Judgment of 15 June 1954

Document Number
019-19540615-JUD-01-00-EN
Document Type
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRETS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DE L'OR MONÉTAIRE

PRIS A ROME EN 1943
(QUESTION PRÉLIMINAIRE)

(ITALIEC.FRANCE, ROYAUME-UNI DE GRANDE-
BRETAGNE ET D'IRLANDE DU NORD ET
ETATS-UNIS D'AMERIQUE)

ARRÊT DU 15JUIN 1954

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE OF THE MONETARY GOLD

REMBVED FROM ROME IN 1943
(PRELIMINARY QUESTION)

(ITALY v. FRANCE, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT
BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND AND
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA)

JUDGMENT OF JUNE 15th1954 Le prksent arret doit êtrecité comme s:it
(Aflaire de l'or nzonktnirepàRome en Igq3
(questionpréminaire),
Arrêtdu 15 fuin 195: C. I. J. Recueil 19p.,19.))

This Judgrnent should be cited as foll:ws
"Case of the monetarygold removed/rom Rome in 1943
(PvelinzinaryQuestion),
Judgment of June ~gtlz,195:I.C. J. Reports1954p. 19."

No ci en: 119 1
Sales number INTERNATIONALCOURTOF JUSTICE

1954
June 15th
GeneraList:
No.1g

CASE OF THE MONETARY GBLD

REMOVED FROM ROME IN 1943
(PRELIMINARY QUESTION)

(ITALY v. FRANCE, UNITED KINGDOMOFGREAT

BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND AND
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA)

Part IIIof Agreement of Paris of 1946 on Reparation.--Washington
Agreement of 1951 for arbitration.-WashinStatement accom-
panyingWashington Agreement.-ItalApplicati:nclaim to gold
and claim of priority ocer claim of United Kingdom.-Preliminary
Question fiby App1icant.-Efjeon Application of Italy's objection
tojurisdiction.-Raisof Objection does not imply non-conformity
of Applicationth Washington Statement nor withdrawal or cancel-
lation of Application.
extensive with Cour2's taskissu:allegedinternational responsi-
bility of Albania to Ita1y.-Neof Albania's consent.-Question
ofinten1ention.-Avti59 of Statute.-Jurisdictconferred on
Courtdoes not authorize it to decide Italian claim fo go1d.-Dependeme
of question of priority upon question of Italian claim to go1d.-Court
cannot decide question of priority.

JUDGMENT

Present:Vice-PresidentGUERRERO A,cting Preside;tPresident
Sir Arnold MCNAIR ; JzedgesBASDEVANH T,ACKWORTH,
WINIARSKI Z,ORICICK,LAESTAD B,ADAWIR , EAD,HSU

Mo, LEVI CARNEIRO A,RMAND-UGON K,OJEVNIKOV;
M. G. MORELLJ I,udgad hoc; RegistrarL~PE~OLIVAN. In the case of the Monetax-yGold removed from Rome in 1943,

between
the Italian Republic,

represented by :
M. Casto Caruso, Italian Ambassador to the Netherlands,
as Agent,

assisted by :
M. Tomaso Perassi, Professor of International Law of the Law
Faculty of the University of Rome,
as Counsel,

and
the French Repubiic,

represented by :
M.AndréGros, Professor of the Faculties of Law, Legal Adviser
of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
as Agent,

assisted by :
M. Philippe Monod, Minister Plenipotentiary,
as Counseland Acting Agent,

the United Kingdom of Great Bntain and Northern Ireland,
represented by :
Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice, K.C.M.G., Legal Adviser of the Foreign
Office,
as Agent,

assisted by :
Mr. J. E. S. Fawcett, D.S.C., Memberof the English Bar,
as Counsel,

the United States of Amenca,
represented by :
The Honorable Herman Phleger, LegalAdviser oftheDepartment
of State,

as Agent, MONETARY GOLD CASE (JUDGMENT OF 15 VI 54)

THE COURT,
composed as above,

hlivers the following Jzcdgment :

In a Statement signed by them at Washington on Aprii 25th,
1951, the Govemments of the French Republic, the United King-
dom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States
of Arnenca, envisaging the eventuality that, in accordance with
an arbitral opinion which they were seeking, a certain'quantity of
gold removed from Rome by the Germans in 1943 might be held
to belong to Albania, agreed to deliver the gold which, in accordance
with this opinion, would fa11to Albania, not to Albania herself but
to the United Kingdom, in partial satisfaction of the Judgment in
the Corfu Channel case, delivered by this Court on December 15th,

1949B
"unless within 90 days from the date of the communication
of the arbitrator's opinion to Italy and Albania, either

(a) Albania makes an application to the International Court
of Justice for the determination of the question whether itroper
that the gold, to which Albania has established a claim under
Part III, should be delivered to the United Kingdom in partial
satisfaction of the Corfu Channeljudgment ;or
(b) Italy makes an application to the International Court of
Justice for the determination of the questionwhether,y reasonof
any right whichshe clairnsto possessasa result ofthe Albanianlaw
of13th January 1945,or under the provisions of the Italian Peace
Treaty, the gold shouldbe delivered to Italy rather than to Albania
and agrees to accept the jurisdiction of the Court to determine
the question whether the claim of the United Kingdom or of Italy
to receive the gold should haveriority, if this issue should arise."
The three Governments at the same time stated that they would

accept as defendants the jurisdiction of the Court, for the purpose
of the determination of such Applications by Italy or by Albania
or by both.
The opinion of the Arbitrator stating that the gold in question
belonged in 1943 to Albania was given on February zoth, 1953. It
was communicated the same day to the three Govemments, as well
as to the Italian Government and to the Albanian Govemment.
The Albanian Government has made no application to the Court
as provided for in paragraph (a) of the Washington Statement.
On May ~gth, 1953, that is to Say, before the expiry of the time-
limit prescribed by the Statement of the three Governments, the
diplomatic representative of the Italian Republic in the Nether-
lands filed in the Registry of the Court a Declaration by which the

Italian Government, invoking the ResoIution of Qctober rgth,
1946, of the Sècurity Council of the United Nations, accepted the
6 MONETARY GOLD CASE (JUDGMENT OF 15 VI 54) 22

jurisdiction of the Court in respect of the disputes referred to under
paragraph (b) of the Statement of April zgth, 1951. The Italian
Government expressly gave the undertakings required by the
Security Council Resolution.

The same day, the diplomatic representative of the Italian
Republic in the Netherlands, duly authorized by his Government,
and in his capacity as Agent, filed in the Registry an Application
instituting proceedings against the Governments of the French
Republic, the United Kingdom and the United States of America
in the matter of the disposa1 of the monetary gold removed from
Rome. The Application contains the following Submissions :

"(1) that the Governments of the French Republic, Great
Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America
should deliver to Italy any share of the monetary gold that might
be due to Albania under Part III of the Paris Act of January 14th,
1946,in partial satisfaction for the damage caused to Italy by the
Albanian law of January 13th, 1945 ;
(2) that Italy's right to receive the said share of monetary gold
must have priority over the claim of the United Kingdom to
receive the gold in partial satisfaction of the Judgrnent in the
Corfu Channel case."
The Application was transmitted by the Registry to the three
defendant Governments on the same day on which it was filed,
namely, May ~gth, 1953, and to the Albanian Government on
May 20th. It was also communicated to other States entitled to
appear before the Court, in accordance with the provisions of its

Statute and Rules.
Qy Order of July ~st, 1953, the time-limit for the filing of a
Mernorial by the Italian Government was fixed for November znd,
1953, and Counter-Memorials by the three respondent Governments
were to be filed by March znd, 1954.
On October 3oth, 1953, the Agent of the Italian Government filed
in the Registry a document entitled "Preliminary Question". In this
document, he drew the attention of the Court to the fact that Sub-
mission No. I of the Application invited the Court to pass upon the
international responsibility of Albania to Italy, as a result, in the

view of the latter State, of the Albanian law of January 13th, 1945.
He pointed out that doubts might arise as to the jurisdiction of the
Court to adjudicate upon such a question without the consent of
Albania and therefore presented a submission, by which the Italian
Government :

"requests the Court to adjudicate on the Preliminary Question
of its jurisdiction todeal with the merits of the claim set forth
under No. I of the Submissions of the Application submitted to
the Court on May ~gth, 1953".
By Order of November 3rd, 1953, the Court, without prejudging
the question of the interpretation and application of Article62 of theRules of Court, and deeming it appropriate to give the Italian
Government an opportunity to defme its position and to submit
documents in support thereof, suspended the proceedings on the
merits and fked two time-limits : one for the presentation of a

written statement by the Italian Government and the other for the
presentation by the three respondent Governments of their observa-
tions and submissions. The latter time-limit was subsequently
extended by Order of January 26th, 1954.
These Pleadingshaving been duly deposited within the prescribed
time-limits, the case, in so far as the Preliminary Question was
concerned, became ready for hearing on March 31st, 1954. Public
hearings were held from May 10th to May ~qth, 1954.The Court was
presided over by the Vice-President, in accordancewith Article 13,
paragraph 1,of the Rules, and included on the Bench M. Gaetano
Morelli, Professor of International Law of the Faculty of Political
Science of the University of Rome,appointed by the Italian Govem-
ment to sit as Judge ad hoc.The Court heard the oral arguments and
replies ofM. Casto Caruso and M. Tomaso Perassi on behalf of the
Italian Government, kpplicant ; on behalf of the Respondents,
MM. AndréGrosand Philippe Monod for the FrenchGovemment, and
Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice and Jlr. J. E. S. Fawcett for the Cnited
Kingdom Government. Mr. Herman Phleger, Agent of the Govern-

ment of the Cnited States, had informed the Court that, since his
Govemment did not expect to supplement its written Statement
by an oral statement on the Preliminary Question, he would not be
present at the oral proceedings ; however, he remained at the dis-
posa1of the Court.
As regards the Preliminary Question, the following Submissions
were presented by the Parties :

On behalf of the Italian Government ;
in the Preliminary Question itself :

"For the foregoing reasons,
The Italian Govemment,
Having regard to the Order of July ~st, 1953, by the Ilce-
President of the International Court of Justice, Acting President
in this case,
Having regard to Article 62 of the Rules of Court,

Requests the Court to adjudicate on the preliminaq question of
its jurkdiction to deal with the merits of the clah set forth under
No. Iof the Subrnissionsof the Application submitted to the Court
on May ~gth, 1953 ;"
in the Statement on the Preliminary Question :

"For the foregoing reasons,
May it please the Court
To adjudge and declare : MONETARY GOLD CASE (JUDGMENT OF 15 VI 54)
24
That the Statement to accompany publication of the Agreement
between the Governments of the French Republic, the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United
States of America for the submission to an arbitrator of certain
claims with respect to gold looted by the Germans from Rome in
1943 is not a sufficient basis upon which to found the 'urisdiction
of the Court to deal with the merits of the claim set o'rth under
No. I of the Submissions of the Application submitted to the Court
by the Govemment of the Italian Republic on May ~gth, 1953 ;
That the Court is consequently without jurisdiction to adjudicate
upon the merits of the said claim;"
as final Submissions at the hearing on May 13th, 1954:

"May it please the Court
To adjudge and declare :
That the Statement to accompany publication of the Agreement
between the Governments of the French Republic, the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northem Ireland and the United
States of America for the submission to an arbitrator of certain
claims with respect to gold looted by the Germans from Rome in
1943 is not a sufficient basis upon which to found the jurisdiction
of the Court to deal with the merits of the clah set forth under
No. I of the Submissions of the Application submitted to the Court
by the Government of the Italian Republic on May ~gth, 1953 ;
That the Court is consequently without jurisdiction to adjudicate
upon the merits of the said claim ;
That the Court, whatever may be its decision on the question
upon the claims contained in No.e, Isand No. j2rof the Submissionsicate
ofthe Government ofthe United Kingdom dated March26th, 1954."

On behalf of the United Kingdom Government ;

in the Observations and Submissions on the Preliminary Question :
"For the reasons given above, the United Kingdom Government,
while reserving the right, if necessary, to present argument at a
later stage on the merits of the question of competence, requests
the Court to find and declare :
(1) that, in view of the Italian Government's Objection on the
question of competence, its Application to the Court of May ~gth,
1953, does not conform, or no longer conforms, to the conditions
and intentions of the Tripartite Washington Statement of April
25th, 1951, and is accordingly invalid and void, so that there is
no longer before the Court any 'application ...for the determi-
nation of' the question which, under the Tripartite Statement,
Italy was entitled to put to the Court;
Alternaticely,
that the action of the Italian Government in objecting to the
competence of the Court amounts to a withdrawal or cancellation
of its Application of May rgth, 1953, and disqualifies Italy from
proceeding any further under the Tripartite Washington Statement ;

9 (2) that, in consequence, the United Kingdom is entitled by
the Tripartite Washington Statement to receive a transfer of the
gold in the same manner as if Italy, as well as Albania, had not
applied to the Court under the relevant provisions of the State-
ment ;"

.as final Submissions at the hearing on May 14th, 1954 :
"(1) That, in view of Italy's objection on the ground of the
alleged lack of competence of the Court, her Application to the
Court of May ~gth, 1953,
(a) does not conform to the conditions and intentions of the
Tripartite Washington Statement of April 25th, 1951, or

alternatively
(b) has been in effect withdrawn or cancelled by Italy, and is
therefore invalid and void ;
(2) that Italy is, in the circumstances, to be deemed not to have
made any application to the Court within the meaning and for the
purposes of the Tripartite Washington Statement.
Alternatively

(3) that, if the Court holds, contrary to the contentions of the
United Kingdom, that the Italian Application is still valid and
subsisting, the Court has jurisdiction to determine on their merits
the questions put to the Court in the Italian Application."

The French Government and the Government of the United
States of America have not deposited forma1 Submissions.

