Judgment of 26 May 1961

Document Number
045-19610526-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

INTERNATIONALCOURTOF JUSTICE

REPORTSOF JUDGMENTS,

ADVISORYOPINIONSAND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING THE
TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR

(CAMBODlAv.THAILAND)
BRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS

JUDGMENT OF 26MAY 1661

COURINTERNATIONALEDE JUSTICE

RECUEILDES &TS,
AVISCONSULTATIFSET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DU TEMPLE DE

PRÉAH VIHEAR
(CAMBODGE c.THAILANDE)
EXCEPTIONPRÉLIMINAIRES

ARRE DU 26 MAI 1961 This Judgment should be cited as follows
"Case concerningthe Temple ofPreah Vihear
(Cambodia. Thailand),Preliminary Objections,
Judgment of6May 1961:I.C.J. Repor1961,.17."

Le présent arrêtdoit êtrecitécom:e suit
(Aflaire d.utemple dePréahVihéar
(Cambodge.Thai'lan)Exceptions préliminaires,
Arrêtdz26mai 1961:C.I.J.Recuei1961 ,.17.»

Soles number
NOde vente :245 1 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

1961
26May
General L:st YEAR 1961
No. 45
26May 1g6x

CASE CONCERNING THE

TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR

(CAMBODIA v. THAILAND)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS

Compulsory jurisdicti0n.-Declaration of I950,deposited with
Secretary-Generalof United Nationsccordancewith Statute of

International Court of Justice, "renewing" doflarations
1940recognizingas compulsorylurisdiction of Permanent Court.-
Article, paragraph5,of Statute.-Decision in Israel v. Bulgaria
case.-Distinctiobetween presenanse thatof Israel v. Bulgaria.
-Renewal of an existing, and revivalof a lapsed,dec1aration.-Error
and consent.-Forms and formalitiesas to declarationsof acceptance.
-Rules ofinterpretationof legalinstruments.-Communimadeons

under Article36, paragraph4,of Statute.-Efiect of Thailand's 1950
Declarationof Acceptance.

JUDGMENT

Presen: PresidentWINIARSK I Vice-PresidentALFARO ; Judges
BADAWIM , ORENO QUINTANA W, ELLINGTO NOO, SPIRO-

POULOS, Sir Percy SPENDER,Sir Gerald FITZMAURICE,
KORETSKY, TANAKAB , USTAMANT YERIVERO,MORELLI;
RegistrarGARNIER-COIGNET.

4 In the case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear,

between
the Kirigdom of Cambodia,

represented by
H.E. Truong Cang, Member of the Haut Consei du Trône,
as Agent,

assisted by
Hon. Dean Acheson, Member of the Bar of the Supreme Court
of the United States of America,
M. Roger Pinto, Professor at the Pans Law Faculty,

M. Paul Reuter, Professor at the Paris Law Faculty,
as Counsel,

and

the Kingdom of Thailand,
represented by
H.S.H. Prince Vongsamahip Jayankura, Ambassador of Thailand
to the Netherlands,

as Agent,
assisted by
The Rt. Hon. Sir Frank Soskice, Q.C., M.P., former Attorney-
General of England,

Mr. Seni Promoj, Member of the Thai Bar,
Mr. James Nevins Hyde, Member of the Bar of the State of
New York and Member of the Bar of the Supreme Court of
the United States,
Me. Marcel Slusny, Member of the Bar of the Brussels Court of

Appeal,
Mr. J. G. Le Quesne, Member of the English Bar,
as Advocates and Counsel,

and
Mr. David S. Downs, Solicitor, Supreme Court of Judicature,
England,
Mr. Sompong Sucharitkul, Member of the Legal Division,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
as Advisers, composed as above,
delzversthe followingJudgmen:

On 6 October 1959,the Minister-Counsellor of the Royal Cam-
bodian Embassy in Paris handed to the Registrar an Application
by the Govemment of Cambodia, dated 30 September 1959,
instituting proceedings before the Court against the Govemment
of the Kingdom of Thailand with regard to the territorial sover-
eignty over the Temple of Preah Vihear.
The Application invoked Article 36 of the Statute of the Court
and the Declarations of 20 May 1950 and 9 September 1957 by
which Thailand and Cambodia respectively recognized as compul-
sory the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, as well
as the General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International
Disputes of 26 September 1928.
In accordance with Article 40, paragraph2, of the Statute, the
Application was communicated to the Govemment of Thailand.
In accordance with paragraph 3 of the same Article, the other
Members of the United Nations and the non-Member States entitled

to appear before the Court were notified.
Time-limits for the filing of the Memorial and the Counter-
Memorial were fixed by an Order of5December 1959. The Memorial
was filed within the time-limit fixed for this purpose. Within the
time-limit fixed for the filing of the Counter-Memorial, them-
ment of Thailand filed preliminary objections to the jurisdiction
of the Court. On IO June 1960, an Order, recording that the
proceedings on the merits were suspended under the provisions
of Article 62, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, granted the
Government of Cambodia a time-limit expiring on 22 July 1960
for the submission of a written statement of its observations
and submissions on the preliminary objections. The written
statement was filed on that date and the case became ready for
hearing in respect of the preliminary objections.
On IO, II, 12, 14and 15 April 1961, heanngs were held in the
course of which the Court heard the oral arguments and replies
of Prince Vongsamahip Jayankura, Agent, Sir Frank Soskice,
Mr. ame Nes'ins Hyde and Me. Marcel Slusny, Advocates and
Counsel, on behalf of the Govemment of the Kingdom of Thailand,
and of M. Truong Cang, Agent, and Mr. Dean Acheson, M. Roger
Pinto and M. Paul Reuter, Counsel, on behalf of the Government
of Cambodia.
In the course of the written and oral proceedings, the following
submissions were presented by the Parties: On behalf of the Government of Cambodia, in the Application:

"The submissions of the Kingdom of Cambodia are as follows:
May it please the Court to ~djudge and declare, whether the
Kingdom of Thailand appears or not :
(1) that the Kingdom of Thailand is under an obligation to
withdraw the detachments of armed forces it has stationed since
1954in the ruins of the Temple of Preah Vihear;
(2) that the territorial sovereignty over the Temple of Preah
Vihear belongs to the Kingdom of Cambodia."

On behalf of the same Government, in the Memorial:
"The submissions of the Kingdom of Cambodia are as follows:
May it please the Court to find in favour of the submissions
contained in its Application instituting proceèdingsand, in particu-
lar, to adjudge and declare, whether the Kingdom of Thailand
appears or not :
(1)that the Kingdom of Thailand is under an obligation to
withdraw the detachments of armed forces it has stationed since
1954in the ruins of the Temple of Preah Vihear;
(2)that the territorial sovereignty over the Temple of Preah
Vihear belongs to the Kingdom of Cambodia."

On behalf of the Government of Thailand, in the Preliminary
Objections :

"The Government of Thailand respectfuliy asks the Court to
declare and pronounce that it has no jurisdiction to entertain the
Cambodian Application of the 6th October, 1959, for the following
reasons :

(i) lapsed on the dissolution of the Permanent Court of Interna-
tional Justice on the 19th April, 1946,and thereafter couldnot
be renewed;

(ii) that theThai declaration of the 20th May, 1950purported to
tember, 1929, and so was ineffective ab initio;of the 20th Sep-

(iii) that consequently Thailand has never accepted the compulsory
jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice under
Article 36, paragraph 2,of the Statute.

(i) that neither Thailand nor Cambodia has ever been a party to
the General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International
Disputes of the 26th September, 1928;
(ii) that consequently the said Act doesnot constitute an agreement
of the parties to submit the said dispute to the jurisdiction of
the Court.
721 TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (JUDGMENT OF 26 v 61)

(Cl

(i) that Cambodia has not sought to found the jurisdiction of the
Court upon the Franco-Siamese Treaty of Friendship, Com-
merce and Navigation of the 7th December, 1937;
(ii) that Cambodia is not a party to the said Treaty, nor has she
succeeded to any of the rights of France thereunder;
(iii) that consequently the said Treaty does not constitute an
agreement of the parties to submit the said dispute to the
jurisdiction of the Court."

On behalf of the Government of Cambodia, in its Written
Observations on the Preliminary Objections :
"Having regard to Articles 36 and 37 of the Statute of the Inter-
national Court of Justice;
Having regard to Articles 21and 22 of the Franco-Siamese Treaty
of 7 December 1937, Article 2 of the Settlement Agreement of
17 November 1946 and the General Act for the Pacific Settlement
of International Disputes dated 26 September 1928;

The submissions of the Kingdom of Cambodia are as follows:
May it please the Court:
to dismiss the Preliminary Objections lodged by the Govemment
of Thailand ;
to adjudge and declare that it has jurisdiction to decide the
dispute brought before it on 6 October 1959 by the Application of
the Govemment of Cambodia."

On behalf of the Government of Thailand, Submissions read at
the hearing on II April 1961:

"The Government of Thailand respectfully asks the Court to
declare and pronounce that it has no jurisdiction to entertain the
Cambodian Application of the 6th October, 1959, for the following
reasons :
(A)

(i) that the Siamese declaration of the 20th September, 1929
lapsed on the dissolution of the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice on the 19th April, 1946, and thereafter could
not be renewed;
(ii) that the Thai declaration of the 20th May, 1950 purported to
do no more than renew the said declaration of the 20th Sep-
tember, 1929, and so was ineffective ab initio;
(iii) that consequently Thailand has never accepted the compul-
sory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice under
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute.

(i) that neither Thailand nor Cambodia has ever been a party to
the General Act for the Pacific Settlement of Intemational
Disputes of the 26th September, 1928;
8 22 TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (JUDGMENT OF 26 V 61)

(ii) that consequently the said Act doesnot constitute an agreement
of the parties to submit the said dispute to the jurisdiction of
the Court.

(i) that Cambodia is not a party to the Franco-Siamese Treaty of
Friendship, Commerce and Navigation of the 7th December
1937, nor has she succeeded to any of the rights of France
thereunder ;
(ii) that consequently the said Treaty does not constitute an
agreement of the parties to submit the said dispute to the
jurisdittion of the Court;

(iii) that Cambodiais not a party to the Franco-Siamese Settlement
Agreement of the 17th November 1946, nor has she succeeded
to any of the rights of France thereunder;
(iv) that consequently the said Agreement does not constitute an
agreement of the parties to submit the said dispute to the
jurisdiction of the Court."
At the end of the oral arguments, the Agent for-the Government
of Cambodia, by way of submission that the Court had jurisdiction,

stated that the arguments advanced on the principal and alter-
native issues on behalf of his Govemment in the course of the
hearings were maintained.

In the present case, Cambodia alleges a violation on the part
of Thailand of Cambodia's temtorial sovereignty over the region
of the Temple of Preah Vihear and its precincts. Thailand replies
by affirming that the area in question lies on the Thai side of the
common frontier between the two countries, and is under the
sovereignty of Thailand. This is a dispute about temtorial sov-

ereignty; but as Thailand has raised certain objections to the
competence of the Court to hear and determine the substantive
merits of the dispute, the sole task of the Court in the present
proceedingsis to consider and decide whether it has this competence
or not.
In invoking the jurisdiction of the Court, Cambodia has based
herself first, and principally, on the combined effect of her own
acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, given by
a Declaration made under paragraphs 2-4 of Article 36 of the
Court's Statute, and dated g September 1957, coupled with the
Declaration made by Thailand on 20 May 1950, by which, in
Cambodia's view, Thailand equally accepted the compulsory

jurisdiction of the Court in such a manner asto cover the present
dispute.
Secondly, Cambodia relies on the alleged effect of certain treaty
provisions entered into between France, said to be acting onbehalf of the former territory of French Indo-China, of which
Cambodia was then a component part; and Siam, as Thailand
was then called. Cambodia considers that she is entitled to claim

the benefit of certain of these provisions, namely provisions for
the judicial settlement of any disputes of the kind involved in
the present case, including provisions for recourse to the Inter-
national Court of Justice.
Thailand has taken exception to both these alleged bases of
jurisdiction: as regards the first, on the ground that her Declaration
of May 1950, referred to above, did not constitute a valid accept-
ance on her part of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court; and
as regards the second, on the ground, inter dia,that even if the
treaty provisions in question would effectively have conferred
compulsory jurisdiction on the Court in a similar dispute between
Thailand and France, Cambodia as such cannot make an inde-
pendent claim to the benefit of these provisions in a dispute

which lies between Thailand and herself.

The Court will now address itself to the first preliminary objection
of Thailand, relating to the effect of her Declaration of 20 May

1950.
It is common ground between the Parties that if this Declaration
did constitute a valid acceptance by Thailand of the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court, then Cambodia, because of her own
Declaration of Acceptance of 9 September 1957, was entitled to
require the submission of the present dispute to the Court. It is
solely the validity of Thailand's Declaration that is in issue in
the present proceedings.

It is to be noted, before proceeding to examine the facts, that
as early as 20 September 1929 Thailand accepted the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Permanent Court in the following terms:
"On behalf of the Siamese Govemment, 1 recognize, subject to
ratification, in relation to any other Member or State which accepts
the same obligation, that is to say, on the condition of reciprocity,
the jurisdiction of the Court as compulsoripso factoand without
any special convention, in conformity with Article 36, paragra2,
of the Statute of the Court, for a period of ten yearalldisputes
as to which no other means of pacific settlement is agreed upon
between the Parties."

This Declaration was renewed for a further period by another
Declaration, dated 3 May 1940, due to expire on 6 May 1950.
IO This was, in its tum, followed by yet another Declaration, dated
20 May 1950, and deposited on 13 June 1950, which is the one
the effect of which the Court is-now called upon to consider.

Thailand's Declaration of 20 May 1950 was framed as follows:

"1 have the honour to inform you that by a declaration dated
September 20, 1929, His Majesty's Government had accepted the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent Court of International
Justice in conformity with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute
for a period of ten years and on condition of reciprocity. That
declaration has been renewed on May 3, 1940,for another period of
ten years.
In accordance with the provisions of Article 36, paragraph 4, of
the Statute of the International Court of Justice, 1 have now the
honour to inform you that His Majesty's Government hereby renew
the declaration above mentioned for a further period of ten years
as from May 3, 1950, with the limits and subject to the same
conditions and reservations as set forth in the first declaration of
Sept. 20,1929."
On the face of it, this Declaration appears to be a straightforward
renewal, for another period of years, of a previous acceptance

of the Court's compulsory jurisdiction, in a manner commonly
adopted by States when they wish simply to prolong an existing
obligation or renew a previous obligation without having to set
out again in detail the precise terms of it-as to which, accordingly.
they content themselves with a reference to previous instruments
containing those terms. The latter then become incorporated in
the new instrument as an integral pax3 of it.

This is the construction which undoubtedly would normally
be placed on such an instrument as Thailand's Declaration of
May 1950. Thailand points out, however, that since she made
her Declaration of 1950, there has intervened the decision of the
Court of 26 May 1959, in the case of the Aerial Incident ofJuly
27th,1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria).Thailand contends that this decision
revealed that the assumptions on which the language of her 1950
Declaration was based were incorrect and that her Declaration,

in the light of that decision, was meaningless. Thailand in no way
denies that by this Declaration she fully intended to accept, and
equally fully believed she was accepting, the compulsory jurisdic-
tion of the present Court. But, according to her present argument,
that intention, however definitely it may have existed, and did
exist, in the mind of Thailand, was never carried out as a matter of
objective fact, because Thailand, though al1 unwittingly, drafted
her Declaration of May 1950 in terms which subsequent events-in particular the Court's decision in the Israel v. Bulgaria case-
revealed as having been ineffectual to achieve Thailand's purpose.

In order to appreciate the precise implications of Thailand's
first preliminary objection, it is necessary at this point to refer

to Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Statute of the Court, which
reads as follows:
"Declarations made under Article 36 of the Statute of the
Permanent Court of International Justice and which are still in
forceshall be deemed, as between the parties to the present Statute,
to be acceptancesofthe compulsoryjurisdiction ofthe International
Court of Justice for the period which they still have to run and in
accordance with their terms."

The intention of this paragraph was to provide a means whereby,
within certain limits, existing declarations in acceptance of the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent Court of International
Justice would become ipso jure transformed into acceptances of
the compulsory jurisdiction of the present Court as respects States
pa;rties to the Statute of the Court, without such States having
to make any new declarations specifically in relation to the present
Court. In the Israel v. Bulgaria case, however, the Court, inter-
preting paragraph 5 of Article 36, came to the conclusion that
it did not apply indiscriminately to all States which, having
accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the former Permanent
Court, might at any subsequent date become parties to the Statute
of the Court, but only to such of those States as were original

parties. The Court furthermore came to the conclusion that on
19 April 1946, date when the Fermanent Court ceased to exist,
all declarations in acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of
the Permanent Court which had not already, by then, been
"transformed" by the operation of Article 36, paragraph 5, into
acceptances of the compulsory jurisdiction of the present Court,
lapsed and ceased to be in force, since they would, as from then,
have related to a tribunal-the former Permanent Court-which
no longer existed. Consequently, so the Court found, alldeclarations
not having been thus transformed by 19 April 1946 ceased as
from that date to be susceptible of the process of transformation
ipso jure provided for by Article 36, paragraph 5.

It is not necessary for present purposes either to examine or
to recapitulate the reasoning on which these conclusions were
based-reasoning fully set out in the Court's decision in the
Israel v. Bulgaria case. Suffice it to Say that, on the basis of this
reasoning, the Court held that Bulgana not having, through itsadmission to the United Nations, become a party to the Statute
until 14 December 1955, the Declaration which she had made
in 1920 accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the former Per-
manent Court, for an indeterminate period of years, must be
regarded as having lapsed on 19 April 1946, and as not having
been transformed by the operation of Article 36, paragraph 5,
into an acceptance relative to the present Court. Bulgaria having

never at any time made a declaration independently accepting
the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, it followed, on this
view, that she was not bound by that jurisdiction.
In the present case, Thailand's first preliminary objection pro-
ceeds on the basis that her position is substantially the same as that
of Bulgaria. Thailand equally did not, through admission to the
United Nations, become a party to the Statute until after the
demise of the former Permanent Court on 19 April 1946-namely
not until16 December 1946. However, the demise of the Permanent
Court some eight months earlier would, on the basis of the Court's
conclusion in the Israel v. Bulgaria case, have caused the lapse of
Thailand's Declaration of 3 May 1940 by which she had renewed
for another IO years her original acceptance, given in 1929, of the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent Court. If this 1940
Declaration had thus lapsed, it followed that Article 36, paragraph
5, which related only to declarations "still in force", would have no
application to Thailand's Declaration of 1940. Accordingly, this

Declaration would not have been transformed into an acceptance
of the compulsory jurisdiction of the present Court by reason of
the fact that Thailand became a Member of the United Nations,
and thus a party to the Statute, on 16 December 1946. Conse-
quently, according to the view which Thailand puts fonvard, when
Thailand made her Declaration of May 1950 purporting to renew
for another IO years her original Declaration of 1929, as itself
renewed in 1940, all she actually would have achieved was a neces-
sarily abortive and inoperative renewal of a declaration which
had never had any effect except asan acceptance of the compulsory
jurisdiction of a tribunal that no longer existed.

