Judgment of 9 April 1949

Document Number
001-19490409-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

COURINTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL
DES ARRÊTS, AVIS CONSULTAETORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DU DETROIT

DE CORFOU
(FOND)

ARRET DU 9 AVRIL 1949

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS
OF
JUDGMENTS, ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

THE CORFU

CHANNEL CASE
(MERITS)
jttbGlMENTOF APRIL 9th1949

LEYDE LEY DEN
SA. W. SIJTHOFFONPUBLISHING COMPANY
Il Le présentarrêtdoit êtrecitécomme suit :
« A$aire du Dklroit& CorJou,Arrêt dzlg avril 1949:

C. I.J. Rec~cez ~Z~, p. 4. ))

This Judgment should be cited as foiiows:

"Corfic ChanneZcase, Judgmentof April gth, 1949 :
I.C .. Reports 1949,P. 4." INTERNATIONAL COUI2TOF JUSTICE

1949.
YEAR 1949. April 9th.
General List
April 9tb,1949. No. 1.

THE CORFU

CHANNEL CASE

(MERITS)

International responsibilfor explosion of mines in territorial
waters.--Connivance with another State; 'midence.-Minelaying by
persons unknown.-Knowledge of minelaying by State party.to proceed-
ings: control of territory as ground for respons;its influence on
the choice ofeans of proof; indirect midence, concordant inferences
of tact.-Breachof obligations resulting from knowledge of minelaying,
gvounds for responsibi1ity.-Court'jurisdiction to assess amount of
compensation;interpretation of Special Agreeme;subsequent attitude
of Parties.

Right of passage ofarships in time of peace through Straits connect-
ing two parts of the high seas.-Internaticustom.-Straitsin which
right of passage exists.-North Corfu Channel.-Innocent passage;
purpose of passage and manner of its execution.-Productiof docu-
ments at Court's reque;trefusa1 to produ;eArticle49 of Statute of
Court and Article 54 of Rules.-Minesweeping undertaken in terri-
torial waters contrary wish of territorial S;ajustification derived
from theory of intervention and notion of self-he1p.-Vioof terri-
torial sovereign;yinternational responsibil;tsatisfaction in form
of a declaration by the Court of violation of right.

JUDGMENT

Present : Acting President GUERRER ;O President BASDEVAN ;T
Judges ALVAREZF , ABELA,HACKWORTH W ,INIARSKI,

ZORIEIC, DE VISSCHER S,ir Arnold MCNAIRK , LAESTAD,
BADAWI PASHA,KRYLOVR , EAD,HSU MO,AZEVED O
M. EEER, Judge ad hoc. In the Corfu Channel case,

between

the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland, represented by :
Sir Eric Beckett, K.C.M.G., K.C., Legal Adviser to the Foreign
Office, as Agent and Counsel, assisted by

The Right Honourable Sir Hartley Shawcross, K.C., M.P.,
Attorney-General, replaced on November I jtfi1948, by
Sir Frank Soskice, K.C., M.P., Solicitor-General ;
Mr. C. H. M. Waldock, Professor of international law in the
University of Oxford,

Mr. R. O. Wilberforce,
Mr. J. Mervyn Jones, and
Mr. M. E. Reed (of the Attorney-General's Office), members
of the English Bar, as Counsel,

the Government of the People's Republic of Albania, repres-
ented by :
M. Kahreman Ylli, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary of Albania in Paris, as Agent, replaced on
February 14th, 1949, by

M. Behar Shtylla, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni-
potentiary of Albania in Paris, assisted by
M. Pierre Cot, Profssseur agrégé of the Faculties of Law of
France, and
Maître Joe Nordmann, of the Paris Bar, as Counsel; and

Slaitre Marc Jacquier, of the Paris Bar, and
Maître Paul Villard, of the Paris Bar, as Advocates.

composed as above,

delivers the following judgment :

By a Judgment delivered on March25th, 1948 (I.C.JReports 1947-
1948, p. 15), in the Corfu Channel case, in proceedings instituted on
May zznd, 1947,by an application of the Government ofthe United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland against the Govern-
ment of the People'sRepublic ofAlbania, the Court gave its decision

5 THE COR^ CHANNEL CASE (MERITS). 6

on the Preliminary Objection filed on December gth, 1947, by the
latter Government. The Court rejected the Objection and decided
that proceedings on the merits should continue, and fixed the
time-limits for the filing of subsequent pleadings as follows : for
the Counter-Memorial of Albania : June qth, 1948 ; for the Reply
of the United Kingdom : August znd, 1948 ; for the Rejoinder of
Albania : September zoth, 1948.
Immediately after the delivery of the judgment, the Court was
notified by the Agents of the Parties of a Special Agreement,
which is as follows :

"The Government of the People's Republic of Albania, repres-
ented by their Agent Mr. Kahreman YUi, Envoy Extraordinary
and Minister Plenipotentiary of Albania at Paris ;
and
the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland, represented by their Agent, Mr. W. E. Beckett,
C.M.G., K.C.,Legal Adviser to the Foreign Office ;

Have accepted the present Special Agreement, which has been
drawn up as a result of the Resolution of the Security Council of
the 9th April, 1947, for the purpose of subrnitting to thi: Inter-
national Court of Justice for decision the following questions :-
(1) 1s Albania responsible under international law for the
explosionswhich occurred on the zznd October 1946in Albanian
waters and for the damage and loss of human life which resulted
from them and is there any duty to pay compensation ?
(2) Has the United Kingdom under international law violated
the sovereignty of the Albanian People's Republic by reason
of the acts of the Royal Navy in Albanian waters on the
~2nd October and on the 12th and 13th November 1946 and is
there any duty to give satisfaction ?
The Parties agree that the present Special Agreement shall be
notified to the International Court of Justice immediately after
the delivery on the 25th March of its judgment on the question of
jurisdiction.
The Parties request the Court, having regard to the present
Special Agreement, to make such orders with regard to procedure,
in conformity wlth the Statute and the Rules of the Court, as the
Court may deem fit, after having consulted the Agents of the
Parties.
In witness whereof the above-mentioned Agents, being duly
authorized by their Governments to this effect, have signed the
present Special Agreement.
Done this 25th day of March, 1948, at midday, at The Hague,
in English and French. both texts being equally authentic, in a
single copy which shall be deposited with the International Court
of Justice."

On March 26th, 1948 (I.C.J. Reports 1947-1948, p. j3), the
Court made an Order in which it placed on record that the Special
6Agreement now formed the basis of further proceedings before the
Court, and stated the questions submitted to it for decision. The
Court noted thatthe United Kingdom Government on October ~st,
1947, that is within the time-limit fixed by the Court, had
filed a Meinorial with statements and submissions relating to the
incident that occured on October zznd 1946. It further noted
that the Agents, having been consulted, declared that they agreed
in requesting that the order and time-limits for the filing of the

subsequent pleadings as fixed by the Judgment of hlarch qth,
1948, be maintained. The Court confirmed this order and these
time-limits.
The Counter-Memorial, Iieply and Rejoinder were filed within
these limits. The casewas thus ready for heanng on September zoth,
1948, and the commencement of the oral proceedings was then
fised for November 5th, 1948.
As the Court did not include upon the Bench a judge of Albanian
nationality, the Albanian Government availed itself during the
proceedings on the Preliminary Objection of the right provided
by Article 31, paragraph 2,ofthe Statute, and chose hf.Igor Daxner,
Doctor of Lam, President of a Chamber of the Supreme Court of
Czechoslovakia, as Judge ad hoc. On October z8th, 1948, the
Registrar was informed that Judge Daxner was prevented byreasons
of health from sitting or1 the date fixed. The Court decided on
November znd, 1948, to fix a time-limit expiring on November 7th,
within which the Albanian Government might notify the name of

the. person whom it wished to choose as Judge ad hoc in place
of Dr. Daxner, and to postpone the opening of the hearing until
November 9th. Within the time fixed the Albanian Government
designated 11. Bohuslav EEer, Doctor of Law and Professor in the
Faculty of Law at Brno, and delegate of the Czechoslovak Govern-
ment to the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg.
Public sittings were held by the Court on the following dates :
November, 1948, 9th to ~zth, 15th to rgth, zznd to 26th, 28th and
29th ; December, 1948,1st to 4th, 6th to t th, 13th, 14th and 17th ;
January, 1949, 17th to zznd. In the course of the sittings from
November 9th to ~gth, 1948, and from January 17th to zznd, 1949,
the Court heard arguments by Sir Hartley Shawcross, K.C., Counsel,
Sir Eric Beckett, K.C., Agent and Counsel, and Sir Frank Soskice,
I<.C., Counsel, on behalf of the United Kingdom ; and by
M. Kahreman Ylli, Agent, and MM. J.Nordmann and Pierre Cot,
Counsel, on behalf of Albania. In the course of the sittings from
November zznd to December 14th, 1948, the Court heard the

evidence of the witnesses and experts called by each of the Parties
in reply to questions put to them in examination and cross-examin-
ation on behalf of the Parties, and by the President on behalf of
the Court or by a Member of the Court. The following perçons
gave evidence : Ca-lledby the United Kingdom :

Commander E. R. D. Sworder, O.B.E., D.S.C., Royal Naval
Volunteer Reserve, as witness and expert ;

Karel Kovacic, former Lieutenant-Commander in the Yugoslav
Navy, as witness ;
Captain IV. H. Selby, D.S.C., Royal Navy, as witness ;

Commander R. T. Paul, C.B.E., Royal Navy, as witness;

Lieutenant-Commander P. K. Lankester, Royal Navy, as witness
and expert ;

Commander R. Mestre, French Navy, as-witness ;

Commander Q. P. Whitford, O.B.E., Royal Navy, as witness
and expert ;

Called by Albania :
Captain Ali Shtino, Albanian Army, as witness ;
First Captain Aquile Pdena, Albanian Army, as witness ;

Xhavit Muço, former Vice-President of the Executive Cornmittee
of Saranda, as witness ;

Captain B. 1. Ormanov, Bulgarian Navy, as expert ;
Rear-Admira1 Raymond Moullec, French Navy, as expert.

Documents, including maps, photographs and sketches, were
?Xedby both Parties, and on one occasion by the Parties jointly,
both as annelIes to the pleadings, and after the close of the written
proceedings. On one occasion during the sittings when a photostat
of an extract 'from a document was submitted, the Court, on No-
vember qth, 1948, made a decision in which it reminded both
Parties of the provisions of Article48 and Article 43, paragraph I,
of the Rules of Court ;held that the document in question could be
received only if it were presented in an original and complete form ;
ordered that al1documents which the Parties intended to use should
previously be filed in the Registry ; and reserved the right to
inform the Parties later which of these documents should be
presented in an original, and which in certified true copy, form.

Another decision as to the production of a senes of new docu-
ments was given by the Court on December xoth, 1948. This
decision noted that the Parties were agreed as to the production
of certain of these documents and that certain others were
withdrawn ;authonzed the production of certain other documents ;
lastly, in the case of one of these documents, the examination
8 THE CORFD CHt\NPIEI, CASE (IIERITS) 9

of which had been subjected to certain conditions, the Court's
decision placed on record the consent of the other Party to its
production and, in view of that consent, permitted its production,
having regard to the special circumstances ; but the Court expressly
stated that this permission could not form a precedent for the
future l.

By an Order of December 17th, 1948, the Court, having regard
to the fact that certain points had been contested between the
Parties which made it necessary to obtain an expert opinion,
defined these points, and entrusted the duty of giving the expert
opinion to a Committee composed of Commodore J. Bull of the
Royal Korwegian Navy, Commodore S. A. Forshell of the Royal
Swedish Kavy, and, Lieutenant-Commander S. J. Elfferich
of the Royal Netherlands Navy. These Experts elected Com-

modore Bull as their chairman, and filed their Report on
January Sth, 1949, within the prescribed time-limit. By a decision
read at a public sitting on January 17th, the Court requested
the Experts to proceed to Sibenik in Yugoslavia and Saranda in
Albania and to make on the land and in the waters adjacent to
these places any investigations and experiments that they might
consider useful with a view to verifying, completing, and, if

necessary, modifying the answers given in their report of Jan-
uary 8th. The Experts' second report-in which Commodore
Bull did not join, having been unable to niake the journey for
reasons of health-was filed on February 8th, 1949. On Febru-
ary ~oth, three members of the Court put questions to the Experts,
to which the Experts replied on February 12th.
At sittings held from January 17th to mnd, 1949, the represent-

atives of the Parties had an opportunity of commenting orally
on the Experts' report of January 8th. They also filed written
observations concerning the further statements contained in the
Report of February 8th and the replies of February ~zth, as
provided in the Court's decision of January 17th.
The Parties' submissions, as formulated by their Agents or
Counsel at the end of the hearings on the 18th, ~gth, ~1st and 22nd

Januaiy, 1949, are as follows :

Question (1) of the Special Agreement.
On behalf of the United Kingdom :

"The Governnient of the United Kingdom asks the Court in this case
to adjudge and declare as follows :

The list of documentsin supportproduced by the Parties andaccepted by
the Court will be foundin Xnnex I to this Judginent.
2 See Annex 2 for the Experts' Reporof JariuarSth, the Court's decision of
January i;th,the Experts' second Report of FebruaXth, the qiiestions put by
three members of the Court, and the Expertreplies of Februari2th.That, on October aand, 1946, damage was caused to His
Majesty's ships Saumarez and Volage, which resulted in the
death and injuries of 44, and persona1 injuries to 42, British
officers and men by a minefield of anchored automatic mines

in the international highway of the Corfu Strait in an area
south-west of the Bay of Saranda ;

That the aforesaid minefield was laid between May 15th and
October zznd, 1946, by or with the connivance or knowledge
of the Albanian Government ;
That (alternatively to 2) the Albanian Government knew that
the said minefield was lying in a part of its territorialwaters ;

That the Albanian Government did not notify the existence of
these mines as required by the Hague Convention VI11 of 1907
in accordance with the general principles of international law
and humanity ;
That in addition, and as an aggravation of the conduct of
Albania as set forth in Conclusions (3) and (4). the Albanian
Government, or Cts agents, knowing that His Majesty's ships

were going to make the passage through the North Corfu swept
channel, and being in a position to observe their approach, and
having omitted, as alleged in paragraph 4 of these conclusions,
to riotify the existence of the said mines, failed to warn His
Majesty's ships of the danger of the said mines of which the
Albanian Government or its agents were well aware ;

That in addition, and as a further aggravation of the conduct
of Albania as set forth in Conclusions (3), (4), and (5), the per-
mission of the existence without notification of the minefield
in the North Corfu Channel, being an international highway,
was a violation of the right of innocent passage which exists
in favour of foreign vessels (whether warships or merchant
ships) through such an international highway ;

That the passage of His Majesty's ships through the North
Corfu Channel on October zznd, 1946, was an exercise of the
right of innocent passage, according to the law and practice of
civilized nations ;
That even if, for any reason, it is held that conclusion (7) is
not established, nevertheless, the Albanian Government is not
thereby relieved of its international responsibility for the damage
caused to the ships by reason of the existence of an unnotified
minefield of which it had knowledge ;
That in the circumstances set forth in the Memorial as sum-
marized in the preceding paragraphç of these Conclusions, the
Albanian Government has committed a breach of its obligations
under international law, and is internationally responsible to
His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom for the deaths,
injuries and àainage caused to His Majesty's ships and person-

nel, as set out more particularly in paragraph18 of the Memorial
and the Annexes thereto ; (IO) That the Albanian Government is under an obligation to the
Government of the United Kingdom to make reparation in
respect of the breach of its international obligations as afore-
said ;
(II) That His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom has.
as a result of the breach by the Albanian Government of its
obligations under international law, sustained the foiiobving
damage :
Damage to H.M.S. Saurmrez . . . . . . L~~O,OOO
Damage to H.M.S. Volage. . . . . . . 75,000
Compensation for the pensions and other
expenses incurred by the Government of
the United Kingdom in respect of the
deaths and injuries of naval personnel. . 50,000
~875,000"

On behalf of the Albanian Government :
[Translation.]
Under the terms of the Special Agreement of March 25th, 1948,
"(1) the following question has been submitted to the International
Court of .,stice :
*'IsAlbania responsible under international law for the explo-
sions which occurred on the 22nd October 1946 in Albanian
waters and for the damage and loss of human lifewhich resulted
£rom them and is there any duty to pay compensation ?'
The Court would not have jurisdiction, in virtue of this Special
.4greement, to decide, if the case arose, on the claim for the
assessment of the compensation set out in the submissions
of the United Kingdom Government.
(2) It has not been proved that the mines which caused the acci-
dents of October zznd, 1946, were laid by Albania.
(3) It has not been proved that these mines were laid by a third
Power on behalf of Albania.
(4) It has not been proved that these mines were laid with the help
or acquiescence of Albania.
(5) of October zznd, 1946, that theçe mines were in her territorial
waters.
Consequently, Albania cannot be declared responsible, under
(6) international law, for the explosions which occurred on
October zznd, 1946, in Albanian waters, and for the damage
and loss of human life which resulted £rom them. Albania
owes no compensation to the United Kingdoin Government."

Question (2) of the Special Agreement.
On behalf of the Albanian Governrnent :

[Translation.]
"(1) Under the terms of the Special Agreement concluded on
March 25th, 1948, the International Court of Justice has before
it the following question :
II 'Has the United Kingdom under international law violated
the sovereignty of the Albanian People's Kepublic by reason
of the acts of the Royal Navy in Aibanian waters on the
22nd October and on the 12th and 13th November 1946, and is
there any duty to give satisfaction ?'
(2) The coastal State is entitled, in exceptional circumstances, to
regulate the passage of foreign warships through its territorial
waters.
(3) This rule is applicable to the North Corfu Channel.
(4) In October and November, 1946, there existed, in this area,
exceptional circumstances which gave the Albanian Govern-
mprevious authorizationrebefore passing through its territorial
waters.
(5) The passage of several British warships through Albanian terri-
torial waters on October zznd, 1946, without prcvious author-
ization, constituted a breach of international law.
(6) In any case that passage was not of an innocent character.
(7) The British naval authorities were not entitled to proceed, on
November 12th and 13th, 1946, to sweep mines in A!banian
territorial waters withoutthe previous consent of the Albanian
authorities.
(8)The Court should find that, on both these occasions, the Govern-
ment of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland committed a breach of the rules of international law
and that the Albanian Government has a right to (Icmand that
it should give satisfaction therefor."

On hehcrlf of the United Kingdom Govcrnmcint :

"1 ask the Court to decide that on neither heatl of tlic, counter-
claim has Albania made out her case, and that there is rioground
for the Court to award nominal damages of one farthing or one
franc."
* * *

By the first part of the SpecialAgreement, the following question
is submitted to the Court :

"(1) 1s Albania responsible under international law for the
waters and for the tlamage and loss of human life which resulted
from them and isthere any duty to pay compensation ?"

On October zznd, 1946, a squadron of British warships, the
cruisers Mauritius and Leander and the destroyers Saumarez and
I'olage, left the port of Corfu and proceeded northward through
a channel previously suftpt for mines in the North Corfu Strait.
The cruiser Mauritius was leading, followed by the destroyer
Saumarez; at acertain distance therealter came the cruiser Leander
followed by the ciestroyclr Volage. Outside thc Bay of Saranda,
Saumarez btruck ;Lrninc and was hcavily damaged. Volnga wasordered to give her assistance and to take her in tow. Whilst
towing the damaged ship, Volage struck a mine and was much
damaged. Nevertheless, she succeeded in towing the other ship
back to Corfu.

Three weeks later, on November 13th, the North Corfu Channel
was swept by British minesweepers and twenty-two moored mines
were cut. Two mines were taken to Malta for expert examination.
During the minesweeping operation it was thought that the mines
were of the German GR type, but it was subsequently established

that they were of the German GY type..

The Court will consider first whether the two explosions that
occurred on October zznd, 1946, were caused by mines belonging
to the minefield discovered on Novemter 13th.
It was pointed out on behalf of the United Kingdom Government
that this minefield had been recently laid. This was disputed in
the Albanian pleadings but was no longer disputed during the
liearing. One of the Albanian Counsel expressly recognized that
the minefield had been recently laid, and the other Counsel sub-
sequently made a similar declaration. It was further asserted on
behalf of the Albanian Government that the minefield must have
been laid after October 22nd ; this would make it impossible at
the same time to mainiain that the minefield was old. The

documents produced by the United Kingdom Governmerit and
the statements made by the Court's Experts and based on these
doc--ents show that the minefield had been recerttlv laid. This is
now established.

The United Kingdom Government contended that the mines
which struck the two ships on October zznd were part of this
minefield.
This was contested by the Albanian Government, which
argued that these mines may have been floating mines, coming
from old minefields in the vicinity, or magnetic ground mines,
magnetic moored mines, or German GR mines. It was also con-

tested by them that the explosions occurred in the previously
swept channel at the place where the minefield was dircovered.
The Albanian Government also contended that the minefield
was laid after Octcber 2211d,between that date and the mine-
sweeping operation on 12-13th November.

On -the evidence produced, the Court finds that the following
facts are established :
In October, IW, the North Corfu Channel was swept by the
British Navy and no mines were found in the channel thus swept,
whereupon -the existence of a safe route through the Channe!
was announced in November 1944. In January and February, THE COKFU CHANNEL CASE (BIERITS) I4

1945,the Channel was check-swept by the British Navy \vitil negative
results. That the British Admiralty must have considered the
Channel to be a safe route for navigation is sho~n by the fact
that on May ~jth, 1946, it sent two British cruisers and on
October zznd a squadron through the C.hanne1 without any
special measlires of precaution against danger from nloored
mines. It was in this swept channel that the minefield was
discovered on November 13th, 1946.

It is further proved by evidence produced by the United
Kingdom Govemment that the mining of Snzrnrarezand 1,'olage
occurred in Albanian territorial n~ters, just at the place in the

swept channel where the minefield was found, as indicated on
the chart forming Annex g to the United Kingdom hlemorial.
This is confirmed by the Court's Experts, ~ho consider it to be
free from any doubt that the two ships were mined in approxinl-
ately the position indicated on this chart.

It is established by the evidence of witnesses that the minefield
consisted of moored contact mines of the German GY type. It
is further shown by the nature of the damage sustained hy the
two ships, and confirmed by witnesses and experts, that it could
not have been caused by floating mines, magnetic ground mines,
magnetic moored mines, or German GR mines. The experts of
the Court have stated that the nature of the damage excludes

the faintest possibility of its cause being a floating mine ; nor
could it have been caused by a ground mine. They also expressed
the view that the damage must have been caused by the explosion
of moored contact mines, each having a charge of approximately
600 lbs. of explosives, and that the two ships struck mines of
the same type as those which were swept on November 13th, 1946.

The Albanian Government put forward a suggestion that the
minefield discovered on November 13th may have been laid after
October zznd, so that the explosions that occurred on this latter
date would not have been caused by mines from the field in
question. But it brought no evidence in support of this sup-
position. As it has been established that the explosions could
only have been due to moored mines having an explosive charge

similar to that contained in GY mines, there would, if the Albanian
contention were true, have been at least two mines of this nature
in the channel outside the Bay of Saranda, in spite of the sweep in
October 1941 and the check-sweeps in January and February 1945 ;
and these mines would have been struck by the two vessels at
poi~its fairly close to one another on October 2211d,1946. Such
a supposition is too improbable to be accepted.
14 The Court consequenrly finds that the following facts are
established. The two ships were mined in Albanian territorial
waters in a previously swept and check-swept channel just at
the place where a newly laid minefield consisting of moored
contact German GY mines was discovered three weeks later.
The damage sustained by the ships was inconsistent with damage
which could have been caused by floating mines, magnetic ground
mines, magnetic moored mines, or German GR mines, but its
nature and extent were such as would be caused by mines of
the type found in the minefield. In such circumstances the
Court arrives at the conclusion that the explosions were due to
mines belonging to that minefield.

Such are the facts upon which the Court nust, in order to reply
to the first question of the Special Agreement, give judgment as to
Albania's responsibility for the explosions on October zznd, 1946,
and for the damage and loss of human life which resulted, and for
the compensation, if any, due in respect of such damage and loss.

To begin with, the foundation for Albania's responsibility, as
alleged by the United Kingdom, must be considered. On this
subject, the mzin position of the United Kingdom is to be found
in its submission No. 2 :that the minefield which caused the explo-

sions was laid between May 15th, 1946, and October zznd, 1946,
by or with the connivance or knowledge of the Albânian Govern-
ment.
The Court considered first the various groundç for responsibility
alleged in this submission.
In fact, although the United Kingdom Govemment never aban-
doned its contention that Albania herself laid the mines, very little
attempt was made by t5e Government to demonstrate this point.
In the written Reply, the United Kingdom Govemment takes note
of the Albanian Government's forma1 statement that it did not lay
the mines, and was not in a position to do so, as Albania possessed
no navy ; and that, on the whole Albanian littoral, the Albanian
authorities only had a few launches and motor boats. In the light
of these statenlents, the Albanian Government was called upon,
in the Reply, to disclose the circumstances in which two Yugoslav

war vessels, the Mljet and the Meljine, carrying contact mines of
the GY type, sailed routhward from the port of Sibenik on or about
October 18th, and proceeded to the Corfu Channel The United
Kingdom Government, having thus indicated the argument upon
15which it was thenceforth to concentrate, stated that it proposed
to show that the said warships, with the knowledge and connivance
of the Albanian Government, laid mines in the Corfu Channel just
before October zznd, 1946. The facts were presented in the same
light and in the same language in the oral reply by ~ounsel for the
United Kingdom Government at the sittings on January 17th
and 18th, 1949.

Although the suggestion that the minefield was laid by Albania
was repeated in the United Kingdom statement in Court on
January 18tii, 1949, and in thé final submissions read in Court on
the same day, this suggestion was in fact hardly put forward at
that time except pro memoria, and no evidence in support was
furnished.
In these circumstances, the Court need pay no further attention
to this matter.
The Court now comes to the second alternative argument of the
United Kingdom Govemment, namely, that the minefield was laid
with the connivance of the Albanian Government. According to
this argument, the minelaying operation was carried out by tw70
Yugoslav warships at a date prior to October zznd, but very near
that date. This would imply collasion between the Albanian and
the Yugoslav Governments, consisting either of a request by the
Albanian Govemment to the Yugoslav Government for assistance,
or of acquiescence by the Albanian authoritieo in the laying of the
mines.

In proof of this collusion, the United Kingdom Government
relied on the evidence of Lieutenant-Commander Kovacic; as shown
in his affidavit of October 4th, 1948, and in his statements in Court
at the public sittings on November 24th, 25th, 26th and 27th, 1948
The Court gave much attention to this evidence and to the docu-
mentary information supplied by the Parties. It supplemented
and checked al1this information by sending two experts appointed
by it to Sibenik : Commodore S. A. Forshell and Lieutenant-
Commander S. J. W. Elfferich.

Without deciding as to the persona1 sincerity oi the witness
Kovacic, or the truth of what he said, the Court finds that the facts
stated by the witness from his persona1 knowledge are not sufficient
to prove what the United Kingdom Government considered them
to prove. His ayegations that he saw mines being loaded upon
two Yugoslav minesweepers at Sibenik and that these two vessels
departed from Sibenik about October 18th and returned a few

days after the occurrence of the explosions do not suffice to con-
stitute decisive legal proof that the mines were laid by these two
vessels in Albanian waters off Saranda. The statements attributed
16by the witness Kovacic to third parties, of which the Court has
received no persona1 and direct confirmation, can be regarded only
as allegations falling short of conclusive evidence. A charge of
such exceptional gravity against a State would require a degree of
certainty that has not been reached here.
Apart from Kovacic's evideqce, the United Kingdom Govern-

ment endeavoured to prove coliusion between Albania and Yugo-
slavia by certain presumptions of fact, or circumstantial evidence,
such as the possession, at that time, by Yugoslavia, and by no
other neighbouring State, of GY mines, and by the bond of close
political and military alliance between Albania and Yugoslavia,
resulting from the Treaty of friendship and mutual assistance
signed by those two States on July gth, 1946.

The Court considers that, even in so faas these facts are estab-
lished, they lead to no firm conclusion. It has not been legaliy
established that Yugoslavia possessed any GY mines, and the
origin of the mines laid in Albanian territorial waters remains a
mat ter for conjecture. It is'clear that the existence of a treaty,
such as that of July gth, 1946, however close may be the bonds
uniting its signatories, in no way leads to the conclusion that
they participated in a criminai act.

On its side, the Yugoslav Government, although not a party
to the proceedings, authorized the Albanian Govemment to
produce certain Yugoslav documents, for the purpose of refuting
the United Kingdom contention that the mines had been laid
by two ships of the Yugoslav Navy. As the Court was anxious
for fuli light to be thrown on the facts alleged, it did not refuse
to receive these documents. But Yugoslavia's absence from the
proceedings meant that these documents could only be admitted
as evidence subject to reserves, and the Court finds it unnecessary
to express an opinion upon their probative value.
The Court need not dwell on the assertion of one of the Counsel
for the Albanian Govemment that the minefield might have been
laid by the Greek Govemment. It is enough to Say that this
was a mere conjecture which, as Counsel himself admitted, was
based on no proof.
In the light of the information now available to the Court, the

authors of the minelaying remain unknown. In any case, the task
of the Court, as defined by the Special Agreement, is to decide
whether Albania is responsible, under international law, for the
explosions which occurred on October zznd, 1946, and to give
judgment as to the compensation, if any.
Finally, the United Kingdom Govemment put forward the
argument that, whoever the authors of the minelaying were, it
could not have been done without the Albanian Government's
knowledge. It is clear that knou-leoge of the mineIaying cannot be imputed
to the Albanian Government by reason merely of the fact that

a minefield discovered in Albanian temtorial waters caused the
explosions of which the British warships were the victims. It
is true, as international practice shows, that a State on whose
territory or in whose waters an act contrary to international
law has occurred, may be called upon to give an explanation.
It is also true that that State cannot evade such a request by
limiting itself to a reply that it is ignorant of the circumstances
of the act and of its authors. The State may, up to a certain
point, be bound to supply particulars of the use made by it of
the means of information and inquiry at its disposal. But it
cannot be concluded from the mere fact of the control exercised
by a State over its territory and waters that that State necessarily
knew, or ought to have known, of any unlawful act perpetrated
therein, nor yet that it necessarily knew, or should have known,
the authors. This fact, by itself and apart from.other circum-
stances, neither involves prima facie resp~nsibility nor shifts
the burden of proof.

On the other hand, the fact of this exclusive temtorial control
exercised by a State within its frontiers has a bearing upon the
methods of proof available to establish the knowledge of that
State as to such events. By reason of this exclusive control,
the other State, the. victim of a breach of international law, is
often unable to furnish direct proof of facts giving rise to
responsibility. Such a State should be dowed a more liberal
recourse to inferences of fact and circumstantial evidence. This
indirect evidence is admitted in al1 systems of law, and its use
is recognized by international decisions. It must be regarded
as of special weight when it is based on a series of facts linked
together and leading logically to a single conclusion.

The Court must examine therefore whether it has ken established
by means of indirect evidence that Albania has knowledge of mine-
laying in her territorial waters independently of any connivance
on her part in this operation. The proof may be drawn from

inferences of fact, provided that they leave no room for reasonable
doubt. The elements of fact on which these inferences can be
based may differ from those which are relevant to the question of
connivance.
In the present case, two series of facts, which corroborate one
another, have to be considered : the first relates to Albania's
attitude before and after the disaster of October zznd, 1946 ; the
other concerns the feasibility of observing minelaying from the
Xlbanian coast.

I. It is clearly estabilshed that the Albanian Government
constantly kept a close watch over the waters of the North Corfu
Charinel, at any rate after May 1946. This vigilance is proved
18 THE CORFU CHANNEL CASE (MERITS) 19
by the declaration of the Albanian Delegate in the Security
Council on February ~gth, 1947 (Oficial Records of the Security
Council, Second Year, No. 16, p. 328), and especially by the

diplomatic notes of the Albanian Government concerning the
passage of foreign ships through its territorial waters. This
vigilance sometimes went so far as to involve the use of force :
for esample the gunfire in the direction of the British cruisers
Orion and Sztperb on May ~gth, 1946, and the shots fired at the
U.N.R.R.A. tug and barges on October 29th, 1946, as established
by the affidavit of Enrico Bargellini, which was not seriously
contested.
The Albanian Government's notes are al1evidence of its intention
to keep a jealous watch on its temtorial waters. The noteverbale
addressed to the United Kingdom on May z~st, 1946, reveals the
existence of a "General Order", in execution of which the Coastal
Commander gave the order to fire in the direction of the British
cruisers. This same note formulates a demand that "permission"
shall be given, by the Albanian authorities, for passage through
territorial waters. The insistence on "formalities" and "permis-
sion" by Albania is repeated in the Albanian note of June 19th.
As the Parties agree that the minefield had been recently laid,
it must be concluded that the operation was carried out during

the period of closewatch by the Albanian authorities in this sector.
This conclusion renders the Albanian Govemment's assertion of
ignorance a priorisomewhat improbable.

The Court also noted the reply of Captain Ali Shtino to a
question put by it ; this reply shows that the witness, who had
been called on to replace the Coastal Defence Commander for a
period of thirteen to fifteen days, immediately before the events
of October zznd, had received the following order: "That the
look-out posts must inform me of every movement [in the Corfu
Channel], and that no action would be taken on our part."

The telegrams sent by the Albanian Government on Novem-
ber 13th and November 27th, 1946,to the Secretary-General of the
United Nations, at a time when that Government was fully aware
of the discovery of the minefield in Albanian territorial waters,

are especially significant of the measures taken by the Albanian
Government. In the first telegram, that Government raised the
strongest protest against the movements and activity of British
naval units in its territorial waters on November 12th and 13th,
1946, without even mentioning the existence of a minefield in
these waters. In the second, itrepeats its accusations against
the United Kingdom, without in any way protesting against the
laying of this minefieldwhich, if effected without Albania's consent,
constituted a very serious violation of her sovereignty.

Another indication of the Albanian Govemment's knowledge
consists in the fact that that Govemment did not notify thepresence of mines in its waters, at the moment when it must have

known this, at the latest after the sweep on November 13th, and
further, whereas the Greek Government immediately appointed
a Commission to inquire into the events of October zznd, the
Albanian Govemment took no decision of such a nature, nor did
it proceed to the judicial investigation incumbent, in such a case,
on the territorial sovereign.
This attitude doesnot seem reconcilabIewith the alieged ignorance
of the Albanian authorities that the minefield had been laid in
Albanian territorial waters. It could be explained if the Albanian
Government, while knowing of the minelaying, desired the circum-
stances of the operation to remain secret.

2. As regards the possibility of observing minelaying from the
Albanian coast, the Court regards the following facts, relating to
the technical conditions of a secret minelaying and to the Albanian
surveillance, as particularly important.

The Bay of Saranda and the channel used by shipping through
the Strait are, from their geographical configuration, easily
watched ; the entrance of the bay is dominated by heights offenng
excellent observation points, both over the bay and over the
Strait ; whilst the channel throughout is closeto the Albanian coast.
The laying of a minefield in these waters could hardly fail to have
been observed by the Albanian coastal defences.

On this subject, it must first be said that the minelaying oper-
ation itself must have required a certain time. The method adopted
required, according to the Experts of the Court, the methodical and
well thought-out laying of two rows of mines that had clearly a
combined offensiveand defensive purpose : offensive,to prevent the
passage, through the Channel, of vessels drawing ten feet of water
or more ; defensive, to prevent vessels of the same draught frorn
entering the Bay of Saranda. The report of.the Experts reckons
the time that the minelayers would have been in the waters,
between Cape Kiephali and St. George's Monastery, at between
two and two and a haif hours. This is sufficient time to attract
the attention of the observation posts, placed, as the Albanian
Government stated, at Cape Kiephali and St. George's Monastery.

The facilities for observation from the coast are confirmed
by the two following circumstances : the distance of the nearest
mine from the coast was only 500 metres ; the minelayers must
have passed at not more than about 500 metres from the coast
between Denta Point and St. George's Monastery.

Being anxious to obtain any technical information that might
guide it in its search for the truth, the Court submitted the
following question to the Experts appointed by it : "On the assumption that the mines discovered on Novem-
ber 13th, 1946, were laid at some date within the few preceàing
months, whoever may have laid them, you are requested to examine
the information availabie regardin(a)the number and the nature of
the mines,(b) the means for laying them, and (c)the time required
to do so, having regard to the different states of the sea, the condi-
tions of the locality, and the different weather conditions, and to
ascertain whether it is possiblein that way to draw any concl~~sions,
and. if so, what conclusions, in regard to:

(1) the means employed for laying the minefield discovered
on November 13th, 1946, and
(2) the possibility of mooring those mines with those means
regard to theextent of the measures of vigilance existing in the
Saranda region."

As the first Report submitted by the Experts did not seen
entirely coaclusive, the Court, by a decision of January 17th, 1949,
asked the Experts to go to Saranda and to venfy, complete and,
if necessary, modify their answers. In this way, observations
were made and various expenments carned out on the spot,
in the presence of the experts of the Parties and of Albanian
officials, with a view to estimating the possibility of the mine-
laying having been observed by the Albanian look-mit posts.
On this subject reference must be made to a test of visibility
by night, carried out on the evening of January 28th, 1949, at
St. George's Monastery. A motor ship, 27 metres long, and
with no bridge, wheel-house, or funnel, and very low on the

water, was used. The ship was completely blacked out, and on
a moonlcss night, i.e., under the moçt favourable conditions for
avoiding discovery, it was clearly seen and heard from St. George's
Monastery. The noise of the motor was heard at a distance
of 1,800 metres, and the ship itself was sighted at 570 metres
and remained visible up éo about 1,900 metres.
The Experts' Report on this visit stated that :

"The Experts consider it to be indisputable that if a normal
look-out was kept at Cape Kiephali, Denta Point, and St. George's
Monastery, and if the look-oiits were equipped with binoculars as
has been stated, under normal weather conditions for this area,
the minelaying operations shown in Annex g to the United King-
dom Memorial must have been noticed by these coastguards."

The Court canriot fail to give great weight to the opinion of
the Experts who examined the locality in a manner giving every
guarantee of correct and impartial information. Apart from the
existence of a look-out post at Cape Denta, which hâs not been
proved, the Court, basing itself on the declarations of the Albanian
Government that look-out posts were stationed at Cape Kiephali
and St. George's Monastery, refers to the following conclusions

2 1 in the Experts' Report : (1) that in the case of minelaying from
the North towards the South, the minelayers would have been
seen from Cape Kiephali ;(2) in the case of minelaying from
the South, the minelayers would have been seen from Cape
Kiephali and St. George's Monastery.

From al1 the facts and observations mentioned above, the
Court draws the conclusion that the laying of the minefield which
caused the explosions on October zznd, 1946, could not have been
accomplished without the knowledge of the Albanian Government.
The obligations resulting for Albania from this knowledge are

not disputed between the Parties. Counsel for the Albanian
Government expressly recognized that [t[tvnnslatio?" zi]f Albania had
been informed of theuperation before the incidents of October zznd,
and in tirne to warn the British vessels and shipping in general
of the existence of mines in the Corfu Channel, her responsibility
would be involved.. ..".

The obligations incumbent upon the Albanian authori ties
consisted in notifying, for the benefit of shipping in general, the
existence of a minefield in Albanian territorial waters and in
warning the approaching British warships of the imminent danger
to which the minefield exposed them. Such obligations are based,
not on the Hague Convention of 1907, No. VTII, which is applic-

able in time of war, but on certain general and well-recognized
principles, namely : elementary considerations of humanity, even
more exacting in peace than in war ;the principle of the freedom
of maritime communication ; and every State's obligation not to
allow knowingly its territory to be used for acts contrary to the
rights of other States.

In fact, Albania neither notified the existence of the minefield,
nor warned the British warships of the danger they were
approaching.
But Albania's obligation to notify shipping of the existence of
mines in her waters depends on her having obtained knowledge
of that fact in sufficient time before October zznd ; and the duty
of theAlbanjan coastalauthorities to warn the British ships depends
on the time' that elapsed between the moment that these ships

were reported and the moment of the first explosion.

On this subject, the Court makes the following observations.
As has already been stated, the Parties agree that the mines were
recently laid. It must be concluded that the minelaying, whatever
may have been its exact date, was done at a time when there
was a close Albanian surveillance over the Strait. If it be sup-
posed that it took place at the last possible moment, i.e., in the
night of October zrst-zznd, the only conclusion to be drawn wouldbe that a general notification to the shipping of al1 States before
the time of the explosions would have been difficult, perhap-aeven
impossible. But this would certainly not have prevented the
.Ilbanian authorities from taking, as they should have done, al1
necessary steps immediately to warn ships near the danger zone,

more especially thcse that were approaching that zone. X'hen
on October zznd about 13.00 hours the British warships were
reported by the look-out post at St. George's hlonastery to the
Commander of the Coastal Defences as approaching 'Cape Long,
it nas perfectly possible for the Albanian authorities to use the
interval of almost two hours that elapsed before the explosion
affectingSairnznvez(14.53 hours or 14.55 hours) to warn the vessels
of the danger into which they were running.

In fact, nothing was attempted by the Albanian authorities to
prevent the disaster. These grave omissions in\-olve the inter-
national responsibility of Albania.
The Court therefore reaches the conclusion that Albania is
responsible under international law for the explosions which
occurred on October zznd, 1946, in Albanian waters, and for
the damage and loss of human life which resulted from them,
and that there is a duty iipon Albania to pay compensation to
the United Kingdom.
* * *

In the final submissions contained in its oral reply, the United
Kingdom Government asked the Court to give judgment that,
as a result of the breach by the Albanian Govemment of its
obligations under international law, it had sustained damages

amounting to £87 5,000.

In the last oral statement submitted in its name, the Albanian
Government, for the first time, asserted that the Court would
ilot have jurisdiction, in virtue of the Special Agreement, to
assess the amount of compensation. No reason was given in
support of this new assertioc, and the United Kingdom Agent
did not açk leave to reply. The question of the Court's jurisdiction
was not argued between the Parties.
In the first question of the Special Agreement the Court is
asked :
(i) 1s Albania under international law responsible for the
explosions and for the darnage and loss of human life which

resulted from them, and
(ii) is there any duty to pay compensation ?
This text gives rise to certain doubts. If point (i)is answered
in the affirmative, it follows from the establishment of respons-ibility that compensation is due, and it wodd be superfiuous
to add point (ii) unless the Parties had something else in mind
than a mere declaration by the Court that compensation is due.
It would indeed be incompatible with the generally accepted
rules of interpretation to admit that a provision of this sort
occurring in a special agreement should be devoid of purport

or effect. In this connexion, the Court refers tothe views expressed
by the Permanent Court of International Justice with regard
to similar questions of interpretation. In Advisory Opinion
No. 13 of July 23rd, 1926, that Court said (Series B., No. 13,
p. 19): "But, so far as concerns the specific question of com-
petence now pending, it rnay suffice to observe that the Court,
in determining the nature and scope of a measure, must look to
its practical effect rather than to the predominant motive that
may be conjectured to have inspired it." In its Order of
August ~gth, 1929, inthe Free Zones case, the Court said (Series A.,
No. 22,p. 13) :"in case of doubt, the clauses of a special agreement
by which a dispute is referred to the Court must, if it does not
involve doing violence to their terms, be construed in a manner
enabling the clauses themselves to have appropriate effects"

The Court thinks it necessary to reier to the different stages

of the procedure. In its Resolution of April gth, 1947, the
Security Council recommended that the two Governments should
immediately refer "the dispute" to the Court. This Resolution
had without doubt for its aim the final adjustment of the whole
dispute. In pursuance of the Resolution, the Government of the
United Kingdom filed an Application in which the Court was
asked, iwter dia, to "determine the reparation or compensation",
and in its Memorial that Government stated the various sums
claimed. The Albanian Govemment thereupon submitted a
Preliminary Objection, which was rejected by the Court by its
Judgment of March 25th, 1948. Immediately after this judgment
nas delivered, the Agents of the Parties notified the Court of the
conclusion of a Special Agreement. Commenting upon this step
taken by the Parties, the Agent of the Albanian Government
said that in the circumstances of the present case a special

agreement on which "the whole procedure" should be based was
essential. He further said [translation]: "As 1 have stated on
several occasions, it has always been the intention of the Albanian
Govemment to respect the decision taken by the Security Council
on April gth, 1947, in virtue of \\-hich the present Special Agree-
ment is submitted to the International Court of Justice."
Neither the Albanian nor the Cnited Kingdom Agent suggested
in any way that the Special Agreement had limited the competence
of the Court in this matter to a decision merely upon the pnnciple
of compensation or that the United Kingdom Government had
abandoned an important part of its original claim. The main

24object both Parties had in mind when they concluded the Special
Agreement Ras to establish a complete equality between them by
replacing the original procedure based on a unilateral Application

by a procedure based on a SpecialAgreement. There is no sugges-
tion that this change as to procedure was intended to involve any
change with regard to the merits of the British claim as originally
presented in the Application and Memorial. Accordingly, the
Court, after consulting the Parties, in itsrder of Iiarch 26th, 1948,
maintained the United Kingdom's BZemonal, filed previously,
"with statements and submissions". These submissions included
the claim for a fixed sum of compensation.

The subsequent attitude of the Parties shows that it \vas not
their intention, by entering intothe Special Agreement, to preclude
the Court from fixing the amount of the compensation. In its
Reply (paragraph 71)the United Kingdom Government maintained
the submissions containedin paragraph 96 of its hiemorial, including

the claim for a fixed amount of reparation. This claim \vas
expressly repeated in the final United Kingdom submissions. In
paragraph 52 of its Counter-Memorial, the Albanian Governrnent
stated that it had no knowledge of the loss of human life and
damage to ships, but it did not contest the Coart's competence to
decide this question. In the Rejoinder, paragraph 96, that Govern-
ment declared that, owing to its claim for the dismissal of the case,
it was unnecessary for it to examine the United Kingdom's claim
for reparation. [T~.an.slafio~z.]"It reserves the right if need be,
to discuss this point which should obviously form the subject
of an expert opinion." Having regard to what is said above as
to the previous attitude of that Government, this statement must
be considered as an implied acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction
to decide this question.

It may be asked why the Parties, when drafting the Special
Agreement, did not expressly ask the Court to assess the amount
of the damage, but used the words : "and is there any duty to pay
compensation ?" It seems probable that the explanation is to
be found in the similarity betn-een this clause andthe corresponding
clause in the second part of the Special Agreement :"and is there
axiy duty to give satisfaction ?"

The Albanian Government has not disputed the competence of
the Court to decide what kind of sntisfactio~zis due under this part
of the Agreement. The case \vas argued on behalf of both Parties
on the basis that this question should be decided by the Court.
In the witten plendings, the Xlbanian Government contended
that it \vas entitled to apologies. During the oral proceèdings,

25Counsel for Albania discussed the question whethes ê pecuniary
satisfaction \vas due. As no damage was caused, he did not claim
an57sun~of money. He concluded [t~atzslntion] : "What we desire

is the declaration of the Court from a legal point of view ...."

If, hon-ever, the Court is competent to decide what kind of
satisfaction is due to Albania under the second part of the Speêia!
Agreement, it is difficult to see why it should lack competence to
decide the amount of compensation which is due to the United
Kingdom under the first part. The clauses used in the Special
Agreement are parallel. It cannot be supposed that the Parties,
while drafting these clauses in the same form, intended to give
them opposite meanings-the one as giving the Court jurisdiction,
the other as denying such jurisdiction.

As has been said above, the Security Cmncil, in its Resolution

of April gth, 1947, undoubtedly intended that the whole dispute
should be decided by the Court. If, however, the Court should
limit itself to saying that there is a duty to pay compensation
without deciding what amount of compensation is due, the dispute
would not be finally decided. An important part of it would
remain unsettled. As both Parties have repeatedly declared that
they accept the Resolution of the Security Council, such a result
mould not conform with their declarations. It would not give full
effect to the Resolution, but would leave open the possibility of a
further dispute.
For the foregoing reasons, the Court has arrived at the conclusion
that it has jurisdiction to assess the amount of the compensation.
This cannot, however, be done in the present Judgment. The
Albanian Government has not yet stated which items, if any, of

the various sums claimed it contests, and the United Kingdom
Government has not submitted its evidence with regard to them.
The Court therefore considers that further proceedings on this
subject are necessary ; the order and time-limits of these proceed-
ings will be fixed by the Order of this date.

'
In the second part of the Special Agreement, the following
question is submitted to the Court :
"(2) Has the United Kingdom under international law violated
the sovereignty of the Albanian People's Republicby reason of the
acts of the Royal Navy in Albanian waters on the 22nd October
and on the 12th and 13th November 1946 and is there any duty
to give satisfaction?"

The Court will first consider whether the sovereignty of Albania
was violated by reason of the acts of the British Navy in Albanian
waters on October zznd, 1946.
26 On May rgth, 1946, the British cruisers Oviolt and Szrpevb,
while passing southward through the North Corfu Channel, were
fired at by an Albanian battery in the vicinity of Saranda. It

appears from the report of the commanding naval officer dated
May zgth, 1946, that the firing started when the ships had already
passed the battery and were mo~ing away from it ; that from 12 to
20 rounds were fired ;that the finng lasted 12 minutes and ceased
only when the ships were out of range ; but that the ships were not
hit although there were a number of "shorts" and of "overs".
An Albanian note of May zrst states that the Coastal Commander
ordered a few shots to be fired in the direction of the ships "in
accordance with a General Order founded on international law".

The United Kingdom Government at once protested to the
Albanian Government, stating that innocent passage through

straits is a right recognized by international law. There ensued
a diplomatic correspondence in which the Albanian Government
asserted that foreign warships and merchant vessels had no right
to pass through Albanian territorial waters without pnor noti-
fication to, and the permission of, the Albanian authorities. This
view was put into effect by a communication of the Albanian
Chief of Staff, dated Jlay 17th, 1946, which purported to subject
the passage of foreign warships and merchant vessels in -4lbanian
territorial. waters to previous notification to and authorization by the
Albanian Government. The diplomatic correspondence continued,
and culminated in a United Kingdom note of August znd, 1946,
in which the United Kingdom Government maintained its view
with regard to the right of innocent passage through straits forming
routes for international maritime traffic between two parts of the

high seas. The note ended with the warning that if Albanian
coastal batteries in the future opened fire on any British warship
passing through the Corfu Channel, the fire would be returned.

The contents of this note were, on August ~st, communicated
by the British Admiralty to the Commander-in-Chief, Medi-
terranean, with the instruction that he shouldrefrain from using the
Channel until the note had been presented to the Albanian Govern-

ment. On Aiigust ~oth, he received from the Admiralty the
following telegram : "The Albanians have now received the note.
North Corfu Strait may now be used by ships of your fleet, but
only when essential and with armament in fore and aft position.
Jf coastal guns fire at ships passing through the Strait, ships
should fire back." On September zrst, the following telegramwas sent by the Admiralty to the Commander-in-Chief, hiediter-

ranean : "Establishment of diplomatic relations wvith Albania is
again under consideration by His Riajesty's Government who wish
to know whether the Albanian Government have learnt to behave
themselves. Information is requested whether any ships under
your command have passed through the North Corfu Strait since
August and, if not, whether you intend them to do so shortly."
The Commander-in-Chief answered the next day that his ships
had not done so yet, but that it ww7a hsis intention that Jfazlritius
and Lennder and twvodestroyers should do so when they departed
from Corfu on October zznd.

It wvasin such circumstances that these two cruisers together
with the destroyers Saz~inarezand T701agewere sent through the
North Corfu Strait on that date.
The Court will now consider the Albanian contention that the
United Kingdom Government violated Albanian sovereignty by

sending the warships through this Strait without the previous
authorization of the Albanian Government.

It is, in the opinion of the Court, generally recognized and in
accordance with international custom that Statesin time of peace
have a right to send their warships through straits used for inter-
national navigation be'nveentwo parts of the high seas without the
previous authorization of a co'astalState, provided that the passage
is innocent. Unless othenvise prescribed in an international
convention, there is no right for a coastal Stateto prohibit such
passage through straits in time of peace.

The Albanian Government does not dispute that the liorth
Corfu Channel is a strait in the geographical sense ;but it denies
that this Channel belongs to the class of international highn-ays
through wvhicha right of passage exists, on the grounds that it is

only of secondas. importance and not el-en a neceçsary route
between twvoparts of the high seas, and that it is used almost
exclusively for local traffic to and from the ports of Corfu and
Saranda.

It may be asked whether the test is to be found in the \lolume of
traffic passing through theStrait or in its greater or lesser importance
for international navigation. But in the opiiiion of the Court the
decisive criterion is rather its geographical situation as connecting
two parts of the high seas and the fact of its being used for inter-
national navigation. Sor can it be decisire that this Strait is not
a necessary route bettveen tn-O parts of the high aeas, but only
an alternative passage betwveenthe Egean and the Adriatic Seas.
It has nevertheless been a useful route for international maritime
traffic. In this respect, the -\gent of the Vnited Kingdom Govern-
ment gave the Court tlie foilowing information relating to the

28period from April ~st, 1936, to December 31st, 1937 :"The follow-
ing is the total number of ships putting in at the Port of Corfu
after passing through or just before passing through the Channel.
During the period of one year nine months, the total number of

ships was 2,884. The flags of the ships are Greek, Italian, Rou-
manian, Yugoslav, French, Albanian and British. Clearly, very
small vessels are included, as the entries for Albanian vessels are
high, and of course one vesse1 may make several journeys, but
2,884 ships for a period of one year nine months is quite a large
figure. These figures relate to vessels visited by the Customs at
Corfu and so do not include the large number. of vessels which went
through the Strait without calling at Corfu at all." There were
also regular sailings through the Strait byGreek vessels three times
weekly, by a British ship fortnightly, and by two Yugoslav vessels
weekly and by two others fortnightly. The Court is further
informed that the British Navy has regularly used this Channel
for eighty years or more, and that it has also been used by the
navies of other States.

One fact of particular importance is that the North Corfu
Channel constitutes a frontier between Albania and Greece, that
a part of it is wholly within the territorial waters ofthese States,
and that the Strait is of special importance to Greece by reason of
the traffic to and from the port of Corfu.

Having regard to these various considerations, the Court has
arrived at the conclusion that the North Corfu Channel should
be considered as belonging to the class of international highways
through which passage cannot be prohibited by a coastal State
in time of peace.
On the other hand, it is a fact that the two coastal States did
not maintain normal relations, that Greece had made territorial
claims precisely with regard to a part of Albanian territory bor-
dering on the Channel, that Greece had declared that she considered

herself technically in a state of war with Albania, and that Albania,
invoking the danger of Greek incursions, had considered it neces-
sary to take certain measures of vigilance in this region. The
Court is of opinion that Albania, in view of tliese exceptional
circumstdnces, would have been justified in issuing regulations
in respect of the passage of warships through the Strait, but not
in prohibiting such passage or in subjecting it to the requirement
of special authorization.
For these reasons the Court is unable to accept the Albanian
contention that the Government of the United Kingdom has
violated Albanian sovereignty by sënding the warships throughthe Strait without having obtained the previous authorization of
the Albanian Government.

In these circumstances, it is unnecessary to consider the more
general question, much debated by the Parties, n-hether States
under international law have a right to send warships in time of
peace through territorial waters not included in a strait.

The Albanian Government has further contended that the
sovereignty of Albania was violated because the passage of the
British warships on October zznd, 1946, was not an i?z.izocejzt
passage. The reasons advanced in support of this contention
may be summed up as foilows : The passage was not an ordinary
passage, but a political mission ; the ships were manoeuvring
and sailing in diamond combat formation with soldiers on board ;
the position of the guns was not consistent with innocent passage ;
the vessels passed with crews at action stations ; the number of
the ships and theirarmament surpassed what \vas necessa- in order
to attain their object and showed an intention to intimidate and
not merely to pass ; the ships had received orders to obsen-e and

report upon the coastal defences and this order was carried out.

It is shown by the Adniiralty telegram of September z~st, cited
above, and admitted by the United Kingdom Agent, that the
object of sending the warships through the Strait \vas not only
to cany out a passage for purposes of navigation, but also to
test Albania's attitude. As mentioned above, the Albanian
Government, on May 15th, 1946, tried to impose by means of
gunfire its view with regard to the passage. As the exchange
of dipIomatic notes did not lead to any clarification, the Govern-
ment of the United Kingdom wanted to ascertain by other ineans
whether the Albanian Govemment would maintain its illegal
attitude and again impose its view by firing at passing ships.
The legality of this measure taken-by the Goveniment of the
United Kingdom cannot be disputed, provided that it \vas carried
out in a manner consistent with the requirements of international
law. The "mission" was designed to affirm a right which had

been unjustly denied. The Government of the United Kingdom
was not bound to abstain from exercising its right of passage,
which the Albanian Government had illegally denied.

It remains, therefore, to consider whether the mnnner in which
the passage was carried out was consistent with the principle of
innocent passage and to examine the various contentions of the
Albanian Government in so far as they appear to be relevant.
When the Albanian coastguards at St. George's Monastery
reported that the British warships were sailing in combat forma-
tion and were manoeuvring, they must have been under a misap-
prehension. it is shown by the evidence that the ships were not
proceeding in combat forrnatior,, but in line, one after the other, THE CORFU CHANNEL CASE (MERITS) 3I
and that they were not manoeuvnng until after the first explosion.

Their movements thereafter were due to the explosions and were
made necessary in order to Savehuman life andthe minedships. It
is showvnby the evidence of wvitnesses that the contention that
soldiers were on board must be due to a misunderstanding probably
ansing from the fact that the two cruisers carried their usual detach-
ment of marines.

It isnowvnfrom the above-mentioned order issued by the British
-1dmiralty on -4ugust ~oth, 1946, that ships, when using the North
Corfu Strait, must pass with armament in fore and aft position.
That this order was carried out during the passage on October ~2nd
is stated by the Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, in a telegram
of October 26th to the Admiralty. The guns were, he reported,
"trained fore and aft, which is their normal position at sea in peae
time, and n-ere not loaded". It is confirmed by the commanders
of Sazinzarez and Volage that the guns were-in this position before

the explosions. The navigating officer on board Jfauritius
explained that al1guns on that cruiser were in their normal stowage
position. The main guns u-ere in the line of the ship, and the anti-
aircraft guns were pointing outwards and up into the air, which
is the normal position of these guns on a cruiser both in harbour
and at sea. In the light of this evidence, the Court cannot accept
the Albanian contention that the position of the guns was incon-
sistent with the rules of innocent passage.

In the above-mentioned teleg~am of October 26th, the Com-
mander-in-Chief reported that the passage "was made with ships at
action stations in order that they might be able to retaliate quickly
if fired upon again". In view of the firing from the Albanian
battery on May Ijth, this measure of precaution cannot, in itself,
he regarded as unreasonable. But four warships-t~vo cruisers
and t~vodestroyers-passed in this manner, with crews at action
stations, ready to retaliate quickly if fired upon. They passed
one afteranother through this narrow channel, closeto the Albanian
Coast, at a time of political tension in this region. The intention

must have been, not only to test Albania's attitude, but at the same
time to demonstrate such force that she wvouldabstain from firing
again on passing ships. Having regard, however, to al1the circum-
stances of the case, as described above, the Court is unable to
characterize these measures taken by the United Kingdom author-
ities as a violation of Albania's sovereignty.

The Admiralty Chart, Annex 21 to the Memorial, shows that
coastal defences in the Saranda region had been observed and
reported. In a report of the commander of Volage, dated Octo-ber z3rd, 1~46-a report relating to the passage on the zznd-it
is stated : "The most was made of the opportunities to study
Albanian defences at close range. These included, with reference

to XCU ...."-and he then gives a description of some coastal
defences.
In accordance with Article 49 of the Statute of the Court and
Article 54 of its Rules, the Court requested the United Kingdom
Agent to produce the documents referred to as XCU for the use
of the Court. Those documents were not produced, the Agent
pleading naval secrecy ;and the United Kingdom witnesses declined
to answer questions relating to them. Itis not the~efore possible
to know the real content of these naval orders. The Court cannot,
however, draw from this refusa1 to prodaice the orders any con-
clusions differing from those to which the actual events gave rise.
The United Kingdom Agent stated that the instructions in these
orders related solely to the contingency of shots being fired from
the coast-which did not happen. . If it is tme, as iAe commander
of Volage said in evidence, that the orders contained information
concerning certain positions from which the British warships might
have been fired at, it cannot be deduced therefrom that the vessels

had received orders io reconnoitre Albanian coastal defences.
Lastly, as the Court has to judge of the innocent nature of the
passage, it cannot remain indifferent to the fact that, though two
warships struck mines, there was no reaction, either on their
part or on that of the cruisers that accompanied them.