The origin of the present case is to be found in Part III of the

Agreement on Reparation from Germany, on the Establishment
of an Inter-Allied Reparation Agency and on the Restitution of
Monetary Gold, signed at Paris on January 14th, 1946. Part III,
in its single Article, contains provisions relating to the restitution
of monetary gold found in Germany or in third countries. In
accordance with these provisions, ail such monetary gold "shall
be pooled for distribution as restitution" among the countries
which can establish that a definite amount of monetary gold
belonging to them "was looted by Germany or, at any time after
12th March, 1938, was wrongfully removed into German territory".
The French Republic, the United Kingdom and the United States
of America, as well as Albania and other States, are signatories of

the Paris Agreement ; Italy adhered to the provisions of Part III
of the Agreement by a Protocol signed at London on December 16th,
1947.
The implementation of the provisions of Part III of the Paris
Agreement having been entrusted to the Governments of the French
Republic, the United Kingdom and the United States of America,
IO these Govemments appointed a Tripartite Commission to assist
them in the distribution of the pool of monetary gold. One problem,
however, that of the gold of the National Bank of Albania, removed
from Rome in 1943and claimed on the basis of Part III of the Paris
Agreement by Albania, on the one hand, and by Italy on the other,
involved "disputed questions of law and fact" which neither the
Tripartite Commission nor the three Govemments were in a position
to resolve. In these circumstances, the three Govemments signed
on April 25th, 1951, the Washington Agreement, by which they
decided to submit to an arbitrator for his opinion the question

whether the gold belonged to Albania or to Italy or to neither.
On February zoth, 1953, in reply to the only question submitted
to him, the Arbitrator gave his opinion that the gold in question
belonged in 1943 to Albania, within the meaning of Part III of the
Paris Agreement.
The three Govemments signatories of the Washington Agreement
of Aprilz5th, 1951, had accompanied it by a Statement of the same
date in which they declared that if the finding of the Arbitrator
should be in favour of Albania, "the three Powers are confronted
by another question", since Italy and the United Kingdom claimed
the gold for different reasons not covered by Part III of the Paris
Agreement. With regard to this question, the three Govemments
took a decision which is at the root of the present case. They agreed
that, if the opinion of the Arbitrator should be that Albania had
"established a claim under Part III of the Act" to the gold
in question, "they will deliver the gold to the United Kingdom in

partial satisfaction of the judgment in the Corfu Channel case
unless within 90 days from the date of the communication of the
Arbitrator's opinion to Italy and Albania" either of the following
two conditions should be fulfilled : either Albania made an
application to the Court for the determination of the question
whether it was proper that the gold should be delivered to the
United Kingdom ;or Italy made an application to the Court for
the determination of the questions whether by reason of any rights
which she claimed to possess as a result of the Albanian law of
January 13th, 1945, or under the provisions of the Italian Peace
Treaty, the gold should be delivered to Italy rather than to Albania
and whether the claim of the United Kingdom or of Italyto receive
the gold should have priority, if this issue should arise. The three
Govemments accepted as respondents the jurisdiction of the Court
for the purpose of the determination of such applications by Italy

or by Albania or by both, and undertook to conform with any
deckions of the Court.
Albania, which has not accepted the jurisdiction of the Court,
refrained from making any application to it. Italy, in accordance
with the Statement and within the prescribed time-limit, submitted
an Application to the Court in which she formulated two claims
with regard to the gold, but, instead of presenting a Memorial
IIon the merits within the time-limit fixed for that purpose by the
Court, she raised -an issue as tothe Court'sjurisdiction to deal with
the first claim in her Application. The question of the jurisdiction of
the Court was first raised in the form of a "preliminary question".
As a result of the Order ofNovember 3rd, 1953,the Italian Govern-
ment submitted a written Statement on the Preliminary Question in
which it put fonvard a Submission wliich was repeated at the end
of its oral reply as its first final Submission ; in this Submission

the Court 1s asked to adjudge and declare that the Washington
Statement "is not a sufficient basis upon which to found the juris-
diction of the Court to deal with the merits of the claim set forth
under No. I of the Submissions of the Application" ; the ground on
which Italy's Submission is based is that the proceedings contem-
plated by the Washington Statement and instituted by Italy in
conformity with the Statement are in reality directed against
Albania, which is not a party to the suit.

At the present stage of the case the Court must adjudicate upon
the validity of this Submission presented by Italy ;certain special
features of the proceedings, however, make necessary a preliminary
examination of the questions raised by the Submissions of the

United Kingdom.
Of the three respondent Governments, the Governments of the
French Republic and of the United States of America, without
going beyond certain general observations with regard to the solu-
tion of the questions now before the Court, expressed a desire that
the Court should decide the merits of the case which had been
referred to it.
As regards the United Kingdom Govemment, it saw in the
challenge to the Court's jurisdiction made by Italy a ground for
questioning the validity of the Application. Its main Submissions
seek a declaration by the Court that

"(1) in view of Ital 's objection on the ground of the alleged
lack cf competence or the Court, her Application to the Court
of May 19th~1953,
(a) does not conform to the conditions and intentions of the
Tripartite Washington Statement of April 25th, 1951, or
alternatively

(bjhas been in effect withdrawn or cancelled by Italy, and is
therefore invalid and void ;
(2)Italy is, in the circumstances, to be deemed not to have
made any application to the Court within the meaning and for
the purposes of the Tripartite Washington Statement."
With these Submissions of the United Kingdom there should
be contrasted the last Italian Submission formulated by Counsel

for the Italian Government at the hearing on May rsth, 1954:
12 MONETARY GOLD CASE (JUDGMENT OF 15 VI 54) 28

"That the Court, whatever may be its decision on the question
of jurisdiction referred tobove, is without jurisdiction to adju-
dicate upon the clairnscontained in No.I and No. 2 of the Submis-
sionsof the Government of the United Kingdom, dated March 26th,
1954."

In its Observations and Submissions on the Preliminary Question,
the United Kingdom Govemment asked the Court to find that,
in view of the Preliminary Objection raised by the Italian Govem-
ment, the Application did not conform or no longer conformed to
the conditions and intentions of the Washington Statemeiit ; that
there was no longer any Application before the Court and that
Italy must be considered as not having made an Application,

in accordance with the conditions laid down by the Statement..
The second Submission was explicit :
"(2) That, in consequence, the United Kingdom is entitled by
the Tripartite Washington Statement to receive a transfer of the
gold in the same manner as if Italy, as well as Albania, had not
applied to the Court under the relevant provisions of the State-
ment."

This Submission threw light upon the intention of the previous
Submission ; but it was not reproduced in the final Submissions,
and the Court is consequently not called upon to deal with it.
There remain, however, the United Kingdom's final Submissions
(1) and (z), of which the wording has been modified in relation
to the Submissions of the United Kingdom as stated in its written
Observations, though the sense and scope remain unchanged ; it
is therefore reasonable to assume that the third Italian final
Submission applies to the altered Submissions of the United
Kingdom.

The Italian Govemment contends that the Court has no juris-
diction to adjudicate upon these Submissions of the United King-
dom. The Court cannot consider itself as lacking jurisdiction to
adjudicate upon the validity, withdrawal or cancellation of an
application which has been submitted to it : to adjudicate upon
such questions with a view to deciding upon the effect to be given
to the Application falls within the purview of its judicial task.
It is indeed unusual that a State which has submitted a claim
by the filing of an Application should subsequently challenge the
jurisdiction of the Court to which of its own accord it has applied.
In the present case it is Italy which, after having seised the Court,
has raised an issue as to the Court's jurisdiction. This is, however,

to be understood in the light of the circumstances of the case.
The three Govemments which signed the Washington Statement
made a collective offer in respect of the present proceedings, and
Italy accepted that offer. It was in that Statement that the subject-
matter of the suit was pre-determined and it was in the same
Statement that the three Govemments accepted as defendants

13the jurisdiction of the C.ourt. In these circumstances, Italy, after
having taken the initial step, felt some doubt as to whether the
subject-matter of the dispute was such that the Court codd deal

with it. She finally raised the issue in the form of a genuine
Preliminary Objectio~i.
Article 62 of the Rules is couched in tems which do not limit
to the Respondent the right to present preliminary objections.
This Article does not preclude the raising of a Preliminary Objection
by an Applicant in circumstances such as those in which the
present case haç arisen. The Preliminary Objection of Italy is
therefore not c~ntrary to the Rules or to the Statute.

The United Kinpdom contends that iriconsequence of Italy's
objection to the jiirisdiction of the Court, her Application does
not conform to the conditions and intentions of the \iTashington
Statement. In support of this contention, the Agent of the United

Kingdom Government advanced certain argriments : First, the
unequivocal acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction by Italy is one
of the conditions in the Washington Statement ; in view of her
greliminary objection, her acceptance of jurisdiction could not
be considered as unequivocal. Second, another condition in the
Washington Statement is that Italy could only make an application
for the determination of certain questions ; but Italy is now
suggesting that the Court should not determine those questions.
Third, ucdcr the \Vashington Statement, Italy's -4pplication
should be a real one ; it is not real because of her objection to
jurisdiction.

The Court finds that Italy's acceptance of jurisdiction is one
thing, while her raising of a Iegal issue on jurisdiction is quite

aiiother. It cannot be inferred from the making of the Pi-eliminary
Objection that Jtaly's acceptance of jurisdiction has become less
complete or less positive than was contemplated in the \tTashington
Statement. She continues to hold herself out as being subject to
the Court's jurisdiction in these proceedings after the raising of
the Preliminary Objection as much as she did before taking that
step. The szme cor?siderations apply to her request for the deter-
mination of the questions siibmitted in her Application. She has
reauested the Court to settle the aroblem of iurisdiction before
detemining those questions. This des not mean that she is askjng
the Court ~zot to determine those questions uncier any circum-
stances. As to the real character of Italy's Application, the Court

has only to observe that her Application, once properly deposited,
must be considered as real and as remainin~ureal unless it is
formally withdrawn.
Consequently, the Court cannot accept the contention of the
United Kingdom regarding non-conformity of the Application
with the conditions and intentions of the Washington Statcment. Nor can the Court accept the contention in final Submission
No. I (b) of the United Kingdom that the Application has been
in effectwithdrawn or cancelled by Italy. Article 69 of the Rules
deals with the case where, in the course of proceedings instituted
by an Application, the Applicant informs the Court in writing
that it is not going on with the proceedings ;in this event the
provisions of Article 69 apply. The raising of the Preliminary
Question by Italy cannot be regarded as equivalent to a dis-
continuance.
As to the Submission that the Italian Application should be
held to be "invalid and void", it is enough to state that the

Application, if not invalid at the time when it was fded, cannot
subsequently have become invalid by reason of the preliminary
question which Italy raised with regard to the Court's jurisdiction
in this case.
The Court accordin~lv finds that it has been validv seised of
the Application and chat this Application, contrary t'o the sub-
missions of the United Kingdom Government, still subsists. There-
fore, the Court must now proceed to consideration of the Prelim-
inary Objection of Italy in order to decide whether it can adju-
dicate upon the ments of the claims set forth in the Application.

The Preliminary Objection raised by Italy assumes precise form
in the main Submission by which the Court is asked

"To adjudge and declare :

That the Statement to accompany publication of the Agreement
between the Governments of the French Republic, the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United
States of Ameriea for the submission to an arbitrator of certain
clairns with respect to gold looted by the Germans from Rome in
1943is not a sufficient basis upon which to found the jurisdiction
No.tIeof the Submissionsof the Application submitted to the Court
by the Govemment of the Italian Republic on May ~gth, 1953 ;
That the Court is consequently without jurisdiction to adjudicate
upon the merits of the said claim."

On the other hand, the United Kingdom Govemment, in its
alternative Submission, asks the Court to adjudge and declare

"that, if the Court holds, contrary to the contentions of the United
Kingdom, that the Italian Application is still valid and subsisting,
the Court has jurisdiction to determine on their rnerits the questions
put to the Court in the Italian Application".
15 The Italian Government, in making its Application, stated that
it was relying on the provisions of paragraph (b) of the Washington
Statement. The subject-matter of the suit is the same as that
defined in the Statement. The Parties against whom the suit was
brought, namely France, the United Kingdom and the United
States of America, are those who have declared that they accept
the jurisdiction of the Court for the purpose of the determination

of Italy's Application. The three States have not named any
other Party in the Statement "for the determination of the
question" relating to Italy's claim to the delivery of the gold.
The Court notes therefore that in respect of the relations between
these three States and Italy the Application is in conformity
with the offer made in the Washington Statement.
The Governments of France, the United Kingdom and the
United States of America, and the Government of Italy, by their
separate and successive acts-the adoption of the Washington
Statement, in the one case, and in the other case, the deposit
on May ~gth, 1953, of the Declaration of acceptance of the
jurisdiction of the Court and the filing of the Application-have
referred a case to the Court within the meaning of Article 36 (1)
of its Statute. They have thus conferred jurisdiction on the Court
to deal with the questions submitted in the Application of the
1talian Government .

The Court must, however, examine whether this jurisdiction
is CO-extensivewith the task entrusted to it. The Agent of the
United Kingdom Government stated during the oral proceedings
that :
"Albania's consent is not, in our view, necessary to the deter-
mination of the questions affecting Italy under head (b) ofthe
Washington Statement, because the only issue raised under that
head-a decision on which by the Court would be binding on the
Parties to it-is the question of whether Albania's share should
go to the United Kingdom or to Italy ; and both those countries,
as well as the two remaining Washington Govemments, have
given their consent and are before the Court."