The language of renewal of a previous declaration which Thailand
employed in her Declaration of 1950 was entirely natural on the
assumption that Thailand's previous declaration relative to the
Permanent Court had, by the operation of Article 36, paragraph 5,

been transformed into an acceptance relative to the present Court
when Thailand was adrnitted asa Member of the United Nations in
December 1946. On that basis, she would, in 1950, simply have
been renewing a declaration which was itself-or rather had in 1946
become-an acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the
present Court. But according to the argument Thailand has now
put fonvard, the decision of the Court in 1959showed that this wasnot in fact the legal position: in 1950, all that existed, or rather
remained, was an instrument (the Declaration of 1940) accepting
the compulsory jurisdiction of a defunct tribunal. This was the
instrument which Thailand "renewed" in 1950; but asthis instru-
ment related to a non-existent institution its "renewal" was neces-
sarily devoid of legal effect.

An essential part of the reasoning by which Thailand has sup-
ported her contention is that the intentions she may have had in
making her Declaration of May 1950 became wholly irrelevant
-or rather became insufficient in themselves. However much those
intentions are known-and indeed admitted by Thailand herself-

to have existed, they were not, Thailand contends, carried out as
a matter of objective fact. According to Thailand, her position
would be similar to that of a man who desires to make certain
testamentary dispositions, and fully intends them; nevertheless,
he will not achieve his object, as a matter of law, if he fails to
observe the forms and requirements prescribed by the applicable
law for the making of testamentary dispositions.

The first preliminary objection as advanced by Thailand is
evidently based wholly on the alleged effect on Thailand's 1950
Declaration of the conclusion reached by the C~urt in its decision
in the Israel v. Bulgaria case asto the correct sphere of application
of Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Statute.

The Court does not share the view that this decision has the

consequences conceming the effect of Thailand's 1950 Declaration
which Thailand now claims.
The Court's decision in the Israel v. Bulgaria case was of course
concemed with the particular question of Bulgaria's position in
relatiofi to the Court and was in any event, by reason of Article 59
of the Statute, only binding, qua decision, as between the parties
to that case. It cannot therefore, as such, have had the effect of
invalidating Thailand's 1950 Declaration. Considered however as
a statement of what the Court regarded as the correct legal position,
it appears that the sole question, relevant in the present context,
with which the Court was concerned in the Israel v. Bulgaria case
was the effect-or more accurately the scope--of Article 36,
paragraph 5. Now that provision, as has been explained above,
itself related solely to the cases in which declarations accepting
the compulsory jurisdiction of the former Permanent Court would
be deemed to be transformed into acceptances of the compulsory

jurisdiction of the present Court, without any new or specific act
on the part of the declarant State other than the act of having
become a party to the Statute. It was consequently this process
14of transformation ipso jure, and the limits to which it was subject,
that the Court was concemed with in the Israel v. Bulgaria case.
The Court was not concemed with the question whether it might
be possible to effect a similar transformation by othermeans falling
outside Article 36, paragraph 5. Thus, when the Court found that
in the case of States becoming parties totheStatute afterthe demise
of the Permanent Court, no transformation under that particular
provision could take place, it did not mean thereby to imply that
no transformation could take place at. ali.
As regards Bulgaria, her Declaration of 1921 had, according to
the Court's view, lapsed in 1946, and had not been transformed;

and Bulgaria had neither made any independent request that her
1921 Declaration should be considered as relating to the present
Court, nor taken any other step which could be regarded as con-
stituting an acceptance of the Court's compulsory jurisdiction.
In these circumstances, the Court could only conclude that Bulgaria
was not obliged to submit to the jurisdicton of the Court.

From the above, it would follow that if Thailand's 1940 Declara-
tion was not thus transformed ipsojure in the light of the Court's
decision, by the operation of Article 36, paragraph 5, there would
still remain the question whether that Declaration was so trans-
formed in some other manner or whether, irrespective of any trans-
formation of her 1940 Declaration as such, Thailand could be held
to have independently accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court. It is clear that the fact that Thailand,by a new and voluntary
act, made her Declaration of May 1950, placed her in a different
position from Bulgaria which had never taken any new step at

allsubsequent to her admission to the United Nations.

Such is the question-a question in no way govemed by the posi-
tion in relation to Article 36, paragraph 5-to which the Court
must now address itself; but before doing so, it is necessary to
determine exactly what the situation was that had been reached
by 20 May 1950, the date of Thailand's Declaration.
Thailand did not, either on joining the United Nations, or at
any time before 6 May 1950, when Thailand's 1940 Declaration
was in any case due to expire according to its own terms, address
any communication to the Secretary-General regarding her 1940
Declaration. Consequently, the position in May 1950 was that
Thailand's 1940 Declaration had, on the basis of the Court's 1959
decision, never been transformed into an acceptance of the com-
pulsory jurisdiction of the present Court by the operation of

Article 36, paragraph 5; and equally had not up to that date
(6 May 1950) been transformed by Thailand's own independent
act. Furthermore, by 20 May 1950, the 1940 Declaration nevercould thenceforth, as such, be so transformed, because, according
to its own terms, nt had expired two weeks earlier, on 6 May.

Thailand had thus either never been bound since 1946, or had,
on any view, ceased to be bound as from 6 May 1950. Thailand
was therefore àt this point (20 May 1950) entirely unfettered
and not bound by the compulsory jurisdiction of this Court. She
was completely free at that point either io accept or else not to
accept that jurisdiction for the future. In this situation,she pro-
ceeded to do what Bulgaria never did, namely to address to the

Secretary-General of the United Nations a communication em-
bodying her Declaration of 20 May. By this she at least purported
to accept, and clearly intended to accept, the compulsory jurisdic-
tion of the present Court. The question is-and it is really the
sole pertinent question in this case--did she effectually carry out
her purpose ?
This Eedaration of May 1950 was a new and independent instru-
ment and has to be dealt with as such. It was not, and could not
have been, made under paragraph 5 of Article 36 of the Statute.
In the first place, this paragraph contained no provision for the
making of specific declarations by States: where it operated, it
operated ipso jure without any such specific declaration-that
indeed was its whole point. In the second place, paragraph 5 wnç
so worded as only to preserve the declarations concerned for the
duration of the imexpired portion of the terms for which they
still had to run; and Thailand's previous Declaration of 1940,

whether or not kept dive by Articie 36, paragraph 5,was in any
case due to expire on 6 May 1950, by its own terms. The operation
of Articie 36, paragraph 5, was therefore, on any view, wholly
exhausted by that date so far as Thailand was concerned. It
follows that Thailand's Declaration of 20 May 1950 was not a
declaration which Thailand either did rnake, or ever could have
made, under Article 36, paragraph 5, even if she had wanted to;
and from this it follows that the 1950 Declaration must have
been one ivhich Thailand was inaking under paragraphs 2-4 of
that Article, and in at least purported or attempted acceptance
of the compuisory jurisdiction of the present Court, which is the
only tribunal contemplated by those paragraphs.
In answenng the question whether this acceptance was an
effectua1 one, it must be borne in mind that although, for the
reasons given above, the view taken in the Court's decision in the
Israel v. Bulgaria case as to the scope of Article 36, paragraph 5,
of the Statute does not, on any a prior basis, exclude the validity

of Thailand's 1950 Declaration, this decision has nevertheless to
be taken into account in determining what the effect of that
Declaration was; for the decision is invoked by Thailand to argue
that her previous (1940) Declaration, whiêhthe 1950 Declaration
renewed, was an "untransformed" one, because the 1940Declarationhad become lacking in an object: it was therefore incapable of
renewal or else related to the compulsory jurisdiction of the old
and defunct Court, not of the existing Court.
The Court is unable to share this view of the effect of Thailand's
1950 Declaration. But before stating why, it is desirable to dispose
of certain other points raised in the course of the proceedings.

In the first place, there was a good deal of discussion as to
whether a lapsed instrument can be renewed, or rather revived;
and distinctions were drawn between, on the one hand, the pro-
longation of an instrument in force, and, on the other hand, the
renewal or revival of lapsed or spent instruments.
The Court considers that much of this discussion had little
relevance to the particular circumstances of this case. The real
question in the present case is a different one. I-t is not: could
Thailand by her 1950 Declaration renew or revive her 1929 and
1940 Declarations despite the fact that these had lapsed and
were no longer in force; the question is, what was the effect of
her Declaration of 1950: did she thereby merely revive obliga-
tions that could no longer operate because they related to a no
longer existent object, or were they revived in such a way as to
relate to the present Court? This is the question that the present

Judgment is directed to determining.

Next, there was also discussion as to the question of error and
its possible effects. Thailand's position, it might be said, is that
in 1950 she had a mistaken view of the status of her 1940 Declara-
tion, and for that reason she used in her Declaration of 1950
language which the decision of the Court in the Israelv. Bulgarza
case showed to be inadequate to achieve the purpose for which that
Declaration was made. Any error of this kind would evidently have
been an error of law, but in any event the Court does not consider
that the issue in the present case is really one of error. Furthermore,
the principal juridical relevance of error, where it exists, is that
it may affect the reality of the consent supposed to have been
given. The Court cannot however see in the present case any factor
which could, as it were ex postand retroactively,impair the reality
of the consent Thailand admits and affirms she fully intended to

give in 1950. There was in any case a real consent in 1950, whether
or not it was embodied in a legally effective instrument-and it
could not have been consent to the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Permanent Court, which Thailand weli knew no longer existed. The real case for Thailand lies in the contention that her 1950
Declaration was vitiated despite her clear intentions, because,
as she maintains, this Declaration was expressed in terms which
rendered it legally ineffective for want of an object. Evidently
no defect could be more fundamental than to renew a declaration
lacking in an object. But to reach an immediate conclusion on
that basis would be gratuitous, for in the light of the reasoning
that has been set out above, the effect of the 1950 Declaration
can only be established by an independent examination of that
Declaration, considered as a whole and in the light of its known

purpose.
Before undertaking this examination, which really constitutes
the crux of the matter, the Court wishes to refer to the argument
presented on behalf of Thailand that, in legal transactions, just as
the deed without the intent is not enough, so equally the will with-
out the deed does not suffice to constitute a mlid legal transaction.
It should be noted here that there was certainly no will on Thai-
land's part in 1950 to accept the compulsory jririsdiction of the
former Permanent Court. This does not of course by itself rnean
that the 1950 Declaration constituted an acceptance in relation
to the present Court. Nevertheless the sheer impossibility that,
in 1950, any acceptance could either have been intended, or could
in fact have operated, as an acceptance relative to the Permanent
Court is a factor to be borne in mind in considering the effect of
the 1950 Declaration.

As regards the question of forms and formalities, as distinct
frorn intentions, the Court considers that, to citeexamples drawn
from the field of private law, there are cases where, for the pro-
tection of the interested parties, ofor reasons of public policy, or on
other grounds, the law prescribes as rna~idaiory certain fonnalities
which, hence, beconle essential for the validityof certaintransactions,
such as for instance testamentary dispositions ;and another example,
amongst many possible ones, would be that of a marriage cere-
mony. But the position in the cases just mentioned (wills, marriage,
etc.) arises because of the existence in those cases of mandatorv
req;irernents of law as to forms and forrnalities. Where, on th:
other hand, as is generaUy the case in international law, which places
the principal ernphashs on the intentions of the parties, the law
prescribes no particiilar form, parties are free to choose what form
they please provided their intention clearly results frorn it.

Ht is this last position which obtains in the case of acceptances
of the ccrrnpulsory jufisdliçtion of Che Cmrt. The oriÿ f~rinâlity
required is the dzpusit of %lieacceptance w2.5 the Sec~zLa.y-
Geiieral of the Uniced Nations ririGer paiagrayh 4 of Article 36
of the Siatute. This formality was accomplished by Thailand.
For the rrst-as regards fom-paragraph 2 of Airticle 36 merely
provides that States parties to the Statute "may at any time declare
18that they recognize as compulsory ..the jurisdiction of the Court",
etc. The precise form and language in which they do this is left
to them, and there is no suggestion that any particular form is
required, or that any declarations not in such form will be invalid.
No doubt custom and tradition have brought it about that a cer-
tain pattern of terminology is normally, as a matter of fact and
convenience, employed by countries accepting the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court; but there is nothing mandatory about

the employment of this language. Nor is there any obligation,
notwithstanding paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 36, to mention
such matters as periods of duration, conditions or reservations,
and there are acceptances whch have in one or more, or even in
all,of these respects maintained silence.
Such being, according to the view taken by the Court, the posi-
tion in respect of the form of declarations accepting its compul-
sory jurisdiction, the sole relevant question is whether the language
employed in any given declaration does reveal a clear intention,
in the terrns of paragraph 2 of Article 36 of the Statute, to "recog-
nize as compulsory ipso facto and without special agreement,
in relation to any other State accepting the same obligation, the
jurisdiction of the Court in al1legal disputes" concerning the cate-
gories of questions enumerated in that paragraph.

In the light of al1 the foregoing considerations, the Court con-
siders that it must interpret Thailand's 1950 Declaration on its
own merits, and without any preconceptions of an a priori kind,
in order to determine what is its real meaning and effect if that
Declaration is read as a whole and in thelight of its known purpose,
which has never been in doubt.
In so doing, the Court must apply its normal canons of inter-
pretation, the first of which, according to the established juris-
prudence of the Court, is that words are to be interpreted accord-
ing to their natural and ordinary meaning in the context in
which they occur. If the 1950 Declaration is considered in this
way, it can have no other sense or meaning than as an acceptance
of the compulsory jurisdiction of the present Court, for there
was no other Court to which it can have related. Thailand's 1950
Declaration, by the mere fact of being embodied in a communi-
cation addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations,

affords clear evidence of acceptance relative to the present Court,
since this was the only Court in relation to which a communication
so addressed could have had any significance.
Moreover, the Court has held in the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co.
case (I.C.J. Re9orts1952, p. 104) that the principle of the ordinary
meaning does not entai1 that words and phrases are always to be
interpreted in a purely literal way; and the Permanent Court, in the
19case of the PolishPostal Servicein Danzig (P.C.I.J.,Series B, No. II,
p. 39), held that this pnnciple did not apply where it would lead
to "something unreasonable or absurd". The case of a contradic-
tion would clearly come under that head. Now, if, on a literal
reading, part of Thailand's 1950 Declaration had, ex post and
because of the decision of the Court in the IsraeZv. Bulgaria case,

to be çonsidered as a purported acceptance of the jurisdiction of
a defunct Court, this would be in clear contradiction to the refe-
rence in another part of the Declaration to Article 36, paragraph 4,
of the Statute (and via that paragraph to paragraphs 2 and 3),
which cleariy evidenced acceptance of the jurisdiction of the pre-
sent Court, and in contradiction also with the fact that a commu-
nication under paragraph q could only re!ate to the present Court.

This reference to Article 36, paragraph 4, was not merely pro-
cedural, as has been contended on behalf of Thailand. It was of
courseprocedural in so far as it was in obedience to the requirement

that such a declaration should be addressed to the Secretary-
General of the United Nations. But the Secretary-General was
to be addressed because, as the language of paragraph 4 ("Such
declarations") indicates, the declarations referred to in paragraph 4
are the same declarations as are specified in paragraphs 2 and 3,
namely declarations accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the
present Court, which is the principal judicial organ of the United
Nations. Thailand, which was fully aware of the non-existence of
the former Permanent Court, could have had no other purpose
in addressing the Secretary-General under paragraph 4 than to
recognize the compulsory jurisdiction of the present Court under
paragraph 2-nor does she pretend othenvise.

On 20 May 1950, Thailand knew that her Declaration of 1940
had expired in accordance with its terms and that in so far as
this was material, Article 36, paragraph 5, had, on any interpreta-
tion, exhausted itself. Thailand knew she was free of any obliga-
tion ta submit :O the Court's juriçdiction except by virtue of a
new and independent, voluntary, act of submission on her part.
The only way in which she could, at that stage, take action
under Article 36 was pursuant to paragraph 2 thereof; and the
declaration which she then made was pursuant to that paragraph,
as is clearly shown by the terms of the Declaration itself in its
reference to Article 36, paragraph 4, and via that to paragraph 2.

If, however, there should appear to be a contradiction between,
on the one hand, this reference to paragraph 4 of Article 36, and
via that to paragraph 2, indicating acceptance of the compul-
sory jurisdi.ction of the present Court; and, on the other hand,
the references to the "untransformed" neclarations of 1929 and 1940, from which an apparent acceptance of the jurisdiction of
the former Permanent Court might be inferred-that is to Say
a nullity-then, according to a long-established jurisprudence, the
Court becomes entitled to go outside the terms of the Declaration
in order to resolve this contradiction and, inter alia, can have
regard to other relevant circumstances; and when these circum-
stances are considered, there cannot remain any doubt as to
what meaning and effect should be attributed to Thailand's Decla-
ration. In this connection, it is scarcely necessary to do more
than refer to the history of Thailand's consistent attitude to the

compulsory jurisdiction, first of the Permanent Court, and later
of the present Court, as set out in an earlier paragraph of this
Judgment. To ignore this would indeed be to honour the letter
rather than the spirit; but the Court considers that, for the reasons
which have been indicated, even the letter does not bear out the
view Thailand seeks to maintain conceming the effect of her
1950 Declaration.

To sum up, when a country has evinced as clearly as Thailand
did in 1950, and indeed by its consistent attitude over many
years, an intention to submit itself to the compulsory jurisdiction

of what constituted at the time the principal international tri-
bunal, the Court could not accept the plea that this intention had
been defeated and nullified by some defect not involving any
flaw in the consent given, unless it could be shown that this defect
was so fundamental that it vitiated the instrument by failing to
conform to some mandatory legal requirement. The Court does
not consider that this was the case and it is the duty of the Court
not to allow the clear purpose of a party to be defeated by reason
of possible defects which, in the general context, in no way af-
fected the substance of the matter, and did not cause the instm-
ment to run counter to any mandatory requirement of law.