With regard to the observations of coastal defences made after
the explosions, these were justified by the fact that two ships had
just been blown up and that, in this critical situation, their com-
mander~ might fear that they would be fired on from the coast, as
on May 15th.
Having thus examined the various contentions of the Albanian
Govemment in so far as they appear to be relevant, the Court has
arrived at the conclusion that the United Kingdom did not violate
the sovereignty of Albania by reason of the acts of the British Navy

in Albanian waters on October zznd, 1946.

In addition to the passage of the United Kingdom warships on
October zznd, 1946, the second question in the Çpecial Agreement
relates to the acts of the Royal Navy in Albanian waters on
November 12th and qth, 1946. This is the minesweeping oper-
ation called "Operation Retail" by the Parties during the pro-
ceedings. This name will be used in the present Judgment. After the explosions of October zznd, the United Kingdom
Govemment sent a note to the Albanian Government, in which
it announced its intention to sweep the Corfu Channel shortly.
The Albanian reply, which was received in London on October pst,
stated that the Albanian Govemment would not give its consent
to this unless the operation in question took placeutside Albanian
tem'torial waters. Meanwhile, at the United Kingdom Govern-
ment's request, the International Central Mine Clearance Board

decided, in a resolution of November ~st, 1946, that there should
be a further sweep of the Channel, subject to Albania's consent.
The United Kingdom Govemment having infonned the Albanian
Government, in a communication of November ~oth, that the
proposed sweep would take place on November ~zth, the Albanian
Government replied 0x1the nth, protesting against this "unilateral
decision of His Majesty's Government". It said it did not con-
sider it inconvenient that the British fleet should undertake the
sweeping of the channel of navigation, but added that, before
sweeping was camed out, it considered it indispensable to decide
what area of the sea should be deemed to constitute this channel,
and proposed the establishment of a Mixed Commission for the
purpose. It ended by saying that any sweeping undertaken
without the consent of the Albanian Government outside the chan-
ne1 thus constituted, i.e., inside Albanian temtorial waters where
foreign warships have no reason to sail, could only be considered

as a deliberate violation of Albanian territory and sovereignty.

After this exchange of notes, "Oyeration Retail" took place
on November 12th and 13th. Commander Mestre, of the French
Navy, was asked to attend as observer, and was present at the
sweep on November 13th. The operation was camed out under
the protection of an important covering force composed of an
aircraft carrier, cruisers and other war vessels. This covering
force remained throughout the operation at a certain distance
to the west of the Channel, except for the frigateSt. Bride's Bay,
which was stationed in the Channel south-east of Cape Kiephali.
The sweep began in the morning of November 13th, at about
g o'clock, and ended in the afternoon near nightfall. The area
swept was in Albanian territorial waters, and within the limits
of the channel previously swept.

The United Kingdom Govemment does not dispute that "Oper-
ation Retail" was carried out against the clearly expressed wish of

the Albanian Govemment. Itrecognizes thatthe operation had not
the consent of the international mine clearance organizations, that
it could not be justifie& as the exercise of a right of innocent
passage, and lastIy that, in principle, international law does not
allow a State to assemble a large number of warships in theterritorial waters of another State and to carry out minesweeping
in those waters. The United Kingdom Government states that
the operation was one of extreme urgency, and that it considered
itself entitled to carry it out without anybody's consent.
The United Kingdom Government put forward two reasons
in justification. First, the Agreement of November zznd, 1945,
signed by the Govemments of the United Kingdom, France,
the Soviet Union and the United States of America, authorizing
regional mine clearance organizations, such as the Mediterranean
Zone Board, to divide the sectors in their respective zones amongst
the States concerned for siveeping. Relying on the circumstance
that the Corfu Channel was in the sector allotted to Greece by
the Mediterranean Zone Board on November 5th, i.e., before
the signing of the above-mentioned Agreement, .the United
Kingdom Government put forward a permission given by the
Hellenic Govemment to resweep the navigable channel.

The Court does not consider this argument convincing.
It must be noted that, as the United Kingdom Govemment

admits, the need for resweeping the Channel was not under
consideration in November 1945 ; for previous sweeps in 1944
and 1945 were considered as having effected complete safety.
As a consequence, the allocation of the sector in question to
Greece, and, therefore, the permission of the Hellenic Govemment
which is relied on, were both of them merely nominal. It is
also to be remarked that Albania was not consulted regarding
the allocation to Greece of the sector in question, despite the
fact that the Channel passed through Albanian territorial waters.

But, in fact, the explosions of October 22nd,1946 in a channel
declared safe for navigation, and one which the United Kingdom
Government, more than any other govemment, had reason to
consider safe,raised quite a different problem from that of a routine
sweep carried out under the orders of the mineclearance organiz-
ations. These explosions were suspicious ;they raised a question
of responsibility.
Accordingly, this was the ground on which the United Kingdom
Govemment chose to establish its main line of defence. According
to that Government, the corporadelicti must be secured as quickly

as possible, for fear they should betaken away, without leaving
traces, by the authors of the minelaying or by the Albanian
authorities. This justification took two distinct forms in the
United Kingdom Government's arguments. It was presented
first as a new andpecial application of the theory of intervention,
by means of which the State intervening would secure possession
of evidence in the territory of another State, inorder to submit
it to an international tribunal and thus facilitate its task. The Court cannot accept such a line of defence. The Court

can only regard the alleged right of intervention as the mani-
festation of a policy of force, such .as has, in the past, given rise
to most serious abuses and such as cannot, whatever be the
present defects in international organization, find a place in
international law. Intervention is perhaps still less admissible
in the particular form it would take here ; for, from the nature
of things, it would be reserved for the most powerful States,
and might easily lead to perverting the administration of inter-
national justice itself.

The United Kingdom Agent, in his speech in reply, has further
classified "Operation Retail" among methods of self-protection or
self-help. The Court cannot accept this defence either. Between
independent States, respect for territorial sovereignty is an essential

foundation of intemational relations. The Court recognizes that
the Albanian Govemment's complete failure to cany out its duties
afterthe explosions, andthe dilatory nature of its diplornatic notes,
are extenuating circumstances for the action of the United
Kingdom Government. But to ensure respect for international
law, of which it is the organ, the Court must declare that the
action of the British Navy CO stituted a violation of Albanian
sovereignty .

This declaration is in accordance with the request made by
Albania through her Counsel, and is in itself appropriate satis-
faction.
The method of carnina out "O~eration Retail" has also been
4 "
criticized by the Albanian Govemment, the main ground of com-
plaint being that the United Kingdom, on that occasion, made use
of an unnecessarily large display of force, out of proportion to the
requirements of the sweep. The Court thinks that this criticism
is not justified. It does not consider that the action of the British
Navy was a de~nonstration of force for the purpose of exercising
political pressure on Albania. The responsible naval commander,
who kept his ships at a distance from the coast, cannotbe reproached
for having employed an important covering force in a region where
twice within a few months his ships had been the object of serious
outrages. on the first question put by the Special Agreement of
March zjth, 1948,

by eleveil votes to five,

Gives judgment that the People's Republic of Albania is respons-
ible under international law for the explosions which occurred on
October zznd, 1946, in Albanian waters, and for the damage and
loss of human life that resulted therefrom ; and

by ten votes to six,

Reserves for further consideration the assessment of the amount

of compensation and regulates the procedure on this subject by
an Order dated this day ;

on the second question put by the Special Agreement of
Jiarch zjth, 1948,

by fourteen votes to two,

Gives judgment that the United Kingdom did not violate the
sovereignty of the People's Republic of Albania by reason of the
acts of the British Navy in Albanian waters on October zznd,
1946 ; and

unanimously,

Gives judgment that by reason of the acts of the British Navy in
=Ilbanian waters in the course of the Operation of November 12th
and 13th, 1946, the United Kingdom violated the sovereignty of
the People's Republic of Albania, and that this declaration by
the Court constitutes in itself appropriate satisfaction. Done in French and English, the French text being authorita-
tive, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this ninth day of April,
one thousand nine hundred and forty-nine, in three copies, one
of which will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others
transrnitted to the Government of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland and of the People's Republic of
Albania respectively.

(Signed) J. G. GUERRERO,

Acting. President.

(Signed)E. HAXIBRO,

Registrar.

Judge BASDEVANTP ,resident of the Court, whilst accepting
the whole of the operative part of the Judgment, feels bound
to state that he cannot accept the reasons given by the Court
in support of itsjurisdiction to assess the amount of compensation,
other. reasons being in his opinion more decisive.

Judge ZORIEI d~eclares that he is unable to agree either with the
operative clause or with the reasons for the Judgment in the part
relating toAlbania's responsibility ;the arguments submitted, and
the facts established are not such as to convince him that the
Albanian Govemment was, or ought to have been, aware, before
Noveinber 13th, 1946, of the existence of the minefield discovered
on that date. On the one hand, the attitude adopted by a govern-
ment when confronted by certain facts varies according to the
circumstances, to its mentality, to the means at its disposal and to
its experience in the conduct of public affairs.But it has not been
contested that, in 1946, Albania had a new Government possessing
no experience in international practice. It is therefore difficult
to draw any inferences whatever from its attitude. Again, the
conclusion of tlie Experts that the operation of laying the mines
must have been seen is subject to an express reservation: it would

be necessary to assume the realization of several conditions, in
particular the maintenance of normal look-out posts at Cape Kiephali, Denta Point and San GiorgioMonastery, andthe existence
of normal weather conditions at the date. But the Court knows
neither the date on which the mines were laid nor the weather
conditions prevailing on that date. Furthermore, no proof has
though that, according to the Experts, would have been the only,
post which would necessarily have observed the minelaying. On
the other hand, the remaining posts would merely have been able
to obsen~ethe passage of the ships, and there is no evidenceto show
that they ought to have concluded that the ships were going to
lay mines. According to the Experts, these posts could neither
have seen nor heard the minelaying, because the San Giorgio
Monastery was 2,000 m. from the nearest mine and Cape Kiephali
was several kilometres away from it. As a result, the Court is
confronted with suspicions, conjectures and presilmptions, the
foundations for which, in Judge Zori-iCi'siew, are too uncertain
to justify him in imputing to a State the responsibility for a grave
delinquency in international law.

Judge ALVAREZ, whilst concurring in the Judgment of the
Court, has availed himself of the right conferred on him by
Article 57 of the Statute and appended to the Judgrnent a
statement of his individual opinion.

Judges \~'INIARÇIII,ADAW IASHAK , RYLOV and ~EVEDO,and
Judge ad hoc EGER, declaring that they are unable to concur
in the Judgment of the Court, have availed themselves of the
right conferred on them by Article7of the Statute and appended
to the Judgment statements of their dissenting opinions. LIST OF DOCUMENTS SUBhlITTED TO THE COURT.

A.-During the written proceedzngs .

Admiralty Chart No. 206 showing the Corfu Strait.
Section of German Mine Information Chart.
(Thisis a chart which was captured by the Allies, showing tlie
North Corfu Channel and the position of mines laid by the Axis
there ; the original chart has been filed with the Registry.)
International Agreement between the Govemments of the United
Kingdom, France, .U.S.S.R. and the United States, setting up
the Mine Clearance Boards and dated November 22nd, 1945.
Affidavit by despatch clerk at the Admiralty proving despatch
of Medri Charts to Albania (August zoth, 1947).
Section of Medri Index Chart showing North Corfu swept channel
and the international highway established therein together with
Medri pamphlets for use with the Index Chart.
(Single copy of the entire Chart and of the complete pamphlets
numbered 5, 9 and 12 have been filed with Registry.)
Diplomatic correspondence between the Government of the
United Kingdom and Albania regarding the nght of navigation
in the Strait of Corfu.
Admiralty tracings showing the North Corfu swept channel and
the position and tracks of H.M.S. Orion, Superb, Leander,
Sarcmavez and Mauritizbs, passing through the North Corfu
Channel on May 15th, 1946, and on October aznd, 1946.
Photographs of H.M.S. Saumarez (below water line) and Volage
(bowsblown off)taken shortlyafter the explosion on October 22nd,
Admiralty tracing showing position of H.M. ships at the time
of the explosion.
IO. Report on damage to H.M.S. Saumarez (December 8th, 1946).
II. Report on damage to H.M.S. Volage (November 3oth, 1946).
12. List. ofsailors killed, with statement of pensions, etc., payable
to dependants.
List of sailors injured, with statement of expenses, pensions, etc.
Statement of cost of repairs to theVolageand cost of replacement
of the Saumare:.
Ij. Minutes of Mine Clearance Boards.
16. Reports of Capitaine Mestre (November 16th and 23rd, 1946).
(There were two reports, both in French. The reason why
there were two reports was that Capitaine Mestre wished to
make certain corrections in his second report of certain statements
which he had made in his first report.)
Reports on Operation Retail by Rear-Admira1 Kinahan and
Commander Whitford. (The minesweeping operation of Novem-
ber ~jth, 1946.)

132Chart showing position in which mines were found on
November 13th, 1946.
Photographs of the mines.
Report on mines examined at Admiralty Mining Establishment,
Leigh Park House, Hants.
Chart showing the defences of Saranda.
Affidavit of Skipper Bargellini regarding the incident of
U.N.R.R.A. barges on October qth, 1946 (December 31st, 1946).

Documents and records of the Security Council, etc., relative to
the dispute.
Third Interim Report of the Central Mine Clearance Board in
European Waters after the war (October ~st, 1946-June 3oth,
1947).
Mine Information Chart No. 2711.
Two signals relating to the sweeping in October .1g44 of the
Corfu Channel.
Extracts from Hansard (Parliamentary Debates), containing
Statements by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairsregarding
Telegram from Flag Officer Commanding 15th Cruiser Squadron,
describing the incident of May ~jth, 1946.
Photostat copies of extracts from Political Report of July zgth,
1945, portions of which appear in Annex II of the Albanian
Counter-Memorial.
Text of Admira1Willis's statement of October 26th, 1946.

Photograph of Saumarezomitted fromAnnex 8of United Kingdom
Memorial.
Extract from Third Interim Report of Central Mine Clearance
Board in European waters after the war.
Affidavit by Commanding Officer of Skipjack identifying mines
brought to Malta with those found at Corfu (September 5th, 1947).

Chartlet showing areas swept on November ~zth, 1946.

Minutes of the Central Mine Clearance Board in European waters
after the war (May 25th, 1945-May 19th, 1948).
Minutesof the Mediterranean Zone MineClearanceBoard (Novem-
ber jth, 1945-May th, 1948).
Extracts from the Minutes of the First Meeting of the Mediter-
ranean Zone Mine Clearance Board (November 5th, 1945).andof
the Fourth Meeting (Second Sitting-February 27th, 1946).

B.- A!ter the clostcreof the written proceedings.
(a) Beforethe Itearing :
Affidavitswornin London on October 4th, 1948,by Karel Kovacic,
former Lieutenant-Commander in the Yugoslav Navy.

Chart annexed to above affidavit, showing the route probably
followed by the vessels in going from Sibenik to Boka Kotorska
and to Corfu Channel.

133bis. Tracing made from sketch of Panikovac from the Yugoslav '
Hydrographie Institute, November zoth, 1948 (filed by Albanian
Government's Agent), showing the position of M-minesweepers in
Panikovac Cove.
Copy of a note from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs to the British
Embassy, Athens, August 13th, 1948.
Affidavit by Commander Sworder (October zznd, 1948)regarding
minesweeping in the Corfu Channel in October 194.4,January and
February, 1945.
Estract from Admiralty Instructions on minesweeping in war time.

Chart showing sectors swept in October 1944.
Affidavit by D. G. Jacobs, First Lieutenant of BTMS zoo9 of
the 153rd Minesweeping Flotilla, in October 1944 (October zznd,
1948).
Affidavit by Commander Sworder showing the manner in which
Log-books of the Volage, Mauritius and Leander..
Affidavit by Lieutenant Godsall, Officer of the Watch on board
the Saumarez on October z~nd, 1946, from 14.00 hours to 14.53
hours (October 22nd, 1948).
Report of a Board of Enquiry set up on the arriva1of the Saumare=
at Corfu (October qth, 1946).
Chart prepared bu the Members of the above-mentioned Board
of Enquiry, showing the route followed by the Saumarez.
Affidavit by Commander Paul, in command of the Volage on
October zznd, 1946 (October 22nd, 1948).
Track-chart of the Volageprepared by Commander Paul.

Certified true copy of the letter of the Commander-in-Chief,
Mediterranean, to the Admiralty of August 15th, 1946, trans-
mitting the programme for the autumn criiise of his Fleet.

Photostat copy of Report of Proceedings of Volage, by Com-
mander Paul (October 23rd, 1946).
Photostat copy of Report of Proceedings of Saumarez, by Cap-
tain Selby (October 23rd, 1946).
Photostat copy of Report of Proceedings of Leander, b57Cap-
tain Otway Ruthven (October 23rd, 1946).
Photostat copy of Report of Proceedings of Ocean,by Captain John
Certified true copy of Report of Rear-Admiral Kinahan, Com-
manding First Cruiser Squadron in H.M.S. Mnlcritizts, on the
explosions caused on board the Saumarez and Volageby mines
(October qrd, 1946).
Original copy of a German chart captured by the Allies at the
German Admiralty, Berlin (Ionian Sea and Gulf of Taranto,
south-western Coast of Greece).
Affidavit by Commander Whitford, Senior Officer of the 5th
MinesweepingFlotilla from March to December, 1946, explainine
the difference between mines recently laid and those that have
been long in the water (October zznd, 1948). CORFU CHANNEL CASE (MERITS) (ANNEX 1)
135
Photographs M 1, 2 and 3 of a German mine that had been
two years in the water, with a cerîificate by Colonel Golemis.
Photographs M 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 of a German mine that had
been five years in the water, with a certificate by Commander
Littleboy.
Telegrams passing between the Commander-in-Chief, Mediter-
ranean, andthe Admiralty, prior to the incident of October aznd,
1946, embodying the instructions of the Admiralty regarding
the passage of H.M. ships through the Corfu Chamel.
Telegrams passing between the Commander-in-Chief, Mediter-
ranean, and the Admiralty, embodying the instructions of the
Admiralty regarding Operation Retail.
Affidavit by Professor J. E. Hams, Professor of Zoology in
the University of Bristol, conceming the state of the mines
swept in the CorfuChannel on November 13th, 1946(October27th,
1948).
Affidavit by Mr. N. 1. Hendey, of the Admiralty Central
Metallurgical Laboratory, Emsworth, giving the reasons for the
absence of fouling on mines in the Black Sea (October 25th,
Affidavit by Commander Moloney, certifying that no dumps of
German mines had been left in Greece (October zgth, 1948).

(b) At the hearing :
Photograph of Panikovac Cove.
Copies of two telegrams from the British Admiralty dated
November gth, 1948, relating to the Mljet and Meljine.
Copy of two telegrams from the Air Ministry, United Kingdom,
dated November 8th, 1948, and concerning weather conditions
and the angle of the Sun at Sibenik on October 16th, 17th
and 18th, 1946.
Jane's Fightifig Ships 1946-1947.
Photographs of mines found during the sweepon November 13th.
1946. (These photographs had ben submitted to the Security
Councilin 1947and were marked VI (b)and VI (c).)
Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Assistance between Yugoslavia
and Albania (July gth, 1946.-The date did not appear on the
copy filed).
Economic Agreement between Yugoslavia and Albania (Novem-
ber 27th, 1946.-The date did not appear on the copy filed).
Marinkalender I947.
School and CollegeAtlas (Londcn :G. W. Bacon & Co.).
: H. P. Leopold).

& London, IN).

Document showing the differences between the entries in the
log-book (fair copy) and the rough log of the Mauritius.

Three fragments of the mine which struck Volage.
Extract from Report dated May zgth, 1946, from Rear-Admiral
Kinahan, addressed to the Commander-in-Chief of the Mediter-

135 CORFU CHANNEL CASE (MERITS) (ANNEX 1) 136
ranean, reporting the proceedings of the squadron under his
command for the period April 29th to May 25th, 1946 (paragraph
23, relating to the passage of the squadron through the Corfii
Channel on May 15th, 1946).
Warships of the World, Victory Edition, U.S.A.
Two sketches made by Commander Kovacic at the hearing on
November qth, 1948, morning, showing one of the Yugoslav
ships with the rails and mifielaying mechanism.

Xj. Photograph of Panikoc-ac Cove on which Commander Koc-acic
drew an arrow showing the entrance to the tunnel used as a mine
store (hearing on iu'ovember qth, 1948, morning).

Sh. Two plans of the region of Sibenik on which Commander Kovacic
had marked : (a) the course foliowedipthe launch and the place
from which he could recognize the mines ; (bthe jetty from which
the photograph of Panikovac Cove was probably taken (hearing
on November 24th, 1948, morning).
Report of the 153rd Minesweeping Flotilla (October 8th, 1944)
on the sweeping of the Korcula and Scedro Channels, with a
tracing showing the minesweeping operations.
File relating to mines laid by the Germans (German documents).

German files relating to mine stocks.
Original of the Report of Proceedings of the Leander, made by
Captain Otway Ruthven (October 23rd, 1946) (a photocopy had
already been filed), with signature certified by Captain Selby.

Tracing showingcourse followed bythe Leanderon October 22nd,
1946, dated October qrd, 1946, and attached to the Report
of Captain Otway Ruthven (this tracing replaces the track-
chart made on December 26th, 1946, and filed as Annex 7 to
the United Kingdom Memorial).
gr. Typeu~itten copy of the Report of the Volagemade on Octo-
ber 23rd, 1946, by Commander Paul (a photocopy had already
been filed), with certificate by Commander Paul.
Original of Report sent by Rear-Admira1 Kinahan on May zgth,
1946, to Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, on proceedings of
his Squadron from April 29th to May 25th, 1946, with signature
certified by Commander Whitford.
Sketch made by Lieutenant-Commander Kovacic at the hearing
on the morning of November 26th, 1948, showing the position
of Mljet and Meljine as he saw them on the evening of
October 17th or 18th, 1946, about 18.30 hours.
Plan of environs of Sibenik, on which Commander Kovacic
marked the site of the house from which he saw the Mljet and
the Meljine on October 17th or 18th, 1946, about 18.30 hours
(hearing on morning of November 26th, 1948).
Sketch made by Lieutenant-Commander Kovacic at the hearing
in the afternoon of November 25th, 1948, showing the position
of Mljct and Meljine in relation to the mouth of the tunnel
at Panikovac Cove, on October 17th or 18th, about 16.30 hours.

136 97. Two sketches made by Lieutenant-Commander Kovacic at the
heanng in the aftemoon of November 26th, 1948, showing the
manoeuvre made by the MZjet and Meljine to facilitate the
loading of the mines, and the position of the two vessels during
the loadirig.
98. Sketch showing a minesweeper with its cable cutting the moonng
of a mine, and a mine already swept (sketch made by Com-
mander Sworder and shown to the Court at the hearing in the
morning of November ~2nd. 1948).
99. Diagram showing sweeps of moored mines, 100% safe (made by
Commander Sworder and shown to the Court at the hearing on
the morning of Not-ember aznd, 198).

IOO. Photograph showing Mazrritius and Saumarez after the esplosion
(this photograph was -spbmitted to the Security Council in
1947, and was number. II (a), A. 4).
101. Two extracts from Yugoslav illustrated papers, showing two
photographs of a minelayer with its demck.

102. Map of Sibenik, from U.S. Army (scale 1/5o,ooo).

103. Admiralty Chart No. 1581 : Approach to Sibenik harbour.

Air photograph (No. 4025) of Sibenik and Panikovac Cove.
Page ofan illustrated paper, showing the view over the sea from
a house situated near Keric's house.
Tracing of Panikovac Cove, made bp Yugoslav Hydrographic
Institute, November aoth, 1940 (original fded by Albania).

conceming weather reports published at Sibenik on October 17th
and 18th, 1946 (November 24th, 1948).

Reply by the United Kingdom experts to questions put €0 the
Mixed Committee of Experts by Judge EEer on November 3oth,
1948 : (1) Was the light sufficient at 17.35 hours to enable
Lieutenant-Commander Kovacic to see the vessels moored in
Panikovac Cove ?(2) If the light was sufficient, would the view
have been interrupted by the lie of the land ?
Letter from Commander Sworder to Rear-Admiral Moullec, dated
December 8th, 1948, forwarding a revision of the common reply
to question 5 of the Questionnaire by the agents submitted on
November 26th, 1948, to the experts of the two Parties.
Affidavit by hl.Zivan Pavlov (December roth, 1948), certifying
that between October ~3rd.and 26th, 1946, in the Gulf of Kotor,
he saw a Yugoslav minelayer of the Meljilte class, mo\.ing towards
the fuel refdling points at Boka Kotorska (original in Serb-Croat,
with English translation).
III. Mernbership card of the Yugoslav Seamen's and Port-workers'
Union, bearing name of Zivan Pavlov (in Serbo-Croat language,
with English translation of pertinent passages).
112. Instructions for rendering Safe Underwater II'eapons-German
Buoyant Mines-1943.

137 Air photograph of the environs of Saranda, showing certain
paths and roads (1943).
Map of Saranda District (I/~O,OOO Albania sheet 26-IV Saranda).

Amendments submitted by the United Kingdom naval experts
to the replies they had given to questions by Judge EZer.

Six copies of photographs of H.M.S. Mauritius (photographs
Nos. A 1, A 2, A 3 and A 4 are additional copies of photographs
appearing in Supplement 6 to Minutes of the Security Council,
and are bad reproductions).

A.-During the written proceedings:
Letter from the Greek Representatiw to the Secretary-General
of the United Nations (March ~oth, 1947).
Declaration by Captain Avdi Mati (October 4th, 1947).
Letter from the Head of the United Kingdom Military Mission
in Albania to the Albanian Amy General Staff (January 25th,
1946).
Minutes of the Meeting of the Mediterranean Zone Mine
Clearance Board, held on July znd, 1946.
Report on the incident of May 15th, 1946.
Letter from the Albanian Representative to the Secretary-
General of the United Nations, April ~zth, 1947.
Report on the incident of October zznd, 1946.
Reuter's communiqué of October 26th, 1946.
Article 3 of the Albanian-Yugoslav Maritime Arrangement of
September ~oth, 1946.
IO. Report on the occurrences on November 12th and 13th, 1946.
II. Report by General Hodgson (July zgth, 1945) on Greek provo-
cation.
Chart showing passage of British war squadron on October zznd,
Map of Albanian coast ; Saranda and environs.
Report of the Commander of the Yugoslav Navy on German
minefields.
List of cases of vessels that have struck mines, published by
Lloyds.
"Aggressive acts of the G~eek monarcho-fascist Government
against Albania."
"War provocation by the Greek monarcho-fascist Government
against Albania."
Full text of the Albanian-Yugoslav Maritime Arrangement of
September ~oth, 1946.
Message from General Maitlahd Wilson, Allied Commander-in-
Chief, Mediterranean, to Colonel-General Enver Hoxha (Novem-
ber ~zth, 1944).
Messagefrom Mr. Corde11Hull (November zSth, 1943).
Messagefrom Mr. Edward Stettinius (May zznd, 1945).Declaration by MI'.Winston Churchill (November 4th, 1943).
Declaration by Mr. Cordell Hull (undated).
Letter from General Hodgson congratulating General Enver
Hoxha on the general elections (December 4th, 1945).
Photocopies of parts of Medri Charts, M.6502 :NO. 3, Decem-
ber 17th, 1945 ;No. 8, May 6th, 1946 ;No. 12, August 26th, 1946,
showing the route through the North Corfu Channel on those
dates. The map of December 17th, 1945, gives to the route the
number 18/54.
Telegram from harbour-master of Saranda, October zznd, 1946.

Letter from the Albanian Amy General Staff to the Foreign
Ministry, Tirana, August 3oth, 1948.
Summary of an article in the "Red Star", appearing in the
Bashkimi newspaper, May 18th, 1947.
Letters from two Greek sailors to the United Nations Commission
of Enquiry in Greece (February 15th, 1947).
Report on the possibility of secret minelaying.
Tracing of track-chart of Mauritius, taken from British Chart
Annex 7,and position of minesaccording to British Chart, Annes 9.

B.- Afte~the closureof the written proceedings :

(a) Before the hearing :

Note from the Yugoslav Legation at The Hague to the Agent
for the Albanian Govemment, dated November 8th, 1948, and
ing Lieutenant-Commander Kovacic's evidence.rnent concern-
Tracing of swept channel and normal route for shipping through
the middle of the North Corfu Channel.
Tracing of swept channel and of the North Corfu Channel Zone
not deeper than 25 fathoms.
Tracing of respective positions of German channel and swept
channel.
Tracing of position of the minefield and track of Mauritius,
Leander, Superb and Orion.
Minutes of the Secunty Council, First Year, Second Series,
Supplement No. 4.

(b) At the heczring :
Report by M. Jacques Chapelon, Professor of Analysis at the
École polytechnique, Paris, concerning the passage of Mauritius
through a minefield.
Extract from Order No. 892of the Yugoslav Ministry of National
Defence, dated November 17th, 1945, concerning minesweepers
M I,M 2 and M 3 (in Serbo-Croat, with French translation
certified correct by Yugoslav Legation at The Hague).

Sworn statement, dated November 17th, 1948, relating to repair
of ships of the M class and type in Sibenik dockyard, between
September 27th and November gth, 1946 (in Serbo-Croat, with
139 French translation certified correct by Yugoslav Legation at
The Hague).
Photocopy of a page of the Repairs Register of Sibenik dock-
yard (copy, with French translation of the entries conceming
the M 1, M 2 and M 3 vessels, certified correct by Yugoslav
Legation at The Hague).
Calculation made by Captain Ormanov of height of sun at
Sibenik on October ~Sth, 1946, at 15.15 hours.
Sworn statement concerning the officer Drago Blazevic, dated
November 17th, 1948 (in Serbo-Croat, with French translation
certified correct by Yugoslav Legation at The Hague).

Certificate concerning movements of ships of the ill.class and
type in October 1946, dated No\-ember 17th, 1948 (in Serbo-Croat,
with French translation certified correct by Yugoslav Legation

at The Hague).
British Admiralty Chart No. 1581 :Approach to Sibenik harbour.
Sketch of Panikovac by Yugoslav Hydrographid Institute, dated
November zoth, 1948.
Cadastral plan of town of Sibenik.
Photographs Nos. 1, II and III of Panikovac, taken from Cipad
quay, or near hi.
Photographs Nos. IV and V, looking towards Panikovac from
the terrace on which Lieutenant-Commander Kovacic was.
Italian map of Sibenik (No. 558).
Report of the 1-ugoslav "Commission" concerning the non-
arailabilityof the M 1, M 2 and BI 3 (three original documents
dated Kovember th, 1946, with French translations certified
correct by Yugoslav Legation at The Hague).

Work dockets of Sibenik dockyard for Orders Nos. 920, 921

and 922, relating to shipsM 1, M 2 and M 3 (original documents
in Serbo-Croat, with French translations certified correctby
Yugoslav Legation at The Hague).

1Vork docket concerning ship M 1, signed by Lieutenant-Corn-
mander Kovacic (original in Serbo-Croat,with French translation
certified correcty the Yugoslav Legation at The Hague).

''\York Orders" Nos. 923, 921 and 922, addressed to the Direc-
torate of Sibenik Dockyard, dated September 26th, 19.46, and
concerning repairs to be done to the boilers of the shipr, AI3
and JI3 (three original documents in Serbo-Croat, with French
translations certified correctYugoslav Legation at The Hague).

Affidavit by the Presidency of the Government of the People's

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, on the subject of legal time in
Yugoslavia (in Serbo-Croat, dated November 27th, 1948, with
French translation certified correct by Yugoslav Legation at
The Hague).
Reply by the experts of theAlbanian Delegation (December 4th
1948) to questions piit by Judge ECer to the Mixed Committee of
Experts on November 3oth, 1948 : (1)15:as there sufficient light

140 at 17.35 hours to enable Lieutenant-Cornmander Kovacic to see
the vessels moored in Panikovac.Co1-e ? (2) If the light was
sufficiené, would the lie of the land have obstructed the \?ew ?

57. Nautical instructions for the East Mediterranean (Imprimerie
nationale, 1945).
5s. Sketch showing part of a vessel of the hl-class that might have
been seen from the coast at night from an altitude of 15 feet,
the vessel being : (1) 550 metres from the shore ; (2)I$ miles
from the shore (sketch made by Captaiii Ormanov and shown
to the Court at the hearing on the afternoon of December 8th, 1948).
59. Register of the naval dockyard at Sibenik.
60. Map of "Europe and North Africa", sheet 4, published by the
French National Geographical Institute in 1941-showing
shipping routes.
61. Four photographs of the coast near Saranda.
62. Sketch showing roughly the hills around Panikovac Cove towards

Sibenik (sketch made by Rear-Admira1 Moullec).

63. Observations by Rear-Admira1 Moullec on the Reports of Com-
mander Sworder as to the position of the ships in Panikovac Bay.

64. Original of Report of Commander of First lnfantry Regiment,
dated May ~jth, 1946.
65. Original of letter of May 16th, 1946, addressed to Tirana.
66. Original of Captain Ali Shtino's Report, dated October 23rd,
1946 (concerning events on October zznd, 1946).

,4.-During the written proceedings :
I. Special Agreement between Albania and the United Kingdom,

dated llarch 25th 1948.
B.-During thehearing :
2. Questionnaire prepared bÿ M. Pierre Cot and Sir Eric Beckett,

and submitted to the experts of the two Parties on November 26th,
1948: height of the sun at Sibenik on October 17th and 18th, 1946.
3. Replies established jointly by the Parties to above Questionnaire
(?\To\.ember27th, 1948).
4. Two diagrams showing the mornent when a shadow would have
faIlen on the jetty where the mines were being loaded.
5. Sketch of the environs of Sibenik showing nearest points from
which the jetty would have been visible during the journey of
the motor-boat that Lieutenant-Commander Kovacic was in.
(Three possible routes are gi\-en in the Questionnaire.)
6. Joint Sote of Cnited Kingdom and Albanian experts on the
qiiestions put by Judge ECer to the Mixed Committee of Experts
on Yo\wnber 3oth, 1948 : (1) \Vas there sufficient light at 17.35
hours to enable Lieutenant-Commander Kovacic to see the vessels

inoored in Paniko\-ac Co\-e ? (2) If the light was sufficient, wouid
the lie of the land have obstructed the view ? EXPERTS' REPORT OF JANUARY 8th, 1949.

The Committee of Naval Experts appointed by the International
Court'of Justice on December 17th, 1948, have the honour to submit
,to the Court the following unanimous answers to the questions put
to them :
Question (1). You are requested to examine the situation in tlze North
Corfu Strait immediately before October eond, 1946,
' from the point of view of
the position of the swept channel.
(a)
(1) (a) ANSWER :
The German track shown in Annex 2 to the United Kingdom
Memorial could not be the centre line of a one-mile swept channel
because the western boundary would in this case intersect Mine-
field G 146 c.
When the Royal Navy planned to sweep a channel through the
North Corfu Strait in 1944, route 18/32 and 18/34 was established,
which was, according to us, the only feasible way to make a passage
through Corfu Channel without doing unnecessary sweeping of Mine-
fieldQBY539. We consider therefore route 18/32and 18/34the quickest
and safest way to open up a route through the North Corfu Channel.

(b) the efjectiveness of the mineclearance prer~iolrsly
carried out.
(1) (6) ANSWER :

In order to decide whether the sweeping operations which were
carried out in October 1944 and January 1945 were effective, it is
necessary to 'study the minesweeping reports. The latter, however,
could not be produced. But bearing in mind :
1st. That the Royal Navy had a great esperience in mineclearing ;

2nd. That the sweeping .of a moored minefield is far easier than
sweeping a ground minefield ;

3rd. That the sweeping of a moored minefield, if carried out in the
proper way, can be considered 100% safe ;

Nok-Speaking strictly, a channel can only be declared safe
at the time when it is cleared. One cannot guarantee that
the channel in the future will remain so. Some evil person
may lay mines-as in fact has been done in this case-and
there is also the very remote possibility of a mine which went
to the bottom when laid, rising to "correct" depth later on. Eut if such eventualities were to be taken into account, it
would mean that no waters could be declared safe, and mined
areas could never be used any more ;

4th. That this charnel was swept for troopships and supplies to
pass through for the Italian front,

we assume that the clearing was camed out with the greatest possible
care.

and (c) therisk of encounteringfloatingmines in this chanfiel
owing to the $roximity of the old minefields, and to
study the Germandocumentsin ordertoobtaininfor-
mation from them concerningthety$es of mines laid

in those minefields.

The presence of moored Italian minefields off Corfu explains the
possibility of floating mines in this area. We cannot see, however,
that the possible presence of floating mines could be connected with
the mining of H.M.S. Saumarez and H.M.S. Volage, as the nature of
the damage sustained by the above ships excludes the faintest possi-
bility of its cause being a floating mine.

It is often thoughtthatsfloating mines are a serious danger to shipping.
This is entirely wrong.
To Our knowledge, it has not been definitely proved that more than
one single ship l, steaming on a straight course (as was the case with
Saumarez and Volage), has been damaged by a floating mine, although

thousands have been afloat during the two great wars.

Admittedly, there are ten more cases of ships having been struck by
alleged floating mines ; but these cases have not been proved.

Apart from other obvious reasons, such as the very minute space of
sea occupied by a mine, the ease with which it is seen in daylight and
its normally harmless condition, there is the fact that the bow wave
bnishes the mine clear of the ship.
Extensive practical tests have proved that it is impossible to ram a
floating mine, however hard one tries.

Whatever the possibility may be of two mines from the old German
minefield floating about, it is, as stated above, of no interest in this
case, as the damage done to the two ships could not possibly be caused
by floating mines.
A close study of the German docunlents diows :

I. That until October 23rd, I~M, only Italian mines were laid in the
North Corfu Channel area ;

l The BeltyHindley, October 1947.
143 2. That GY types of mines were available at Trieste on April 25th,
194.5;

3. No manufacturer's numbers are shown in these documents.
,Vote.-Each mine has a number stamped on the bottom plate. The
Germans had a very elaborate spstem of tabulating al1particulars of the
mines on so-called Kennkarten. If those cards could be traced for the
Adriatic Zone, one could compare the numbers on the bottom plates
of the swept mines with these Kennkarten in order to find out the place
of origin of the mines that were laid in North Corfu Channel.

Q~lestion (2). 1-ou are reqzresfedto examine the information and docni-
ments availableconcerningtlzenavigationof the Mauritius,
the Saumarez and the Volage, in orderto ascertainwltat
conclusions, if any, may be drawn concerningthe identify
of the type of mines which strnick the two last-named
z-esselswith the type of mines discoveredon Noaember13flt,
1946, and tostate how fur, in yozcropinion, these con-
clusions can be regardedas oalid.

. .
-1lthough the log-books of APatcritizds,Leander and 1701ageshow
some inaccuracies in speed and course, we consider it beyond any
doubt that Saumarez and Volage were mined in approsimately the
positions indicated in Annex g to the United Kingdom Memorial.

Even if both ships were mined nearer the northern edge of the
channel, they would still have been victims of the two lines of mines
shomn in Annes g.
Our conclusion, therefore, is definite : that both ships were struck
by the type of mine which was swept on November 13th, 1946.

Qtrestion(3). 1-OUare requestedto examine the information and docu-
ments aziailablerelating to tlze danzage sugered by the
Saumarez and tlze Volage, and fo the fragments of n
mine found in tlze Volage, with a aiew to ascertaining
wltat conclusions, if any, may be drawn regarding tlze
type of mines which strzrck these aessels, and how fur
theseco~tcl~rsio~casn,in yozrropinion, beregardedasvalid.
(3) AXSWER :

-4sfar as it is possible to estimate the damage sustained by Sazrmare:
and I'olage, which were ships of modern construction, this damage
must have been caused by the esplosion of a moored contact mine
of approximately 600 lb. charge. The reasons for this are : 1st. A ground mine would not cause this type of damage, and
certainly not at this depth of water ;

2nd. A floating mine can be excluded altogether, as previously
explained ;
3rd. The only remaining possibility is a moored contact mine.

Of the fragments found in Volage, the two small, slightly curved
pieces are obviously not parts of a mine shell ;for they are of cast iron.
The third piece, which is part of a horn adapter, fits closely to the homs
and elements of a GY mine or of a GR mine, the adapters of these two
types of mine being identical.

Question (4). You are requested toexamine tlzeqwstims whetherit is
possible todraw (a) from the Positioltof the mines swepton
Noaember 13th, 1946 ; (b) from the fact that a complete
mineclearaficeof the Albanian watersin this area hadnot
yetbeencarriedout ut thattime; and (c)from the passageof
the Mauritius on the zznd October,1946, withoutstriking
any mine, any conclusions,and, if so, what conclusions,
regardingthe existenceof a methodicdly laid minefieldand
the objectfor which, in the light of tlzedisposition of the
mines, the9appear to havebeenlaid.

The position of the mines swept on the 13th November, 1946,strongly
indicates that the mines were methodically laid in two rows.
Any previous minesweeping in the Medri Route Channel would
necessarily have detected such mines, if they had been laid at that time.

The minefield was skilfully placed, as if its combined object was :
through theve channel; (2) defensive s:mto stop ships of the same draughtg
from entering Saranda Bay.

That Mauritius passed unmolested through the minefield only shows
she had good luck. There is nothisg strange in a ship getting through
a minefield with a densiiy of mines as indicated by the sweep.

Question (5). From thestateof the mines sze~epotn h70z~embe 1r3th, 1946,
canyou drawany conclusions,and, if so, whatconclusions,
as tothedateon which theyweremoored,and, in particular,
on the question whether they uleremoored beforeor aftej
the ~2nd October, 1946 ?

The condition of the mines swept during the sweeping operation on
Councilh Officia1Records, leads to the conclusion that the mines should
be considered as recently laid.

145 1f7eare not in a position to give even an approximate date for the
minelaying. The amount of barnacles, growth, rust, etc., is dependent
on many factors which Vary considérably with prevailing conditions.
Only actual tests at the same time of the year and in the same waters
could give sufficient information to afford a rough estimate of the age
of the minefield.

1Vith nothing more than general information, al1 we are prepared
to state with certainty is that the mines cannot possibly belong to a
minefield laid during the war.

The question whether the mines were laid before or after the
22nd October, 1946, cannot possibly be answered. The state of the
mines would certainly not alter noticeably from the 21st to the 23rd of
October.

Question (6). Having regard to the replies given, by agreement between
the Parties, to theqz~estionsconcerning the position of the
sztn at Sibenik on October17th and 18th, 1946, and on the

basis 01 the docz~mentsin the case, does the examination
of the factztal circumstances concerning (a) the date, (b)
the time of day, (c) the lie of the land, (d) the conditions
of visibility, (e) the position of the objects (ships, mines,
horns, rails),(f) their form, coloztrand dimensions, lead
yozt to the conclusion thatin the circumstances in which
the witness Kovacic wm sitztated, it was possible for him
to see the loading and thepresence ofGY mines on board
two ships of the "M"-class in Panikovac Cove and the
rails on the ships ?

(6) AKSWER:
'The following could have been seen :

1. At 16.15 hours:
The two ships of the "JI"-class, if moored at Panikovac Cove ;
(a)
the mine-bodies and sinkers on board these ships ;
(b) the loading of the mines.
(c)
These observations could easily have been made, which-
ever of the three courses indicated on map N.I.D. 14/32/48>
Annex C in File E.1111172,was followed by the launch.
Provided that the ships were moored on the northern side
of the Cove, as stated by the witness Kovacic, also :

(d) that the mines were newly painted (the gloss).
If the launch had followed course (i), it would have passed
within about 4jo metres of the Cove, and then
horns and rails could have been seen, although idintly.
(e)
If either of courses (ii) or (iii) was followed, we think it
must have been impossible to see horns or raiis.
I46 II. At 17.35 h0~r.S :

Given no obstaclesin the line of sight :
(f) It would perhaps be possible from Kenc's house to see the
silhouettes of the ships loaded with mines.
The above conclusions (a) to (f) are based upon tests made at
"Naval Base A" (see Annex rl) which were carried out at a time cor-
responding to 17.28 hours in Sibenik, on October 18th, 1946, and
under similar circumstances.

Possible obstructionsto the line of sight :

Three different opinions have been given by the Parties as to the
possible position of the ships at 17.35 hours.
1. Ships moored along the south-western pier. In this case the
configuration of the land woüld prevent the ships from being
seen.
2. Ships moored in the most westerly part of the north-eastern
pier, where they also wodd have been hidden.

Ships moored along the "built-up" extension of tlie north-eastern
3.
9UaY.
From the documents tïled with the Court-espcial:y Annex 4 (V),
File E.II/1/77- we think that the statement made by the United King-
dom expert in Appendix z to Annex 1, File E.I1/1/89, as to the con-
figuration of the land, appears to be the more correct. In that case
the silhouettes of the ships may partly have been seen from Keric's
house.
A more definite statement cannot be made without inspection of
the locality.
You are requestedto stateyour opinion as to
Question (7).
(a) the r~umberof GY mines which a minelayer of the
"M"-class could load.
(7)(a) ANSWER :
We assume that the "W-class ships are of about 130 tons, in which
case the dimensions given in the Swedish Marinkalender would be
approximately correct.
According to these dimensions, the number of GY mines these mine-
layers can take would be.twenty, if stability allowed for this top weight.

(b)the time required byho shifis of this clas, emh
possessing a derrick and a steam winch, ad lying
apfiroximatelyin the positionsiftdicatedbythem'tness
Kovacic, to take their completeload of mines.
(7) (b) ANSWER :
Under normal conditions, it should be possible to load oce mine with
onederrick in14 minutes' time. Thistime isbased upon a g~eatnumber

Not reproduced.
147of actual reports from Our three navies, and the times are remarkably
consistent.
Under less favourable conditions, the time required should not be
more than 3 minutes per mine per derrick.
We assume that the full load of mines could have been taken on board
within an hour.

and (c) whether GI'mines arenormally fittedwith lzornswherz
they are loadedon ships, or wlzetlzer,on the contrary,
they norntally have to be fitted with the horns at the
time when they are moored.

(7) (c) ANSWER :
Guards to the horns are not fitted to GY mines.

These mines are loaded with or without horns in place, according
to the rules laid down by the authorities concerned. In Our opinion,
the safest procedure would be to unscrew the bakelite covers and screw
in the horns after the mines were on board.
This requires approximately 5 minutes per mine per unskilled person
and could be done at any time before the mines are laid.

Question (8) (i). Onthe assumption that themines discoveredon Novem-
ber 13th, 1946, were laid at some datewithin the fm
preceding months, whoever may have laid them, you
are reqwsted to examine the information available
regarding(a) the number and the naizcreof the mines,
(b) the meansfor laying them, alzd(c) the time required
to do so, having regard tothe dieerent states of the sea,
the conditions of the locality, and theflcrent weather
conditions,and to ascertain whethert is possiblein that
way to draw any conclusions,and, if so, whd conclu-
sions,in regardto-(i) themeansemployedforlayingthe
minefield discoveredcm ATovemberqth, 1946.

(8) (i) ANSWER
There is no doubt that the 24 or more GY mines which were laid
at Saranda, were placed in their position by means of surface craft.
The laying of GY mines is not done by submarine or by aircraft.

The time necessary to lay those mines is approximately the same as
the time taken to steam the distance between the points where the
mine barrage is to be laid, plus the necessary time to approach and
leave the area of vigilance and to take fixes.

The total time that the minelayers would be in the waters between
Cape Kiephali and San Giorgio Monastery amounts to about two and
a half hours at a speed of six knots, if the ships are approaching from
the North and leaving towards the North. If they approached frorn the South the time would be about two
hours from the neighbourhood of Barchetta Rock to the northern end
of the minefield, provided they left towards the South.

If the ships approached the area of vigilance from the North and
left towards the South, the time necessary between Cape Kiephali
and San Giorgio Monastery would be about two hours.

If the ships approached from the South and left towards the North,
the time would be about two hours.

Questiota(8) (ii).and to (ii)the possibility of mooring those mines
with those means zithout the Albanian authorities

being aware of it, having regard to tlze extent of the
measures of vigilance existing in the Saranda region.

(8) (ii)AXSWER:
The possibility of seeing the operation. The Corfu Channel can be
navigated with no great difficulty, when it iç a question of simply
passing through. But to place a minefield accurately, as was done,
requires a reasonably good visibility so that definite cross-bearings on
the coast can be taken, as there is only one lighthoiise in the 1-icinity.

The necessary landmarks would probably be at a greater distance
away than the distance from the fix (taken before starting the mine-
laying) to the shore : for instance, the Monastery and Limion Point
might be selected. Incidentally, one row of mines does actually point
to both of these landmarks. Another bearing might be taken on
the north-west promontory of Denta Point. Of course, objects can
be seen much more clearly when looking seawards than when looking
landwards.

The minelayer must have passed at about 500 metres off the coast
between Denta Point (an obvious place for a look-out) and the
San Giorgio Monastery.
From this part of the coast the minelaying could easily have been
observed by a look-out with ordinary hinoculars.
The ships would probably have kept t~ the swept channel and
might therefore also have been seen from Cape Kiephali and even

more so from the San Giorgio hIonastery ; for if the eastern line of
mines was laid frorn the South, the minelayer must probably have
been within half a mile of the Monastery.

If the minelaying was done in darkness, it is doubtful whether it
could have been observed from Porto Edda.
If done in daylight, it can unhesitatingly be said that the operation
must have been noticed bÿ the Albanian authorities.

The possibility of hearing. The most favourable conditions for
liearing a minelaying operation would be :
(a) dead quiet in the immediate vicinity of the observer ;

149 (b) wind blowing off shore (no surf) ;
(c) wind force 3 or less (scale Beaufort) ;
people ashore suspecting some action to be going on, and being
(d) on the alert ;

(e) people on board minelayers not skilful (unnecessary lights
and noises) ;
(f) where echoes strengthen the sound.

Tests which we have canied out at "Naval Base B" (see Annex 2 l)
under similar conditions to those stated above show that rail noise
could be heard faintly at a distance of about 1,200 metres, while a
splash could be heard faintly only at about 650 metres.

Additional noises quickly reduce the audibility.
Accordingly, under favourable conditions it would be possible to
hear the minelaying operation from Limion Point and from the coast
-etw-eenDenta Point and San Giorgio Monastery, but not from Porto
Edda.
Under less favourable conditions it would, however, be impossible
to hear the minelaying from any of the positions mentioned.
We are not in the possession of sufficient information as to con-
ditions when the mines were laid to give a more definite statement.

This Report was drawn up in English in one copy, at the Peace
Palace, The Hague, this eighth day of January, one thousand nine
hundred and forty-nine.

(Signed) S. ELFFERICH.J. BULL. AND.FORSHELL.

(Signed) S. T. CROSS,
Secretary of .the Cornmittee.

' Not reproduced. DECISION OF THE COURT, DATED JANUARY 17th, 1949,

REGARDING AN ENQUIRY ON THE SPOT.

The Court requests the Experts appointed by the Order of the,17th
the land and in the waters adjacent to these two places, any in-on
vestigations and, so far aspossible, any experiments which they may
consider useful with a view to verifying, completing and, if nece-
sary, modifying the answers given in their Report filed by them on
January 8th, Ï949. -
The Parties shall have the right to make suggestions to the Experts
regarding the points to which their investigations and experiments
should be directed.
The Registrar, with the authority of the President, shall make the
preparations required for the journey of the Experts and for ensuring
that they will receive a11the facilities essential to the due and prompt
accomplishment of their mission.
IVithin one week of the filing of the complementary Report of the
Experts in the Registry, the Parties may file in the Registry their obser-
vations upon any new statements which it may contain. EXPERTS' REPORT DATED FEBRUARY 8th, 1949, ON THE
INVESTIGATIONS AND TESTS AT SIBENIK AND SARANDA.

appointed by Order of Court of Decernber 17th, 1948, visited Sibenik
and Saranda in pursuance of the Court's decision of January 17th, 1949.
They have the honour to subrnit to the Court a report on the observa-
tions made and tests carried out by them.

Investigations were made as to the following points :

1. At Sibenik on January 24th and 25th, 1949
(a) Length of the quays at Panikovac Cove ;
(b) existence of a "built-up quay" ;
(c) depth of water alongside the quays in Panikovac Cove ;
(d) existence of a wreck or of obstructions alongside the south-
western quay ;
configuration of the land at Panikovac Cove ;
(e) general lay-out of the tunnels at Panikovac Cove;
(f)
(g) what could be seen of an "Mt'-class minelayer moored in
Panikovac Cove, during the course of the journey by motor
boat past the Cove, following :
(1) route (i),
(2) route (iii),

as these routes are described in Annex C to the document
filed in the Registry on November 27th, 1948, and headed :
"Agreed answers to questions in connexion with state of Sun
at Sibenik" ;

(h) possibility of mooring a motor launch at Kulina Point ;
(2) a general inspection of "M 2" ;
(j) the line of sight from Keric's terrace, and what could be
seen from the tenace in broad daylight, and at the end of
civil twilight on January qth, 1949 (17.30 hours) ;

(k) the time required for walking from Mo10Krka, via Kovacic's
house, to Keric's house ;
II. At Saranda on Janzcary 28th and zgth, 1949 :

(a) Survey of the Coast from Limion Hill to San Giorgio
Monastery ;
(b) \-kit to the Monastery by land ;
(c) visit to Denta Point by land ;
(d) possibility of observing, from the San Giorgio Monastery,
the passage of a ship by night along the line on which the
eastern row of mines was laid (as shown in Annex 9 of the
United Kingdom Memorial) ;

(e) a landing at Denta Point to check the accuracy of observations
made of this area from the sea ;
152 (f) survey of the coast from Saranda to Cape Kiephali ;
(g) visit to Limion Hill ;
(h) visit to Saranda lighthouse.

The attached sketch (Annex 1l) shows the situation as it was found
to be at Panikovac Col-e.

DETAILS OF INVESTIGATION MENTIONED UNDER 1.

The quays were measured and the dimensions found to be
approximately as given by Admiral Moullec (dimensions are shown
in Annex 1 l).
At the north-eastern quay, standard small-gauge rails and mine-
transport cars were observed ; the latter were evidently not of the
type used to transport German GY mines.

- 1 (b) No "built-up quay" was observed, nor were any remnants
seen such as would indicate the previous existence of such a quay.

1 (c) Soundings of the depth of water alongside the qua s were
taken at low tide, and are shown in Annes 1 l. Difference getween
high and low water :approximately 60 cm.

1 (d) There were no traces of any wrecks or obstructions alongside
the south-western quay.
The configuiation of the land was such that, at 16.06 hours
on January qth, 1919, a ship moored an'where in Panikovac Col-e
would be in the shade. On this dai; and at this time, the altitude of
the sun was 7"6'.

Note.-16.06 hours on Januarjr 24th, was 55 minutes before
sunset ; 16.20 hours on October ~gth, 1946, was also
55 minutes before sunset.
1 (f) The entrances to the tunnels were measured. The rails
leading to them appeared to be in working order and had probably
been used not long before. This was proved by the absence of mst,
which was apparent on the rails mentioned under 1 (a).
The fact that the floor of the tunnels was covered with iron sheeting
prevented rails from being observed.
The tunnel led to a widened excavation which the esperts did not
insist on examining entirely. But they were able to see old ammunition
and ground mines stored in the tunnel and modem German ground
mines (oval) stored in the excavation.
Electnc light was installed in the tunnels, but was not working at
the time of Our visit. Observations were made with the aid of a single
electric torch and details could not be seen \-ery distinctly.

Not reproduced. The following colzclusionscan be drawn fiom the aboveobsewations ut
Pa7tikaiac Coae :
An "M"-class minelayer could have been moored along the
(i) south-western or along the north-eastern quay. The best place
for loading would be the south-western quay, which is closest
to both tunnels. If loading were to be done simultaneously
from both tunnels, the quickest way to load two "M"-class
minelayers would be to moor them alongside the south-western
quay, one astern of the other.

As there is no "built-up quay", two ships could not be moored
along the north-eastem quay, one behind the other.

(ii) The gloss of newly painted mines codd not have been observed
that time the ships were in the shade.ober ~gth, 1946; for at

(iii)The entrantes to the tunnels were wide enough to permit their
being used to accommodate German GY mines. If both GY
mines (moored mines) and ground mines were stored in the
excavations, it would be feasible to stow the moored mines in
the widened area and the others in the tunnel itself. If this
were done and if the GY mines had to be loaded, the ground
mines would have to be cleared from the tunnel and placed
temporarily on the quay-side, in order to remove the GY mines.

Note.-The Yugoslav representative said that it was impos-
sible to carry out tests with GY mines (e.g., loading
on board ship), since no such mines were available.

1 (g) Observations weremade as to visibility whilepassing Panikovac
Cove in a launch, at various distances, as shown in Annex C to the
document filed in the Registry on November 27th, 1948, and mentioned
above.
At 16.16 hours on January 24th, 1949, the first trip was made on
route (i). The altitude of the Sun at the moment was 6" 1'.
The "M 2" was moored with her stern towards the Sibenik Bay
alongside the north-easter'h quay, and was completely in the shade
of the hills
When passing Panikovac Cove on route (i), the distance from the
launch to the Cove was measured and found to be 520 metres.
At 16.25 hours a second trip was made over the same route.
During both trips it was possible to obsewe :

(a) the "M 2" moored at any place in Panikovac Cove ;

(b) people waiking on the deck of the "M 2".
It would be fiossible to see :
mines being loaded on board the "M 2".
(c)
It might be possible to see :
(d) mine bodies and sinkers on board these ships.It would have been impossible to see :
(e) that the mines were newly painted ;
(f) horns or rails (ships being in the shade).

A third trip was made at 16.35 hours on January 24th, 1949, on
route (iii).
The altitude of the sun at this moment was 3' 2'.
The "M 2" was moored in the same position and the distance
measured from the launch to the "M 2" was found to be 840 metres.
During this run 'it zeu.~found possible to observe ships moored in
Panikovac Cove.
It would be possible to observethe actual loading of mines.
No other observationscould have been made while following this route.
1 (h) During the preparation for the trips mentioned under 1 (g),
the north-east coast of Mandalina Peninsula was observed. Several
jetties were seen at which a launch could easily be moored. If the
launch calIed at Kulina Point, it would, however, follow route (ii) from
Kulina Point to Mo10 Krka.

We can see no reason why route (i)should be followed. Route (iii)
would be followed if the launch clid not cal1 at Kulina Point.
The distance from route (ii) to Panikovac Cove would be 600 metres
and the possibility of observation would be the same as mentioned
for route (i).
1 (i) The "M 2" was found to be fitted out as a minesweeper.
Minesweeping gear consisted of Oropesa gear for moored mines ; the
minesweeping winch was situated about one metre in front of the
aft mast.
This ship could, however, easily be converttd into a minelayer, and
had for the purpose the following equipment :
a derrick to load mines.
(a) Length of derrick: 7.80 metres. Diameter of shackle: Iinch;

(b) props in the deck to fix the sleepers of the mine rails.
These props were well greased, and easily removable ;
(c) length of rails on starboard and port side :each 12.70 metres ;
distance between props : 0.675 metres ;
three joints on either rail ;
no turntables.
These rails are of a sufficient length to accommodate 18-20
GY mines in all.
Although the inside width of rails needed for GY mines is
70 cm. and the distance between the props on "M 2" is 67.5cm.,
it should be borne in mind that the actual width of the rails
dependr entirely on the construction of the sleepers and the
attachment of the rails to the sleepers. There exist small-
gauge rails of which the width can be regulated as required ;
at Sibenik, however, the rails were not available for inspection ;

small wire winches were screwed into the deck, but were easily
(d) removable.

155 CORFU CHANNEL CASE (MERITS) (ANXES 2) 156

The abozleZeads ILS to the conclzuio~tfhat GT- mines co~rldbe zued
o.irboard "11 2".

1 (j) and (k) The experts visited Keric's house to observe the
view of Panikovac Cove from the terrace. The- went by the same
way as Kovacic said he followed from Mo10 Krka.
Mo10 Krka was reached at 16.43 on January 24th, 1949.