This seems to be an over-simplification of the problem with which
the Court is confronted. The Court is not merely called upon to
Say whether the gold should be delivered to Italy or to the United

Kingdom. It is requested to determine first certain legal questions
upon the solution of which depends the delivery of the gold.
By the first claim in the Application the Court is requested to
decide that the three respondent States "should deliver to Italy any
share of the monetary gold that might be due to Albania under
Part III of the Paris Act ofJanuary 14th, 1946,in partial satisfaction
for thedamage caused to Italyby tly Albanian law ofJanuary 13th,
1945". The Washington Statemknt specified in advance one of the
16purposes of Italy's Application, namely, the "determination of the
question whether, by reason ofany right which she claimsto possess
as a result of the Albanian law of 13th January, 1945,or under the
provisions of the Italian Peace Treaty, the gold should be delivered
to Italy rather than to Albania". The Court will not deal with the
Italian Peace Treaty since its provisions have not been invoked
during the present proceedings.
The first Submissionin the Applicationcentres around a claimby
Italy against Albania, a claim to indemnification for an alleged
wrong.Italy believesthat shepossessesaright against AIbaniaforthe
redress of an international wrong which,according to Italy, Albania
has committed against her. In order, therefore, to determinewhether
Italy is entitled to receive the gold, it is necessary to determine
whether Albania has committed any international wrong against
Italy, and whether she is under an obligation to pay compensation
to her ; and, if so, to determine also the amount ofcompensation.
In order to decide such questions, it is necessary to determine
whether the Albanian law of January qth, 1945, was contrary to
international law. In the determination of these questions-ques-
tions which relate to the lawful or unlawful character of certain
actions of Albania vis-à-vis Italy-only two States, Italy and
Albania, are directly interested. To go into the merits ofsuch ques-
tions would be to decide a dispute between Italy and Albania.
The Court cannot decide such a dispute without the consent of
given her consent in this case either expresslyor by implication. To
adjudicate upon the international responsibility ofAlbaniawithout
her consent would run counter to a well-established principle of
international law embodied in the Court'sStatute, namely, that the
Court can only exercise jurisdiction over a State with its consent.

It has been suggested that Albania might have intervened. The
provisions of Article 62 of the Statute give to a third State, which
considers that it "has an interest of a legal nature which may be
affected bythe decisionin the case", the right to request permission
to intervene. It has been contended that the inclusion of the provi-
sioiis for intervention indicate that the Statute contemplates that
proceedings may continue, notwithstanding that a third State may
have an interest ofa legalnature whichmight enableit to intervene.
It isargued that the fact that a third State, in this case Albania,
may not choose to intervene should not make it impossible for the
Court to give judgment on rights as between the Parties.
Albania has not submitted a request to the Court to be permitted
to intervene. In the present case, Albania's legal interests would
not only be affected by a decision, but would form the very
subject-matter of the decision. In such a case, the Statute cannot
be regarded, by implication, as authorizing proceedings to be
continued in the absence of Albania.
17 MONETARY GOLD CASE (JUDGMENT 3F 15 VI 54)
33
It is also contended that any decision of the Cmrt on the ques-
tions submitted by Italy in her Applicaticm will be binding only
upon Italy and the three respondent States, and not upon Albania.
It is true that, under Article 59 of the Statute, the decision of thr
Court in a given case only binds the parties to it and in respect of

that particular case. This rule, however, rests on the assumption
that the Court is at least able to render a binding decision.Where,
as in the present case, the vital issue to be settled concerns the inter-
national responsibility of a third State, the Court cannot, without
the consent of that third State, give a decision on that issue
binding upon any State, either the third State, or any of the
parties before it.
The Court accordingly finds that, although Italy and the three
respondent States have conferred jurisdiction upon the Court, it
cannot exercise this jurisdiction to adjudicate ori the first claim
submitted by Italy.

The Court will now consider wheiher it can adjudicate upon the
second claim in the Italian Application. This claim, which is also
based on the Washington Statement, is that "Italy's right to receive
the said share of monetary gold must have priority over the clairn
of the United Kingdom to receive the gold in partial satisfaction of
the Judgment in the Corfu Channel case".
It might seem that the second claim, unlike the first, only con-
cems Italy and the United Kingdom, both of whom have already
accepted the jurisdiction of the Court. According to the Washington
Statement, however, the question of priority between the claim of
Italy and that of the United Kingdom will only arise when it has
been decided that, as between Italy and Albania, the gold should
go to Italy. For the worcls"if this issue [the issue ofiorityj should
arise" usrd in the Statement could only mean that the issue of

priority would cal1 for a decision o~ily if the Court had already
decided that Italy had a valid claim to the gold in question against
Albania, thus creating, in the minds of the three Governments, a
cornpetitive claim with the claim of the United Kingdom.

The dependence of the second claim upon the first is confirmed
by the Italian Submission itself. When the Italian Government
speaks of "Italy's right to receive thesaid share of monetary gold",
it is not refemng to any hypothetical right :it must be refemng to
a right which it believes itossesses and which, by the first Submis-
sion in its Application, it requests the Court to uphold.

This dependence is further borne out by the statements made by
the Parties in the course of the written and oral proceedings. In the
document deposited on October 3oth, 1953, in which the Italian
Government raised the Preliminary Question, it is stated that the
I8second question submitted in its Application will only arise in the
event that the Court has decided on the merits of the first question,
as requested by the Italian Government. The United Kingdom
Government, in its Observations and Submissions on the Prelimi-
nary Question, also said that the priority issue could only arise if
the Court went into the question of Italy's claim against Albania,
and decided that in favour of Italy. At the hearings, Counsel for
the Italian Government and the Agent of the United Kingdom
Government both spoke in a similar vein.

Counselfor the Italian Government added, however, that "if the
Court considers that the question of priority between the respective
rights ofthe United Kingdom andItaly can be examined in a hypo-
thetical form, independently of the examination of the first Italian
claim, the Italian Government, for its part, would have no objec-
tion". Apart from the fact that this statement, which is conditional
in form, can hardly be construed as a formal request for consider-
ation by the Court of the second claim on a hypothetical basis, it
would, in any event,constitute a newproposition whichisnot based
have not expressed agreement. It is evident that the Court could
not act upon such a proposition.

The Courtaccordinglyfinds that inasmuch as it cannot adjudicate
on the first Italian claim, it must refrain fromxamining the ques-
tion of pnority between the claim of Italy and that of the United
Kingdom.

For these reasons,

unanimously,
finds that the jurisdiction conferred upon it by the common
agreement of France, the United Kingdom, the United States of
Americaand Italy doesnot, in the absence ofthe consent ofAlbania,
authorize it to adjudicate upon the first Submission in t,heApplica-
tion of the Italian Government ;

by thirteen votes to one,
finds that it cannot adjudicate upon the second Submission in
the Application of the 1talian Government . MONETARY GOLD CASE (JUDGMEN TF 15 VI54) 35

Done in French and English, the French text being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this fifteenth day of June, one
thousand nine hundred and fifty-four, in five copies, one of which
willbe placed in the archives of the Court and the others will be

transmitted to the Govemment of the Italian Republic, the Govem-
ment of the French Republic, the Govemment of the United King-
dom of Great Britain and Northem Ireland and the Govemment of
the United States of America, respectively.

(Signed) J. G. GUERRERO,

Vice-President.

(Signed) J. LOPEZ OLIVAN,

Registrar.

Sir Arnold MCNAIR,President, after voting for the Judgment,

made the following declaration :
1concur in the finding of the Court that it is unable to adjudicate
upon the two questions submitted to it by the Application of the
Italian Government, but the reasons which have led me to this
conclusion are different from those stated in the Judgment of the
Court. In my opinion, there is a fundamental defect in the Applica-
tion and in the constitution of these proceedings. The Court isasked
to adjudicate upon an Italian clairn against Albania arising out of
an Albanian law of January 13th, 1945. Albania is therefore an
essential respondent. But these proceedings are not brought against
Albania, nor does the Application name Albania as a respondent,
although there is nothing in the Washington Statement which could

preclude the Italian Govemment from making Albaniaa respondent.
1 cannot see how State A, desiring the Court to adjudicate upon its
claim against State B, can validly seise the Court of that claim
unless it makes State B a respondent to the proceedings-however
many other States may be respondents. Judge READ, availing himself of the right conferred on hi.
by Article 57 of the Statute, appends to the Judgment a statement
of his individual opinion.

Judge LEVICARNEIRO a,vaiiing himself of theight conferred
on him by Article 57 of the Statute, appends to the Judgment
a statement of his dissenting opinion.

(Initialled)J. G. G.

(Initialled)J. L. O.

Bilingual Content

COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

RECUEIL DES ARRETS,
AVIS CONSULTATIFS ET ORDONNANCES

AFFAIRE DE L'OR MONÉTAIRE

PRIS A ROME EN 1943
(QUESTION PRÉLIMINAIRE)

(ITALIEC.FRANCE, ROYAUME-UNI DE GRANDE-
BRETAGNE ET D'IRLANDE DU NORD ET
ETATS-UNIS D'AMERIQUE)

ARRÊT DU 15JUIN 1954

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

REPORTS OF JUDGMENTS,
ADVISORY OPINIONS AND ORDERS

CASE OF THE MONETARY GOLD

REMBVED FROM ROME IN 1943
(PRELIMINARY QUESTION)

(ITALY v. FRANCE, UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT
BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND AND
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA)

JUDGMENT OF JUNE 15th1954 Le prksent arret doit êtrecité comme s:it
(Aflaire de l'or nzonktnirepàRome en Igq3
(questionpréminaire),
Arrêtdu 15 fuin 195: C. I. J. Recueil 19p.,19.))

This Judgrnent should be cited as foll:ws
"Case of the monetarygold removed/rom Rome in 1943
(PvelinzinaryQuestion),
Judgment of June ~gtlz,195:I.C. J. Reports1954p. 19."

No ci en: 119 1
Sales number COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE

1954
Le 15 juin
Rôlegknbral
no19

AFFAIRE DE L'OR MONÉTAIRE

PRIS A ROME EN 1943
(QUESTION PELIMINAIRE)

(ITALIE C. FRANCE, ROYAUME-UNIDE GRANDE-

BRETAGNE ET D'IRLANDE DU NORD ET
ETATS-UNIS D'AMERIQUE)

Partie III de l'accord de Paris de 1946 concernant les réparations..
- Accord de Washington I95Iprkvoyant un arbitra-e.Dkclaration.
de Washington accompagnant l'accord de Washingto-. Requêtede
l'Italieprétention d recevoir l'or et revendication d'une prioritk suv-
la prétention du Royaume-Uni.- Question préliminaire PrésentBe
de l'Italie-deL'exception n'implique pas que la requêten'est pasence-
conforwed la dkclaration de Washington ni qu'elleest retiréeou annulBe.
Les Parties ont confkrk juridicdila Cour.- La juridiction.
n'est pas de mêmetendue que la mission confiéed la-CoQuestion
essentielleprétendue responsabililt internationale de L'Albanie envers
l'Italie. Nkcessitd du consentement de l'Alban-e.Question de
l'intervention. Article 59 du Statu-. La juridiction confkrke d.
la Cour ne l'autorise pas d déciderde la prétention italienne sur l'or.
- La question de la prioritk dépend de la question de la prktention
de l'Italie sur l'-r.La Cour ne peut statuer sur la question de.
prioritk.

Prksents: M. GUERRERO V,ice-Prksident faisant fonction de Prk-.
sident en Z1a#airz; Sir Arnold MCNAIR,Prksident ;
MM. BASDEVANT H,ACKWORTH W ,INIARSKIZ , ORICIC,
KLAESTAD B,ADAWIR , EAD,HSUMO,LEVI CARNEIRO,

ARMAND-UGOK NO, JEVNIKOV, J~ges; M. G. MORELLI,
Juge ad hoc ; M. LOYEZ OLIVANG , refier.
4 INTERNATIONALCOURTOF JUSTICE

1954
June 15th
GeneraList:
No.1g

CASE OF THE MONETARY GBLD

REMOVED FROM ROME IN 1943
(PRELIMINARY QUESTION)

(ITALY v. FRANCE, UNITED KINGDOMOFGREAT

BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND AND
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA)

Part IIIof Agreement of Paris of 1946 on Reparation.--Washington
Agreement of 1951 for arbitration.-WashinStatement accom-
panyingWashington Agreement.-ItalApplicati:nclaim to gold
and claim of priority ocer claim of United Kingdom.-Preliminary
Question fiby App1icant.-Efjeon Application of Italy's objection
tojurisdiction.-Raisof Objection does not imply non-conformity
of Applicationth Washington Statement nor withdrawal or cancel-
lation of Application.
extensive with Cour2's taskissu:allegedinternational responsi-
bility of Albania to Ita1y.-Neof Albania's consent.-Question
ofinten1ention.-Avti59 of Statute.-Jurisdictconferred on
Courtdoes not authorize it to decide Italian claim fo go1d.-Dependeme
of question of priority upon question of Italian claim to go1d.-Court
cannot decide question of priority.