The Court therefore considers that the reference inthe Declaration
of 1950 to paragraph 4 of Article36 of thestatute gave the Decia-
ration, for reasons already given, the character of an acceptance
under paragraph 2 of that Article. Such an acceptance could only
have been an acceptance in relation to the present Court. The

remainder of the Declaration must be construed in the light of
that cardinal fact, and in the general context of the Declaration;
and the reference to the 1929 and 1940 Declarations must, as was
clearly intended, be regarded simply as being a convenient method
of indicating, without stating them in terms, what were the con-
ditions upon which the acceptance was made.
21 Since the above conclusion is sufficient in itself to found the
Court's jurisdiction, and the issue of jurisdiction is the only one
which the Court has to determine at this stage of the case, it
becomes unnecessary to proceed to a consideration of the second
basis of jurisdiction invoked by Cambodia, and Thailand's objection
to that basis of jurisdiction.

For these reasons,

unanimously,
rejects the first preliminary objection of Thailand, and finds that
it has jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute submitted to it
on 6 October 1959 by the Application of Cambodia.

Done in English and in French, the English text being authori-
tative, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-sixth day of
May, one thousand nine hundred and sixty-one, in three copies,
one of which wili be placed in the archives of the Court and the
others transmitted tothe Government of the Kingdom of Cambodia
and to the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand, respectively.

(Signed) B. WINIARSKI,
President.

(Signed) GARNIER-COIGNET,

Registrar.

Vice-President ALFARO makes the following Declaration :

The fact that in the present case Thailand has based her first
preliminary objection to the jurisdiction of the Court on the
conclusions of the Judgment rendered in the case of the Aerial
Incident
of July 27th, 1955(Israel v. Bulgaria) establishes a close
connection between that case and the present case, and it may be
open to doubt whether concurrence in the present Judgment
implies agreement with the conclusions of the Court in the above-
mentioned csse. For this reason I consider it necessary to declare
that much to my regret 1 find myself unable to agree with those
conclusions, but even on the assumption that 1 agreed with them,
22it is my opinion that the conclusions of the Court in the Israel v.
Bulgaria case concerning the scope and effect of paragraph 5 of
Article 36 of theStatute are not applicable to the case now decided,
for the abundant reasons stated in the present Judgment.

Judge WELLINGTOK NOO makes the following Declaration:

Since some of the grounds given in the Judgment relate to the
decision of the Court in the case of the Aerial Incidental July 27th,
1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria), Preliminary Objections, 1 desire to say
that while 1 concur in the conclusion of the Court in the present
case and generally in the reasoning which leads to it,1 do not
mean thereby to imply that 1 now concur or acquiesce in that
decision but that, on the contras., 1 continue to hold the views

and the conclusion stated in the Jointissenting Opinion appended
to that decision.
Indeed, 1 consider that on the bais of that Opinion Thailand's
1940 Declaration accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Permanent Court must be deemed to have been transformed, as
had also admittedly been intended by Thailand, when she became
a Member of the United Nations and therefore a party to the
Statute on 16 December 1946, by operation of Article 36, para-
graph 5, of the Statute, into an acceptance in relation to the
present Court; and this fact constitutes an additional and simpler
reason to meet Thailand's principal argument insupport of her first
objection.
This is clear, although itis equally true that since the circum-
stances of the two cases are essentially different, neiththe fact,
based on the said Opinion, that the said 1940Declaration had been
so transformed prior to its own terminal date, 6 May 1950, nor
the fact, based upon the said 1959 decision of the Court, that it
had lapsed on 19 April 1946 when the Permanent Court was
dissolved, bears any determining legal effect on the only crucial
question at issue in the present case, namely, the validity of
Thailand's Declaration of zo May 1950.

Judge Sir Gerald FITZMAURIC aEd Judge TANAKA make the
following Joint Declaration:

Although we are in complete agreement with the substantive
conclusion of the Court in this case and with the reasoning on
which it is based, we have an additional and, for us, a more im-
mediate reason for rejecting the first preliminary objection of
Thailand.
This preliminary objection is based on the conclusion conceming
the effect of paragraph 5 of Article 36 of the Statute which the

23Court reached in its decision of 26 May 1959, given in the case
of the Aerial Incident of July 27th, 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria). The
objection necessarily assumes the correctness of that conclusion;
for it is only on that basis that it is possible to claim, as Thailand
has sought to do, that what she purported to renew, or rather
revive, by her Declaration of 20 May 1950, was an acceptance, not
of the compulsory jurisdiction of the present Court, but of that of
the former Permanent Court, and therefore, in view of the non-
existence of that Court in 1950, devoid of any object, and in-
capable, as such, of renewal or revival. But it is also clear that
exce$t on the basis of that conclusion, the objection would, to use
a serviceable colloquialism, have been "a complete non-starter",
and could never have been formulated at all.

Since, therefore, the objection necessarily presupposes the cor-
rectness of the conciusion reached in the Israel v. Bulgaria case,

the view that this conclusion was in fact incorrect would, foranyone
holding that view, furnish a further reason for rejecting the objec-
tion, and a much more irnmediate one than any of those contained
in the present Judgment.
This is precisely Our position since, to Our regret, we are iinab'e
to agree with the conclusion which the Court reached in the Israel
v. Bulgaria case as to the effect of Article 36, paragraph 5, of the
Statute. We need not give our reasons for this, for they are sub-
stantially the same as those set out in the Joint Dissenting Opinion
of Judges Sir Hersch Laüterpacht and Sir Percy Spender, and of
Judge Wellington Koo. Furthermore, it is not Our purpose to cal1
in question or attempt to reopen the decision in that case.

However, as we do net agree with it, the correct positiozl, for us,
in regard to the effect of Article 36, paragraph 5,as it related to
Thailand's previous Declaration of May 1940, is that on the dernise
of the Permanent Court in April 1946, this Declaration which,
according to its own terms, çtill had about four years to run,
became dormant (but net extinct) and then, on Thailand becoming
a Member of the United Kations in Decernber 1946, was reactivated
by the operation of Article 36, paragraph 5, as an acceptance of

the compulsory jurisdiction of the present Court.

For us, therefore, Thailand's 1950 Declaration waç, as it was
intended to be, a perfectly straightforward and normal renewal of
a Declaratiûn (that of 1940) which had already been "transformed"
into-and iiad acquired the status of-an acceptance in relation
to the present Court, and which had wholly ceased to relate to the
former Permanent Court, not merely because of the dernise of that
Court, but precisely because the Declaration had (by virtue of
Article 36, paragraph 5) been transformed into an acceptance of
the connpulsory jurisdiction of the present Court. On that basis,the status and validity of the Declaration of May 1950 could not
be open to question, and this we believe is the true position.

We have thought it necessary to make Our attitude clear in this
respect; for otherwise, concurrence in the present Judgment of the
Court might be thought to imply agreement with the decision of
26 May 1959. Furthermore, anyone who disagreeswith that decision
must necessarily reject Thailand's first prelirninary objection a
fortiori on that ground alone. This however in no way affects Our
view that the first preliminary objection of Thailand must in any
case be rejected, for the reasons given in the present Judgment.

As regards the second preliminary objection of Thailand-whilst
we are fully in agreement with the view expressed by Sir Hersch
Lauterpacht in the South WestAfrica-Voting Procedurecase (I.C.J.
Reports 1955, at pp. 90-93) to the effect that the Court ought not
to refrain from pronouncing on issues that a party has argued as
central toits case, merely on the ground that these are not essential
to the substantive decision of the Court-yet we feël that this view
is scarcely applicable to issues of jurisdiction (nor did Sir Hersch
imply otherwise). In the present case,Thailand's second preliminary
objection was of course fully argued by the Parties. But once the
Court, by rejecting the first preliminary objection,has found that
it has jurisdiction to go into themerits of the dispute (this being
the sole relevant issue at this stage of the case), the matter is,
çtrictly, concluded, and a finding,whether for or againstThailand,
on her second preliminary objection, could add nothing matenal
to the conclusion, already arrived at, that the Court is competent.
We therefore agree that the Court is not called upon in the cir-
cumstances to pronounce on the second preliminary objection.

Judge Sir Percy SPENDER appends to the Judgment of the
Court a statement of his Separate Opinion.

Judge MORELLI appends to the Judgment of the Court a state-
ment of his Separate Opinion.

(InitialledB. W.
(Initialled) G.-C.

Bilingual Content

INTERNATIONALCOURTOF JUSTICE

REPORTSOF JUDGMENTS,

ADVISORYOPINIONSAND ORDERS

CASE CONCERNING THE
TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR

(CAMBODlAv.THAILAND)
BRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS

JUDGMENT OF 26MAY 1661

COURINTERNATIONALEDE JUSTICE

RECUEILDES &TS,
AVISCONSULTATIFSET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DU TEMPLE DE

PRÉAH VIHEAR
(CAMBODGE c.THAILANDE)
EXCEPTIONPRÉLIMINAIRES

ARRE DU 26 MAI 1961 This Judgment should be cited as follows
"Case concerningthe Temple ofPreah Vihear
(Cambodia. Thailand),Preliminary Objections,
Judgment of6May 1961:I.C.J. Repor1961,.17."

Le présent arrêtdoit êtrecitécom:e suit
(Aflaire d.utemple dePréahVihéar
(Cambodge.Thai'lan)Exceptions préliminaires,
Arrêtdz26mai 1961:C.I.J.Recuei1961 ,.17.»

Soles number
NOde vente :245 1 INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

1961
26May
General L:st YEAR 1961
No. 45
26May 1g6x

CASE CONCERNING THE

TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR

(CAMBODIA v. THAILAND)
PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS

Compulsory jurisdicti0n.-Declaration of I950,deposited with
Secretary-Generalof United Nationsccordancewith Statute of

International Court of Justice, "renewing" doflarations
1940recognizingas compulsorylurisdiction of Permanent Court.-
Article, paragraph5,of Statute.-Decision in Israel v. Bulgaria
case.-Distinctiobetween presenanse thatof Israel v. Bulgaria.
-Renewal of an existing, and revivalof a lapsed,dec1aration.-Error
and consent.-Forms and formalitiesas to declarationsof acceptance.
-Rules ofinterpretationof legalinstruments.-Communimadeons

under Article36, paragraph4,of Statute.-Efiect of Thailand's 1950
Declarationof Acceptance.

JUDGMENT

Presen: PresidentWINIARSK I Vice-PresidentALFARO ; Judges
BADAWIM , ORENO QUINTANA W, ELLINGTO NOO, SPIRO-

POULOS, Sir Percy SPENDER,Sir Gerald FITZMAURICE,
KORETSKY, TANAKAB , USTAMANT YERIVERO,MORELLI;
RegistrarGARNIER-COIGNET.

4 COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

1961
Le 26 mai
R6le g6nérai
no 45
26 mai 1961

AFFAIRE DU TEMPLE DE

PRÉAH VIHÉAR

(CAMBODGE c. THAILANDE)

Juridiction obligatoir-. Déclarafior,e 1950> renouvelan» les

déclarationsdeI929 et 194o accefitantla jzcridistionobligatoire dela
Cour permanente,remise au Secrdaire général deNsations Unies
conformémentau Statut de la Cour internationaledeJustice. Arti-
cle36,fiaragraphe5,dustatut- Arrétdansl'aoaireIsraec.Bulgarie.

- Distinctionentrel'a8aireactuelleet LJa8aireIsraël c. Bulg--ie.
Renouvellementd'unedéclarationexistants et remis2en vigueurd'une
déclaratiocaduque. --Erreuretconsentement.- Formesetformalités
relativesaux déclarations d'acceptation.èglesd'interprétatiodes

instrumentsjuridiques.- Communicationsfaites en vertu de Z'arti-
cle36, paragraphe4, du Statut- E8eCdeladéclarationd'acceptation
faite par lahailandeen 19jo.

Présents: MM. WINIARSKI,Président ; ALFARO,Vice-Président ;
MM. BADAWI,MORENOQUINTANA W, ELLINGTON KOO,
SPIROPOULOS s,ir Percy SPENDER,sir Gerald FITZ-

MAURICE, KORETSKYT ,ANAKAB , USTAMANT YERIVERO,
MORELLIJ,uges; M. GARNIER-LOIGNE GTr,efier.

4 In the case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear,

between
the Kirigdom of Cambodia,

represented by
H.E. Truong Cang, Member of the Haut Consei du Trône,
as Agent,

assisted by
Hon. Dean Acheson, Member of the Bar of the Supreme Court
of the United States of America,
M. Roger Pinto, Professor at the Pans Law Faculty,

M. Paul Reuter, Professor at the Paris Law Faculty,
as Counsel,

and

the Kingdom of Thailand,
represented by
H.S.H. Prince Vongsamahip Jayankura, Ambassador of Thailand
to the Netherlands,

as Agent,
assisted by
The Rt. Hon. Sir Frank Soskice, Q.C., M.P., former Attorney-
General of England,

Mr. Seni Promoj, Member of the Thai Bar,
Mr. James Nevins Hyde, Member of the Bar of the State of
New York and Member of the Bar of the Supreme Court of
the United States,
Me. Marcel Slusny, Member of the Bar of the Brussels Court of

Appeal,
Mr. J. G. Le Quesne, Member of the English Bar,
as Advocates and Counsel,

and
Mr. David S. Downs, Solicitor, Supreme Court of Judicature,
England,
Mr. Sompong Sucharitkul, Member of the Legal Division,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
as Advisers, En l'affaire du temple de PrCah Vihéar,

entre
le Royaume du Cambodge,

représentépar :
S. Exc. M. Truong Cang, membre du Haut Conseil du Trône,
comme agent,

assistépar
l'honorable Dean Acheson, membre du barreau de la Cour
suprême desÉtats-unis d'Amérique,
M. Roger Pinto, professeur à la faculté de droit de Pans,

M. Paul Reuter, professeur à la faculté de droit de Paris,
comme conseils,

le Royaume de Thaïlande,
représentépar :.
S. A. S. le prince Vongsamahip Jayankura, ambassadeur de
Thailande aux Pays-Bas,

comme agent,
assistépar
le très honorable sir Frank Soskice, C.,M.P., ancien Attorney-
General d'Angleterre,

M. Seni Promoj, membre du barreau de Thaïlande,
M. James Nevins Hyde, membre du barreau de l'État de New
York et membre du barreau de la Cour suprêmedesÉtats-unis,

Me Marcel Slusny, avocat près la Cour d'appel de Bruxelles,

M. J. G. Le Quesne, membre du barreau d'Angleterre,
comme avocats et conseils,
et

M. David S. Downs, Solicitor, Supreme Court of Judicature
d'Angleterre,
M. Sompong Sucharitkul, membre du service juridique du
ministère des Affaires étrangères,
comme conseillers, composed as above,
delzversthe followingJudgmen:

On 6 October 1959,the Minister-Counsellor of the Royal Cam-
bodian Embassy in Paris handed to the Registrar an Application
by the Govemment of Cambodia, dated 30 September 1959,
instituting proceedings before the Court against the Govemment
of the Kingdom of Thailand with regard to the territorial sover-
eignty over the Temple of Preah Vihear.
The Application invoked Article 36 of the Statute of the Court
and the Declarations of 20 May 1950 and 9 September 1957 by
which Thailand and Cambodia respectively recognized as compul-
sory the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice, as well
as the General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International
Disputes of 26 September 1928.
In accordance with Article 40, paragraph2, of the Statute, the
Application was communicated to the Govemment of Thailand.
In accordance with paragraph 3 of the same Article, the other
Members of the United Nations and the non-Member States entitled

to appear before the Court were notified.
Time-limits for the filing of the Memorial and the Counter-
Memorial were fixed by an Order of5December 1959. The Memorial
was filed within the time-limit fixed for this purpose. Within the
time-limit fixed for the filing of the Counter-Memorial, them-
ment of Thailand filed preliminary objections to the jurisdiction
of the Court. On IO June 1960, an Order, recording that the
proceedings on the merits were suspended under the provisions
of Article 62, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, granted the
Government of Cambodia a time-limit expiring on 22 July 1960
for the submission of a written statement of its observations
and submissions on the preliminary objections. The written
statement was filed on that date and the case became ready for
hearing in respect of the preliminary objections.
On IO, II, 12, 14and 15 April 1961, heanngs were held in the
course of which the Court heard the oral arguments and replies
of Prince Vongsamahip Jayankura, Agent, Sir Frank Soskice,
Mr. ame Nes'ins Hyde and Me. Marcel Slusny, Advocates and
Counsel, on behalf of the Govemment of the Kingdom of Thailand,
and of M. Truong Cang, Agent, and Mr. Dean Acheson, M. Roger
Pinto and M. Paul Reuter, Counsel, on behalf of the Government
of Cambodia.
In the course of the written and oral proceedings, the following
submissions were presented by the Parties: ainsi composée,

rend l'arrétsuivant :

Le 6 octobre 1959, le ministre-conseiller à l'ambassade royale
du Cambodge à Paris a remis au Greffier une requête du Gouver-
nement du Royaume du Cambodge en date du 30 septembre
1959, introduisant devant la Cour une instance contre le Gouver-
nement du Royaume de Thaïlande relative la souveraineté
territoriale sur Ie temple de Yréah Vihéar.

La requête invoque l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour, les décla-
rations en date du 20 mai 1950 et du 9 septembre 1957 par les-
quelles la Thaïlande et le Cambodge ont respectivement reconnu
la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour internationale de Justice,
ainsi que l'Acte général.pour le règlement pacifique des différends
internationaux du 26 septembre 1928.
Conformément à l'article 40, paragraphe 2,du Statut, la requête
a étécommuniquée au Gouvernement de Thaïlande. Conformément
au paragraphe 3 du mêmearticle, les autres Membres des Nations
Unies, ainsi que les États non membres admis à ester en justice
devant la Cour, en ont été informés.

Les délais pour le dépôt du mémoire et du contre-mémoire ont
étéfixéspar ordonnance du 5 décembre 1959. Le mémoire a été
déposédans le délaifixé à cet effet. Le Gouvernement de Thaïlande
a déposédes exceptions préliminaires à la compétence de la Cour
dans le délai fixé pour le dépôt du contre-mémoire. Le IO juin
1960, une ordonnance, constatant que la procédure sur le fond
était suspendue en vertu des dispositions de l'article 62, para-
graphe 3, du Règlement de la Cour, a accordé au Gouvernement
du Cambodge un délai expirant le 22 juillet 1960 pour présenter
un exposé écrit contenant ses observations et conclusions sur les
exceptions préliminaires. A cette date, l'exposé écritayant été

déposé, l'affaires'est trouvée en état pour ce qui eçtes exceptions
préliminaires.
Des audiences ont ététenues les IO, II, 12, 14 et 15 avril 1961,
durant lesquelles on1 étéentendus en leurs plaidoiries et réponses,
pour le Gouvernement de Thaïlande: le prince Vongsamahip
Jayankura, agent, et sir Frank Soskice, M. James Nevins Hyde
et Me Marcel Slusny, avocats et conseils; pour le Gouvernement
du Cambodge: M. Truong Cang, agent, et MM. Dean Acheson,
Roger Pinto et Paul Reuter, conseils.

