la requête,
avaient été, toujours avant la requête, enlevésdu temple.
M. ALFARO,Vice-Président, et sir Gerald FITZMAURICE j,ge,
joignentà l'arrêtles exposésde leur opinion individuelle.
MM. MORENO QUINTANA W,ELLINGTOK NOOet sir Percy SPENDER,
juges, joignentà l'arrêt les exposés de leur opinion dissidente.
(Paraphé)B. W.
(Paraphé) G.-C.
Merits
Judgment of 15 June 1962