JUDGMENT

Present:Vice-PresidentGUERRERO A,cting Preside;tPresident
Sir Arnold MCNAIR ; JzedgesBASDEVANH T,ACKWORTH,
WINIARSKI Z,ORICICK,LAESTAD B,ADAWIR , EAD,HSU

Mo, LEVI CARNEIRO A,RMAND-UGON K,OJEVNIKOV;
M. G. MORELLJ I,udgad hoc; RegistrarL~PE~OLIVAN. En l'affaire de l'or monétaire prià Rome en 1943,

entre
la République italienne,

représentéepar
M. Casto Caruso, ambassadeur d'Italie aux Pays-Bas,
comme agent,
assistépar

M. Tomaso Perassi, professeur de droit international à la
faculté de droit de l'université de Rome,
comme conseil,

la République française,

représentéepar
M. André Gros,professeur des facultés de droit, jurisconsulte
du ministère des Affaires étrangères,
comme agent,
assistépar

M. Philippe Monod, ministre plénipotentiaire,
comme conseil et agent par intenm,

le Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord,
représentépar
Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice, K. C.M.G., jurisconsulte du mkistère
des Affaires étrangères,
comme agent,

assistépar
M. J. E. S. Fawcett, D. S. C., membre du barreau anglais,
comme conseil,

les États-unis d'Amérique,
représentéspar
l'honorable Herman Phleger, jurisconsulte du département
d'État,
comme agent, In the case of the Monetax-yGold removed from Rome in 1943,

between
the Italian Republic,

represented by :
M. Casto Caruso, Italian Ambassador to the Netherlands,
as Agent,

assisted by :
M. Tomaso Perassi, Professor of International Law of the Law
Faculty of the University of Rome,
as Counsel,

and
the French Repubiic,

represented by :
M.AndréGros, Professor of the Faculties of Law, Legal Adviser
of the Ministry for Foreign Affairs,
as Agent,

assisted by :
M. Philippe Monod, Minister Plenipotentiary,
as Counseland Acting Agent,

the United Kingdom of Great Bntain and Northern Ireland,
represented by :
Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice, K.C.M.G., Legal Adviser of the Foreign
Office,
as Agent,

assisted by :
Mr. J. E. S. Fawcett, D.S.C., Memberof the English Bar,
as Counsel,

the United States of Amenca,
represented by :
The Honorable Herman Phleger, LegalAdviser oftheDepartment
of State,

as Agent, ainsi composée,

rend l'arrêtsuivant:

Dans une déclaration signée par eux à Washington, le 25 avril
1951 ,es Gouvernements de la République française, du Royaume-
Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord et des États-unis
d'Amérique, envisageant le cas où, selon un avis arbitral qu'ils
sollicitaient, une certainequantité d'or enlevé à Rome par les
Allemands en 1943 serait reconnue appartenir à l'Albanie, conve-
naient entre eux de faire remise de la quantité d'or devant, en
conséquence de cet avis, revenir à l'Albanie, non à l'Albanie
elle-même mais au Royaume-Uni, en satisfaction partielle de
l'arrêt rendu par la Cour le 15 décembre 1949 en l'affaire du
détroit de Corfou,

«à moins que. dans un délai de go jours à compter de la
communication à l'Italie età l'Albanie de l'avis de l'arbitre,
ou bien :
a) l'Albanie ait saisi la Cour internationale de Justice en vue
de déciders'i lst convenable que l'or, sur lequel l'Albanie a établi
des droits à réclamation aux termes de la partie III, soit remis
au Royaume-Uni en satisfaction partielle du jugement de l'affaire
du canal de Corfou; ou bien
b) l'Italie ait saisi la Cour internationale de Justice en vue de
décidersi, du fait de tous droits qu'elle soutient avL , suite
du décret albanais du13 janvier 1945 OU des clauses du traité de
paix avec l'Italie, l'or doit êtreàel'Italie plutôt qu'à l'Albanie
et ait convenu d'accepter la juridiction de la Cour pour décider
la question de savoir si la prétention du Royaume-Uni ou celle
de l'Italià recevoir l'or doit avoir priorité, dans le casoù cette
question se poserait»
Les trois Gouvernements énonçaient en mêmetemps qu'ils accep-

taient comme défendeurs la juridiction de la Cour pour statuer
sur le recours introduit parl'Italie ou par l'Albanie ou par toutes
deux.
L'avis arbitral déclarant que l'or appartenait à l'Albanie en
1943 a étérendu le 20 fh-rier 1953 Il a étécommuniqué le même
jour aux trois Gouvernements, ainsi qu'au Gouvernement italien
et au Gouvernement albanais.
Le Gouvernement albanais n'a pas saisi la-Cour comme le lui
permettait le paragraphe a) de la déclaration de Washington.
Le 19 mai 1953, c'est-à-dire avant l'expiration du délai fixé
par la déclaration des trois Gouvernements, le représentant diplo-
matique de la République italienne aux Pays-Bas a déposéau

Greffe de la Cour une déclaration par laquelle le Gouvernement
italien, invoquant la résolution du 15 octobre 1946 du Conseil
de Sécurité des Nations Unies, acceptait la juridiction de la Cour MONETARY GOLD CASE (JUDGMENT OF 15 VI 54)

THE COURT,
composed as above,

hlivers the following Jzcdgment :

In a Statement signed by them at Washington on Aprii 25th,
1951, the Govemments of the French Republic, the United King-
dom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States
of Arnenca, envisaging the eventuality that, in accordance with
an arbitral opinion which they were seeking, a certain'quantity of
gold removed from Rome by the Germans in 1943 might be held
to belong to Albania, agreed to deliver the gold which, in accordance
with this opinion, would fa11to Albania, not to Albania herself but
to the United Kingdom, in partial satisfaction of the Judgment in
the Corfu Channel case, delivered by this Court on December 15th,

1949B
"unless within 90 days from the date of the communication
of the arbitrator's opinion to Italy and Albania, either

(a) Albania makes an application to the International Court
of Justice for the determination of the question whether itroper
that the gold, to which Albania has established a claim under
Part III, should be delivered to the United Kingdom in partial
satisfaction of the Corfu Channeljudgment ;or
(b) Italy makes an application to the International Court of
Justice for the determination of the questionwhether,y reasonof
any right whichshe clairnsto possessasa result ofthe Albanianlaw
of13th January 1945,or under the provisions of the Italian Peace
Treaty, the gold shouldbe delivered to Italy rather than to Albania
and agrees to accept the jurisdiction of the Court to determine
the question whether the claim of the United Kingdom or of Italy
to receive the gold should haveriority, if this issue should arise."
The three Governments at the same time stated that they would

accept as defendants the jurisdiction of the Court, for the purpose
of the determination of such Applications by Italy or by Albania
or by both.
The opinion of the Arbitrator stating that the gold in question
belonged in 1943 to Albania was given on February zoth, 1953. It
was communicated the same day to the three Govemments, as well
as to the Italian Government and to the Albanian Govemment.
The Albanian Government has made no application to the Court
as provided for in paragraph (a) of the Washington Statement.
On May ~gth, 1953, that is to Say, before the expiry of the time-
limit prescribed by the Statement of the three Governments, the
diplomatic representative of the Italian Republic in the Nether-
lands filed in the Registry of the Court a Declaration by which the

Italian Government, invoking the ResoIution of Qctober rgth,
1946, of the Sècurity Council of the United Nations, accepted the
6pour les différends visésà la lettre b) de la déclaration 25 avril
1951 . e Gouvernement italien y prenait expressément les engage-
ments viséspar la résolution du Conseil de Sécurité.

Le même jour, le représentant diplomatique de la République
italienne aux Pays-Bas, dûment autorisé par son Gouvernement
et en qualité d'agent, a déposéau Greffe une requête introduisant
contre les Gouvernements de la République française, du Royaume-
Uni et des États-Unis d'Amérique, une instance relative à la
disposition de la quantité d'or monétaire enlevé à Rome. La
requête contient les conclusions suivantes :

« 1)que les Gouvernements de la Républiquefrançaise, de la
Grande-Bretagneet de l'Irlande du Nord et des Etats-Unis d'Amé-
rique devront remettreà l'Italie la quote-part d'or monétaire,qui
reviendraità l'Albanie aux termes de la partie III de l'acte de
Paris du 14 janvier 1946, en satisfaction partielle des dommages
causés à l'Italie par la loi albanaise 13 janvier 1945;
2) que le droit de l'Itaàirecevoir ladite quote-part d'or mon&
taire doit avoir priorité sur la prétentiondu Royaume-Uàirece-
voir l'or en satisfaction partielle du paiement du jugement de
l'affaire du canal de Corfou.
Par les soins du Greffe, la requête a ététransmise aux trois

Gouvernements défendeurs le jour mêmede son dépôt, savoir le
19 mai 1953, et, le 20 mai, au Gouvernement albanais. Elle a
également étécommuniquée aux autres États admis à ester en
justice devant la Cour, conformément aux dispositions du Statut
et du Règlement.
Par ordonnance du I~~juillet 1953, la date d'expiration du
délai pour la présentation du mémoire du Gouvernement italien
a étéfixée au 2 novembre 1953, les contre-mémoires des trois
défendeurs devant être présentés pour le 2 mars 1954.
Le 30 octobre 1953 ,'agent du Gouvernement italien a déposé
au Greffe un document intitulé «Question préliminaire 1).II y
attire l'attention de la Cour sur le fait que la conclusion no I

énoncéedans la requête invite la Cour à prononcer sur la respon-
sabilité internationale de l'Albanie envers l'Italie découlant, selon
celle-ci, du décret albanais du 13 janvier 1945. 11remarque que
des doutes peuvent s'élever sur la compétence de la Cour pour
statuer sur une telle question sans le consentement de l'Albanie
et, en conséquence, présente une conclusion par laquelle le Gou-
vernement italien :

«prie la Cour de statuer sur la question préliminaire desa compé-
tence pour connaître au fond de la demande formuléeau no I des
conclusions de la requêteprésentée à la Cour le 19 mai 1953 1).

Par ordonnance du 3 novembre 1953, la Cour, sans préjuger
la question de l'interprétation et de l'application de l'article2 MONETARY GOLD CASE (JUDGMENT OF 15 VI 54) 22

jurisdiction of the Court in respect of the disputes referred to under
paragraph (b) of the Statement of April zgth, 1951. The Italian
Government expressly gave the undertakings required by the
Security Council Resolution.

The same day, the diplomatic representative of the Italian
Republic in the Netherlands, duly authorized by his Government,
and in his capacity as Agent, filed in the Registry an Application
instituting proceedings against the Governments of the French
Republic, the United Kingdom and the United States of America
in the matter of the disposa1 of the monetary gold removed from
Rome. The Application contains the following Submissions :

"(1) that the Governments of the French Republic, Great
Britain and Northern Ireland and the United States of America
should deliver to Italy any share of the monetary gold that might
be due to Albania under Part III of the Paris Act of January 14th,
1946,in partial satisfaction for the damage caused to Italy by the
Albanian law of January 13th, 1945 ;
(2) that Italy's right to receive the said share of monetary gold
must have priority over the claim of the United Kingdom to
receive the gold in partial satisfaction of the Judgrnent in the
Corfu Channel case."
The Application was transmitted by the Registry to the three
defendant Governments on the same day on which it was filed,
namely, May ~gth, 1953, and to the Albanian Government on
May 20th. It was also communicated to other States entitled to
appear before the Court, in accordance with the provisions of its

Statute and Rules.
Qy Order of July ~st, 1953, the time-limit for the filing of a
Mernorial by the Italian Government was fixed for November znd,
1953, and Counter-Memorials by the three respondent Governments
were to be filed by March znd, 1954.
On October 3oth, 1953, the Agent of the Italian Government filed
in the Registry a document entitled "Preliminary Question". In this
document, he drew the attention of the Court to the fact that Sub-
mission No. I of the Application invited the Court to pass upon the
international responsibility of Albania to Italy, as a result, in the

view of the latter State, of the Albanian law of January 13th, 1945.
He pointed out that doubts might arise as to the jurisdiction of the
Court to adjudicate upon such a question without the consent of
Albania and therefore presented a submission, by which the Italian
Government :

"requests the Court to adjudicate on the Preliminary Question
of its jurisdiction todeal with the merits of the claim set forth
under No. I of the Submissions of the Application submitted to
the Court on May ~gth, 1953".
By Order of November 3rd, 1953, the Court, without prejudging
the question of the interpretation and application of Article62 of thedu Règlement, et estimant convenable de donner au Gouvernement
italien l'occasion de préciser sa position et de présenter les docu-
ments sur lesquels il entendait la fonder, a suspendu la procédure
sur le fond et fixé deux délais : l'un pour le dépôt d'un exposé
écrit par le Gouvernement italien, et l'autre pour le dépôt par
les trois Gouvernements défendeurs de leurs observations et
conclusions. Le second délaifut ultérieurement prorogé par ordon-
nance du 26 janvier 1954.
Ces pièces ayant dûment étédéposéesdans les délais fixés,

l'affaire, en ce qui concerne la question préliminaire, s'est trouvée
en état le 31 mars 1954. Des audiences ont étk tenues du IO au
14 mai 1954. La Cour était présidée par son Vice-Président,
conformément à l'article 13, paragraphe 1, du Règlement, et
comptait sur le siège M. Gaetano Morelli, professeur de droit
international à la faculté de sciences politiques de l'université de
Rome, désigné comme juge ad hoc par le Gouvernement italien.
Elle a entendu en leurs plaidoiries et réponses: M. Casto Caruso
et M. Tomaso Perassi, au nom du Gouvernement italien, deman-
deur ; au nom des défendeurs, MM. André Gros et Philippe Monod,
pour le Gouvernement français, et sir Gerald Fitzmaurice et
M. J. E. S. Fawcett, pour le Gouvernement dv Royaume-Uni.

M. Berman Phleger, agent du Gouvernement des Etats-Unis, avait
fait savoir que, n'ayant pas l'intention de compléter par un exposé
oral ses observations écrites sur la question préliminaire, il ne
se présenterait pas à l'audience ;il restait toutefois à la disposition
de la Cour.