Au cours de la procédure écrite et orale, les conclusions ci-après

ont étéprises par les Parties: On behalf of the Government of Cambodia, in the Application:

"The submissions of the Kingdom of Cambodia are as follows:
May it please the Court to ~djudge and declare, whether the
Kingdom of Thailand appears or not :
(1) that the Kingdom of Thailand is under an obligation to
withdraw the detachments of armed forces it has stationed since
1954in the ruins of the Temple of Preah Vihear;
(2) that the territorial sovereignty over the Temple of Preah
Vihear belongs to the Kingdom of Cambodia."

On behalf of the same Government, in the Memorial:
"The submissions of the Kingdom of Cambodia are as follows:
May it please the Court to find in favour of the submissions
contained in its Application instituting proceèdingsand, in particu-
lar, to adjudge and declare, whether the Kingdom of Thailand
appears or not :
(1)that the Kingdom of Thailand is under an obligation to
withdraw the detachments of armed forces it has stationed since
1954in the ruins of the Temple of Preah Vihear;
(2)that the territorial sovereignty over the Temple of Preah
Vihear belongs to the Kingdom of Cambodia."

On behalf of the Government of Thailand, in the Preliminary
Objections :

"The Government of Thailand respectfuliy asks the Court to
declare and pronounce that it has no jurisdiction to entertain the
Cambodian Application of the 6th October, 1959, for the following
reasons :

(i) lapsed on the dissolution of the Permanent Court of Interna-
tional Justice on the 19th April, 1946,and thereafter couldnot
be renewed;

(ii) that theThai declaration of the 20th May, 1950purported to
tember, 1929, and so was ineffective ab initio;of the 20th Sep-

(iii) that consequently Thailand has never accepted the compulsory
jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice under
Article 36, paragraph 2,of the Statute.

(i) that neither Thailand nor Cambodia has ever been a party to
the General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International
Disputes of the 26th September, 1928;
(ii) that consequently the said Act doesnot constitute an agreement
of the parties to submit the said dispute to the jurisdiction of
the Court.
7 Au nom du Gouvernement du Cambodge, dans la requête:

ILe Royaume du Cambodg,: conclut à ce qu'il plaise à la Cour
dire et juger, tant en présence qu'en l'absence du Royaume de
Thaïlande,

1) que le Royaume de Thaïlande devra retirer les élémentsde
forces arméesqu'il a installés depuis 1954 dans les ruines du temple
de Préah Vihéar;
2) que la souveraineté territoriale sur le temple de Préah Vihéar

appartient au Royaume du Cambodge. ))
Au nom de ce même Gouvernement, dans le mémoire:

(<Le Royaume du Cambodge conclut à ce qu'il plaise à la Cour
lui adjuger les conclusions de sa requêteintroductive et notamment
dire et juger, tant en présence qu'en l'absence du Royaume de
Thaïlande,
1) que le Royaume de Thaïlande devra retirer les élémentsde

forces armées qu'il a installés depuis 1954 dans les ruines du temple
de Préah Vihéar;
2) que la souveraineté territoriale sur le temple de Préah Vihéar
appartient au Royaume du Cambodge. 1)

Au nom du Gouvernement de Thaïlande, dans les exceptions
préliminaires :

((Le Gouvernement de Thaïlande demande respectueusement à
la Cour de dire et juger qu'elle n'a pas compétence pour connaître
de la requêtedéposéepar le Cambodge le 6 octobre 1959 et ce pour
les motifs suivants:

(i) la déclaration siamoise du 20 septembre 1929 est devenue
caduque lors de la dissolution de la Cour permanente de Justice
internationale le 19 avril 1946 et ne pouvait êtrerenouvelée
par la suite;

(ii) la déclaration de la Thaïlande du 20 mai 1950 n'avait pas
d'autre objet que de renouveler ladite déclaration du 20 sep-
tembre 1929 et par conséquent elle était sans effet ab initio;
(iii) en conséquence, la Thaïlande n'a jamais accepté la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour internationale de Justice aux termes de

l'article36, paragraphe 2,du Statut.

(i) ni la Thaïlande ni le Cambodge n'ont jamais étéparties à

l'Acte généraldu 26 septembre 1928 pour le règlement pacifique
des différends internationaux;
(ii) en conséquence, cet Acte ne constitue pas un accord entre les
parties en vue de soumettre le différend en question à la
juridiction de la Cour.

721 TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (JUDGMENT OF 26 v 61)

(Cl

(i) that Cambodia has not sought to found the jurisdiction of the
Court upon the Franco-Siamese Treaty of Friendship, Com-
merce and Navigation of the 7th December, 1937;
(ii) that Cambodia is not a party to the said Treaty, nor has she
succeeded to any of the rights of France thereunder;
(iii) that consequently the said Treaty does not constitute an
agreement of the parties to submit the said dispute to the
jurisdiction of the Court."

On behalf of the Government of Cambodia, in its Written
Observations on the Preliminary Objections :
"Having regard to Articles 36 and 37 of the Statute of the Inter-
national Court of Justice;
Having regard to Articles 21and 22 of the Franco-Siamese Treaty
of 7 December 1937, Article 2 of the Settlement Agreement of
17 November 1946 and the General Act for the Pacific Settlement
of International Disputes dated 26 September 1928;

The submissions of the Kingdom of Cambodia are as follows:
May it please the Court:
to dismiss the Preliminary Objections lodged by the Govemment
of Thailand ;
to adjudge and declare that it has jurisdiction to decide the
dispute brought before it on 6 October 1959 by the Application of
the Govemment of Cambodia."

On behalf of the Government of Thailand, Submissions read at
the hearing on II April 1961:

"The Government of Thailand respectfully asks the Court to
declare and pronounce that it has no jurisdiction to entertain the
Cambodian Application of the 6th October, 1959, for the following
reasons :
(A)

(i) that the Siamese declaration of the 20th September, 1929
lapsed on the dissolution of the Permanent Court of Inter-
national Justice on the 19th April, 1946, and thereafter could
not be renewed;
(ii) that the Thai declaration of the 20th May, 1950 purported to
do no more than renew the said declaration of the 20th Sep-
tember, 1929, and so was ineffective ab initio;
(iii) that consequently Thailand has never accepted the compul-
sory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice under
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute.

(i) that neither Thailand nor Cambodia has ever been a party to
the General Act for the Pacific Settlement of Intemational
Disputes of the 26th September, 1928;
8 (i) le Cambodge n'a pas cherché à fonder la juridiction de la Cour
sur le traité franco-siamois d'amitié, de commerce et de naviga-
tion du 7 décembre 1937;
(ii) le Cambodge n'est pas partie audit traité et n'a pas davantage

succédéaux droits conférésà la France par ce traité;
(iii) en conséquence, ce traité ne constitue pas-un accord entre les
parties en vue de soumettre le différend en question à la juri-
diction de la Cour. ))

Au nom du Gouvernement du Cambodge, dans ses observations
écrites sur les exceptions préliminaires:

«Vu les articles 36 et 37 du Statut de la Cour internationale de
Justice ;
Vu les articles 21 et 22 du traité franco-siamois du 7 décembre
1937, l'article 2 de l'accord de règlement du 17 novembre 1946 et

l'Acte général pourle règlement pacifique des différends internatio-
naux du 26 septembre 1928;

Conclut à ce qu'il plaise à la Cour:
rejeter les exceptions préliminaires opposéespar le Gouvernement
de la Thaïlande ;
dire et juger qu'elle est compétente pour statuer sur le différend
portédevant elle, le 6 octobre 1959, par la requêtedu Gouvernement

du Cambodge. »
Au nom du Gouvernement de Thaïlande, à l'audience du II avril

1961 :
((Le Gouvernement de Thaïlande demande respectueusement à la
Cour de dire et juger qu'elle n'a pas compétence pour connaître de
la requête déposéepar le Cambodge le 6 octobre 1959 et ce pour

les motifs suivants :
(A)

(i) la déclaration siamoise du 20 septembre 1929 est devenue ca-
duque lors de la dissolution de la Cour permanente de Justice
internationale le 19 avril 1946 et ne pouvait êtrerenouvelée
par la suite;

(ii) la déclaration de la Thaïlande du 20 mai 1950 n'avait pas
d'autre objet que de renouveler ladite déclaration du 20 sep-
tembre 1929 et par conséquent elle était sans effet ab initio;
(iii) en conséquence, la Thaïlande n'a jamais accepté la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour internationale de Justice aux termes de
l'article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut.

(i) ni la Thaïlande ni le Cambodge n'ont jamais été parties à
l'Acte généraldu 26septembre 1928pour le règlement pacifique

des différends internationaux;
8 22 TEMPLE OF PREAH VIHEAR (JUDGMENT OF 26 V 61)

(ii) that consequently the said Act doesnot constitute an agreement
of the parties to submit the said dispute to the jurisdiction of
the Court.

(i) that Cambodia is not a party to the Franco-Siamese Treaty of
Friendship, Commerce and Navigation of the 7th December
1937, nor has she succeeded to any of the rights of France
thereunder ;
(ii) that consequently the said Treaty does not constitute an
agreement of the parties to submit the said dispute to the
jurisdittion of the Court;

(iii) that Cambodiais not a party to the Franco-Siamese Settlement
Agreement of the 17th November 1946, nor has she succeeded
to any of the rights of France thereunder;
(iv) that consequently the said Agreement does not constitute an
agreement of the parties to submit the said dispute to the
jurisdiction of the Court."
At the end of the oral arguments, the Agent for-the Government
of Cambodia, by way of submission that the Court had jurisdiction,

stated that the arguments advanced on the principal and alter-
native issues on behalf of his Govemment in the course of the
hearings were maintained.

In the present case, Cambodia alleges a violation on the part
of Thailand of Cambodia's temtorial sovereignty over the region
of the Temple of Preah Vihear and its precincts. Thailand replies
by affirming that the area in question lies on the Thai side of the
common frontier between the two countries, and is under the
sovereignty of Thailand. This is a dispute about temtorial sov-

ereignty; but as Thailand has raised certain objections to the
competence of the Court to hear and determine the substantive
merits of the dispute, the sole task of the Court in the present
proceedingsis to consider and decide whether it has this competence
or not.
In invoking the jurisdiction of the Court, Cambodia has based
herself first, and principally, on the combined effect of her own
acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, given by
a Declaration made under paragraphs 2-4 of Article 36 of the
Court's Statute, and dated g September 1957, coupled with the
Declaration made by Thailand on 20 May 1950, by which, in
Cambodia's view, Thailand equally accepted the compulsory

jurisdiction of the Court in such a manner asto cover the present
dispute.
Secondly, Cambodia relies on the alleged effect of certain treaty
provisions entered into between France, said to be acting on (ii) en conséquence,cet Acte ne constitue pas un accord entre les
parties en vue de soumettre le différend enquestionà la juri-
diction de la Cour.

(i) le Cambodge n'est pas partie au traité franco-siamois d'amitié,
de commerce et de navigation du 7 décembre1937et n'a pas
davantage succédé aux droits conféréà la France par ce traité;

(ii) en conséquence,ce traité ne constitue pas un accord entre les
parties en vue de soumettre le différenden questionà la juri-
diction de la Cour;
(iii) le Cambodge n'est pas partie l'Accord de règlement franco-
siamois du 17novembre 1946et n'a pasdavantage succédé aux
droits conférésàla France par cet accord;
(iv) en conséquence,cet Accord ne constitue pas un accord entre
les parties en vue de soumettre le différend enquestionà la
juridiction de la Cour»

A la fin des plaidoiries, l'agent du Gouvernement du Cambodge
a, pour conclure à la compétence de la Cour, déclaréque I'argu-
mentation développée à la barre au nom de son Gouvernement,
à titre principal et subsidiaire, était maintenue.

Dans la présente affaire, le Cambodge invoque la violation par
la Thaïlande de la souveraineté territorialedu Cambodge sur la
région du temple de Préah Vihéar et ses environs. La Thailande
répond en affirmant que ce territoire est situé du côté thaïlandais
de la frontière commune entre les deux pays et qu'il relève de

la souveraineté thaïlandaise. 11 s'agit là d'un différend portant
sur la souveraineté territoriale; mais, attendu que la Thaïlande
a soulevé certaines exceptions à la juridiction de la Cour pour
connaître du fond de l'affaire, la seule tâche de la Cour, au stade
actuel, est d'examiner et de dire si elle est compétente ou non.

Pour établir la compétence de la Cour, le Cambodge se fonde
d'abord et principalement sur l'effet combiné de sa propre accep-
tation de la juridiction obligatoire dla Cour, faite par déclaration
formulée en vert6 des paragraphes 2 à 4 de l'article 36 du Statut
de la Cour et datée du 9 septembre 1957 ointe à la déclaration
de la Thaïlande du 20 mai 1950 ,éclaration par laquelle, de l'avis

du Cambodge, la Thaïlande a également accepté la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour en des termes applicables au différend actuei.

Le Cambodge invoque en second lieu l'effet qui résulterait iie
certaines dispositions conventionnelles entre la France, qui aurait
9behalf of the former territory of French Indo-China, of which
Cambodia was then a component part; and Siam, as Thailand
was then called. Cambodia considers that she is entitled to claim

the benefit of certain of these provisions, namely provisions for
the judicial settlement of any disputes of the kind involved in
the present case, including provisions for recourse to the Inter-
national Court of Justice.
Thailand has taken exception to both these alleged bases of
jurisdiction: as regards the first, on the ground that her Declaration
of May 1950, referred to above, did not constitute a valid accept-
ance on her part of the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court; and
as regards the second, on the ground, inter dia,that even if the
treaty provisions in question would effectively have conferred
compulsory jurisdiction on the Court in a similar dispute between
Thailand and France, Cambodia as such cannot make an inde-
pendent claim to the benefit of these provisions in a dispute

which lies between Thailand and herself.

The Court will now address itself to the first preliminary objection
of Thailand, relating to the effect of her Declaration of 20 May

1950.
It is common ground between the Parties that if this Declaration
did constitute a valid acceptance by Thailand of the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court, then Cambodia, because of her own
Declaration of Acceptance of 9 September 1957, was entitled to
require the submission of the present dispute to the Court. It is
solely the validity of Thailand's Declaration that is in issue in
the present proceedings.

It is to be noted, before proceeding to examine the facts, that
as early as 20 September 1929 Thailand accepted the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Permanent Court in the following terms:
"On behalf of the Siamese Govemment, 1 recognize, subject to
ratification, in relation to any other Member or State which accepts
the same obligation, that is to say, on the condition of reciprocity,
the jurisdiction of the Court as compulsoripso factoand without
any special convention, in conformity with Article 36, paragra2,
of the Statute of the Court, for a period of ten yearalldisputes
as to which no other means of pacific settlement is agreed upon
between the Parties."

This Declaration was renewed for a further period by another
Declaration, dated 3 May 1940, due to expire on 6 May 1950.
IOagi 'pour le compte de l'ancien territoire de l'Indochine française,
dont le Cambodge faisait partie, et le Siam, nom que portait à

l'époque la Thaïlande. Le Cambodge se prétend fondé à réclamer
le bénéficede certaines de ces dispositions, à savoir: celles qui
visent le règlement judiciaire de tous les différends du même
ordre que le différend actuel, y compris les dispositions qui pré-
voient le recours à la Cour internationale de Justice.
La Thaïlande a soulevé des exceptions à ces deux prétendues
bases de compétence: quant à la pour le motif que sa
déclaration de mai 1950 visée plus haut ne constituait pas de sa
part une acceptation valable de la juridiction obligatoire de la

Cour, et quant à la seconde, pour le motif, notamment, que,
même si les dispositions conventionnelles en question avaient pu
effectivement condCrer juridiction obligatoire à Ic4Cour sur un
différend semblable entre la Thaïlande et la France, leCambodge,
de son propre chef, ne saurait revendiquer iridépendamment le
bénéficede ces dispositions à propos d'un différendentre la Thaï-
lande et le Cambodge lui-même.

La Cour va maintenant examiner la première exception préli-
minaire de la Thaïlande visant l'effet:de sa déclaration du 20 mai

195Les deux Parties sont d'accord pour reconnaître que, si cette

déclaration constituait bien une acceptation valable par la Thaï-
Pande de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cr~rr,le Cambodge serait
alors fondé, en raison de sa propre déclaration d'acceptation du
9 septembre 1957, à requérir la soumission du difiCrend actuel
à la Cour. C'est uniquement la validité de la déclaration de la
Thaïlande qui est en cause dans la présente procédure.

II importe de relever, avant d'aborder l'examen des faits, que,
dès le 28 septembre 1929, la Thaïlande a accepté la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour permanente en ces termes:

(Au nom du Gouvernement siamois, je déclare reconnaître,sous
réservede ratification, vis-à-vis de tout autre membre ou État
acceptant la.mêmeobligation, c'est-à-dire sous condition de réci-
procité,lajuridictiorde la Cour commeobligatoire de plein droit
et sans convention spéciak, cor;formémentau paragïaphe 2 de
l'astlc!35 du Statut de laCour, pour une dp~réede dix ann&essur
tous les cliffFrendSU sujet desquels les Parties ne seraient pas
convenues d'un aut~emode de règlement pacifique. »
Cette dCclaration a étéreriouveiée pour urie n.ouvel:e pkriode par
une autre déciaration en date du 3 mai 1940, venant à expiration This was, in its tum, followed by yet another Declaration, dated
20 May 1950, and deposited on 13 June 1950, which is the one
the effect of which the Court is-now called upon to consider.

Thailand's Declaration of 20 May 1950 was framed as follows:

"1 have the honour to inform you that by a declaration dated
September 20, 1929, His Majesty's Government had accepted the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent Court of International
Justice in conformity with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute
for a period of ten years and on condition of reciprocity. That
declaration has been renewed on May 3, 1940,for another period of
ten years.
In accordance with the provisions of Article 36, paragraph 4, of
the Statute of the International Court of Justice, 1 have now the
honour to inform you that His Majesty's Government hereby renew
the declaration above mentioned for a further period of ten years
as from May 3, 1950, with the limits and subject to the same
conditions and reservations as set forth in the first declaration of
Sept. 20,1929."
On the face of it, this Declaration appears to be a straightforward
renewal, for another period of years, of a previous acceptance

of the Court's compulsory jurisdiction, in a manner commonly
adopted by States when they wish simply to prolong an existing
obligation or renew a previous obligation without having to set
out again in detail the precise terms of it-as to which, accordingly.
they content themselves with a reference to previous instruments
containing those terms. The latter then become incorporated in
the new instrument as an integral pax3 of it.