The walk to Kovacic's house took 12 minutes, and that from Kovacic's
house to Keric's house 14 minutes.

tt-entlzev co?ulition0% January 2$h, 1949 : cloudless-clear-good
visibility-slight breeze.
On October ~gth, 1946, sunset \vas at 17.15 ; civil twilight Ras
at 17.41.
On January 24th, 1949, sunset \vas 17.01 ; cilil twilight at 17.30.

The follou-ing obserc-ations were made : at 17.30 on January qth,
1949, "11 2" mas not visible from Keric's house ; "JI 2;'was in the
same position as during the afternoon (moored alongside the north-
eastern qua)-).
"hl 2" \vas then instructed by telephone to move eastmard and to
moor in a position as if a "built-up quay" esisted.

At 17.35, when "M 2" was moored in her nexvposition, it \vas still
impossible to observe her from Keric's terrace. This was solely due
to the configuration of the land and not to the visibility conditions.

So long as the ship was moored in the ColTe,only the smoke of the

funnel could be seen from Keric's terrace. As a matter of fact, this
was the only proof thatthe ship was shifting. "AI 2" \vasthen instructed
by telephone to leave Panikovac Cove, and at 17.40 her silhouette
became clearly visible when she had left the Cove and reached a part
of Sibenik Ba\- that was not shaded bj- the hills. (See Annes II l.)

In this position it would have been possible to obserl-e whether the
ship was loaded with mines or not.
Assuming that the "hl"-class ships were at Panikovac Cove and left
the Cove after sunset, the obserz~ations ade in Sibefzik lead te the/olloxing
co~tclzcsioiz:s

A. "M"-class ships could be used for the minelaj-ing operation.
The tunnels could accommodate GY mines.

B. It is of no importance where and how the "JI"-class ships were
moored in Panikovac Cove, for :

(1) at 16.15 on October ~gth, 1946, it was possible on an? of
the routes (i), (ii) or (iii) to observe the ships and the loading
of mines ;

' Not reproduced.

156 (2) at 17.35 on tlie same day it was impossible for ivitness
Kovacic to see anything of the ships wherever they might

be moored in Panikovac Cove.
The arguments concerning :

the way the ships ivere moored ;
wrecks or obstructions alongside tlie south-western qiiay ;
the configuration of tlie land ;
jetties at KuIina Point ;
visibility at17.3j hours while witness Kovacic ivas at Keric's
liouse;
esistence of "built-up quay",
are of no material importance.

C. The only possibility of observing the "M"-class ships froni
Keric's terrace rvould not be when they ivere in the COI-e,but
when they had left it. Witness Kovacic stated that it became
too dark to see the ships leave the Cove. On the contrary, it
would only be after their departure, when they had left tlie
portion of Sibenik Bay shaded by the hills around the Cove,

that they could have been observed.

II. -4TS.9R.4NDAOH JANUARY 28th AND 2gth, 1949.

II (a) -4 trip along the coast by sea, from Saranda, past Liniion
Hill to San Giorgio Jlonastery, was made on January 28th.

The route followed is shown in Annex III l; and passed throiigli
the positions A, B, C, D, and back to Saranda.
The following were observed :
I. battery at a position just west of Saranda ;

2. fort Likiirski, a i-ery conspicuous landmark ;
3. lighthouse south of Likurski ;
4. houses at Denta Point ;
5. a landing beach near Denta Point ;
6. San Giorgio &lonasterj-, very conspicuous against the sky.
Attention is drawn to the fact that the course followed coincicles

with the direction of the eastern row of mines. This course was easily
checked bj. heading for the Jfonastery and keeping Limion Hill right
astern, or vice versa.

II (b) After making a general survev of the coast from Saranda-
Limion Hill-San Giorgio IIonasterj7, it was decided to examine
furtlier the points coted. On January 28th, a trip \vas made from
Saranda to San Giorgio 3Ionastery ; the foot of the liill, on which
this is situated, can be reached by car in about 25 minutes. From
there, a patli leads up to the llonastery. The walk to the top takes
9 minutes. Mules use this track. 3n reaching the actual ItIonastery,
the party- found the door closed. The Albanian authorities tried in

l Not reproduced.vain to get those inside to open the door. Permission was then
requested and obtained to force the door and this was done. The
Monastery was occiipied by six soldiers, but there was accommodation
for many more ;it had telephone communication. A stable for mules
was seen.
During a general survey around the Monastery, the following were
observed :
(a) Infantry defences just outside the building.

(b) If the look-out posts were stationed outside the Monastery,
thev would be able to watch only part of the Bay of Saranda,
as a number of trees partly obstructed the line of sight. It
was therefore obvious that another place would be used to
watch the sea traffic close to the Monastery. This place was
a look-out tower inside the Monastery ; it was equipped with
benches and this higher spot afforded a much clearer view over
the Corfu Strait and Bay of Saranda, and was not obstructed
by trees to the same extent.
The Albanian authorities said that the men in the Monastery slept
there during the night and only watched the seavduring the day-time.
This statement, however, does not seem quite to coincide with the
difficulties experienced in obtaining entrance at the door of the
Monastery earlier in the day.
II (c) and (e) On the way back from the Monastery, the experts
desired to test the observation off the houses that had been noticed
on Denta Point. As far as could be seen, no suitable path existed,
leading to the houses observed from the sea.

It was therefore decided to approach Denta Point from the sea
side. On January 29th, a trip was made by motor ship with a rowing-
boat in tow. A landing was made near Denta Point on a small beach
(see Annex III l). From here, two paths, which are used by mules,
lead over the slopes of Denta Pomt to the houses. It only took a
couple of minutes from the shore to the lowest situated house. Here
were seen :
infantry defence line and machine-gun posts ;
(i) an old house with a roof, capable of accommodating men and
(ii) mules ;
(iii)places where a fire could be lighted ;
(iv) a newspaper Bashkimi dated September t th, 1948, was found
in the trenches.

At this place one has a clear view over the whole of the Corfu Strait,
as well as the Bay of Saranda.
The abovefmts point to the conclusion that guards or look-out posts
were kept at Denta Point until September th, 1948.
Attention isdrawn to the fact that the Experts' Report ofJanuary 8th,
1949, called this spot an "obvious place" to keep a look-out, as it
commanded the Corfu Strait as weil as Saranda Bay.

1 Not reproduced.

158 -Vote.-X second house which was much bigger than the
former and could be used as quarters, was situated
higher up the slope. This house was not visited by
the experts.

II (d) In the evening of January 28th, a test of visibility by night
from San Giorgio Monastery was carried out.
Weathev conditions : cloudless ; slight breeze ; no moon.
The ship mentioned above was again used. Al1 lights were extin-
guished. One of the experts, and the Parties' experts, went to San
Giorgio Monastery to test the degree of visibility, while the other expert
travelled on the ship along a line identical with that on which the
eastern row of mines had been laid (seeAnnex g of the United Kingdom
Memorial).
The party for the Monastery left Saranda about three quarters of
an hour before the ship sailed. On arriving at the ship in Saranda,
the other party received a telephone message from the Monastery
confirming that the first party had arrived.
On their way up the hi11to the Monastery, the first party was halted
by two soldiers with rifles. This occurrence did not seem to taliy
with the statement made' that afternoon that the men slept during
the night.
The course of the ship dong the eastem line of mines was easily
checked with the aid of:
the background of Limion Hill ;
Saranda lighthouse ;
Cape Kiephali ;
San Giorgio Monastery ;
Denta Point ;
Tignoso lighthouse.
The ship was completely blacked out.

Note.-This is the most favourable condition for the avoidance
and coal-burning vessels,would emit some smoke fromil-
its funnels ; and, as a rule, some sort of light would
be used on a small ship during the actual minelaying
operation.

While the ship was following a course towards the Monastery, the
line of sight from that observation post was partly obstructed by trees
(see Annex IV l).
The noise of the motor was already heard from the Monastery at
22.20 hours (distance 1,800 metres). The ship was sighted for a very
short while at 22.26 hours (distance 670 metres). It was not possible
on this occasion to observe the ship for long, as it disappeared behind
the trees (see Annex IV l).
After altering course, it was sighted clearly again from the Monastery
at 22.30 hours (approximate distance 800 metres).
A northerly course was then set and, at 22.47 hours, a signal was
received on board from the Monastery, stating that the ship was out

Not reproduced.
159of sight. The distance \vas then calculated from a cro~s~bearing,taken
at 22.50, from Saranda light and a promontory south of the Monastery,
and the distance at 22.47 hours was found to be approximately 1,900
metres.

Noise of motor was heard at 1,800 metres distance ;
Ship was obserl-ed for the first time at 670 ,metres distance ;
Ship was again clearly seen at 800 metres distance ;
Ship was followed for a distance of 1,900 metres.
-Voir.-This motor ship was only So feet long, had no bridge,
wvheelhouse or fu~inel, and w\?asvery lo\v on the wvater.

II (1) On January 29th, a general survey \vas made of the coast
between Saranda and Cape Kiephali. Xothing extraordinarp was
observed. Here and there were look-out posts which seemed to be
deserted. Pill-boxes were also noticed.
At Cape Kiephali, a house was sighted which would be an ideal place
for a look-out, commanding the whole Medri channel.

On January ~gth, a w-isitwas paid to Limion Hill, where an
old Italian battery was situated.

II (II) In the Experts' Report of January Sth, 1949, it was stated
that only one light existed to guide navigation in Corfu Strait. In
fact, onlr one light is indicated on the -1dniiralty chart.
But Saranda lighthouse \vas found to be working on Jaiiuary ~Sth,
1949 ; it could not, however, be used for a cross-bearing if the minelaying
began from the South, owing to the configuration of the land at Denta
Point.
This lighthouse \vould Iiave been of service if the mines were laid
from the Yorth.
But as no log-book or other documentary information was available,
according to the Albanian authorities, it \vas not possible to state
whether the Saranda light \vas in working order in October 1946.

1. -1 minelaying operation could be carried out in Corfu Channel,
starting :
(a) from the Xorth ;
(b) from the South.
B. On a clear night, on either course, tliere would lia\-e been
sufficient landmarks to take a fis.

C. Pro\-ided a look-out was kept at Cape Kiephali, Denta Point
and San Giorgio Afonastery, and under normal weather con-
ditions for this area, and if the mines were laid from the Xorth
towards the South :
(i) the operation might not be seen by the look-out post at
the foot of San Giorgio lfonastery, because "position 22.47
160 hours" coincides with the most southerly mine which was
cut (see Annex III l) ;
(ii) the minelayers would, however, be seenfrom CapeKiephali ;
and
(iii) must have been noticed from Denta Point, as the distances
while passing it are within the limits of visibility shown in
summary under II (d).

D. If the minelaying were done from the South (which is most
feasible, as the ships would not have to cross their own mine-
fields if returning to the North), the minelayers would have
been observed from Cape Kiephali, Denta Point and San Giorgio
Monastery. It must be borne in mind that in this case the
ships would have passed the above-mentioned points twice.

The experts consider it to be indisputable that if a normal look-out
was kept at Cape Kiephali, Denta Point, and San GiorgioMonastery,
and if the look-outs were equipped with bi~wcularsas has been stated,
under mrmal weatherconditions for this area, the minelaying operations
shown in Annex g to the United Kingdom Memorial must have been
noticed by these coast-guards.

On the occasion of the experts' visit to San Giorgio Monastery,
the Albanian authorities stated that no binoculars were now available
at that post.

GENERAL.

During the general survey of the coast from Limion Hill to San
Giorgio Monastery on January 28th and from Limion Hill to Cape
Kiephali on January zgth, the experts noticed that Barchetta Rock
was not so easy a point to distinpish as Tignoso lighthouse. But
it happens that in the Reports on Operation Retail (United Kingdom
Memorial,p. 117)~the positions of al1the minesswept on November 13th,
1946, are given by bearing and distance from Barchetta Rock. The
experts therefore consulted the Reports on Operation Retail in order
to check the positions in question.
They reached the conclusion that :

I. individual ships taking part in the Operation may have selected
any obvious landmark in plotting the position of a swept mine ;

2. these positions would then be plotted later on a chart of the
whole area of the sweep ;

3. Barchetta Rock, as being the closest landmark to the most
westerly lap of the sweep, was then selected as a dahm dan
(reference point) for tabulating al1 the positions shown on
page 117 of the United Kingdom Memorial ;

Not reproduced.
161 CORFU CHANNEL CASE (MERITS) (ANNEX 2) 162

4. but any other reference point could just as well have been
used, e.g., Tignoso lighthouse or San GiorgioMonastery.

This Report was drawn up in EngIish in one copy, at the Peace
Palace, The Hague, this eighth day of Febmary, one thousanidnine
hundred and forty-nine.

(Signed)AND. FORSHELL.

(Sig- S. ELFFERICH. QUESTIONS PUT BY THREE MEMBERS OF THE COURT
ON FEBRUARY roth, 1949.

(a) By Judge ZoriZiC.
1.-On page 15 of the French text (page 14 of the English text)
the Report amves at certain conclusions. Under heading C it is
stated that, subject to certain conditions:

1. the @eration might not be seen by the look-out post at the
foot of San Giorgio Monastery ;
2. the minelayers would however be seen from Cape Kiephali ;and

3. they must have been noticed from Denta Point.

In paragraph D mention is also made of the mifielayerswhich would
have been observed.
From this text it would appear that what the guards might have,
or should have, observed was the minelayers, i.e., the ships themselves,
and it seems that the word "operation" in sub-paragraph I refers to
the movements and manoeuvres of the ships.
At the end of the page (and top of next page in English text) it is
stated that if a normal look-out was kept at Cape Kiephali, Denta
Point, and San Giorgio Monastery, and if certain other conditions
were fulfilled: "the minelaying operations ...must have been noticed
by the coast-guards".
These passages mention "minelaying operations", and it is therefore
important to know what meaning the Experts attach to these words ;
in other words :
Does the conclusion mean that the minelaying ships themselves
must have been observed by the coast-guards, or

(2) Do the words "minelaying operations" mean that the coast-
guards must have seen not only the ships and the manoeuvres which
they carried out, but also the actual minelaying, Le., the launching of
the mines into the sea ?

II.-Does the view which is obtainable from Cape Denta enable
one to see certain parts of the Strait, or of Saranda Bay, which would
not be visible either from Cape Kiephali, or from Saranda, or again
from the tower of the old Monastery of San Giorgio ? In other words,
is it not possible to see, from these look-out posts, everything which
would lx visible from Cape Denta ?

(b) By Judge Krylov.

I. Were the houses at Denta Point inhabited ? Why wai the big
house not visited ? Had these houses been recently built ?

1 S,, p. 161.161. Please give a fuller description of the old hoiise which was
visited (page II lof the Report).

2. \Vere the infantry line and the machine-gun posts at Denta
Point of recent construction (page IO l, English text) ?

3. \Vhat was the direction of the wind during the observations on
January 28th ? Mention is made of a slight breeze (page II 2,
English text).

4. Had the house that was seen at Cape Kiephali been recently
constructed ? Had it been used as a look-out post ? (Page 13 3,
English text.)

5. On page 14'(English text) the Experts twice make use of the
term normal" with reference to weather conditions. What
is the definition of "normal" conditions ?

6. \Vhy did the Experts think it necessary to submit observations
to the Court relating to the fixing of the positions of mines by
bearing and distance from Barchetta Rock (page 15=,English

text) ?
IVhy would the ships which laid the mines have had to pass
7. the Albanian Coast talice (page 14 5, English text) ?

What reply can the Experts give to M. Cot's objection to their
Report of January 8th, 1949(Distr. 491.9a ,s regards the audibility
of the operation ? (Page 1111 of Distr. 435ter.)

1 See p. I56.

,. ,, 160.
4 ,,pp. 160 and 161.
,, p. 161. EXPERTS' REPLIES, DATED FEBRUAKY uth, 1949,
TO QUESTIONS PUT BY THREE MEMBERS OF THE COURT.

who were appointed by the Court's Order of December 17th, 1948,

and who visited Sibenik and Saranda in pursuance of the Court's
decision of January 17th, 1949, have the honour to reply as follows
to the questions which were put to them in the Registrar's letter of
February ~oth, 1949.

1. Questionsput by Judge Krylov.

The houses at Denta Po&.
(a)
The experts did not see any advantage in visiting the bigger of these
houses, or in asking if it was inhabited, or for what use it is intended.
In truth, the facts they had ascertained in regard to the existence of
the look-out post appeared to them sufficient for the purposes of their
enquiry. The only reason why they referred, incidentally, to this house
in their report was in order to confirm the fact that Denta Point is
not inaccessible.

@) Date of co?zstrz~ction.

By the term "old house" (building situated at the look-out post)
the experts meant that it was certainly built earIier than 1946. It
seemed to them unnecessary to seek for greater accuracy.
In regard to the bigger house, the experts thought it unnecessary
to estimate or to make enquiries in regard to the date of its construction,
for the reasons given above in paragraph (a). They are, however,
able to state that, asseen from the sea, it seemed to be of more recent
construction than the building situated at the look-out post.

(c) Description of the "old house".

The dimensions of the "old house" were approximately as follows :
Length : IO m. ; width : 2.50 m. ; height : 2.50 m. It is used as a
stable. In front of the door, which is situated in the narrow face
of the house looking towards the South-West, there is a place used
for fires.
The experts considered it useless to spend time in examining the
"old house" in closer detail.

The infantry trenches and the machine-gun posts at Denta Point
are in an excellent state, though that does not mean that they are
of recent construction. In truth, the same poor vegetation which
165one finds everywhere on this rocky coast grows also on the parapet
of the trench, made of the excavated soil.
Moreover, the experts were informed that these defence lines had
been constructed by the Italian troops.
Ad 3.

The very slight breeze was blowing from the N.-E.
Ad 4.
The experts saw no purpose in prolonging their investigations by
asking to go on shore at Cape Kiephali. The observations the'; had
made at Denta Point, together with the remarks given in their report
under No. II (f)seemed to them sufficient for the needs of their enquiry.

Ad 5.
According to the Mediterranean Pilot, Volume III, one can consider
the following weather conditions as being normal.
(a) Wind.

During surnrner, north-westerly winds are most prevale,nt, but in
winter those from the South-East. In settled summer weather, when
the barometer is high, and often in winter, land and sea breezes prevail.
The land wind is light and, near the Corfu Channel, it blows from
sunset, and increases in force until after midnight, when it decreases,
falls calm at sunrise, freshens again as the Sun gets higher, veering
some points eastward until about g a.m., after which it dies away and
is succeeded by the sea breeze.

(b) Clouds.
When land and sea breezes prevail, there is little cloud.

South-east wind may be accompanied by rainfall, and an overcast
sky may be expected, the average for October being 40 % covered
with clouds.

(c) Visibility
Visibility is usually good in the Adriatic, except when the Bora
blows and causes rainfall. Ex,ceptionally good visibility often occurs
on the Dalmatian coast.
Note.-The Bora is a local wind which can blow very strongly
from the North-East for about 15 or 20 hours, with
heavy squalls. thunder, lightning and rain at intervals.
It generally dispels any hovering clouds or fog, and
when it blows with great force the weather is very
clear.

(d) Conclz4sions.
The experts when mentioning "normal" weather conditions under
paragraph D of their conclusions on page 15l (English text) have
' See p. 161.

r66therefore in mind the following weather : clouds 3-4110th-visibility
good (20 miles)-no fog or rainfall-slight easterly breeze.

Ad 6.
From the position of the mines indicated in the United Kingdom
Memorial, Barchetta Rock is not sufficiently visible to be used for
taking fixes. Why, then, it may be asked, does the Memorial calculate
the positions of the mines with reference to that rock ?
The experts thought they should seek an answer to that question.
They found it, and gave it in their report, in order to fqrestall any
question about it.

Ad 7.
As stated in the Experts' Report of January 8th, 1949, under (8) (i),
there are four operational possibilities for laying mines in the Corfu
Strait. They are :
1. Approach from the North and leaving towards the North ;
II. Approach from the North and leaving towards the South;
III. Approach from the South and leaving towards the South ;
IV. Approach from the South and leaving towards the North.

In order to carry out the operations mentioned under 1 and III
the ships would have had to pass the area of vigilance twice. If the
operations under II and IV were carried out, the ships would pass
the area ofvigilance only once.
If the area of operations is approached from either North or South
and the ships carrying out the operations leave again either to the
North or South, they can adopt two methods of laying the mines:

(a) from the North ;
(b) from the South.
Operation 1is discussed as regards method (a) and as regards method (b)
in the Experts.' Report of February 8th, 1949, A to D of Section II.
If operation III was carried out by method (a) or by method (b) the
conclusions contained in the Experts' Report of February 8th would
have been as follows :

Conclusions A and B.-No change.
ColzclusiortC.-Provided that a look-out was kept at Cape Kiephali,
Denta Point and San Giorgio Monastery, and under normal weather
conditions for this area, and if the mines were laid from the North
towards the South

(i) foot ofraSan Giorgio Monastery see; by the look-out post at the

(ii) the operation would not be seen from Cape Kiephali ;
(iii) the minelayers must have been noticed from Denta Point.
Co?iclzcsimD.-If minelaying was carried out from the South towards
the North, the minelayers would have to take a fix and plot this fix
south of a point at which the actual minelaying operation would start.
167 CORFU CHANNEL CASE (MERITS) (ANNEX 2) 168

As this fix was the reference point for this particular minelaying opera-
tion, it had to be in line with the row of mines and consequently
much closer to the San Giorgio Monastery than the position of the
most southerly mine, as indicated in Annex 9 of the United Kingdom
Memorial.

In this case
(i) the ships must have been observed by look-out posts from San
Giorgio Monastery and from Denta Point ;
(ii) the operation would not be observed from Cape Kiephali.
It must be borne in mind that in this case the ships would have
passed the above-mentioned points twice, with the exception of Cape
Kiephali.

A comparisonof operations I and III :
OperationI. OperationIII

(a) Minelaying from the North : (a) Minelaying from the North :

I. Operation rnight not be seen I. Operation might not be seen
by the look-out at San Gior- by the look-out at San Gior-
gio Monastery. gio Monastery.

2. Minelayers would be seen 2. Operation would not be seen
from Cape Kiephali. from Cape Kiephali.

3. Minelayer must have been 3. Minelayer must have been
seen from Denta Point. seen from Denta Point.

(b) Minelaying from the South : (b) Minelaying from the South :

I. Minelayers would be seen by I. Minelayers must have been
the look-out at San Giorgio seen by the look-out at San
Monastery. Giorgio Monastery.

2. Minelayer must have been 2. Minelayer must. have been
seen from Denta Point. seen by the look-out from
Denta Point.

3. Minelayers would have been 3. Operation would not have
seen from Cape Kiephali. been seen from Cape Kie-
phali.
The difference between operation 1 and operation III is that when
a ship approached the area from the South, she would not be observed
by a look-out post situated at Cape Kiephali. In both cases, the
look-out posts at Denta Point must have seen the minelayers ; in
other words, the minelayers could not have escaped the notice of the
look-out posts at Denta Point, and if the minelaying were started
from the South, it must in both cases have been seen from the San
Giorgio Monastery.
168II. Qpestions put by Judge ZoriEiO.

Ad 1.
Bv the term "the operation" in conclusion C (i) the experts meant
the whole of the minelaying operation (i.e., both the manoeuvres of
the ships and the actual launching of the mines).

By employing the term "minelayers" in paragraphs C (ii) and C (iii),
the experts intended to indicate that the ships which were used for
the minelaying operation would in case C (ii), or must incase C (iii.)
have drawn the attention of the look-out posts.

From Cape Kiephali the view extends over the whole of the Strait,
but not over Saranda Bay. From Saranda the view extends over the
bay, but not over the whole of the Strait. From the San Giorgio
Monastery the view extends over the whole of the Strait and over the
greater part of the bay.
But Denta Point, which projects further than the other promon-
tories, commands both the whole of the Straitand the whole of the
derived from a study of the mapco:this spot is very suitable for a look-
out post.

III. Qpesdon put by Judge EEer.

In their Report of January 8th, 1949, the experts concluded that,
having regard to the insufficiency of the information available as to
the conditions under which the mines were laid, it was not possible
to give a precise opinion concerning the possibility of hearing the
minelaying operations.
After their visit to Saranda, the experts added nothing further on
this subject. They confirm that they have nothing to add. The
conclusions which they have drawn in regard to the possibility of
seeing the operation appear to them to deprive the question whether
the operation could be heard of any further importance.
In these circumstances, they think it unnecessary to reply to the
objections on this subject that have been made in regard to their
report of January 8th,1949; at the same time, thev do not for a moment
admit that these objections are justified.

Done in English, in one copy, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this
twelfth dav of February, one thousand nine hundred and forty-nine.

Bilingual Content

COURINTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL
DES ARRÊTS, AVIS CONSULTAETORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DU DETROIT

DE CORFOU
(FOND)

ARRET DU 9 AVRIL 1949

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS
OF
JUDGMENTS, ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

THE CORFU

CHANNEL CASE
(MERITS)
jttbGlMENTOF APRIL 9th1949

LEYDE LEY DEN
SA. W. SIJTHOFFONPUBLISHING COMPANY
Il Le présentarrêtdoit êtrecitécomme suit :
« A$aire du Dklroit& CorJou,Arrêt dzlg avril 1949:

C. I.J. Rec~cez ~Z~, p. 4. ))

This Judgment should be cited as foiiows:

"Corfic ChanneZcase, Judgmentof April gth, 1949 :
I.C .. Reports 1949,P. 4." COUR INTERNATIONALEDE JUSTICE

1949.
Le g avril. ANNEE 1949
Rôle général
no 1. 9 avril1949.

AFFAIRE DU DÉTROIT

DE CORFOU

(FOND)

Responsabilité internationale du chef d'explosions de tnines dans les
eaux terriforia-esConnivence avec un autre É;apreuves- Mouil-
lage par auteurs inconnus. Connaissance du mouillage chez l'État
mis en caus: notion du contr6le comme fondement de la respons;bilité
son influence sur le choix des rnqyens de preuve; moyens de preuve
indirecte, présomptions de fait concordantes.quement aux obli-
gations résultantde la connaissance du mouillage, fondement de larespon-
sabilité. Compétencede la Cour aux fins de fixer le montant des
réparations interprétation du compromis; attitude ultérieure des
Parties.
Droit de passage en temps de paix des navires de guerre par les détroits
reliant deux zones de haute mer.outume international-. Détroits
à l'égarddesquels existe un droit de p-ssDétroit Nord de Corfou.
- Passage innocen;but du passag;tnodalitésdexécutio-. Produc-
article9 du Statut de la Cour, art54ldu Règlement.-coOpération;
de déminage entreprise dans les eaux territoriales d'un État étranger
contre la volonté de cet État; justifications déduites de la théorie de
l'intervention etla notion de self-he-p.Violation de la souverai-
neté territorialeesponsabilité internation;lsatisfaction accordée
en la forme d'uneonstatation par la Cour dtr droit violé.

Présents:M. GUERRERfO ai,sant fonction de Présiden;M.BASDE-
VANT, Président; MM.ALVAREZ F, BELA H,ACKWORTH,
WINIARSKI, ZORIEIC D,E VISSCHER si, ArnoldMCNAIR,
M. KLAESTAD B,ADAWIPACHA M, M.KRYLOV R,EAD,
Hsu Mo, AZEVEDO ju,ge; M. EEER,juge ad hoc. INTERNATIONAL COUI2TOF JUSTICE

1949.
YEAR 1949. April 9th.
General List
April 9tb,1949. No. 1.

THE CORFU

CHANNEL CASE

(MERITS)

International responsibilfor explosion of mines in territorial
waters.--Connivance with another State; 'midence.-Minelaying by
persons unknown.-Knowledge of minelaying by State party.to proceed-
ings: control of territory as ground for respons;its influence on
the choice ofeans of proof; indirect midence, concordant inferences
of tact.-Breachof obligations resulting from knowledge of minelaying,
gvounds for responsibi1ity.-Court'jurisdiction to assess amount of
compensation;interpretation of Special Agreeme;subsequent attitude
of Parties.

Right of passage ofarships in time of peace through Straits connect-
ing two parts of the high seas.-Internaticustom.-Straitsin which
right of passage exists.-North Corfu Channel.-Innocent passage;
purpose of passage and manner of its execution.-Productiof docu-
ments at Court's reque;trefusa1 to produ;eArticle49 of Statute of
Court and Article 54 of Rules.-Minesweeping undertaken in terri-
torial waters contrary wish of territorial S;ajustification derived
from theory of intervention and notion of self-he1p.-Vioof terri-
torial sovereign;yinternational responsibil;tsatisfaction in form
of a declaration by the Court of violation of right.

JUDGMENT

Present : Acting President GUERRER ;O President BASDEVAN ;T
Judges ALVAREZF , ABELA,HACKWORTH W ,INIARSKI,

ZORIEIC, DE VISSCHER S,ir Arnold MCNAIRK , LAESTAD,
BADAWI PASHA,KRYLOVR , EAD,HSU MO,AZEVED O
M. EEER, Judge ad hoc. Dans l'affaire du Détroit de Corfou,

entre

le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et
d'Irlande du Nord, représenté par :
Sir Eric Beckett, K. C. M. G., K. C., jurisconsulte du ministère

des Affaires étrangères, comme agent et conseil, assisté
du très honorable sirHartley Shawcross, K. C., M. P., Attorney-
General, remplacé le Ij novembre 1948 par
Sir Frank Soskice, K. C.,M. P., Solicitor-General;
et de M. C. H. M. Waldock, professeur de droit international
à l'université d'Oxford,

de M. R. O. Wilberforce,
M. J. Mervyn Jones,
M. M. E. Reed (du bureau de l'Attorney-General),
membres du barreau anglais, comme conseils ;

le Gouvernement de la République populaire d'Albanie, repré-
senté par :
M. Kahreman Ylli, envoyé estraordinaire et ministre pléni-
potentiaire d'Albanie à Paris, comme agent, remplacéle 14février

1949 Par
M. Behar Shtylla, envoyéextraordinaire et ministre plénipoten-
tiaire d'Albanieà Paris, assistés
de M. Pierre Cot, professeur agrégé des Facultés de droit de
France,
et de Me Jor Nordmann, avocat à la Cour de Paris, comme
conseils ;

de Mc Marc Jacquier, avocat à la Cour de Paris,
et deMePaul Villard, avocat à la Cour de Paris, comme avocats.

LA COUR,
ainsi cohposée,

rend l'arrêtsuivant :

Par son Arrêtdu 25 mars 1948 (C. 1.J. Recueil 1947-1948,
p. 15)en l'affaire du Détroit de Corfou, introduite 22 mai 1947
par requêtedu Gouvernement di1Royaume-Uni deGrande-Bretagne
et d'Irlande du Nord contre le Coi~vernement de la République
populaire d'Albanie, la Cour s'est prononcée sur l'exception préli-
5 In the Corfu Channel case,

between

the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland, represented by :
Sir Eric Beckett, K.C.M.G., K.C., Legal Adviser to the Foreign
Office, as Agent and Counsel, assisted by

The Right Honourable Sir Hartley Shawcross, K.C., M.P.,
Attorney-General, replaced on November I jtfi1948, by
Sir Frank Soskice, K.C., M.P., Solicitor-General ;
Mr. C. H. M. Waldock, Professor of international law in the
University of Oxford,

Mr. R. O. Wilberforce,
Mr. J. Mervyn Jones, and
Mr. M. E. Reed (of the Attorney-General's Office), members
of the English Bar, as Counsel,

the Government of the People's Republic of Albania, repres-
ented by :
M. Kahreman Ylli, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary of Albania in Paris, as Agent, replaced on
February 14th, 1949, by

M. Behar Shtylla, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni-
potentiary of Albania in Paris, assisted by
M. Pierre Cot, Profssseur agrégé of the Faculties of Law of
France, and
Maître Joe Nordmann, of the Paris Bar, as Counsel; and

Slaitre Marc Jacquier, of the Paris Bar, and
Maître Paul Villard, of the Paris Bar, as Advocates.

composed as above,

delivers the following judgment :

By a Judgment delivered on March25th, 1948 (I.C.JReports 1947-
1948, p. 15), in the Corfu Channel case, in proceedings instituted on
May zznd, 1947,by an application of the Government ofthe United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland against the Govern-
ment of the People'sRepublic ofAlbania, the Court gave its decision

5 6 AFFAIRE DU DÉTROIT DE CORFOU (FOND)

minaire présentéele g décembre 1947 par ce dernier Gouvernement.
Rejetant l'exception, elle a décidé que la procédure sur le fond
serait poursuivie, et a fixéles délais suivants pour le dépôt des
pièces ultérieures :15 juin 1948 ,our le Contre-Mémoire de 1'Alba-
nie ; 2 août 1948, pour la Réplique du Royaume-Uni ; 20 sep
tembre 1948, pour la Duplique de l'Albanie.

Immédiatement après le prononcé de l'arrêt, la Cour a étésaisie
par les agents des Parties d'un compromis ainsi conçu :

(Le Gouvernement de la République populaire d'-Ubanie, repré-
senté par son agent 31. Kahreman Ylli, enrové estraordinaire et
ministre plénipotentiaire d'Albanieà Paris ;

et
le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et
d'Irlande du Nord, représentépar M. W. E. Beckett, C. M. G.,
K. C., jurisconsulte au ForeigtrO@ce;
Sont convenus par le présent compromis, établi à la suite de la
Résolution du Conseil de Sécuritédu g avril 1947, de soumettre
àla Cour internationale de Justiceaus fins de jugement, les ques-
tions suivantes:

1) L'Albanie est-elle responsable, selon le droit international,
des explosions qui ont eu lieu le2 octobre 1946 dans les eaus
albanaises, et des dommages et pertes humaines qui en seraient
suivis, et y a-t-il le cas de réparatiàndonner ?
2) Le Royaume-Uni a-t-il violé, selon le droit international,
la souveraineté de la République populaire d'Albanie par les
actions de la marine de guerre britannique dans les eaus alba-
naises l22 octobre 1946 et le12 et 13 novembre 1g4G et y a-t-il
lieuà donner satisfaction?
Les Parties sont d'accord que le présent compromis sera soumis
à la 'Cour internationale de Justice immédiatement après que la
Cour rendra son arrêt,le2j mars, relatifà l'exception préliminaire.

Les Parties demandent à la Cour, eu égardau présent compromis,
de prendre, conforrnément au Statut et au Règlement de la Cour,
et apr& avoir consultéles agznts des Parties, des dispositions qu'elle
jugera appropriées pour la procédure à suivre.

En foi de quoi, les agents susmentionnés, dûment autorisés par
leurs Gouvernements, ont signéle présent compromis.

Faità La Haye, le 2j mars 19@,à-midi, ea français et en anglais,
les deux textes faisant également foi, en un seul exemplaire qui
sera déposé à la Cour internationale de Justic)i

Le 26 mars 1948 la Cour a renduune ordonnance (C.1.J. Recueil
1947-194 p.53) où, constatant que le compromis forme désormais

6 THE COR^ CHANNEL CASE (MERITS). 6

on the Preliminary Objection filed on December gth, 1947, by the
latter Government. The Court rejected the Objection and decided
that proceedings on the merits should continue, and fixed the
time-limits for the filing of subsequent pleadings as follows : for
the Counter-Memorial of Albania : June qth, 1948 ; for the Reply
of the United Kingdom : August znd, 1948 ; for the Rejoinder of
Albania : September zoth, 1948.
Immediately after the delivery of the judgment, the Court was
notified by the Agents of the Parties of a Special Agreement,
which is as follows :

"The Government of the People's Republic of Albania, repres-
ented by their Agent Mr. Kahreman YUi, Envoy Extraordinary
and Minister Plenipotentiary of Albania at Paris ;
and
the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland, represented by their Agent, Mr. W. E. Beckett,
C.M.G., K.C.,Legal Adviser to the Foreign Office ;

Have accepted the present Special Agreement, which has been
drawn up as a result of the Resolution of the Security Council of
the 9th April, 1947, for the purpose of subrnitting to thi: Inter-
national Court of Justice for decision the following questions :-
(1) 1s Albania responsible under international law for the
explosionswhich occurred on the zznd October 1946in Albanian
waters and for the damage and loss of human life which resulted
from them and is there any duty to pay compensation ?
(2) Has the United Kingdom under international law violated
the sovereignty of the Albanian People's Republic by reason
of the acts of the Royal Navy in Albanian waters on the
~2nd October and on the 12th and 13th November 1946 and is
there any duty to give satisfaction ?
The Parties agree that the present Special Agreement shall be
notified to the International Court of Justice immediately after
the delivery on the 25th March of its judgment on the question of
jurisdiction.
The Parties request the Court, having regard to the present
Special Agreement, to make such orders with regard to procedure,
in conformity wlth the Statute and the Rules of the Court, as the
Court may deem fit, after having consulted the Agents of the
Parties.
In witness whereof the above-mentioned Agents, being duly
authorized by their Governments to this effect, have signed the
present Special Agreement.
Done this 25th day of March, 1948, at midday, at The Hague,
in English and French. both texts being equally authentic, in a
single copy which shall be deposited with the International Court
of Justice."

On March 26th, 1948 (I.C.J. Reports 1947-1948, p. j3), the
Court made an Order in which it placed on record that the Special
67 AFFAIRE DU DÉTROIT DE CORFOU (FOXD)

la base sur laquelle elle devra connaître de l'affaire et énonce les
questions à elle soumises ; rappelant qu'à la date du IC:octobre
1947, dans le délai prescrit par la Cour, le Gouvernement du
Royaume-Uni avait déposéun Mémoire contenant un exposé et
des conclusions relatifs à l'incident survenu le 22 octobre 1946 ;
prenant acte que les agents, consultés, se sont déclarésd'accord
pour lui demander que soient maintenus l'ordre et les délais de
présentation des pièces ultérieures fixés par l'Arrêt du 25 mars
1948, elle a confirmé cet ordre et ces délais.

Le Contre-Mémoire, la Réplique et la Duplique furent effecti-

vement déposésdans ces délais ;de la sorte, l'affaire s'est trouvée
en état le20 septembre 1948, et la date d'ouverture de la procédure
orale fut alors fixée au 5 novembre 194s.
La Cour ne comptant pas sur le siège de juge de nationalité
albanaise, le Gouvernement de l'Albanie s'était,lors de la procédure
sur l'exception préliminaire, prévalu du droit prévu à l'articl31,
paragraphe 2, du Statut, et avait désigné comme juge ad hoc
M. Igor Daxner, docteur en droit, président de chambre à la
Cour suprême deTchécoslovaquie. Le 28 octobre 1948, le Greffier
fut aviséque, pour des raisons de santé, M. Dasner était empêché
de siéger à la date fixée. La Cour décida, le 2 novembre 1948,
de fixer au 7 novembre l'expiration du délai dans lequel le
Gouvernement de l'Albanie pouvait notifier le nom de la personne
qu'il voudrait désigner pour siéger comme juge ad JZOCe,n rem-
placement de M. Daxner, et de remettre au 9 novembre l'ouverture
des audiences. Dans le délai prescrit, le Gouvernement de l'Albanie
désigna M. Bohuslav Ecer, docteur en droit, professeur à la

Faculté de droit de Brno, déléguédu Gouvernement tchéco-
slovaque au Tribunal militaire international de Nuremberg.
Des audiences publiques furent tenues par la Cour aux dates
suivantes : novembre 1948, du g au 12, du 15 au 19,du 22 au 26,
les 28 et 29; décembre 1948, du 81. au 4, du 6 au II, les 13,
14 et 17 ; janvier 1949, du 17 au 22. AU cours des audiences du
9 au 19 novembre 1948 et du 17 au 22 janvier 1949, la Cour
entendit dans leurs plaidoiries : pour le Royaume-Uni, sir Hartiej-
Shawcross, K. C., conseil, sir Eric Beckett,K. C., agent et conseil,
et sir Frank Soskice, K. C., conseil ; et, pour l'AlbanieM. Kahre-
man Ylli, agent, et MM. J. Nordmann et Pierre Cot, conseils.
,4u cours des audiences du 22 novembre au 14 décembre 1948,
la Cour entendit les témoins et experts présentés par chacune
des Parties, dans leurs réponses aux questions qui leur étaient
posées tant au nom des Parties, en interrogatoire et contre-
interrogatoire, que par le Président, au nom de la Cour, ou par
l'un des membres de la Cour. Ont ainsi déposé :Agreement now formed the basis of further proceedings before the
Court, and stated the questions submitted to it for decision. The
Court noted thatthe United Kingdom Government on October ~st,
1947, that is within the time-limit fixed by the Court, had
filed a Meinorial with statements and submissions relating to the
incident that occured on October zznd 1946. It further noted
that the Agents, having been consulted, declared that they agreed
in requesting that the order and time-limits for the filing of the

subsequent pleadings as fixed by the Judgment of hlarch qth,
1948, be maintained. The Court confirmed this order and these
time-limits.
The Counter-Memorial, Iieply and Rejoinder were filed within
these limits. The casewas thus ready for heanng on September zoth,
1948, and the commencement of the oral proceedings was then
fised for November 5th, 1948.
As the Court did not include upon the Bench a judge of Albanian
nationality, the Albanian Government availed itself during the
proceedings on the Preliminary Objection of the right provided
by Article 31, paragraph 2,ofthe Statute, and chose hf.Igor Daxner,
Doctor of Lam, President of a Chamber of the Supreme Court of
Czechoslovakia, as Judge ad hoc. On October z8th, 1948, the
Registrar was informed that Judge Daxner was prevented byreasons
of health from sitting or1 the date fixed. The Court decided on
November znd, 1948, to fix a time-limit expiring on November 7th,
within which the Albanian Government might notify the name of

the. person whom it wished to choose as Judge ad hoc in place
of Dr. Daxner, and to postpone the opening of the hearing until
November 9th. Within the time fixed the Albanian Government
designated 11. Bohuslav EEer, Doctor of Law and Professor in the
Faculty of Law at Brno, and delegate of the Czechoslovak Govern-
ment to the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg.
Public sittings were held by the Court on the following dates :
November, 1948, 9th to ~zth, 15th to rgth, zznd to 26th, 28th and
29th ; December, 1948,1st to 4th, 6th to t th, 13th, 14th and 17th ;
January, 1949, 17th to zznd. In the course of the sittings from
November 9th to ~gth, 1948, and from January 17th to zznd, 1949,
the Court heard arguments by Sir Hartley Shawcross, K.C., Counsel,
Sir Eric Beckett, K.C., Agent and Counsel, and Sir Frank Soskice,
I<.C., Counsel, on behalf of the United Kingdom ; and by
M. Kahreman Ylli, Agent, and MM. J.Nordmann and Pierre Cot,
Counsel, on behalf of Albania. In the course of the sittings from
November zznd to December 14th, 1948, the Court heard the

evidence of the witnesses and experts called by each of the Parties
in reply to questions put to them in examination and cross-examin-
ation on behalf of the Parties, and by the President on behalf of
the Court or by a Member of the Court. The following perçons
gave evidence : Sur présentationpar le Royaume-Uni :
E. R. D. Sworder, O. B. E., D. S. C., capitaine de frégate, de
la Réserve volontaire de la Manne du Royaume-Uni, à titre de
témoin et expert ;
Karel Kovacic, anciennement capitaine de corvette de la Manne

yougoslave, à titre de témoin;
W. H. Selby, D. S. C., capitaine de vaisseau, de la Marine du
Royaume-Uni, à titre de témoin ;
R. T. Paul, C. B. E., capitaine de frégate, de la Marine du
Royaume-Uni, à titre de témoin ;
P. K. Lankester, capitaine de corvette, de la Marine du Royaume-
Uni, à titre de témoin et expert ;
R. Mestre, capitaine de frégate, de la Marine française, à titre
de témoin;
Q. P. Whitford, O. B. E., capitaine de frégate, de la Manne du
Royaume-Uni, à titre de témoin et expert ;

Sur présentationpar L'Albanie :

Ali Shtino, capitaine, de l'Arméealbanaise, à titre de témoin ;
Aquile Polena, premier capitaine, de l'Arméealbanaise, à titre
de témoin;
Xhavit Muço, ancien vice-président du Comité exécutif de
Saranda, à titre de témoin ;
B. 1. Ormanov, capitaine, de la Marine bulgare, à titre d'expert ;
Raymond Moullec, contre-amiral, de la Marine française, à titre
d'expert.

En annexe aux pièces écrites et après la fin de la procédure
écrite, des documents (y compris des cartes, des photographies et
des croquis) ont étédéposéspar l'une et l'autre des Parties, et,
une fois, par les Parties conjointement. A l'occasion de la présen-
tation, au cours d'une audience, de l'extrait photocopié d'un

document, la Cour a, le zqnovembre 1948,rappeléaux deux Parties
les dispositions de l'article 48 ainsi que de l'article 43, paragra1,e
de son Règlement ; elle a décidé que le document dont il s'agissait
ne pouvait être reçu par elle que s'il lui était présenté en original
complet ; elle a ordonné que tous documents dont les Parties se
proposaient de faire usage devraient être préalablement déposés
au Greffe, et s'est réservéde faire connaître ultérieurement aux
Parties quels sont ceux de ces documents dont la production en
original ou en copie certifiée conforme lui paraîtrait nécessaire.
Une autre décision portant sur la production d'une série de
nouveaux documents a étéprise par la Cour le IO décembre1948.
Cette décision constate que la présentation de certains de ces
documents fait l'objet de l'accord des Parties et qu'il est renoncé
à la présentation de certains autres ; elle autorise la présentation
de certains autres encore ; enfin, s'agissant d'un de ces documents

8 Ca-lledby the United Kingdom :

Commander E. R. D. Sworder, O.B.E., D.S.C., Royal Naval
Volunteer Reserve, as witness and expert ;

Karel Kovacic, former Lieutenant-Commander in the Yugoslav
Navy, as witness ;
Captain IV. H. Selby, D.S.C., Royal Navy, as witness ;

Commander R. T. Paul, C.B.E., Royal Navy, as witness;

Lieutenant-Commander P. K. Lankester, Royal Navy, as witness
and expert ;

Commander R. Mestre, French Navy, as-witness ;

Commander Q. P. Whitford, O.B.E., Royal Navy, as witness
and expert ;

Called by Albania :
Captain Ali Shtino, Albanian Army, as witness ;
First Captain Aquile Pdena, Albanian Army, as witness ;

Xhavit Muço, former Vice-President of the Executive Cornmittee
of Saranda, as witness ;

Captain B. 1. Ormanov, Bulgarian Navy, as expert ;
Rear-Admira1 Raymond Moullec, French Navy, as expert.

Documents, including maps, photographs and sketches, were
?Xedby both Parties, and on one occasion by the Parties jointly,
both as annelIes to the pleadings, and after the close of the written
proceedings. On one occasion during the sittings when a photostat
of an extract 'from a document was submitted, the Court, on No-
vember qth, 1948, made a decision in which it reminded both
Parties of the provisions of Article48 and Article 43, paragraph I,
of the Rules of Court ;held that the document in question could be
received only if it were presented in an original and complete form ;
ordered that al1documents which the Parties intended to use should
previously be filed in the Registry ; and reserved the right to
inform the Parties later which of these documents should be
presented in an original, and which in certified true copy, form.

Another decision as to the production of a senes of new docu-
ments was given by the Court on December xoth, 1948. This
decision noted that the Parties were agreed as to the production
of certain of these documents and that certain others were
withdrawn ;authonzed the production of certain other documents ;
lastly, in the case of one of these documents, the examination
89 .IFFAIRE DU DÉTROIT DE CORFOU (FOXD)

dont la consultation avait été soumise à certaines conditions,
la décision, constatant l'assentiment de la Partie adverse à la
production dans ces conditions, accepte la production étant
donné cet assentiment et compte tenu des circonstances de l'espèce,

mais spécifieexpressément que cette acceptation ne saurait faire
précédentpour l'avenir l.
Par ordonnance du 17 décembre 1948, la Cour, considérant
que certains points débattus entre les Parties rendaient une
expertise nécessaire, a formulé ces points et a confiél'expertise
à un comité composé du capitaine de vaisseau chef de division
J. Bull, de la Marine royale norvégienne, du capitaine de vaisseau
chef de division S. A. Forshell, de la Marine royale suédoise, et

du capitaine de corvette S. J. W. Elfferich, de la Marine royale
néerlandaise. Les experts, qui élirent le capitaine de vaisseau
Bull comme leur président, déposèrent leur rapport le 8 janvier
1949, c'est-à-dire dans le délai qui leur avait été imparti. Le
17 janvier, par une décision lue en audience publique, la Cour
invita les experts à se rendre à Sibenik (Yougoslavie) et Saranda
(Albanie) pour faire, sur le territoire et dans les eaux adjacents,
les constatations qu'ils jugeraient utiles, ainsi que des expériences

en vue de vérifier, compléter et, s'il y a lieu, modifier les réponses
données dans leur rapport du 8 janvier. Le second rapport des
experts - auquel le caE;itaine de vaisseau Bull ne put participer,
l'état de sa santé l'ayant empêchéde voyager - fut déposéle
8 février 1949. Enfin, trois membres de la Cour ayant posé des
questions aux experts le IO février, ceux-ci y donnèrent réponse
lc 12 fkrier.
Les représentants des Parties ont eu l'occasion de commenter

oralement le rapport des experts du 8 janvier lors des audiences
tenues du 17 au 22 janvier 1949. En ce qui concerne les consta-
tations nouvelles contenues dans le rapport du 8 fevrier et dans
les réponses du 12 février, ils ont, comme le prévoyait la décision
de la Cour du 17 janvier, déposédes observations écrites 2.
Les conclusions des Parties, telles qu'elles ont étéformulées par
leurs agents ou conseils en fin de plaidoirie (audiences des x8,19,
21 et 22 janvier 1g4g) sont ainsi conçues :

Sztr la question 1)du compromis.

-Aunom du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni :

I(Le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni demande à la Cour,en l'espèce,
cledire et juge:

'La liste des documentsjustificatiproduits par les Parties et reçiis par la
Cour est donnée dans l'annexeau présent arrêt.
?Voir, en annexe2,le rapport d.es exper8sjanvier, la décision de la Cour
du 17janvier, le secorapport des experts 8 fëvrier, les questions posées par
trois membres de la Cour et les réponses des expi~tfévrier. THE CORFD CHt\NPIEI, CASE (IIERITS) 9

of which had been subjected to certain conditions, the Court's
decision placed on record the consent of the other Party to its
production and, in view of that consent, permitted its production,
having regard to the special circumstances ; but the Court expressly
stated that this permission could not form a precedent for the
future l.

By an Order of December 17th, 1948, the Court, having regard
to the fact that certain points had been contested between the
Parties which made it necessary to obtain an expert opinion,
defined these points, and entrusted the duty of giving the expert
opinion to a Committee composed of Commodore J. Bull of the
Royal Korwegian Navy, Commodore S. A. Forshell of the Royal
Swedish Kavy, and, Lieutenant-Commander S. J. Elfferich
of the Royal Netherlands Navy. These Experts elected Com-

modore Bull as their chairman, and filed their Report on
January Sth, 1949, within the prescribed time-limit. By a decision
read at a public sitting on January 17th, the Court requested
the Experts to proceed to Sibenik in Yugoslavia and Saranda in
Albania and to make on the land and in the waters adjacent to
these places any investigations and experiments that they might
consider useful with a view to verifying, completing, and, if

necessary, modifying the answers given in their report of Jan-
uary 8th. The Experts' second report-in which Commodore
Bull did not join, having been unable to niake the journey for
reasons of health-was filed on February 8th, 1949. On Febru-
ary ~oth, three members of the Court put questions to the Experts,
to which the Experts replied on February 12th.
At sittings held from January 17th to mnd, 1949, the represent-

atives of the Parties had an opportunity of commenting orally
on the Experts' report of January 8th. They also filed written
observations concerning the further statements contained in the
Report of February 8th and the replies of February ~zth, as
provided in the Court's decision of January 17th.
The Parties' submissions, as formulated by their Agents or
Counsel at the end of the hearings on the 18th, ~gth, ~1st and 22nd

Januaiy, 1949, are as follows :

Question (1) of the Special Agreement.
On behalf of the United Kingdom :

"The Governnient of the United Kingdom asks the Court in this case
to adjudge and declare as follows :

The list of documentsin supportproduced by the Parties andaccepted by
the Court will be foundin Xnnex I to this Judginent.
2 See Annex 2 for the Experts' Reporof JariuarSth, the Court's decision of
January i;th,the Experts' second Report of FebruaXth, the qiiestions put by
three members of the Court, and the Expertreplies of Februari2th. 1)Que, le 22 octobre 1946, les navires de Sa Majesté Saumavez
et Volage ont subi des dommages ayant entraîné la mort pour
quarante-quatre officiers et marins britanniques et des blessures
pour quarante-deux autres officierset marins, dufaitde la présence
d'un champ de mines automatiques amarréesdansla voie de navi-
gation internationale qu'est le Détroit de Corfou, en une zone
situéeau sud-ouest de la baie de Saranda ;
2) Que le champ de mines susmentionné a étémouillé entre le
15 mai et le 22 octobre 1946 ,oit par le Gouvernement albanais,
soit avec sa connivence ou à sa connaissance ;
3) Que (alternativement à la conclusio2) le Gouvernement albanais
savait que ledit champ de mines se trouvait dans une partie de
ses eaux territoriales;
4) Que le Gouvernement albanais n'a pas notifié l'existence de ces
mines comme le requiert la Convention VI11de La Haye, de 1907,
conformément aux principes généraux du droit international et
aux règles d'humanité ;
5) Qu'en outre, et comme aggravation de la conduite de l'Albanie
telle qu'elle est énoncéedans les co~iclusions3 et4 ci-dessus, le
Gouvernement albanais ou ses agents, sachant que des navires de
Sa Majestéallaient emprunter le chenal nord de Corfou qui avait
ayant omis, comme il est avancé au paragrapheapp4ocdes présentes
conclusions, de notifier l'existence desdites mines, d nt manqàé
avertir les navires de Sa Majesté du danger présenté par ces
mines, danger dont le Gouvernement albanais ou ses agents se
rendaient compte ;
6) Qu'en outre et comme aggravation additionnelle de la conduite
de l'Albanie telle qu'elle est énoncéedans les conclusions 4,et
5 ci-dessus, le fait d'avoir toléréI'existence sans notification de
ce champ de mines dans le chenal nord de Corfou, lequel est une
voie de navigation internationale, constitue une violation du
droit de passage innocent dont jouissent les navires étrangers
(de guerre ou de commerce), sur une telle voie de navigation
internationale;
7) Que le passage des navires de Sa Majestépar le chenal nord de
Corfou, le22 octobre 1946 ,st un cas d'exercice du droit de pas-
sage innocent conforme au droit et à la pratiqué des nations
civilisée;
1)Que, même si pour un motif quelconque il était jugé que la
conclusion 7 n'est pas démontrée,le Gouyernement albanais ne
serait pas pour autant libéré dela responsabilité internationale
qui lui incsmbe pour le dommage causé aux navires du fait de
l'existence d'un champ de mines non notifié et connu de lui;
g) Que, dans les circonstances exposées dans le Mémoireet telles
qu'elles sont résuméesdans les paragraphes précédents des pré-
sentes conclusions, le Gouvernement albanais a commis une
violation des obligations lui incombant en vertu du droit inter-
national, et qu'il est internationalement responsable envers le
Gouvernement de Sa Majesté au Royaume-Uni des morts et
dommagescorporels et matérielscausésaux navires de Sa Majesté
et à leurs équipages,et relatés notamment au paragraphe 18du
Mémoireet dans ses annexes ;
1OThat, on October aand, 1946, damage was caused to His
Majesty's ships Saumarez and Volage, which resulted in the
death and injuries of 44, and persona1 injuries to 42, British
officers and men by a minefield of anchored automatic mines

in the international highway of the Corfu Strait in an area
south-west of the Bay of Saranda ;

That the aforesaid minefield was laid between May 15th and
October zznd, 1946, by or with the connivance or knowledge
of the Albanian Government ;
That (alternatively to 2) the Albanian Government knew that
the said minefield was lying in a part of its territorialwaters ;

That the Albanian Government did not notify the existence of
these mines as required by the Hague Convention VI11 of 1907
in accordance with the general principles of international law
and humanity ;
That in addition, and as an aggravation of the conduct of
Albania as set forth in Conclusions (3) and (4). the Albanian
Government, or Cts agents, knowing that His Majesty's ships

were going to make the passage through the North Corfu swept
channel, and being in a position to observe their approach, and
having omitted, as alleged in paragraph 4 of these conclusions,
to riotify the existence of the said mines, failed to warn His
Majesty's ships of the danger of the said mines of which the
Albanian Government or its agents were well aware ;

That in addition, and as a further aggravation of the conduct
of Albania as set forth in Conclusions (3), (4), and (5), the per-
mission of the existence without notification of the minefield
in the North Corfu Channel, being an international highway,
was a violation of the right of innocent passage which exists
in favour of foreign vessels (whether warships or merchant
ships) through such an international highway ;

That the passage of His Majesty's ships through the North
Corfu Channel on October zznd, 1946, was an exercise of the
right of innocent passage, according to the law and practice of
civilized nations ;
That even if, for any reason, it is held that conclusion (7) is
not established, nevertheless, the Albanian Government is not
thereby relieved of its international responsibility for the damage
caused to the ships by reason of the existence of an unnotified
minefield of which it had knowledge ;
That in the circumstances set forth in the Memorial as sum-
marized in the preceding paragraphç of these Conclusions, the
Albanian Government has committed a breach of its obligations
under international law, and is internationally responsible to
His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom for the deaths,
injuries and àainage caused to His Majesty's ships and person-

nel, as set out more particularly in paragraph18 of the Memorial
and the Annexes thereto ;IO) Que le Gouvernement albanais est tenu à réparation envers le
Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni, du fait de la violation de ses
obligations internationales comme il est dit plus haut ;

II) Que le Gouvernement de Sa Majesté au Royaume-Uni a, en
conséquence de la violation, par le Gouvernement albanais, des
obligations lui incombant en vertu du droit international, subi
les dommages suivants :

Dommages causés au navire Saumarez . . . j(;7jo.ooo
Dommages causés au navire Volage . . . . 7j.000
Compensation pour les pensions et autres frais
encourus par le Gouvernement du Royaume-
Uni du fait des morts et blessures subies par
les équipages . . . . . . . . . . . 50.000

E S7j.000 11

Au nom du Gouvernement de l'Albanie :

<(1)Aux termes dil compromis conclu le 2j mars 1948 a Cour inter-
nationale de Justice est saisie de la question suivante :

«L'Albanie est-elle responsable selon le droit internationdes
explosions qui ont eu lieu le22 octobre 1946 dans les eaux alba-
naises, et des dommages et pertes humaines qui en seraient suivis,
et y a-t-il le cas de réparationadonner ? 1)
La Cour ne serait pas compétente en vertu de ce compromis
pour statuer le cas échéantsur la demande de fixation de dom-
mages-intérêts formuléedans les conclusions du Gouvernement
du Royaume-Uni.
2) Il n'est pas établi que les mines qui ont causé les accidents du
22 octobre 1946 âient étéposéespar l'Albanie.
3) Il n'est pas établi que ces mines aient étéposées par une tierce
Puissance pour le compte de l'Albanie.
4) Il n'est pas éta.blique ces mines aient étéposéesavec le concours
ou l'acquiescement de l'Albanie.
j) Il n'est pas établi que l'Albanie ait su avant les accidents du
22 octobre 1946 que ces mines se trouvaient dans ses eaux terri-
toriales.
6) En conséquence, l'Albanie ne peut être déclarée responsable
selon le droit international des explosions qui ont eu lieu le
22octobre 1946 dans ses eaux et des dommages et pertes humaines
qui en ont étéla conséquence. Elle ne doit pas de réparations au
Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni. ))

Sur la question 2) du comfiromis.
Au nom du Gouvernement de l'Albanie:

« 11 Aux termes du compromis conclu le 25mars 1948 a Cour inter-
nationale de Justice est saisie de la question suivante : (IO) That the Albanian Government is under an obligation to the
Government of the United Kingdom to make reparation in
respect of the breach of its international obligations as afore-
said ;
(II) That His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom has.
as a result of the breach by the Albanian Government of its
obligations under international law, sustained the foiiobving
damage :
Damage to H.M.S. Saurmrez . . . . . . L~~O,OOO
Damage to H.M.S. Volage. . . . . . . 75,000
Compensation for the pensions and other
expenses incurred by the Government of
the United Kingdom in respect of the
deaths and injuries of naval personnel. . 50,000
~875,000"

On behalf of the Albanian Government :
[Translation.]
Under the terms of the Special Agreement of March 25th, 1948,
"(1) the following question has been submitted to the International
Court of .,stice :
*'IsAlbania responsible under international law for the explo-
sions which occurred on the 22nd October 1946 in Albanian
waters and for the damage and loss of human lifewhich resulted
£rom them and is there any duty to pay compensation ?'
The Court would not have jurisdiction, in virtue of this Special
.4greement, to decide, if the case arose, on the claim for the
assessment of the compensation set out in the submissions
of the United Kingdom Government.
(2) It has not been proved that the mines which caused the acci-
dents of October zznd, 1946, were laid by Albania.
(3) It has not been proved that these mines were laid by a third
Power on behalf of Albania.
(4) It has not been proved that these mines were laid with the help
or acquiescence of Albania.
(5) of October zznd, 1946, that theçe mines were in her territorial
waters.
Consequently, Albania cannot be declared responsible, under
(6) international law, for the explosions which occurred on
October zznd, 1946, in Albanian waters, and for the damage
and loss of human life which resulted £rom them. Albania
owes no compensation to the United Kingdoin Government."