En ce qui concerne la question préliminaire, les conclusions
ci-après ont étéprises par les Parties :

Au nom du Gouvernement italien ;
dans la question préliminaire elle-même :

«Pour les considérationsci-dessus exposées,
Le Gouvernement italien,
Vu l'ordonnance du juillet1953 du Vice-Président de la
Cour internationale de Justice faisant fonction de Président,

Vu l'article62 du Règlement de la Cour,
Prie la Cour destatuer sur la question préliminairede sa compé-
tence pour connaître au fond de la demande formuléeau no I des
conclusions de la requêteprésentée à la Cour le rg mai 1953 ;1)

dans l'exposé sur la question préliminaire :
«Pour les considérationsci-dessus exposées,
Plaiseà la Cour

Dire et juger:
8Rules of Court, and deeming it appropriate to give the Italian
Government an opportunity to defme its position and to submit
documents in support thereof, suspended the proceedings on the
merits and fked two time-limits : one for the presentation of a

written statement by the Italian Government and the other for the
presentation by the three respondent Governments of their observa-
tions and submissions. The latter time-limit was subsequently
extended by Order of January 26th, 1954.
These Pleadingshaving been duly deposited within the prescribed
time-limits, the case, in so far as the Preliminary Question was
concerned, became ready for hearing on March 31st, 1954. Public
hearings were held from May 10th to May ~qth, 1954.The Court was
presided over by the Vice-President, in accordancewith Article 13,
paragraph 1,of the Rules, and included on the Bench M. Gaetano
Morelli, Professor of International Law of the Faculty of Political
Science of the University of Rome,appointed by the Italian Govem-
ment to sit as Judge ad hoc.The Court heard the oral arguments and
replies ofM. Casto Caruso and M. Tomaso Perassi on behalf of the
Italian Government, kpplicant ; on behalf of the Respondents,
MM. AndréGrosand Philippe Monod for the FrenchGovemment, and
Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice and Jlr. J. E. S. Fawcett for the Cnited
Kingdom Government. Mr. Herman Phleger, Agent of the Govern-

ment of the Cnited States, had informed the Court that, since his
Govemment did not expect to supplement its written Statement
by an oral statement on the Preliminary Question, he would not be
present at the oral proceedings ; however, he remained at the dis-
posa1of the Court.
As regards the Preliminary Question, the following Submissions
were presented by the Parties :

On behalf of the Italian Government ;
in the Preliminary Question itself :

"For the foregoing reasons,
The Italian Govemment,
Having regard to the Order of July ~st, 1953, by the Ilce-
President of the International Court of Justice, Acting President
in this case,
Having regard to Article 62 of the Rules of Court,

Requests the Court to adjudicate on the preliminaq question of
its jurkdiction to deal with the merits of the clah set forth under
No. Iof the Subrnissionsof the Application submitted to the Court
on May ~gth, 1953 ;"
in the Statement on the Preliminary Question :

"For the foregoing reasons,
May it please the Court
To adjudge and declare : AFFAIRE DE L'OR MONÉTAIRE (ARRÊT DU 15 VI 54)
24
Que la déclaration accompagnant la publication de l'accord
entre les Gouvernementsde la République française, du Royaume-
Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord et des Etats-Unis
d'Amériquesoumettant à un arbitre certainesréclamations concer-
nant de l'or pillé par les Allemands à Rome en 1943 n'est pas
titre suffisantà fonder la compétence de la Cour pour connaître
au fond de la demande formulée au no I des conclusions de la
requête présentée à la Cour par le Gouvernementde la République
italienne le19 mai 1953 ;
Que par conséquent la Cour n'est pas compétente pour statuer
sur le fond de ladite demande ;))
à titre de conclusions finales, énoncéesàl'audience du 13mai 1954 :

«Plaiseà la Cour
Dire et juger :

Que la déclaration accompagnant la publication de l'accord
entre les Gouvernements de la République française, du Royaume-
Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord et des Etats-Unis
d'Amériquesoumettant à un arbitre certaines réclamations concer-
nant l'or pillépar les Allemands à Rome en 1943 n'est pas titre
suffisantà fonder la compétence de la Cour pour connaître au
fond de la demande formuléeau no Ides conclusions de la requête
présentée àla Cour par le Gouvernement de la Républiqueitalienne
le 19 mai 1953 ;
Que par conséquent la Cour n'est pas compétente pour statuer
sur le fond de ladite demande ;
Que la Cour, quelle que soit sa décisionsur la question de com-
pétence ci-dessus indiquée, n'est pas compétente pour statuer sur
les demandes formuléesaux nos 1)et 2)des conclusions du Gouver-
nement du Royaume-Uni en date du 26 mars 1954.1)
Au nom du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni ;

dans les observations et conclusions sur la question préliminaire :
« Pour ces motifs, le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni, tout en
se réservant le droit,si nécessaire,de développer stade ultérieur
son argumentation sur le point de compétence, prie la Cour de
dire et juger:

Gouvernement italien,l'sa requêtedàila Cour due 19umaiée1953 lne
répond pas ou ne répond plus aux conditions et intentions de la
déclaration tripartite de Washington du 25 avril1951 et est, par
conséquent, nulle et non avenue, de telle sorte que la Cour n'est
plus saisie «en vue de décider »la question que la déclaration
tripartite habilitait l'Itaàisoumettre à la Cour ;

Subsidiairement,
que l'exception d'incompétence soulevéepar le Gouvernement
italien équivautà un retrait ou à une annulation de sa requête
du 19 mai 1953 et enlève toute qualitéà l'Italie pour continuer
à procéderaux termes de la déclaration tripartite de Washington; MONETARY GOLD CASE (JUDGMENT OF 15 VI 54)
24
That the Statement to accompany publication of the Agreement
between the Governments of the French Republic, the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United
States of America for the submission to an arbitrator of certain
claims with respect to gold looted by the Germans from Rome in
1943 is not a sufficient basis upon which to found the 'urisdiction
of the Court to deal with the merits of the claim set o'rth under
No. I of the Submissions of the Application submitted to the Court
by the Govemment of the Italian Republic on May ~gth, 1953 ;
That the Court is consequently without jurisdiction to adjudicate
upon the merits of the said claim;"
as final Submissions at the hearing on May 13th, 1954:

"May it please the Court
To adjudge and declare :
That the Statement to accompany publication of the Agreement
between the Governments of the French Republic, the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northem Ireland and the United
States of America for the submission to an arbitrator of certain
claims with respect to gold looted by the Germans from Rome in
1943 is not a sufficient basis upon which to found the jurisdiction
of the Court to deal with the merits of the clah set forth under
No. I of the Submissions of the Application submitted to the Court
by the Government of the Italian Republic on May ~gth, 1953 ;
That the Court is consequently without jurisdiction to adjudicate
upon the merits of the said claim ;
That the Court, whatever may be its decision on the question
upon the claims contained in No.e, Isand No. j2rof the Submissionsicate
ofthe Government ofthe United Kingdom dated March26th, 1954."

On behalf of the United Kingdom Government ;

in the Observations and Submissions on the Preliminary Question :
"For the reasons given above, the United Kingdom Government,
while reserving the right, if necessary, to present argument at a
later stage on the merits of the question of competence, requests
the Court to find and declare :
(1) that, in view of the Italian Government's Objection on the
question of competence, its Application to the Court of May ~gth,
1953, does not conform, or no longer conforms, to the conditions
and intentions of the Tripartite Washington Statement of April
25th, 1951, and is accordingly invalid and void, so that there is
no longer before the Court any 'application ...for the determi-
nation of' the question which, under the Tripartite Statement,
Italy was entitled to put to the Court;
Alternaticely,
that the action of the Italian Government in objecting to the
competence of the Court amounts to a withdrawal or cancellation
of its Application of May rgth, 1953, and disqualifies Italy from
proceeding any further under the Tripartite Washington Statement ;

9 2) qu'en conséquence, le Royaume-Uniest fondé,aux termes
de la déclarationtnpartite de Washington, à recevoir l'or comme
sil'Italie, de mêmeque l'Albanie,n'avait pas saisi la Couren vertu
des dispositions pertinentes de la déclaration

A titre de conclusionsfinales, énoncéesà l'audience du14 mai 1954 :
«1) Que, en raison de l'exception de l'Italie fondéesur un pré-
tendu défaut de compétencede la Cour, sa requêtedu 19mai 1953

a) n'est pasconformeaux conditions et intentions de la déclaration
tripartite de Washington du 25avril 1951, ou
subsidiairement

b) a été,en fait, retiréeou annuléepar l'Italie et est, par consé-
quent, nde et non avenue ;
2)que, dans ces conditions, l'Italie doit êtreconsidérée comme
n'ayant pas saisi la Cour au sens et aux fins de la déclaration
tripartite de Washington.
Subsidiairement

3) que si, contrairement aux prétentions du Royaume-Uni,
.a compétencepourstatuer au fond sur les questionsàeiie soumiseselie
par cette requête.B

Le Gouvernement français et le Gouvernement des États-unis

d'Amérique n'ont pas déposéde conclusions formelles.

L'origine de la présenteaffaire doit êtrecherchéedans la partiIII
de l'accord concernant les réparations à recevoir de l'Allemagne,
l'institution d'une agence interalliée des réparations et la resti-

tution de l'or monétaire, signé à Paris le 14 janvier 1946. Cette
partie III, dans son article unique, contient des dispositions rela-
tives à la restitution de l'or monétaire trouvé en Allemagne ou
en pays tiers. D'après ces dispositions, tout cet or monétaire«sera
réuni enune masse commune pour êtreréparti àtitre de restitutio))
entre les pays qui peuvent établir qu'une quantité déterminée
d'or monétaire leur appartenant «a fait l'objet de spoliations par
l'Allemagne ou, à une date quelconque après le 12 mars 1938,
de transfert illégitime en temtoire allemand ». La République
française, le Royaume-Uni et les États-unis d'Amérique sont
signataires de l'accord de Paris, ainsi que l'Albanie et d'autres
États ; l'Italie a adhéréaux dispositionsde la partieIIIde l'accord
par un protocole signé à Londres, le 16 décembre 1947.
L'exécution des dispositions de la partie III de l'accord de

Paris ayant étéconfiéeaux Gouvernements de la République frm-
çaise, du Royaume-Uni et des États-unis, ceux-ci nommèrent une (2) that, in consequence, the United Kingdom is entitled by
the Tripartite Washington Statement to receive a transfer of the
gold in the same manner as if Italy, as well as Albania, had not
applied to the Court under the relevant provisions of the State-
ment ;"

.as final Submissions at the hearing on May 14th, 1954 :
"(1) That, in view of Italy's objection on the ground of the
alleged lack of competence of the Court, her Application to the
Court of May ~gth, 1953,
(a) does not conform to the conditions and intentions of the
Tripartite Washington Statement of April 25th, 1951, or

alternatively
(b) has been in effect withdrawn or cancelled by Italy, and is
therefore invalid and void ;
(2) that Italy is, in the circumstances, to be deemed not to have
made any application to the Court within the meaning and for the
purposes of the Tripartite Washington Statement.
Alternatively

(3) that, if the Court holds, contrary to the contentions of the
United Kingdom, that the Italian Application is still valid and
subsisting, the Court has jurisdiction to determine on their merits
the questions put to the Court in the Italian Application."

The French Government and the Government of the United
States of America have not deposited forma1 Submissions.

The origin of the present case is to be found in Part III of the

Agreement on Reparation from Germany, on the Establishment
of an Inter-Allied Reparation Agency and on the Restitution of
Monetary Gold, signed at Paris on January 14th, 1946. Part III,
in its single Article, contains provisions relating to the restitution
of monetary gold found in Germany or in third countries. In
accordance with these provisions, ail such monetary gold "shall
be pooled for distribution as restitution" among the countries
which can establish that a definite amount of monetary gold
belonging to them "was looted by Germany or, at any time after
12th March, 1938, was wrongfully removed into German territory".
The French Republic, the United Kingdom and the United States
of America, as well as Albania and other States, are signatories of

the Paris Agreement ; Italy adhered to the provisions of Part III
of the Agreement by a Protocol signed at London on December 16th,
1947.
The implementation of the provisions of Part III of the Paris
Agreement having been entrusted to the Governments of the French
Republic, the United Kingdom and the United States of America,
IOcommission tripartite pour coopérer à la répartition de la masse
d'or monétaire.Un problèmecependant, celui de l'or de la Banque
nationale d'Albanie enlevé à Rome en 1943 et réclamésur la base
de la partie III de l'accord de Paris par l'Albanie d'un côtéet
par l'Italie de l'autre, a soulevé«des questions controversées de
droit et de fait1)que ni la commission tripartite ni les trois Gou-
vernements ne furent en mesure de résoudre.Dans ces conditions,

les trois Gouvernements signèrent, le 25avril 1951, l'accord de
Washington par lequel ils décidèrent desoumettre à un arbitre
pour avis la question de savoir si cet or appartenait à l'Albanie,
ou à l'Italie, ou nià l'une ni à l'autre.
Le 20 février1953e ,n réponse à la seule question qui lui avait
étésoumise, l'arbitre &mitl'avis que l'or en question appartenait
en 1943 à l'Albanie, au sens de la partie III de l'accord de Paris.

Les trois Gouvernements signataires de l'accord de Washington
du 25avril 1951 l'avaient accompagnéd'une déclaration portant
la mêmedate où ils constataient que, si l'arbitre se prononçait
en faveur de l'Albanie, «les trois Puissances se trouveraient en
présenced'une autre question ))l'Italie et le Royaume-Uni récla-
mant l'or pour différentes raisons non couvertespar la partie III
de l'accord de Paris. Au sujet de cette question, les trois Gouver-
nements prenaient une décisionqui est à la base de la présente
affaire.Ils convenaient que, si l'arbitre était d'avis que l'Albanie
avait (établi, au titre de la partie III de l'acte de Paris, des
droits à réclamation ))concernant l'or dont il s'agit, ils remettront
l'or au Royaume-Uni en satisfaction partielle du jugement de
l'affaire du canal de Corfouà moins que dans un délaide quatre-
vingt-dix jours à compter de la communication à l'Italie età
l'Albanie de l'avis de l'arbitre» l'une ou l'autre des conditions
ci-après soit intervenue :ou bien que l'Albanieait saisi la Cour en
vue de décider s'il est convenableque l'or soit remisau Royaume-
Uni ;ou bien que l'Italie ait saisi la Cour en vue de décider si,
du fait de tous droits qu'elle soutient avoir par suite du décret
albanais du 13janvier 1945 ou des clauses du traité de paix avec
l'Italie, l'or doit lui êtreremis plutôt qu'à l'Albanie, et si la pré-
tention du Royaume-Uni ou celle de l'Italieà recevoir l'or doit
avoir priorité, dans le cas où cette question se poserait. Les trois
Gouvernements acceptaient enfin comme défendeursla juridiction
de la Cour aux fins de statuer sur le recours introduit par l'Italie,
ou par l'Albanie, ou par toutes deux, et s'engageaient à se confor-
mer à toute décisionarrêtéepar la Cour.