This is the construction which undoubtedly would normally
be placed on such an instrument as Thailand's Declaration of
May 1950. Thailand points out, however, that since she made
her Declaration of 1950, there has intervened the decision of the
Court of 26 May 1959, in the case of the Aerial Incident ofJuly
27th,1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria).Thailand contends that this decision
revealed that the assumptions on which the language of her 1950
Declaration was based were incorrect and that her Declaration,

in the light of that decision, was meaningless. Thailand in no way
denies that by this Declaration she fully intended to accept, and
equally fully believed she was accepting, the compulsory jurisdic-
tion of the present Court. But, according to her present argument,
that intention, however definitely it may have existed, and did
exist, in the mind of Thailand, was never carried out as a matter of
objective fact, because Thailand, though al1 unwittingly, drafted
her Declaration of May 1950 in terms which subsequent events-le 6 mai 1950. Celle-ci a étésuivie à son tour par une autre décla-
ration, datée du 20 mai 1950 et déposée le13 juin 1950, qui est

celle dont l'effet est aujourd'hui soumis à l'examen de la Cour.

La déclaration thaïlandaise du 20 mai 1950 s'exprimait en ces
termes :

(J'ai l'honneur de vous rappeler que, par déclaration en date du
20 septembre 1929, le Gouvernement de Sa Majestéavait accepté
la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour permanente de Justice inter-
nationale, conformément aux dispositions du paragraphe 2 de
l'article 36 du Statut de la Cour, pour une périodede dix ans et sous
condition de réciprocité. Cette déclarationa étérenouveléele 3mai
1940pour une autre périodede dix ans.
Conformémentaux dispositions du paragraphe 4 de l'article 36
du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice, j'ai l'honneur de
vous fairesavoirque le Gouvernement de Sa Majestérenouvelle,par
les présentes,la déclarationprécitée pourune autre périodede dix
ans à compter du 3 mai 1950 dans les limites et sous les mêmes
conditionset réservesqui étaient énoncéed sans la première déclara-
tion du 20 septembre 1929. ))
Telle qu'elle se présente, cette déclaration apparaît comme un

renouvellement net, pour une nouvelle période d'années, d'une
acceptation antérieure de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour,
suivant une méthode communément adoptée par les États lors-
qu'ils désirent simplement prolonger une obligation existante ou
renouveler une obligation antérieure sans en énoncer de nouveau
en détail les termes précis, méthode par laquelle ils se bornent,
en conséquence, à un renvoi aux instruments antérieurs qui con-
tiennent ces termes. Ceux-ci sont alors incorporés dans l'instrument
nouveau dont ils forment partie intégrante.
C'estlà l'interprétation quis'attacherait normalement sansaucun
doute à un instrument tel que la déclaration thaïlandaise de mai

1950. La Thaïlande signale cependant qu'après qu'elle eut fait sa
déclaration de 1950 l'arrêt de la Cour du 26 mai 1959 en l'affaire
relative à l'Incident aérien du 27 juillet1955 (Israël c. Bulgarie)
intervint. La Thaïlande soutient que cet arrêt a révéléque les
hypothèses sur lesquelles reposaient les termes de sa déclaration
de 1950 ne s'étaient pas réaliséeset qu'à la lumière de cet arrêt
cette déclaration était dépourvue de signification. La Thaïlande ne
conteste nullement que par cette déclaration elle ait entendu
pleinement accepter et cru tout aussi pleinement accepter la juridic-
tion obligatoire de la Cour actuelle. Mais, d'après son argument
actuel, cette intention, pour certaine qu'elle ait pu être et qu'elle
ait étéen l'esprit de la Thaïlande. ne s'est jamais réalisée en

tant que fait objectif, parce que la Thaïlande, encore qu'inconsciem-
ment, a rédigésa déclaration de mai 1950 en des termes que desin particular the Court's decision in the Israel v. Bulgaria case-
revealed as having been ineffectual to achieve Thailand's purpose.

In order to appreciate the precise implications of Thailand's
first preliminary objection, it is necessary at this point to refer

to Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Statute of the Court, which
reads as follows:
"Declarations made under Article 36 of the Statute of the
Permanent Court of International Justice and which are still in
forceshall be deemed, as between the parties to the present Statute,
to be acceptancesofthe compulsoryjurisdiction ofthe International
Court of Justice for the period which they still have to run and in
accordance with their terms."

The intention of this paragraph was to provide a means whereby,
within certain limits, existing declarations in acceptance of the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent Court of International
Justice would become ipso jure transformed into acceptances of
the compulsory jurisdiction of the present Court as respects States
pa;rties to the Statute of the Court, without such States having
to make any new declarations specifically in relation to the present
Court. In the Israel v. Bulgaria case, however, the Court, inter-
preting paragraph 5 of Article 36, came to the conclusion that
it did not apply indiscriminately to all States which, having
accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the former Permanent
Court, might at any subsequent date become parties to the Statute
of the Court, but only to such of those States as were original

parties. The Court furthermore came to the conclusion that on
19 April 1946, date when the Fermanent Court ceased to exist,
all declarations in acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of
the Permanent Court which had not already, by then, been
"transformed" by the operation of Article 36, paragraph 5, into
acceptances of the compulsory jurisdiction of the present Court,
lapsed and ceased to be in force, since they would, as from then,
have related to a tribunal-the former Permanent Court-which
no longer existed. Consequently, so the Court found, alldeclarations
not having been thus transformed by 19 April 1946 ceased as
from that date to be susceptible of the process of transformation
ipso jure provided for by Article 36, paragraph 5.

It is not necessary for present purposes either to examine or
to recapitulate the reasoning on which these conclusions were
based-reasoning fully set out in the Court's decision in the
Israel v. Bulgaria case. Suffice it to Say that, on the basis of this
reasoning, the Court held that Bulgana not having, through itsévénements ultérieurs - et en particulier l'arrêt de la Cour en
l'affaire Israël c. Bulgarie - ont révéléscomme inopérants pour
atteindre le but visépar la ï'haflande.

En vue d'apprécier la portée exacte de la première exception
préliminaire de la Thaïlande, il fant maintenant se référer ti l'ar-
ticle 36, paragraphe 5, du Statut de la Cour, lequel dispose:

« Les déclarationsfaites en application de 19article36 du Statut
de la Courpermanente de Justice internationale pour une durée qui
n'est pas encore expiréeseront conisidbréesdans les rapports entre
parties au présent Statut, comme comportant acceptation de Ia
juridiction obligatoire de'la Cour internationaie de Justice pour la
duréerestant à courir dJapr6s ces déciarationset corifornément A
leurs termes.n
Ce paragraphe était destiné à établir une méthode par laqueire,

dans certaines limites, les déclarations d'acceptation de la juri-
diction obligatoire de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale
non encore expirées se transformeralertt ipso pire eri acceptations
de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour actueüe pour les États
parties au Statut de la Cour, sans que ces États eussent à faire
de nouvelles déclarations visant eirpress&merll Ia Cour actuelle.
Mais, interprétant l'article 36, paragraphe 5, dans l'affaire Israël
c. Bulgarie, la Cour est parvenue à la conclusion que cette dispo-
sition ne s'appliquait pas indistinctement à tous les États ayant
accepté la juridiction obligatoire de l'ancienne Cour permanente
qui pourraient ensuite, à n'importe quel moment, devenir parties
au Statut de la Cour, mais seulement à ceux de ces États qui
étaient parties au Statut depuis l'origine. La Cour est en outre

parvenue à la conclusion que, le 19 avril 1946,date de la dissolution
de l'ancienne Cour permanente, toutes les déclarationsd'acceptation
de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour permanente qui ne s'étaient
pas déjà «transformées » en vertu de l'article 36, paragraphe 5,
en acceptations de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour actuelle
étaient devenues caduques et avaient cessé d!être en vigueur,
car elles se seraient dès lors appliquées à un tribunal - l'ancienne
Cour permanente - qui n'existait plus. En conséquence, a dit
la Cour, toutes les déclarations qui ne se sont pas ainsi trans-
formées avant le 19 avril 1946 ont cessé à partir de cette date
d'être susceptibles de la transformation ipso jure prévue à l'ar-
ticle 36, paragraphe 5.
Il n'est pas nécessaire d'examiner ou de reprendre ici le raison-

nement sur lequel ces conclusions étaient fondées - raisonnement
pleinement développé par la Cour dans son arrêt en l'affaire
Israël cc.Bulgarie. Qu'il suffise d'indiquer que, sur la base de ce
raisonnement, la Cour a jugé que, la Bulgarie n'étant devenue
PZadmission to the United Nations, become a party to the Statute
until 14 December 1955, the Declaration which she had made
in 1920 accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the former Per-
manent Court, for an indeterminate period of years, must be
regarded as having lapsed on 19 April 1946, and as not having
been transformed by the operation of Article 36, paragraph 5,
into an acceptance relative to the present Court. Bulgaria having

never at any time made a declaration independently accepting
the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court, it followed, on this
view, that she was not bound by that jurisdiction.
In the present case, Thailand's first preliminary objection pro-
ceeds on the basis that her position is substantially the same as that
of Bulgaria. Thailand equally did not, through admission to the
United Nations, become a party to the Statute until after the
demise of the former Permanent Court on 19 April 1946-namely
not until16 December 1946. However, the demise of the Permanent
Court some eight months earlier would, on the basis of the Court's
conclusion in the Israel v. Bulgaria case, have caused the lapse of
Thailand's Declaration of 3 May 1940 by which she had renewed
for another IO years her original acceptance, given in 1929, of the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Permanent Court. If this 1940
Declaration had thus lapsed, it followed that Article 36, paragraph
5, which related only to declarations "still in force", would have no
application to Thailand's Declaration of 1940. Accordingly, this

Declaration would not have been transformed into an acceptance
of the compulsory jurisdiction of the present Court by reason of
the fact that Thailand became a Member of the United Nations,
and thus a party to the Statute, on 16 December 1946. Conse-
quently, according to the view which Thailand puts fonvard, when
Thailand made her Declaration of May 1950 purporting to renew
for another IO years her original Declaration of 1929, as itself
renewed in 1940, all she actually would have achieved was a neces-
sarily abortive and inoperative renewal of a declaration which
had never had any effect except asan acceptance of the compulsory
jurisdiction of a tribunal that no longer existed.

The language of renewal of a previous declaration which Thailand
employed in her Declaration of 1950 was entirely natural on the
assumption that Thailand's previous declaration relative to the
Permanent Court had, by the operation of Article 36, paragraph 5,

been transformed into an acceptance relative to the present Court
when Thailand was adrnitted asa Member of the United Nations in
December 1946. On that basis, she would, in 1950, simply have
been renewing a declaration which was itself-or rather had in 1946
become-an acceptance of the compulsory jurisdiction of the
present Court. But according to the argument Thailand has now
put fonvard, the decision of the Court in 1959showed that this was TEMPLE DE PRÉAH VIHÉAR (.~RRÈT DU 26 V 61) 26

partie au Statut du fait de son admission aux Nations Unies que
le14 décembre 1955, la déclaration d'acceptation de la juridiction
obligatoire de l'ancienne Cour permanente qu'elle avait faite en
1920 pour un nombre d'années indéterminé devait êtreconsidérée
comme ayant expiré le 19 avril 1946 et comme ne s'étant pas
transformée, en vertu de l'article 36, paragraphe 5, en acceptation
visant la Cour actuelle. La Bulgarie n'ayant jamais fait à aucun
moment de déclaration indépendante d'acceptation de la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour, il s'ensuit, d'après ce raisonnement, qu'elle
n'était pas tenue de se soumettre à cette juridiction.

Dans la présente affaire, la première exception préliminaire de la
Thaïlande part du principe que sa situation est essentiellement la
mêmeque celle dela Bulgarie.La Thaïlande, elleaussi,n'est devenue
partie au Statut du fait de son admission aux Nations Unies qu'après
le 19 avril 1946, date de la dissolution de l'ancienne Cour perma-
nente, à savoir le 16 décembre 1946. Mais, d'après la conclusion
à laquelle est parvenue la Cour en l'affaire Israël c. Bulgarie, la
dissolution de la Cour permanente survenue environ huit mois
auparavant aurait entraîné la caducité de la déclaration du 3 mai
1940 par laquelle la Thaïlande a renouvelé pour une nouvelle
période de dix ans son acceptation primitive, donnée en 1929, de
la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour permanente. Si la déclaration

de 1940 est ainsi devenue caduque, il s'ensuit que l'article 36,
paragraphe 5,qui vise uniquement les déclarationsdont la ((durée ...
n'est pas encore expirée »,ne s'appliquerait pas à la déclaration
thaïlandaise de 1940. Cette déclaration ne se serait donc pas trans-
formée en acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cpur
actuelle pour la raison que la Thaïlande est devenue Membre des
Nations Unies, et par consequent partie au Statut, le 16 décembre
1946. C'est pourquoi, d'après la thèse avancée par la Thaïlande,
lorsque ce pays a fait sa déclaration de mai 1950 prétendant
renouveler pour une nouvelle période de dix ans sa déclaration
primitive de 1929, déjà renouvelite en 1940, le seul vrai résultat
en aurait étéle renouvellement nécessairement inefficace et inopé-
rant d'une déclaration qui n'avait jamais eu d'autre effet que de

comporter acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire d'un tribunal
qui n'existait plus.
L'emploi fait par la Thaïlande dans sa déclaration de 1950 de la
formule du renouvellement d'une déclaration antérieure était tout
à fait naturel dans l'hypothèse où, en vertu de l'article 36, para-
graphe 5, sa dédaration antérieure visant la Cour permanente se
serait transformée en une acceptation visant la Cour actuelle au
moment de son admission comme Membre des Nations Unies, en
décembre 1946. Sur cette base, la Thaïlande, en 1950, n'aurait fait
que renouveler une déclaration qui constituait elle-même - ou
plutôt était devenue en 1946 - une acceptation de la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour actuelle. Mais, d'après l'argumentation
actuellement soutenue par la Thaïlande, l'arrêt rendu par la Cour

13not in fact the legal position: in 1950, all that existed, or rather
remained, was an instrument (the Declaration of 1940) accepting
the compulsory jurisdiction of a defunct tribunal. This was the
instrument which Thailand "renewed" in 1950; but asthis instru-
ment related to a non-existent institution its "renewal" was neces-
sarily devoid of legal effect.

An essential part of the reasoning by which Thailand has sup-
ported her contention is that the intentions she may have had in
making her Declaration of May 1950 became wholly irrelevant
-or rather became insufficient in themselves. However much those
intentions are known-and indeed admitted by Thailand herself-

to have existed, they were not, Thailand contends, carried out as
a matter of objective fact. According to Thailand, her position
would be similar to that of a man who desires to make certain
testamentary dispositions, and fully intends them; nevertheless,
he will not achieve his object, as a matter of law, if he fails to
observe the forms and requirements prescribed by the applicable
law for the making of testamentary dispositions.

The first preliminary objection as advanced by Thailand is
evidently based wholly on the alleged effect on Thailand's 1950
Declaration of the conclusion reached by the C~urt in its decision
in the Israel v. Bulgaria case asto the correct sphere of application
of Article 36, paragraph 5, of the Statute.

The Court does not share the view that this decision has the

consequences conceming the effect of Thailand's 1950 Declaration
which Thailand now claims.
The Court's decision in the Israel v. Bulgaria case was of course
concemed with the particular question of Bulgaria's position in
relatiofi to the Court and was in any event, by reason of Article 59
of the Statute, only binding, qua decision, as between the parties
to that case. It cannot therefore, as such, have had the effect of
invalidating Thailand's 1950 Declaration. Considered however as
a statement of what the Court regarded as the correct legal position,
it appears that the sole question, relevant in the present context,
with which the Court was concerned in the Israel v. Bulgaria case
was the effect-or more accurately the scope--of Article 36,
paragraph 5. Now that provision, as has been explained above,
itself related solely to the cases in which declarations accepting
the compulsory jurisdiction of the former Permanent Court would
be deemed to be transformed into acceptances of the compulsory

jurisdiction of the present Court, without any new or specific act
on the part of the declarant State other than the act of having
become a party to the Statute. It was consequently this process
14en 1959 montre que telle n'a pas étéen fait la situation juridique:
tout ce qui existait en 1950, ou plutôt tout ce qui restait alors,
était un acte (ladéclaration de 1940) acceptant la juridiction obliga-
toire d'un tribunal dissous. C'est cet acte que la Thaïlande a
((renouvelé 1)en 1950; mais, comme cet acte visait une institution
non existante, son ((renouvellement ))est nécessairement demeuré
sans effet juridique.

Un point essentiel du raisonnement par lequel la Thaïlande a
défendu sa thèse est que les intentions qu'elle pouvait avoir en
formulant sa déclaration de mai 19jo sont devenues tout à fait
sans pertinence - ou plutôt sont devenues en elles-mêmes in-
suffisantes. Pour connue - et mêmereconnue par la Thaï!ande
elle-même - que soit l'existence de ces intentions, la Thaïlande
soutient qu'elles n'ont pas étéréaliséesen tant que fait objectif.
De l'avis de la Thaïlande, sa position serait semblable à celle d'une
personne désirant prendre certaines dispositions testamentaires et
dont les intentions sont certaines: elle n'atteindra pourtant pas
son but, en droit, si elle n'observe les formes et conditions prescrites

par la loi applicable en matière de dispositions testamentaires.