Question (2) of the Special Agreement.
On behalf of the Albanian Governrnent :

[Translation.]
"(1) Under the terms of the Special Agreement concluded on
March 25th, 1948, the International Court of Justice has before
it the following question :
II 12 AFFAIRE DU DÉTHOIT DE CORFOU (FOXD)

«Le Koyaume-Uni a-t-il violé, selon le droit international, la
souveraineté de la Républiquepopulaire d'Albanie par les actions
de la marine de guerre britannique dans les eaus albanaises le
22 octobre 1946 et les12 et 13novembre 1946 ,t y a-t-il lieà
donner satisfaction?»
2) é éta iverain a le droit, en cas de circonstances exceptionnelles,
de réglementer le passage des navires de guerre étrangers dans
ses eaux territoriales.
3) Cette règle est applicable au Détroit Nord de Corfou.
4) Il existait dans cette région,en octobre et novembre 1946,des
circonstancesexceptionnellesqui justifiaientle droit du Gouver-
nement albanais d'exiger une autorisation préalable pour le
passage desnavires deguerreétrangers dansseseaux territoriales.

5) Le passage dans les eaux territoriales albanaise22octobre 1946
de plusieurs navires de guerre britanniques sans autorisation
6) En tout étatdecause, ce passage n'avait pas un caractèreinnocent.
7) Les autorités navales britanniques n'avaientpas le droit de faire
procéder les12 et 13 novembre 1946 à desopérations de déminage
dans les eaux territoriales albanaises sans l'agrément préalable
des autorités albanaises.
8) La Cour doit constater qu'en ces deus circonstances !e Gouver-
nement du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du
Nord a commis des infractions aux règles du droit international
et que le Gouvernement albanais est fondé à lui demander satis-
faction de ce chef.11

Au nom du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni :
iTradwtion .]

«Plaise à la Cour dire et juger que l'Albanie n'a établi son droit
sur aucun des chefs de la demande reconventionnelle et qu'il n'y a
pas lieu d'accorder une indemnité symbolique d'un centime ou
d'un franc.» *
*

Aux termes de la première partie du compromis, la question
suivante est soumise à la Cour :
«1) L'Albanie est-elle responsable, selon le.droit international,
des explosions qui ont eu lieu le22 octobre 1946 dans les eaus
albanaises, et des dommages et pertes humaines qui en seraient
suivis, et y a-t-il le cas de réparatàodonner ?»

A la date du 22 octobre 1946, une escadre de navires de guerre
britanniques, composée des croiseurs .IInz~ritiuet Leander et des
contre-torpilleursSnunzarez et Volage, quitta le port de Corfou et,
s'avançant dans la direction du Kord, s'engagea dans un chenal
antérieurement déminédans le Détroit Nord de Corfou. Le croiseur
Jilat4ritizts était en tête, suivi du contre-torpilleur Snunzarez;
derrière eux, à une certaine distance, venait le croiseuf Leawdrr
suivi du contre-torpilleurT'olage.A l'estérieur de la baie deSaranda,
12 'Has the United Kingdom under international law violated
the sovereignty of the Albanian People's Kepublic by reason
of the acts of the Royal Navy in Aibanian waters on the
22nd October and on the 12th and 13th November 1946, and is
there any duty to give satisfaction ?'
(2) The coastal State is entitled, in exceptional circumstances, to
regulate the passage of foreign warships through its territorial
waters.
(3) This rule is applicable to the North Corfu Channel.
(4) In October and November, 1946, there existed, in this area,
exceptional circumstances which gave the Albanian Govern-
mprevious authorizationrebefore passing through its territorial
waters.
(5) The passage of several British warships through Albanian terri-
torial waters on October zznd, 1946, without prcvious author-
ization, constituted a breach of international law.
(6) In any case that passage was not of an innocent character.
(7) The British naval authorities were not entitled to proceed, on
November 12th and 13th, 1946, to sweep mines in A!banian
territorial waters withoutthe previous consent of the Albanian
authorities.
(8)The Court should find that, on both these occasions, the Govern-
ment of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland committed a breach of the rules of international law
and that the Albanian Government has a right to (Icmand that
it should give satisfaction therefor."

On hehcrlf of the United Kingdom Govcrnmcint :

"1 ask the Court to decide that on neither heatl of tlic, counter-
claim has Albania made out her case, and that there is rioground
for the Court to award nominal damages of one farthing or one
franc."
* * *

By the first part of the SpecialAgreement, the following question
is submitted to the Court :

"(1) 1s Albania responsible under international law for the
waters and for the tlamage and loss of human life which resulted
from them and isthere any duty to pay compensation ?"

On October zznd, 1946, a squadron of British warships, the
cruisers Mauritius and Leander and the destroyers Saumarez and
I'olage, left the port of Corfu and proceeded northward through
a channel previously suftpt for mines in the North Corfu Strait.
The cruiser Mauritius was leading, followed by the destroyer
Saumarez; at acertain distance therealter came the cruiser Leander
followed by the ciestroyclr Volage. Outside thc Bay of Saranda,
Saumarez btruck ;Lrninc and was hcavily damaged. Volnga was leSaumarez heurta une mine et fut gravement avarié. Le Volage
fut envoyé à son aide et reçut l'ordre de le remorquer. Alors
qu'il remorquait le navire avarié, le Volage heurta une mine et
subit de sérieux dommages. Il réussit néanmoins à remorquer
l'autre navire et à le ramener à Corfou.
Trois semaines plus tard, à la date du 13 novembre, le Détroit
Nord de Corfou fut déminépar des dragueurs britanniques et
vingt-deux mines amarrées furent détachées. Deux mines furent
amenées à Malte, afin d'y êtreexaminéespar des experts. Au cours
de l'opération de déminage, on crut que les mines étaient du type

allemand GR, mais on constata par la suite qu'elles appartenaient
au type allemand GY.
La Cour examinera d'abord si les deux explosions qui ont eu lieu
le 22 octobre 1946 ont éte causées par des mines appartenant au
champ de mines découvert le 13 novembre.
Il a étéindiqué,au nom du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni, que
ce champ de mines avait étérécemment mouillé. Ce point a été
contesté dans les écritures albanaises, mais il ne l'a plus étéen
plaidoirie : d'une part, un des conseils du Gouvernement albanais
a reconnu expressément que le champ de mines avait été récem-
ment mouillé,et l'autre conseil a fait, par la suite, une déclaration
semblable ; d'autre part, il a étéallégué,au nom du Gouvernement
albanais, que ce champ de mines aurait étémouillé après le
22 octobre, allégation qui exclut la possibilité de soutenir en même
temps que le champ de mines était ancien. Les documents versés
au débatpar le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni et les constatations

faites par les experts de la Cour sur la base de ces documents
établissent que ledit champ de mines avait étérécemment mouillé.
Ce point est désormais acquis.
Le Goiivernement britannique soutient que les mines auxquelles
se heurtèrent les deux navires, le22 octobre, faisaient partie de ce
champ de mines.
Cette assertion est contestée par le Gouvernement albanais, qui
a émis l'opinion que les mines dont il s'agissait pouvaient avoir
étédes mines flottantes, provenant d'anciecs champs de mines
situés dans le voisinage, ou des mines magnétiques de fond, des
mines magnétiques amarrées ou, enfin, des mines allemandes GR.
Il est contesté que les explosions se soient produites dans le chenal
déminéantérieürement, à l'endroit où fut découvert le champ de
mines. Le Gouvernement albanais a prétendu également que le

champ de mines avait étéposéaprès le22 octobre, entre cette date
et celle laquelle eut lieu l'opérationde déminage(12-13novembre).
Sur la base des preuves produites, la Cour considère comme
établis les faits énoncés ci-après:
Au mois d'octobre 1944, la Marine britannique procéda au
déminage du Détroit Nord de Corfou et aucune mine ne fut décou-
verte dans le chenal ainsi déminé.Sur quoi, l'existence d'une
route sûre dans le chenal fut annoncée au mois de novembre 1944.ordered to give her assistance and to take her in tow. Whilst
towing the damaged ship, Volage struck a mine and was much
damaged. Nevertheless, she succeeded in towing the other ship
back to Corfu.

Three weeks later, on November 13th, the North Corfu Channel
was swept by British minesweepers and twenty-two moored mines
were cut. Two mines were taken to Malta for expert examination.
During the minesweeping operation it was thought that the mines
were of the German GR type, but it was subsequently established

that they were of the German GY type..

The Court will consider first whether the two explosions that
occurred on October zznd, 1946, were caused by mines belonging
to the minefield discovered on Novemter 13th.
It was pointed out on behalf of the United Kingdom Government
that this minefield had been recently laid. This was disputed in
the Albanian pleadings but was no longer disputed during the
liearing. One of the Albanian Counsel expressly recognized that
the minefield had been recently laid, and the other Counsel sub-
sequently made a similar declaration. It was further asserted on
behalf of the Albanian Government that the minefield must have
been laid after October 22nd ; this would make it impossible at
the same time to mainiain that the minefield was old. The

documents produced by the United Kingdom Governmerit and
the statements made by the Court's Experts and based on these
doc--ents show that the minefield had been recerttlv laid. This is
now established.

The United Kingdom Government contended that the mines
which struck the two ships on October zznd were part of this
minefield.
This was contested by the Albanian Government, which
argued that these mines may have been floating mines, coming
from old minefields in the vicinity, or magnetic ground mines,
magnetic moored mines, or German GR mines. It was also con-

tested by them that the explosions occurred in the previously
swept channel at the place where the minefield was dircovered.
The Albanian Government also contended that the minefield
was laid after Octcber 2211d,between that date and the mine-
sweeping operation on 12-13th November.

On -the evidence produced, the Court finds that the following
facts are established :
In October, IW, the North Corfu Channel was swept by the
British Navy and no mines were found in the channel thus swept,
whereupon -the existence of a safe route through the Channe!
was announced in November 1944. In January and February, AFFAIRE DL: D~TROIT DE CORFOU (FO.XD)
14
Durant les mois de janvier et de févrie1945 ,e Détroit fut vérifie
par la Marine britannique; le résultat de ces recherches fut
négatif. Ce qui démontre que l'Amirauté britannique doit avoir
considéré lechenal comme ofirant une route sûreà la navigation,
c'est qu'à la date du 15 mai 1946, elle envoya, dans ce Détroit,
deux croiseurs britanniques et, à la date du 22 octobre, une
escadre, sans prendre de mesures de précaution spéciales contre
le danger de mines amarrées. C'est dans ce chenal déminé que,

le 13 novembre 1946, fut découvert le champ de mines.
Il est en outre démontk, à l'aide des preuves produites par
le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni, que l'accident, causé par des
mines au Sauwzarez et au Volage, se produisit dans les eaux
territoriales albanaises, précisément l'endroit où fut découvert
le champ de mines, dans le chenal déminé, ainsi qu'il est indiqué
sur la carte jointe en annexe au Mémoire du Royaume-Uni
(annexe 9). Ceci est confirmé par les experts de la Cour, qui
considèrent que les deux navires heurtèrent indubitablement des
mines, alors qu'ils se trouvaient occuper une position qui est
sensiblement celle qui est portée sur cette carte.
Les dépositions des témoins ont permis d'établir que le champ
de mines se composait de mines de contact amarrées, du type
allemand GY. En outre, le caractère des avaries subies par les
deux navires démontre - et cela est confirmé par les témoins
et les experts- que les explosions ne peuvent avoir étécausées
par des mines flottantes, des mines magnétiques de fond, des
mines magnétiques amarrées ou des mines allemandes du type GR.
Selon les experts de la Cour, le caractère des dommages causés

exclut toute possibilité qu'ils aient été provoqués par une mine
flottante; ils ne peuvent pas non plus avoir étécausés par une
mine de fond. Ces experts sont également d'avis que les avaries
doivent a\-oir étécausées par l'explosion de mines de contact
amarrées, contenant une charge d'environ six cents lil-res d'es-
plosifs, et que les deux navires ont heurté des mines du même
type que celles qui furent draguées le 13 novembre 1946.
Le Gouvernement albanais a fait énoncer l'hypothèse selon
laquelle le champ de mines découvert le 13 novembre aurait
étémouillé après le 22 octobre, de sorte que les explosions qui
se sont produitesà cette dernière date n'auraient pu êtrecausées
par des éléments de ce champ de mines. Ce Gouvernement n'a
d'ailleurs appuyé cette hqpothèse sur aucun élémentde preuve.
Comme il vient d'être établi que les explosions n'ont pu être
causéesque par des mines amarrées contenant une charge d'explo-
sifs voisine de celle contenue dans les minesGY, si l'hypothèse
albanaise correspondaità la réalité,il se serait trouvé deux mines
au moins de cette nature dans le chenal en dehors de la baie de
Saranda, nonobstant le déminage effectué en octobre 1944 et les

vérifications effectuées en janvier et février45, mines que les
deus navire< auraient heurtées le22 octobre 1946 a des points
14 THE COKFU CHANNEL CASE (BIERITS) I4

1945,the Channel was check-swept by the British Navy \vitil negative
results. That the British Admiralty must have considered the
Channel to be a safe route for navigation is sho~n by the fact
that on May ~jth, 1946, it sent two British cruisers and on
October zznd a squadron through the C.hanne1 without any
special measlires of precaution against danger from nloored
mines. It was in this swept channel that the minefield was
discovered on November 13th, 1946.

It is further proved by evidence produced by the United
Kingdom Govemment that the mining of Snzrnrarezand 1,'olage
occurred in Albanian territorial n~ters, just at the place in the

swept channel where the minefield was found, as indicated on
the chart forming Annex g to the United Kingdom hlemorial.
This is confirmed by the Court's Experts, ~ho consider it to be
free from any doubt that the two ships were mined in approxinl-
ately the position indicated on this chart.

It is established by the evidence of witnesses that the minefield
consisted of moored contact mines of the German GY type. It
is further shown by the nature of the damage sustained hy the
two ships, and confirmed by witnesses and experts, that it could
not have been caused by floating mines, magnetic ground mines,
magnetic moored mines, or German GR mines. The experts of
the Court have stated that the nature of the damage excludes

the faintest possibility of its cause being a floating mine ; nor
could it have been caused by a ground mine. They also expressed
the view that the damage must have been caused by the explosion
of moored contact mines, each having a charge of approximately
600 lbs. of explosives, and that the two ships struck mines of
the same type as those which were swept on November 13th, 1946.

The Albanian Government put forward a suggestion that the
minefield discovered on November 13th may have been laid after
October zznd, so that the explosions that occurred on this latter
date would not have been caused by mines from the field in
question. But it brought no evidence in support of this sup-
position. As it has been established that the explosions could
only have been due to moored mines having an explosive charge

similar to that contained in GY mines, there would, if the Albanian
contention were true, have been at least two mines of this nature
in the channel outside the Bay of Saranda, in spite of the sweep in
October 1941 and the check-sweeps in January and February 1945 ;
and these mines would have been struck by the two vessels at
poi~its fairly close to one another on October 2211d,1946. Such
a supposition is too improbable to be accepted.
14proches l'un de l'autre. Une telle hypothèse est trop invraisem-
blable pour pouvoir être retenue.
La Cour est donc amenée aux constatations suivantes. Les
deux navires heurtèrent des mines, dans les eaux territoriales
albanaises, dans un chenal antérieurement déminé et vérifié,
précisément à l'endroit où fut découvert, trois semaines plus
tard, un champ de mines récemment mouillé et composéde mines
allemandes de contact amarrées du type GY. Il n'y a pas de
rapport entre les avaries subiesar les navires et celles qu'auraient
pu provoquer des mines fiottantes,des mines magnétiques de
fond, des mines magnétiques amarrées ou des mines allemandes
du type GR. Par contre, ces avaries sont de la nature et de
l'importance de .celles que peuvent causer des mines du même
type que les mines découvertes dans le champ de mines. Dans
ces conditions, la Cour arrive à la conclusion qiie les explosions

ont étéprovoquées par des mines appartenant audit champ de
mines. *
* *

Tels sont les faits à la suite desquelsla Cour doit, pour répondre
à la première question du compromis, se prononcer sur la respon-
sabilité qui incomberait à l'Albanie du chef des explosions du
22 octobre 1946, pour les dommages et pertes humaines qui en
résultèrent et, le cas échéant, sur la réparation de ces dommages
et pertes.
Il convient d'examiner avant tout le fondement juridique que
le Gouvemement du Royaume-Uni assigne aux responsabilités de
l'Albanie. Sa position principale à cet égard est énoncéedans sa
conclusion no 2, selon laquelle le mouillagedu champ de mines qui
a provoqué les explosions aurait étéeffectué entre le 15 mai 1946
et le 22 octobre 1946 par le Gouvernement albanais ou avec
sa connivence ou sa connaissance.
L'examen de la Cour s'est porté en premier lieu sur les divers

chefs de responsabilitl: visés dans cette conclusion.
S'il est vrai que le Goüvemement du Royaume-Uni n'a jamais
abandonné la thèse selon laquelle l'Albanie aurait elle-même
mouillé les mines, il faut constater qu'il ne s'est guère attaché à
en démontrer le bien-fondé. Dès sa Réplique écrite, le Gou-~eme-
ment du Royaume-Uni déclare, en effet, prendre note de l'affir-
mation du Gouvernement albanais qu'il n'avait pas mouillé les
mines et qu'il n'était pas en situation de le faire, l'Albanie ne
possédant pas de marine et les autorités albanaises ne disposant
sur tout Je littoral que de quelques barques et de quelques canots
à moteur. C'est en tenant compte de ces déclarations que la Ré-
plique invitait le Gouvemement albanais à révélerles circonrtnces
dans lesquelles deux navires de guerre yougoslaves, le Mljet et le
Meljine, chargés de mines du type GY auraient quitté le port
de Sibenik le 18 octobre ou à une date voisine et fait route au The Court consequenrly finds that the following facts are
established. The two ships were mined in Albanian territorial
waters in a previously swept and check-swept channel just at
the place where a newly laid minefield consisting of moored
contact German GY mines was discovered three weeks later.
The damage sustained by the ships was inconsistent with damage
which could have been caused by floating mines, magnetic ground
mines, magnetic moored mines, or German GR mines, but its
nature and extent were such as would be caused by mines of
the type found in the minefield. In such circumstances the
Court arrives at the conclusion that the explosions were due to
mines belonging to that minefield.

Such are the facts upon which the Court nust, in order to reply
to the first question of the Special Agreement, give judgment as to
Albania's responsibility for the explosions on October zznd, 1946,
and for the damage and loss of human life which resulted, and for
the compensation, if any, due in respect of such damage and loss.

To begin with, the foundation for Albania's responsibility, as
alleged by the United Kingdom, must be considered. On this
subject, the mzin position of the United Kingdom is to be found
in its submission No. 2 :that the minefield which caused the explo-

sions was laid between May 15th, 1946, and October zznd, 1946,
by or with the connivance or knowledge of the Albânian Govern-
ment.
The Court considered first the various groundç for responsibility
alleged in this submission.
In fact, although the United Kingdom Govemment never aban-
doned its contention that Albania herself laid the mines, very little
attempt was made by t5e Government to demonstrate this point.
In the written Reply, the United Kingdom Govemment takes note
of the Albanian Government's forma1 statement that it did not lay
the mines, and was not in a position to do so, as Albania possessed
no navy ; and that, on the whole Albanian littoral, the Albanian
authorities only had a few launches and motor boats. In the light
of these statenlents, the Albanian Government was called upon,
in the Reply, to disclose the circumstances in which two Yugoslav

war vessels, the Mljet and the Meljine, carrying contact mines of
the GY type, sailed routhward from the port of Sibenik on or about
October 18th, and proceeded to the Corfu Channel The United
Kingdom Government, having thus indicated the argument upon
15 Sud vers le Détroit de Corfou. Annonçant la thèse sur laquelle il
allait désormais concentrer son argumentatioii, lc Gouvernement
du Royaume-Uni ÿdéclarait qu'il se proposait d'établir que lesdits
navires de guerre avaient, juste avant 22 octobre 1946 , ouillé
les mines dans le Détroit Nord de Corfou avec la connaissance et
la connivence du Gouvernement albanais. C'est sous le mêmejour
que les faits ont étéprésentés,aux termes de la réplique orale,
par le conseil du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni aux séances
publiques des 17 et 18 janvier 1949.
Bien que dans son exposéoral du 18 janvier1949 ainsi que dans
les conclusions finales lues le même jourdevant la Cour, la sugges-
tion soit reproduite selon laquelle le champ de mines aurait été
mouillé par l'Albanie, c'est un fait que cette.suggestionn'y est
plus guère énoncéeque pour mémoire et aucune preuve n'a été
apportée à son appui.
Dans ces conditions, il n'y a pas lieu pour la Cour de s'y attacher

plus longuement.
La Cour passe à l'examen de la deuxième thèse présentéealter-
nativement par le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni, d'après laquelle
le mouillage des mines aurait été effectué avec la connivence du
Gouvernement albanais. Selon cette thèse, l'opération du mouillage
aurait été faite par deux navires de guerre yougoslaves à une
époque antérieure au 22 octobre, mais très voisine de cette date.
Le fait impliquerait une collusion entre le Gouvernement albanais
et le Gouvernement yougoslave, collusion qui se serait manifest6e
ou dans une demande d'assistance par le Gouvernement albanais
au Gouvernement yougoslave, ou par un acquiescement au mouil-
lage par les autorités albanaises.
Pour démontrer cette collusion, le Gouvernement di1 Royaume-
Uni s'est appuyé sur le témoignage du commandant Kovacic, tel
qu'il ressort de déclaration sous serment,datée d4 octobre 1948,
et de ses dépositions devant la Cour dans les séancespubliques des
24,25, 26 et 27 novembre 1948. La Cour a longuement esaminé

le témoignage en question ainsi que les informations docurnen-
taires produites par les Parties. Elle a complétéet vérifié cesdon-
nées par l'envoi à Sibenik de deux experts désignéspar elle : le
capitaine de vaisseau chef de division S. A. Forshell et le capitaine
de corvette S.J. Ur.Elfferich.
Sans se prononcer sur la sincéritépersonnelle du témoin Kovacic
ni sur la véracité deses dires, la Cour ne peut que constater que les
faits relatés de science personnelle par le témoin neuffiserit pas
à faire la démonstration que le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni
croit pouvoir y trouver. Ni l'observation prétendue d'un charge-
ment de mines àSibenik à bord de deux dragueurs de mines yougo-
slaves, ni le départ alléguéde ces deux navires vers le octobre
et leur retour quelques jours après la date des explosions, ne suf-
fisent à rapporter la preuve judiciaire décisive d'un mouillage de
mines effectuépar ces mêmesnavires dans les eaus albanaises de

TGwhich it was thenceforth to concentrate, stated that it proposed
to show that the said warships, with the knowledge and connivance
of the Albanian Government, laid mines in the Corfu Channel just
before October zznd, 1946. The facts were presented in the same
light and in the same language in the oral reply by ~ounsel for the
United Kingdom Government at the sittings on January 17th
and 18th, 1949.

Although the suggestion that the minefield was laid by Albania
was repeated in the United Kingdom statement in Court on
January 18tii, 1949, and in thé final submissions read in Court on
the same day, this suggestion was in fact hardly put forward at
that time except pro memoria, and no evidence in support was
furnished.
In these circumstances, the Court need pay no further attention
to this matter.
The Court now comes to the second alternative argument of the
United Kingdom Govemment, namely, that the minefield was laid
with the connivance of the Albanian Government. According to
this argument, the minelaying operation was carried out by tw70
Yugoslav warships at a date prior to October zznd, but very near
that date. This would imply collasion between the Albanian and
the Yugoslav Governments, consisting either of a request by the
Albanian Govemment to the Yugoslav Government for assistance,
or of acquiescence by the Albanian authoritieo in the laying of the
mines.

In proof of this collusion, the United Kingdom Government
relied on the evidence of Lieutenant-Commander Kovacic; as shown
in his affidavit of October 4th, 1948, and in his statements in Court
at the public sittings on November 24th, 25th, 26th and 27th, 1948
The Court gave much attention to this evidence and to the docu-
mentary information supplied by the Parties. It supplemented
and checked al1this information by sending two experts appointed
by it to Sibenik : Commodore S. A. Forshell and Lieutenant-
Commander S. J. W. Elfferich.

Without deciding as to the persona1 sincerity oi the witness
Kovacic, or the truth of what he said, the Court finds that the facts
stated by the witness from his persona1 knowledge are not sufficient
to prove what the United Kingdom Government considered them
to prove. His ayegations that he saw mines being loaded upon
two Yugoslav minesweepers at Sibenik and that these two vessels
departed from Sibenik about October 18th and returned a few

days after the occurrence of the explosions do not suffice to con-
stitute decisive legal proof that the mines were laid by these two
vessels in Albanian waters off Saranda. The statements attributed
16Saranda. Quant aux propos attribués par le témoin à des tiers,

la Cour n'en a pas reçu confirmation personnelle et directe et elle
ne peut y voir que des allégations sans force probante suffisante.
Une imputation d'une gravité aussi exceptionnelle articulée contre
un État exigerait un degréde certitude qui n'est pas atteint ici.
Indépendamment du témoignage Kovacic, le Gouvernement du
Royaume-Uni a cherché à démontrer l'existence d'une collusion
entre l'Albanie et la Yougoslavie par certaines présomptions de
fait ou preuves circonstancielles,telles quepossession à l'époque,
par la Yougoslavie, à l'exclusion de tout autre Etat voisin, de mines
du type GY, et les liens d'étroite alliance, à la fois politique et
militaire, entrel'Albanie et la Yougoslavie, résultant du Traité
d'amitié et d'assistance mutuelle conclu par ces deux États le
g juillet1946.
La Cour estime que ces faits, mêmedans la mesure où ils sont
établis, n'autorisent aucune conclusion ferme. Il n'est pas judiciai-
rement établi que la Yougoslavie possédait des mines GY et la
provenance des mines mouillées dans les eaux territoriales alba-
naises reste conjecturale. D'autre part, il va de soi que l'existence
d'un traité tel que celui dugjuillet1946 ,i intimes que soient les
liens qui unissent ses signataires, n'autorise aucunemeà conclure
à leur participation à un acte criminel.
De son côté, le Gouvernement de Yougoslavie, bien que non
partie à l'instance, a autorisé le Gouvernement albanaià produire

certains documents lui appartenant, destinés à réfuter la thèse
britannique du mouillage par deux navires de sa marine de guerre.
Désireuse de faire la pleine lumière sur les faits allégués,la Cour
ne s'est pas refusée à recevoir ces documents. Mais l'absence du
Gouvernement yougoslave à l'instance rend leur utilisation délicate
et sujette à caution, et la Cour estime n'avoir pas à prendre
position sur leur force probante.

Il n'y a pas lieu, pour la Cour, de s'arrêter à l'allégation de
l'un des conseils du Gouvernement albanais, selon laquelle le
champ de mines aurait pu êtremouillépar la Grèce. Il suffit de
relever qu'il s'agit là d'une conjecture qui, de l'aveu du même
conseil, n'est appuyée sur aucune preuve.
C'est un fait que, dans l'état présent des informations dont
dispose la Cour, les auteurs du mouillage sont restés inconnus.
Aussi bien, la mission de la Cour, définie par les termes du
compromis, est de décider si l'Albanie est responsable, selon le
droit international, des explosions du 22 octobre 1946 et de
statuer, éventuellement, sur la réparation des dommages.
Le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni a enfin émisla thèse selon
laquelle, quels que fussent par ailleurs les auteurs du mouillage
des mines, celui-ci n'a pu êtreeffectuésans que le Gouvernement
albanais en eût connaissance.by the witness Kovacic to third parties, of which the Court has
received no persona1 and direct confirmation, can be regarded only
as allegations falling short of conclusive evidence. A charge of
such exceptional gravity against a State would require a degree of
certainty that has not been reached here.
Apart from Kovacic's evideqce, the United Kingdom Govern-

ment endeavoured to prove coliusion between Albania and Yugo-
slavia by certain presumptions of fact, or circumstantial evidence,
such as the possession, at that time, by Yugoslavia, and by no
other neighbouring State, of GY mines, and by the bond of close
political and military alliance between Albania and Yugoslavia,
resulting from the Treaty of friendship and mutual assistance
signed by those two States on July gth, 1946.

The Court considers that, even in so faas these facts are estab-
lished, they lead to no firm conclusion. It has not been legaliy
established that Yugoslavia possessed any GY mines, and the
origin of the mines laid in Albanian territorial waters remains a
mat ter for conjecture. It is'clear that the existence of a treaty,
such as that of July gth, 1946, however close may be the bonds
uniting its signatories, in no way leads to the conclusion that
they participated in a criminai act.

On its side, the Yugoslav Government, although not a party
to the proceedings, authorized the Albanian Govemment to
produce certain Yugoslav documents, for the purpose of refuting
the United Kingdom contention that the mines had been laid
by two ships of the Yugoslav Navy. As the Court was anxious
for fuli light to be thrown on the facts alleged, it did not refuse
to receive these documents. But Yugoslavia's absence from the
proceedings meant that these documents could only be admitted
as evidence subject to reserves, and the Court finds it unnecessary
to express an opinion upon their probative value.
The Court need not dwell on the assertion of one of the Counsel
for the Albanian Govemment that the minefield might have been
laid by the Greek Govemment. It is enough to Say that this
was a mere conjecture which, as Counsel himself admitted, was
based on no proof.
In the light of the information now available to the Court, the

authors of the minelaying remain unknown. In any case, the task
of the Court, as defined by the Special Agreement, is to decide
whether Albania is responsible, under international law, for the
explosions which occurred on October zznd, 1946, and to give
judgment as to the compensation, if any.
Finally, the United Kingdom Govemment put forward the
argument that, whoever the authors of the minelaying were, it
could not have been done without the Albanian Government's
knowledge. 1s AFFAIRE DU DÉTROIT DE CORFOU (FOSD)

On ne peut assurément induire la connaissance du mouillage
chez le Gouvernement albanais du seul fait qu'un champ de mines
découvert dans ses eaux territoriales a provoqué les explosions
dont iurent victimes les iiavires de guerre britanniques. Il est
vrai, ainsi que le démontre la pratique internationale, qu'un
État, sur le territoire duquel s'est produit un acte contraire au
droit international, peut êtreinvité à s'en expliquer. 11est égale-
ment vrai qu'il ne peut se dérober à cette invitation en se bornant
à répondre qu'il ignore les circonstances de cet acte ou ses auteurs.
Il peut, jusqu'à un certain point, être tenu de fournir des indi-

cations sur l'usage qu'il a fait des moyens d'information et
d'enquête à sa disposition. Mais on ne saurait conclure du seul
contrôle exercé par lin État sur son territoire terrestre ou sur
ses eaux territoriales que cet Etat a nécessairement connu ou dû
connaître tout fait illicite international qui y a étéperpétré non
plus qu'il a nécessairement connu ou dû connaftre ses auteurs.
En soi, et indépendamment d'autres circonstances, ce fait ne
justifie ni responsabilité firiffacieni déplacement dans le fardeau
de la preuve.
Er1 revanche, le contrôle territorial exclusif exercé par l'État
dans les limites de ses frontières n'est pas sans influence sur le

choix des modes de preuve propresà démontrer cette connaissance.
DU fait de ce contrôle exclusif, 1'Etat victime d'une violation du
droit international se trouve souvent dans l'impossibilité de faire
la meuve directe des faits d'où découlerait la res~onsabilité. Il
doii lui êtrepermis de recourir plus largement au~présomptions
de fait. aux indices ou Dreuveç circonstancielles fcircicntstantial
ezidence). Ces moyens de 'peuve indirecte sont admis dans tous
les systèmes de droit et leur usage est sanctionné par la juris-
prudence internationale. On doit les considérer comme particu-
lièrement probants quand ils s'appuient sur une sine de faits

qui s'enchaînent et qui conduisent logiquement à une même
conclusion.
Il y a donc lieu de rechercher s'il est établi par des moyens de
preu\-e indirecte que l'Albanie a eu connaissance d'un mouillage
de mines dans ses eaux territoriales indépendamment de toute
conni\-ence de sa part dans cette opération. La preuve pourra
résulter de présomptions de fait à condition que celles-ci ne laissent
place à aucun doute raisonnable. Les éléments defait sur lesquels
elles s'appuieront peuvent être differents ae ceux qui auraient pu
servir à établir la connivence.
Dans l'affaire présente, deux ordres de faits qui se corroborent

mutuellement entrent en considération. Les premiers ont trait
aux attitudes de l'Albanie avant et après la catastrophe du
22 octobre 1946 ; les autres concernent ies possibilités d'observer
de ia côte albanaise un mouillage de mines.

I. Il est clairement établi que le Gouvernement albanais n'a
cesséd'exercer une vigilance très attentive sur les eaux du Détroit
Xord de Corfou, tout au moins depuis le mois de mai 1946. Cette

1S It is clear that knou-leoge of the mineIaying cannot be imputed
to the Albanian Government by reason merely of the fact that

a minefield discovered in Albanian temtorial waters caused the
explosions of which the British warships were the victims. It
is true, as international practice shows, that a State on whose
territory or in whose waters an act contrary to international
law has occurred, may be called upon to give an explanation.
It is also true that that State cannot evade such a request by
limiting itself to a reply that it is ignorant of the circumstances
of the act and of its authors. The State may, up to a certain
point, be bound to supply particulars of the use made by it of
the means of information and inquiry at its disposal. But it
cannot be concluded from the mere fact of the control exercised
by a State over its territory and waters that that State necessarily
knew, or ought to have known, of any unlawful act perpetrated
therein, nor yet that it necessarily knew, or should have known,
the authors. This fact, by itself and apart from.other circum-
stances, neither involves prima facie resp~nsibility nor shifts
the burden of proof.

On the other hand, the fact of this exclusive temtorial control
exercised by a State within its frontiers has a bearing upon the
methods of proof available to establish the knowledge of that
State as to such events. By reason of this exclusive control,
the other State, the. victim of a breach of international law, is
often unable to furnish direct proof of facts giving rise to
responsibility. Such a State should be dowed a more liberal
recourse to inferences of fact and circumstantial evidence. This
indirect evidence is admitted in al1 systems of law, and its use
is recognized by international decisions. It must be regarded
as of special weight when it is based on a series of facts linked
together and leading logically to a single conclusion.

The Court must examine therefore whether it has ken established
by means of indirect evidence that Albania has knowledge of mine-
laying in her territorial waters independently of any connivance
on her part in this operation. The proof may be drawn from

inferences of fact, provided that they leave no room for reasonable
doubt. The elements of fact on which these inferences can be
based may differ from those which are relevant to the question of
connivance.
In the present case, two series of facts, which corroborate one
another, have to be considered : the first relates to Albania's
attitude before and after the disaster of October zznd, 1946 ; the
other concerns the feasibility of observing minelaying from the
Xlbanian coast.

I. It is clearly estabilshed that the Albanian Government
constantly kept a close watch over the waters of the North Corfu
Charinel, at any rate after May 1946. This vigilance is proved
18I9 AFFAIRE DU DÉTROIT DE CORFOU (FOND)

vigilance est attestée par la déclaration du délégué de l'Albani(:
au Conseil de Sécurité,Ie 19 février1947 (Procès-verbaux o$ciils
du Conseil de Sécurité, zma année, no 16,p. 328) ,t surtout par
les notes diplomatiques du Gouvernement albanais relatives au
passage de navires étrangers dans ses eaux territoriales. Cette
vigilance a étépousséeparfois jusqu'à l'emploi de la force. Dans
cet ordre d'idées,il faut relever les coups de canon tirésl15 mai
1946 ,ans la direction des croiseurs britanniques Orion et Superb,
ainsi que les coups de feu dirigés, 29 octobre 1946 ,ur le convoi
de 1'U.N. R. R. A., ce dernier fait établipar l'affidavit non sérieu-

sement contesté de Enrico Bargellini.
Quant aux notes du Gouvernement albanais, toutes témoignent
de sa volontéd'exercer une surveillance jalouse sur ses eaux terri-
toriales. La note verbale du 21 mai 1946 au Royaume-Uni révèle
l'existence d'un ordre général )en exécution duquel le comman-
dement côtier a ordonné de tirer dans la direction des croiseurs
britanniques. Cette même note formule l'exigence d'un ((permis »
des autorités albanaises pour le passage par les eaux telritoriales.
L'exigence de (formalités 1)et d'un ((permis ))albanais est affir-
mée à nouveau dans la note albanaise du 19 juin.
Les Parties étant d'accord pour reconnaître que le champ de
mines avait étémouillérécemment, il faut en conclure que l'opé-
ration de mouillage a étéeffectuéeau cours dc la période d'étroite
surveillance dont ce secteur a étél'objet de la part des autorités

albanaises. Cette constatation rend a priori assez peu vraisemblable
l'allégation d'ignorance chez le Gouvernement albanais.
La Cour a également pris note de la réponse du capitaine Ali
Shtino à une question poséepar elle, réponse d'oùressort que le
témoin, appelé à remplacer pendant treize ou quinze jours le
commandant de la défense côtière à une époque qui a précédé
immédiatement les événements du 22 octobre, avait reçu la
consigne suivante : (Que les postes de guet devaient me rendre
compte de tous les mouvements [dans le canal de Corfoü] et
qu'aucune mesure ne serait prise de notre part. 1)
Particulièrement significatifs des dispositions du Gouvernement
albanais sont les télégrammespar lui adressés, le 13 novembre et
le 27 novembre 1946 ,u Secrétaire généraldes Nations Unies, à
un moment ou ceGouvernement avait pleine connaissance du champ

de mines découvert dans les eaux territoriales albanaises. Dans le
premier de ces télégrammes,le Gouvernement albanais élevait la
plus énergique protestation contre les mouvements et activités des
unités navales britanniques dans ses eaux territoriales les 12 et
13 novembre 1946, sans mêmefaire mention de l'eristence d'un
champ de mines dans ces eaux. Dans le second, il réitérait ses
accusations contre le Royaume-Unisansprotester d'aucune manière
contre le mouillage de ce champ, mouillage qui, à le supposer
exécutésans son assentimerit, aurait constitué une violation parti-
culièrement grave de sa souveraineté.
Un autre indice de la connaissance du mouillage chez le(souver-
nemcnt albanais r6sulte du fait que ôe Gouvernement, après avoir THE CORFU CHANNEL CASE (MERITS) 19
by the declaration of the Albanian Delegate in the Security
Council on February ~gth, 1947 (Oficial Records of the Security
Council, Second Year, No. 16, p. 328), and especially by the

diplomatic notes of the Albanian Government concerning the
passage of foreign ships through its territorial waters. This
vigilance sometimes went so far as to involve the use of force :
for esample the gunfire in the direction of the British cruisers
Orion and Sztperb on May ~gth, 1946, and the shots fired at the
U.N.R.R.A. tug and barges on October 29th, 1946, as established
by the affidavit of Enrico Bargellini, which was not seriously
contested.
The Albanian Government's notes are al1evidence of its intention
to keep a jealous watch on its temtorial waters. The noteverbale
addressed to the United Kingdom on May z~st, 1946, reveals the
existence of a "General Order", in execution of which the Coastal
Commander gave the order to fire in the direction of the British
cruisers. This same note formulates a demand that "permission"
shall be given, by the Albanian authorities, for passage through
territorial waters. The insistence on "formalities" and "permis-
sion" by Albania is repeated in the Albanian note of June 19th.
As the Parties agree that the minefield had been recently laid,
it must be concluded that the operation was carried out during

the period of closewatch by the Albanian authorities in this sector.
This conclusion renders the Albanian Govemment's assertion of
ignorance a priorisomewhat improbable.

The Court also noted the reply of Captain Ali Shtino to a
question put by it ; this reply shows that the witness, who had
been called on to replace the Coastal Defence Commander for a
period of thirteen to fifteen days, immediately before the events
of October zznd, had received the following order: "That the
look-out posts must inform me of every movement [in the Corfu
Channel], and that no action would be taken on our part."

The telegrams sent by the Albanian Government on Novem-
ber 13th and November 27th, 1946,to the Secretary-General of the
United Nations, at a time when that Government was fully aware
of the discovery of the minefield in Albanian territorial waters,

are especially significant of the measures taken by the Albanian
Government. In the first telegram, that Government raised the
strongest protest against the movements and activity of British
naval units in its territorial waters on November 12th and 13th,
1946, without even mentioning the existence of a minefield in
these waters. In the second, itrepeats its accusations against
the United Kingdom, without in any way protesting against the
laying of this minefieldwhich, if effected without Albania's consent,
constituted a very serious violation of her sovereignty.

Another indication of the Albanian Govemment's knowledge
consists in the fact that that Govemment did not notify the eu connaissance de l'existence de mines dans ses eaux, au plus

tard après le déminage du 13 novembre, n'en a pas fait notifica-
tion. D'autre part, et à la différence de la Grèce qui a institué
aussitôt une commission chargéed'enquêtersur les événementsdu
22 octobre, le Gouvernement albanais n'a pris aucune décisionde
cet ordre, pas plus qu'ii n'a procédéaux mesures d'instruction
j~diciaire qui incombent, en pareil cas, au souverain temtorial.
Ces attitudes n'apparaissent pas conciliables avec l'ignorance
prétendue des autorités albanaises du mouillage du champ de mines
dans les eaux territoriales de l'Albanie. Elles s'expliquent, au
contraire, si le Gouvernement albanais, ayant eu connaissance d'un
tel mouillage, a entendu maintenir cachées les circonstances dans
lesquelles il s'était effectué.

2. Quant aux possibilités d'observation du mouillage de la côte
albanaise, la Cour retient comme particulièrement importantes
les constatations suivantes qui concement, les unes les conditions
techniques d'un mouillage clandestin, les autres le service de
surveillance albanais.
Par leur configuration géographique, la baie de Saranda et le
chenal emprunté dans le Détroit par la navigation se prêtent
bien à une surveillance étroite, l'entrée de la baie étant dominée
par des hauteurs qui fournissent d'excellents points d'observation,
tant sur la baie elle-mêmeque sur le Détroit, tandis que le chenal
est constamment à proximité immédiate de la côte albanaise.
Le mouillage d'un champ de mines dans ces eaux n'a guère pu
échapper à la vigilance du commandement côtier albanais.
A cet égard. il y a lieu d'observer tout d'abord que l'opération

mêmedu mouillage a dû exiger un certain temps. En effet, selon
les experts de la Cour, le dispositif adopté comportait l'établisse-
ment raisonné et méthodique de deux rangées de mines et révélait
un objectif complexe, à la fois offensif et défensif: offensif, afin
d'empêcher le passage par le chenal de navires ayant un tirant
d'eau de dix pieds ou plus ; défensif, afin d'empêcher lesnavires
de mêmetirant d'eau de pénétrer dans la baie de Saranda. Le
rapport des experts estime à deux heures ou deux heures et demie
le temps durant lequel les mouilleurs de mines se seraient trouvés
dans les eaux situées entre le cap Kiephali et le monastère Saint-
Georges. C'est là un temps suffisant pour attirer l'attention des
postes d'observation placés, selon les déclarations du Gouveme-
ment albanais, au cap Kiephali et au monastère Saint-Georges.
Les facilités d'observation de la côte sont confirmées par les

deux circonstances suivantes : la distance qui séparait de la côte
la mine la plus proche n'était que de 500 m. ; les navires mouil-
leurs de mines doivent être passés à environ 500 m. seulement
au large de la côte entre la pointe Denta et le monastère Saint-
Georges.
La Cour ayant voulu s'entourer de tous les renseignements
d'ordre technique susceptibles de la guider dans la recherche de la
vérité,a soumis aux experts désignéspar eiie la que$ion suivante :
20presence of mines in its waters, at the moment when it must have

known this, at the latest after the sweep on November 13th, and
further, whereas the Greek Government immediately appointed
a Commission to inquire into the events of October zznd, the
Albanian Govemment took no decision of such a nature, nor did
it proceed to the judicial investigation incumbent, in such a case,
on the territorial sovereign.
This attitude doesnot seem reconcilabIewith the alieged ignorance
of the Albanian authorities that the minefield had been laid in
Albanian territorial waters. It could be explained if the Albanian
Government, while knowing of the minelaying, desired the circum-
stances of the operation to remain secret.

2. As regards the possibility of observing minelaying from the
Albanian coast, the Court regards the following facts, relating to
the technical conditions of a secret minelaying and to the Albanian
surveillance, as particularly important.

The Bay of Saranda and the channel used by shipping through
the Strait are, from their geographical configuration, easily
watched ; the entrance of the bay is dominated by heights offenng
excellent observation points, both over the bay and over the
Strait ; whilst the channel throughout is closeto the Albanian coast.
The laying of a minefield in these waters could hardly fail to have
been observed by the Albanian coastal defences.

On this subject, it must first be said that the minelaying oper-
ation itself must have required a certain time. The method adopted
required, according to the Experts of the Court, the methodical and
well thought-out laying of two rows of mines that had clearly a
combined offensiveand defensive purpose : offensive,to prevent the
passage, through the Channel, of vessels drawing ten feet of water
or more ; defensive, to prevent vessels of the same draught frorn
entering the Bay of Saranda. The report of.the Experts reckons
the time that the minelayers would have been in the waters,
between Cape Kiephali and St. George's Monastery, at between
two and two and a haif hours. This is sufficient time to attract
the attention of the observation posts, placed, as the Albanian
Government stated, at Cape Kiephali and St. George's Monastery.

The facilities for observation from the coast are confirmed
by the two following circumstances : the distance of the nearest
mine from the coast was only 500 metres ; the minelayers must
have passed at not more than about 500 metres from the coast
between Denta Point and St. George's Monastery.

Being anxious to obtain any technical information that might
guide it in its search for the truth, the Court submitted the
following question to the Experts appointed by it : ((En supposant que les mines découvertesle 13 novembre 1946
aient étémouillées à quelque moment, au cours des quelques mois
précédents, quel que soit l'auteur de ce fait, étudier les rensei-
gnements que l'on possède sur: a)le nombre et la nature de ces
mines, h) les moyens de les mouiller, etc)le temps nécessaire à cet
effet, compte tenu des différentsétats de la mer, des circonstances
locales et des différentes circonstances atmosphériques, et déter-
miner si l'on peut, de cette étude, tirer quelques conclusions et
lesquelles au sujet:
IO des moyens employés pour l'établissement du champ de
mines découvert le 13 novembre 1946, et
2" de la possibilitéde mouiller ces mines par ce5 moyens sans
que les autorités albanaises en aient eu connaissance, compte
tenu des moyens de surreillance existant dans la région de
Saranda. 1,

Le premier rapport remis à la Cour par les experts n'ayant pas

yriru entièrement concluant, la Cour les a priés, par décision du
17 janvier 1949, de vérifier, compléter et, s'il y a lieu, modifier
leurs réponses à la suite d'une descente sur les lieux à Saranda.
C'est donc sur place et en présence des experts des Parties et de
fonctionnaires albanais que furent consignées les obsenrations et
conduites diverses expériences propres à apprécier les possibilités
d'observation du mouillage par les postes albanais. Il faut signaler
à ce sujet l'expérience de visibilité de nuit qui fut effectuée, dans
la soirée du 28 janvier 1949, au monastère Saint-Georges. Un

bateau à moteur de 27 m. de long, sans passerelle, sans abri de
navigation, sans cheminée et ras sur l'eau fut utilisé. Naviguant
tous feux éteints et par une nuit sans lune, c'est-à-dire dans les
conditions les plus favorables pour éviter d'être découvert, il fut
parfaitement vu et entendu du monastère Saint-Georges. Le bruit
du moteur fut entendu d'une distance de 1.800 mètres ; le bateau
lui-mêmefut aperçu à 670 mètres et resta visible jusqu'à environ
1.900 mètres.

Le rapport établi par les experts à la suite de cette descente
sur les lieux s'exprime dans les termes suivants :

(Les experts considèrent comme indiscutable que, si des postes
de veille normaux étaientmaintenus au cap Kiephali, au cap Denta
et au monastère Saint-Georges, si ces postes étaient munis de
jumelles, comme on l'a déclaré,et si les conditions atmosphériques
avaient étCnormales peur cette région, lesopérations de mouillage
de mines, relatées dans l'annexe g du Mémoiredu Royaume-
Uni, ont dù êtreobservéespar ces postes de veille de la côte.))

La Cour ne peut manquer d'attacher un grand poids à l'avis
d'experts qui ont procédé à un examen des lieux entouré de toutes
les garanties d'information esacte et d'impartialité. Abstraction
faite de l'esistence d'un poste de veille au cap Denta, existence
qui n'est pas établie, et se fondant sur les déclarations du Gouver-
nement albanais quede tels postes étaient placés au cap Kiephali
et au monastère Saint-Georges, la Cour relève dans le rapport:

2 1 "On the assumption that the mines discovered on Novem-
ber 13th, 1946, were laid at some date within the few preceàing
months, whoever may have laid them, you are requested to examine
the information availabie regardin(a)the number and the nature of
the mines,(b) the means for laying them, and (c)the time required
to do so, having regard to the different states of the sea, the condi-
tions of the locality, and the different weather conditions, and to
ascertain whether it is possiblein that way to draw any concl~~sions,
and. if so, what conclusions, in regard to:

(1) the means employed for laying the minefield discovered
on November 13th, 1946, and
(2) the possibility of mooring those mines with those means
regard to theextent of the measures of vigilance existing in the
Saranda region."

As the first Report submitted by the Experts did not seen
entirely coaclusive, the Court, by a decision of January 17th, 1949,
asked the Experts to go to Saranda and to venfy, complete and,
if necessary, modify their answers. In this way, observations
were made and various expenments carned out on the spot,
in the presence of the experts of the Parties and of Albanian
officials, with a view to estimating the possibility of the mine-
laying having been observed by the Albanian look-mit posts.
On this subject reference must be made to a test of visibility
by night, carried out on the evening of January 28th, 1949, at
St. George's Monastery. A motor ship, 27 metres long, and
with no bridge, wheel-house, or funnel, and very low on the

water, was used. The ship was completely blacked out, and on
a moonlcss night, i.e., under the moçt favourable conditions for
avoiding discovery, it was clearly seen and heard from St. George's
Monastery. The noise of the motor was heard at a distance
of 1,800 metres, and the ship itself was sighted at 570 metres
and remained visible up éo about 1,900 metres.
The Experts' Report on this visit stated that :

"The Experts consider it to be indisputable that if a normal
look-out was kept at Cape Kiephali, Denta Point, and St. George's
Monastery, and if the look-oiits were equipped with binoculars as
has been stated, under normal weather conditions for this area,
the minelaying operations shown in Annex g to the United King-
dom Memorial must have been noticed by these coastguards."

The Court canriot fail to give great weight to the opinion of
the Experts who examined the locality in a manner giving every
guarantee of correct and impartial information. Apart from the
existence of a look-out post at Cape Denta, which hâs not been
proved, the Court, basing itself on the declarations of the Albanian
Government that look-out posts were stationed at Cape Kiephali
and St. George's Monastery, refers to the following conclusions

2 1des experts les conclusions suivantes : 1) dans l'hypothèse d'un
mouillage effectué du Nord vers le Sud, les mouilleurs de mines
auraient été aperçus du cap Kiephali; 2) dans l'hypothèse d'un
mouillage effectué en partant du Sud, les mouilleurs de mines
auraient étéobservés du cap -Kiephali et du monastère Saint-
Georges.
De l'ensemble des faits et constatations relevés ci-dessus, la

Cour tire la conclusion que le mouillage du champ de mines, qui
a provoqué les explosions du 22 octobre 1946 ,'a pas pu échapper
à la connaissance du Gouvernement albanais.
Les obligations qui dérivent pour l'illbanie de cette connaissance
ne sont pas contestées entre les Parties. Il a étéexpressément
reconnu par le conseil du Gouvernement albanais que « si l'Albanie
avait été mise au courant de l'opération avant les accidents du
22 octobre, et en temps utile pour pouvoir prévenir les navires
britanniques et, de façon plus générale,la navigation, de l'existence
de mines dans le Détroit de Corfou, alors la responsabilité de
l'Albanie serait engagée....)).
Les obligations qui incombaient aux autorités albanaises
consistaient à faire connaître, dans l'intérêt dela navigation en

général, l'existenced'un champ de mines dans les eaux territoriales
albanaises etàavertir les navires deguerrebritanniques, au moment
où ils s'approchaient, du danger imminent auquel les exposait ce
champ de mines. Cesobligations sont fondées nonpas surla Conven-
tion VI11 de La Haye, de 1907, qui est applicable en temps de
guerre, mais sur certains principes générauxet bien reconnus, tels
que des considérations élémentaires d'humanité, plus absolues
encore en temps de paix qu'en temps de guerre, le principe de la
liberté des communications maritimes et l'obligation', pour tout
Etat, de ne paslaisserutiliser son temtoire aux finsd'actes contraires
aux droits d'autres Etats.
En fait, l'Albanie n'a ni notifiél'existence du champ de mines

ni averti les navires de guerre britanniques du danger vers lequel
ils avançaient.
Toutefois, l'obligation de l'Albanie de signaler à la navigation
l'existence de mines dans ses eaux dépend de la connaissance
qu'elle en aurait eue avant le 22 octobre, et en temps utile, tout
comme le devoir de ses autorités côtières d'avertir les navires de
guerre britanniques dépend du temps qui s'est écouléentre le
moment où ces navires furent signalés et le moment où s'est
produite la première des explosions.
A cet égard, la Cour fait les constatations suivantes. Ainsi qu'il
a déjà étérelevé, les Parties s'accordent à dire que les mines
avaient étérécemment mouillées. Ondoit en conclure que l'opéra-
tion du mouillage, à quelque date précise qu'elle ait eu lieu, a

étéeffectuée à un moment où une surveillance étroite de l'Albanie
s'exerçait sur le Détroit. En supposant mêmeque l'on place l'opéra-
tion àl'extrêmelimite de temps, soit dans la nuit d21 au 22 octobre, in the Experts' Report : (1) that in the case of minelaying from
the North towards the South, the minelayers would have been
seen from Cape Kiephali ;(2) in the case of minelaying from
the South, the minelayers would have been seen from Cape
Kiephali and St. George's Monastery.

From al1 the facts and observations mentioned above, the
Court draws the conclusion that the laying of the minefield which
caused the explosions on October zznd, 1946, could not have been
accomplished without the knowledge of the Albanian Government.
The obligations resulting for Albania from this knowledge are

not disputed between the Parties. Counsel for the Albanian
Government expressly recognized that [t[tvnnslatio?" zi]f Albania had
been informed of theuperation before the incidents of October zznd,
and in tirne to warn the British vessels and shipping in general
of the existence of mines in the Corfu Channel, her responsibility
would be involved.. ..".

The obligations incumbent upon the Albanian authori ties
consisted in notifying, for the benefit of shipping in general, the
existence of a minefield in Albanian territorial waters and in
warning the approaching British warships of the imminent danger
to which the minefield exposed them. Such obligations are based,
not on the Hague Convention of 1907, No. VTII, which is applic-

able in time of war, but on certain general and well-recognized
principles, namely : elementary considerations of humanity, even
more exacting in peace than in war ;the principle of the freedom
of maritime communication ; and every State's obligation not to
allow knowingly its territory to be used for acts contrary to the
rights of other States.

In fact, Albania neither notified the existence of the minefield,
nor warned the British warships of the danger they were
approaching.
But Albania's obligation to notify shipping of the existence of
mines in her waters depends on her having obtained knowledge
of that fact in sufficient time before October zznd ; and the duty
of theAlbanjan coastalauthorities to warn the British ships depends
on the time' that elapsed between the moment that these ships

were reported and the moment of the first explosion.

On this subject, the Court makes the following observations.
As has already been stated, the Parties agree that the mines were
recently laid. It must be concluded that the minelaying, whatever
may have been its exact date, was done at a time when there
was a close Albanian surveillance over the Strait. If it be sup-
posed that it took place at the last possible moment, i.e., in the
night of October zrst-zznd, the only conclusion to be drawn would23 AFFAIRE DU DÉTROIT DZ COEFOU (FOND)

la seule conséquencequ'on en pourrait tirer, c'est que la notification
généraleà la navigation de tous les Etats eût étédifficile, peut-être
même impossible avant le jour où se produisirent les explosions.
Mais cette circonstance n'aurait nullement empêché lesautorités
albanaises de prendre, comme elles le devaient, toutesles mesures
nécessairespour avertir immédiatement les navires qui se trouvaient
à proximité de la zone dangereuse, plus spécialement ceux qiii
faisaient route vers cette zone. Quand, le2 octobre vers 13 heiires,
les navires de guerre britanniques furent signalésau commandement
de la défense côtière par le poste de guet di1 monastère Saint-

Georges, comme s'approchant du cap Long, il était parfaitement
possible aux autorités albanaises d'utiliser l'intervalle de près de
deux heures qui s'est écouléjusqu'à l'explosion du Sazi~~iarez
(14 h.53 ou 14h. 55) pour avertir ces navires du danger au-devant
duquel ils s'avançaient.
En fait, rien ne fut tenté par les autorités albanaises pour
prévenir le désastre. Ces graves omisçions engagent la responsa-
bilitéinternationale de l'Albanie.
En conséquence,la Cour est arrivée à la conclusion que l'Albanie
est responsable, selon le droit international, deexplosions qui ont
eu lieu l22 uctobre 1946 dans les eaux albanaises, et des dommages
et pertes humaines qui en suivirent, et qu'il yalieu pour l'Albanie
de donner réparation au Royaume-Uni.

Dans les conclusions finales qu'il a présentéesdans sa réplique
orale, le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni a demandé à la Cour de
dire et juger qu'il a, en conséquencede la violation, par leo:iver-
nement albanais, des obligations incombant à ce Gouvernement
en vertu du droit international, subi des dommages s'élevant à la
somme totale de £ 875.000.
Dans le dernier exposé oral présenté en son nom, le Gouverne-
ment albanais a énoncé,pour la première fois, que la Cour ne serait
pas compétente, en vertu du compromis, pour évaluer le montant
du dommage subi. Aucune raison n'a étédonnée à l'appui de cette
nouvelle allégation, et l'agent du Royaume-Uni n'a pas demandé

qu'il lui soit fourni l'occasiodn répliquer. La question relative à
la compétencede la Cour n'a donc pas étédébattue entre les Parties.
Aux termes de la première question du compromis, la Cour est
invitée à répondre aux deux points suivants :
(i) l'Albanie est-elle responsable, selon le droit international, des
explosions et des dommages et pertes humaines qui en seraient

suivis, et
(ii) y a-t-il le cas de réparations à donner ?
Ce texte a fait naître certains doutes. Si la réponse au premier
point est affirmative, il en résulte déjà que réparation est due et ilbe that a general notification to the shipping of al1 States before
the time of the explosions would have been difficult, perhap-aeven
impossible. But this would certainly not have prevented the
.Ilbanian authorities from taking, as they should have done, al1
necessary steps immediately to warn ships near the danger zone,

more especially thcse that were approaching that zone. X'hen
on October zznd about 13.00 hours the British warships were
reported by the look-out post at St. George's hlonastery to the
Commander of the Coastal Defences as approaching 'Cape Long,
it nas perfectly possible for the Albanian authorities to use the
interval of almost two hours that elapsed before the explosion
affectingSairnznvez(14.53 hours or 14.55 hours) to warn the vessels
of the danger into which they were running.