L'Albanie, qui n'a pas acceptéla juridiction de la Cour, s'est
abstenue de saisir celle-ci. L'Italie, conformémentà la déclaration
et dans le délai prescrit, a soumis à la Cour une requkte dans
laquelle elle formulait deux demandes concernant l'or, mais, au
lieu de présenter un mémoire sur le fond dans le délaiqui lui

II these Govemments appointed a Tripartite Commission to assist
them in the distribution of the pool of monetary gold. One problem,
however, that of the gold of the National Bank of Albania, removed
from Rome in 1943and claimed on the basis of Part III of the Paris
Agreement by Albania, on the one hand, and by Italy on the other,
involved "disputed questions of law and fact" which neither the
Tripartite Commission nor the three Govemments were in a position
to resolve. In these circumstances, the three Govemments signed
on April 25th, 1951, the Washington Agreement, by which they
decided to submit to an arbitrator for his opinion the question

whether the gold belonged to Albania or to Italy or to neither.
On February zoth, 1953, in reply to the only question submitted
to him, the Arbitrator gave his opinion that the gold in question
belonged in 1943 to Albania, within the meaning of Part III of the
Paris Agreement.
The three Govemments signatories of the Washington Agreement
of Aprilz5th, 1951, had accompanied it by a Statement of the same
date in which they declared that if the finding of the Arbitrator
should be in favour of Albania, "the three Powers are confronted
by another question", since Italy and the United Kingdom claimed
the gold for different reasons not covered by Part III of the Paris
Agreement. With regard to this question, the three Govemments
took a decision which is at the root of the present case. They agreed
that, if the opinion of the Arbitrator should be that Albania had
"established a claim under Part III of the Act" to the gold
in question, "they will deliver the gold to the United Kingdom in

partial satisfaction of the judgment in the Corfu Channel case
unless within 90 days from the date of the communication of the
Arbitrator's opinion to Italy and Albania" either of the following
two conditions should be fulfilled : either Albania made an
application to the Court for the determination of the question
whether it was proper that the gold should be delivered to the
United Kingdom ;or Italy made an application to the Court for
the determination of the questions whether by reason of any rights
which she claimed to possess as a result of the Albanian law of
January 13th, 1945, or under the provisions of the Italian Peace
Treaty, the gold should be delivered to Italy rather than to Albania
and whether the claim of the United Kingdom or of Italyto receive
the gold should have priority, if this issue should arise. The three
Govemments accepted as respondents the jurisdiction of the Court
for the purpose of the determination of such applications by Italy

or by Albania or by both, and undertook to conform with any
deckions of the Court.
Albania, which has not accepted the jurisdiction of the Court,
refrained from making any application to it. Italy, in accordance
with the Statement and within the prescribed time-limit, submitted
an Application to the Court in which she formulated two claims
with regard to the gold, but, instead of presenting a Memorial
IIavait été imparti par la Cour à cet effet, elle a mis en doute la
compétence de la Cour pour connaître de la première demande
de sa requête. La question de la compétence de la Cour a été

soulevée tout d'abord comme une « question préliminaire ».
En suite de l'ordonnance du 3 novembre 1953, le Gouvernement
italien a présenté un exposé sur la question préliminaire où il
prend une conclusion reproduite à la fin de la réplique orale comme
sa première conclusion finale ;dans cette conclusion, la Cour est
priée de dire et juger que la déclaration de Washington ((n'est
pas titre suffisant à fonder la compétencede la Cour pour connaitre
au fond de la demande formulée au no I des conclusions de la
requête ));la raison sur laquelle s'appuie la conclusion de l'Italie

est que l'action viséepar la déclaration de Washington et intentée
par l'Italie en conformité avec la déclaration, se dirige en réalité
contre l'Albanie qui n'est pas partie au procès.

Au stade actuel de l'affaire, la Cour doit se prononcer sur le
bien-fondé de cette conclusion présentéepar l'Italie ; cependant,

certaines particularités de la procédure rendent nécessaire un
examen préalable des questions posées par les conclusions du
Royaume-Uni.
Des trois Gouvernements défendeurs, ceux de la République
française et des États-unis d'Amérique ont exprimé le désir de
voir la Cour décider au fond l'affaire qui lui avait étésoumise,
sans toutefois aller au delà de certaines observations générales
quant à la solution des questions actuellement pendantes devant

la Cour.
Quant au Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni, il a vu dans la
contestation de compétence présentéepar l'Italie un motif pour
mettre en doute la valeur de la requête.Ses conclusicns principales
visent à faire déclarer par la Cour

(1) que, en raison de l'exception del'Italie fondéesur un pré-
tendu défautde compétencede la Cour, sa requête du 19mai 1953

a) n'est pas conforme aux conditions et intentions de la décla-
ration tripartite de Washington du 25 avril 1951 ou,
szfibsidiairement

b) a été,en fait, retiréeou annuléepar l'Italie et est, par consé-
quent, nulle et non avenue ;
2) que, dans ces conditions, l'Italie doit êtreconsidéréecomme
n'ayant pas saisi la Cour au sens et aux fins de la déclaration
tripartite de Washington. )J

A ces conclusions du Royaume-Uni s'oppose la dernière conclu-
sion de l'Italie, formulée par le conseil du Gouvernement italien
à l'audience du 13 mai 1954 :
12on the merits within the time-limit fixed for that purpose by the
Court, she raised -an issue as tothe Court'sjurisdiction to deal with
the first claim in her Application. The question of the jurisdiction of
the Court was first raised in the form of a "preliminary question".
As a result of the Order ofNovember 3rd, 1953,the Italian Govern-
ment submitted a written Statement on the Preliminary Question in
which it put fonvard a Submission wliich was repeated at the end
of its oral reply as its first final Submission ; in this Submission

the Court 1s asked to adjudge and declare that the Washington
Statement "is not a sufficient basis upon which to found the juris-
diction of the Court to deal with the merits of the claim set forth
under No. I of the Submissions of the Application" ; the ground on
which Italy's Submission is based is that the proceedings contem-
plated by the Washington Statement and instituted by Italy in
conformity with the Statement are in reality directed against
Albania, which is not a party to the suit.

At the present stage of the case the Court must adjudicate upon
the validity of this Submission presented by Italy ;certain special
features of the proceedings, however, make necessary a preliminary
examination of the questions raised by the Submissions of the

United Kingdom.
Of the three respondent Governments, the Governments of the
French Republic and of the United States of America, without
going beyond certain general observations with regard to the solu-
tion of the questions now before the Court, expressed a desire that
the Court should decide the merits of the case which had been
referred to it.
As regards the United Kingdom Govemment, it saw in the
challenge to the Court's jurisdiction made by Italy a ground for
questioning the validity of the Application. Its main Submissions
seek a declaration by the Court that

"(1) in view of Ital 's objection on the ground of the alleged
lack cf competence or the Court, her Application to the Court
of May 19th~1953,
(a) does not conform to the conditions and intentions of the
Tripartite Washington Statement of April 25th, 1951, or
alternatively

(bjhas been in effect withdrawn or cancelled by Italy, and is
therefore invalid and void ;
(2)Italy is, in the circumstances, to be deemed not to have
made any application to the Court within the meaning and for
the purposes of the Tripartite Washington Statement."
With these Submissions of the United Kingdom there should
be contrasted the last Italian Submission formulated by Counsel

for the Italian Government at the hearing on May rsth, 1954:
12 «Que la Cour, quelle que soit sa décisionsur la question de
com étenceci-dessusindiquée, n'est pas compétenp teour statuer
sur es demandesformulCesaux numéros1)et 2)des conclusions
du Gouvemement duRoyaume-Unien date du 26mars 1954 ).

Dans ses observations et conclusionssur la question préliminaire,
le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni priait la Cour de dire qu'en
raison de l'exception préliminaire soulevéepar le Gouvernement
italien, la requête ne répond pasou ne répond plusaux conditions
et aux intentions de la déclaration de Washington ; que la Cour
n'est plus saisie et que l'Italie doit êtreconsidérécomme n'ayant
pas saisi la Cour dans les conditions prévues par la déclaration.
La deuxième conclusionétait explicite :

«2)Qu'en conséquence, lR eoyaume-Uniest fondé,aux termes
de la déclarationtripartite de Washington, recevoirl'or comme
si l'Italie,demêmeque l'Albanie,n'avaitpas saisila Couren vertu
des dispositionspertinentes de la déclarati)).

Cette conclusion éclairait le sens dela précédente, maiselle n'a pas
étéreproduite dans les conclusions finales et, par conséquent, la
Cour n'a pas à prendre position à cet égard.
Restent cependant les conclusionsfinales noaI et 2 du Royaume-
Uni dont le libelléa étémodifiépar rapport à l'énoncé des conclu-
sions prises par le Royaume-Uni dans son exposéécrit,mais sans
qu'aient étémodifiésleur sens et leur portée ; il est donc naturel
d'admettre que la dernièredes conclusionsfinalesdu Gouvemement
italien doit s'appliquer aux conclusionsmodifiéesdu Royaume-Uni.

Le Gouvernement italien soutient que la Cour n'est pas compé-
tente pour statuer sur ces conclusions du Royaume-Uni. La Cour
ne saurait se considérercomme incompétente pour statuer sur la
validité, leretrait ou la caducitéd'une requêtedont elle est saisie
statuer sur detels griefsenvuededéterminerla suite qu'elledonnera
à la requêterentre dans l'exercicede sa fonction judiciaire.

Il est assurément insolite quel'État qui a introduit une demande
en présentant une requête vienne contester la juridiction de la
Cour àlaquelle ils'est volontairement adressé. Dans le cas présent,
c'est l'Italie qui, après avoir saisi la Cour, a soulevéune question
relativement à la compétencedela Cour.Maiscecidoit $tre compris
à la lumière des circonstances de l'espèce.Les trois Gouvernements
signataires de la déclaration de Washington ont formuléune offre
collective touchant l'instance actuelle, offre qui a étéacceptée par
l'Italie. C'est dans cette déclaration que l'objet de l'action a été
déterminépar avance ;c'est encore dans cette déclaration que
les trois Gouvernements ont acceptécomme défendeursla jnridic- MONETARY GOLD CASE (JUDGMENT OF 15 VI 54) 28

"That the Court, whatever may be its decision on the question
of jurisdiction referred tobove, is without jurisdiction to adju-
dicate upon the clairnscontained in No.I and No. 2 of the Submis-
sionsof the Government of the United Kingdom, dated March 26th,
1954."

In its Observations and Submissions on the Preliminary Question,
the United Kingdom Govemment asked the Court to find that,
in view of the Preliminary Objection raised by the Italian Govem-
ment, the Application did not conform or no longer conformed to
the conditions and intentions of the Washington Statemeiit ; that
there was no longer any Application before the Court and that
Italy must be considered as not having made an Application,

in accordance with the conditions laid down by the Statement..
The second Submission was explicit :
"(2) That, in consequence, the United Kingdom is entitled by
the Tripartite Washington Statement to receive a transfer of the
gold in the same manner as if Italy, as well as Albania, had not
applied to the Court under the relevant provisions of the State-
ment."

This Submission threw light upon the intention of the previous
Submission ; but it was not reproduced in the final Submissions,
and the Court is consequently not called upon to deal with it.
There remain, however, the United Kingdom's final Submissions
(1) and (z), of which the wording has been modified in relation
to the Submissions of the United Kingdom as stated in its written
Observations, though the sense and scope remain unchanged ; it
is therefore reasonable to assume that the third Italian final
Submission applies to the altered Submissions of the United
Kingdom.

The Italian Govemment contends that the Court has no juris-
diction to adjudicate upon these Submissions of the United King-
dom. The Court cannot consider itself as lacking jurisdiction to
adjudicate upon the validity, withdrawal or cancellation of an
application which has been submitted to it : to adjudicate upon
such questions with a view to deciding upon the effect to be given
to the Application falls within the purview of its judicial task.
It is indeed unusual that a State which has submitted a claim
by the filing of an Application should subsequently challenge the
jurisdiction of the Court to which of its own accord it has applied.
In the present case it is Italy which, after having seised the Court,
has raised an issue as to the Court's jurisdiction. This is, however,

to be understood in the light of the circumstances of the case.
The three Govemments which signed the Washington Statement
made a collective offer in respect of the present proceedings, and
Italy accepted that offer. It was in that Statement that the subject-
matter of the suit was pre-determined and it was in the same
Statement that the three Govemments accepted as defendants

13tion de la Cour. Dans ces circonstances, l'Italie, après avoir fait
la démarche initiale, a ressenti un doute sur le point de savoir si
l'objet du différend était tel que la Cour pût en connaître. Elle a
finalement poséla question sous la forme d'une véritable exception

L'article 62 du Règlement est rédigédans des termes qui ne

limitent pas au défendeur le droit de présenter des exceptions
préliminaires. Cet article n'exclut pas que, dans des circonstances
telles que celles dans lesquelles la présente affaire a surgi, une
exception préliminaire soit soulevéepar le demandeur. L'excepti~n
préliminaire de l'Italie n'est donc pas contraire au Règlement,
non plus qu'au Statut.
Le Royaume-Uni allègue que, par suite de l'objection de l'Italie
à la compétence de la Cour, la requêtene répond pas aux conditions
et intentions de la déclaration de Washington. A l'appui de cette
allégation, l'agent du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni avance
plusieurs arguments. En premier lieu, l'acceptation non équivoque
de la juridiction de la Cour par l'Italie serait l'une des conditions
contenues dans la déclaration de Washington et, en raison de
l'exception préliminaire, l'acceptation par l'Italie de In juridiction

de la Cour ne pourrait pas êtreconsidérée commenon équivoque.
En second lieu la déclaration de Washington contiendrait une autre
condition, à savoir que l'Italie ne pourrait présenter de requête
qu'aux fins de faire statuer sur certaines questions;or, maintenant,
l'Italie suggérerait que la Cour ne statue pas sur ces questions.
Troisièmement, selon la déclaration de Washingtori, la requête
devrait êtreréelle ; elle ne serait pas réelle,à raison de l'objection
de l'Italie à la juridiction.
La Cour estime que l'acceptation par l'Italie de la juridiction est
une chose, alors que le fait parlle de soulever un probli'me de droit
touchant la juridiction en est une autre. De la présentation d'une
exception préliminaire on ne saurait déduire que l'acceptation par
l'Italie de la juridiction est devenue moins compléte ou moins
positive que ne l'envisageait la déclaration deIVashington. L'Italie
continue de se tenir pour soumise à la juridiction de la Cour en la
présente instance après avoir soulevél'exception préliminaire tout

autant qu'avant. Les mêmes considérations s'appliquent à sa
demande aux fins de faire statuer sur les questions énoncées à la
requête. Elle a priéla Cour de réglerle problème de la compétence
avant de prononcer sur ces questions. Cela ne veut pas dire qu'elle
demande à la Cour de ne prononcer sur ces questions en aucune
circonstance. Quant au caractère de réalitéde larequêteitalienne,
la Cour se borne à observer que, après avoir été régulièrement
présentée,la requêtedoit êtreconsidéréecomme réelleet continuant
à l'êtretant qu'elle n'est pas formellement retirée.
Par conséquent, la Cour ne ?eut accepter la thèse du Royaume-
Uni touchant la non-conformité de la requête aux conditions et
intentions de la déclaration de Washington.