Telle que la Thaïlande l'a présentée, sa première exception
préliminaire repose évidemment toute entière sur l'effet qu'aurait
à l'égard de la déclaration thaïlandaise de 1950 la conclusion à
laquelle est parvenue la Cour dans son arrêt en l'affaire Israël c.
Bulgarie quant à la portée exacte de l'article 35, paragraphe 5,
du Statut.
La Cour ne partage pas l'opinion que cette décision ait, en ce

qui concerne l'effet de la déclaration thaïlandaise de 1950, les
conséquences que la Thaïlande prétend actuellement en tirer.
L'arrêt dela Cour en l'affaire Israël c. Bulgarie vise évidemment
la question particulière de la position de la B-dgarie vis-à-vis de
la Cour et en tout état de cause, aux ternes de l'article 59 du
Statut, il n'est obligatoire, en tant que décision, que pour les parties
en litige. Il ne saurait donc comme tel avoir l'effet d'invalider
la déclaration thaïlandaise de 1950. Mais, si on le considPre comme
un énoncéde ce que la Cour a jugéêtrela situation juridique exacte,
ilapparaît que la seulequestion, pertinente dans le préseartcontexte,
dont la Cous ait eu à connaître dans l'affaire Israël cc. Bulgarie

est l'effet - ou plus précisément Ie champ d'appllca~ion - de
l'article36, paragraphe 5. Or, cette disposition, ainsi qu'il a été dit
ci-dessus, visait uniquement les cas dans lesquels les déclarations
d'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de l'ancienne Cour
permanente seraient coriçidéréescomrne transformées en accep
tations de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour actuelle, et sans
autre action nouvelle ou expresse de la part de l'État déclarant
que de devenir partie au Statut. C'est donc de cette procédure deof transformation ipso jure, and the limits to which it was subject,
that the Court was concemed with in the Israel v. Bulgaria case.
The Court was not concemed with the question whether it might
be possible to effect a similar transformation by othermeans falling
outside Article 36, paragraph 5. Thus, when the Court found that
in the case of States becoming parties totheStatute afterthe demise
of the Permanent Court, no transformation under that particular
provision could take place, it did not mean thereby to imply that
no transformation could take place at. ali.
As regards Bulgaria, her Declaration of 1921 had, according to
the Court's view, lapsed in 1946, and had not been transformed;

and Bulgaria had neither made any independent request that her
1921 Declaration should be considered as relating to the present
Court, nor taken any other step which could be regarded as con-
stituting an acceptance of the Court's compulsory jurisdiction.
In these circumstances, the Court could only conclude that Bulgaria
was not obliged to submit to the jurisdicton of the Court.

From the above, it would follow that if Thailand's 1940 Declara-
tion was not thus transformed ipsojure in the light of the Court's
decision, by the operation of Article 36, paragraph 5, there would
still remain the question whether that Declaration was so trans-
formed in some other manner or whether, irrespective of any trans-
formation of her 1940 Declaration as such, Thailand could be held
to have independently accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Court. It is clear that the fact that Thailand,by a new and voluntary
act, made her Declaration of May 1950, placed her in a different
position from Bulgaria which had never taken any new step at

allsubsequent to her admission to the United Nations.

Such is the question-a question in no way govemed by the posi-
tion in relation to Article 36, paragraph 5-to which the Court
must now address itself; but before doing so, it is necessary to
determine exactly what the situation was that had been reached
by 20 May 1950, the date of Thailand's Declaration.
Thailand did not, either on joining the United Nations, or at
any time before 6 May 1950, when Thailand's 1940 Declaration
was in any case due to expire according to its own terms, address
any communication to the Secretary-General regarding her 1940
Declaration. Consequently, the position in May 1950 was that
Thailand's 1940 Declaration had, on the basis of the Court's 1959
decision, never been transformed into an acceptance of the com-
pulsory jurisdiction of the present Court by the operation of

Article 36, paragraph 5; and equally had not up to that date
(6 May 1950) been transformed by Thailand's own independent
act. Furthermore, by 20 May 1950, the 1940 Declaration nevertransformation ipso jure et de ses limites que la Cour a euà connaître
en l'affaire Israël c. Bulgarie. La Cour ne s'est pas occupée de la
possibilité d'opérer une transformation analogue par d'autres
moyens ne relevant pas de l'article 36, paragraphe 5. Ainsi, lorsque
la Cour a jugé que, dans le cas des États devenus parties au Statut
après la dissolution de la Cour permanente, il ne pouvait y avoir
de transformation en vertu de cette disposition spéciale, elle n'a

pas voulu dire par là qu'aucune transformation ne fût possible.

En ce qui concerne la Bulgarie, sa déclaration de 1921 était,
de l'avis de la Cour, devenue caduque en 1946 et elle ne s'était
pas transformée; au surplus,la Bulgarie n'avait fait ni une demande
indépendante tendant à ce que sa déclaration de 1921 fût considérée
comme visant la Cour actuelle, ni aucune autre démarche pouvant
être considérée comme comportant acceptation de la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour. Dans ces conditions, la Cour ne pouvait que
conclure que la Bulgarie n'était pas tenue de se soumettre à sa
juridiction.
Il résulte de ce qui précède que si, d'après l'arrêt de la Cour,
la déclaration thaïlandaise de 1940 n'a pas subi pareille transfor-
mation ipso jure par l'effet de l'article 36, paragraphe 5, il reste
encore à savoir si elle ne l'a pas subie autrement, ou si, en dehors

de toute transformation affectant sa déclaration de 1940 en tant
que telle, la Thaïlande ne peut êtreconsidéréecomme ayant accepté
indépendamment la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour. Or, il est
clair qu'ayant formulé, par un acte nouveau et volontaire, sa
déclaration de mai 1950, la Thaïlande s'est placée dans une situa-
tion différente de celle de la Bulgarie qui n'a jamais fait aucune
autre démarche à la suite de son admission aux Nations Unies.

Telle est la question - entièrement étrangère au domaine de
l'article36,paragraphe 5 - que la Cour doit maintenant examiner;
mais il faut auparavant déterminer exactement quelle était la

situation au 20 mai 1950, date à laquelle la Thaïlande a formulé sa
déclaration.
La Thaïlande n'a pas, soit en adhérant aux Nations Unies, soit à
n'importe quel moment avant le 6 mai 1950, date à laquelle la
déclaration thaïlandaise de 1940 devait de toute manière expirer
d'après ses propres termes, adressé au Secrétaire général une
communication relative à sa déclaration de 1940. Par conséquent,
sur la base de l'arrêt rendu par la Cour en 1959, la situation était
en mai 1950 que la déclaration thaïlandaise de 1940 ne s'était
jamais transformée en acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de
la Cour actuelle par l'effet de l'article 36, paragraphe 5; et qu'eue
ne s'était pas non plus transformée jusqu'à cette date (6 mai 1950)
du faitd'un acte indépendant émanant dela Thaïlande. Au surplus,could thenceforth, as such, be so transformed, because, according
to its own terms, nt had expired two weeks earlier, on 6 May.

Thailand had thus either never been bound since 1946, or had,
on any view, ceased to be bound as from 6 May 1950. Thailand
was therefore àt this point (20 May 1950) entirely unfettered
and not bound by the compulsory jurisdiction of this Court. She
was completely free at that point either io accept or else not to
accept that jurisdiction for the future. In this situation,she pro-
ceeded to do what Bulgaria never did, namely to address to the

Secretary-General of the United Nations a communication em-
bodying her Declaration of 20 May. By this she at least purported
to accept, and clearly intended to accept, the compulsory jurisdic-
tion of the present Court. The question is-and it is really the
sole pertinent question in this case--did she effectually carry out
her purpose ?
This Eedaration of May 1950 was a new and independent instru-
ment and has to be dealt with as such. It was not, and could not
have been, made under paragraph 5 of Article 36 of the Statute.
In the first place, this paragraph contained no provision for the
making of specific declarations by States: where it operated, it
operated ipso jure without any such specific declaration-that
indeed was its whole point. In the second place, paragraph 5 wnç
so worded as only to preserve the declarations concerned for the
duration of the imexpired portion of the terms for which they
still had to run; and Thailand's previous Declaration of 1940,

whether or not kept dive by Articie 36, paragraph 5,was in any
case due to expire on 6 May 1950, by its own terms. The operation
of Articie 36, paragraph 5, was therefore, on any view, wholly
exhausted by that date so far as Thailand was concerned. It
follows that Thailand's Declaration of 20 May 1950 was not a
declaration which Thailand either did rnake, or ever could have
made, under Article 36, paragraph 5, even if she had wanted to;
and from this it follows that the 1950 Declaration must have
been one ivhich Thailand was inaking under paragraphs 2-4 of
that Article, and in at least purported or attempted acceptance
of the compuisory jurisdiction of the present Court, which is the
only tribunal contemplated by those paragraphs.
In answenng the question whether this acceptance was an
effectua1 one, it must be borne in mind that although, for the
reasons given above, the view taken in the Court's decision in the
Israel v. Bulgaria case as to the scope of Article 36, paragraph 5,
of the Statute does not, on any a prior basis, exclude the validity

of Thailand's 1950 Declaration, this decision has nevertheless to
be taken into account in determining what the effect of that
Declaration was; for the decision is invoked by Thailand to argue
that her previous (1940) Declaration, whiêhthe 1950 Declaration
renewed, was an "untransformed" one, because the 1940Declarationle 20 mai 1950, la déclaration de 1940 ne pouvait plus subir en tant
que telle ladite transformation car, d'après ses propres termes,
elle était caduque depuis deux semaines, depuis le 6 mai.
Par conséquent, ou bien la Thaïlande n'avait jamais étéliée

depuis 1946, ou bien elle avait cesséde l'êtreen toute hypothèse
depuis le 6 mai 1950. La Thaïlande était donc à cette date (20 mai
1950) libre de tout lien et elle n'était pas tenue de se soumettre
à la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour. Elle était alors tout à fait
libre d'accepter ou de ne pas accepter pour l'avenir cette juridic-
tion. Dans ces conditions, elle a fait ce que la Bulgarie n'a jamais
fait, c'est-à-dire qu'elle a adressé au Secrétaire général des Nations
Unies une communication contenant sa déclaration du 20 mai. Ce
faisant, elle entendait au moins accepter la juridiction obligatoire
de la Cour actuelle et elle avait clairement l'intention de le faire.
Il s'agit de savoir - et c'est réellement la seule question pertinente

en l'espèce - si elle y est effectivement parvenue.
La déclaration de mai 1950 a étéun acte nouveau et indépendant,
qui doit être traité comme tel. Elle n'a pas été etne pouvait
avoir étéfaite en vertc du paragraphe 5 de l'article 36 du Statut.
En premier lieu, ce paragraphe ne contenait aucune disposition
prévoyant le dépôt de déclarations expresses par les États: lors-
qu'il s'appliquait, c'était ipso jure, sans aucune déclaration ex-
presse - tel était d'ailleurs son but essentiel. En second lieu, le
paragraphe 5 était rédigé de manière à ne maintenir les déclarations
visées que pour la durée leur restant à courir et la déclaration
thaïlandaise antérieure de 1940, qu'elle eût 6téou non maintenue

en vigueur par l'article 36, paragraphe 5,devait en tout cas expirer,
d'après ses propres termes, le 6 mai 1950. A quelque point de vue
que l'on se place, l'article 36, paragraphe 5, avait donc épuiséses
effets, quant à la Thaïlande, à partir de cette date. Il s'ensuit que
la déclaration thaïlandaise du 20 mai 1950 n'a pas été faite, ni
n'aurait pu être faite, aux termes de l'article 36, paragraphe 5,
même sitelle avait étél'intention de la Thaïlande; il en ressort
que la Thaïlande n'a pu faire la déclaration de 1950 qu'aux termes
des paragraphes 2 à 4 de cet article et au moins dans l'intention
ou comme tentative d'accepter la juridiction obligatoire de la
Cour actuelle, qui est le seul tribunal visédans ces paragraphes.

En répondant à la question de savoir si cette acceptation a été
effective, il faut noter que si, pour les raisons indiquées ci-dessus,
l'opinion que la Cour a adoptée dans son arrêten l'affaire Israël c.
Bulgarie quant à la portée de l'article 36, paragraphe 5,du Statut
n'exclut pas a priori la validité de la déclaration thaïlandaise de
1950, il n'en reste pas moins qu'il convient de tenir compte de cet
arrêtpour déterminer l'effet de ladite déclaration; car cet arrêtest
invoqué par la Thaïlande pour prétendre que sa déclaration anté-
rieure (de 1940) ((renouvelée par celle de 1950 ))ne s'était pas
((transformée »parce que la déclaration de 1940n'avait plus d'objet :

16had become lacking in an object: it was therefore incapable of
renewal or else related to the compulsory jurisdiction of the old
and defunct Court, not of the existing Court.
The Court is unable to share this view of the effect of Thailand's
1950 Declaration. But before stating why, it is desirable to dispose
of certain other points raised in the course of the proceedings.

In the first place, there was a good deal of discussion as to
whether a lapsed instrument can be renewed, or rather revived;
and distinctions were drawn between, on the one hand, the pro-
longation of an instrument in force, and, on the other hand, the
renewal or revival of lapsed or spent instruments.
The Court considers that much of this discussion had little
relevance to the particular circumstances of this case. The real
question in the present case is a different one. I-t is not: could
Thailand by her 1950 Declaration renew or revive her 1929 and
1940 Declarations despite the fact that these had lapsed and
were no longer in force; the question is, what was the effect of
her Declaration of 1950: did she thereby merely revive obliga-
tions that could no longer operate because they related to a no
longer existent object, or were they revived in such a way as to
relate to the present Court? This is the question that the present

Judgment is directed to determining.

Next, there was also discussion as to the question of error and
its possible effects. Thailand's position, it might be said, is that
in 1950 she had a mistaken view of the status of her 1940 Declara-
tion, and for that reason she used in her Declaration of 1950
language which the decision of the Court in the Israelv. Bulgarza
case showed to be inadequate to achieve the purpose for which that
Declaration was made. Any error of this kind would evidently have
been an error of law, but in any event the Court does not consider
that the issue in the present case is really one of error. Furthermore,
the principal juridical relevance of error, where it exists, is that
it may affect the reality of the consent supposed to have been
given. The Court cannot however see in the present case any factor
which could, as it were ex postand retroactively,impair the reality
of the consent Thailand admits and affirms she fully intended to

give in 1950. There was in any case a real consent in 1950, whether
or not it was embodied in a legally effective instrument-and it
could not have been consent to the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Permanent Court, which Thailand weli knew no longer existed.elle ne pouvait donc êtrerenouvelée, ou bien elle se rapportait à la
juridiction obligatoirede l'ancienne Cour disparue et non à celle de
la Cour actuelle.
La Cour ne saurait admettre cette manière d'envisager l'effet de
la déclarationthailandaise de 1950. Mais, avant d'exposer sesmotifs,
il convient de traiter certains autres points soulevés au cours de la
procédure.

En premier lieu, on a abondamment discuté du point de savoir
si l'on peut renouveler ou plutôt remettre en vigueur un acte
devenu caduc et l'on a distingué entre la prolongation d'un acte
en vigueur, d'une part, et le renouvellement ou la remise en vigueur
des actes caducs ou éteints, d'autre part.
La Cour considère la plus grande partie de ce débat comme de
peu de pertinence, eu égard aux circonstances particulières de la
présente affaire. La véritable question qui se pose en l'espèce
est différente. Il ne s'agit pas de savoir si la Thaïlande pouvait,
par sa déclaration de 1950, renouveler ou remettre en vigueur

ses déclarations de 1929 et de 1940, bien qu'elles fussent caduques
et qu'elles ne fussent plus en vigueur; il s'agit de savoir quel a
étél'effet de sa déclaration de 1950: la Thaïlande a-t-elle sim-
plement remis en vigueur des obligations ne pouvant plus avoir
d'effet parce que se rapportant à un objet qui n'existait plus,
ou a-t-elle remis ces obligations en vigueur à l'égard de la Cour
actuelle? Telle est la question que le présent arrêt doit trancher.
En second lieu, on a également discuté la question de l'erreur
et de ses effets possibles. On pourrait dire que, d'après la thèse
de la Thaïlande, elle a commis en 1950 une erreur sur le statut
de sa déclaration de 1940, erreur qui l'a conduite à employer
dans sa déclaration de 1950 des termes que l'arrêt de la Cour
en l'affaire Israël c. Bulgarie a révélésinaptes à réaliser le but

en vue duquel cette déclaration avait été faite. Toute erreur de
ce genre aurait étéévidemment une erreur de droit. Mais en tout
cas la Cour ne con%dère pas qu'il s'agisse réellement en l'espèce
d'une erreur. Au ,surplus, la principale importance juridique de
l'erreur, lorsqu'elle existe, est de pouvoir affecter la réalité du
consentement censé avoir étédonné. Cependant, la Cour ne voit
en l'espèce aucun élément de nature à entacher, pour ainsi dire
après coup et rétroactivement, la réalité du consentement que
la Thaïlande reconnaît et affirme avoir pleinement entendu donner
en 1950. En tout cas, il y- a eu réellement un consentement en
1950, qu'il fût incorporé ou non dans un acte juridiquement
effectif- et ce consentement n'a pu viser la juridiction obligatoire
de la Cour permanente, dont la Thaïlande connaissait pertinem-
ment la disparition.

17 The real case for Thailand lies in the contention that her 1950
Declaration was vitiated despite her clear intentions, because,
as she maintains, this Declaration was expressed in terms which
rendered it legally ineffective for want of an object. Evidently
no defect could be more fundamental than to renew a declaration
lacking in an object. But to reach an immediate conclusion on
that basis would be gratuitous, for in the light of the reasoning
that has been set out above, the effect of the 1950 Declaration
can only be established by an independent examination of that
Declaration, considered as a whole and in the light of its known

purpose.
Before undertaking this examination, which really constitutes
the crux of the matter, the Court wishes to refer to the argument
presented on behalf of Thailand that, in legal transactions, just as
the deed without the intent is not enough, so equally the will with-
out the deed does not suffice to constitute a mlid legal transaction.
It should be noted here that there was certainly no will on Thai-
land's part in 1950 to accept the compulsory jririsdiction of the
former Permanent Court. This does not of course by itself rnean
that the 1950 Declaration constituted an acceptance in relation
to the present Court. Nevertheless the sheer impossibility that,
in 1950, any acceptance could either have been intended, or could
in fact have operated, as an acceptance relative to the Permanent
Court is a factor to be borne in mind in considering the effect of
the 1950 Declaration.

As regards the question of forms and formalities, as distinct
frorn intentions, the Court considers that, to citeexamples drawn
from the field of private law, there are cases where, for the pro-
tection of the interested parties, ofor reasons of public policy, or on
other grounds, the law prescribes as rna~idaiory certain fonnalities
which, hence, beconle essential for the validityof certaintransactions,
such as for instance testamentary dispositions ;and another example,
amongst many possible ones, would be that of a marriage cere-
mony. But the position in the cases just mentioned (wills, marriage,
etc.) arises because of the existence in those cases of mandatorv
req;irernents of law as to forms and forrnalities. Where, on th:
other hand, as is generaUy the case in international law, which places
the principal ernphashs on the intentions of the parties, the law
prescribes no particiilar form, parties are free to choose what form
they please provided their intention clearly results frorn it.