In fact, nothing was attempted by the Albanian authorities to
prevent the disaster. These grave omissions in\-olve the inter-
national responsibility of Albania.
The Court therefore reaches the conclusion that Albania is
responsible under international law for the explosions which
occurred on October zznd, 1946, in Albanian waters, and for
the damage and loss of human life which resulted from them,
and that there is a duty iipon Albania to pay compensation to
the United Kingdom.
* * *

In the final submissions contained in its oral reply, the United
Kingdom Government asked the Court to give judgment that,
as a result of the breach by the Albanian Govemment of its
obligations under international law, it had sustained damages

amounting to £87 5,000.

In the last oral statement submitted in its name, the Albanian
Government, for the first time, asserted that the Court would
ilot have jurisdiction, in virtue of the Special Agreement, to
assess the amount of compensation. No reason was given in
support of this new assertioc, and the United Kingdom Agent
did not açk leave to reply. The question of the Court's jurisdiction
was not argued between the Parties.
In the first question of the Special Agreement the Court is
asked :
(i) 1s Albania under international law responsible for the
explosions and for the darnage and loss of human life which

resulted from them, and
(ii) is there any duty to pay compensation ?
This text gives rise to certain doubts. If point (i)is answered
in the affirmative, it follows from the establishment of respons- aurait été superflu d'ajouter le deuxième point, à moins que dans
l'esprit des Parties ce point visâquelque chose de plus qu'une
simple déclaration, aux termes de laquelle la Cour constaterait que
réparation est due.II serait en effet contraire aux règles d'inter-
prétation généralementreconnues de considérer qu'une disposition
de ce genre, insérée dans un compromis, soit une disposition
sans portée et sans effet. A cet égard, la Cour se réfère'opinion
exprimée par la Cour permanente de Justice internationale à
propos de questions d'interprétation semblables. Dans l'Avis
consultatif no 13 en date du 23 juillet1926, cette Cour s'est
exprimée comme suit (Série B, no 13, p. 19): «Mais, pour autant

qu'il s'agit de la question spécifiquede compétence, actuellement
débattue, il peut suffire d'observer que la Cour, en déterminant
la nature et l'étendue d'une disposition, doit envisager ses effets
pratiques plutôt que le motif prédominant par lequel onIa suppose
avoir étéinspirée. » Dans son ordonnance du 19 août 1929 dans
l'affaire des Zones franches, la Cour a dit (SérieA,no 22; p. 13)
que «dans le doute, les clauses d'un compromis par lequel la
Cour est saisie d'un différend doivent, si cela n'est pas faire
violenceà leurs termes, êtreinterprétéesd'une manière permettant
à ces clauses de déployer leurs effets utile1).
La Cour croit nécessaire de rappeler les étapes diverses de la
procédure. Le Conseil de Sécurité,dans sa RésoluLiondu 9 avril
1947,avait recommandé aux deux Gouvernements de soumettre

immédiatement «le différend» à la Cour. Cette Résolution visait
sans aucun doute au règlement du différend tout entier. En
exécution de cette Résolution, le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni
déposa une requête par laquelle la Cour était, entre autres
demandes, priée de « fixer les réparations ou indemnitésa; dans
son Mémoire, ceGouvernement a énoncé les diversessommes récla-
mées. Le Gouvernement albanais souleva ensuite une exception
préliminaire que la Cour rejeta par son Arret du 25 mars 1948.
Immédiatement après le prononcé de cet Arrêt, les agents des
Parties ont notifiéà la Cour la conclusion d'un compromis. Com-
mentant cette initiative des Parties, l'agent du Gouvernement
albanais a déclaré que,dans les circonstances de la présente affaire,
un compromis s'imposait sur lequel devait se fonder «toute la
procédure ». Il a ajouté :«Ainsi que je l'ai dit plusieurs fois, le

Gouvernement albanais a tenu à respecter la décisiondu Conseil de
Sécurité,du 9 avril1947, en vertu de laquelle le présent compro-
mis est soumis à la Cour internationale de Justice.))

Ni l'agent du Gouvernement albanais ni l'agent du Gouvernement
du Royaume-Uni n'ont en quoi que ce soit donnéà entendre que,
par le compromis, la compétence de la Cour à cet égard ait été
limitée au seul principe de réparation, ni que le Gouvernement
du Royaume-Uni ait renoncé à une partie importante de saibility that compensation is due, and it wodd be superfiuous
to add point (ii) unless the Parties had something else in mind
than a mere declaration by the Court that compensation is due.
It would indeed be incompatible with the generally accepted
rules of interpretation to admit that a provision of this sort
occurring in a special agreement should be devoid of purport

or effect. In this connexion, the Court refers tothe views expressed
by the Permanent Court of International Justice with regard
to similar questions of interpretation. In Advisory Opinion
No. 13 of July 23rd, 1926, that Court said (Series B., No. 13,
p. 19): "But, so far as concerns the specific question of com-
petence now pending, it rnay suffice to observe that the Court,
in determining the nature and scope of a measure, must look to
its practical effect rather than to the predominant motive that
may be conjectured to have inspired it." In its Order of
August ~gth, 1929, inthe Free Zones case, the Court said (Series A.,
No. 22,p. 13) :"in case of doubt, the clauses of a special agreement
by which a dispute is referred to the Court must, if it does not
involve doing violence to their terms, be construed in a manner
enabling the clauses themselves to have appropriate effects"

The Court thinks it necessary to reier to the different stages

of the procedure. In its Resolution of April gth, 1947, the
Security Council recommended that the two Governments should
immediately refer "the dispute" to the Court. This Resolution
had without doubt for its aim the final adjustment of the whole
dispute. In pursuance of the Resolution, the Government of the
United Kingdom filed an Application in which the Court was
asked, iwter dia, to "determine the reparation or compensation",
and in its Memorial that Government stated the various sums
claimed. The Albanian Govemment thereupon submitted a
Preliminary Objection, which was rejected by the Court by its
Judgment of March 25th, 1948. Immediately after this judgment
nas delivered, the Agents of the Parties notified the Court of the
conclusion of a Special Agreement. Commenting upon this step
taken by the Parties, the Agent of the Albanian Government
said that in the circumstances of the present case a special

agreement on which "the whole procedure" should be based was
essential. He further said [translation]: "As 1 have stated on
several occasions, it has always been the intention of the Albanian
Govemment to respect the decision taken by the Security Council
on April gth, 1947, in virtue of \\-hich the present Special Agree-
ment is submitted to the International Court of Justice."
Neither the Albanian nor the Cnited Kingdom Agent suggested
in any way that the Special Agreement had limited the competence
of the Court in this matter to a decision merely upon the pnnciple
of compensation or that the United Kingdom Government had
abandoned an important part of its original claim. The main

24demande primitive. Le but principal des deux Parties, lors de la
conclusion du compromis, était d'instituer entre elles une égalité
complète,'en remplaçant la procédure primitive, qui se fondait
sur une requête unilatérale, par une procédure fondée sur un
conipromis. Rien ne permet de conclure que cette modification,
introduite dans la procédure, ait eu pour objet d'apporter une
modification quelconque touchant le fond de la demande du
Royaume-Uni telle que cette demande avait été, à l'origine, pré-
sentéedans la requêteet dans le Mémoire.La Cour, en conséquence,
les Parties consultées, a retenu dans son Ordonnance du 26 mars
1948 le Mémoire déposéprécédemment par le Gouvernement du
Royaume-Uni avec « l'exposéet les conclusions » qu'il contenait.

Ces conclusions comprenaient une demande tendant à obtenir une
somme fixe à titre de réparation.
Il ressort de l'attitude ultérieure des Parties que leur intention,
lorsqu'elles ont conclu le compromis, n'était pas d'empêcher la
Cour de fixer le montant de l'indemnité. Dans le paragraphe 71
de sa Réplique, le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni a maintenu
les conclusions énoncéesdans le paragraphe 96 de son Mémoire,
y compris la demande d'une somme fixe à titre de réparation.
Cette demande a étéexpressément répétéedans les conclusions
finales du Royaume-Uni. Le Gouvernement albanais, dans le
paragraphe 52 de son Contre-Mémoire, a déclaréqu'il ignorait les
pertes de vies humaines et les dommages subis par les navires,
mais il n'a pas contesté la compétence de la Cour pour régler

cette question. Au paragraphe 96 de la Duplique, le Gouvernement
albanais déclare, en conséquence de sa demande de débouté,qu'il
n'avait pas à examiner la demande d'indemnité présentéepar le
Gouvernement britannique. « Il se réserve, le cas échéant, de dis-
cuter ce point, qui devrait de toute évidence faire l'objet d'une
expertise. » Eu égard à ce qüi a étédit plus haut au sujet de
l'attitude antérieure de ce Gouvernement, cette déclaration doit
être considérée comme l'acceptation implicite de la compétence
de la Cour pour régler cette question.
On peut se demander pourquoi les Parties, dans la rédaction
du compromis, n'ont pas expressément demandé à la Cour de
fixer le montant des réparations demandées, mais se sont servies
de la formule «et y a-t-il le cas de réparations à donner ? ))Il
parait probable que l'explication de ce fait se trouve dans la

similitude que présente cette clause avec la clause correspondante
qui figure dans la seconde partie du compromis :« et y-a-t-il lieu
à donner satisfaction ? ))
Le Gouvernement albanais n'a pas contesté la compétence de
la Cour-pour décider ce que doit être la snfisfacfp irénvue dans
cette partie du compromis. Les deus Parties ont plaid6 l'afiaire
en partant du point de vue que cette question devait être tranchée
par la Cour. Dans les écritures, le Gouvernement albanai: a soutenu
qu'il lui est dû des excuses. Au cours des débats oraux, le conseil

25object both Parties had in mind when they concluded the Special
Agreement Ras to establish a complete equality between them by
replacing the original procedure based on a unilateral Application

by a procedure based on a SpecialAgreement. There is no sugges-
tion that this change as to procedure was intended to involve any
change with regard to the merits of the British claim as originally
presented in the Application and Memorial. Accordingly, the
Court, after consulting the Parties, in itsrder of Iiarch 26th, 1948,
maintained the United Kingdom's BZemonal, filed previously,
"with statements and submissions". These submissions included
the claim for a fixed sum of compensation.

The subsequent attitude of the Parties shows that it \vas not
their intention, by entering intothe Special Agreement, to preclude
the Court from fixing the amount of the compensation. In its
Reply (paragraph 71)the United Kingdom Government maintained
the submissions containedin paragraph 96 of its hiemorial, including

the claim for a fixed amount of reparation. This claim \vas
expressly repeated in the final United Kingdom submissions. In
paragraph 52 of its Counter-Memorial, the Albanian Governrnent
stated that it had no knowledge of the loss of human life and
damage to ships, but it did not contest the Coart's competence to
decide this question. In the Rejoinder, paragraph 96, that Govern-
ment declared that, owing to its claim for the dismissal of the case,
it was unnecessary for it to examine the United Kingdom's claim
for reparation. [T~.an.slafio~z.]"It reserves the right if need be,
to discuss this point which should obviously form the subject
of an expert opinion." Having regard to what is said above as
to the previous attitude of that Government, this statement must
be considered as an implied acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction
to decide this question.

It may be asked why the Parties, when drafting the Special
Agreement, did not expressly ask the Court to assess the amount
of the damage, but used the words : "and is there any duty to pay
compensation ?" It seems probable that the explanation is to
be found in the similarity betn-een this clause andthe corresponding
clause in the second part of the Special Agreement :"and is there
axiy duty to give satisfaction ?"

The Albanian Government has not disputed the competence of
the Court to decide what kind of sntisfactio~zis due under this part
of the Agreement. The case \vas argued on behalf of both Parties
on the basis that this question should be decided by the Court.
In the witten plendings, the Xlbanian Government contended
that it \vas entitled to apologies. During the oral proceèdings,

25du Gouvernement albanais a discuté le point de savoir si une
satisfaction d'ordre pécuniaireétait due à l'Albanie. Aucun dom-
mage n'ayant étécausé,il ne demandait aucune somme d'argent.
Il a conclu : « Ce que nous voulons, c'est la sanction de la Cour
du point de vue du droit ...))
Si cependant la Cour est compétente pour décider quellesorte
de satisfactionest due à l'Albanie aux termes de la seconde partie
du compromis, ilest difficiledeconcevoirpourquoi cette compétence
lui ferait défaut pour déciderdu montant des réparationsdues au
Royaume-Uni aux termes delapremièrepartie dumêmeinstnirnent.
Les clauses qui figurent dans le compromis sont parallèles. On ne
peut supposer que les Parties, tout en rédigeant ces clauses sous
la mêmeforme, aient entendu leur donner des significations oppo-
sées - l'une devant conférer compétence àla Cour, l'autre devant
lui refuser cette compétence.
Commeil est dit plus haut, le Conseilde Sécurité, par saRésolu-
tion du g avril 1947 ,ntendait indubitablement que le différend
tout entier fût tranchépar la Cour. Si cependant la Cour se bornait
à dire que réparation est due, sans en fixerle montant, le différend
ne serait pas finalement tranchépar la Cour. Unepartie importante
de ce différenddemeurerait sans règlement.LesdeuxParties ayant
déclaré à plusieurs reprises qu'elles acceptent la Résolution du
Conseil de Sécurité,un tel résultat ne serait pas conforme à leurs

déclarations. Il ne donnerait pas plein effetà la Résolution, mais
laisserait subsister la possibilité d'un nouveau différend.

La Cour est, en conséquence,arrivée à conclure qu'elle possède
compétencepour fixerle montant des réparations. Cecine pourrait
toutefois êtrefait dans le présentarrêt.Le Gouvernement albanais
n'a pas encore indiqué quelssont, parmi les diverses sommes récla-
mées,les articles qu'il conteste, et le Gouvernement du Royaume-
Uni n'a pas présenté de preuveà'l'appui de ses demandes.
La Cour estime donc qu'il y a lieu d'instituerà cet égard une
procédure dont l'ordre et les délais sont fixés par ordonnance
de ce jour.

Aux termes de la seconde partie du compromis, la qüestion
suivante est soumise à la Cour :
« 2) Le Royaume-Unia-t-il violé, selonle droit international,la
souverainetéde la Républiquepopulaired'Albanie parles actions
dz la marine de guerre britannique dans les eaux albanaises le
22 octobre 1946et les 12 et 13 novembre 1946, etY a-t-il liea
donner satisfaction?))
La Cour examinera d'abord le point de savoir si une atteinte
a étéportée à la souveraineté de l'Albanie,du fait des actions de la
marine britannique dans les eaux albanaises,le 22octobre 1946.
26Counsel for Albania discussed the question whethes ê pecuniary
satisfaction \vas due. As no damage was caused, he did not claim
an57sun~of money. He concluded [t~atzslntion] : "What we desire

is the declaration of the Court from a legal point of view ...."

If, hon-ever, the Court is competent to decide what kind of
satisfaction is due to Albania under the second part of the Speêia!
Agreement, it is difficult to see why it should lack competence to
decide the amount of compensation which is due to the United
Kingdom under the first part. The clauses used in the Special
Agreement are parallel. It cannot be supposed that the Parties,
while drafting these clauses in the same form, intended to give
them opposite meanings-the one as giving the Court jurisdiction,
the other as denying such jurisdiction.

As has been said above, the Security Cmncil, in its Resolution

of April gth, 1947, undoubtedly intended that the whole dispute
should be decided by the Court. If, however, the Court should
limit itself to saying that there is a duty to pay compensation
without deciding what amount of compensation is due, the dispute
would not be finally decided. An important part of it would
remain unsettled. As both Parties have repeatedly declared that
they accept the Resolution of the Security Council, such a result
mould not conform with their declarations. It would not give full
effect to the Resolution, but would leave open the possibility of a
further dispute.
For the foregoing reasons, the Court has arrived at the conclusion
that it has jurisdiction to assess the amount of the compensation.
This cannot, however, be done in the present Judgment. The
Albanian Government has not yet stated which items, if any, of

the various sums claimed it contests, and the United Kingdom
Government has not submitted its evidence with regard to them.
The Court therefore considers that further proceedings on this
subject are necessary ; the order and time-limits of these proceed-
ings will be fixed by the Order of this date.

'
In the second part of the Special Agreement, the following
question is submitted to the Court :
"(2) Has the United Kingdom under international law violated
the sovereignty of the Albanian People's Republicby reason of the
acts of the Royal Navy in Albanian waters on the 22nd October
and on the 12th and 13th November 1946 and is there any duty
to give satisfaction?"

The Court will first consider whether the sovereignty of Albania
was violated by reason of the acts of the British Navy in Albanian
waters on October zznd, 1946.
26 A la date du 15 mai 1946, les croiseurs britanniques Orionet
Superb, alors qu'ils passaient par le Détroit Nord de Corfou, se
dirigeant vers le Sud, subirent le feu d'une batterie albanaise dans
le voisinage deSaranda. Il ressort du rapport présentépar l'officier
de marine qui exerçait le commandement - rapport daté du
29 mai 1946 - que le feu fut ouvert dors que les navires avaient
déjà dépasséla batterie et s'en éloignaient ;que douze à vingt

coups furent tirés; que le feu dura douze minutes et ne cessa que
quand les navires se trouvèrent hors de portée; mais que les navires
ne furent pas atteints, bien qu'il y eût un certain nombre de coups
courts et de coups longs.Il est dit, dans une note albanaise datée
du 21 mai, que le commandant côtier a fait tirer quelques coups
dans la direction des navires conformément à un ordre général
basé sur le droit internationalD.
Le Gouvemement du Royaume-Uni protesta immédiatement
auprès du Gouvernement albanais ; il fit observer que le passage
innocent des navires par les détroits est un droit reconnu par
le droit international. Une correspondance diplomatique s'engagea,
dans laquelle le Gouvernement albanais affirma que les navires
de guerre et de commerce étrangers n'avaient pas le droit de
pénétrer dans les eaux territoriales albanaises, sans avoir au

préalable avisé de leur passage les autorités albanaises et sans
avoir obtenu l'autorisation de celles-ci. Cette conception a reçu
son application dans une communication émanant du chef d'état-
major albanais et datée du 17 mai 1946, laquelle soumettait le
passage des navires de guerre et de commerce étrangers, par
les eaux territoriales albanaises, à une notification préalablement
adressée au Gouvernement albanais et à l'autorisation de celui-ci.
La correspondance diplomatique se poursuivit ; elle atteignit son
point culminant dans une note du Gouvernement du Royaume-
Uni, en date du 2 août 1946, dans laquelle ce Gouvemement
maintenait sa manière de voir, relativement au droit de passage
innocent par les détroits qui constituent, pour le trafic maritime
international, desroutes mettant en communication deux parties
de haute mer. La ilote se terminait par un avertissement: si,
à l'avenir, les batteries côtières albanaises ouvraientle feii sur

un navire de guerre britannique passant par le Détroit de Corfou,
le navire riposterait.
Le contenu de cette note fut, le I~Faoût, communiqué par
l'Amirauté britannique ail commandant en chef en Méditerranée,
et instruction fut donnée à celui-ci de ne pas utiliser le Détroit
jusqu'à ce que la note eût étéremise au Gouvernement albanais.
A la date du IO août, le commandant en chef reçut dc l'Amirauté
le télégrammesuivant [fradztcf 1:«oLtesAlbanais ont nuintenant
reçu la note. Le Détroit Nord de Corfou peut désormais être
utilisé par les navires de votre flottemais seulement lorsque ce
sera essentiel, et les canons devront demeurer pointés dans l'axe
du navire. Si les batteries côtières ouvrent le feu sur les navires

27 On May rgth, 1946, the British cruisers Oviolt and Szrpevb,
while passing southward through the North Corfu Channel, were
fired at by an Albanian battery in the vicinity of Saranda. It

appears from the report of the commanding naval officer dated
May zgth, 1946, that the firing started when the ships had already
passed the battery and were mo~ing away from it ; that from 12 to
20 rounds were fired ;that the finng lasted 12 minutes and ceased
only when the ships were out of range ; but that the ships were not
hit although there were a number of "shorts" and of "overs".
An Albanian note of May zrst states that the Coastal Commander
ordered a few shots to be fired in the direction of the ships "in
accordance with a General Order founded on international law".

The United Kingdom Government at once protested to the
Albanian Government, stating that innocent passage through

straits is a right recognized by international law. There ensued
a diplomatic correspondence in which the Albanian Government
asserted that foreign warships and merchant vessels had no right
to pass through Albanian territorial waters without pnor noti-
fication to, and the permission of, the Albanian authorities. This
view was put into effect by a communication of the Albanian
Chief of Staff, dated Jlay 17th, 1946, which purported to subject
the passage of foreign warships and merchant vessels in -4lbanian
territorial. waters to previous notification to and authorization by the
Albanian Government. The diplomatic correspondence continued,
and culminated in a United Kingdom note of August znd, 1946,
in which the United Kingdom Government maintained its view
with regard to the right of innocent passage through straits forming
routes for international maritime traffic between two parts of the

high seas. The note ended with the warning that if Albanian
coastal batteries in the future opened fire on any British warship
passing through the Corfu Channel, the fire would be returned.

The contents of this note were, on August ~st, communicated
by the British Admiralty to the Commander-in-Chief, Medi-
terranean, with the instruction that he shouldrefrain from using the
Channel until the note had been presented to the Albanian Govern-

ment. On Aiigust ~oth, he received from the Admiralty the
following telegram : "The Albanians have now received the note.
North Corfu Strait may now be used by ships of your fleet, but
only when essential and with armament in fore and aft position.
Jf coastal guns fire at ships passing through the Strait, ships
should fire back." On September zrst, the following telegrampassant par le Détroit, ces navires devront riposter. » A la date
du 21 septembre, l'Amirauté adressa au commandant en chef
le télégrammesuivant [fvaductio~l]: « L'établissement de relations
diplomatiques avec l'Albanie est de nouveau examiné par le
Gouvernement de Sa Majesté, qui désire savoir si le Gouver-
nement albanais a appris à se conduire. Veuillez faire connaître

si des navires placés sous votre commandement sont passés par
le Détroit Nord de Corfou depuis le mois d'août et, dans le cas
contraire, si votre intention est qu'ils passent d'ici peu par ce
Détroit 1)Le commandant en chef répondit le jour suivant que
ses navires n'avaient pas encore utilisé le Détroit mais que son
intention était d'y envoyer le ilfaztritizis et le LennrZPr,ainsi que
deux contre-torpilleurs, quand ils quitteraient Corfou, le2 octobre.
C'est dans ces circonstances que ces deux croiseurs, accompagnés
des contre-torpilleurs Snumarez et Volage, furent à ladite date
envoyés dans le Détroit Nord de Corfou.
La Cour examinera d'abord la thèse albanaise, selon laquelle le

Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni aurait porté atteinte à la souve-
raineté albanaise ea faisant passer les nzvires de guerre par ce
Détroit, sans avoir obtenu l'autorisation préalabledu Gouvernement
albanais.
De l'avis de la Cour, il est généralementadmis et conforme à la
coutume internationale que les États, en temps de paix, possèdent
le droit de faire passer leurs navires de guerre par des détroits qui
servent, aux fins de la navigation internationale, à mettre en
communication deux parties de haute mer, sans obtenir au préala-
ble l'autorisation de 1'État riverain, pourvu que le passage soit
innocent. A moins qu'une convention internationale n'en dispose
autrement, un Etat- riverain ne possèdepas le droit d'interdire un

tel passage par les détroits en temps de paix.
Le Gouvernement albanais ne conteste pas que le Détroit Nord
de Corfou soit un detroit au sens géographique ; ce qu'il conteste,
c'est que ce Détroit appartienne à la catégorie des voies maritimes
internationales à l'égard desquelles il existe un droit de passage,
parce que ce Détroit ne présente qu'une importance secondaire,
qu'il ne constitue mêmepas une route que l'on doive nécessairement
emprunter, entre deux parties de haute mer, et parce qu'il ne sert
presque exclusivement qu'au trafic local enprovenance et à destina-
tion des ports de Corfou et de Saranda.
On peut se demander si le critérium décisifest à rechercher dans

le volume du trafic qui passe par le Détroit ou dans l'importance
plus ou moins grande de celui-ci pour la navigation internationale.
Le critère décisifparaituplutôt devoir êtretiréde la situation géogra-
phique du Détroit, en tant que ce dernier met en communication
deux parties de haute mer, ainsi que du fait que le Détroit est
utilisé aux fins de la navigation internationale. On ne saurait non
plus tenir pour décisivela considération selon laquelle ce Détroit
n'est pas une route à emprunter nécessairement entre deux parties
de haute me^,maisçeulement un itinéraire facultatif pour la naviga-
tion entre la mer Egéeet l'Adriatique. Le Détroit Nord de Corfouwas sent by the Admiralty to the Commander-in-Chief, hiediter-

ranean : "Establishment of diplomatic relations wvith Albania is
again under consideration by His Riajesty's Government who wish
to know whether the Albanian Government have learnt to behave
themselves. Information is requested whether any ships under
your command have passed through the North Corfu Strait since
August and, if not, whether you intend them to do so shortly."
The Commander-in-Chief answered the next day that his ships
had not done so yet, but that it ww7a hsis intention that Jfazlritius
and Lennder and twvodestroyers should do so when they departed
from Corfu on October zznd.

It wvasin such circumstances that these two cruisers together
with the destroyers Saz~inarezand T701agewere sent through the
North Corfu Strait on that date.
The Court will now consider the Albanian contention that the
United Kingdom Government violated Albanian sovereignty by

sending the warships through this Strait without the previous
authorization of the Albanian Government.

It is, in the opinion of the Court, generally recognized and in
accordance with international custom that Statesin time of peace
have a right to send their warships through straits used for inter-
national navigation be'nveentwo parts of the high seas without the
previous authorization of a co'astalState, provided that the passage
is innocent. Unless othenvise prescribed in an international
convention, there is no right for a coastal Stateto prohibit such
passage through straits in time of peace.

The Albanian Government does not dispute that the liorth
Corfu Channel is a strait in the geographical sense ;but it denies
that this Channel belongs to the class of international highn-ays
through wvhicha right of passage exists, on the grounds that it is

only of secondas. importance and not el-en a neceçsary route
between twvoparts of the high seas, and that it is used almost
exclusively for local traffic to and from the ports of Corfu and
Saranda.

It may be asked whether the test is to be found in the \lolume of
traffic passing through theStrait or in its greater or lesser importance
for international navigation. But in the opiiiion of the Court the
decisive criterion is rather its geographical situation as connecting
two parts of the high seas and the fact of its being used for inter-
national navigation. Sor can it be decisire that this Strait is not
a necessary route bettveen tn-O parts of the high aeas, but only
an alternative passage betwveenthe Egean and the Adriatic Seas.
It has nevertheless been a useful route for international maritime
traffic. In this respect, the -\gent of the Vnited Kingdom Govern-
ment gave the Court tlie foilowing information relating to the

28 n'en a pas moins étéune route utile au trafic international. A cet
égard, l'agent du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni a communiqué
à la Cour les renseignements suivants, concernant la période du
I~~avril 1936 au 31 décembre 1937 :((Le chiffre ci-après indique
le nombre total des navires faisant escale dans le port de Corfou
après avoir passé par le Détroit, ou juste avant d'y passer. Pendant
la périoded'un an et neuf mois, le nombre total des navires fut de
2.884. Ces navires battaient pavillon grec, italien, roumain, yougo-
slave, français, albanais et britannique. Il est clair que de très

petits bâtiments sont inclus, car il y a beaucoup d'inscriptions pour
des bâtiments albanais, et, bien entendu, un navire peut faire
plusieurs voyages ;cependant, 2.884 navires pour une périoded'un
an et neuf mois, c'est un chiffre important. Ce chiffre se rapporte
aux navires inspectés par la douane à Corfou et, par suite, ne com-
prend pas les nombreux navires qui ont traversé le Détroit sans
aucune escale à Corfou. 1En outre, il y a eu des traversées régu-
lières du Détroit trois fois par semaine par des bâtiments grecs,
une fois par quinzaine par un navire britannique, une fois par
semaine par deux bâtiments yougoslaves et une fois par quinzaine
par deux autres. La Cour est, d'autre part, informéeque la marine
de guerre britannique a utilisé régulièrement ce Détroit depuis
80 ans et plus et que les marines de guerre d'autres Etats en ont

également fait usage.
Un fait particulièrement important est que le Détroit Nord de
Corfou constitue une frontière entre l'Albanie et la Grèce, qu'une
partie de ce Détroit est entièrement comprise dans les eaux terri-
toriales de ces Etats et que le Détroit présente pour la Grèce
une importance particulière, à raison du trafic maritime en prove-
nance et à destination du port de Corfou.
Eu égard à ces diverses considérations, la Cour est arrivée à la
conclusion que le Détroit Nord de Corfou doit être considéré
comme entrant dans la catégorie des voies maritimes internatio-
nales, où le passage ne saurait êtreinterdit en temps de paix par
un Etat côtier.
D'autre part, c'est un fait que les deux États côtiers n'entrete-
naient pas des relations normales, que la Grèce avait présenté des

revendications territoriales précisémentsur une partie du territoire
albanais riveraine du Détroit et au'elle avait fait connaître au'elle
se considérait comme techniquemint en état de guerre avec 1'~lba-
nie, laquelle avait estimé nécessaire de prendre certaines mesures
de vigilance dans cette région en invoquant le danger d'incursions
grecques. La Cour estime que l'Albanie, eu égard à ces circonstances
exceptionnelles, aurait étéfondée à réglementer le passage des
navires de guerre par le Détroit, sans toutefois l'interdire, ni
l'assujettir à une autorisation spéciale.

Pour ces motifs, la Cour ne peut accepter la thèse selon laquelle
le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni aurait porté atteinte à la
souveraineté albanaise, en faisant passer par le Détroit les naviresperiod from April ~st, 1936, to December 31st, 1937 :"The follow-
ing is the total number of ships putting in at the Port of Corfu
after passing through or just before passing through the Channel.
During the period of one year nine months, the total number of

ships was 2,884. The flags of the ships are Greek, Italian, Rou-
manian, Yugoslav, French, Albanian and British. Clearly, very
small vessels are included, as the entries for Albanian vessels are
high, and of course one vesse1 may make several journeys, but
2,884 ships for a period of one year nine months is quite a large
figure. These figures relate to vessels visited by the Customs at
Corfu and so do not include the large number. of vessels which went
through the Strait without calling at Corfu at all." There were
also regular sailings through the Strait byGreek vessels three times
weekly, by a British ship fortnightly, and by two Yugoslav vessels
weekly and by two others fortnightly. The Court is further
informed that the British Navy has regularly used this Channel
for eighty years or more, and that it has also been used by the
navies of other States.

One fact of particular importance is that the North Corfu
Channel constitutes a frontier between Albania and Greece, that
a part of it is wholly within the territorial waters ofthese States,
and that the Strait is of special importance to Greece by reason of
the traffic to and from the port of Corfu.

Having regard to these various considerations, the Court has
arrived at the conclusion that the North Corfu Channel should
be considered as belonging to the class of international highways
through which passage cannot be prohibited by a coastal State
in time of peace.
On the other hand, it is a fact that the two coastal States did
not maintain normal relations, that Greece had made territorial
claims precisely with regard to a part of Albanian territory bor-
dering on the Channel, that Greece had declared that she considered

herself technically in a state of war with Albania, and that Albania,
invoking the danger of Greek incursions, had considered it neces-
sary to take certain measures of vigilance in this region. The
Court is of opinion that Albania, in view of tliese exceptional
circumstdnces, would have been justified in issuing regulations
in respect of the passage of warships through the Strait, but not
in prohibiting such passage or in subjecting it to the requirement
of special authorization.
For these reasons the Court is unable to accept the Albanian
contention that the Government of the United Kingdom has
violated Albanian sovereignty by sënding the warships throughde guerre, sans avoir obtenu au préalable l'autorisation du Gouver-
nement albanais.
Dans ces conditions, il est superflu d'examiner la question plus
générak, longuement débattue par les Parties, et qui consiste à
savoir si les Etats ont, en droit international, un droit de faire
passer en temps de paix des navires de guerre par les eaux territo-
riales non comprises dans un détroit.
Le Gouvernement albanais a prétendu en outre que le passage
des navires de guerre britanniques le 22 octobre 1946 constituait

une violation de la souveraineté de l'Albanie parce que ce passage
n'était pas un passage innocent. Les raisons données peuvent être
résuméesde la façon suivante :Le passage n'était pas un passage
ordinaire mais une mission politique ; les navires manŒuvraient
et naviguaient en formation de combat en losange, avec des soldats
à bord ; la position des canons n'était pas compatible avec le
passage innocent ; les navires passaient avec les équipages aux
postes de combat ;le nombre des navires, ainsi que leur armement,
était plus important que ne le comportait l'objet de leur mission
et montrait qu'il y avait intention, non seulement de passer, mais
d'intimider ;enfin, les navires avaient reçu l'ordre d'observer les
défenses côtières et d'en rendre compte, ordre qui fut exécuté.
Il est démontrépar le télégramme de l'Amirauté en date du

21 septembre, cité plus haut, et reconnu par l'sent britannique,
que les navires de guerre ont étéenvoyésdans le Détroit non seu-
lement pour effectuer un passage à des fins de navigation, mais
également pour éprouver l'attitude de l'Albanie. Le 15 mai 1946,
ainsi qu'il a étCdit plus haut, le Gouvernement albanais tenta
d'imposer ses vues relativement au passage en ayant recours à
l'artillerie. L'échange de notes diplomatiques n'ayant pas éclairci
la situation, le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni voulut user
d'autres moyens pour savoir si le Gouvernement albanais main-
tiendrait son attitude illégale et si, pour l'imposer, il recourrait
encore à l'artillerie contre les navires en passage. La légitimité
de cette mesure pr;se par le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni ne
saurait êtrecontestée, à condition qu'elle fût exécutée d'une façon

compatible avec les prescriptions du droit international. La ((mis-
sion )était destinée à affirmer un droit qui avait été injustement
refusé. Le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni n'était pas tenu de
s'abstenir d'exercer son droit de passage, refusé à tort par le
Gouvernement albanais.
Il reste par conséquent à savoir si les modalités d'exécution du
passage étaient compatibles avec le principe du passage innocent
et à examiner les diverses prétentions du Gouvernement albanais
dans la mesure où elles semblent pertinentes.
Quand les gardes-côtes albanais du monastère Saint-Georges
rendirent compte que les navires de guerre britanniques naviguaient
en formation de combat et étaient en train demanŒuvrer, ils durent
êtrevictime d'une méprise. Ilrésulte des dépositions que les naviresthe Strait without having obtained the previous authorization of
the Albanian Government.

In these circumstances, it is unnecessary to consider the more
general question, much debated by the Parties, n-hether States
under international law have a right to send warships in time of
peace through territorial waters not included in a strait.

The Albanian Government has further contended that the
sovereignty of Albania was violated because the passage of the
British warships on October zznd, 1946, was not an i?z.izocejzt
passage. The reasons advanced in support of this contention
may be summed up as foilows : The passage was not an ordinary
passage, but a political mission ; the ships were manoeuvring
and sailing in diamond combat formation with soldiers on board ;
the position of the guns was not consistent with innocent passage ;
the vessels passed with crews at action stations ; the number of
the ships and theirarmament surpassed what \vas necessa- in order
to attain their object and showed an intention to intimidate and
not merely to pass ; the ships had received orders to obsen-e and

report upon the coastal defences and this order was carried out.

It is shown by the Adniiralty telegram of September z~st, cited
above, and admitted by the United Kingdom Agent, that the
object of sending the warships through the Strait \vas not only
to cany out a passage for purposes of navigation, but also to
test Albania's attitude. As mentioned above, the Albanian
Government, on May 15th, 1946, tried to impose by means of
gunfire its view with regard to the passage. As the exchange
of dipIomatic notes did not lead to any clarification, the Govern-
ment of the United Kingdom wanted to ascertain by other ineans
whether the Albanian Govemment would maintain its illegal
attitude and again impose its view by firing at passing ships.
The legality of this measure taken-by the Goveniment of the
United Kingdom cannot be disputed, provided that it \vas carried
out in a manner consistent with the requirements of international
law. The "mission" was designed to affirm a right which had

been unjustly denied. The Government of the United Kingdom
was not bound to abstain from exercising its right of passage,
which the Albanian Government had illegally denied.

It remains, therefore, to consider whether the mnnner in which
the passage was carried out was consistent with the principle of
innocent passage and to examine the various contentions of the
Albanian Government in so far as they appear to be relevant.
When the Albanian coastguards at St. George's Monastery
reported that the British warships were sailing in combat forma-
tion and were manoeuvring, they must have been under a misap-
prehension. it is shown by the evidence that the ships were not
proceeding in combat forrnatior,, but in line, one after the other, 31 AFFAIRE DU DÉTROIT DE CORFOU (FOXD)

n'avançaient pas en formation de combat, mais en ligne de Me,
l'un demère l'autre, et qu'ils n'avaient pas manŒuvré avant la
première explosion. Par la suite, leurs mouvements furent déter-
minés par les explosions et rendus nécessaires afin de sauver les
vies humaines et les navires atteints par des mines. Il résulte des
dépositions des témoins que l'affirmation selon laquelle il y avait

à bord des soldats doit être due à un malentendu provenant proba-
blement du fait que les deux croiseurs avaient àbord leur contingent
normal d'infanterie de marine (marines).
On sait, par un ordre de l'Amirauté britannique en date du
IO août 1946, cité plushaut, que les navires, quand ils utilisaient le
Détroit de Corfou, devaient passer avec leur armement en position
axiale. Le commandant en chef en Méditerranéea affirmédans un
télégrammedu 26 octobre à l'Amirauté que cet ordre fut observé
au cours du passage du 22 octobre. Les canons, dit-il dans son rap-

port, « étaient pointésdans l'axe des navires, ce qui est leur position
normale en mer, en temps de paix, et ils n'étaient pas chargés ))Les
commandants du Saumarez et du Volageconfirment que les canons
étaient danscette position avant les explosions. L'officierde naviga-
tion du i\lauritius a expliqué que tous les canons de ce croiseur
étaient dans leur position normale d'arrimage. L'artillerie principale
était dans l'axe du navire, les canons anti-aériens pointés vers
l'extérieuret vers le ciel, ce qui est la position normale de ces canons
sur un croiseur, tant au port qu'à la mer. Eu égarà cestémoignages,
la Cour ne saurait admettre l'affirmation albanaise selon laquelle

la position des canons était incompatible avec les règlesdu passage
innocent.
Dans un télégramme en date du 26 octobre, déjà mentionné,
le commandant en chef rapportait que le passage du 22 octobre
((fut effectué par les navires avec les hommes aux postes de
combat, afin qu'ils puissent riposter rapidement si on leur tirait
dessus à nouveau N. Étant donné les coups de canon tirés par
la batterie albanaise le 15 mai, cette mesure de précaution ne
saurait en soi êtreconsidéréecomme déraisonnable. Mais quatre
navires de guerre - deux croiseurs et deux contre-torpilleurs -

passèrent de cette façon, avec les hommes aux postes de combat,
prêts à riposter rapidement si l'on ouvrait le feu sur eux. Ils
passèrent l'un après l'autre par ce chenal étroit, tout près de
la côte albanaise, à un moment de tension politique dans cette
région.L'intention devait êtrenon seulement d'éprouverl'attitude
albanaise mais en mêmetemps de faire montre d'une force telle
que l'Albanie s'abstiendrait de tirer à nouveau sur les navires
en passage. Considérant cependant toutes les circonstances de
l'affaire décrites plus haut, la Cour ne saurait qualifier de violation
de la souveraineté albanaise ces mesures prises par les autorités

britanniques.
La carte de l'Amirauté (annexe 21 du Mémoire) montre que
les défensescôtières de la régionde Saranda avaient été observées
et notées. Il est dit dans un rapport du commandant du Volage,
31 THE CORFU CHANNEL CASE (MERITS) 3I
and that they were not manoeuvnng until after the first explosion.

Their movements thereafter were due to the explosions and were
made necessary in order to Savehuman life andthe minedships. It
is showvnby the evidence of wvitnesses that the contention that
soldiers were on board must be due to a misunderstanding probably
ansing from the fact that the two cruisers carried their usual detach-
ment of marines.

It isnowvnfrom the above-mentioned order issued by the British
-1dmiralty on -4ugust ~oth, 1946, that ships, when using the North
Corfu Strait, must pass with armament in fore and aft position.
That this order was carried out during the passage on October ~2nd
is stated by the Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, in a telegram
of October 26th to the Admiralty. The guns were, he reported,
"trained fore and aft, which is their normal position at sea in peae
time, and n-ere not loaded". It is confirmed by the commanders
of Sazinzarez and Volage that the guns were-in this position before

the explosions. The navigating officer on board Jfauritius
explained that al1guns on that cruiser were in their normal stowage
position. The main guns u-ere in the line of the ship, and the anti-
aircraft guns were pointing outwards and up into the air, which
is the normal position of these guns on a cruiser both in harbour
and at sea. In the light of this evidence, the Court cannot accept
the Albanian contention that the position of the guns was incon-
sistent with the rules of innocent passage.

In the above-mentioned teleg~am of October 26th, the Com-
mander-in-Chief reported that the passage "was made with ships at
action stations in order that they might be able to retaliate quickly
if fired upon again". In view of the firing from the Albanian
battery on May Ijth, this measure of precaution cannot, in itself,
he regarded as unreasonable. But four warships-t~vo cruisers
and t~vodestroyers-passed in this manner, with crews at action
stations, ready to retaliate quickly if fired upon. They passed
one afteranother through this narrow channel, closeto the Albanian
Coast, at a time of political tension in this region. The intention

must have been, not only to test Albania's attitude, but at the same
time to demonstrate such force that she wvouldabstain from firing
again on passing ships. Having regard, however, to al1the circum-
stances of the case, as described above, the Court is unable to
characterize these measures taken by the United Kingdom author-
ities as a violation of Albania's sovereignty.

The Admiralty Chart, Annex 21 to the Memorial, shows that
coastal defences in the Saranda region had been observed and
reported. In a report of the commander of Volage, dated Octo-en date du 23 octobre 1946, rapport concernant le passage du 22 :
((On utilisa au maximum l'occasion d'étudier les défenses alba-
naises à courte distance. Ces dernières comprenaient, me référant
à XCU ....",et il donne ensuite une description de quelques
défenses côtières.
Conformément à l'article49 du Statut de la Cour et à l'article54
de son Règlement, la Cour a demandé à l'agent du Royaume-Uni
de produire les documents intitulés XCU pour l'usage de la Cour.
Ces documents ne furent pas produits, l'agent arguant du secret
naval, etles témoinss'abstinrent de répondreaux questions relatives
à ces documents. Il n'est par conséquent pas possible de connaître
la portée réellede ces ordres militaires. La Cour ne peut toutefois
tirer du refus de communication de l'ordre en question des conclu-

sions différentes de celles que l'on peut tirer des faits tels qu'ils se
sont effectil-ement déroulésL. 'agent du Gom-ernement du Royaume-
Uni a déclaréque les instructions contenues dans cet ordre concer-
naient exclusix-ement l'éventualitéd'un tir de la côte, éventualité
qui ne s'estas produite. S'ilest vrai, ainsiqu'il résultedu témoignage
du commandant du Volage, que l'ordre contenait des indications
concernant certaines positions d'où le tir aurait pu êtredirigé sur
les navires de guerre britanniques, on ne peut déduire de ce fait
que ces navires avaient reçu la mission de reconnaître les défenses
côtières albanaises. Enfin, la Cour, ayant à apprécier le caractère
innocent du passage, ne peut rester indifférente au fait que deux
bâtiments de guerre ayant lieurté des mines, il n'y eut aucune
réaction de leur part et de la part des croiseurs qui les accompa-
gnaient.
En ce qui concenie les observationsdes défensescôtières effectuées
après les explosions, elles se trouvaient justifiées du fait que deux

navires venaient de faire esplosion et que dans cette situation
critique leurs commandants pouvaient redouter d'être l'objet d'un
tir de la côte, comnle le 15 mai.
Ayant ainsi examiné les différentesprétentions du Gouvernement
albanais, dans la mesure où elles semblent être pertinentes, la Cour
arrive à la conclusion que le Royaume-Uni n'a pas violé la
souveraineté de l'Albanie par les actions de la inarine de guerre
britannique dans les eaux albanaises le 22 octobre 1946.

Outre le passage des navires de guerre britanniques, le 22 octo-
bre 1946. la deuxième question du compron~is met en cause
les actions de la marine de guerre britannique dans les eaus alba-
naises les 12 et 13 novembre 1946. II s'agit ici de l'opération de

deminage qui, dans la procédure, a étéd6signée par les Parties
sous la dénomination «Opération Retail s, dcnomination qui lui
sera conservée dans le présent arrêt.ber z3rd, 1~46-a report relating to the passage on the zznd-it
is stated : "The most was made of the opportunities to study
Albanian defences at close range. These included, with reference

to XCU ...."-and he then gives a description of some coastal
defences.
In accordance with Article 49 of the Statute of the Court and
Article 54 of its Rules, the Court requested the United Kingdom
Agent to produce the documents referred to as XCU for the use
of the Court. Those documents were not produced, the Agent
pleading naval secrecy ;and the United Kingdom witnesses declined
to answer questions relating to them. Itis not the~efore possible
to know the real content of these naval orders. The Court cannot,
however, draw from this refusa1 to prodaice the orders any con-
clusions differing from those to which the actual events gave rise.
The United Kingdom Agent stated that the instructions in these
orders related solely to the contingency of shots being fired from
the coast-which did not happen. . If it is tme, as iAe commander
of Volage said in evidence, that the orders contained information
concerning certain positions from which the British warships might
have been fired at, it cannot be deduced therefrom that the vessels

had received orders io reconnoitre Albanian coastal defences.
Lastly, as the Court has to judge of the innocent nature of the
passage, it cannot remain indifferent to the fact that, though two
warships struck mines, there was no reaction, either on their
part or on that of the cruisers that accompanied them.

With regard to the observations of coastal defences made after
the explosions, these were justified by the fact that two ships had
just been blown up and that, in this critical situation, their com-
mander~ might fear that they would be fired on from the coast, as
on May 15th.
Having thus examined the various contentions of the Albanian
Govemment in so far as they appear to be relevant, the Court has
arrived at the conclusion that the United Kingdom did not violate
the sovereignty of Albania by reason of the acts of the British Navy

in Albanian waters on October zznd, 1946.

In addition to the passage of the United Kingdom warships on
October zznd, 1946, the second question in the Çpecial Agreement
relates to the acts of the Royal Navy in Albanian waters on
November 12th and qth, 1946. This is the minesweeping oper-
ation called "Operation Retail" by the Parties during the pro-
ceedings. This name will be used in the present Judgment. A la suite des explosions du 22 octobre, le Gouvernement du
Royaume-Uni adressa au Gouvernement albanais une note où il
lui faisait part de son intention de procéderàbref délaiau déminage
du Détroit de Corfou. La réponse albanaise, reçue à Londres le
31 octobre, déclarait que le Gouvernement albanais ne donnait

son consentement à cette entreprise qu'à condition que l'opération
envisagée sedéroulerait en dehors des eaux temtoriales de 1'Alba-
nie. Dans l'intervalle et àla requêtedu Gouvernement du Royaume-
Uni, le Comitéinternationalcentral de déminage,par une résolution
du lernovembre 1946, avait décidéqu'il y avait lieu de procéder
à un nouveau dragage du Détroit sous la réserve du consentement
de l'Albanie. Le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni ayant annoncé,
par une communication du IO novembre, au Gouvernement alba-
nais, que le dragage envisagéaurait lieu le 12 novembre, le Gouver-

nement albanais répondit, en date du II, en protestant contre
cette ((décision unilatérale du Gouvernement du Royaume--Uni 1).
II déclarait n'avoir pas d'objection à ce que la marine britannique
entreprit le dragage du chenal na\iigable mais en ajoutant que,
préalablement à cette opération, il estimait indispensable de décider
quelle étendue de mer serait à considérer comme constituant
ce chenal et en proposant de désigner à cet effet une Commission
miste. Il concluait en disant que tout déminage entrepris sans
son consentement par le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni en
dehors dudit chenal, c'est-à-dire dans les eaux temtoriales alba-

naises que les navires de guerre étrangers n'avaient aucune
raison de traverser, serait tenu pour une violation délibéréedu
temtoire et de la souveraineté de 1'-Ubanie.
C'est à la suite de cet échange de notes que fut exécutée,les
Ir et 13 novembre, 1'((Opération Retail 1).Le capitaine de frégate
Nestre de la manne francaise, invité comme observateur, assista
aus opérations de déminagedu 13 novembre. Ces opérations s'effec-
tuèrent sous la protection d une importante force de couverture
composée d'un porte-al-ions, de croiseurs et d'autres navires de
guerre. Cette force de couverture fut maintenue pendant la durée

des opérations à une certaine distance à l'ouest du chenal,à l'excep-
tion de la frégate Sf. Bride' Bay, qui stationna dans le chenal au
sud-est du cap Kiephali. Les opérations, commencées le matin
du 13novembre vers g heures, se terminèrent dans l'après-midi à
la tombée du jour. Les surfaces déminéesappartenaient aux eaux
territoriales albanaises et étaient comprises dans les limites du
chenal antérieurement déminé.
Le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni ne conteste pasque l'«Opéra-
tion Retaii ))fut exécutéecontre la volonté clairement affirmée
du Gouvernement albanais ; il reconnaît que cette opération ne

pouvait s'autoriser de l'assentiment des organisations internatio-
nales de déminage, qu'elle ne pouvait se justifier par l'exercice
du droit de passage innocent et enfin que le droit international
n'autorise pas, en principe, un État à rassembler dans les eaux
33 After the explosions of October zznd, the United Kingdom
Govemment sent a note to the Albanian Government, in which
it announced its intention to sweep the Corfu Channel shortly.
The Albanian reply, which was received in London on October pst,
stated that the Albanian Govemment would not give its consent
to this unless the operation in question took placeutside Albanian
tem'torial waters. Meanwhile, at the United Kingdom Govern-
ment's request, the International Central Mine Clearance Board

decided, in a resolution of November ~st, 1946, that there should
be a further sweep of the Channel, subject to Albania's consent.
The United Kingdom Govemment having infonned the Albanian
Government, in a communication of November ~oth, that the
proposed sweep would take place on November ~zth, the Albanian
Government replied 0x1the nth, protesting against this "unilateral
decision of His Majesty's Government". It said it did not con-
sider it inconvenient that the British fleet should undertake the
sweeping of the channel of navigation, but added that, before
sweeping was camed out, it considered it indispensable to decide
what area of the sea should be deemed to constitute this channel,
and proposed the establishment of a Mixed Commission for the
purpose. It ended by saying that any sweeping undertaken
without the consent of the Albanian Government outside the chan-
ne1 thus constituted, i.e., inside Albanian temtorial waters where
foreign warships have no reason to sail, could only be considered

as a deliberate violation of Albanian territory and sovereignty.

After this exchange of notes, "Oyeration Retail" took place
on November 12th and 13th. Commander Mestre, of the French
Navy, was asked to attend as observer, and was present at the
sweep on November 13th. The operation was camed out under
the protection of an important covering force composed of an
aircraft carrier, cruisers and other war vessels. This covering
force remained throughout the operation at a certain distance
to the west of the Channel, except for the frigateSt. Bride's Bay,
which was stationed in the Channel south-east of Cape Kiephali.
The sweep began in the morning of November 13th, at about
g o'clock, and ended in the afternoon near nightfall. The area
swept was in Albanian territorial waters, and within the limits
of the channel previously swept.

The United Kingdom Govemment does not dispute that "Oper-
ation Retail" was carried out against the clearly expressed wish of

the Albanian Govemment. Itrecognizes thatthe operation had not
the consent of the international mine clearance organizations, that
it could not be justifie& as the exercise of a right of innocent
passage, and lastIy that, in principle, international law does not
allow a State to assemble a large number of warships in the territoriales d'un autre État un grand nombre de navires de guerre
et d'effectuer des déminagesdans ces eaux. Il déclareque l'opéra-
tion présentaitla plus extrêmeurgence et qu'au surplus ils'estimait
en droit d'y procédersans le consentement de personne.
Deus raisons ont étéavancéespar lui pour la justifier. 11s'est
prévalu d'abord de l'Accord du 22 novembre 1945, signépar les
Gouvernements du Royaume-Uni, de la France, de l'Union sovié-
tique et des Etats-Unis d'Amérique, accord qui autorisait
les organismes régionaux de déminage,tel que le Jfediferrn)zzan
Zotze Board, à répartir entre les Etats intéressés,aux fins de démi-
nage, lessecteurscompris dans leurs zonesrespectives. Se prévalant
de la circonstance que le Détroit de Corfou appartenait au secteur
attribué àla Grècepar le Alledife~ra~leanoîzeBoard dèsle5 novem-
bre - date antérieureà la signature del'accordprécité-, leGouver-
nement du Royaume-Uni fait état d'une autorisation qui lui a
étédonnéepar le Gouvernementhelléniquepour déminer ànoux7eau
le chenal navigable.
La Cour ne considèrepas cet argument comme convaincant.
Il y a lieu de noter que, de l'aveu du Gouvernement du Royaume-
Uni, on n'envisageait plus, en -novembre 1945, la nécessitéde
déminer à nouveau le chenal, les dragages antérieurement effectués
en 1944 et en 1915 étant considéréscomme ayant réaliséune
sécurité absolue.Il en résulteque l'attributioà la Grècedu secteur
en question et, par voie de conséquence,l'autorisation du Gouver-
nement helléniquedont il est faii état, n'avaient l'une et l'autre
qu'un caractère purement nominal. Il y a également lieu de
remarquer que l'Albanie n'a pas étéconsultéeau sujet de l'attri-
bution à la Grèce de ce secteur, en dépit du fait que le chenal
passe par les eaux territoriales albanaises.
En réalité,les explosions du 22 octobre 1946, dans un chenal
déclaré sûr pourlanavigation et queleGouvernement du Royaume-
Uni, plus que tout autre, avait ses raisons de croire tel, posaient
clairement un problème bien différent de celui d'un déminage
courant à exécuter sous le régime des organisationsde déminage.
Ces explosions revêtaientun caractère suspect ;elles posaient un
problème de responsabilités.
Aussi bien, c'est sur ce terrain que le Gouvernement britannique
il cherché principalement à établir son système de défense. Il
fallait, selon lui, mettre la main, dans le plus bref délai possible,
sur les covporarielictpar crainte que ceux-ci fussent enlevéssans
laisser de traces par les auteurs du n~ouillageou par les autorités
albanaises. Cette justification a revêtu dans l'argumentation du
Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni deux formes distinctes. Elle a
étéprésentéed'abord comme une application particulière et nou-
velle de la théoriede l'inten-ention par laquelle l'État intervenant
s'assurerait la possession de moyens de preuve dans le territoire
d'un autre État pour les soumèttre à la justice internationale et
faciliter ainsi sa tâche.territorial waters of another State and to carry out minesweeping
in those waters. The United Kingdom Government states that
the operation was one of extreme urgency, and that it considered
itself entitled to carry it out without anybody's consent.
The United Kingdom Government put forward two reasons
in justification. First, the Agreement of November zznd, 1945,
signed by the Govemments of the United Kingdom, France,
the Soviet Union and the United States of America, authorizing
regional mine clearance organizations, such as the Mediterranean
Zone Board, to divide the sectors in their respective zones amongst
the States concerned for siveeping. Relying on the circumstance
that the Corfu Channel was in the sector allotted to Greece by
the Mediterranean Zone Board on November 5th, i.e., before
the signing of the above-mentioned Agreement, .the United
Kingdom Government put forward a permission given by the
Hellenic Govemment to resweep the navigable channel.

The Court does not consider this argument convincing.
It must be noted that, as the United Kingdom Govemment

admits, the need for resweeping the Channel was not under
consideration in November 1945 ; for previous sweeps in 1944
and 1945 were considered as having effected complete safety.
As a consequence, the allocation of the sector in question to
Greece, and, therefore, the permission of the Hellenic Govemment
which is relied on, were both of them merely nominal. It is
also to be remarked that Albania was not consulted regarding
the allocation to Greece of the sector in question, despite the
fact that the Channel passed through Albanian territorial waters.

But, in fact, the explosions of October 22nd,1946 in a channel
declared safe for navigation, and one which the United Kingdom
Government, more than any other govemment, had reason to
consider safe,raised quite a different problem from that of a routine
sweep carried out under the orders of the mineclearance organiz-
ations. These explosions were suspicious ;they raised a question
of responsibility.
Accordingly, this was the ground on which the United Kingdom
Govemment chose to establish its main line of defence. According
to that Government, the corporadelicti must be secured as quickly

as possible, for fear they should betaken away, without leaving
traces, by the authors of the minelaying or by the Albanian
authorities. This justification took two distinct forms in the
United Kingdom Government's arguments. It was presented
first as a new andpecial application of the theory of intervention,
by means of which the State intervening would secure possession
of evidence in the territory of another State, inorder to submit
it to an international tribunal and thus facilitate its task. La Courne peut admettre un tel système dedéfense.Leprétendu
droit d'intervention ne peut êtreenvisagépar elle que comme la
manifestation d'une politique de force, politique qui, dans le
passé, a donné lieu aux abus les plus graves et qui ne saurait,
quelles que soient les déficiencesprésentes de l'organisation inter-
nationale, trouver aucune place dans le droit international.
L'intervention est peut-être moins acceptable encore dans la
forme particulièrc qu'elle présenterait ici, puisque, réservéepar
la nature des choses aux États les plus puissants, elle pourrait
aisément conduire à fausser l'administration de la justice inter-
nationale elle-même.
En outre, l'agent du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni, dans
sa réplique orale,a rangél' « pérationRetail »parmi les procédés
d'auto-protection ou self-help. La Cour ne peut pas davantage
accueillir cette défense. Entre Etats indépendants, le respect
de la souveraineté territoriale est i'une des bases essentielles
des rapports internationaux. La Cour reconnaît que la carence
complètedu Gouvemement albanais dans l'exercicede ses fonctions
au lendemain des explosions, ainsi que le caractère dilatoire de
ses notes diplomatiques constituent pour le Gouvernement du
Royaume-Uni des circonstances atténuantes. Elle doit, néanmoins,
pour assurer l'intégridu droit international dont elleest l'organe,
constater la violation par l'action de la marine de guerre britan-
nique de la souveraineté de l'Albanie.
Cette constatation correspond à la deniande faite au nom de
l'Albanie par son conseil et constitue en elle-mêmeune satisfaction
appropriée.
Les modalités d'exécutionde 1'«Opération Retail » ont égale-
ment étécritiquées par le Gouvemement albanais, qui fait prin-
cipalement grief au Royaume-Uni d'avoir fait usage à cette
occasion d'un déploiement de forces exagéré,sans rapport avec
les exigences de l'opération de déminage à effectuer. La Cour
l'action de la marine de guerre britannique une démonstrations
de force destinée à exercer une pression politique sur l'Albanie.
On ne peut reprocher au commandement naval responsable
d'avoir, tout en les maintenant à distance des côtes, employé
des effectifs de couverture importants dans une région où, par
deux fois en quelques mois, ses navires avaient étél'objet de
graves attentats. The Court cannot accept such a line of defence. The Court

can only regard the alleged right of intervention as the mani-
festation of a policy of force, such .as has, in the past, given rise
to most serious abuses and such as cannot, whatever be the
present defects in international organization, find a place in
international law. Intervention is perhaps still less admissible
in the particular form it would take here ; for, from the nature
of things, it would be reserved for the most powerful States,
and might easily lead to perverting the administration of inter-
national justice itself.

The United Kingdom Agent, in his speech in reply, has further
classified "Operation Retail" among methods of self-protection or
self-help. The Court cannot accept this defence either. Between
independent States, respect for territorial sovereignty is an essential

foundation of intemational relations. The Court recognizes that
the Albanian Govemment's complete failure to cany out its duties
afterthe explosions, andthe dilatory nature of its diplornatic notes,
are extenuating circumstances for the action of the United
Kingdom Government. But to ensure respect for international
law, of which it is the organ, the Court must declare that the
action of the British Navy CO stituted a violation of Albanian
sovereignty .