14the jurisdiction of the C.ourt. In these circumstances, Italy, after
having taken the initial step, felt some doubt as to whether the
subject-matter of the dispute was such that the Court codd deal

with it. She finally raised the issue in the form of a genuine
Preliminary Objectio~i.
Article 62 of the Rules is couched in tems which do not limit
to the Respondent the right to present preliminary objections.
This Article does not preclude the raising of a Preliminary Objection
by an Applicant in circumstances such as those in which the
present case haç arisen. The Preliminary Objection of Italy is
therefore not c~ntrary to the Rules or to the Statute.

The United Kinpdom contends that iriconsequence of Italy's
objection to the jiirisdiction of the Court, her Application does
not conform to the conditions and intentions of the \iTashington
Statement. In support of this contention, the Agent of the United

Kingdom Government advanced certain argriments : First, the
unequivocal acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction by Italy is one
of the conditions in the Washington Statement ; in view of her
greliminary objection, her acceptance of jurisdiction could not
be considered as unequivocal. Second, another condition in the
Washington Statement is that Italy could only make an application
for the determination of certain questions ; but Italy is now
suggesting that the Court should not determine those questions.
Third, ucdcr the \Vashington Statement, Italy's -4pplication
should be a real one ; it is not real because of her objection to
jurisdiction.

The Court finds that Italy's acceptance of jurisdiction is one
thing, while her raising of a Iegal issue on jurisdiction is quite

aiiother. It cannot be inferred from the making of the Pi-eliminary
Objection that Jtaly's acceptance of jurisdiction has become less
complete or less positive than was contemplated in the \tTashington
Statement. She continues to hold herself out as being subject to
the Court's jurisdiction in these proceedings after the raising of
the Preliminary Objection as much as she did before taking that
step. The szme cor?siderations apply to her request for the deter-
mination of the questions siibmitted in her Application. She has
reauested the Court to settle the aroblem of iurisdiction before
detemining those questions. This des not mean that she is askjng
the Court ~zot to determine those questions uncier any circum-
stances. As to the real character of Italy's Application, the Court

has only to observe that her Application, once properly deposited,
must be considered as real and as remainin~ureal unless it is
formally withdrawn.
Consequently, the Court cannot accept the contention of the
United Kingdom regarding non-conformity of the Application
with the conditions and intentions of the Washington Statcment. La Cour ne saurait non plus retenu la thèse formulée par le
Royaume-Uni dans sa conclusion finale no I b) et selon laquelle
la requête aurait en faitétéretirée ou annulée par l'Italie. Le
Règlement, dans son article 69, prévoit le cas oh, au cours d'une
instance introduite par requête,la Partie demanderesse fait connaî-

tre par écrit à la Cour qu'elle renonce à poursuivre la procédure ;
dans ce cas, les dispositionsde l'article69 s'appliquent. Le fait par
l'Italie d'avoir soulevé la question préliminaire ne saurait être
considéré comme équivalant à un désistement.
Quant à la conclusion tendant à déclarer la requête italienne
« nulie et non avenue », ilsuffit de dire que la requête, qui n'était
pas entachée de nullité au moment de son introduction, n'a pu
ultérieurement devenu nulle par suite de la question préliminaire
que l'Italie a soulevée touchant la compétence de la Cour en
l'espèce.
Ainsi la Cour constate qu'elle a étévalablement saisie de la

requête et que cette requête subsiste, contrairement aux conclu-
sions du Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni. Par conséquent, la
Cour doit procéder maintenant à l'examen de l'objection prélirni-
naire de l'Italie en vue de décider si elle' peut statuer au fond
sur les demandes énoncéesdans la requête.

L'objection préliminaire soulevée par 1'1talie prend sa forme

précise dans la conclusion principale par laquelle il est demandé à
la Cour de
uDue et juger :

Que la déclaration accompagnant la publication de l'accord
entre les Gouvernements de la République française,du Royaume-
Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord et des États-Unis
d'Amériquesoumettant à un arbitre certaines réclamationsconcer-
nant l'or pillépar les Allemands à Rome en 1943 n'est pas titre
suffisantà fonder la compétencede la Cour pour connaître au
fond de la demande formuléeau no I des conclusionsde la requête
présentée à la Courpar le Gouvernement de la Républiqueitalienne
le 19 mai 1953 ;
Que par conséquentla Cour n'est pas compétentepour statuer
sur le fond de ladite demande. 1)

Le Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni, dans sa conclusion subsi-
diaire, demande au contraire à la Cour de dire et juger :

«que si, contrairement aux prétentions du Royaume-Uni, la Cour
juge la requêtede 1'Italieencore valable et existante, elle a compé-
tence pour statuer au fond sur les questions à elle soumises par
cette requête D.
15 Nor can the Court accept the contention in final Submission
No. I (b) of the United Kingdom that the Application has been
in effectwithdrawn or cancelled by Italy. Article 69 of the Rules
deals with the case where, in the course of proceedings instituted
by an Application, the Applicant informs the Court in writing
that it is not going on with the proceedings ;in this event the
provisions of Article 69 apply. The raising of the Preliminary
Question by Italy cannot be regarded as equivalent to a dis-
continuance.
As to the Submission that the Italian Application should be
held to be "invalid and void", it is enough to state that the

Application, if not invalid at the time when it was fded, cannot
subsequently have become invalid by reason of the preliminary
question which Italy raised with regard to the Court's jurisdiction
in this case.
The Court accordin~lv finds that it has been validv seised of
the Application and chat this Application, contrary t'o the sub-
missions of the United Kingdom Government, still subsists. There-
fore, the Court must now proceed to consideration of the Prelim-
inary Objection of Italy in order to decide whether it can adju-
dicate upon the ments of the claims set forth in the Application.

The Preliminary Objection raised by Italy assumes precise form
in the main Submission by which the Court is asked

"To adjudge and declare :

That the Statement to accompany publication of the Agreement
between the Governments of the French Republic, the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the United
States of Ameriea for the submission to an arbitrator of certain
clairns with respect to gold looted by the Germans from Rome in
1943is not a sufficient basis upon which to found the jurisdiction
No.tIeof the Submissionsof the Application submitted to the Court
by the Govemment of the Italian Republic on May ~gth, 1953 ;
That the Court is consequently without jurisdiction to adjudicate
upon the merits of the said claim."

On the other hand, the United Kingdom Govemment, in its
alternative Submission, asks the Court to adjudge and declare

"that, if the Court holds, contrary to the contentions of the United
Kingdom, that the Italian Application is still valid and subsisting,
the Court has jurisdiction to determine on their rnerits the questions
put to the Court in the Italian Application".
15 En présentant sa requête, le Gouvernement italien a déclarése
baser sur les dispositions du paragraphe b) de la déclaration de

Washington. L'objet du différendest le mêmeque celui qui est défini
dans la déclaration. Les Parties contre lesquelles l'instance a été
introduite - à savoir la France, le Royaume-Uni et les Etats-Unis
d'Amérique - sont celles -qui ont déclaré accepter la compétence
de la Cour pour statuer sur la requête de l'Italie. Dans la décla-
ration, les trois Etats n'ont pas mentionné d'autre Partie «en
vue de décider 1)de la question relative à la demande de l'Italie
à recevoir l'or. La Cour constate donc que, dans les rapports
entre ces trois États et l'Italie, la requête est conforme à l'offre
énoncéedans la déclaration de Washington.

Les Goiivernements de la France, du Royaume-Uni et des
États-unis d'Amérique et le Gouvernement de l'Italie ont, par
leurs actes séparéset successifs - l'adoption de la déclaration
de Washington, dans un cas, et, dans l'autre cas, le dépôt, à la
date du 19 mai 1953, de la déclaration d'acceptation de la juri-
diction de la Cour et la présentation de la requête -, soumis à
la Cour une affaire au sens de l'article 36, paragraphe 1,de son
Statut. Ils lui ont ainsi conféré compétence pour traiter des
questions posées dans la requête du Gouvernement italien.

La Cour doit cependant rechercher si cette compétence est de

mêmeétendue que la mission qui lui a étéconfiée. Au cours de
la procédure orale, l'agent du Royaume-Uni a déclaré que:

«A notre avis, le consentement de l'Albanien'est pas nécessaire
pour trancher les questions affectant l'Italie du chef de la litt.
b) de la déclarationde Washington, car la seule question soulevée
à propos de ce paragraphe - et une décision querendrait la Cour
en cette matièreserait obligatoire pour les Partiescet instrument
-est celle de savoir si la part de l'Albanie devrait êtreremise
au Royaume-Uni ou à l'Italie;or ces deux Etats, aussi bien que
les deux autres Gouvernements signataires de l'accord de
Washington, ont donnéleur consentement et sont présentsdevant
la Cour. »

Ceci paraît simplifier par trop le problème en présence duquel la
Cour se trouve. Elle n'est pas simplement appelée à dire si l'or
devrait êtreremis à l'Italie ou au Royaume-Uni. Elle est invitée
à trancher en premier lieu certaines questions juridiques de la
solution desquelles dépend la remise de l'or.
Par la première demande de la requête, la Cour est invitée à
dire et juger que les trois États défendeurs (devront remettre à
l'Italie la quote-part d'or monétaire qui reviendrait à l'Albanie

aux termes de la partie III de l'acte de Paris du 14 janvier 1946,
en satisfaction partielle des dommages causés à l'Italie par la
loi albanaise du 13 janvier 1945 )).La déclaration de Washington The Italian Government, in making its Application, stated that
it was relying on the provisions of paragraph (b) of the Washington
Statement. The subject-matter of the suit is the same as that
defined in the Statement. The Parties against whom the suit was
brought, namely France, the United Kingdom and the United
States of America, are those who have declared that they accept
the jurisdiction of the Court for the purpose of the determination

of Italy's Application. The three States have not named any
other Party in the Statement "for the determination of the
question" relating to Italy's claim to the delivery of the gold.
The Court notes therefore that in respect of the relations between
these three States and Italy the Application is in conformity
with the offer made in the Washington Statement.
The Governments of France, the United Kingdom and the
United States of America, and the Government of Italy, by their
separate and successive acts-the adoption of the Washington
Statement, in the one case, and in the other case, the deposit
on May ~gth, 1953, of the Declaration of acceptance of the
jurisdiction of the Court and the filing of the Application-have
referred a case to the Court within the meaning of Article 36 (1)
of its Statute. They have thus conferred jurisdiction on the Court
to deal with the questions submitted in the Application of the
1talian Government .

The Court must, however, examine whether this jurisdiction
is CO-extensivewith the task entrusted to it. The Agent of the
United Kingdom Government stated during the oral proceedings
that :
"Albania's consent is not, in our view, necessary to the deter-
mination of the questions affecting Italy under head (b) ofthe
Washington Statement, because the only issue raised under that
head-a decision on which by the Court would be binding on the
Parties to it-is the question of whether Albania's share should
go to the United Kingdom or to Italy ; and both those countries,
as well as the two remaining Washington Govemments, have
given their consent and are before the Court."

This seems to be an over-simplification of the problem with which
the Court is confronted. The Court is not merely called upon to
Say whether the gold should be delivered to Italy or to the United

Kingdom. It is requested to determine first certain legal questions
upon the solution of which depends the delivery of the gold.
By the first claim in the Application the Court is requested to
decide that the three respondent States "should deliver to Italy any
share of the monetary gold that might be due to Albania under
Part III of the Paris Act ofJanuary 14th, 1946,in partial satisfaction
for thedamage caused to Italyby tly Albanian law ofJanuary 13th,
1945". The Washington Statemknt specified in advance one of the
16 avait déjà spécifié l'un des buts de la requête del'Italie, à savoir
«décidersi, du fait de tous droits qu'elle soutient avoir par suite
du décret albanais du 13 janvier 1945 ou des clauses du traité de
paix avec l'Italie, l'or doit êtreremis àl'Italie plutôt qu'à l'Albanie ».
Les clauses du traité de paix avec l'Italie n'ayant pas étéinvoquées
au cours de la présente procédure,la Cour ne s'en occupera pas.

La première demande énoncéedans la requête gravite autour
d'une réclamation de l'Italie contre l'Albanie, réclamation d'indem-
nitépour dommage prétendu. L'Italie estime avoir contre l'Albanie
droit à réparation d'un délit international que, selon l'Italie,

l'Albanie aurait commis envers elle. En conséquence,pour déter-
miner si l'Italie a titre à recevoir l'or, il est nécessairede déterminer
si l'Albanie a commis un délit international contre l'Italie et si
elle est tenue à réparation envers elle ; puis, dans ce cas, de déter-
miner aussi le montant de l'indemnité.Pour trancher ces questions,
il est nécessaire dedéterminer sila loi albanaise du 13 janvier 1945
était contraire au droit international. A la solution de ces questions,
lesquelles concernent le caractère licite ou illicite de certains actes
de l'Albanie vis-à-vis de l'Italie, deux États seulement, l'Italie et
l'Albanie, sont directement intéressés.Examiner au fond de telles
questions serait trancher un différend entre l'Italie et l'Albanie.

La Cour ne peut trancher ce différendsans le consentement de

l'Albanie. Mais il n'a étésoutenu par aucune des Parties que
l'Albanie ait donnéson consentement en l'espèce,ni expressément,
ni implicitement. Statuer sur la responsabilité internationale de
l'Albanie sans son consentement serait agir à l'encontre d'un prin-
cipe de droit international bien établi et incorporé dans le Statut,
à savoir que la Cour ne peut exercer sa juridiction à l'égard d'un
État si ce n'est avec le consentement de ce dernier.
On a fait valoir que l'Albanie aurait pu intervenir. Les dispo-
sitions de l'articl62 du Statut donnent à un État tiers qui ((estime
que, dans un différend,un intérêtd'ordre juridique est pour lui en
cause »,le droit d'adresser à la Cour une requête.Il a étésoutenu
que l'insertion des dispositions relatives à l'intervention montre
que le Statut prévoit la possibilité de continuer la procédure, bien
qu'un État tiers puisse avoir un intérêtd'ordre juridique qui pour-

rait lui permettre d'intervenir. On soutient que le fait qu'un ]État
tiers, dans le cas actuel l'Albanie, peut décider de ne pas intervenir,
ne devrait pas empêcherla Cour de statuer sur les droits des Parties.