Ht is this last position which obtains in the case of acceptances
of the ccrrnpulsory jufisdliçtion of Che Cmrt. The oriÿ f~rinâlity
required is the dzpusit of %lieacceptance w2.5 the Sec~zLa.y-
Geiieral of the Uniced Nations ririGer paiagrayh 4 of Article 36
of the Siatute. This formality was accomplished by Thailand.
For the rrst-as regards fom-paragraph 2 of Airticle 36 merely
provides that States parties to the Statute "may at any time declare
18 Le véritable argument de la Thaïlande consiste à dire que sa
déclaration de 1950 était viciée,en dépit de ses claires intentions,
parce que, d'après la Thaïlande, cette déclaration s'exprimait en
termes qui 12 rendaient juridiqtiement ineffective, faute d'objet.
Sans doute, aucun vice ne saurait être plus fondamental que
celui qui consiste à renouveler une déclaration dépourvue d'objet.

Mais il serait gratuit d'arriver sur cette base à une conclusion
immédiate, car, à la lumière du raisonnement rapporté ci-dessus,
l'effet de la déclaration de 1950 ne saurait être établi que par
l'examen indépendant de cette déclaration, envisagée dans son
ensemble et à la lumière de son but connu.
Avant d'entreprendre cet examen, qui constitue réellement le
nŒud de la question,la Cour désirese référer à l'argument présenté
au nom de la ThaTlande et d'après lequel, en matière juridique,
de mêmeque l'acte sails intention ne sufiit pas, de mêmela volonté
sans acte ne silfit pasà constituer rme op6ration ji~ridique valable.
Il faut noter ici qu'en 1950 la Thaïlande n'avait certainement
pas la volonté d'accepter llz juridiction obligatoire de l'ancienne
Cour permanente. En lui-même, ce fait ne signifie évidemment

pas que la déclaration de 1950 ait constitué une acceptation
visant la Cour actuelle. Toutefois, le seul fait qu'en 1950 une
acceptation quelconque ne pouvait avoir pour objet ni pour effet
d'accepter la juridiction de la Cailr permanente est un facteur à
retenir dans l'examen de l'effet de la déclaration de 1950.

Quant à la question des formes et formalités, par opposition
à la question de l'intention, la Cour considère que, pour citer
des exemples tirés du droit privé, il existe des cas où, pour la
protection des parties intéressées, ou pour des raisons d'ordre
public ou autres, la loi prescrit titre impératif certaines formalités
qui deviennent donc essentielles àla validitédecertainsactes, comme,

par exemple, les dispositions testamentaires; on en trouverait un
autre exemple, parmi beaucoup d'autres possibles, dans la céré-
monie du mariage. Mais s'il en est ainsi dans les cas qui viennent
d'être cités (testaments, mariages, etc.), c'est qu'il existe dans
ces hypothèses des prescriptions légales impératives visant les
formes et formalités. En revanche, et c'est généralement le cas
en droit international qui insiste particulièrement sur les intentions
des parties, lorsque la loi ne prescrit pas de forme particulière,
les parties sont libres de choisir celle qui leur plaît, pourvu que
leur intention en ressorte clairement.
Tel est le cas pour les acceptations de la juridiction obligatoire
de la Cour. La seule formalité prescrite est la remise de l'accepta-

tion au Secrétaire général des Natioils Unies, conformément au
paragraphe 4 de l'articie 36 du Séatur. La Thaïlande a accompli
cette formalité. Pour le reste - quant à la forme - l'article 36,
paragraphe 2, se borne à disposer que les Écats parlies au Statut
((pourront à n'importe quel moment déclarer reconnaître comme
18that they recognize as compulsory ..the jurisdiction of the Court",
etc. The precise form and language in which they do this is left
to them, and there is no suggestion that any particular form is
required, or that any declarations not in such form will be invalid.
No doubt custom and tradition have brought it about that a cer-
tain pattern of terminology is normally, as a matter of fact and
convenience, employed by countries accepting the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court; but there is nothing mandatory about

the employment of this language. Nor is there any obligation,
notwithstanding paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 36, to mention
such matters as periods of duration, conditions or reservations,
and there are acceptances whch have in one or more, or even in
all,of these respects maintained silence.
Such being, according to the view taken by the Court, the posi-
tion in respect of the form of declarations accepting its compul-
sory jurisdiction, the sole relevant question is whether the language
employed in any given declaration does reveal a clear intention,
in the terrns of paragraph 2 of Article 36 of the Statute, to "recog-
nize as compulsory ipso facto and without special agreement,
in relation to any other State accepting the same obligation, the
jurisdiction of the Court in al1legal disputes" concerning the cate-
gories of questions enumerated in that paragraph.

In the light of al1 the foregoing considerations, the Court con-
siders that it must interpret Thailand's 1950 Declaration on its
own merits, and without any preconceptions of an a priori kind,
in order to determine what is its real meaning and effect if that
Declaration is read as a whole and in thelight of its known purpose,
which has never been in doubt.
In so doing, the Court must apply its normal canons of inter-
pretation, the first of which, according to the established juris-
prudence of the Court, is that words are to be interpreted accord-
ing to their natural and ordinary meaning in the context in
which they occur. If the 1950 Declaration is considered in this
way, it can have no other sense or meaning than as an acceptance
of the compulsory jurisdiction of the present Court, for there
was no other Court to which it can have related. Thailand's 1950
Declaration, by the mere fact of being embodied in a communi-
cation addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations,

affords clear evidence of acceptance relative to the present Court,
since this was the only Court in relation to which a communication
so addressed could have had any significance.
Moreover, the Court has held in the Anglo-Iranian Oil Co.
case (I.C.J. Re9orts1952, p. 104) that the principle of the ordinary
meaning does not entai1 that words and phrases are always to be
interpreted in a purely literal way; and the Permanent Court, in the
19obligatoire ...la juridiction de la Cour I)etc. La forme et les termes
précis adoptés par les États pour cela sont abandonnés à leur dis-
crétion et rien n'indique qu'une forme particulière soit prescrite,

ni qu'une déclaration faite sous une autre forme serait nulle. Sans
doute la coutume et la tradition ont conduit les pays qui acceptent
la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour à se servir normalement, en
fait et pour des raisonsdecommodité, d'un certain type de rédaction,
mais l'emploi de ces formules n'a rien d'impératif. Il n'y a pas
davantage d'obligation, nonobstant les paragraphes 2 et 3 de l'ar-
ticle36, d'énoncer des questions telles que la période pour laquelle
la déclaration est faite, les conditions ou réserves, et il existe des
acceptations qui ont passé sous silence un ou plusieurs de ces
points, ou mêmetous.
Telle étant, de l'avis de la Cour, la situation quant à la forme

des déclarations acceptant sa juridiction obligatoire, la seule ques-
tion pertinente est de savoir si la rédaction employée dans une
déclaration donnée révèleclairement l'intention, pour reprendre
les termes du paragraphe 2 de l'article 36 du Statut, de «recon-
naître comme obligatoire de plein droit et sans convention spéciale,
à l'égard de tout autre État acceptant la même obligation, la
juridiction de la Cour sur tous les différends d'ordre juridique ))
relatifs aux catégories de questions énuméréesdans ce paragraphe.

A la lumière de toutes les considérations qui précèdent, la Cour
estime qu'elle doit interpréter la déclaration thaïlandaise de 1950
selon ses mérites et sans idée préconçue ou a priori, pour déter-
miner quels en sont le sens et l'effet véritables, quand cette décla-
ration est lue dans son ensemble et en tenant compte de son but
connu. aui n'a iamais fait de doute.
Ce faiiant, laJcour doit appliquer ses règles normales d'interpré-
tation dont la première est, d'après sa jurisprudence bien établie,
qu'il faut interpréter les mots d'après leur sens naturel et ordinaire
dans le contexte où ils figurent. Si l'on envisage la déclaration de

1950 de cette manière, elle ne peut avoir d'autre sens ou signifi-
cation que d'accepter la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour actuelle,
car il n'en existait pas d'autre à laquelle elle pût se rapporter. Le
seul fait que la déclaration thaïlandaise de 1950 soit incorporée
dans une communication adressée au Secrétaire général des Nations
Unies fournit une preuve évidente d'acceptation visant la Cour
actuelle, attendu que celle-ci était la seule Courà propos de laquelle
une communication ainsi adressée pût avoir une signification
quelconque.
D'autre part, la Cour a décidédans l'affaire de lJAnglo-Iranian

Oil Co. (C.I. J. Recueil 1952, p. 104) que le principe de l'inter-
prétation suivant le sens ordinaire n'impose pas toujours l'inter-
prétation purement littérale des mots et des phrases; dans l'affairecase of the PolishPostal Servicein Danzig (P.C.I.J.,Series B, No. II,
p. 39), held that this pnnciple did not apply where it would lead
to "something unreasonable or absurd". The case of a contradic-
tion would clearly come under that head. Now, if, on a literal
reading, part of Thailand's 1950 Declaration had, ex post and
because of the decision of the Court in the IsraeZv. Bulgaria case,

to be çonsidered as a purported acceptance of the jurisdiction of
a defunct Court, this would be in clear contradiction to the refe-
rence in another part of the Declaration to Article 36, paragraph 4,
of the Statute (and via that paragraph to paragraphs 2 and 3),
which cleariy evidenced acceptance of the jurisdiction of the pre-
sent Court, and in contradiction also with the fact that a commu-
nication under paragraph q could only re!ate to the present Court.

This reference to Article 36, paragraph 4, was not merely pro-
cedural, as has been contended on behalf of Thailand. It was of
courseprocedural in so far as it was in obedience to the requirement

that such a declaration should be addressed to the Secretary-
General of the United Nations. But the Secretary-General was
to be addressed because, as the language of paragraph 4 ("Such
declarations") indicates, the declarations referred to in paragraph 4
are the same declarations as are specified in paragraphs 2 and 3,
namely declarations accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the
present Court, which is the principal judicial organ of the United
Nations. Thailand, which was fully aware of the non-existence of
the former Permanent Court, could have had no other purpose
in addressing the Secretary-General under paragraph 4 than to
recognize the compulsory jurisdiction of the present Court under
paragraph 2-nor does she pretend othenvise.

On 20 May 1950, Thailand knew that her Declaration of 1940
had expired in accordance with its terms and that in so far as
this was material, Article 36, paragraph 5, had, on any interpreta-
tion, exhausted itself. Thailand knew she was free of any obliga-
tion ta submit :O the Court's juriçdiction except by virtue of a
new and independent, voluntary, act of submission on her part.
The only way in which she could, at that stage, take action
under Article 36 was pursuant to paragraph 2 thereof; and the
declaration which she then made was pursuant to that paragraph,
as is clearly shown by the terms of the Declaration itself in its
reference to Article 36, paragraph 4, and via that to paragraph 2.

If, however, there should appear to be a contradiction between,
on the one hand, this reference to paragraph 4 of Article 36, and
via that to paragraph 2, indicating acceptance of the compul-
sory jurisdi.ction of the present Court; and, on the other hand,
the references to the "untransformed" neclarations of 1929 and TEMPLE DE PRÉAIP VIHEAR (ARRÊT DU 26 V 61)
33
du Servicepostal polonais à Dantzig (C. P. J. I.Série B, no II, p. 39)
la Cour permanente a dit que ce principe ne s'appliquait pas lors-
que l'interprétation ainsi donnée conduisait (à des résultats
déraisonnables ou absurdes ))Le cas d'une contradiction entrerait

clairement dans cette catégorie. Or, si l'interprétation littérale
devait conduire à considérer une partie de la déclaration thailan-
daise de 1950, après coup et en raison de l'arrêt de la Cour en
l'affaire Israël c. Bulgarie, comme une tentative d'accepter la
juridiction d'une Cour dissoute, il y aurait là une contradiction
nette avec la mention, dans une autre partie de la déclaration, de
l'article 36, paragraphe 4, du Statlrt (et, à travers celui-ci, des
paragraphes 2 et 3), démontrant clairement l'acceptation de la
juridiction de la Cour actuelle - et une contradiction également
avec le fait qu'une communication en vertu du paragraphe 4 ne

pouvait se rapporter qu'à cette Sour.
Cette mention de l'article 36,paragraphe 4, n'était pas purement
procédurale, comme on l'a soutenu au nom de la Thaïlande. Sans
doute était-ce une mention procédurale dans la mesure où elle se
conformait à la prescription d'adresser une telle déclaration au
Secrétaire gVnéraldes Nations Unies. Mais il fallait s'âdresser au
Secrétaire général parce que, comme llind;quent Ics taxes dii
paragraphe 4 («Ces déclarations »}, les déclarations visées à ce
paragraphe sont les mêmesque les déclarations spécifiéesaux pzra-

graphes 2 et 3, à savoir: les déclaratircs rrcceî.tant la jiaridiction
obligatoire de la Cour actuelle, qui est l'organe judiciaire principal
des Nations Unies. La Thailar?de, qui connaissait parfaitement la
non-existence de l'ancienne Cocr permanente, ne pouvait p,our-
suivre d'autre but en s'adressant au Secrétaire général,ccanfor-
mément au paragraphe 4, que de r~connaitre la juridiction obliga-
toire dela Cour actuelle en vertu di1paragraphe 2,et elle ne soutient
pas le contraire.
Le 20 mai 1950 la Thailande savzit r,ue sa déclaration de 1940

était expirée conformément à ses trrrrteç, et que, dans la mesure
où ceci était pertinent, l'article36, paragraphe 5, avait épuiséses
effets, quelle qu'en dût l'interprétation. La Thailande se savait libre
de toute obligation de se soumettre à la juridiction de la Cour,
sauf en vertu d'un nouvel acte indépndant et volontaire d'accep-
tation de sa part. A ce stade, la seule façon pour elle de procéder
suivant l'article 36 était de le fake conformément au paragraphe 2
de cet article; et la déclaration qu'elle a faite à l'époque était
conforme à ce paragrapke, ainsi que le montrent clairement les
termes de ]la déclaration elle-même mentionnant l'article 36,

paragraphe 4, et, à travers celui-ci, le paragraphe 2.
Toutefois, s'il apparaissait une contradiction entre, d'une part,
cette mention du paragraphe 4 de l'article 36 et,à travers celui-ci,
du paragraphe 2, indiquant l'acceptation de la juridiction obliga-
toire dela Cour actuelle et, d'autre part, la mention des déclarations
ccnon transformées )ide 1929 et 1940, pouvant indiquer en appa- 1940, from which an apparent acceptance of the jurisdiction of
the former Permanent Court might be inferred-that is to Say
a nullity-then, according to a long-established jurisprudence, the
Court becomes entitled to go outside the terms of the Declaration
in order to resolve this contradiction and, inter alia, can have
regard to other relevant circumstances; and when these circum-
stances are considered, there cannot remain any doubt as to
what meaning and effect should be attributed to Thailand's Decla-
ration. In this connection, it is scarcely necessary to do more
than refer to the history of Thailand's consistent attitude to the

compulsory jurisdiction, first of the Permanent Court, and later
of the present Court, as set out in an earlier paragraph of this
Judgment. To ignore this would indeed be to honour the letter
rather than the spirit; but the Court considers that, for the reasons
which have been indicated, even the letter does not bear out the
view Thailand seeks to maintain conceming the effect of her
1950 Declaration.

To sum up, when a country has evinced as clearly as Thailand
did in 1950, and indeed by its consistent attitude over many
years, an intention to submit itself to the compulsory jurisdiction

of what constituted at the time the principal international tri-
bunal, the Court could not accept the plea that this intention had
been defeated and nullified by some defect not involving any
flaw in the consent given, unless it could be shown that this defect
was so fundamental that it vitiated the instrument by failing to
conform to some mandatory legal requirement. The Court does
not consider that this was the case and it is the duty of the Court
not to allow the clear purpose of a party to be defeated by reason
of possible defects which, in the general context, in no way af-
fected the substance of the matter, and did not cause the instm-
ment to run counter to any mandatory requirement of law.

The Court therefore considers that the reference inthe Declaration
of 1950 to paragraph 4 of Article36 of thestatute gave the Decia-
ration, for reasons already given, the character of an acceptance
under paragraph 2 of that Article. Such an acceptance could only
have been an acceptance in relation to the present Court. The

remainder of the Declaration must be construed in the light of
that cardinal fact, and in the general context of the Declaration;
and the reference to the 1929 and 1940 Declarations must, as was
clearly intended, be regarded simply as being a convenient method
of indicating, without stating them in terms, what were the con-
ditions upon which the acceptance was made.
21 rence l'acceptation de l'ancienne Cour permanente - c'est-à-dire
une nullité -, en ce cas, suivant une jurisprudence établie depuis.
longtemps, la Cour a le droit de rechercher en dehors des termes
de la déclaration le moyen de résoudre cette contradiction et
notamment elle peut tenir compte d'autres circonstances perti-
nentes; lorsqu'on examine ces circonstances, il ne reste aucun
doute quant au sens et à l'effet qu'il convient d'attribuer à la
déclaration thaïlandaise.A ce propos, il suffit presque de se référer
à l'historique de l'attitude constante de la Thaïlande à l'égard

de la juridictionbligatoire en premier lieu de la Cour permanente
et, par la suite, de la Cour actuelle, tel qu'il a étéretracé dans
un précédent alinéa du présent arrêt. L'ignorer serait même
sacrifier l'esprit la lettre; mais la Cour estime que, pour les
raisons qui ont étéindiquées, la lettre elle-mêmene corrobore
pas l'opinion que la Thaïlande cherche à défendre quant à l'effet
de sa déclaration de 1950.

En résumé,lorsqu'un pays a manifesté aussi clairement que
l'a fait la Thaïlande en 1950, et mêmepar son attitude constante
pendant de longues années, l'intention de se soumettre à la juri-
diction obligatoire de ce qui constituait à l'époque le principal
tribunal international, la Cour ne saurait admettre que cette
intention ait échouéet ait été annulée par un vice quelconque
n'affectant pas le consentement donné, à moins qu'on ne puisse
démontrer que ce vice était tellement fondamental qu'il a entraîné
la nullité de l'instrument, faute de se conformerà une prescription
juridique impérative. La Cour ne pense pas que tel ait étéle
cas et elle a le devoir de ne pas laisser échouer l'intention évidente
d'une partie en raison d'un vice éventuel qui, dans le contexte
général, n'a~ecte nullement le fond de la question et n'a pas

pour effet de rendre l'instrument contraire à une prescription
impérative de la loi.
La Cour considère donc que la mention par la déclaration de
1950 du paragraphe 4 de l'article 36 du Statut a donné à celle-ci,
pour les raisons déjà indiquées, le caractère d'une acceptation
aux termes du paragraphe 2 de cet article. Cette acceptation n'a
pu que viser la Cour actuelle. Il faut interpréter le reste de la
déclaration à la lumière de ce fait capital et dans son contexte
général;la mention desdéclarations de 1929 et 1940 doit, comme
il était clairement entendu, être envisagée simplement comme
un moyen commode d'indiquer, sans les énoncer expressément,
les conditions auxquelles l'acceptation était soumise. Since the above conclusion is sufficient in itself to found the
Court's jurisdiction, and the issue of jurisdiction is the only one
which the Court has to determine at this stage of the case, it
becomes unnecessary to proceed to a consideration of the second
basis of jurisdiction invoked by Cambodia, and Thailand's objection
to that basis of jurisdiction.