This declaration is in accordance with the request made by
Albania through her Counsel, and is in itself appropriate satis-
faction.
The method of carnina out "O~eration Retail" has also been
4 "
criticized by the Albanian Govemment, the main ground of com-
plaint being that the United Kingdom, on that occasion, made use
of an unnecessarily large display of force, out of proportion to the
requirements of the sweep. The Court thinks that this criticism
is not justified. It does not consider that the action of the British
Navy was a de~nonstration of force for the purpose of exercising
political pressure on Albania. The responsible naval commander,
who kept his ships at a distance from the coast, cannotbe reproached
for having employed an important covering force in a region where
twice within a few months his ships had been the object of serious
outrages. sur la première question poséepar le compromis du 25 mars
19481

par onze voix contre cinq,

Dit que la République populaire d'Albanieest responsable, selon
le droit international, des explosions qui ont eu lieu le 22 octobre
1946dans les eaux albanaises et des dommages et pertes humaines
qui en sont suivis ;

par dix voix contre six,

Retient la question de la fixation du montant des réparationset,
par ordonnance de ce jour, fixe la procédure à suivre à cet égard ;

sur la deuxième question poséepar le compromis du 25 mars

1.948,
par quatorze voix contre deux,

Dit que, par les actions de sa marine de guerre dans Ies eaux
albanaises le 22 octobre 1946,-le Royaume-Uni n'a pas violé la
souveraineté de la République populaire d'Albanie ; et

à l'unanimité,

Dit que, par les actions de sa marine de guerre dans les eaux
albanaises au cours de l'opération des 12-13 novembre 1946, le
Royaume-Uni a viol6 la souvzraineté de la République populaire
d'Albanie,cette constatation par la Cour constituant en elle-même
iine satisfaction appropriée. on the first question put by the Special Agreement of
March zjth, 1948,

by eleveil votes to five,

Gives judgment that the People's Republic of Albania is respons-
ible under international law for the explosions which occurred on
October zznd, 1946, in Albanian waters, and for the damage and
loss of human life that resulted therefrom ; and

by ten votes to six,

Reserves for further consideration the assessment of the amount

of compensation and regulates the procedure on this subject by
an Order dated this day ;

on the second question put by the Special Agreement of
Jiarch zjth, 1948,

by fourteen votes to two,

Gives judgment that the United Kingdom did not violate the
sovereignty of the People's Republic of Albania by reason of the
acts of the British Navy in Albanian waters on October zznd,
1946 ; and

unanimously,

Gives judgment that by reason of the acts of the British Navy in
=Ilbanian waters in the course of the Operation of November 12th
and 13th, 1946, the United Kingdom violated the sovereignty of
the People's Republic of Albania, and that this declaration by
the Court constitutes in itself appropriate satisfaction. Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au
Palais de la Paix, à La Haye, le neuf avril mil neuf cent quarante-
neuf, en trois exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux archives
de la Cour et dont les autres seront transmis respectivement
au Goüvernement du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et
d'Irlande du Nord et au Gouvernement de la République populaire
d'Albanie.

Le Président en fonction,

(Signé J.)G. GUERRERO.

Le Greffier de la Cour,

bf. BASDEVANTP ,résident de la Cour, tout en acceptant en
son entier le dispositif de l'arrêt, croit devoir énoncer qu'il ne
peut accepter les motifs que la Cour a cru pouvoir invoquer pour
fonder sa compétence pour fixer le montant des réparations,
d'autres motifs étant, à son jugement, plus décisifs.

M. ZORIEIC ,uge, déclare ne pouvoir se rallier ni au dispositif in
aux motifs de l'arrêtdans la partie relative à la responsabilité de
l'Albanie ; en effet, les arguments présentéset les faits établis ne
lui permettent pas d'arriver à la conviction que le Gouvernement

albanais aurait eu ou dû avoir connaissance, avant le 13 novembre
1946, de l'existence du champ de .mines découvert iicette date.
D'une part l'attitude prise par un gouvernement à l'occasion de
certains faits varie selon les circonstances, selon sa mentalité et
ses moyens et selon l'expériencequ'il a dans la conduite des affaires
publiques. Or, il n'a pas étécontesté que l'Albanie avait, en 1946,
un gouvernement nouveau sans expérience de la pratique inter-
nationale. 11est donc difficile de déduire quoi que ce soit de son
attitude. D'autre part, les experts n'arrivent à la conclusion que
l'on a dû observer l'opération du mouillage des mines que sous
une réserve expresse : il faut supposer réaliséesplusieurs conditions,
notamment le maintien de postes de veille normaux au cap
Kiephali, au cap Denta et au monastère Saint-Georges et l'état Done in French and English, the French text being authorita-
tive, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this ninth day of April,
one thousand nine hundred and forty-nine, in three copies, one
of which will be placed in the archives of the Court and the others
transrnitted to the Government of the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland and of the People's Republic of
Albania respectively.

(Signed) J. G. GUERRERO,

Acting. President.

(Signed)E. HAXIBRO,

Registrar.

Judge BASDEVANTP ,resident of the Court, whilst accepting
the whole of the operative part of the Judgment, feels bound
to state that he cannot accept the reasons given by the Court
in support of itsjurisdiction to assess the amount of compensation,
other. reasons being in his opinion more decisive.

Judge ZORIEI d~eclares that he is unable to agree either with the
operative clause or with the reasons for the Judgment in the part
relating toAlbania's responsibility ;the arguments submitted, and
the facts established are not such as to convince him that the
Albanian Govemment was, or ought to have been, aware, before
Noveinber 13th, 1946, of the existence of the minefield discovered
on that date. On the one hand, the attitude adopted by a govern-
ment when confronted by certain facts varies according to the
circumstances, to its mentality, to the means at its disposal and to
its experience in the conduct of public affairs.But it has not been
contested that, in 1946, Albania had a new Government possessing
no experience in international practice. It is therefore difficult
to draw any inferences whatever from its attitude. Again, the
conclusion of tlie Experts that the operation of laying the mines
must have been seen is subject to an express reservation: it would

be necessary to assume the realization of several conditions, in
particular the maintenance of normal look-out posts at Cape AFFAIRE DU DÉTROIT DE CORFOU (FOKD)
38
normal des conditions atmosphériques existantà cette date. Or,
la Cour ne connaît ni la date du mouillage, ni les conditions atmos-
phériquesexistant à cette date.. Au surplus, on n'a pas prouvé la
présenceau cap Denta d'un poste, le seul qui, d'aprèsles experts,
aurait dû obsemer l'opérationdu mouillage. En revanche, les autres
postes n'auraient pu observer que le passage des navires, mais
rien ne prouve qu'ils auraient dû conclure que les navires allaient
poser des mines. Ces postes ne pouvaient, selon les experts, ni
voir ni entendre l'opération du mouillage, puisque le monastère
Saint-Georges était 2.000 m. de la mine la plus proche, tandis
que le cap Kiephali étaità une distance de plusieurs kilomètres.
Il en résulte que la Coursetrouve en présence de soupçons, de
conjectures et de présomptions dont le fondement, d'aprèsjuge
ZoriEiC,est trop incertain pour lui permettre de faire peser sur
un Etat la responsabilité d'un grave délit de droit international.

31. ALVAREZ j,ge, tout en souscrivantà l'arrêtde la Cour,
se prévaut du droit que lui confèrel'article 57 du Statut, et joint
audit arrêtl'exposéde son opinion individuelle.

31. ~YIKIARS KI\,.\\VIPACHAM , M. KRYLOV et AZEVEDG,
juges, etM. ECER,juge ad Izoc,déclarant ne pas pouvoir se rallier
à l'arrêtde la Cour et se prévalant du droit que leur confère
l'article7 du Statut, joignent audit arrêt les exposés de leur
opinion dissidente.

(Paraphé)J. G. G.

(Paraphé) E. H. Kiephali, Denta Point and San GiorgioMonastery, andthe existence
of normal weather conditions at the date. But the Court knows
neither the date on which the mines were laid nor the weather
conditions prevailing on that date. Furthermore, no proof has
though that, according to the Experts, would have been the only,
post which would necessarily have observed the minelaying. On
the other hand, the remaining posts would merely have been able
to obsen~ethe passage of the ships, and there is no evidenceto show
that they ought to have concluded that the ships were going to
lay mines. According to the Experts, these posts could neither
have seen nor heard the minelaying, because the San Giorgio
Monastery was 2,000 m. from the nearest mine and Cape Kiephali
was several kilometres away from it. As a result, the Court is
confronted with suspicions, conjectures and presilmptions, the
foundations for which, in Judge Zori-iCi'siew, are too uncertain
to justify him in imputing to a State the responsibility for a grave
delinquency in international law.

Judge ALVAREZ, whilst concurring in the Judgment of the
Court, has availed himself of the right conferred on him by
Article 57 of the Statute and appended to the Judgrnent a
statement of his individual opinion.

Judges \~'INIARÇIII,ADAW IASHAK , RYLOV and ~EVEDO,and
Judge ad hoc EGER, declaring that they are unable to concur
in the Judgment of the Court, have availed themselves of the
right conferred on them by Article7of the Statute and appended
to the Judgment statements of their dissenting opinions. LISTE DES DOCUMENTS SOUMIS A LA COUR

1.- PIÈCES DÉPOSÉES AU NOM DU GOUVERNEMEN DU ROYAUME-UNT.

A. - Au cours de la procédureécrite.

I. Carte de l'Amirauté no 206, indiquant le Détroit de Corfou.
2. Section de la carte allemande montrant la position des mines.
(Cette carte, qui a étésaisie par les Alliés,indique le chenal du
nord de Corfou, la position des mines qui y avaient étéposéespar
les Puissancesde l'Axe;la carte originale a étédéposéeau Greffe.)
3. Accord international conclu 22 novembre 1945 entre les Gouver-
nements du Royaume-Uni, de la France, de YU. R. S. S. et des
États-Unis et instituant les Comitésde déminage.
4. Affidavit du fonctionnaire de l'Amirauté, chargé des expéditions,
attestant l'envoà l'Albanie des cartes Médri(20 août 1947).
5. Section de la carte index Médriindiquant le chenal déminédu
nord de Corfou et la route internationale établie dace chenal,
et brochures Médridestinées à êtreutilisées avec la carte index.
(Un exemplaire unique de la carte tout entière et des brochures
complètes numérotées 5,g et 12 ont étédéposéesau Greffe.)
6. Correspondance diplomatique échangéeentre le Gouvernement du
Royaume-Uni et l'Albanie au sujet du droit de naviguer dans le
Détroit de Corfou.
7. Calques de l'Amirauté indiquant le chenal déminédu nord de
Corfou, la position et la rbute des navires Orion,Superb, Leander,
Saumarez et Mauritius, lors de leur passage par le Détroit Nord
de Corfou, les15mai 1946 et22 octobre 1946.
8. Photogaphies des navires Saumarez (en dessous de la ligne de
après l'explosion du22voctobrea1946.porté) prises peu de temps
g. Calque de l'Amirauté indiquant la position des navires britan-
niques au moment de l'explosion.
IO. Rapport sur les dommages causésau Saumarez(8 décembre 1946).
II. Rapport sur les dommages causés au Volage (30novembre 1946).
12. Liste des marins tués, et indication des pensions, etcà,verser
aux ayants droit.
13. Liste des marins blesséset exposédes dépenses,pensions, etc.
14. Exposé du coût des réparationà faire au navire Volageet du coût
de remplacement du navire Saumarez.
15. Procès-verbaux des Comités de déminage.
16. Rapports du capitaine Mestre(16 et23 novembre 1946).
(Il y a eu deux rapports, l'un et l'autre en français. Le motif
pour lequel deux rapports furent présentésest que le capitaine
Mestre désirait apporter certaines corrections dans son second rap-
portà certaines allégationsfaites par lui dans son premier rapport.)
17. Rapports sur l'opération((Retail))établis par le contre-amiral
Kinahan et lecapitaine defrégateWhitford. (Opérationdedéminage
du 13novembre 1946.) LIST OF DOCUMENTS SUBhlITTED TO THE COURT.

A.-During the written proceedzngs .

Admiralty Chart No. 206 showing the Corfu Strait.
Section of German Mine Information Chart.
(Thisis a chart which was captured by the Allies, showing tlie
North Corfu Channel and the position of mines laid by the Axis
there ; the original chart has been filed with the Registry.)
International Agreement between the Govemments of the United
Kingdom, France, .U.S.S.R. and the United States, setting up
the Mine Clearance Boards and dated November 22nd, 1945.
Affidavit by despatch clerk at the Admiralty proving despatch
of Medri Charts to Albania (August zoth, 1947).
Section of Medri Index Chart showing North Corfu swept channel
and the international highway established therein together with
Medri pamphlets for use with the Index Chart.
(Single copy of the entire Chart and of the complete pamphlets
numbered 5, 9 and 12 have been filed with Registry.)
Diplomatic correspondence between the Government of the
United Kingdom and Albania regarding the nght of navigation
in the Strait of Corfu.
Admiralty tracings showing the North Corfu swept channel and
the position and tracks of H.M.S. Orion, Superb, Leander,
Sarcmavez and Mauritizbs, passing through the North Corfu
Channel on May 15th, 1946, and on October aznd, 1946.
Photographs of H.M.S. Saumarez (below water line) and Volage
(bowsblown off)taken shortlyafter the explosion on October 22nd,
Admiralty tracing showing position of H.M. ships at the time
of the explosion.
IO. Report on damage to H.M.S. Saumarez (December 8th, 1946).
II. Report on damage to H.M.S. Volage (November 3oth, 1946).
12. List. ofsailors killed, with statement of pensions, etc., payable
to dependants.
List of sailors injured, with statement of expenses, pensions, etc.
Statement of cost of repairs to theVolageand cost of replacement
of the Saumare:.
Ij. Minutes of Mine Clearance Boards.
16. Reports of Capitaine Mestre (November 16th and 23rd, 1946).
(There were two reports, both in French. The reason why
there were two reports was that Capitaine Mestre wished to
make certain corrections in his second report of certain statements
which he had made in his first report.)
Reports on Operation Retail by Rear-Admira1 Kinahan and
Commander Whitford. (The minesweeping operation of Novem-
ber ~jth, 1946.)

132 18. Carte montrant la position dans laquelle furent trouvéesles mines,
le 13 novembre 1946.
19. Photographies des mines.
20.Rapport sur les mines examinées à l'Institut spécialde l'Amirauté,
Leigh Park House, Hants.
21.Carte montrant les défenses deSaranda.
22.ffidavit du capitaine marchand Bargellini relatifà l'incident du
29 dtobre 1946qui s'est passé pour lechalands de SU. N. R. R. A.
(31 décembre 1946).
23. etc., relatifs au différend.des séances du' Conseilde Sécmité,
24. Troisiémerapport intérimairedu Comitécentral de déminagedes
eaux européennesaprèsla guerre (~eroctobre 1946 - 30juin 1947).

25. Carte no 2711indiquant la position des mines.
26. Deux signaux relatifs au dragage du Détroitde Corfouen octobre
1944.
27. Extraits de Hansard (Débatsparlementaires). contenant diverses
déclarationsdu secrétaired'État aux Affaires étrangéresrelatives
à l'Albanie.
28. Télégramme de l'amiralcommandant la 15meescadre de croiseurs,
relatant l'incident du 15 mai 1946.
29. Copiesphotostatiques d'extraits du rapport politique du 29 juillet
1%. dont certaines parties figurent à l'annexe II du Contre-
Mémoirealbanais.
-0. Texte de la déclaration faite par l'amiral Willis. en date du
26 octobre 1946.
31. Photographie du Sautnurezqui manquait &l'annexe 8 du Mémoire
du Royaume-Uni.
32. Extrait du troisiémerapport intérimaire du Comitécentral de
déminagedes eaux européennesaprès la guerre.
33. Affidavit de l'officiercommandant le Skih'ack, certifiant que les
mines apportées à Malte étaient celies qui avaient ététrouvéesA
34. Petitecartemontrant lessecteurs draguésàla date du 12 novembre
1946.
35. Procès-verbaux du*Comitécentral de déminage des eaux euro-
péennesaprès la guerre (25 mai ~gqg - 19 mai 1948).
36. Procès-verbauxdu Comitéde déminagede la Zoneméditerranéenne
(5 novembre 1945-11 mai 1948).
37. Extraits du Procès-verbal de la première réuniondu Comitéde
déminagede la Zone méditerranéenne(5 novembre 1945)et de la
quatrième réunion (deuxième séance - 27 février1946).

a) Avad lcsaudiences:
38. Déposition sous serment faite A Londres, le 4 octobre 1948, par
Karel Kovacic, anciennement capitaine de corvette de la Marine
yougoslave.
39. Carte annexée à ladépositionsusmentionnée,montrant la route
que suivraient, vraisemblablement, lesnaes pour se rendre de
Sibenik àBoka Kotorska et au Détroit de Corfou.Chart showing position in which mines were found on
November 13th, 1946.
Photographs of the mines.
Report on mines examined at Admiralty Mining Establishment,
Leigh Park House, Hants.
Chart showing the defences of Saranda.
Affidavit of Skipper Bargellini regarding the incident of
U.N.R.R.A. barges on October qth, 1946 (December 31st, 1946).

Documents and records of the Security Council, etc., relative to
the dispute.
Third Interim Report of the Central Mine Clearance Board in
European Waters after the war (October ~st, 1946-June 3oth,
1947).
Mine Information Chart No. 2711.
Two signals relating to the sweeping in October .1g44 of the
Corfu Channel.
Extracts from Hansard (Parliamentary Debates), containing
Statements by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairsregarding
Telegram from Flag Officer Commanding 15th Cruiser Squadron,
describing the incident of May ~jth, 1946.
Photostat copies of extracts from Political Report of July zgth,
1945, portions of which appear in Annex II of the Albanian
Counter-Memorial.
Text of Admira1Willis's statement of October 26th, 1946.

Photograph of Saumarezomitted fromAnnex 8of United Kingdom
Memorial.
Extract from Third Interim Report of Central Mine Clearance
Board in European waters after the war.
Affidavit by Commanding Officer of Skipjack identifying mines
brought to Malta with those found at Corfu (September 5th, 1947).

Chartlet showing areas swept on November ~zth, 1946.

Minutes of the Central Mine Clearance Board in European waters
after the war (May 25th, 1945-May 19th, 1948).
Minutesof the Mediterranean Zone MineClearanceBoard (Novem-
ber jth, 1945-May th, 1948).
Extracts from the Minutes of the First Meeting of the Mediter-
ranean Zone Mine Clearance Board (November 5th, 1945).andof
the Fourth Meeting (Second Sitting-February 27th, 1946).

B.- A!ter the clostcreof the written proceedings.
(a) Beforethe Itearing :
Affidavitswornin London on October 4th, 1948,by Karel Kovacic,
former Lieutenant-Commander in the Yugoslav Navy.

Chart annexed to above affidavit, showing the route probably
followed by the vessels in going from Sibenik to Boka Kotorska
and to Corfu Channel.

13339 bis. Calque établi d'après le croquis de Panikovac de l'Institut
hydrog~aphique yougoslave du 20 novembre 1948 (déposépar
l'agent du Gouvernement albanais) avec indication de la position
des mouilleurs de mines « M » dans l'anse de Panikovac.
40. Copied'une note du ministère des Affaires étrangèresà l'ambassade
britannique a Athènes, 13 août 1948.
41. Affidavit du capitaine de frégate Sworder(22 octobre 1948)concer-
nant les opérations de déminageet d'exploration dans le Détroit
de Corfou en octobre 1944,janvier et février1945.
42. Extrait des instructions de l'Amirauté relatives au déminage en
temps de guerre.
43. Carte indiquant les secteurs déminésen octobre 194.4.
44. Affidavit de M. D. G. Jacobs, lieutenant en premier à bord du
BYMS 2009 de la 153meflottille de déminage, en octobre 1944
(22 octobre 1948).
45. Affidavit du capitaine de frégate Sworder, indiquant la manière
dont ont étédressées lescartes hlédri (22 octobre 1948).
46. Journaux de navigation du Volage, du Mauritius et du Leander.
47. Affidavit du lieutenant de vaisseau Godsall, officier de quart à
bord du Snumarei le 22 octobre 1946, de 14 h.à 14. h. 53(22 octo-
bre 1948).
48. Rapport d'une commission navale constituée lors de l'arrivée du
Saumarez à Corfou (24 octobre 1946).
49. Carte indiquant la route suivie par le Saumarez, dressée par les
membres de la commission navale susmentionnée.
50. Affidavit du capitaine de frégatePaul, officier commandant a bord
du Volagele 22 octobre 1946 (22 octobre 1948).
51. Carte indiquant la route suivie par le Volage,dresséepar le com-
mandant Paul.
52. Copie certifiée conforme de la lettre adressée par le commandant
en chef en Méditerranée à l'Amirauté, pour transmettre le pro-
gramme établi par lui de la croisière d'automne de sa flotte
(15 août 1946). -
53. Copiephotostatique du rapport de mer du Volage,par le capitaine
de frégatePaul (23 octobre 1946).
54. C~pie~hotostatiqÜe du rapport de mer du Saumarez, par le capi-
taine de vaisseau Selbv (23 octobre 1946).
55. Copie photostatique du rapport de mer du Leander,par le capitaine
de vaisseau Otway Ruthven (23 octobre 1946).
56. Copie photostatique du rapport de mer de l'Ocean,par le capitaine
de vaisseau John (24 octobre 1946).
57. Copie certifiée conforme du rapport du contre-amiral Kinahan,
commandant de la première escadre de croiseurs à bord du Mauri-
tizds,sur les esplosi'onscauséespar des mines a bord du Sazimare-
et du Volage (23 octobre 1946).
58. Exemplaire original d'une carte allemande saisie par les Alliés à
l'Amirautéallemande a Berlin (mer Ionienne et golfe de Tarente.
côte sud-ouest de la Grèce).
59. Affidavit du capitaine de frégate Whitford, officier supérieur de
la 5"e flotte de déminage de mars à décembre 1946, exposant la
différenceentre les mines récemment mouilléeset celles qui ont
séjourné longtempsdans l'eau (22 octobre 1948).bis. Tracing made from sketch of Panikovac from the Yugoslav '
Hydrographie Institute, November zoth, 1948 (filed by Albanian
Government's Agent), showing the position of M-minesweepers in
Panikovac Cove.
Copy of a note from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs to the British
Embassy, Athens, August 13th, 1948.
Affidavit by Commander Sworder (October zznd, 1948)regarding
minesweeping in the Corfu Channel in October 194.4,January and
February, 1945.
Estract from Admiralty Instructions on minesweeping in war time.

Chart showing sectors swept in October 1944.
Affidavit by D. G. Jacobs, First Lieutenant of BTMS zoo9 of
the 153rd Minesweeping Flotilla, in October 1944 (October zznd,
1948).
Affidavit by Commander Sworder showing the manner in which
Log-books of the Volage, Mauritius and Leander..
Affidavit by Lieutenant Godsall, Officer of the Watch on board
the Saumarez on October z~nd, 1946, from 14.00 hours to 14.53
hours (October 22nd, 1948).
Report of a Board of Enquiry set up on the arriva1of the Saumare=
at Corfu (October qth, 1946).
Chart prepared bu the Members of the above-mentioned Board
of Enquiry, showing the route followed by the Saumarez.
Affidavit by Commander Paul, in command of the Volage on
October zznd, 1946 (October 22nd, 1948).
Track-chart of the Volageprepared by Commander Paul.

Certified true copy of the letter of the Commander-in-Chief,
Mediterranean, to the Admiralty of August 15th, 1946, trans-
mitting the programme for the autumn criiise of his Fleet.

Photostat copy of Report of Proceedings of Volage, by Com-
mander Paul (October 23rd, 1946).
Photostat copy of Report of Proceedings of Saumarez, by Cap-
tain Selby (October 23rd, 1946).
Photostat copy of Report of Proceedings of Leander, b57Cap-
tain Otway Ruthven (October 23rd, 1946).
Photostat copy of Report of Proceedings of Ocean,by Captain John
Certified true copy of Report of Rear-Admiral Kinahan, Com-
manding First Cruiser Squadron in H.M.S. Mnlcritizts, on the
explosions caused on board the Saumarez and Volageby mines
(October qrd, 1946).
Original copy of a German chart captured by the Allies at the
German Admiralty, Berlin (Ionian Sea and Gulf of Taranto,
south-western Coast of Greece).
Affidavit by Commander Whitford, Senior Officer of the 5th
MinesweepingFlotilla from March to December, 1946, explainine
the difference between mines recently laid and those that have
been long in the water (October zznd, 1948). 60. Photographies M 1, 2 et 3 d'une mine allemande ayant séjourné
deux ans dans l'eau, avecattestation du colonelGolemis.
61. Photographies M 4,. 5, 6, 7 et 8 d'une mine allemande ayant
séjournécinq ans dans l'eau, avec attestation du capitaine de
frégate Littleboy.
62. Télégrammes échangé entre le commandant en chef en Méditer-
ranéeet l'Amirautéavant l'incident du 22 octobre 1946,énonçant
les instructions donnéespar l'Amirauté au sujet du passage des
navires de la Marine royale par le Détroit de Corfou.
63. Télégrammes échangé entre le commandant en chef en Méditer-
ranée et l'Amirauté, énonçant les instructions de l'Amirauté
relativesà l'opération((Retail ».
64. l'université de Bristol, concernant l'état des mines draguées le
13 novembre 1946 dans le Détroit de Corfou (27 octobre 1948).

65. Affidavitde M.N. 1.Hendey, du Laboratoiremétallurgiquecentral
de l'Amirauté à Emsworth, exposant les raisons de l'absence d'en-
crassementdes mines mouilléesdansla mer Noire (25octobre 1948).

66. Affidavit du capitaine de frégate Moloney, certifiant qu'aucun
dépôt demines allemandesn'a été laisséen Grèce (29octobre 1948).

b) Au cours des audiemes :
67. Photographie de l'anse de Panikovac.
68. Copie de deux télégrammesde l'Amirauté britannique, en date du
g novembre 1948, concernant le Mljet et le Meljine.
69. Copiede deux télégrammesdu ministère del'Airdu Royaume-Uni,
en date du 8 novembre 1948, concernant les conditions atmosphé-
riques et la hauteur du soleiàSibenikles 16,17 et 18octobre 1946.

70. Jaw's FightingShips 1946-1947.
71. Photographies de mes trouvéeslors de l'opération de déminage,
le 13 novembre 1946. (Cesphotographies avaient étésoumises en
1947 au Conseilde Sécuritéet portaient les no$VI b) et VI c)).
72. Traité d'amitiéet d'assistance mutuelle entre la Yougoslavie et
l'Albanie (9juillet 1946- La date ne figurait pas sur l'exemplaire
déposé.)
73. Accord économiqueentrela Yougoslavie et l'Albanie (27novembre
1946. - La date ne figurait pas sur l'exemplaire déposé.)
74. Marinkalender 1947.
75. Schooland CoUegeAtlas (publiéALondres : G. W. Bacon & Co.).
76. Leqold's WereZdatla( spubliéà La Haye :H. P. Leopold).
77. Serd Map Service Atlas (publié à Londres, 1947).
78. The Citizen's Allas of the World (publié àEdimbourg et Londres,
79. Brouillon du journal de navigation du Mauritius.
80. Document'montrant les différencesexistant entre les annotations
figurant sur le journal de navigation (misau net) et le brouillon du
journal de navigation du hiauritaus.
81. Trois fragments de la mine qui a heurtéle Volage.
82. Extrait du rapport adressé, le29 mai 1946, par le contre-amiral
Kinahan au commandant en chef des forces méditerranéennes,

135 CORFU CHANNEL CASE (MERITS) (ANNEX 1)
135
Photographs M 1, 2 and 3 of a German mine that had been
two years in the water, with a cerîificate by Colonel Golemis.
Photographs M 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 of a German mine that had
been five years in the water, with a certificate by Commander
Littleboy.
Telegrams passing between the Commander-in-Chief, Mediter-
ranean, andthe Admiralty, prior to the incident of October aznd,
1946, embodying the instructions of the Admiralty regarding
the passage of H.M. ships through the Corfu Chamel.
Telegrams passing between the Commander-in-Chief, Mediter-
ranean, and the Admiralty, embodying the instructions of the
Admiralty regarding Operation Retail.
Affidavit by Professor J. E. Hams, Professor of Zoology in
the University of Bristol, conceming the state of the mines
swept in the CorfuChannel on November 13th, 1946(October27th,
1948).
Affidavit by Mr. N. 1. Hendey, of the Admiralty Central
Metallurgical Laboratory, Emsworth, giving the reasons for the
absence of fouling on mines in the Black Sea (October 25th,
Affidavit by Commander Moloney, certifying that no dumps of
German mines had been left in Greece (October zgth, 1948).

(b) At the hearing :
Photograph of Panikovac Cove.
Copies of two telegrams from the British Admiralty dated
November gth, 1948, relating to the Mljet and Meljine.
Copy of two telegrams from the Air Ministry, United Kingdom,
dated November 8th, 1948, and concerning weather conditions
and the angle of the Sun at Sibenik on October 16th, 17th
and 18th, 1946.
Jane's Fightifig Ships 1946-1947.
Photographs of mines found during the sweepon November 13th.
1946. (These photographs had ben submitted to the Security
Councilin 1947and were marked VI (b)and VI (c).)
Treaty of Friendship and Mutual Assistance between Yugoslavia
and Albania (July gth, 1946.-The date did not appear on the
copy filed).
Economic Agreement between Yugoslavia and Albania (Novem-
ber 27th, 1946.-The date did not appear on the copy filed).
Marinkalender I947.
School and CollegeAtlas (Londcn :G. W. Bacon & Co.).
: H. P. Leopold).

& London, IN).

Document showing the differences between the entries in the
log-book (fair copy) and the rough log of the Mauritius.

Three fragments of the mine which struck Volage.
Extract from Report dated May zgth, 1946, from Rear-Admiral
Kinahan, addressed to the Commander-in-Chief of the Mediter-

135 136 AFFAIRE DU DÉTROIT DE CORFOU (FOND) (ANNEXE 1)
relatif aux activités de son escadre du 29 avril au 25 mai 1946
(paragraphe 23, relatif au passage de l'escadre par le Détroit de

Corfou le 15 mai 1946).

83. Warships of the World, Victory Edition, U. S. A.
84. Deux croquis faits par le capitaine de corvette Kovacic lors de
l'audience du 24 novembre 1948, au matin, montrant un des
bateaux yougoslaves avec les rails et le mécanisme permettant de
mouiller les mines.
85. Photographie de l'anse de Panikovac sur laquelle le capitaine de
corvette Kovacic a tracé une flèche montrant l'entrée du tunnel
qui servait de dépôt pour les mines (audience du 24 novembre
1948, matin).
86. Deux plans schématiques de la région de Sibenik sur lesquels le
capitaine de corvette Kovacic a indiqué : a) le trajet qu'il a suivi
en vedette à moteur et l'endroit d'où il a pu reconnaître les mines;
b) la jetée d'où aurait été probablement prise la photographie de
l'anse de Panikovac (audience du 24 novembre 1948, matin).
87. Rapport de la I53me Flottille de déminage (8octobre 1944) sur le
déminage des chenaux de Korcula et de Scedro, accompagné d'un
calque indiquant les opérations de déminage.
88. Dossier relatif aux mines mouillées par les Allemands (documents
allemands).
89. Dossiers allemands relatifs aux stocks de mines.
go. Original du rapport de mer du Leander, établi le23 octobre 1946
par le capitaine de vaisseau Otway Ruthven (dont une copie
photostatique avait déjà étédéposée), avec signature certifiée
conforme par le capitaine de vaisseau Selby.
91. Calque indiquant la route suivie par le Leander le 22 octobre 1946,
daté du 23 octobre 1946 et annexé au rapport de mer du capitaine
de vaisseau Otway Ruthven (ce calque doit remplacer la carte
itinéraire, établie l26 décembre 1946, qui avait été déposéeen
annexe 7 au Mémoire britannique).
92. Copie dactylographiée du rapport de mer du Volage, établi le
23 octobre 1946 par le capitaine de frégate Paul (dont une copie
photostatique avait déjà étédéposée),avec attestation du capi-
taine de frégate Paul.

93. Copie originale du rapport adressé, le 29 mai 1946, par le contre-
amiral Kinahan au commandant en chef des forces méditerra-
néennes, relatif aux activités de son escadre du29 avril au25 mai
1946, avec signature certifiéepar le capitaine de frégate Whitford.
94. Croquis fait par le capitaine de corvette Kovacic lors de l'audience
du 26 novembre 1948 au matin, montrant la position du Mljet et
du Meljine tels qu'il les a ws le soir d17 ou du 18 octobre 1946,
vers 18 h. 30.
95. Plan schématique de la région de Sibenik sur lequel le capitaine
de corvette Kovacic a indiqué l'emplacement de la maison d'où
il a vu lMljet et leMeljine le17 ou le18 octobre 1946, vers18 h. 30
(audience du 26 novembre 1948, au matin).
96. Croquis fait par le capitaine de corvetteKovacic lors de l'audience
du 25 novembre 1948, après-midi, montrant la position du Mljet
et du Meljzne par rapport à l'entrée du tunnel de l'anse de Pani-
kovac, le 17 oii le18 octobre 1946, vers 16 h. 30.
136 CORFU CHANNEL CASE (MERITS) (ANNEX 1) 136
ranean, reporting the proceedings of the squadron under his
command for the period April 29th to May 25th, 1946 (paragraph
23, relating to the passage of the squadron through the Corfii
Channel on May 15th, 1946).
Warships of the World, Victory Edition, U.S.A.
Two sketches made by Commander Kovacic at the hearing on
November qth, 1948, morning, showing one of the Yugoslav
ships with the rails and mifielaying mechanism.

Xj. Photograph of Panikoc-ac Cove on which Commander Koc-acic
drew an arrow showing the entrance to the tunnel used as a mine
store (hearing on iu'ovember qth, 1948, morning).

Sh. Two plans of the region of Sibenik on which Commander Kovacic
had marked : (a) the course foliowedipthe launch and the place
from which he could recognize the mines ; (bthe jetty from which
the photograph of Panikovac Cove was probably taken (hearing
on November 24th, 1948, morning).
Report of the 153rd Minesweeping Flotilla (October 8th, 1944)
on the sweeping of the Korcula and Scedro Channels, with a
tracing showing the minesweeping operations.
File relating to mines laid by the Germans (German documents).

German files relating to mine stocks.
Original of the Report of Proceedings of the Leander, made by
Captain Otway Ruthven (October 23rd, 1946) (a photocopy had
already been filed), with signature certified by Captain Selby.

Tracing showingcourse followed bythe Leanderon October 22nd,
1946, dated October qrd, 1946, and attached to the Report
of Captain Otway Ruthven (this tracing replaces the track-
chart made on December 26th, 1946, and filed as Annex 7 to
the United Kingdom Memorial).
gr. Typeu~itten copy of the Report of the Volagemade on Octo-
ber 23rd, 1946, by Commander Paul (a photocopy had already
been filed), with certificate by Commander Paul.
Original of Report sent by Rear-Admira1 Kinahan on May zgth,
1946, to Commander-in-Chief, Mediterranean, on proceedings of
his Squadron from April 29th to May 25th, 1946, with signature
certified by Commander Whitford.
Sketch made by Lieutenant-Commander Kovacic at the hearing
on the morning of November 26th, 1948, showing the position
of Mljet and Meljine as he saw them on the evening of
October 17th or 18th, 1946, about 18.30 hours.
Plan of environs of Sibenik, on which Commander Kovacic
marked the site of the house from which he saw the Mljet and
the Meljine on October 17th or 18th, 1946, about 18.30 hours
(hearing on morning of November 26th, 1948).
Sketch made by Lieutenant-Commander Kovacic at the hearing
in the afternoon of November 25th, 1948, showing the position
of Mljct and Meljine in relation to the mouth of the tunnel
at Panikovac Cove, on October 17th or 18th, about 16.30 hours.

136 97. Deux croquis faits par le capitaine de corvette Kovacic lors de
l'audience du 26novembre 1948, après-midi, montrant la manŒuvre
effectuf'e par le Mljet et le iMeljine pour faciliter la misà bord
des mines, et la position des deux bateaux lors du chargement des
mines.
98. Croquis montrant un dragueur de mines avec son câble coupant
l'amarre d'une mine, et une mine déjàcoupée (croquis fait par le
capitaine de frégateSworder et montré à la Cour lors de l'audience
du 22 novembre 1948, au matin).
99. Diagramme montrant les opérations de dragage de mines amarrées
offrant cent pour cent de sécurité (diagramme établi par le capi-
taine de frégate Sworder et montré à la Cour lors de l'audience
du 22 novembre 1948, au matin).
IOO. Photographie montrant le :I.iatcritius et le Saicmarez après l'explo-
sion (cette photographie avait étésoumise en 1947 au Conseil de
S6curitéet portait le no II a), A. 4).

. 101. Deus estraits de journaux illustrés yougoslaves montrant deux
photographies d'un mouilleur de mines avec son mât de charge.
102. Carte de Sibenik, de l'armée des États-unis d'Amérique (échelle
I/~O.OOO).
103. Carte de l'Amirauté no 1581 :.4bords du port de Sibenik.
104. Photographie (no 4025), prise par avion, de Sibenik et de l'anse
de Panikovac.
105. Page d'un journal illustré montrani la vue que l'on a sur la mer
d'une maison située prèsde l'endroit où résidait Keric.

106. Calque du croquis de Panikovac établipar l'Institut hydrographique
yougsslave, 20 novembre 1940 (original déposépar l'Albanie).
107. Télégramme reçude Rome par la délégation britannique et relatif
aux bulletins météorologiquespubli6s à-Sibenik les 17 et 18 octobre
1946 (24 novembre 1948).
108. Réponse donnéepar les experts de la délégation britannique aux
questions poséespar M. le juge ECer au comité mixte d'experts,
le30 novembre 1948 :1) La lumière étaitelie suffisanteà 17 h. 35
pour permettre au capitaine de corvette Kovacic de voir les
navires mouillésdans l'anse de Panikovac ? 2) Si la lumière était
suffisante, la terre auraitelle pu arrêterla vue ?
109. Lettre adressée, le 8 décembre 1948, par le capitaine de frégate
Surorder au contre-amiral Moullec, transmettant une revision de
la réponsecommune àla question no5 du questionnaire soumis par
les agents, le 26 novembre 1948, aux experts des deux Parties.

110. Affidavit de M. Zivan Pavlov (IO décembre 1948) certifiant que,
entre le 23 et le 26 octobre 1946,il a vu, dans le golfe de Kotor, un
mouilleur de mines yougoslave de la classe du Meljine se dirigeant
vers les points de ravitaillement en combustible de Boka Kotorska
(texte original en langue serbo-croate, avec traduction an@aise).
III. Carte de membre de l'Union syndicale des marins et travailleurs
des ports de Yougoslavie au nom de Zivan Pavlov (texte en langue
serbo-croate, avec traduction anglaise des passages pertinents).
112. Instructions for rendering Safe Undenoder IYeapons-Germnn
Buoyant Illines.-1943.
137 97. Two sketches made by Lieutenant-Commander Kovacic at the
heanng in the aftemoon of November 26th, 1948, showing the
manoeuvre made by the MZjet and Meljine to facilitate the
loading of the mines, and the position of the two vessels during
the loadirig.
98. Sketch showing a minesweeper with its cable cutting the moonng
of a mine, and a mine already swept (sketch made by Com-
mander Sworder and shown to the Court at the hearing in the
morning of November ~2nd. 1948).
99. Diagram showing sweeps of moored mines, 100% safe (made by
Commander Sworder and shown to the Court at the hearing on
the morning of Not-ember aznd, 198).

IOO. Photograph showing Mazrritius and Saumarez after the esplosion
(this photograph was -spbmitted to the Security Council in
1947, and was number. II (a), A. 4).
101. Two extracts from Yugoslav illustrated papers, showing two
photographs of a minelayer with its demck.

102. Map of Sibenik, from U.S. Army (scale 1/5o,ooo).

103. Admiralty Chart No. 1581 : Approach to Sibenik harbour.

Air photograph (No. 4025) of Sibenik and Panikovac Cove.
Page ofan illustrated paper, showing the view over the sea from
a house situated near Keric's house.
Tracing of Panikovac Cove, made bp Yugoslav Hydrographic
Institute, November aoth, 1940 (original fded by Albania).

conceming weather reports published at Sibenik on October 17th
and 18th, 1946 (November 24th, 1948).

Reply by the United Kingdom experts to questions put €0 the
Mixed Committee of Experts by Judge EEer on November 3oth,
1948 : (1) Was the light sufficient at 17.35 hours to enable
Lieutenant-Commander Kovacic to see the vessels moored in
Panikovac Cove ?(2) If the light was sufficient, would the view
have been interrupted by the lie of the land ?
Letter from Commander Sworder to Rear-Admiral Moullec, dated
December 8th, 1948, forwarding a revision of the common reply
to question 5 of the Questionnaire by the agents submitted on
November 26th, 1948, to the experts of the two Parties.
Affidavit by hl.Zivan Pavlov (December roth, 1948), certifying
that between October ~3rd.and 26th, 1946, in the Gulf of Kotor,
he saw a Yugoslav minelayer of the Meljilte class, mo\.ing towards
the fuel refdling points at Boka Kotorska (original in Serb-Croat,
with English translation).
III. Mernbership card of the Yugoslav Seamen's and Port-workers'
Union, bearing name of Zivan Pavlov (in Serbo-Croat language,
with English translation of pertinent passages).
112. Instructions for rendering Safe Underwater II'eapons-German
Buoyant Mines-1943.

137 113. Photographie, prise d'un avion en 1943, de la régionde Saranda,
montrant certains sentiers et routes.
114. Carte de la région de Saranda (~/go.ooo Albania sheet 26-IV
Saranda) .
115. Amendements soumis par les experts navals du Royaume-Uni
aux réponsesqu'ils avaient donnéesaux questions de M. le juge
EEer.
116. Photographies en six exemplaires du H. M.S. Mauritius (lesphoto-
graphies nosA 1,A 2, A 3 et A 4 sont des exemplairessupplémen-
taires des photographies figurant au supplément 6 des Procès-
verbaux du Conseil de Sécurité,et mal reproduites).

II.- PIÈCES DÉPOSÉES AU NOM DU GOUVERNEMEN D'ALBANIE.

A. -. Au cours de la procédureécrite :

I. Lettre du représentant de la Grèceau Secrétairegénéral desNations
Unies (IO mars 1947).
2. Déclaration du capitaine Avdi Mati (4 octobre 1947).
3. Lettre du chef de la Mission militaire britannique en Albanie a
l'état-major de l'Arméealbanaise (25 janvier 1946).

4. Procès-verbal de la séancedu Comitéde déminage de la Zone
méditerranéenne tenue le 2 juillet 1946.
5. Rapport sur l'incident du 15 mai 1946.
6. Lettre du représentant de l'Albanie au Secrétaire généraldes
Nations Unies, 12 avril 1947.
7. Rapport sur l'incident du 22 octobre 1946.
8. Communiquéde l'agence Reuter du 26 octobre 1946.
9. Article 3 de l'Arrangement maritime albano-yougoslave du
IO septembre 1946.
IO. Rapport sur les événements des 12 et 13 novembre 1946.
II. Rapport du généralHodgson en date du 29 juillet 1945 sur les

provocations grecques.
12. Carte indiquant le passage de l'escadre de guerre britannique le
22 octobre 1946.
13. Carte du littoral albanais de Saranda et de ses environs.
14. Rapport du commandement de la Marineyougoslave sur leschamps
de mines allemands.
15. Liste d'incidents de navires ayant heurté des mines, publiéepar
Lloyds.
16. « Actes agressifs du Gouvernement monarcho-fasciste grec contre
l'Albanie. ))
17. e Provocations de guerre du Gouvernement monarcho-fasciste
grec contre l'Albanie. ))
18. Texte complet de l'Arrangement maritime albano-yougoslave du
IO septembre 1946.
19. Message du commandant en chef alliéen Méditerranée,Maitland
Wilson, au général-colonelEnver Hoxha (12 novembre 1944).

20. Message du M. Corde11Hull (28 novembre 1943).

21. Message de M. Edward Stettinius (22 mai 1945).
138 Air photograph of the environs of Saranda, showing certain
paths and roads (1943).
Map of Saranda District (I/~O,OOO Albania sheet 26-IV Saranda).

Amendments submitted by the United Kingdom naval experts
to the replies they had given to questions by Judge EZer.

Six copies of photographs of H.M.S. Mauritius (photographs
Nos. A 1, A 2, A 3 and A 4 are additional copies of photographs
appearing in Supplement 6 to Minutes of the Security Council,
and are bad reproductions).

A.-During the written proceedings:
Letter from the Greek Representatiw to the Secretary-General
of the United Nations (March ~oth, 1947).
Declaration by Captain Avdi Mati (October 4th, 1947).
Letter from the Head of the United Kingdom Military Mission
in Albania to the Albanian Amy General Staff (January 25th,
1946).
Minutes of the Meeting of the Mediterranean Zone Mine
Clearance Board, held on July znd, 1946.
Report on the incident of May 15th, 1946.
Letter from the Albanian Representative to the Secretary-
General of the United Nations, April ~zth, 1947.
Report on the incident of October zznd, 1946.
Reuter's communiqué of October 26th, 1946.
Article 3 of the Albanian-Yugoslav Maritime Arrangement of
September ~oth, 1946.
IO. Report on the occurrences on November 12th and 13th, 1946.
II. Report by General Hodgson (July zgth, 1945) on Greek provo-
cation.
Chart showing passage of British war squadron on October zznd,
Map of Albanian coast ; Saranda and environs.
Report of the Commander of the Yugoslav Navy on German
minefields.
List of cases of vessels that have struck mines, published by
Lloyds.
"Aggressive acts of the G~eek monarcho-fascist Government
against Albania."
"War provocation by the Greek monarcho-fascist Government
against Albania."
Full text of the Albanian-Yugoslav Maritime Arrangement of
September ~oth, 1946.
Message from General Maitlahd Wilson, Allied Commander-in-
Chief, Mediterranean, to Colonel-General Enver Hoxha (Novem-
ber ~zth, 1944).
Messagefrom Mr. Corde11Hull (November zSth, 1943).
Messagefrom Mr. Edward Stettinius (May zznd, 1945). 22. Déclaration deM. Winston Churchill(4novembre 1943).
24. Lettre du généralHodgson félicitant le généralEnver Hoxha à
l'occasion des élections génér(4décembre 1945).
25. Photocopies partielles descartes Médri M. 6502: no 3, du
17décembre 1945 ;no 8,du 6 mai 1946;no 12,du 26 août1946,
indiquant la route du canal nord de Càrces dates. L'édition
du 17décembre 1945 montre la route sous le 18/54.

26. Télégrammedu commandant du port de Saranda en date du
22 octobre1946.
27. Lettre de l'état-major de l'Armée albanaise au ministère des
Affaires étrangèràsTirana,30 août 1948.
28. Résumé d'unarticle du journalétoile rouge,reproduit par le
journal Bashkimi, en date d18 mai 1947.
29. Lettres de deux marins grecs adresàla Commission d'enquête
des Nations Unies en Grè(15 févrie1947).
31. Calque indiquant la route suivie par le Mauriiius, d'après la carte
britannique annexe 7, et la position des mines d'après la carte
britannique annexg.

B. - Après la clôturede la procédureécr:te

a) Avant les audienc:s
32. Note adresséepar la légation deYougoslaàiLa Haye à l'agent
du Gouvernement albanais, en date d8 novembre 1948, trans-
mettant un communiquédu Gouvernement yougoslave concernant
la déposition du capitaine de corvette Kovacic.
33. Calque indiquant le chenal déminéet la voie normale de la navi-
gation passant au milieu du canal nord de Corfou.
34. Calque indiquant le chenal déminéet la zone du canal nord de
35.Calque indiquant les positions respectives du chenal allemand et
du chenal déminé.
36. Calque indiquant la position du champ de mines et le trajet suivi
par les navires Mauritius, Leader, Superb et Orion.
37.Procès-verbaux du Conseil de Sécurité, PremièreAnnée, Seconde
Série,Supplément no 4.

b) AU cours des audience:
38. Rapport de M. Jacques Chapelon; professeur d'analàsl'École
polytechnique de Paris, au sujet du passage du Mauritius dans
un champ de mines.
39.Extrait de l'ordonnance 892 du ministère de la Défensenatio-
nale yougoslave, en date du17 novembre 1945, concernant les
dragueurs de mines M1,M 2 et M3 (texteen langueserbo-croate,
avec traduction française visàela légation de Yougoslavià
40.Attestation, en date du 17novembre 1948elativàla réparation
des bâtiments de la classe et du type M, dans les chantiers de
Sibenik, du27 septembre au g novembre 1946 (texte en langue

139Declaration by MI'.Winston Churchill (November 4th, 1943).
Declaration by Mr. Cordell Hull (undated).
Letter from General Hodgson congratulating General Enver
Hoxha on the general elections (December 4th, 1945).
Photocopies of parts of Medri Charts, M.6502 :NO. 3, Decem-
ber 17th, 1945 ;No. 8, May 6th, 1946 ;No. 12, August 26th, 1946,
showing the route through the North Corfu Channel on those
dates. The map of December 17th, 1945, gives to the route the
number 18/54.
Telegram from harbour-master of Saranda, October zznd, 1946.

Letter from the Albanian Amy General Staff to the Foreign
Ministry, Tirana, August 3oth, 1948.
Summary of an article in the "Red Star", appearing in the
Bashkimi newspaper, May 18th, 1947.
Letters from two Greek sailors to the United Nations Commission
of Enquiry in Greece (February 15th, 1947).
Report on the possibility of secret minelaying.
Tracing of track-chart of Mauritius, taken from British Chart
Annex 7,and position of minesaccording to British Chart, Annes 9.

B.- Afte~the closureof the written proceedings :

(a) Before the hearing :

Note from the Yugoslav Legation at The Hague to the Agent
for the Albanian Govemment, dated November 8th, 1948, and
ing Lieutenant-Commander Kovacic's evidence.rnent concern-
Tracing of swept channel and normal route for shipping through
the middle of the North Corfu Channel.
Tracing of swept channel and of the North Corfu Channel Zone
not deeper than 25 fathoms.
Tracing of respective positions of German channel and swept
channel.
Tracing of position of the minefield and track of Mauritius,
Leander, Superb and Orion.
Minutes of the Secunty Council, First Year, Second Series,
Supplement No. 4.

(b) At the heczring :
Report by M. Jacques Chapelon, Professor of Analysis at the
École polytechnique, Paris, concerning the passage of Mauritius
through a minefield.
Extract from Order No. 892of the Yugoslav Ministry of National
Defence, dated November 17th, 1945, concerning minesweepers
M I,M 2 and M 3 (in Serbo-Croat, with French translation
certified correct by Yugoslav Legation at The Hague).

Sworn statement, dated November 17th, 1948, relating to repair
of ships of the M class and type in Sibenik dockyard, between
September 27th and November gth, 1946 (in Serbo-Croat, with
139140 AFF.4IRE DU DÉTROIT DE CORFOU (FOND) (ANNEXE 1)

serbo-croate, avectraduction française viséàla légationde Yougo-
slavieà La Haye comme conforme à l'original).
41. Photocopie d'une page du registre des réparations des chantiers de
Sibenik (certifiée conformeà l'original, avec traduction française
des inscriptions concernant les bâtiments M I, M 2et M3, viséea
la légationde Yougoslavie à LaHaye commeconforme àl'original).
42. Calculsur la hauteur du soleàlSibenik le 18octobre 1946à15h. 15,
établi par le capitaine Ormanov.
43. Attestation relative à l'officier Drago Blazevic, en date du
17 novembre 1948 (texte en langue serbo-croate, avec traduction
française viséeà la légation de Yougoslavie à La Haye comme
conforme à l'original).
44. Certificat relatif aux mouvements des bâtiments de la classe et du
type M en octobre 1946, en date du 17 novembre 1948 (texte en
langue serbo-croate, avec traduction françaisevisée à la légation
de Yougoslavie à La Haye comme conforme à l'original).
45. Carte de l'Amirautébritannique no1581 :Abords duport de Sibenik.
46. Croquis de Panikovac établi par l'Institut hydrographique yougo-
slave en date du 20 novembre 1948.
47. Plan de cadastre de la ville de Sibenik.
48. .Photographies nos 1, II et III de Panikovac prises du quai de
Cipad, ou des environs.
49. Photographies nos IV et V, prises en direction de Panikovac de
la terrasse où se trouvait le capitaine Kovacic.
jo. Carte italienne de Sibenik (no 558).
51. Rapport de la ((Commission 1)yougoslave au sujet de l'indisponi-
bilité des bâtiments M 1, M 2 et M 3 (trois documents originaux
datés du II novembre 1946, avec traductions françaises visées à
la légation de Yougoslavie à La Haye comme conformes aux
originaux).
52. Fiches de travail des chantiers de Sibenik pour les commandes
no9 920, 921 et 922 concernant les bâtiments M 1, M 2 et M 3
(documents originaux en langue serba-croate, avec traductions
françaises viséeà la légation de Yougoslavie à La Haye comme
conformes aux originaux).
53. Fiche de travail concernant le bâtiment M 1, portant la signature
du capitaine de corvette Kovacic (document original en langue
serba-croate, avec traduction française visée à la légation de
Yougoslavie à La Haye comme conforme à l'original).
54. NCommandes de travail »1109920, 921 et 922 adressées àla direc-
tion des chantiers de Sibenik en date du 26 septembre 1946 et
concernant les réparations à effectuer aux chaudières des bâti-
ments M1, M 2 et M3 (trois documentsoriginaux en langue serbo-
croate, avec traductions françaises viséeà la légation de Yougo-
slavie à La Haye comme conformes aux originaux).
55. Affidavit de la présidence du Gouvernement de la République
fédérativepopulaire de Yougoslavie au sujet de l'heure légaleen
Yougoslavie (texte en langue serbo-croate daté du 27 novembre
1948, avec traduction française viséà la légation de Yougoslavie
à La Haye comme conforme à l'original).
56. Réponse domée par les experts de la délégation albanaise
(4 décembre 1948) aux questions poséespar M. le juge EZer au
Comité mixte d'experts, le 30 novembre 1948 : 1) La lumière French translation certified correct by Yugoslav Legation at
The Hague).
Photocopy of a page of the Repairs Register of Sibenik dock-
yard (copy, with French translation of the entries conceming
the M 1, M 2 and M 3 vessels, certified correct by Yugoslav
Legation at The Hague).
Calculation made by Captain Ormanov of height of sun at
Sibenik on October ~Sth, 1946, at 15.15 hours.
Sworn statement concerning the officer Drago Blazevic, dated
November 17th, 1948 (in Serbo-Croat, with French translation
certified correct by Yugoslav Legation at The Hague).

Certificate concerning movements of ships of the ill.class and
type in October 1946, dated No\-ember 17th, 1948 (in Serbo-Croat,
with French translation certified correct by Yugoslav Legation

at The Hague).
British Admiralty Chart No. 1581 :Approach to Sibenik harbour.
Sketch of Panikovac by Yugoslav Hydrographid Institute, dated
November zoth, 1948.
Cadastral plan of town of Sibenik.
Photographs Nos. 1, II and III of Panikovac, taken from Cipad
quay, or near hi.
Photographs Nos. IV and V, looking towards Panikovac from
the terrace on which Lieutenant-Commander Kovacic was.
Italian map of Sibenik (No. 558).
Report of the 1-ugoslav "Commission" concerning the non-
arailabilityof the M 1, M 2 and BI 3 (three original documents
dated Kovember th, 1946, with French translations certified
correct by Yugoslav Legation at The Hague).

Work dockets of Sibenik dockyard for Orders Nos. 920, 921

and 922, relating to shipsM 1, M 2 and M 3 (original documents
in Serbo-Croat, with French translations certified correctby
Yugoslav Legation at The Hague).

1Vork docket concerning ship M 1, signed by Lieutenant-Corn-
mander Kovacic (original in Serbo-Croat,with French translation
certified correcty the Yugoslav Legation at The Hague).

''\York Orders" Nos. 923, 921 and 922, addressed to the Direc-
torate of Sibenik Dockyard, dated September 26th, 19.46, and
concerning repairs to be done to the boilers of the shipr, AI3
and JI3 (three original documents in Serbo-Croat, with French
translations certified correctYugoslav Legation at The Hague).

Affidavit by the Presidency of the Government of the People's

Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, on the subject of legal time in
Yugoslavia (in Serbo-Croat, dated November 27th, 1948, with
French translation certified correct by Yugoslav Legation at
The Hague).
Reply by the experts of theAlbanian Delegation (December 4th
1948) to questions piit by Judge ECer to the Mixed Committee of
Experts on November 3oth, 1948 : (1)15:as there sufficient light

140141 AFFAIRE DU DÉTROIT DE CORFOU (FOND) (ANNEXE 1)

était-elle suffisante à 17 h. 35 pour permettre au capitaine de
corvette Kovacic de voir les navires mouillésdans l'anse de Pani-
kovac ? 2) Sila lumière étaitsuffisante, la terre aurait-ellepu arrêter
la vue ?
57. Irtstructio~ts nautiques pour la Méditerranée orientaleé , dition
Imprimerie nationale, 1945.
58. Croquis montrant la partie d'un bâtiment de la classe Mquiaurait
pu êtreaperçue, la nuit, de la côte, d'une altitude de 15 pieds, le
bâtiment étant :1) à 550 m. de la côte ;2) à 1,5 mille de la côte
(croquisfait par le capitaine Ormanov et montré â la Cour lors de
l'audience du 8 décembre 1948, après-midi).
59. Registre des chantiers navals de Sibenik.
60. Carte «Europe et Afrique du Nord »,feuille 4, publiée par 1'Insti-
tut géographique national français en 1941 - avec indication des
lignes maritimes.
61. Quatre photographies montrant la côte près de Saranda.
62. Croquis établissant approximativement les hauteurs de l'anse de
Panikovac en direction de Sibenik (croquis fait par le contre-
amiral Moullec).
63. Observationsdu contre-amiral Moullec sur les rapports du capitaine
de frégate Sworder relatifs à la position des navires dans les eaux
de Panikovac.
64. Rapport en original du commandant du ~er régiment d'infanterie
en date du 15 mai 1946.
65. Texte original de la lettre du 16 mai 1946adressée à Tirana.
66. Texte original du rapport du capitaine Ali Shtino en date du
23 octobre 1946 (relatif aux incidents du 22 octobre 1946).

III. - PIÈCES DÉPOSÉES CONJOINTEMENT PAR LES PARTIES.

A. - Au cours dela procédure écri :te
I. Compromis entre l'Albanie et le Royaume-Uni en date du 25 mars
1948.

B. - Au cozcrsde la procédureoraie :
2. Questionnaire établipar M.Piene Cot et sir Eric Be*.kett et soumis
aux experts des deux Parties le 26 novembre 1948 :position du
soleilà Sibenik les 17 et 18 octobre 1946.
3. Réponses, établies d'accord entre les Parties, au questionnaire
susmentionné (27 novembre 1948).
4. Deux diagrammes montrant le moment auquel une ombre aurait
étéprojetée sur la jetée où les mines étaient chargées.
5. Croquis schématique de la région de Sibenik avec indication des
points les plus proches d'où la jetée aurait étévisible au cours du
trajet effectué par la vedette où se trouvait le capitaine Kovacic
(trois trajets possibles sont indiquésdans le questionnaire).
6. Note commune des experts britanniques et albanais sur les ques-
tions posées par M. le juge ECer au Comité mixte d'experts, le
30 novembre 1948 : 1)La lumière était-ellesuffisante à 17h. 35 pour
permettre au capitaine Kovacic de voir les navires mouillés dans
l'anse dePanikovac ? 2) Si la lumière étaitsuffisante, la terre aurait-
elle pu arrêter la vue ? at 17.35 hours to enable Lieutenant-Cornmander Kovacic to see
the vessels moored in Panikovac.Co1-e ? (2) If the light was
sufficiené, would the lie of the land have obstructed the \?ew ?

57. Nautical instructions for the East Mediterranean (Imprimerie
nationale, 1945).
5s. Sketch showing part of a vessel of the hl-class that might have
been seen from the coast at night from an altitude of 15 feet,
the vessel being : (1) 550 metres from the shore ; (2)I$ miles
from the shore (sketch made by Captaiii Ormanov and shown
to the Court at the hearing on the afternoon of December 8th, 1948).
59. Register of the naval dockyard at Sibenik.
60. Map of "Europe and North Africa", sheet 4, published by the
French National Geographical Institute in 1941-showing
shipping routes.
61. Four photographs of the coast near Saranda.
62. Sketch showing roughly the hills around Panikovac Cove towards

Sibenik (sketch made by Rear-Admira1 Moullec).

63. Observations by Rear-Admira1 Moullec on the Reports of Com-
mander Sworder as to the position of the ships in Panikovac Bay.

64. Original of Report of Commander of First lnfantry Regiment,
dated May ~jth, 1946.
65. Original of letter of May 16th, 1946, addressed to Tirana.
66. Original of Captain Ali Shtino's Report, dated October 23rd,
1946 (concerning events on October zznd, 1946).

,4.-During the written proceedings :
I. Special Agreement between Albania and the United Kingdom,

dated llarch 25th 1948.
B.-During thehearing :
2. Questionnaire prepared bÿ M. Pierre Cot and Sir Eric Beckett,

and submitted to the experts of the two Parties on November 26th,
1948: height of the sun at Sibenik on October 17th and 18th, 1946.
3. Replies established jointly by the Parties to above Questionnaire
(?\To\.ember27th, 1948).
4. Two diagrams showing the mornent when a shadow would have
faIlen on the jetty where the mines were being loaded.
5. Sketch of the environs of Sibenik showing nearest points from
which the jetty would have been visible during the journey of
the motor-boat that Lieutenant-Commander Kovacic was in.
(Three possible routes are gi\-en in the Questionnaire.)
6. Joint Sote of Cnited Kingdom and Albanian experts on the
qiiestions put by Judge ECer to the Mixed Committee of Experts
on Yo\wnber 3oth, 1948 : (1) \Vas there sufficient light at 17.35
hours to enable Lieutenant-Commander Kovacic to see the vessels

inoored in Paniko\-ac Co\-e ? (2) If the light was sufficient, wouid
the lie of the land have obstructed the view ? ANNEXE 2

RAPPORT DES EXPERTS EN DATE DU S JANVIER 1949

[Traduction.]
Le Comité d'experts navals désignés, le 17 décembre 1948 par la
Cour internationale de Justice, a l'honneur de soumettre ci-après a
la Cour les réponses- adoptées a l'unanimité de ses membres- aux
questions qui lui avaient étéposées.

Question 1).Examen de la situation du Détroit Nord de Corfou cila
veille du22 octobre1946 au point de vue:

a)de l'emplacementdzt chenal dénziné.

1) a) RÉPOXSE:
La route allemande, indiquéedans l'annex2du Mémoiredu Royaume-
Uni, ne peut être l'axe central d'un chenal déminé large d'un mille,
parce que, daris ce cas, la limite occidentalcouperait le champ de
mines G 146 c.
Quand la marine britannique a décidé,en 1944 ,e draguer un chenal
dans le Détroit Nord de Corfou, les routes/3 et 18/3 4nt étécréées,
ce qui,a notre avis, était la seule manière pratique d'ouvrir un passage
dans le Détroit de Corfou, sans procéder au dragage inutile du champ
de mines QBY j39. Nous estimons donc que les routes 18/32et 18/34
constituaientla \,oie la plus rapideet la plus sûre pour ouvrir un
itinéraireà travers le chenal du Détroit Nord de Corfou.

b)de L'e@cacitédu déminageanfériezcremene tdectué.

Pour pouvoir décider si les opérations de déminage auxquelles il a
étéprocédé,au mois d'octobre 19++ et au mois de janvier Iglj, ont
étéefficaces, il est nécessaire d'examiner les rapportde déminage.
Ces derniers, toutefois, n'pu êtreproduits. Mais il faut se souvenir
I" que la marine britannique avaitune grande expérience du démi-
nage ;
2" que le dragage d'un champ de mines amarrées est bien plus facile
que celui d'un champ de mines de fond ;

que le déminage d'un champ de mines amarrées peut, s'il est
exécuté comme il convient, être considéré comme offrant une
sécuritéde IOO% ;
Note. - Strictement parlant,un chenal ne peut êtredéclarésûr
qu'à l'époque où il a étédragué. On ne peut garantir qu'à l'avenir
le chenal conserve le même degréde sécurité.Une personne mal-
intentionnée peut poser des mines - c'est ce qui s'est produit
dans le cas présent- et la possibilité très lointaine esicte égale-
ment qu'une mine, qui avait coulé au fond lorsqu'elle al-ait été EXPERTS' REPORT OF JANUARY 8th, 1949.

The Committee of Naval Experts appointed by the International
Court'of Justice on December 17th, 1948, have the honour to submit
,to the Court the following unanimous answers to the questions put
to them :
Question (1). You are requested to examine the situation in tlze North
Corfu Strait immediately before October eond, 1946,
' from the point of view of
the position of the swept channel.
(a)
(1) (a) ANSWER :
The German track shown in Annex 2 to the United Kingdom
Memorial could not be the centre line of a one-mile swept channel
because the western boundary would in this case intersect Mine-
field G 146 c.
When the Royal Navy planned to sweep a channel through the
North Corfu Strait in 1944, route 18/32 and 18/34 was established,
which was, according to us, the only feasible way to make a passage
through Corfu Channel without doing unnecessary sweeping of Mine-
fieldQBY539. We consider therefore route 18/32and 18/34the quickest
and safest way to open up a route through the North Corfu Channel.

(b) the efjectiveness of the mineclearance prer~iolrsly
carried out.
(1) (6) ANSWER :

In order to decide whether the sweeping operations which were
carried out in October 1944 and January 1945 were effective, it is
necessary to 'study the minesweeping reports. The latter, however,
could not be produced. But bearing in mind :
1st. That the Royal Navy had a great esperience in mineclearing ;

2nd. That the sweeping .of a moored minefield is far easier than
sweeping a ground minefield ;

3rd. That the sweeping of a moored minefield, if carried out in the
proper way, can be considered 100% safe ;

Nok-Speaking strictly, a channel can only be declared safe
at the time when it is cleared. One cannot guarantee that
the channel in the future will remain so. Some evil person
may lay mines-as in fact has been done in this case-and
there is also the very remote possibility of a mine which went
to the bottom when laid, rising to "correct" depth later on. mouillée revienne plus tard à la profondeur (correcte 1).Mais, si
I'on devait tenir compte de ces possibilités, il s'ensuivrait que I'on
ne pourrait déclarer sûres des eaux quelconques et les secteurs
minés ne pourraient jamais plus êtreutilisés ;
4" que ce chenal avait étédragué de façon à permettre le passage
de transports de troupes et de fournitures destinées au front
italien,

vu ce qui précède,nous estimons que le déminage a étéopéré avecle
plus grand soin possible.

et c) du risque de remontrer dans ce chenal des mines
flottantespar suitedu voisinage de champsde mines
anciens, avecexamen des documenta sllemandsenvue
d'y rechercherdes indications sur les types de mines
qui y avaient éte mouillées.

1) c)RÉPONSE :
La présence des champs de mines italiennes amarrées au large de
Corfou expliquerait la:possibilité qu'il se trouvât dans cette régiondes
mines flottantes. Nous ne pouvons cependant concevoir qu'un rapport
puisse être établi entre la présence &entuelle de mines flottantes et
l'accident survenu au Saumarezet au Volage,car la nature des avaries
causéesaux deux navires ci-dessus mentionnés exclut la moindre possi-
bilité que ces avaries aient étécauséespar une mine flottante.
On estime souvent que les mines flottantes constituent un danger
sérieux pour la navigation. Ceci est entièrement erroné.
Autant que nous le sachions, il n'a pas étéprouvé catégoriquement
que plus d'un seul navire l suivant un itinéraire en ligne droite (comme
c'étaitIe cas pour leSnumarezet le Volage)ait étéendommagé par une
mine flottante, bien que des milliers de celles-ci aient étémises à l'eau
au cours des deux grandes guerres.
A la vérité,on cite dix autres cas où des navires se seraient préten-
dûment heurtés à des mines flottantes ; mais ces cas n'ont pas été
prouvés.
Indépendamment d'autres raisons évidentes, telles que le très faible
espace occupé dans la mer par une mine, la facilité qu'il y a à l'aper-
cevoir à la lumière du jour et son innocuité normale, il y a le fait que
la lame d'étrave écarte la mine du navire.
Des expériences pratiques approfondies ont démontré qu'il. est
impossible de heurter exprès une mine flottante, quelque effort que
l'on fasse.
Quelle qur soit la possibilité que deux mines détachérsde l'ancien
champ de mines allemand aient flotté dans ces parages, ceci, comme
il a été dit plus .haut, n'offre aucun intérêt dansla présente espèce,
car les avaries causées aux deux navires n'ont aucunement pu être
provoquées par des mines flottantes.
D'un examen approfondi des documents allemands il ressort:

1. Que, jusqu'au 23 octobre IN, il n'a étémouillé que des mines
italiennes dans la région du canal Nord de Corfou ;

' Le Betty Hindley, 7 cctobre 1947.
143 Eut if such eventualities were to be taken into account, it
would mean that no waters could be declared safe, and mined
areas could never be used any more ;

4th. That this charnel was swept for troopships and supplies to
pass through for the Italian front,

we assume that the clearing was camed out with the greatest possible
care.

and (c) therisk of encounteringfloatingmines in this chanfiel
owing to the $roximity of the old minefields, and to
study the Germandocumentsin ordertoobtaininfor-
mation from them concerningthety$es of mines laid

in those minefields.

The presence of moored Italian minefields off Corfu explains the
possibility of floating mines in this area. We cannot see, however,
that the possible presence of floating mines could be connected with
the mining of H.M.S. Saumarez and H.M.S. Volage, as the nature of
the damage sustained by the above ships excludes the faintest possi-
bility of its cause being a floating mine.

It is often thoughtthatsfloating mines are a serious danger to shipping.
This is entirely wrong.
To Our knowledge, it has not been definitely proved that more than
one single ship l, steaming on a straight course (as was the case with
Saumarez and Volage), has been damaged by a floating mine, although

thousands have been afloat during the two great wars.

Admittedly, there are ten more cases of ships having been struck by
alleged floating mines ; but these cases have not been proved.

Apart from other obvious reasons, such as the very minute space of
sea occupied by a mine, the ease with which it is seen in daylight and
its normally harmless condition, there is the fact that the bow wave
bnishes the mine clear of the ship.
Extensive practical tests have proved that it is impossible to ram a
floating mine, however hard one tries.

Whatever the possibility may be of two mines from the old German
minefield floating about, it is, as stated above, of no interest in this
case, as the damage done to the two ships could not possibly be caused
by floating mines.
A close study of the German docunlents diows :

I. That until October 23rd, I~M, only Italian mines were laid in the
North Corfu Channel area ;

l The BeltyHindley, October 1947.
143 2. Qu'au mois d'avril 1945 on disposait à Trieste de mines du
type GY ;

3. Qu'aucun numéro de fabricant ne figure sur ces documents.

Note. - Chaque mine porte un numéro étampé sur sa plaque infé-
~ieure. Les Allemands, suivant une méthode très étudiéeadoptée par
eux, réunissaient tous les détails relatifs aux mines dans des docu-
inents qu'ils appelaient Kennkarten. Si l'on retrouvait ces cartes, pour
la zone de l'Adriatique, il serait possible de comparer les plaques
inférieures des mines draguées avec les indications fournies par les
Kennkarten, afin de découvrir le lieu d'origine des mines posées dans
le Détroit Nord de Corfou.

Qzcestion 2). Examen des renseignenzents et documents concernant la
navigation du hfauritius, du Saumarez et du Volage eît Ivre
de déterminers'il en rész~lteqzielqtiesprésomptions et les-
quelles touchant l'idrntitédu type des miîles qu'ont heurtées
ces deux derniers bâtintents et dzctype des mines décoiti*erfes
le13 novembre 1946. Déterminerle degrédr certifztdeqitl
s'attache, de l'avis des e.~peris,ces présomptions.

2) RÉPONSE :

Rien que l'on relève, dans les journaus de navigation du hfauritilis,
du Leander et du Volage, quelques inexactitudes au sujet de la vitesse
et de la route des navires, nous considérons comme hors de doute que
le Saumarez et le Volage ont heurté des mines, alors qu'ils occupaient
approximativement les positions indiquées dans l'annexe g du Mémoire
du Royaume-Uni.
Mêmesi les deus navires ont heurté des mines plus près de la limite
nord du chenal, leur accident est cependant dû aus deus lignes de
mines indiquées à l'annexe 9.
Nous concluons donc nettement que les deus navires ont heurté des
mines du mêmetype que celles qui ent étédraguées le 13 novembre
1946.

Qzcesfiot3). Examen drs rensoigneme~tts et docz~ments relutifs a11.v
minriessubies par le Saumarez et le Volage et drs fragments
d'engivt troue~éssur le Volage en zlue de déterminers'il ru
résultequelqilesprésomptionset lesquellestoi~chatltla natzirt7
dos mines qu'ont Itez~rtérses bdtiments. Diternziner le degrE
d5 certititdr qui, dc l'aîlis des experts, s'att~ilces pré-
sorriptions.

Dans la mesure où il est possible d'apprécier les dommages subis par
le Saz~marez et le Volage, qui étaient des navires de construction
moderne, ces dommages doivent avoir étécauséspar l'explosion d'une
mine de contact amarrée, contenant une charge d'explosif d'environ
600 lb. Les raisons qui viennent A l'appui de cette manière tle voir
sont les suivantes :

144 2. That GY types of mines were available at Trieste on April 25th,
194.5;

3. No manufacturer's numbers are shown in these documents.
,Vote.-Each mine has a number stamped on the bottom plate. The
Germans had a very elaborate spstem of tabulating al1particulars of the
mines on so-called Kennkarten. If those cards could be traced for the
Adriatic Zone, one could compare the numbers on the bottom plates
of the swept mines with these Kennkarten in order to find out the place
of origin of the mines that were laid in North Corfu Channel.

Q~lestion (2). 1-ou are reqzresfedto examine the information and docni-
ments availableconcerningtlzenavigationof the Mauritius,
the Saumarez and the Volage, in orderto ascertainwltat
conclusions, if any, may be drawn concerningthe identify
of the type of mines which strnick the two last-named
z-esselswith the type of mines discoveredon Noaember13flt,
1946, and tostate how fur, in yozcropinion, these con-
clusions can be regardedas oalid.

. .
-1lthough the log-books of APatcritizds,Leander and 1701ageshow
some inaccuracies in speed and course, we consider it beyond any
doubt that Saumarez and Volage were mined in approsimately the
positions indicated in Annex g to the United Kingdom Memorial.

Even if both ships were mined nearer the northern edge of the
channel, they would still have been victims of the two lines of mines
shomn in Annes g.
Our conclusion, therefore, is definite : that both ships were struck
by the type of mine which was swept on November 13th, 1946.

Qtrestion(3). 1-OUare requestedto examine the information and docu-
ments aziailablerelating to tlze danzage sugered by the
Saumarez and tlze Volage, and fo the fragments of n
mine found in tlze Volage, with a aiew to ascertaining
wltat conclusions, if any, may be drawn regarding tlze
type of mines which strzrck these aessels, and how fur
theseco~tcl~rsio~casn,in yozrropinion, beregardedasvalid.
(3) AXSWER :

-4sfar as it is possible to estimate the damage sustained by Sazrmare:
and I'olage, which were ships of modern construction, this damage
must have been caused by the esplosion of a moored contact mine
of approximately 600 lb. charge. The reasons for this are : IO une inine de fond ne causerait pas une avarie de cette nature,
et certainement pas à cette prpfondeur d'eau ;
2" ainsi qu'il a étCexpliqué plus haut, on peut entièrement mettre
de côté l'hjpothése d'une mine flottante ;

3" la seule possibilité qui subsiste est celle d'une mine de contact
amarrée.

Des fragments trouvés sur le Volage, les deux petits éclats, légère-
ment incurvés, ne sont évidemment pas des morceaux de l'enveloppe
d'une mine, car ils sont en fonte. Un troisième fragment, qui- est une
partie du raccord servant à adapter l'antenne, s'adapte parfaitement
aux antennes et aux éléments d'une mine GY ou d'une mine GR,
cette pièce étant identique sur les mines de ces deux types.

Question 4). Rechercher si a) de la position des miltes dragueres le
13 novembre 1946, b) du fait qu'un dragagecom let des
eaux albanaises dans cette régionn'a pas étée !ectue'Ù
cettedate,etc)du passagedu Mcàuntius, le22 octobre1946,
sans heurter aucune miw, on pezlt tirer qdques colzclu-
sions et lesquellestouchant l'existenced'un champ de mines
méthodiauementétabliet, selon le dispositif ainsi recomu,
touchantl'objectifailquelcechampde mifzesparait répondre.

La position des mines draguees le 13 rovembre 1946 indique nette-
ment que les mines ont étéméthodquement disposéessur deux rangées.

Tout dragage antérieur, opérédans le chenal de la route Médri,
aurait nécessairement conduit à la découi.erte de ces mines, si elles
avaient étémouillées à cette époque.
Le champ de mines était habilement placé, comme si son objet
eût été à la Bjis offensif et défensii: 1) offensif : afin d'empêcher le
passage, par le chenal, de navires ayant un tirant d'eau de quelque
dix pieds ou plus ; 2) défensif: afin d'empêcher les navires du même
tirant d'eau de pénftrer dans la hic dz Saranda.
Le fait qiie leAlazrritzzca traversé sans accident le chax~ipde mines
moritre sirnplem~nt que ce navire z eu de la chance. Il n'y a rien
d'étrange, étant donné la densité des mines qu'a rCvélPe h dragage,
à ce qu'un navire passe au travers d'un champde mines de cette nature.

Qi~estion 5).De l'état desmines dragu.kesle 13 novembre 1946, poucez-
vous tirer quelpues conclusions et lesquellesau sujet de la
date (èlaquelle cesmines ont étémot~illéeest, en particulier,
au sujet deleur mouillageavantou npris le 22 octobre1g4b ?

L'état des mines draguées au cours de l'opération de déminage du
13 novembre 1946-ainsi qü'il ressort du Supplément no 6 aux Comptes
rendus officiels du Consei: de Sécurit- porte à coniclure que les miiies
sont à considérer comme ayant été récemment mouillées.

14s 1st. A ground mine would not cause this type of damage, and
certainly not at this depth of water ;

2nd. A floating mine can be excluded altogether, as previously
explained ;
3rd. The only remaining possibility is a moored contact mine.

Of the fragments found in Volage, the two small, slightly curved
pieces are obviously not parts of a mine shell ;for they are of cast iron.
The third piece, which is part of a horn adapter, fits closely to the homs
and elements of a GY mine or of a GR mine, the adapters of these two
types of mine being identical.

Question (4). You are requested toexamine tlzeqwstims whetherit is
possible todraw (a) from the Positioltof the mines swepton
Noaember 13th, 1946 ; (b) from the fact that a complete
mineclearaficeof the Albanian watersin this area hadnot
yetbeencarriedout ut thattime; and (c)from the passageof
the Mauritius on the zznd October,1946, withoutstriking
any mine, any conclusions,and, if so, what conclusions,
regardingthe existenceof a methodicdly laid minefieldand
the objectfor which, in the light of tlzedisposition of the
mines, the9appear to havebeenlaid.

The position of the mines swept on the 13th November, 1946,strongly
indicates that the mines were methodically laid in two rows.
Any previous minesweeping in the Medri Route Channel would
necessarily have detected such mines, if they had been laid at that time.

The minefield was skilfully placed, as if its combined object was :
through theve channel; (2) defensive s:mto stop ships of the same draughtg
from entering Saranda Bay.

That Mauritius passed unmolested through the minefield only shows
she had good luck. There is nothisg strange in a ship getting through
a minefield with a densiiy of mines as indicated by the sweep.

Question (5). From thestateof the mines sze~epotn h70z~embe 1r3th, 1946,
canyou drawany conclusions,and, if so, whatconclusions,
as tothedateon which theyweremoored,and, in particular,
on the question whether they uleremoored beforeor aftej
the ~2nd October, 1946 ?

The condition of the mines swept during the sweeping operation on
Councilh Officia1Records, leads to the conclusion that the mines should
be considered as recently laid.

145 Nous ne sommes pas en mesure d'indiquer une date, mêmeapproxi-
mative, à l'égard du mouillage. La quantité de coquillages, la végé-
tation, la rouille, etc., dépendent de bien des éléments, qui varient
considérablement selon les conditions existantes. Seules des expériences,
auxquelles il serait procédédurant la mêmesaison de l'année et dans
les mêmeseaux, pourraient fournir des données suffisantes pour per-
mettre d'évaluer approximativement l'âge du champ de mines.
Ne disposant que de renseignements d'ordre général, tout ce que
nous sommes prêts a affirmer avec certitude est que les mines ne peuvent
en aucune manière appartenir à un champ de mines qui aurait été
mouillé durant la guerre.
Il est impossible de dire, en réponse à la question posée,si les mines
ont étémouillé2savant ou après le 22 octobre 1946. L'état des mines
n'a certainement pas subi de modification appréciable entre le 21 et
le 23 octobre.

Question 6). Comptetenu drs réponses,établiesd'accordentre lesParties,
aux questions relativesà la position du soleilà Sibenik les
17 et 18 octobre1946 et sur la basedes élémentd su dossier,
1'exam.n des circonstances defait tenantà la date,à l'heure,
au site, aux conditionsdevisibilité,à la situation des objets
(navires, mines, antennes, rails),à leurs forme, couleztret
dimsnsions, vous conduit-il à la conclusion que, dans les
conditionsou se trouvait le témoinKovacic, il étaitpossible
d'observer le chargement et la présence de mines G1- à
borddr naviresdela classe ((M ))dans l'ansedr Panikovac,
ai~tsique de rails sur ces navires?

6) RÉPONSE :
On aurait pu observer :

-
a) Les deux navires de la classe « M »,s'ils avaient étéancrés dans
l'anse de Panikovac ;
b) les mines et leurs crapauds à bord de ces navires ;
c) le chargement des mines.
Ces observations auraient pu facilement êtrefaites, quelle que
soit celle des trois routes indiquées sur la carte N. 1.D. 14/32/48,
annexe C, dossier E.II/1/72, qu'ait suivie la vedette.
En outre, pourvu que les navires aient étémouillésdu côté nord
de l'anse, ainsi que l'a indiqué le témoin Kovacic, on aurait pu
observer :

d) que les mines étaient fraîchement peintes (éclat de la peinture).
Si la vedette avait suivi la route i), elle serait passée à une
distance d'environ 450 m. de l'anse, et alors

e) les antennes et les rails auraient pu êtreaperçus, mais faiblement.
Si les routes ii) ou iii) avaient étésuivies, nous estimons qu'il
aurait étéimpossible d'apercevoir les antennes ou les rails. 1f7eare not in a position to give even an approximate date for the
minelaying. The amount of barnacles, growth, rust, etc., is dependent
on many factors which Vary considérably with prevailing conditions.
Only actual tests at the same time of the year and in the same waters
could give sufficient information to afford a rough estimate of the age
of the minefield.

1Vith nothing more than general information, al1 we are prepared
to state with certainty is that the mines cannot possibly belong to a
minefield laid during the war.

The question whether the mines were laid before or after the
22nd October, 1946, cannot possibly be answered. The state of the
mines would certainly not alter noticeably from the 21st to the 23rd of
October.

Question (6). Having regard to the replies given, by agreement between
the Parties, to theqz~estionsconcerning the position of the
sztn at Sibenik on October17th and 18th, 1946, and on the

basis 01 the docz~mentsin the case, does the examination
of the factztal circumstances concerning (a) the date, (b)
the time of day, (c) the lie of the land, (d) the conditions
of visibility, (e) the position of the objects (ships, mines,
horns, rails),(f) their form, coloztrand dimensions, lead
yozt to the conclusion thatin the circumstances in which
the witness Kovacic wm sitztated, it was possible for him
to see the loading and thepresence ofGY mines on board
two ships of the "M"-class in Panikovac Cove and the
rails on the ships ?

(6) AKSWER:
'The following could have been seen :

1. At 16.15 hours:
The two ships of the "JI"-class, if moored at Panikovac Cove ;
(a)
the mine-bodies and sinkers on board these ships ;
(b) the loading of the mines.
(c)
These observations could easily have been made, which-
ever of the three courses indicated on map N.I.D. 14/32/48>
Annex C in File E.1111172,was followed by the launch.
Provided that the ships were moored on the northern side
of the Cove, as stated by the witness Kovacic, also :

(d) that the mines were newly painted (the gloss).
If the launch had followed course (i), it would have passed
within about 4jo metres of the Cove, and then
horns and rails could have been seen, although idintly.
(e)
If either of courses (ii) or (iii) was followed, we think it
must have been impossible to see horns or raiis.
I46 AFFAIRE DU DÉTROIT DE CORFOU (FOND) (ANNEXE 2)
147
II. A 17 h. 35 :

A la conrlitionque la vue m'aitpas étéarrêtée par des obstac :les
f) On aurait peut-être aperçu de la maison de Keric les silhouettes
des navires chargés de mines.
Les conclusions a) à f), énoncées ci-dessus,se fondent sur des
expériences auxquelies il a étéprocédé à la (base navale 5 ))(voir
annexe 11).Ces expériencesont étéeffectuées à une heure du jour qui
correspondait à 17 h. 2s à Sibenik le 18 octobre 1946 et dans des
circonstances semblables.

Obstaclesayant pu arrêterla vue :
Les Parties ont exprimé trois opinions différentes au sujet de la
position éventuelle des navires à 17 h. 35.

I. Les navires auraient été amarrésle Iong de la jetée sud-ouest :
dans ce cas, la configuration du terrain aurait empêché deles
apercevoir.
2.Les navires auraient été amarrés le long de la partie située le
plus à l'ouest de la jetée nord-est: dans ce cas, ils auraient été
également dissimulés à la vue.
3.Les navires auraient étéamarrés le long de la jetée ((construite »
pour prolonger le quai nord-est.

Sur la base des documents déposésau Greffe de la Cour - notam-
ment l'annexe 4 (V), dossier E.I1/1/77 - nous estimons que les indica-
tions donnéespar l'expert naval du Royaume-Uni, dans l'appendice z
à l'annexe I,dossier E.I1/1/89, au sujet de la configuration du terrain,
paraissent êtreles plus exactes. Dans ce cas, les silhouettes des navires
auraient pu êtrepartiellement aperçues de la maison de Keric.
On ne saurait, sans une inspection sur les lieux, donner une réponse
plus précise.

Question 7). Déterminer :
a) le nombrede mines G1' qu'rrnnaviremouiIZeur de mines
de la classe M »peut charger.

7) a) RÉPONSE :
Nous estimons que les navires de la classe (M 1)sont d'environ
130 tonnes, auquel cas les dimensions indiquées dans le Ilfarinkalender
suédois seraient approximativement exactes.
Étant donné ces dimensions, le nombre de mines GY que pour-
raient charger ces mouilleurs de mines serait de vingt, si un poids
pareil, sur le haut, ne mettait pas en danger la stabilité de celui-ci.

b) le temps nécessairepour que deux nazliresde cetype dis-
$osandchacund'un mât de chargeet d'un trewil2ziapezcret
placésapproximativementdans la fiosition ircdiqztép ear le
témoinKooacic,prennentleur chargemen4 conzpletdemines.
7) 6) RÉPONSE :
Dans des conditions normales, il serait possible de charger en une

minute et-demie une mine avec un mât de charge. Ce temps se fonde
l Non reproduite.

147 II. At 17.35 h0~r.S :

Given no obstaclesin the line of sight :
(f) It would perhaps be possible from Kenc's house to see the
silhouettes of the ships loaded with mines.
The above conclusions (a) to (f) are based upon tests made at
"Naval Base A" (see Annex rl) which were carried out at a time cor-
responding to 17.28 hours in Sibenik, on October 18th, 1946, and
under similar circumstances.

Possible obstructionsto the line of sight :

Three different opinions have been given by the Parties as to the
possible position of the ships at 17.35 hours.
1. Ships moored along the south-western pier. In this case the
configuration of the land woüld prevent the ships from being
seen.
2. Ships moored in the most westerly part of the north-eastern
pier, where they also wodd have been hidden.

Ships moored along the "built-up" extension of tlie north-eastern
3.
9UaY.
From the documents tïled with the Court-espcial:y Annex 4 (V),
File E.II/1/77- we think that the statement made by the United King-
dom expert in Appendix z to Annex 1, File E.I1/1/89, as to the con-
figuration of the land, appears to be the more correct. In that case
the silhouettes of the ships may partly have been seen from Keric's
house.
A more definite statement cannot be made without inspection of
the locality.
You are requestedto stateyour opinion as to
Question (7).
(a) the r~umberof GY mines which a minelayer of the
"M"-class could load.
(7)(a) ANSWER :
We assume that the "W-class ships are of about 130 tons, in which
case the dimensions given in the Swedish Marinkalender would be
approximately correct.
According to these dimensions, the number of GY mines these mine-
layers can take would be.twenty, if stability allowed for this top weight.

(b)the time required byho shifis of this clas, emh
possessing a derrick and a steam winch, ad lying
apfiroximatelyin the positionsiftdicatedbythem'tness
Kovacic, to take their completeload of mines.
(7) (b) ANSWER :
Under normal conditions, it should be possible to load oce mine with
onederrick in14 minutes' time. Thistime isbased upon a g~eatnumber

Not reproduced.
147sur un grand nombre de données, émanant de nos trois marines ;les
temps indiqués sont remarquablement concordants.
Dans des conditions moins favorables, le temps nécessairene devrait
pas dépasser trois minutes par mine et par mât de charge.
Nous estimons que la pleine charge de mines aurait pu être em-
barquée en une heure.

et c) si les mines type GY sont normalement pourvues d'an-
tennes quand elles sont chargéessur le navire ou si, au
contraire,les antennes doiventlaormalementêtrefixéessztrles
mines au moment du mouillage.

Les mines GY ne sont pas pourvues d'un dispositif protecteur
pour les antennes.
Ces mines sont mises en place avec ou sans leurs antennes, selon
les instructions données par les autorités intéressées.A notre avis,
la méthode la plus sûre consisteraità dévisserles couvercles de bakélite
et .à visser les antennes, une fois les mines à bord.
Cette opération exige environ 5 minutes par mine, si elle est effectuée
par une personne non spécialisée ; il pourrait y êtreprocédé à tout
moment avant le mouillage des mines.

Question8)i). aient étémouilléesàmquelquemoment, au cours des quelques
mois précédents, quel que soit l'auteur de ce fait, étudier
les renseignements quel'on possèdesur a) le nombre et la
nature de ces mines, b) les moyens de les mouiller, et c)
le temps nécessaire à cet eflet, compte tenu des di4érents
étatsde la mer, des circonstances localee st des difiérentes
circonstances atmosphériquese,t déterminersi l'on peut, de
cette étude, tirerquelques conclusions et lesquellesauujet
i) des moyens employéspour l'établissementdu champ de
mines découvertle 13 novembre 1946.

II n'est pas douteux que les mines GY, au nombre de 24 ou plus,
qu'elles occupaient par un navire de surface. Ce n'est pas par deson
sous-marins ou des avions que s'effectue le mouillage de mines GY.
Le temps nécessaire au mouillage de ces mines est approximati-
vement le mêmeque celui qu'il faut à un navire à vapeur pour parcourir
la distance comprise entre les points où le barrage des mines doit être
installé, augmenté du temps nécessaire pour s'approcher de la région
surveillée, pour quitter cette région et pour prendre des alignements.
Au total, le temps durant lequel des mouilleurs de mines se seraient
trouvés dans les eaux situees entre le cap Kiephali et le monastère
Saint-Georges aurait étéd'environ 2 h. 112,la vitesse étant de 6 nŒuds,
si les navires s'étaient approchés venant du Nord et étaient repartis
vers le Nord.

148of actual reports from Our three navies, and the times are remarkably
consistent.
Under less favourable conditions, the time required should not be
more than 3 minutes per mine per derrick.
We assume that the full load of mines could have been taken on board
within an hour.

and (c) whether GI'mines arenormally fittedwith lzornswherz
they are loadedon ships, or wlzetlzer,on the contrary,
they norntally have to be fitted with the horns at the
time when they are moored.

(7) (c) ANSWER :
Guards to the horns are not fitted to GY mines.

These mines are loaded with or without horns in place, according
to the rules laid down by the authorities concerned. In Our opinion,
the safest procedure would be to unscrew the bakelite covers and screw
in the horns after the mines were on board.
This requires approximately 5 minutes per mine per unskilled person
and could be done at any time before the mines are laid.

Question (8) (i). Onthe assumption that themines discoveredon Novem-
ber 13th, 1946, were laid at some datewithin the fm
preceding months, whoever may have laid them, you
are reqwsted to examine the information available
regarding(a) the number and the naizcreof the mines,
(b) the meansfor laying them, alzd(c) the time required
to do so, having regard tothe dieerent states of the sea,
the conditions of the locality, and theflcrent weather
conditions,and to ascertain whethert is possiblein that
way to draw any conclusions,and, if so, whd conclu-
sions,in regardto-(i) themeansemployedforlayingthe
minefield discoveredcm ATovemberqth, 1946.

(8) (i) ANSWER
There is no doubt that the 24 or more GY mines which were laid
at Saranda, were placed in their position by means of surface craft.
The laying of GY mines is not done by submarine or by aircraft.

The time necessary to lay those mines is approximately the same as
the time taken to steam the distance between the points where the
mine barrage is to be laid, plus the necessary time to approach and
leave the area of vigilance and to take fixes.

The total time that the minelayers would be in the waters between
Cape Kiephali and San Giorgio Monastery amounts to about two and
a half hours at a speed of six knots, if the ships are approaching from
the North and leaving towards the North. 149 AFFAIRE DU DÉTROIT DE CORFOU (FOND) (ANNEXE 2)

Si les navires avaient abordé lesecteur par le Sud, le temps nécessaire
serait d'environ deux heures pour une distance comprise entre le voi-
sinage de Barchetta Rock et l'extrémité nord du champ de mines
pourvu que les navires soient repartis vers le Sud.
Si les navires avaient pénétrédans la région surveilléeen venant du
Nord, et l'avaient quittée en sedirigeant vers le Sud, le temps nécessaire
pour la pose des mines entre le cap Kiephali et Ie monastère Saint-
Georges aurait été d'environ deux heures.
Si les navires venant du Sud avaient quitté la région en se dirigeant
vers le Nord, le temps aurait étéd'environ deux heures.

Question 8) ii). et (ii) de la possibilitéde mouiller ces mines par ces
moyens sans que les autorités albanaises en aient eu
connaissance, compte tenu des moyens de surveillance
existant dans la régionde Saranda.

8) ii) RÉPONSE :

Possibilitéde voir l'opération.La navigation par le Détroit de Corfou
ne présente pas de grandes difficultés, quand il s'agit simplement de
franchir ce détroit. Mais, pour pouvoir placer un champ de mines avec
précision, ainsi que cela a étéfait, il faut que la visibilité soit norma-
des relèvements croisés, étant donné qu'il n'existe qu'un seul phare

danLes points de repère nécessairesse trouveraient probablement à une
distance plus grande que celie qui séparait de la côte le point observé,
lors de l'alignement pris avant de procéder au mouillage des mines:
par exemple on aurait pu choisir le monastère et la pointe de Limione.
Soit dit en passant, l'une des rangées de mines coïncide effectivement
avec une ligne joignant ces deux points de repère. On aurait pu prendre
un autre alignement sur le promontoire nord-ouest de la pointe Denta.
Bien entendu, les objets s'aperçoivent plus clairement lorsque l'on
regarde vers la mer, que lorsque l'on regarde vers la terre.
Les mouilleurs de mines doivent être passés à cinq cents mètres
environ au large de la côte, entre la pointe Denta (endroit tout indiqué
pour un poste d'observation) et le monastère Saint-Georges.
De cette partie de la côte,une opération de mouillage aurait facilement
pu êtreobservée par un guetteur à l'aide de jumelles ordinaires.
Les navires seraient probablemcnt restés dans le chenal déminéet,
en conséquence, auraient également pu êtreapetçus du cap Kiephali et
plus facilement encore du monastère Saint-Georges ; en effet, si l'on
avait mouillé,en partant du Sud, les mines de la rangée située le plus
à l'Est, le mouiileur de mines aurait probablement été à moins d'un
demi mille du monastère.
Si la pose des mines a étéeffectuée dans l'obscurité, ilest douteux
que l'opération ait pu êtreobservée de Porto Edda.
Si l'opération aétéeffectuéeen plein jour, on peut dire sans hésitation
qu'elle a dû êtreremarquée par les autorités albanaises.

Possibilité d'entendre l'opérationL.os coriditions les plus favorables
pour permettre d'entendre le mouiilage des mines seraient :
a) calme plat dans le voisinage immédiat de l'observateur ; If they approached frorn the South the time would be about two
hours from the neighbourhood of Barchetta Rock to the northern end
of the minefield, provided they left towards the South.

If the ships approached the area of vigilance from the North and
left towards the South, the time necessary between Cape Kiephali
and San Giorgio Monastery would be about two hours.

If the ships approached from the South and left towards the North,
the time would be about two hours.

Questiota(8) (ii).and to (ii)the possibility of mooring those mines
with those means zithout the Albanian authorities

being aware of it, having regard to tlze extent of the
measures of vigilance existing in the Saranda region.

(8) (ii)AXSWER:
The possibility of seeing the operation. The Corfu Channel can be
navigated with no great difficulty, when it iç a question of simply
passing through. But to place a minefield accurately, as was done,
requires a reasonably good visibility so that definite cross-bearings on
the coast can be taken, as there is only one lighthoiise in the 1-icinity.

The necessary landmarks would probably be at a greater distance
away than the distance from the fix (taken before starting the mine-
laying) to the shore : for instance, the Monastery and Limion Point
might be selected. Incidentally, one row of mines does actually point
to both of these landmarks. Another bearing might be taken on
the north-west promontory of Denta Point. Of course, objects can
be seen much more clearly when looking seawards than when looking
landwards.

The minelayer must have passed at about 500 metres off the coast
between Denta Point (an obvious place for a look-out) and the
San Giorgio Monastery.
From this part of the coast the minelaying could easily have been
observed by a look-out with ordinary hinoculars.
The ships would probably have kept t~ the swept channel and
might therefore also have been seen from Cape Kiephali and even

more so from the San Giorgio hIonastery ; for if the eastern line of
mines was laid frorn the South, the minelayer must probably have
been within half a mile of the Monastery.

If the minelaying was done in darkness, it is doubtful whether it
could have been observed from Porto Edda.
If done in daylight, it can unhesitatingly be said that the operation
must have been noticed bÿ the Albanian authorities.

The possibility of hearing. The most favourable conditions for
liearing a minelaying operation would be :
(a) dead quiet in the immediate vicinity of the observer ;

149150 AFFAIRE DU DÉTROIT DE CORFOU (FOND) (ANNEXE 2)

b) vent soufflant de la côte (pas de ressac) ;
c) force du vent :3 ou moins (échelle Beaufort) ;
d) les personnes à terre s'attendant à une opération quelconque, et
étant en état d'alerte ;

e) l'équipage à bord des mouilleurs de mines manquant de pratique
(bruits et lumières inutiles);
f) échorenforçant le son.

Des expériences ausquelles il a étéprocédé à la « base navale B ))
(voir annese 2 l), dans desconditions analogues à celles qui ont été
indiquées ci-dessus,ont démontré que lebruit provenant du rail pouvait
s'entendre faiblement à une distance d'environ douze cents mètres, et
que le bruit causé par l'immersion de la mine ne.pouvait s'entendre
faiblement qu'à six cent cinquante mètres environ.
D'autres bruits, en outre, réduisent rapidement la perceptibilité.
En conséquence, si les conditions étaient favorables, il aurait été
possible d'entendre le mouillage des mines, de la pointe de Limione et
de la côte entre la pointe Denta et le monastère Saint-Georges, mais
non de Porto Edda.
Dans des conditions moins favorables, il serait toutefois impossible,
de tous les points qui viennent d'être indiqués,d'entendre l'opération.
Nous ne possédons pas de renseignements çuffisants, quant aux
conditions dans lesquelles ont étéposées les mines, pour pouvoir
donner une réponse plus précise.

Le présent rapport a été établi enanglais, en un exemplaire, déposé
au Palais de la Pais, à La Haye, le huit janvier mil neuf cent quarante-
neuf.

(Sigzé) S.T. CROSS,
Secrétaire du Comité.

1 Non reproduite.
1.50 (b) wind blowing off shore (no surf) ;
(c) wind force 3 or less (scale Beaufort) ;
people ashore suspecting some action to be going on, and being
(d) on the alert ;

(e) people on board minelayers not skilful (unnecessary lights
and noises) ;
(f) where echoes strengthen the sound.

Tests which we have canied out at "Naval Base B" (see Annex 2 l)
under similar conditions to those stated above show that rail noise
could be heard faintly at a distance of about 1,200 metres, while a
splash could be heard faintly only at about 650 metres.

Additional noises quickly reduce the audibility.
Accordingly, under favourable conditions it would be possible to
hear the minelaying operation from Limion Point and from the coast
-etw-eenDenta Point and San Giorgio Monastery, but not from Porto
Edda.
Under less favourable conditions it would, however, be impossible
to hear the minelaying from any of the positions mentioned.
We are not in the possession of sufficient information as to con-
ditions when the mines were laid to give a more definite statement.

This Report was drawn up in English in one copy, at the Peace
Palace, The Hague, this eighth day of January, one thousand nine
hundred and forty-nine.

(Signed) S. ELFFERICH.J. BULL. AND.FORSHELL.

(Signed) S. T. CROSS,
Secretary of .the Cornmittee.

' Not reproduced. DÉCISION DE LA COUR, DU 17 JANVIER 1949,
RELATIVE A UNE ENQUÊTE SUR LES LIEUX

La Cour invite les experts désignéspar l'Ordonnance du 17décem-
bre 1948 à se rendre à Sibenik et à Saranda, à faire sur le territoire
et dans les eaux adjacents les constatations qu'ils jugeraient utiles
ainsi que, le cas échéantet dans la mesure du possible, des expériences,
le tout en vue de vérifier,compléteret, s'il y a lieu, modifier les réponses
énoncéesdans le rapport déposépar eux le 8 janvier 1949.

Les Parties auront la faculté de présenter aux experts des suggestions
touchant les points sur lesquels devraient porter leurs constatations
ou expériences.
Le Greffier, sous l'autorité du Président, prendra les mesures néces-
saires pour la mise en route des experts et pour que leur soient assurées
les facilités indispensableà la bonne et prompte exécution de leur
mission.
mentaire des experts, les Parties pourront déposerau Greffe des obser-
vations concernant les constatations nouvelles faites dans le rapport. DECISION OF THE COURT, DATED JANUARY 17th, 1949,

REGARDING AN ENQUIRY ON THE SPOT.

The Court requests the Experts appointed by the Order of the,17th
the land and in the waters adjacent to these two places, any in-on
vestigations and, so far aspossible, any experiments which they may
consider useful with a view to verifying, completing and, if nece-
sary, modifying the answers given in their Report filed by them on
January 8th, Ï949. -
The Parties shall have the right to make suggestions to the Experts
regarding the points to which their investigations and experiments
should be directed.
The Registrar, with the authority of the President, shall make the
preparations required for the journey of the Experts and for ensuring
that they will receive a11the facilities essential to the due and prompt
accomplishment of their mission.
IVithin one week of the filing of the complementary Report of the
Experts in the Registry, the Parties may file in the Registry their obser-
vations upon any new statements which it may contain. RAPPORT DES EXPERTS, DU 8 FÉVRIER 1949, SUR LES

CONSTATATIONS ET EXPÉRIENCES FAITES A SIBENIK
ET A SARANDA
[Traduction.]

désignéspar l'ordonnance de la Cour du 17 décembre 1948 et qui,
en exécution de la décision de la Cour du 17 janvier 1949, se sont
rendus à Sibenik et Saranda, ont l'honneur de présenter à la Cour
leur rapport sur les constatations et expériences faites par eux.

Les investigations ont porté sur les points suivants :
1. A Sibenik, les 24 et 25 janvier 1949 :

a) Longueur des quais dans l'anse de Panikovac ;,
b) existence d'un « quai prolongé );
c) profondeur de l'eau le long des quais dans l'anse de Panikovac ;
d) existence d'épaves ou d'obstacles le long du quai sud-ouest ;

e) configuration du terrain autour de l'anse de Panikovac ;
f) disposition générale destunnels dans l'anse de Panikovac ;
g) vue que, d'une vedette passant devant l'anse de Panikovac et
suivant

1) le trajet i),
2) le trajet iii),
tels que ces trajets sont indiqués dans l'annexe C au document
déposéau Greffe le 27 novembre 1948 et intitulé « Réponses,
établies d'accord entre les Parties, aux questions relatives à la
position du soleilà Sibenik IIon peut avoir sur un mouilleur de
mines de la classe (M ))amarré dans cette anse ;
Jz)possibilité pour une vedette d'accoster à la pointe de Kulina ;
i) inspection d'ensemble du « M 2 )I;
j) champ de vision de la terrasse de Keric, et visibilité de cette
terrasse en plein jour et à l'heure où se terminait le crépuscule
civil le24 janvier 1949(17 h. 30) ;
k) temps nécessaire pour se rendre à pied de Mo10Krka à la maison
de Keric, en passant par la maison de Kovacic ;

II. A Saranda, les 28 et 29 janvier 1949 :
a) Observation de la côte entre la colline de Limione et le monastère
de Saint-Georges ;
b) visite du monastère, en y parvenant de terre ;
c) visite du cap Denta, en y parvenant de terre ;
d) possibilité d'observer, pendant la nuit, depuis le monastère
Saint-Georges, le passage d'un navire suivant la ligne est, l'em-
placement de la rangée est des mines indiquée à l'annexe g du
Mémoiredu Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni ;
e) débarquement au cap Denta afin de vérifier l'esactitude des
observations qui, de la mer, avaient étéfaites sur ce lieu ; EXPERTS' REPORT DATED FEBRUARY 8th, 1949, ON THE
INVESTIGATIONS AND TESTS AT SIBENIK AND SARANDA.

appointed by Order of Court of Decernber 17th, 1948, visited Sibenik
and Saranda in pursuance of the Court's decision of January 17th, 1949.
They have the honour to subrnit to the Court a report on the observa-
tions made and tests carried out by them.

Investigations were made as to the following points :

1. At Sibenik on January 24th and 25th, 1949
(a) Length of the quays at Panikovac Cove ;
(b) existence of a "built-up quay" ;
(c) depth of water alongside the quays in Panikovac Cove ;
(d) existence of a wreck or of obstructions alongside the south-
western quay ;
configuration of the land at Panikovac Cove ;
(e) general lay-out of the tunnels at Panikovac Cove;
(f)
(g) what could be seen of an "Mt'-class minelayer moored in
Panikovac Cove, during the course of the journey by motor
boat past the Cove, following :
(1) route (i),
(2) route (iii),

as these routes are described in Annex C to the document
filed in the Registry on November 27th, 1948, and headed :
"Agreed answers to questions in connexion with state of Sun
at Sibenik" ;

(h) possibility of mooring a motor launch at Kulina Point ;
(2) a general inspection of "M 2" ;
(j) the line of sight from Keric's terrace, and what could be
seen from the tenace in broad daylight, and at the end of
civil twilight on January qth, 1949 (17.30 hours) ;

(k) the time required for walking from Mo10Krka, via Kovacic's
house, to Keric's house ;
II. At Saranda on Janzcary 28th and zgth, 1949 :

(a) Survey of the Coast from Limion Hill to San Giorgio
Monastery ;
(b) \-kit to the Monastery by land ;
(c) visit to Denta Point by land ;
(d) possibility of observing, from the San Giorgio Monastery,
the passage of a ship by night along the line on which the
eastern row of mines was laid (as shown in Annex 9 of the
United Kingdom Memorial) ;

(e) a landing at Denta Point to check the accuracy of observations
made of this area from the sea ;
152 1) observation de la côte entre Saranda et le cap Kiephali ;
g) visite de la colline de Limione ;
A) visite du feu de Saranda.

Le croquis ci-joint (annexe 1 l) rend compte de l'état de choses
constaté dans l'anse de Panikovac.

DÉT-~IL DES IXVESTIGATIONS ÉNUMÉRÉES DAXS LA SECTION 1.

1 a) Les quais ont étémesurés, les dimensions étant approsima-
tivement celles qu'avait indiquées l'amiral Moullec (les dimensions
sont données à l'annexe Il).
Sur le quai nord-est, des rails de voie étrcite et des wagonnets
porte-mines ont étéobservés. Ces wagonnets n'étaient manifestement
pas du type employé pour transporter des mines allemandes GY.
1 b) L'absence de tout ((quai prolongé ))a étéconstatée, comme
celle de tout vestige qui eût pu laisser supposer qu'un tel quai ait
existé autrefois.
1 c)Des sondages pour connaître 1s profondeur de l'eau le long
des quais ont étéeffectués à marée basse ; les résultats sont indiqués
à l'annexe 1 l.La différence entre la niarée haute et la marée basse
est d'environ 60 centimètres.

1 d) Il n'y a trace d'aucune épave ou a obstacles le long du quai
sud-ouest.
1 e) La configuration du terrain est telle qu'à 16 h. 06, le 24 jan-
vier ~gqg, uii navire mouillé en un endroit quelconque de l'anse de
Panikovac se serait trouvé dans l'ombre. A la dzte et à l'heure qui
viennent d'êtreindiquées, la hauteur du soleil était de 7"6'.
Note. - Le 24 janvier 1949, le soleil s'est couché55 minutes
après 16 h. 06 ; le 19 octobre 1946, le soleil s'était
aussi couché 55 minutes après 16 h. 20.

1 1) L'entrée des tunnels a étémesurée. Les rails qui y conduisent
semblaient en bon état et avaient probablement été.utilisés peu de
temps auparavant. Ceci est démontré par l'absence de rouille, alors
que la rouille apparaissait sur les rails mentionnés sous !a rubrique1a).
Le sol des tunnels étant recouvert de plaques de tôle, il n'était pas
possible d'observer les rails qu'elles recouvraient.
Le tunnel conduit à une excavation plus large que les experts n'ont
pas insisté pour examiner entièrement. Toutefois, il a étépossible
de voir, entreposées dans le tunnel, de vieilles munitions ainsi que
des mines de fond et, dans l'excavation, des mines de fond allzmandes
de type moderne (mines ovales).
Lalumière électrique était installée dans les tunnels maisne fonction-
nait pas lors de la visite. Les observations furent faites à l'aide d'une
seule lampe de poche électrique, et les détails ne pouvaient ètre vus
très nettement.

1 Non reproduite.

153 (f) survey of the coast from Saranda to Cape Kiephali ;
(g) visit to Limion Hill ;
(h) visit to Saranda lighthouse.

The attached sketch (Annex 1l) shows the situation as it was found
to be at Panikovac Col-e.

DETAILS OF INVESTIGATION MENTIONED UNDER 1.

The quays were measured and the dimensions found to be
approximately as given by Admiral Moullec (dimensions are shown
in Annex 1 l).
At the north-eastern quay, standard small-gauge rails and mine-
transport cars were observed ; the latter were evidently not of the
type used to transport German GY mines.

- 1 (b) No "built-up quay" was observed, nor were any remnants
seen such as would indicate the previous existence of such a quay.

1 (c) Soundings of the depth of water alongside the qua s were
taken at low tide, and are shown in Annes 1 l. Difference getween
high and low water :approximately 60 cm.

1 (d) There were no traces of any wrecks or obstructions alongside
the south-western quay.
The configuiation of the land was such that, at 16.06 hours
on January qth, 1919, a ship moored an'where in Panikovac Col-e
would be in the shade. On this dai; and at this time, the altitude of
the sun was 7"6'.

Note.-16.06 hours on Januarjr 24th, was 55 minutes before
sunset ; 16.20 hours on October ~gth, 1946, was also
55 minutes before sunset.
1 (f) The entrances to the tunnels were measured. The rails
leading to them appeared to be in working order and had probably
been used not long before. This was proved by the absence of mst,
which was apparent on the rails mentioned under 1 (a).
The fact that the floor of the tunnels was covered with iron sheeting
prevented rails from being observed.
The tunnel led to a widened excavation which the esperts did not
insist on examining entirely. But they were able to see old ammunition
and ground mines stored in the tunnel and modem German ground
mines (oval) stored in the excavation.
Electnc light was installed in the tunnels, but was not working at
the time of Our visit. Observations were made with the aid of a single
electric torch and details could not be seen \-ery distinctly.

Not reproduced. Des observationsainsi faites dans l'anse de Panikovac, il ressortles
conclusionssuiziantes:
i) On eût pu amarrer un mouilleur de mines de la classe « M » le
long du quai sud-ouest ou du quai nord-est. L'emplacement le
plus favorable au chargement aurait étéle quai sud-ouest, plus
proche des deux tunnels. Si, sur deux mouilleurs de mines de
la classe «M », l'on devait en mêmetemps charger des mines
provenant de ces deux tunnels, la méthode la plus rapide consis-
terait a les amarrer le long du quai sud-ouest, l'un derrière
l'autre.
L'absence de « quai prolongé ))empêcherait les deux navires
d'être amarrésle long du quai nord-est, l'un derrière l'autre.

ii) L'éclat des mines fraîchement peintes ne pouvait avoir été
observé après 16 h. 15, le 19 octobre 1946, car, à ce moment,
les navires se trouvaient dans l'ombre.
iii) La dimension des entrées des tunnels n'est pas un obstacle à
leur utilisation pour le stockage des mines allemandes GY. Si
les tunnels ont servi à stocker en mêmetemps des mines GY
(mines ancrées) et des mines de fond, les premières ont pu être
placées dans la partie élargie de l'excavation, et les secondes
dans le tunnel proprement dit. Dans ce cas, et s'il avait fallu
charger à bord les mines GY, le tunnel aurait dû êtredégagé
pour pouvoir les sortir, ce qui aurait amenéà entreposer momen-
tanément sur le quai les mines de fond.

Note. - Le représentant du Gouvernement yougoslave a
déclaréqu'il était impossible de faire des expériences
avec des mines GY (par exemple, de les charger a
bord des navires), car aucune mine de ce type n'était
disponible.
1 g) Des expériences de visibilité ont étéfaitesen passaiit en vedette
devant l'anse de Panikovac en suivant les trajets indiqués dans l'an-
nexe Cau document déposéau Greffe le 27 novembre 194s et mentionné
ci-dessus.
Le 24 janvier 1949, a 16 h. 16, le premier passage fut effectué selon
le trajet i). La hauteur du soleil était alors de" 1'.
Le mouilleur de mines « M 2 ))était amarré, l'arrière vers la rade
de Sibenik, le long de la jetée nord-est, et se trouvait entièrement
dans l'ombre des collines.
En passant devant l'anse de Panikovac selon le trajet i), la distance
de la vedette à l'anse fut mesurée : elle était de 520 mètres.
A 16 h. 25, un second trajet fut effectué suivant la mêmeroute.

Pendant les deux trajets, il étaitpossible d'observr
a) le « M 2 s, à quelque endroit qu'il fût amarré dans l'anse de
Panikovac ;
b) des gens marchant sur le pont du « M 2 ».

On eût pu voir :
c) les mines en train d'être chargées à bord du « M 2 1).
Peut-être eût-on pu voir:

d) les mines et les crapauds placés à bord des navires.
1.54 The following colzclusionscan be drawn fiom the aboveobsewations ut
Pa7tikaiac Coae :
An "M"-class minelayer could have been moored along the
(i) south-western or along the north-eastern quay. The best place
for loading would be the south-western quay, which is closest
to both tunnels. If loading were to be done simultaneously
from both tunnels, the quickest way to load two "M"-class
minelayers would be to moor them alongside the south-western
quay, one astern of the other.

As there is no "built-up quay", two ships could not be moored
along the north-eastem quay, one behind the other.

(ii) The gloss of newly painted mines codd not have been observed
that time the ships were in the shade.ober ~gth, 1946; for at

(iii)The entrantes to the tunnels were wide enough to permit their
being used to accommodate German GY mines. If both GY
mines (moored mines) and ground mines were stored in the
excavations, it would be feasible to stow the moored mines in
the widened area and the others in the tunnel itself. If this
were done and if the GY mines had to be loaded, the ground
mines would have to be cleared from the tunnel and placed
temporarily on the quay-side, in order to remove the GY mines.

Note.-The Yugoslav representative said that it was impos-
sible to carry out tests with GY mines (e.g., loading
on board ship), since no such mines were available.

1 (g) Observations weremade as to visibility whilepassing Panikovac
Cove in a launch, at various distances, as shown in Annex C to the
document filed in the Registry on November 27th, 1948, and mentioned
above.
At 16.16 hours on January 24th, 1949, the first trip was made on
route (i). The altitude of the Sun at the moment was 6" 1'.
The "M 2" was moored with her stern towards the Sibenik Bay
alongside the north-easter'h quay, and was completely in the shade
of the hills
When passing Panikovac Cove on route (i), the distance from the
launch to the Cove was measured and found to be 520 metres.
At 16.25 hours a second trip was made over the same route.
During both trips it was possible to obsewe :

(a) the "M 2" moored at any place in Panikovac Cove ;

(b) people waiking on the deck of the "M 2".
It would be fiossible to see :
mines being loaded on board the "M 2".
(c)
It might be possible to see :
(d) mine bodies and sinkers on board these ships.Il attrait étéimpossible de voir:

e) que les mines étaient fraîchement peintes ;
f) les antennes ou les rails (les navires se trouvant dans l'ombre).

Un troisihme passage fut effectuéle mêmejour, à 16 h. gj, suivant
le trajet iii).
La hauteur du soleil était alors de 3" 2'.
Le « M 2 » était amarré dans la mêmeposition ;la distance de la
vedette au « M 2 » fut mesurée,elle était de 840 mètres.
Au corn de ce passage, on constata qu'il étuitpossible d'observerles
navires amarrés dans l'anse de Panikovac.
Il aurait été possiblde voir des mines en train d'êtrechargées.
Aucune azctre observationn'aurait #JU êtrefaite en suivant ce trajet.
1 h) Pendant les préparatifs des passages relatés sous la rubri-
que 1 g), la côte nord-est de la presqu'île de Mandalina fut observée.
Plusieurs appontements furent aperçus auxquels une vedette aurait
aisément pu accoster. Si la vedette avait accostéà la pointe de Kulina,
elie n'en aurait pas moins dû suivre le trajet ii), de la pointe de Kulina
à Mo10 Krka.
On ne voit pas pourquoi elie aurait suivi le trajet i). Le trajet iii)
aurait étésuivi si la vedette n'avait pas relâchéà la pointe de Kulina.
En suivant le trajet ii), la distance de la vedeàl'anse de Panikovac
aurait étéde 600 mètres, et les possibilités d'observation auraient
étéles mêmesque dans le cas du trajet i).
1 i) Le « M 2 » fut trouvé équipéen dragueur de mines. L'appareil
de dragage consistait en une drague Oropesa pour mines ancrées. Le
treuil de dragage se trouvait à un mètre en avant du mât arrière.

Ce navire pourrait cependant êtreaisément converti en mouilleur
de mines. Il comporte, à cet effet, l'équipement suivarit:

a) un mât de charge pour embarquer les mines, d'une longueur de
7,80 m., dimension de la manille : 0,025 m. ;
b) des boulons logésdans le pont pour fixer les traverses des rails,
ces boulons étaient bien graissés et faciles à ôter;

c) longueur des rails à tribord et à bâbord : 12,70 In. chaque ;
distance entre les boulons : 0,675 m. ;
trois charnières par rail;
pas de p!zque tournante.
Ces rails sont d'une longueur suffisante pour y placer en tout
18 à 20 mines GY.
Toutefois, l'écartement intérieur nécessairepour les mines GY
est de 0,70 m., et, sur le c M 2 », la distance entre les boulons
est de 0,675 m. On doit se souvenir que l'écartement des rails
dépenduniquement de la façon dont les traverses sont construites
et dont les rails sont fixéssur les traverses. Il existe des rails
pour voies étroites, dont l'écartement peut êtreréglé selonles
besoins. Toutefois, il n'y avait pasà Sibenik de rails disponibles
qu'on pût inspecter ;
d) des treuils pour filin de petite dimension étaient fixéssur le po;t
mais on aurait pu facilement les enlever.It would have been impossible to see :
(e) that the mines were newly painted ;
(f) horns or rails (ships being in the shade).