For these reasons,

unanimously,
rejects the first preliminary objection of Thailand, and finds that
it has jurisdiction to adjudicate upon the dispute submitted to it
on 6 October 1959 by the Application of Cambodia.

Done in English and in French, the English text being authori-
tative, at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this twenty-sixth day of
May, one thousand nine hundred and sixty-one, in three copies,
one of which wili be placed in the archives of the Court and the
others transmitted tothe Government of the Kingdom of Cambodia
and to the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand, respectively.

(Signed) B. WINIARSKI,
President.

(Signed) GARNIER-COIGNET,

Registrar.

Vice-President ALFARO makes the following Declaration :

The fact that in the present case Thailand has based her first
preliminary objection to the jurisdiction of the Court on the
conclusions of the Judgment rendered in the case of the Aerial
Incident
of July 27th, 1955(Israel v. Bulgaria) establishes a close
connection between that case and the present case, and it may be
open to doubt whether concurrence in the present Judgment
implies agreement with the conclusions of the Court in the above-
mentioned csse. For this reason I consider it necessary to declare
that much to my regret 1 find myself unable to agree with those
conclusions, but even on the assumption that 1 agreed with them,
22 TEMPLE DE PRÉAX VIHÉAR (ARRÉT DU 26 '161)
35

La conclusion ci-dessus étant suffisante par elle-même pour
établir la compétence de la Cour et la question de compétence
étant la seule que la Cour ait à trancher à ce stade de l'affaire,
il devient inutile de procéder à un examen du deuxième motif
de compétence invoqué par le Cambodge et de l'exception soulevée
par la Thaïlande à cet égard.

Par ces motifs,

à l'unanimité,

rejette la première exception préliminaire de la Thaïlande et dit
qu'elle est compétente pour statuer sur le différ~nd qui lui a été
soumis le 6 octobre 1959 par la requête du Cambodge.
Fait en anglais et en français, le texte anglais faisant foi, au
Palais de la Paix, à La Haye, le vingt-six mai mil neuf cent
soixante et un, en trois exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposé
aux archives de la Cour et dont les autres seront transmis respec-
tivement au Gouvernement du Royaume du Cambodge et au

Gouvernement du Royaume de Thaïlande.

Le Président,
(.$ig12k)B.~~NIARSKII.

M. ALFARO,Vice-Président, fait la déclaration suivante:

Le fait qu'en l'espècela Thaïlande a fondésa premièreexception
préliminaire à la juridiction de la Cour sur les concliasions de l'arrêt
rendu en l'affaire relative à l'Incident airien du 27 juillet19.55
(Israël c.Bulgarie) établit un rapport étroit entre cette affaire et
l'affaireactuelle; et l'on peut êtreamené â se demander si l'assen-
timent au présent arrêtn'implique pas accord avec les conclusions'
de la Cour dans I1a.fTaireci-dessus mentionnée. C'est pourquoi je
crois devoir déclarer qu'à mon grand regret je ne saurais m'associer
à ces conclusions; mais, mêmesi je pouvais le faire, j'est; 'nie, en
raison des nombreux motifs exposés dans le présent arrêt, que les

22it is my opinion that the conclusions of the Court in the Israel v.
Bulgaria case concerning the scope and effect of paragraph 5 of
Article 36 of theStatute are not applicable to the case now decided,
for the abundant reasons stated in the present Judgment.

Judge WELLINGTOK NOO makes the following Declaration:

Since some of the grounds given in the Judgment relate to the
decision of the Court in the case of the Aerial Incidental July 27th,
1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria), Preliminary Objections, 1 desire to say
that while 1 concur in the conclusion of the Court in the present
case and generally in the reasoning which leads to it,1 do not
mean thereby to imply that 1 now concur or acquiesce in that
decision but that, on the contras., 1 continue to hold the views

and the conclusion stated in the Jointissenting Opinion appended
to that decision.
Indeed, 1 consider that on the bais of that Opinion Thailand's
1940 Declaration accepting the compulsory jurisdiction of the
Permanent Court must be deemed to have been transformed, as
had also admittedly been intended by Thailand, when she became
a Member of the United Nations and therefore a party to the
Statute on 16 December 1946, by operation of Article 36, para-
graph 5, of the Statute, into an acceptance in relation to the
present Court; and this fact constitutes an additional and simpler
reason to meet Thailand's principal argument insupport of her first
objection.
This is clear, although itis equally true that since the circum-
stances of the two cases are essentially different, neiththe fact,
based on the said Opinion, that the said 1940Declaration had been
so transformed prior to its own terminal date, 6 May 1950, nor
the fact, based upon the said 1959 decision of the Court, that it
had lapsed on 19 April 1946 when the Permanent Court was
dissolved, bears any determining legal effect on the only crucial
question at issue in the present case, namely, the validity of
Thailand's Declaration of zo May 1950.

Judge Sir Gerald FITZMAURIC aEd Judge TANAKA make the
following Joint Declaration:

Although we are in complete agreement with the substantive
conclusion of the Court in this case and with the reasoning on
which it is based, we have an additional and, for us, a more im-
mediate reason for rejecting the first preliminary objection of
Thailand.
This preliminary objection is based on the conclusion conceming
the effect of paragraph 5 of Article 36 of the Statute which the

23conclusions de la Cour en l'affaire Israël c. Bulgarie concernant la
portée et l'effet du paragraphe 5 de l'article 36 du Statut ne sont
pas applicables à l'affaire actuelle.

M.WELLINGTO KNOO, juge, fait la déclaration suivante:

Certains des motifs de l'arrêtse rapportant à la décisionrendue
par la Cour en l'affaire relativel'Incident aériendu 27 juille1955
(Israël cc.Bulgarie), ExcePtions Préliminaires, je désire indiquer

que, tout en me ralliant à la conclusion à laquelle est parvenue la
Cour en la présente affaire et d'une manière généraleau raisonne-
ment qui l'y a amenée, je n'entends pas signifier par là que j'ap-
prouve ou que j'accepte la décision rendue en l'affaire Israël c.
Bulgarie; je maintiens au contraire les motifs et la conclusion
énoncésdans l'opinion dissidente collective qui y était jointe.
Je considère mêmeque, sur la base de cette opinion, la décla-
ration d'acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire dela Cour per-
manente faite par la Thaïlande en 1940 doit êtreconsidéréecomme
s'étant transformée en acceptation visant la Cour actuelle par
application de l'article 36, paragraphe 5, du Statut, ainsi que la
Thaïlande reconnaît l'avoir voulu et ce au moment où, le 16 décem-
bre 1946, elle est devenue Membre des Nations Unies et par consé-
quent partie au Statut; ce fait constitue un motif additionnel et
plus simple de rejeter le principal argument avancé par la Thaïlande
à l'appui de sa première exception.
Cela est clair, mais il n'en reste pmoins que, les circonstances

des deux affaires étant essentiellement différentes, nile fait qu'à
s'en tenir à ladite opinion la déclaration de 1940 s'est ainsi trans-
formée avant le 6 mai 1950, date où elle devait expirer, ni le fait
que, si l'on se fonde sur la décision rendue par la Cour en 1959,
cette déclaration est devenue caduque le 19 avril 1956, à la disso-
lution de la Cour permanente, n'ont un effet juridique déterminant
quant à la seule question décisive en litige dans la présente affaire,
à savoir la validité de la déclaration thaïlandaise du20 mai 1950.

Sir GeraldFITZMAURI CtEM. TANAKA j,ges, font la déclaration
commune suivante :

Bien que nous soyons tout à fait d'accord avec le dispositif de
l'arrêtrendu par la Cour en l'espèceet avec les motifs sur lesquels
elle s'est fondée, nous avons une raison additionnelle et, pour

nous, plus directe de rejeter la première exception préliminaire de
la Thaïlande.
Cette exception préliminaire est fondée sur la conclusion à la-
quelle est parvenue la Cour quant à l'effet du paragraphe 5 deCourt reached in its decision of 26 May 1959, given in the case
of the Aerial Incident of July 27th, 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria). The
objection necessarily assumes the correctness of that conclusion;
for it is only on that basis that it is possible to claim, as Thailand
has sought to do, that what she purported to renew, or rather
revive, by her Declaration of 20 May 1950, was an acceptance, not
of the compulsory jurisdiction of the present Court, but of that of
the former Permanent Court, and therefore, in view of the non-
existence of that Court in 1950, devoid of any object, and in-
capable, as such, of renewal or revival. But it is also clear that
exce$t on the basis of that conclusion, the objection would, to use
a serviceable colloquialism, have been "a complete non-starter",
and could never have been formulated at all.

Since, therefore, the objection necessarily presupposes the cor-
rectness of the conciusion reached in the Israel v. Bulgaria case,

the view that this conclusion was in fact incorrect would, foranyone
holding that view, furnish a further reason for rejecting the objec-
tion, and a much more irnmediate one than any of those contained
in the present Judgment.
This is precisely Our position since, to Our regret, we are iinab'e
to agree with the conclusion which the Court reached in the Israel
v. Bulgaria case as to the effect of Article 36, paragraph 5, of the
Statute. We need not give our reasons for this, for they are sub-
stantially the same as those set out in the Joint Dissenting Opinion
of Judges Sir Hersch Laüterpacht and Sir Percy Spender, and of
Judge Wellington Koo. Furthermore, it is not Our purpose to cal1
in question or attempt to reopen the decision in that case.

However, as we do net agree with it, the correct positiozl, for us,
in regard to the effect of Article 36, paragraph 5,as it related to
Thailand's previous Declaration of May 1940, is that on the dernise
of the Permanent Court in April 1946, this Declaration which,
according to its own terms, çtill had about four years to run,
became dormant (but net extinct) and then, on Thailand becoming
a Member of the United Kations in Decernber 1946, was reactivated
by the operation of Article 36, paragraph 5, as an acceptance of

the compulsory jurisdiction of the present Court.

For us, therefore, Thailand's 1950 Declaration waç, as it was
intended to be, a perfectly straightforward and normal renewal of
a Declaratiûn (that of 1940) which had already been "transformed"
into-and iiad acquired the status of-an acceptance in relation
to the present Court, and which had wholly ceased to relate to the
former Permanent Court, not merely because of the dernise of that
Court, but precisely because the Declaration had (by virtue of
Article 36, paragraph 5) been transformed into an acceptance of
the connpulsory jurisdiction of the present Court. On that basis,l'article 36 du Statut dans son arrêt du 26 mai 1959 en l'affaire
relative à l'Incident aériendu 27 jzcille1955 (IsraPl c. Bulgarie).
L'exception suppose nécessairement le bien-fondé de cette con-
clusion, car c'estseillement sur cette base que l'on peut prétendre,
comme la Thaïlande a cherché à le faire, que ce qu'elle a entendu

renouveler, ou plutôt remettre en vigueur, par sa déclaration du
20 mai 1950, c'était une acceptation de juridiction obligatoire
qui visait non pas la Cour actuelle mais l'ancienne Cour perma-
nente et qui était par conséquent sans objet par suite de la non-
existence de cette Cour en 1950 et, en tant que telle, n'était sus-
ceptible ni d'êtrerenouvelée, ni d'êtreremise en vigueur. Mais il est
également clair que, faute d'avoir pu se fonder sur cette conclusion,
l'exception aurait été, pour employer une expression familière
commode, mort-née, et qu'elle n'aurait jamais pu êtresoulevée.
Donc, puisque l'exception suppose nécessairement le bien-
fondé de la conclusion à laquelle est parvenue ia Cour en l'affaire

Israël c. Bulgarie, l'opinion d'après Iaqiielle cette conclusion était
en fait erronée constitue, pour quiconque la partage, un motif
supplémentaire de rejeter l'exception, et un motif beaucoup plus
direct qu'aucun de ceux dont le présent arrêtfait état.
Telle est précisément notre position, car nous regrettons de ne
pouvoir nous rallier à la conclusion à laquelle la Cour est parvenue
en l'affaireIsraël c. Bulgarie quant à l'effet de l'article 36, para-
graphe 5, du Statut. Point n'est besoin de donner nos raisons,
car elles sont essentiellement les mêmesque celles qui sont expri-
méesdans l'opinion dissidente coilective de sir Hersch Lauterpacht,
sir Percy Spender et M. Wellington Koo. Pl n'entre d'ailleurs pas

dans notre propos de mettre en doute ni d'essayer de remettre en
question l'arrêtrendu dans cette affaire.
Mais, comme nous sommes en désaccord avec cet arrêt, nous
estimons que le véritable effet de l'article 36, paragraphe 5, à
l'égard de la déclaration thaïlandaise antérieure de mai 1940 a
étéqu'en avril 1946, à la dissolution de la Cour permanente, cette
déclaration, qui avait encore quatre ans à courir, conformément
à ses termes, est tombée en sommeil (sans pour autant devenir
caduque) et qu'ensuite, lorsqu'en décembre 1946 la Thaïlande
est devenue Membre des Nations Unies, elle a étéranimée en vertu
de l'article 36, paragraphe 5, en tant qu'acceptation de la jundic-

tion obligatoire de la Cour actuelle.
A nos yeux, par conséquent, la déclaration thaïlandaise de 1950
a constitué, comme c'était son objet, le renouvellement parfaite-
ment net et normal d'une déclaration (celle -de 1940) qui s'était
déjà ((transformée ))en acceptation visant la Cour actuelle - et
avait déjà accédé à ce statut - et qui avait absolument cessé
de se rapporter à l'ancienne Cour permanente, non seulement
par suite de la dissolution de cette Cour, mais précisément parce
qu'elle s'était transformée (en vertu de l'article 36, paragraphe 5)
en acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour actuelle.

24the status and validity of the Declaration of May 1950 could not
be open to question, and this we believe is the true position.

We have thought it necessary to make Our attitude clear in this
respect; for otherwise, concurrence in the present Judgment of the
Court might be thought to imply agreement with the decision of
26 May 1959. Furthermore, anyone who disagreeswith that decision
must necessarily reject Thailand's first prelirninary objection a
fortiori on that ground alone. This however in no way affects Our
view that the first preliminary objection of Thailand must in any
case be rejected, for the reasons given in the present Judgment.

As regards the second preliminary objection of Thailand-whilst
we are fully in agreement with the view expressed by Sir Hersch
Lauterpacht in the South WestAfrica-Voting Procedurecase (I.C.J.
Reports 1955, at pp. 90-93) to the effect that the Court ought not
to refrain from pronouncing on issues that a party has argued as
central toits case, merely on the ground that these are not essential
to the substantive decision of the Court-yet we feël that this view
is scarcely applicable to issues of jurisdiction (nor did Sir Hersch
imply otherwise). In the present case,Thailand's second preliminary
objection was of course fully argued by the Parties. But once the
Court, by rejecting the first preliminary objection,has found that
it has jurisdiction to go into themerits of the dispute (this being
the sole relevant issue at this stage of the case), the matter is,
çtrictly, concluded, and a finding,whether for or againstThailand,
on her second preliminary objection, could add nothing matenal
to the conclusion, already arrived at, that the Court is competent.
We therefore agree that the Court is not called upon in the cir-
cumstances to pronounce on the second preliminary objection.

Judge Sir Percy SPENDER appends to the Judgment of the
Court a statement of his Separate Opinion.

Judge MORELLI appends to the Judgment of the Court a state-
ment of his Separate Opinion.

(InitialledB. W.
(Initialled) G.-C.Sur cette base, le statut et la validité de la déclaration de mai 1950
ne sauraient êtremis en doute ; telle est croyons-nous la situation
exacte.
Nous avons cru nécessaire d'indiquer clairement notre attitude
à cet égard, afin d'éviter que notre adhésion au présent arrêt de
la Cour puisse êtreconsidéréecomme signifiant notre accord avec

la décision rendue le 26 mai 1959. Au surplus, quiconque est en
désaccord avec cette décision doit nécessairement rejeter a fortiori
la première exception préliminaire de la Thaïlande pour ce seul
motif. Mais cela n'affecte en rien notre opinion: la première excep-
tion préliminaire de la Thaïlande doit en tout état de cause être
rejetée pour les motifs énoncésdans le présent arrêt.
En ce qui concerne la seconde exception préliminaire de la
Thaïlande - tout en approuvant pleinement l'opinion énoncéepar
sir Hersch Lauterpacht dans l'affaire du Sud-Ouest africain -
Procédurede vote (C. I.J. Recueil 1955, pp. 90-93) et d'après la-
quelle la Cour ne doit pas éviter de se prononcer sur des questions
dont une des parties a fait le centre de son argumentation, pour
la seule raison que ces questions ne sont pas essentielles au dis-
positif de l'arrêt -, nous estimons cependant que cette opinion

n'est guère applicable en matière de compétence (sir Hersch ne
l'a d'ailleurs pas laissé entendre). En l'espèce, la seconde excep-
tion préliminaire de la Thailande a évidemment étédiscutée en
détail par les Parties. Mais, dès lors que la Cour, rejetant la pre-
mière exception préliminaire, s'est déclarée compétente pour
connaître du fond du litige (ce qui est la seule question pertinente
au présent stade de l'affaire), l'affaire est, à strictement parler,
réglée,et se prononcer pour ou contre la seconde exception pré-
liminaire de la Thaïlande ne pourrait rien ajouter d'important
à la conclusion à laquelle la Cour est déjà parvenue, à savoir
qu'elle est compétente. Nous reconnaissons donc que la Cour
n'est pas appelée dans ces conditions à se prononcer sur la seconde
exception préliminaire.

Sir Percy SPENDEH,juge, joint à l'arrêtl'exposé de son opinion
individuelle.

M. MORELLIj,uge, joint à l'arrêt l'exposé de son opinion indi-
viduelle.

(Paraphé) B. W.
(Pcraphé)G.-C.

ICJ document subtitle

Preliminary Objections

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 26 May 1961

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