A third trip was made at 16.35 hours on January 24th, 1949, on
route (iii).
The altitude of the sun at this moment was 3' 2'.
The "M 2" was moored in the same position and the distance
measured from the launch to the "M 2" was found to be 840 metres.
During this run 'it zeu.~found possible to observe ships moored in
Panikovac Cove.
It would be possible to observethe actual loading of mines.
No other observationscould have been made while following this route.
1 (h) During the preparation for the trips mentioned under 1 (g),
the north-east coast of Mandalina Peninsula was observed. Several
jetties were seen at which a launch could easily be moored. If the
launch calIed at Kulina Point, it would, however, follow route (ii) from
Kulina Point to Mo10 Krka.

We can see no reason why route (i)should be followed. Route (iii)
would be followed if the launch clid not cal1 at Kulina Point.
The distance from route (ii) to Panikovac Cove would be 600 metres
and the possibility of observation would be the same as mentioned
for route (i).
1 (i) The "M 2" was found to be fitted out as a minesweeper.
Minesweeping gear consisted of Oropesa gear for moored mines ; the
minesweeping winch was situated about one metre in front of the
aft mast.
This ship could, however, easily be converttd into a minelayer, and
had for the purpose the following equipment :
a derrick to load mines.
(a) Length of derrick: 7.80 metres. Diameter of shackle: Iinch;

(b) props in the deck to fix the sleepers of the mine rails.
These props were well greased, and easily removable ;
(c) length of rails on starboard and port side :each 12.70 metres ;
distance between props : 0.675 metres ;
three joints on either rail ;
no turntables.
These rails are of a sufficient length to accommodate 18-20
GY mines in all.
Although the inside width of rails needed for GY mines is
70 cm. and the distance between the props on "M 2" is 67.5cm.,
it should be borne in mind that the actual width of the rails
dependr entirely on the construction of the sleepers and the
attachment of the rails to the sleepers. There exist small-
gauge rails of which the width can be regulated as required ;
at Sibenik, however, the rails were not available for inspection ;

small wire winches were screwed into the deck, but were easily
(d) removable.

155 Ce qui précèdepermet de conclure qu'àbord d«A-I2 » onaurait pz4
charger desmines GY.

1 j) et k) Les experts se sont rendus sur la terrasse de Keric afin
d'observer la vue que l'on y a sur l'anse de Panikovac. Ils ont emprunté
la route que le témoin Kovacicdéclareavoir suàpartir de Mo10Krka.
Le trajet a étéeffectuéle4 janvier 1949 .'heure d'arrivéa Mo10
Krka était 16 h. 43.
Il fallut12 minutes de marche pour se rendre à la maison de
Kovacic, et14 minutes pour aller de la maison de Kovacicà celle de
Keric.
Les coltditions atmosphériques,l24 janvier 1949, étaient les sui-
vantes: ciel sans nuages, temps clair, bonne visibilité, légère brise.
Le 19 octobre 1946 ,e soleil s'était couCL17 h.15 ;le crépuscule
civil était 17 h.41.
Le 24 janvier 1949,le soleil s'est couchà 17 h. I; le crépuscule
civil était 17 h. 30.
Les observations suivantes furent faites:le 24 janvier 1949, à
17 h. 30, le« M 2 ))n'était pas visible de la maison de Keric. Le
« 2 »se trouvait dans la mêmeposition que pendant l'après-midi
(amarré le long du quai nord-est).
On demanda alors par téléphoneau «M 2 ))de se déplacer vers
l'Est et de s'amarrer dans la position qu'il aurait occupée s'ily avait
eu un « quai prolongé D.
A 17 h. 35, lorsque l« M 2 »fut amarré au nouvel emplacement,
il était encore impossible de le voir de la terrasse de Keric. Ceci était
uniquement dû à la configuration du terrain et non aux conditions
de visibilité.
Tant que le navire resta amarré dans l'anse, on ne pouvait aper-
cevoir de la terrasse de Keric que la fumée de la cheminée. C'était
d'ailleurs là la seule preuve que le navire était en train de se déplacer.
Le «M 2 » reçut alors par téléphone l'ordre de quitterl'anse de
Panikovac et,à.17 h. 40, sa silhouette devint nettevisible lorsque,
après être sorti de l'anse, il eut atteint un point de la rade de Sibenik
qui se trouvait en dehors del'ombre portéepar les collines. (AnnexeII1.)
Dans cette position, il aurait étépossible d'observer si le navire
était ou non chargé de mines.
En partant del'hypothèse quelesbateaux dela clauMe»se trouvaient
dans l'anse de Panikovac et l'avaient quittée aprés le coucher du
soleil, les obsewations ci-dessusconduisent aux comlusions suiva:tes

A. Les navires de la class« M »pouvaient êtreemployés pour le
mouillage des mines. Il était possible de loger des mines GY
dans les tunnels.
B. Il importe peu de savoir où et comment les navires de la
classe« M D étaient amarrés dans l'anse de Panikovac, étant
donné que :

1) le19 octobre 1946,à 16h.15, il eût étépossible d'observer
les navires et le chargement des mines, que le trajet emprunté
soit le i), le ii) ou le;iii)

lNon reproduite.
156 CORFU CHANNEL CASE (MERITS) (ANXES 2) 156

The abozleZeads ILS to the conclzuio~tfhat GT- mines co~rldbe zued
o.irboard "11 2".

1 (j) and (k) The experts visited Keric's house to observe the
view of Panikovac Cove from the terrace. The- went by the same
way as Kovacic said he followed from Mo10 Krka.
Mo10 Krka was reached at 16.43 on January 24th, 1949.

The walk to Kovacic's house took 12 minutes, and that from Kovacic's
house to Keric's house 14 minutes.

tt-entlzev co?ulition0% January 2$h, 1949 : cloudless-clear-good
visibility-slight breeze.
On October ~gth, 1946, sunset \vas at 17.15 ; civil twilight Ras
at 17.41.
On January 24th, 1949, sunset \vas 17.01 ; cilil twilight at 17.30.

The follou-ing obserc-ations were made : at 17.30 on January qth,
1949, "11 2" mas not visible from Keric's house ; "JI 2;'was in the
same position as during the afternoon (moored alongside the north-
eastern qua)-).
"hl 2" \vas then instructed by telephone to move eastmard and to
moor in a position as if a "built-up quay" esisted.

At 17.35, when "M 2" was moored in her nexvposition, it \vas still
impossible to observe her from Keric's terrace. This was solely due
to the configuration of the land and not to the visibility conditions.

So long as the ship was moored in the ColTe,only the smoke of the

funnel could be seen from Keric's terrace. As a matter of fact, this
was the only proof thatthe ship was shifting. "AI 2" \vasthen instructed
by telephone to leave Panikovac Cove, and at 17.40 her silhouette
became clearly visible when she had left the Cove and reached a part
of Sibenik Ba\- that was not shaded bj- the hills. (See Annes II l.)

In this position it would have been possible to obserl-e whether the
ship was loaded with mines or not.
Assuming that the "hl"-class ships were at Panikovac Cove and left
the Cove after sunset, the obserz~ations ade in Sibefzik lead te the/olloxing
co~tclzcsioiz:s

A. "M"-class ships could be used for the minelaj-ing operation.
The tunnels could accommodate GY mines.

B. It is of no importance where and how the "JI"-class ships were
moored in Panikovac Cove, for :

(1) at 16.15 on October ~gth, 1946, it was possible on an? of
the routes (i), (ii) or (iii) to observe the ships and the loading
of mines ;

' Not reproduced.

156 2) le mêmejour, à 17 h. 35, il eût étéimpossible au témoin
Kovacic d'apercevoir quoi que ce fût des navires, en quelque
point de l'anse qu'ils eussent été amarrés.
Les controverses concernant :

la façon dont les navires étaient amarrés ;
les épaves ou obstacles le long du quai sud-ouest ;
la configuration du terrain ;
les appontements à la pointe de Kulina ;
la visibilità 17 h. 35, lorsque le témoin Kovacic se trouvait
à la maison de Keric ;
l'existence d'un « quai prolongé n,
sont donc sans importance pratique.

Depuis la terrasse de Keric, il y avait une seule possibilité d'ob-
server les navires de la classe « M 1): ce n'était pas lorsqu'ils
se trouvaient dans l'anse, mais au moment où ilsl'avaient quittée.
Selon le témoin Kovacic, l'obscurité serait devenue trop grande
pour permettre d'apercevoir les navires ayant quitté l'anse. Or,
au contraire, c'est seulement après leur départ qu'ils eussent
pu être observés, quand ils étaient sortis de l'ombre portée sur
la rade de Sibenik par les collines entourant l'anse de Panikovac.

II. A SARANDA, LES 28 ET 29 JANVIER 1949.

II a) Le 28 janvier, des observations furent faites de la mer sur
la côte, au départ de Saranda et jusqu'au monastère Saint-Georges,
en passant devant la colline de Limione.
L'itinéraire est indiqué à l'annexe III l; il passe par les positions
A, B, C, D et revient sur Saranda.
Furent notés :
I. une batterie située juste à l'ouest de Saranda ;
2. le fort Likurski, point de repère très visible ;
3. un phare au sud de Likurski ;
4. des maisons sur le cap Denta ;
j. un lieu de débarquement près du cap Denta ;
6. le monastère Saint-Georges, se détachant très nettement sur le ciel.

Il y a lieu de remarquer que l'itinéraire suit l'emplacement de la
rangée est des mines. La direction est facile à contrôler, en gardant
Ie cap sur le monastère et en ayant la colline de Limione droit derrière
ou vice-versa.
II b) Après l'observation d'ensemble de la côte de Saranda à la
colline de Limione et au monastère Saint-Georges, il fut décidé
d'examiner plus en détail les points notés. Le 28 janvier, les experts
allèrent de Saranda au monastère Saint-Georges ; il faut 2j minutes
environ p3ur se rendre en automobile au pied de la colline sur laquelle
il est situé. Dr Ià un sentier mènz au monastère. Se rendre à pied au
sommet prend g minutes. Des mulets empruntent ce sentier. A l'arrivée
au monastère,l'expédition trouva la porte close. Les autorités albanaises

' Non reproduite.
157 (2) at 17.35 on tlie same day it was impossible for ivitness
Kovacic to see anything of the ships wherever they might

be moored in Panikovac Cove.
The arguments concerning :

the way the ships ivere moored ;
wrecks or obstructions alongside tlie south-western qiiay ;
the configuration of tlie land ;
jetties at KuIina Point ;
visibility at17.3j hours while witness Kovacic ivas at Keric's
liouse;
esistence of "built-up quay",
are of no material importance.

C. The only possibility of observing the "M"-class ships froni
Keric's terrace rvould not be when they ivere in the COI-e,but
when they had left it. Witness Kovacic stated that it became
too dark to see the ships leave the Cove. On the contrary, it
would only be after their departure, when they had left tlie
portion of Sibenik Bay shaded by the hills around the Cove,

that they could have been observed.

II. -4TS.9R.4NDAOH JANUARY 28th AND 2gth, 1949.

II (a) -4 trip along the coast by sea, from Saranda, past Liniion
Hill to San Giorgio Jlonastery, was made on January 28th.

The route followed is shown in Annex III l; and passed throiigli
the positions A, B, C, D, and back to Saranda.
The following were observed :
I. battery at a position just west of Saranda ;

2. fort Likiirski, a i-ery conspicuous landmark ;
3. lighthouse south of Likurski ;
4. houses at Denta Point ;
5. a landing beach near Denta Point ;
6. San Giorgio &lonasterj-, very conspicuous against the sky.
Attention is drawn to the fact that the course followed coincicles

with the direction of the eastern row of mines. This course was easily
checked bj. heading for the Jfonastery and keeping Limion Hill right
astern, or vice versa.

II (b) After making a general survev of the coast from Saranda-
Limion Hill-San Giorgio IIonasterj7, it was decided to examine
furtlier the points coted. On January 28th, a trip \vas made from
Saranda to San Giorgio 3Ionastery ; the foot of the liill, on which
this is situated, can be reached by car in about 25 minutes. From
there, a patli leads up to the llonastery. The walk to the top takes
9 minutes. Mules use this track. 3n reaching the actual ItIonastery,
the party- found the door closed. The Albanian authorities tried in

l Not reproduced.essayèrent en vain de la faire ouvrir par ceux qui se trouvaient à l'inté-
rieur. On demanda alors - et on obtint - la permission de forcer la
porte ; ce qui fut fait. Le monastère était occupépar six soldats, mais
ily avait la possibilité d'en loger beaucoup plus ; il était pourvu d'un
téléphone. Il s avait une écurie à mulets.
Au cours d'un examen généraldes lieux autour du monastère, les
observations suivantes furent faites :
a) Des lignes de tranchées sont situées aux abords immédiats du
bâtiment.
b) Si les postes de veille étaient situés en dehors du monastère, la
surveillance s'étendrait seulement sur une partie de la baie de
Saranda, car des arbres obstruent le champ de vision. Il s'ensuit
qu'un autre emplacement devait être utilisé pour surveiller le
passage des navires a proximité du monastère: Cet emplacement
est une tour de veille qui se trouve a l'intérieur du monastère ;
des bancs y sont placés, et de cet endroit plus élevél'on a une
vue bien plus dégagée sur le Détroit de Corfou et la baie de
Saranda, sans êtreautant gênépar des arbres.

Les autorités albanaises déclarèrent que les hommes qui se trouvaient
dans-le monastère dormaient pendant la nuit et ne surveillaient la mer
que pendant le jour. Cette déclaration, toutefois, ne semble pas se
concilier parfaitement avec les difficultés qui avaient été rencontrées
peu de temps avant pour obtenir l'entrée du monastère.
II c) et e) En revensnt du monastère, les experts désirèrent vérifier
le champ de vision des maisons qu'ils avaient observées au cap Denta.
Dans la Inesurz où il était possible de le voir, il n'existait pas de sentier
convenable qu? l'on pût emprunter pour se rendre aux maisons qui
al-aient étéobservées de la mer.
Il fut alors dézidéd'atteindre le cap Denta en venant de la mer. Le
29janvier, un? expédition eut lieu itbord d'un bateau à moteur remor-
quant un canot. Un débarqu3mrnt fut effectué prèsdu cap Denta sur
une p.dite plage (voirannexe III l).De là, deux sentiers, que des mulets
empruntent, cx~duisent aus mîisons, le long des pentes du cap Denta.
Il ne fallut qu? qullques minutes pour se rendre du rivage à la maison
la moins élevé?.Il fut alors p~ssible d'observer :

i) une ligne de tranché-.^et des pmtes de mitrailleuses ;
ii) un vieux bâtiment à toit, pouvant servir de logement pour des
hommes et des mulets ;
iii) des emplacements pour faire du feu ;
iv) un journal Bas.hkimi,en date du II septembre 1948, fut trouvé
dans les tranchées.
De cet endroit, l'on a une rue entièrement dégagéesur l'ensemble
du Détroit de Corfou et sur la baie de Saranda.
Les fnits indiquésci-d5ssitsnmèlaent Znconclusionqired-s gnrdosoztdes
POS!~ Sleillfzirzlttin:tiiitenrtsnlccap Dettfaj~rsqu'IcI sepfelltbre1948.
Il est à remarquer que le rapport des experts du S janvier 1949
disait que le cap Drnta était un ((endroit tout indiqu6 pour un poste
d'obsrrvation 11car il commandait à la fois le Détroit de Corfou et la
baie de Saranda.

l Kon reproduite.
15svain to get those inside to open the door. Permission was then
requested and obtained to force the door and this was done. The
Monastery was occiipied by six soldiers, but there was accommodation
for many more ;it had telephone communication. A stable for mules
was seen.
During a general survey around the Monastery, the following were
observed :
(a) Infantry defences just outside the building.

(b) If the look-out posts were stationed outside the Monastery,
thev would be able to watch only part of the Bay of Saranda,
as a number of trees partly obstructed the line of sight. It
was therefore obvious that another place would be used to
watch the sea traffic close to the Monastery. This place was
a look-out tower inside the Monastery ; it was equipped with
benches and this higher spot afforded a much clearer view over
the Corfu Strait and Bay of Saranda, and was not obstructed
by trees to the same extent.
The Albanian authorities said that the men in the Monastery slept
there during the night and only watched the seavduring the day-time.
This statement, however, does not seem quite to coincide with the
difficulties experienced in obtaining entrance at the door of the
Monastery earlier in the day.
II (c) and (e) On the way back from the Monastery, the experts
desired to test the observation off the houses that had been noticed
on Denta Point. As far as could be seen, no suitable path existed,
leading to the houses observed from the sea.

It was therefore decided to approach Denta Point from the sea
side. On January 29th, a trip was made by motor ship with a rowing-
boat in tow. A landing was made near Denta Point on a small beach
(see Annex III l). From here, two paths, which are used by mules,
lead over the slopes of Denta Pomt to the houses. It only took a
couple of minutes from the shore to the lowest situated house. Here
were seen :
infantry defence line and machine-gun posts ;
(i) an old house with a roof, capable of accommodating men and
(ii) mules ;
(iii)places where a fire could be lighted ;
(iv) a newspaper Bashkimi dated September t th, 1948, was found
in the trenches.

At this place one has a clear view over the whole of the Corfu Strait,
as well as the Bay of Saranda.
The abovefmts point to the conclusion that guards or look-out posts
were kept at Denta Point until September th, 1948.
Attention isdrawn to the fact that the Experts' Report ofJanuary 8th,
1949, called this spot an "obvious place" to keep a look-out, as it
commanded the Corfu Strait as weil as Saranda Bay.

1 Not reproduced.

158 Note. - Une seconde maison, beaucoup plus importante que
la précédente,et qui pourrait êtreutilisée comme can-
tonnement, est située plus haut sur la pente. Cette
maison ne fut pas visitée par les experts.

II d) Dans la soirée du 28 janvier, une expérience de visibilité de
nuit fut effectuée au monastère Saint-Georges.
Conditionsitmosphériques :ciel sans nuages, légère brise, pas de lune.
Le navire mentionné plus haut fut emprunté à nouveau, tous les
feux étaient éteints. Un des experts, accompagné des experts des
Parties, se rendit au monastère Saint-Georges pour y étudier le
degréde visibilité, tandis que l'autre expert, à bord du navire, suivait
l'emplacement de la rangée est des mines (voir annexe g du Mémoire
du Royaume Uni).
Le groupe partant pour le monastère quitta Saranda trois quarts
d'heure environ avant le départ du navire. A Saranda, l'autre groupe
reçut par téléphone,en arrivant sur le navire, un message du monastère
lui confirmant que le premier groupe était arrivé.
En montant vers le monastère, le premier groupe fut arrèté par
deux soldats armés de fusils. Cet incident ne semble pas cadrer avec
la déclaration faite l'après-midi selon laquelle les hommes dormaient
pendant la nuit.
La route du bateau le long de la rangée est de mines fut facilement
contrôlée en prenant comme repères :
la ligne d'horizon derrière la colline de Limione ;
le feu de Saranda ;

le cap Kiephali ;
le monastère Saint-Georges ;
le cap Denta ;
le phare de Tignoso.
Le bateau marchait tous feux éteints.
Note. - Ces conditions sont les plus favorables pour éviter
d'être découvert. Car, d'ordinaire, un mouilleur de
mines, comme tous les navires chauffant au mazout ou
au charbon, émet de la fumée par ses cheminées ; et
généralement, sur un petit bâtiment, il faudrait bien
se servir de quelque lumière au cours de l'opération
mêmedu mouillage de mines.

Tandis que le bateau se dirigeait vers le monastère, de ce poste
d'observation le champ de vision se trouvait partiellement obstrué
par les arbres (voir annexe IV l).
Le bruit du moteur fut déjà entendu du monastère à partir de
22 h.20 (distance 1.800 mètres). Pendant un court moment le bateau
fut entrevu, à 22 h. 26 (distance 670 mètres). Il ne fut pas possible,
à cette occasion, de l'observer pendant longtemps, car il disparut
derrière les arbres (voir annexe IV l).
Après avoir changé de route, à 22 h. 30, il fut distinctement aperçu
à nouveau du monastère (distance environ 800 mètres).
Il mit alors le cap au Nord, et à 22 h. 47 un signal en provenance
du monastère fut reçu à bord disant .que le navire se trouvait hors

1 Non reproduite. -Vote.-X second house which was much bigger than the
former and could be used as quarters, was situated
higher up the slope. This house was not visited by
the experts.

II (d) In the evening of January 28th, a test of visibility by night
from San Giorgio Monastery was carried out.
Weathev conditions : cloudless ; slight breeze ; no moon.
The ship mentioned above was again used. Al1 lights were extin-
guished. One of the experts, and the Parties' experts, went to San
Giorgio Monastery to test the degree of visibility, while the other expert
travelled on the ship along a line identical with that on which the
eastern row of mines had been laid (seeAnnex g of the United Kingdom
Memorial).
The party for the Monastery left Saranda about three quarters of
an hour before the ship sailed. On arriving at the ship in Saranda,
the other party received a telephone message from the Monastery
confirming that the first party had arrived.
On their way up the hi11to the Monastery, the first party was halted
by two soldiers with rifles. This occurrence did not seem to taliy
with the statement made' that afternoon that the men slept during
the night.
The course of the ship dong the eastem line of mines was easily
checked with the aid of:
the background of Limion Hill ;
Saranda lighthouse ;
Cape Kiephali ;
San Giorgio Monastery ;
Denta Point ;
Tignoso lighthouse.
The ship was completely blacked out.

Note.-This is the most favourable condition for the avoidance
and coal-burning vessels,would emit some smoke fromil-
its funnels ; and, as a rule, some sort of light would
be used on a small ship during the actual minelaying
operation.

While the ship was following a course towards the Monastery, the
line of sight from that observation post was partly obstructed by trees
(see Annex IV l).
The noise of the motor was already heard from the Monastery at
22.20 hours (distance 1,800 metres). The ship was sighted for a very
short while at 22.26 hours (distance 670 metres). It was not possible
on this occasion to observe the ship for long, as it disappeared behind
the trees (see Annex IV l).
After altering course, it was sighted clearly again from the Monastery
at 22.30 hours (approximate distance 800 metres).
A northerly course was then set and, at 22.47 hours, a signal was
received on board from the Monastery, stating that the ship was out

Not reproduced.
159de vue. La distance fut alors calculée sur la base d'un relèvement
croisé prisà zz h. 50, sur le feu de Saranda et sur un promontoire au
sud du monastère ;les calculs indiquèrent que la distance à 22 h. 47
était d'environ 1.900 mètres.

Bruit du moteur entendu .à 1.800 m. ;
Bateau vu pour la première fois à 670 m. ;
Bateau vu à nouveau distinctement à 800 m. ;
Bateau suivi des yeux jusqu'à une distance de 1.900 m.
Note. - Le bateau à moteur avait 27 m. de long, sans
passerelle, sans poste de timonerie, sans cheminée et
ras sur l'eau.

II f) Le 29 janvier, un examen généralde la côte de Saranda au
cap Kiephali fut effectué.Il ne fut rien observé d'estràordinaire. Par
endroits se trouvaient des postes de veille apparemment abandonnés.
On remarqua aussi des réduits bCtonnés.
Au cap Kiephali, une maison fut aperçue qui aurait constitué 11x1
emplacement idéal pour un poste de veille, car elle comniaiidait tout le
chenal hïédri.

II g) Le 29 janvier, la colline de Limione, où se trouvait un ancien
emplacement de batterie italien, fut reconnue.
II h) Il était dit dans le rapport des experts du S janvier 1949 qu'il
y avait un seul feu pour guider la navigation dans le Détroit de Corfou.
De fait, un seul feu se trouve indiqué sur la carte de l'Amirauté.
Mais le feu de Saranda fut trouvé en activité le 28 janvier 1949. Il
ne pouvait cependant servir pour un relèvement si le mouillage des
mines avait commencé du Sud, étant donné la configuration de la
côte au cap Denta.
Ce feu aurait étéutile si les mines avaient étéinouillSes en partant
du, Nord.
Etant donnécependant que, d'après les autorités albanaises, aucun
registre ou autre document d'information n'était disponible, il ne fut
pas possible d'établir si le feu de Saranda fonctionilait au mois d'octo-
bre 1946.

On fieuttirer les conclusioîtssidit3antrs:
A. Une opération de mouillage de mines pouvait etre es6cutéedans
le canal de Corfou en partant :
a) soit du Nord ; ou
b) soit du Sud.
B. Par une nuit claire, dans les deus directions, se trouvaient des
points de repère terrestres suffisants pour permettre de prendre
un relèvement.

C. A condition qu'il y ait eudes postesd'observation au cap Kiephali,
au cap Denta et au monastère Saint-Georges ;que le temps ait
éténormal pour la région ; et que les mines aient éténlouilléeseri
partant du Nord vers le Sud,
i) l'opération pouvait Cchapper à l'attentioii du poste en faction
au pied du monastère Saint-Georges, parce que la ((positionof sight. The distance \vas then calculated from a cro~s~bearing,taken
at 22.50, from Saranda light and a promontory south of the Monastery,
and the distance at 22.47 hours was found to be approximately 1,900
metres.

Noise of motor was heard at 1,800 metres distance ;
Ship was obserl-ed for the first time at 670 ,metres distance ;
Ship was again clearly seen at 800 metres distance ;
Ship was followed for a distance of 1,900 metres.
-Voir.-This motor ship was only So feet long, had no bridge,
wvheelhouse or fu~inel, and w\?asvery lo\v on the wvater.

II (1) On January 29th, a general survey \vas made of the coast
between Saranda and Cape Kiephali. Xothing extraordinarp was
observed. Here and there were look-out posts which seemed to be
deserted. Pill-boxes were also noticed.
At Cape Kiephali, a house was sighted which would be an ideal place
for a look-out, commanding the whole Medri channel.

On January ~gth, a w-isitwas paid to Limion Hill, where an
old Italian battery was situated.

II (II) In the Experts' Report of January Sth, 1949, it was stated
that only one light existed to guide navigation in Corfu Strait. In
fact, onlr one light is indicated on the -1dniiralty chart.
But Saranda lighthouse \vas found to be working on Jaiiuary ~Sth,
1949 ; it could not, however, be used for a cross-bearing if the minelaying
began from the South, owing to the configuration of the land at Denta
Point.
This lighthouse \vould Iiave been of service if the mines were laid
from the Yorth.
But as no log-book or other documentary information was available,
according to the Albanian authorities, it \vas not possible to state
whether the Saranda light \vas in working order in October 1946.

1. -1 minelaying operation could be carried out in Corfu Channel,
starting :
(a) from the Xorth ;
(b) from the South.
B. On a clear night, on either course, tliere would lia\-e been
sufficient landmarks to take a fis.

C. Pro\-ided a look-out was kept at Cape Kiephali, Denta Point
and San Giorgio Afonastery, and under normal weather con-
ditions for this area, and if the mines were laid from the Xorth
towards the South :
(i) the operation might not be seen by the look-out post at
the foot of San Giorgio lfonastery, because "position 22.47
160 22 h. 47 )) est celle de la mine qui a ététrouvée le plus au
Sud (voir annexe III l);
ii) les mouilleurs de mines auraient cependant été aperçus
du cap Kiephali ; et
iii) ils ont dû êtreobservésdu cap Denta car, en passant devant
ce cap, ils se trouvaient dans la zone de visibilité indiquée
dans le résumé sousII d).

D. Si le mouillage de mines étaiteffectué enpartant du Sud (solution
des plus vraisemblables, les navires n'ayant pas ainsi à traverser
leur propre champ de mines s'ils allaient vers le Nord), les navires
auraient étéobservésdu cap Kiephali, du cap Denta et du monas-
tèreSaint-Georges. On doit se souvenir que, dans ce cas, les navires
seraient passésdeux iois devant les points ci-dessus mentionnés.

Les experts considèrentcomme indiscutableque, si des postes de veille
normauxétaientmaintenusau cap Kiephali, au cap Denta etau monastère
Saint-Georges, si ces postes étaient munis de jumelles, comnze on l'a
déclarée,t si les conditionsatmosphériqz~e asvaient éténormales9our cette
région,les opérationsde mouillage de mines relatéesdans l'annexe g du
-Ménzoird eu Royaume-Uni, ont dl2êtreobseniéespar ces postes de veille
de la cdte.
Lors de la visite des esperts au monastère Saint-Georges, les
autorités albanaises déclarèrent qu'elles ne disposaient pas actuelle-
ment de jumelles à ce poste.

,4u cours de l'examen général dela côte entre la colline de Limione
et le monastère Saint-Georges le 28 janvier, entre la colline de
la roche Barchetta n'était pas un point aussi faciles ont àbrepérer que le
phare de Tignoso. Mais il se trouve que, dans les rapports relatifs a
l'opération Retail (Mémoiredu Royaume-Uni, p. 117), les positions
de toutes les mines draguées le 13 novembre 1946sont données en
relèvement et en distance à partir de la roche Barchetta. Les experts
ont par conséquent consulté lesrapports sur l'opération Retail pour
contrôler les positions en question.
Ils sont arrivés aux conclusions suivantes :

I.chacun des navires participant a l'opération peut avoir individuel-
lement choisi quelque repère côtier très apparent pour relever la
position d'une mine draguée ;

2. ces positions ont pu âlors'être reportées plus tard sur la carte
indiquant toute la surface draguée ;

3. la roche Barchetta, étant le repère le plus proche de la zone de
dragage la plus à l'Ouest, fut alors choisie comme point de réfé-
rence pour servir de base au calcul de toutes les positions indiquées
à la page 117 du Mémoiredu Royaume-Uni ;

' Non reproduite.
161 hours" coincides with the most southerly mine which was
cut (see Annex III l) ;
(ii) the minelayers would, however, be seenfrom CapeKiephali ;
and
(iii) must have been noticed from Denta Point, as the distances
while passing it are within the limits of visibility shown in
summary under II (d).

D. If the minelaying were done from the South (which is most
feasible, as the ships would not have to cross their own mine-
fields if returning to the North), the minelayers would have
been observed from Cape Kiephali, Denta Point and San Giorgio
Monastery. It must be borne in mind that in this case the
ships would have passed the above-mentioned points twice.

The experts consider it to be indisputable that if a normal look-out
was kept at Cape Kiephali, Denta Point, and San GiorgioMonastery,
and if the look-outs were equipped with bi~wcularsas has been stated,
under mrmal weatherconditions for this area, the minelaying operations
shown in Annex g to the United Kingdom Memorial must have been
noticed by these coast-guards.

On the occasion of the experts' visit to San Giorgio Monastery,
the Albanian authorities stated that no binoculars were now available
at that post.

GENERAL.

During the general survey of the coast from Limion Hill to San
Giorgio Monastery on January 28th and from Limion Hill to Cape
Kiephali on January zgth, the experts noticed that Barchetta Rock
was not so easy a point to distinpish as Tignoso lighthouse. But
it happens that in the Reports on Operation Retail (United Kingdom
Memorial,p. 117)~the positions of al1the minesswept on November 13th,
1946, are given by bearing and distance from Barchetta Rock. The
experts therefore consulted the Reports on Operation Retail in order
to check the positions in question.
They reached the conclusion that :

I. individual ships taking part in the Operation may have selected
any obvious landmark in plotting the position of a swept mine ;

2. these positions would then be plotted later on a chart of the
whole area of the sweep ;

3. Barchetta Rock, as being the closest landmark to the most
westerly lap of the sweep, was then selected as a dahm dan
(reference point) for tabulating al1 the positions shown on
page 117 of the United Kingdom Memorial ;

Not reproduced.
161 4.employé,par exemple, le phare de Tignoso ou le monastèreêtre
Saint-Georges.

Le présentrapport a étéétablien anglais, en un exemplaire, déposé
au Palais de la PàiLa Haye, le huit févriermil neuf cent quarante-
neuf.

(SignéA)SD.FORSHELL.
(SignéS)ELFFERICH. CORFU CHANNEL CASE (MERITS) (ANNEX 2) 162

4. but any other reference point could just as well have been
used, e.g., Tignoso lighthouse or San GiorgioMonastery.

This Report was drawn up in EngIish in one copy, at the Peace
Palace, The Hague, this eighth day of Febmary, one thousanidnine
hundred and forty-nine.

(Signed)AND. FORSHELL.

(Sig- S. ELFFERICH. QUESTIONS POSÉES PAR TROIS MEMBRES DE LA COUR
LE IO FÉVRIER 1949

a) Par M. ZoriCit.

1. - A la page 15 l du texte français (p.14 ltexte anglais) le rapport
arrive aux conclusions. Au point C il est dit que, moyennant certaines
conditions :

I" I'opératim pouvait échapper à l'attention du poste en faction
au pied du monastère Saint-Georges ;
2" les mouilleurs de mines auraient cependant étéaperçus du cap
Kiephali ; et
3" ils devaient êtreobservésdu cap Denta.

Au point D on parle aussi des navires qui auraient étéobservés.

De ce texte il ressortirait que ce que les postes auraient pu ou dû
observer étaient les mouilleurs de mines, donc les navires eux-mêmes,
et il paraît que le terme ccopératim ))au point 1" se référeraitaux
mouvements et manŒuvres des navires.
Or, à la fin de la page ail est dit que, à condition que des postes
de veille normaux fussent maintenus au cap Kiephali, au cap Denta
et au monastère Saint-Georges, ainsi que sous réserve d'autres condi-
tions :((les opkrationsde mouillage de mines ....ont dû être observées
par ces postes de veille de la cdte ».
On parle donc ici des n opérations de mouillage de mines ))et il
est important de savoir ce que les experts ont voulu déterminer par
ces mots, en d'autres termes :

I" le sens de la conclusion est-il que les navires mouilleurs eux-
mêmesont dû êtreobservéspar les postes, ou
2" le sens des mots opérations de mouillage des mines ))est-il
que les postes ont dû voir non seulementles navires et leurs manŒuvres,

mais bien aussi le mouillage, doncle lancement des mines dans la mer ?

II. - La vue qu'on a du cap Denta permet-elle de voir certaines
parties du Détroit ou de la baie de Saranda que l'on ne pourrait voir
ni du cap Kiephali, ni de Saranda, ni de la tour de veille du monastère
Saint-Georges ? En d'autres termes, n'est-il pas possible de voir,. de
ces postes, tout ce que l'on peut voir du cap Denta ?

b) Par M. Krylov.

I. Les maisons à la pointe Denta étaient-elles habitées ? Pourquoi
la plus grande maison n'a-t-elle pas étévisitée ? Ces maisons
-
Voir pp. 160-161.
a p. 161.

163 QUESTIONS PUT BY THREE MEMBERS OF THE COURT
ON FEBRUARY roth, 1949.

(a) By Judge ZoriZiC.
1.-On page 15 of the French text (page 14 of the English text)
the Report amves at certain conclusions. Under heading C it is
stated that, subject to certain conditions:

1. the @eration might not be seen by the look-out post at the
foot of San Giorgio Monastery ;
2. the minelayers would however be seen from Cape Kiephali ;and

3. they must have been noticed from Denta Point.

In paragraph D mention is also made of the mifielayerswhich would
have been observed.
From this text it would appear that what the guards might have,
or should have, observed was the minelayers, i.e., the ships themselves,
and it seems that the word "operation" in sub-paragraph I refers to
the movements and manoeuvres of the ships.
At the end of the page (and top of next page in English text) it is
stated that if a normal look-out was kept at Cape Kiephali, Denta
Point, and San Giorgio Monastery, and if certain other conditions
were fulfilled: "the minelaying operations ...must have been noticed
by the coast-guards".
These passages mention "minelaying operations", and it is therefore
important to know what meaning the Experts attach to these words ;
in other words :
Does the conclusion mean that the minelaying ships themselves
must have been observed by the coast-guards, or

(2) Do the words "minelaying operations" mean that the coast-
guards must have seen not only the ships and the manoeuvres which
they carried out, but also the actual minelaying, Le., the launching of
the mines into the sea ?

II.-Does the view which is obtainable from Cape Denta enable
one to see certain parts of the Strait, or of Saranda Bay, which would
not be visible either from Cape Kiephali, or from Saranda, or again
from the tower of the old Monastery of San Giorgio ? In other words,
is it not possible to see, from these look-out posts, everything which
would lx visible from Cape Denta ?

(b) By Judge Krylov.

I. Were the houses at Denta Point inhabited ? Why wai the big
house not visited ? Had these houses been recently built ?

1 S,, p. 161.161. étaient-elles nouvellement construites? Veuillez donner une
description plus complète du vieux bâtiment visité (page II
du rapport).

2. La ligne de tranchées et les postes de mitrailleuses au cap Denta
étaient-ils de date récente (pII l)?
3. Queile était la direction du vent pendant les observations du
28 janvier ? Une légère brisea étéconstatée (p. 12 a).

4. La maison aperçue au cap Kiephali est-elle nouvellement cons-
truite? Était-elle utilisée comme un poste de veille ? (P. lqS.)

5. A la page 15 les experts utilisent deux fois l'express«normal E
en parlant des conditions atmosphériques. Quelle est la définition
des conditions ((normales »?

6. Pourquoi les experts ont-ils cru nécessairede présenterà la Cour
des remarques se rapportant au relèvement de la position des
mines pris de la roche Barchetta (p. 16 $)?

7. deuxqfoisldevant la côte albanaise (p.15e')?evaient-ils passer

c) Par M. EEer.

Quelle réponseles experts peuvent-ils donner aux objections faites
par M. Cot à leur rapport du 8 janvier 1949 (Distr. 4915) en ce qui
concerne l'audibilitéde l'opération?(Page 1111, de la Distr. 435ter.)

Voir p. 158.
' 8 8 159.
. . 160.
pp. 160et 161.
8 p.161. Please give a fuller description of the old hoiise which was
visited (page II lof the Report).

2. \Vere the infantry line and the machine-gun posts at Denta
Point of recent construction (page IO l, English text) ?

3. \Vhat was the direction of the wind during the observations on
January 28th ? Mention is made of a slight breeze (page II 2,
English text).

4. Had the house that was seen at Cape Kiephali been recently
constructed ? Had it been used as a look-out post ? (Page 13 3,
English text.)

5. On page 14'(English text) the Experts twice make use of the
term normal" with reference to weather conditions. What
is the definition of "normal" conditions ?

6. \Vhy did the Experts think it necessary to submit observations
to the Court relating to the fixing of the positions of mines by
bearing and distance from Barchetta Rock (page 15=,English

text) ?
IVhy would the ships which laid the mines have had to pass
7. the Albanian Coast talice (page 14 5, English text) ?

What reply can the Experts give to M. Cot's objection to their
Report of January 8th, 1949(Distr. 491.9a ,s regards the audibility
of the operation ? (Page 1111 of Distr. 435ter.)

1 See p. I56.

,. ,, 160.
4 ,,pp. 160 and 161.
,, p. 161. RÉPONSES DES EXPERTS, EN DATE DU 12 FÉVRIER, 1949,
AUX QUESTIONS POSÉES PAR TROIS MEMBRES DE LA COUR

[Traduction.]

désignéspar l'ordonnance de la Cour du 17 décembre1948 et qui,
en exécution de la décisionde la Cour du 17 janvier 1949, se sont
rendus à Sibenik et Saranda, ont l'honneur de répondre comme suit
aux questions qui leur ont ététransmises par lettre du Greffieren date
du IO février 1949.

1. Questions posées par M. le Juge Krylov.

a) Maisons du cap Denta.
Les experts n'ont pas jugé utile de visiter la plus grande de ces
maisons, ni de demander si la maison est habitée ou à quel usage elle
est destinée. En effet, les constatations faites quant à l'existence du
poste d'observation leur paraissent suffire aux fins de leur enquête.

Si, dans leur rapport, ils ont fait incidemment mention de cette maison,
c'est pour confirmer que le cap Denta n'est pas inaccessible.

b) Époque de la construclion.

Par ((vieux bâtiment ))(bâtiment situé au poste d'observation),
les expurts ont entendu une construction i~lcontestablement antérieure
à 1946. II leur parait supenïu de rechercher une précisionplus grande.
Quant à la plus grande maison, les experts n'ont pas jugénécessaire
d'en estimer ou d'en demander l'ancienneté,pour les raisons indiquées

sous la lit. a. Ils peuvent cependant ajouter que, vue de la mer, elle
parait plus récenteque le bâtiment situé au poste d'observation.

c) Description d~ ((vieux baiment )).

Le ((vieux bâtiment ))a environ les dimensions suivantes :longueur,
IO m. ; largeur, 2,50 m. ; hauteur, 2,50 m. Il sert d'écurie.Devant
la porte, qui est située sur la façade étroite orientée vers Ie Sud-Ouest,
se trouve un emplacement pour faire du feu.

Les experts ont estimé inutile de s'attarder à étudier le ((vieux

bâtiment )Iavec plus de détails.

Les lignes de tranchées et postes de mitrailleuses du cap Denta.
sont en excellent état, mais sans pour cela êtrerécents. En effet, la
mêmevégétationpauvre que l'on trouve partout sur cette côte rocheuse

16s EXPERTS' REPLIES, DATED FEBRUAKY uth, 1949,
TO QUESTIONS PUT BY THREE MEMBERS OF THE COURT.

who were appointed by the Court's Order of December 17th, 1948,

and who visited Sibenik and Saranda in pursuance of the Court's
decision of January 17th, 1949, have the honour to reply as follows
to the questions which were put to them in the Registrar's letter of
February ~oth, 1949.

1. Questionsput by Judge Krylov.

The houses at Denta Po&.
(a)
The experts did not see any advantage in visiting the bigger of these
houses, or in asking if it was inhabited, or for what use it is intended.
In truth, the facts they had ascertained in regard to the existence of
the look-out post appeared to them sufficient for the purposes of their
enquiry. The only reason why they referred, incidentally, to this house
in their report was in order to confirm the fact that Denta Point is
not inaccessible.

@) Date of co?zstrz~ction.

By the term "old house" (building situated at the look-out post)
the experts meant that it was certainly built earIier than 1946. It
seemed to them unnecessary to seek for greater accuracy.
In regard to the bigger house, the experts thought it unnecessary
to estimate or to make enquiries in regard to the date of its construction,
for the reasons given above in paragraph (a). They are, however,
able to state that, asseen from the sea, it seemed to be of more recent
construction than the building situated at the look-out post.

(c) Description of the "old house".

The dimensions of the "old house" were approximately as follows :
Length : IO m. ; width : 2.50 m. ; height : 2.50 m. It is used as a
stable. In front of the door, which is situated in the narrow face
of the house looking towards the South-West, there is a place used
for fires.
The experts considered it useless to spend time in examining the
"old house" in closer detail.

The infantry trenches and the machine-gun posts at Denta Point
are in an excellent state, though that does not mean that they are
of recent construction. In truth, the same poor vegetation which
165 166 AFFAIRE DU DÉTROIT DE CORFOU (FOND) (ANNEXE 2)
pousse également sur le parapet de la tranchée, lequel est constituk
par les déblais.

Au surplus, il a étédéclaréaus esperts que ces lignes de défense
avaient étéconstruites par les troupes italiennes.
Ad 3.

La brise, très légère,venait du N.-E.
Ad 4.
Les experts n'ont pas jugé utile de prolonger leurs investigations

en demandant a débarquer au cap Kiephali. Les constatations faites
par eux au cap Denta, ainsi que les remarques relatées dans leur rap-
port sous le no II f), leur ont paru suffire aux fins de leur enquête.
Ad 5.

Selon leMediterranean Pilot, volume III, on peut considérer comme
normales les conditions météorologiques suivantes :
a) Régimedes vents.

Les vents prédominants sont, en été,ceux du Nord-Ouest et, en
hiver, ceux du Sud-Est. En été,quand le temps est au beau fixe et
quela pression barométrique est élevée,de mêmeque souvent en hiver,
ce sont les brises de terre et de mer qui prédominent. Le vent de terre
est léger, et, dans la région du Détroit de Corfou, il vient du Nord au
Nord-Est. Il se lève deux à trois heures après le coucher du soleil et
sa force va augmentant jusqu'après minuit ; à ce moment, il diminue
et s'arrêteau lever du soleil ; il se ranime au fur et à mesure que le
soleil monte, virant de quelques points en direction de l'Est jiisqu'à
environ neuf heures du matin : après quoi il tombe et est remplacé
par la brise de mer.

b) Mébzslosité.
Lorsque ce sont les brises de terre et de mer qui prédominent, la
nébulositéest plutôt faible.
Le vent du Sud-Est peut s'accompagner de pluie et l'on peut
s'attendre à un ciel couvert. En octobre, la nébulositéest en moyenne
de 40 %.

C) Visiûilité.
La visibilité est d'habitude bonne dans l'Adriatique, sauf quand

souffle la bora, qui provoque des chutes de pluie. Souvent, il J-a au
large de la côte dalmate une visibilité exceptionnellement bonne.
Yote. - La bora est un vent régional qui peut souffler très
fort, du Nord-Est, pendant environ 15 à 20 heures. Elle
provoque par intermittence de forts grains, du tonnerre,
des éclairs et de la pluie. Elle a d'habitude pour effet
de dissiper la nébulosité ou le brouillard et, lorsqu'elle
souffle avec violence, le temps est très clair.

d) Comlusiow.

Lorsqu'ils ont parlé de conditions atmosphériqiies « normales » sous
la lettreD de leur conclusion, page 15 di1 teste français, les esperts
l Voir p. 161.

166one finds everywhere on this rocky coast grows also on the parapet
of the trench, made of the excavated soil.
Moreover, the experts were informed that these defence lines had
been constructed by the Italian troops.
Ad 3.

The very slight breeze was blowing from the N.-E.
Ad 4.
The experts saw no purpose in prolonging their investigations by
asking to go on shore at Cape Kiephali. The observations the'; had
made at Denta Point, together with the remarks given in their report
under No. II (f)seemed to them sufficient for the needs of their enquiry.

Ad 5.
According to the Mediterranean Pilot, Volume III, one can consider
the following weather conditions as being normal.
(a) Wind.

During surnrner, north-westerly winds are most prevale,nt, but in
winter those from the South-East. In settled summer weather, when
the barometer is high, and often in winter, land and sea breezes prevail.
The land wind is light and, near the Corfu Channel, it blows from
sunset, and increases in force until after midnight, when it decreases,
falls calm at sunrise, freshens again as the Sun gets higher, veering
some points eastward until about g a.m., after which it dies away and
is succeeded by the sea breeze.

(b) Clouds.
When land and sea breezes prevail, there is little cloud.

South-east wind may be accompanied by rainfall, and an overcast
sky may be expected, the average for October being 40 % covered
with clouds.

(c) Visibility
Visibility is usually good in the Adriatic, except when the Bora
blows and causes rainfall. Ex,ceptionally good visibility often occurs
on the Dalmatian coast.
Note.-The Bora is a local wind which can blow very strongly
from the North-East for about 15 or 20 hours, with
heavy squalls. thunder, lightning and rain at intervals.
It generally dispels any hovering clouds or fog, and
when it blows with great force the weather is very
clear.

(d) Conclz4sions.
The experts when mentioning "normal" weather conditions under
paragraph D of their conclusions on page 15l (English text) have
' See p. 161.

r66167 AFFAIRE DU DÉTROIT DE CORFOU (FOND) (ANNEXE 2)

ont envisagé les conditions météorologiques suivantes : nébulosité
3-4/10e - bonne visibilité (20 milles) - pas de brouillard ni
d'averse - légère brise de l'Est.

Des emplacements de mines indiqués dans le Mémoiredu Royaume-
Uni, la roche Barchetta n'est pas suffisamment visible pour permettre
de prendre un relèvement. Comment alors expliquer que, dans ce
Mémoire,la position des mines soit calculée à partir de ladite roche ?
Les experts ont cru devoir chercher la réponse à cetté question.
Ils l'ont trouvée, et l'ont consignée dans leur rapport, dans le dessein
de prévenir toute contestation.

Ad 7.
Selon le rapport des experts du 8 janvier 1949 (voir no8 i)), il y a
quatre façons de procéder pour mouiller un champ de mines dans le
Détroit de Corfou, savoir :

1. Aborder le secteur par le Nord et repartir vers le Nord ;
II. Aborder le secteur par le Nord et repartir vers le Sud ;
III. Aborder le secteur par le Sud et repartir vers le Sud ;
IV. Aborder le secteur par le Sud et repartir vers le Nord.
Pour exécuter les opérations suivant les façons de procéder men-
tionnées sous 1 et III, les navires auraienteu à traverser deux fois
la région surveillée. Si les opérations étaient exécutées suivant les
méthodes II et IV, les navires traverseraient seulement üne fois la
région surveillée.
Si les navires abordent la zone d'opération soit du Nord, soit du

Sud, pour la quitter soit vers le Nord, soit vers le Sud, une fois l'opé-
ration terminée, ils peuvent adopter deux méthodes pour mouiller
les mines :
a) en partant du Nord ;
b) en partant du Sud.
Dans le rapport des experts du 8 février 1949, sous les conclusions
A àD de la Section II, la façon de procéde1 a étécommentée et.en
ce qui est de la méthode a) et en ce qui est de la méthode 6). Si la
façon de procéder III avait étésuivie, soit selon la méthode a), soit
selon la méthode b), les conclusions contenues dans le rapport des
experts du 8 février auraient étéles suivantes :

Conclusion As etB.- Inchangées.
Colaclusi Con- Si l'on suppose qu'un poste d'observation était main-
tenu au cap Kiephali, au cap Denta et au monastkre Saint-Georges,
que les conditions atmosphériques étaient normales pour la région
et que les mines aient étémouillées en partant du Nord vers le Sud,

i) l'opération pouvait échapper à l'attention du poste d'obser-
vation situé au pied du monastère Saint-Georges;
ii) l'opération n'aurait pas étéobservée du cap Kiephali;
iii) les mouilleurs de mines ont dû être observés du cap Denta.
Conclusio Dn. - Si le mouillage de mines était exécutéen partant
du Sud vers le Nord, les mouilleurs de mines auraient dû prendre un
relèvement et indiquer ce relèvement sur la carte, au Sud du pointtherefore in mind the following weather : clouds 3-4110th-visibility
good (20 miles)-no fog or rainfall-slight easterly breeze.

Ad 6.
From the position of the mines indicated in the United Kingdom
Memorial, Barchetta Rock is not sufficiently visible to be used for
taking fixes. Why, then, it may be asked, does the Memorial calculate
the positions of the mines with reference to that rock ?
The experts thought they should seek an answer to that question.
They found it, and gave it in their report, in order to fqrestall any
question about it.

Ad 7.
As stated in the Experts' Report of January 8th, 1949, under (8) (i),
there are four operational possibilities for laying mines in the Corfu
Strait. They are :
1. Approach from the North and leaving towards the North ;
II. Approach from the North and leaving towards the South;
III. Approach from the South and leaving towards the South ;
IV. Approach from the South and leaving towards the North.

In order to carry out the operations mentioned under 1 and III
the ships would have had to pass the area of vigilance twice. If the
operations under II and IV were carried out, the ships would pass
the area ofvigilance only once.
If the area of operations is approached from either North or South
and the ships carrying out the operations leave again either to the
North or South, they can adopt two methods of laying the mines:

(a) from the North ;
(b) from the South.
Operation 1is discussed as regards method (a) and as regards method (b)
in the Experts.' Report of February 8th, 1949, A to D of Section II.
If operation III was carried out by method (a) or by method (b) the
conclusions contained in the Experts' Report of February 8th would
have been as follows :

Conclusions A and B.-No change.
ColzclusiortC.-Provided that a look-out was kept at Cape Kiephali,
Denta Point and San Giorgio Monastery, and under normal weather
conditions for this area, and if the mines were laid from the North
towards the South

(i) foot ofraSan Giorgio Monastery see; by the look-out post at the

(ii) the operation would not be seen from Cape Kiephali ;
(iii) the minelayers must have been noticed from Denta Point.
Co?iclzcsimD.-If minelaying was carried out from the South towards
the North, the minelayers would have to take a fix and plot this fix
south of a point at which the actual minelaying operation would start.
167 168 AFFAIRE DU DÉTROIT DE CORFOU (FOND) (ANNEXE 2)

où l'opération proprement dite du mouillage des mines aurait commenci.
Ce relèvement, étant le point de référence employé pour cette opération
de mouillage de mines, devait se trouver dans l'alignement de la rangée
de mines. Par conséquent, ce relèvement devait être beaucoup plus
rapproché du monastère Saint-Georges que ne l'était la mine la
plus au Sud, telle que la position de celle-ci a étéindiquée dans
l'annexe g du Mémoiredu Rovaume-Uni.
En ce cas :

i) les navires ont dû être aperçus par des postes d'observation
ii) l'opération n'aurait pas étéobservée du cap Kiephali. ;

Il faut se souvenir qu'en ce cas les navires seraient passés deux fois
devant les points ci-dessus mentionnés, à l'exception du cap Kiephali.

Comparaisondes façons de procéderI et III :

Façolz de procéderI. Façon de procéderIII.

a) Mouillagedesminesen part'int a) Moz~illagedesînilsesen partant
du Nord : du Nord :
I. L'opération pouvait échapper I. L'opération pouvait avoir
à l'attention du poste d'ob- échappé à l'attention du poste
servation du monastère d'observation du monastère
Saint-Georges. Saint-Georges.

2. Les mouilleurs de mines au- 2. L'opération n'aurait pas été
raient étéaperçusdu cap Kie- aperçue du cap Kiephali.
phali.
3. Le mouilleur de mines a dû 3. Le mouilleur de mines a dû
êtreobservé du cap Denta. êtreobservédu cap Denta.

b) Moztillagedesnsiflesefifiartc~iit b) Bfozrillagedes minesenpartatlt
dzl Sud : dzl Sud :
I. Les mouilleurs de mines au- I. Les n~ouilleurs de mines ont
raient étéaperçus du poste dû être aperçus du poste
d'observation du monastère d'observation du monastère
Saint-Georges. Saint-Georges.
2. Le mouilleur de mines a dû 2. Le mouilleur de mines a dû
êtreobservédu cap Denta. être aperçu du poste d'obser-
vation situé au cap Denta.

3. Les mouilleurs de mines au- 3. L'opération n'aurait pas été
raient étéaperçus du cap Kie- observCe du cap Kiephali.
phali.
La différenceentre la façon de procéder 1 et la façon de procéderIII
est qu'un navire qui aborde le secteur par le Sud échapperait à l'atten-
tion d'un poste d'observation situéau cap Kiephali. Dans les deux cas,
le poste d'observation du cap Denta doit avoir aperçu les mouilleurs
de mines, en d'autres termes, les mouilleurs de mines n'ont pu échapper
a l'attention des postes d'observation du cap Denta. Si le mouillage
des mines a cornmeii'céen partant du Sud, cette opération doit, dans
les deux cas, avoir étéobservCe du monastère Saint-Georges.
168 CORFU CHANNEL CASE (MERITS) (ANNEX 2) 168

As this fix was the reference point for this particular minelaying opera-
tion, it had to be in line with the row of mines and consequently
much closer to the San Giorgio Monastery than the position of the
most southerly mine, as indicated in Annex 9 of the United Kingdom
Memorial.

In this case
(i) the ships must have been observed by look-out posts from San
Giorgio Monastery and from Denta Point ;
(ii) the operation would not be observed from Cape Kiephali.
It must be borne in mind that in this case the ships would have
passed the above-mentioned points twice, with the exception of Cape
Kiephali.

A comparisonof operations I and III :
OperationI. OperationIII

(a) Minelaying from the North : (a) Minelaying from the North :

I. Operation rnight not be seen I. Operation might not be seen
by the look-out at San Gior- by the look-out at San Gior-
gio Monastery. gio Monastery.

2. Minelayers would be seen 2. Operation would not be seen
from Cape Kiephali. from Cape Kiephali.

3. Minelayer must have been 3. Minelayer must have been
seen from Denta Point. seen from Denta Point.

(b) Minelaying from the South : (b) Minelaying from the South :

I. Minelayers would be seen by I. Minelayers must have been
the look-out at San Giorgio seen by the look-out at San
Monastery. Giorgio Monastery.

2. Minelayer must have been 2. Minelayer must. have been
seen from Denta Point. seen by the look-out from
Denta Point.

3. Minelayers would have been 3. Operation would not have
seen from Cape Kiephali. been seen from Cape Kie-
phali.
The difference between operation 1 and operation III is that when
a ship approached the area from the South, she would not be observed
by a look-out post situated at Cape Kiephali. In both cases, the
look-out posts at Denta Point must have seen the minelayers ; in
other words, the minelayers could not have escaped the notice of the
look-out posts at Denta Point, and if the minelaying were started
from the South, it must in both cases have been seen from the San
Giorgio Monastery.
168II. Questionsposées par M. le Juge ZoriiSé.

En employant, dans la conclusion C i), le terme ((l'opération »,
les experts ont entendu l'ensemble des opérations de mouillage de
mines (c'est-à-dire tant les navires que l'action mêmedu mouillage
des mines).
En employant, sous C ii) et Ciii), le sujet((les mouilleurs de mines »,
les experts ont voulu indiquer que ce sont les navires employés au
mouillage des mines qui, dans le cas visésous C ii), auraient étéaperçus
par les postes d'dxervation et qui, dans le cas visésous C iii), devaient
êtreaperçus par les postes d'observation.

Ad 2.
Du cap Kiephali, la vue s'étend sur l'ensemble du Détroit, mais
non sur la baie de Saranda. De Saranda. la vue s'étend sur la baie,
mais non sur l'ensemble du Détroit. Du monastère Saint-Georges,
elle s'étendsur l'ensemble du Détroit et sur la plus grande partie de
la baie.
Mais le cap Denta, plus avancé que les autres promontoires, com-
mande à la fois l'ensemble du Détroit et l'ensemble de la baie.
L'enquête aconfirméla conclusion tiréedel'étude dela carte :l'endroit
est tout indiqué pour un poste d'observation.

iiI.Qpestion posée par M. le Juge EEer.

Dans leur rapport du 8 janvier 1949, les experts ont conclu que,
1% l'insuffisance des renseignements touchant les conditions dans
lesquelles les mines ont étéposées,il n'était pas possible de donner
une réponseprécisesur la possibilitéd'entendre l'opérationdu mouillage.

Après leur mission à Saranda, les experts n'ont rien ajouté à ce
sujet :ils confirment n'avoir rien à ajouter. Les constatations faites,
relativement à la possibilitéde voir l'opération, leur paraissent retirer
toute importance à la question de savoir si elle pouvait êtreentendue.

Dans ces conditions, ils estiment inutile de répondre aux objections,
faites sur ce sujet, à leur rapport du 8 janvier 1949, mais sans pour
cela admettre en aucune façon le bien-fondéde ces objections.

Fait en anglais, en un exemplaire, au Palais de la Paix, La Haye,
le douze févriermil neuf cent quarante-neuf.

(Sig&) AND. FORSHELL.
(Signed) S. ELFFERICH.II. Qpestions put by Judge ZoriEiO.

Ad 1.
Bv the term "the operation" in conclusion C (i) the experts meant
the whole of the minelaying operation (i.e., both the manoeuvres of
the ships and the actual launching of the mines).

By employing the term "minelayers" in paragraphs C (ii) and C (iii),
the experts intended to indicate that the ships which were used for
the minelaying operation would in case C (ii), or must incase C (iii.)
have drawn the attention of the look-out posts.

From Cape Kiephali the view extends over the whole of the Strait,
but not over Saranda Bay. From Saranda the view extends over the
bay, but not over the whole of the Strait. From the San Giorgio
Monastery the view extends over the whole of the Strait and over the
greater part of the bay.
But Denta Point, which projects further than the other promon-
tories, commands both the whole of the Straitand the whole of the
derived from a study of the mapco:this spot is very suitable for a look-
out post.

III. Qpesdon put by Judge EEer.

In their Report of January 8th, 1949, the experts concluded that,
having regard to the insufficiency of the information available as to
the conditions under which the mines were laid, it was not possible
to give a precise opinion concerning the possibility of hearing the
minelaying operations.
After their visit to Saranda, the experts added nothing further on
this subject. They confirm that they have nothing to add. The
conclusions which they have drawn in regard to the possibility of
seeing the operation appear to them to deprive the question whether
the operation could be heard of any further importance.
In these circumstances, they think it unnecessary to reply to the
objections on this subject that have been made in regard to their
report of January 8th,1949; at the same time, thev do not for a moment
admit that these objections are justified.

Done in English, in one copy, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this
twelfth dav of February, one thousand nine hundred and forty-nine.

ICJ document subtitle

Merits (including the text of the declaration of Judges Basdevant and Zoričić)

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 9 April 1949

Links