L'Albanie n'a pas adressé à la Cour de requête à fin d'inter-
vention. En l'espèce, les intérêtsjuridiques de l'Albanie seraient
non seulement touchés par une décision, mais constitueraient
l'objet mêmede ladite décision.En pareil cas, le Statut ne peut
être considéré commeautorisant implicitement la continuation
de la procédure en l'absence de l'Albanie.

17purposes of Italy's Application, namely, the "determination of the
question whether, by reason ofany right which she claimsto possess
as a result of the Albanian law of 13th January, 1945,or under the
provisions of the Italian Peace Treaty, the gold should be delivered
to Italy rather than to Albania". The Court will not deal with the
Italian Peace Treaty since its provisions have not been invoked
during the present proceedings.
The first Submissionin the Applicationcentres around a claimby
Italy against Albania, a claim to indemnification for an alleged
wrong.Italy believesthat shepossessesaright against AIbaniaforthe
redress of an international wrong which,according to Italy, Albania
has committed against her. In order, therefore, to determinewhether
Italy is entitled to receive the gold, it is necessary to determine
whether Albania has committed any international wrong against
Italy, and whether she is under an obligation to pay compensation
to her ; and, if so, to determine also the amount ofcompensation.
In order to decide such questions, it is necessary to determine
whether the Albanian law of January qth, 1945, was contrary to
international law. In the determination of these questions-ques-
tions which relate to the lawful or unlawful character of certain
actions of Albania vis-à-vis Italy-only two States, Italy and
Albania, are directly interested. To go into the merits ofsuch ques-
tions would be to decide a dispute between Italy and Albania.
The Court cannot decide such a dispute without the consent of
given her consent in this case either expresslyor by implication. To
adjudicate upon the international responsibility ofAlbaniawithout
her consent would run counter to a well-established principle of
international law embodied in the Court'sStatute, namely, that the
Court can only exercise jurisdiction over a State with its consent.

It has been suggested that Albania might have intervened. The
provisions of Article 62 of the Statute give to a third State, which
considers that it "has an interest of a legal nature which may be
affected bythe decisionin the case", the right to request permission
to intervene. It has been contended that the inclusion of the provi-
sioiis for intervention indicate that the Statute contemplates that
proceedings may continue, notwithstanding that a third State may
have an interest ofa legalnature whichmight enableit to intervene.
It isargued that the fact that a third State, in this case Albania,
may not choose to intervene should not make it impossible for the
Court to give judgment on rights as between the Parties.
Albania has not submitted a request to the Court to be permitted
to intervene. In the present case, Albania's legal interests would
not only be affected by a decision, but would form the very
subject-matter of the decision. In such a case, the Statute cannot
be regarded, by implication, as authorizing proceedings to be
continued in the absence of Albania.
17 On a soutenu également qu'urie décision de la Cour sur les
questions soumises par l'Italie dans sa requête serait obligatoire
pour l1Itü!ie et les trois États défendeurs seulement et non pour
l'Albanie. Il est vrai que, selon l'article 59 du Statut, la décision
de la Cour n'est obligatoireque pour les parties en litige et dans le
cas qui a été dkidé. Mais cette règlesuppose que la Cour est pour
le moins en mesure de rendre une décisionqui lie les parties. En
revanche, là où, comme dans le cas présent,la question essentiellà
trancher a trait à la resporisabilitéinternationale d'un État tiers,
la Cour ne peut, sans le consentement de ce dernier, rendre sur
cette question une décisionqui soit obligatoire pour aucun État,
ni pour l'État tiers, ni pour aucune des parties qui sont devant elle.
La Cour en conclut que, bien que l'Italie et les trois États défen-
dcurs lui aient conféréune compétence,elle ne peut exercer cette
compétenceen vue de statuer sur la première demande qui lui a
étésoumise par l'Italie.

La Courrecherchera maintenant si ellepeut statuer sur la seconde
demande énoncéedans la requêtedu Gouvernement italien. Cette
demande, fondée égalementsur la déclaration de Washington,
est ainsi conçue :« le droit de l'Italià recevoir ladite quote-part
d'or monétaire doit avoir prioritésur la prétention du Royaume-
Uni à recevoirl'or en satisfaction partielle du paiement du jugement
de l'affaire du canal de Corfou n.
La seconde demande, à la différencede la première, pourrait
paraître concerner uniquement l'Italie et le Royaume-Uni, qui
ont déjàacceptéla compétencede la Cour. Mais, selon la déclara-
tion de U'ashington, la question relative à la priorité entre la
prétention de l'Italie et celle du Royaume-Uni ne se pose que si,
dans les rapports entre l'Italie et l'Albanie, il a étédécidéque
l'Italie doit recevoir l'or. En effet, les mo«dans le cas où cette
question [cellede la priorité] se poseraitfigurant dans la déclara-
tion, ne peuvent avoir que la signification suivante :la question
relative à la priorité ne pourrait appeler une décisionque si la
Cour avait déjà décidéque l'Italie a établi sa créance contre
l'Albanie,faisant ainsinaître,dans lapenséedestrois Gouvernements,
une demande qui entre en concurrenceavec celledu Royaume-Uni.
La relation de dépendanceentre la seconde demande et la pre-
mière est confirméepar la conclusion italienne elle-même.Lorsque
le Gouvernement italien parle du ((droit de l'Italàerecevoir ladite
quote-part d'or monétaire D,il ne vise pas un droit hypothétique,
mais bien un droit que l'Italie estime posséderet que, par la pre-
mièreconclusionde sarequête,elledemande à laCourdereconnaître.
Cette dépendance est, en outre, confirméepar les déclarations
des Parties au cours de la procédure écrite et de la procédure
orale. Dans le document déposé le30 octobre x953 oh le Gouveme-
ment italien a soulevéla question pr6lhinaire, iiest dit que la
18 MONETARY GOLD CASE (JUDGMENT 3F 15 VI 54)
33
It is also contended that any decision of the Cmrt on the ques-
tions submitted by Italy in her Applicaticm will be binding only
upon Italy and the three respondent States, and not upon Albania.
It is true that, under Article 59 of the Statute, the decision of thr
Court in a given case only binds the parties to it and in respect of

that particular case. This rule, however, rests on the assumption
that the Court is at least able to render a binding decision.Where,
as in the present case, the vital issue to be settled concerns the inter-
national responsibility of a third State, the Court cannot, without
the consent of that third State, give a decision on that issue
binding upon any State, either the third State, or any of the
parties before it.
The Court accordingly finds that, although Italy and the three
respondent States have conferred jurisdiction upon the Court, it
cannot exercise this jurisdiction to adjudicate ori the first claim
submitted by Italy.

The Court will now consider wheiher it can adjudicate upon the
second claim in the Italian Application. This claim, which is also
based on the Washington Statement, is that "Italy's right to receive
the said share of monetary gold must have priority over the clairn
of the United Kingdom to receive the gold in partial satisfaction of
the Judgment in the Corfu Channel case".
It might seem that the second claim, unlike the first, only con-
cems Italy and the United Kingdom, both of whom have already
accepted the jurisdiction of the Court. According to the Washington
Statement, however, the question of priority between the claim of
Italy and that of the United Kingdom will only arise when it has
been decided that, as between Italy and Albania, the gold should
go to Italy. For the worcls"if this issue [the issue ofiorityj should
arise" usrd in the Statement could only mean that the issue of

priority would cal1 for a decision o~ily if the Court had already
decided that Italy had a valid claim to the gold in question against
Albania, thus creating, in the minds of the three Governments, a
cornpetitive claim with the claim of the United Kingdom.

The dependence of the second claim upon the first is confirmed
by the Italian Submission itself. When the Italian Government
speaks of "Italy's right to receive thesaid share of monetary gold",
it is not refemng to any hypothetical right :it must be refemng to
a right which it believes itossesses and which, by the first Submis-
sion in its Application, it requests the Court to uphold.

This dependence is further borne out by the statements made by
the Parties in the course of the written and oral proceedings. In the
document deposited on October 3oth, 1953, in which the Italian
Government raised the Preliminary Question, it is stated that the
I8seconde question soumise par la requêtene se poserait qu'au cas
où la Cour se serait prononcéesur le fond de la première question,
dans le sens demandépar le Gouvernement italien. Le Gouverne-
ment du Royaume-Uni, dans ses observations et conclusions sur
la question préliminaire, a dit également que la question de la
priorité ne pourrait se poser que si la Cour examinait la question
relativeà la réclamationde l'Italie contre l'Albanie et la tranchait
en faveur de l'Italie. Au cours des débats oraux, le conseil du
Gouvemement italien et l'agent du Gouvernement du Royaume-
Uni se sont, l'un et l'autre, prononcésdans le même sens.
Le conseil du Gouvernement italien a ajouté, cependant, que
« si la Cour estime que la question concernant la priorité entre
le droit du Royaume-Uni et le droit de l'Italie peut etre examinée
sous forme hypothétique, en dehors de l'examen de la première
demande italienne, le Gouvemement italien, en ce qui le conceme,
n'aurait pas d'objection 1).Indépendamment du fait que cette
déclaration, formulée conditionnellement, ne saurait guère être
interprétée comme une demande formelle invitant la Cour à
examiner la seconde demande sur une base hypothétique, cette
déclaration constituerait en tout cas une proposition nouvelle,
non fondéesur la déclaration deWashingtonet sur laquelle l'accord
des États défendeurs n'a pas étéexprimé. Il est évident quela
Cour ne pourrait donner suite à une telle proposition.
La Cour doit donc conclure que, ne pouvant statuer sur la
première demande de l'Italie, elle doit s'abstenir d'examiner la
question relativeà la prioritéentre la prétention de l'Italie et celle
du Royaume-Uni.

Par ces motifs,

à l'unanimité,

dit que la compétence à elle conféréepar le commun accord de
la France, du Royaume-Uni, des États-unis d'Amérique et de
l'Italie ne l'autorise pas, en l'absencedu consentement de l'Albanie,
à statuer sur la première conclusionde la requêtedu Gouvernement
italien;

par treize voix contre une,

dit qu'elle ne peut statuer sur la deuxième conclusion de la
requêtedu Gouvemement italien.second question submitted in its Application will only arise in the
event that the Court has decided on the merits of the first question,
as requested by the Italian Government. The United Kingdom
Government, in its Observations and Submissions on the Prelimi-
nary Question, also said that the priority issue could only arise if
the Court went into the question of Italy's claim against Albania,
and decided that in favour of Italy. At the hearings, Counsel for
the Italian Government and the Agent of the United Kingdom
Government both spoke in a similar vein.

Counselfor the Italian Government added, however, that "if the
Court considers that the question of priority between the respective
rights ofthe United Kingdom andItaly can be examined in a hypo-
thetical form, independently of the examination of the first Italian
claim, the Italian Government, for its part, would have no objec-
tion". Apart from the fact that this statement, which is conditional
in form, can hardly be construed as a formal request for consider-
ation by the Court of the second claim on a hypothetical basis, it
would, in any event,constitute a newproposition whichisnot based
have not expressed agreement. It is evident that the Court could
not act upon such a proposition.

The Courtaccordinglyfinds that inasmuch as it cannot adjudicate
on the first Italian claim, it must refrain fromxamining the ques-
tion of pnority between the claim of Italy and that of the United
Kingdom.

For these reasons,

unanimously,
finds that the jurisdiction conferred upon it by the common
agreement of France, the United Kingdom, the United States of
Americaand Italy doesnot, in the absence ofthe consent ofAlbania,
authorize it to adjudicate upon the first Submission in t,heApplica-
tion of the Italian Government ;

by thirteen votes to one,
finds that it cannot adjudicate upon the second Submission in
the Application of the 1talian Government . Fait en français et en anglais, le texte français faisant foi, au
Palaisde la Paix,à La Haye, le quinze juin mil neuf cent cinquante-
quatre, en cinq exemplaires, dont l'un restera déposéaux archives
de la Cour et dont les autres seront transmis respectivement au
Gouvernement de la République italienne, au Gouvernement de
la République française, au Gouvernement du Royaume-Uni de
Grande-Bretagne et d'Irlande du Nord et au Gouvernemen; des

Etats-Unis d'Amérique.

Le Vice-Président,

(Signé)J. G. GUERRERO.

Le Greffier,

(Signk) J. LOPEZ OLIVAN.

Sir Arnold MCNAIR,Président, après avoir voté pour l'arrêt,
a fait la déclaration suivan:e

Je suis d'accord pour conclure avec la Cour qu'elle ne peut
statuer sur les deux questions à elle soumises par la requête du
Gouvernement italien, mais les raisons qui m'ont conduit à cette
conclusion sont différentes de celles qui sont énoncéesdans l'arrêt
de la Cour. A mon avis, la requête et l'institution de la procédure
présentent un vice fondamental. La Cour est priée de statuer sur
une demande de l'Italie contre l'Albanie, résultant de la loi alba-
naise du 13janvier 1945 . 'Albanie est donc un défendeur essentiel.
Mais la procédure n'a pas étéintentée contre l'Albanie et la requête
ne cite pas l'Albanie comme défendeur, bien qu'il n'y ait rien dans
la déclaration de Washington qui empêchele Gouvernement italien
de faire de l'Albanie un défendeur. Je ne puis voir comment, un
Etat A, désireux que la Cour statue sur sa demande contre un Etat
B, peut valablement saisir la Cour de cette demande sans faire de
1'Etat B un défendeur - quel que soit le nombre des autres États
qui pourraient êtredéfendeurs. MONETARY GOLD CASE (JUDGMEN TF 15 VI54) 35

Done in French and English, the French text being authoritative,
at the Peace Palace, The Hague, this fifteenth day of June, one
thousand nine hundred and fifty-four, in five copies, one of which
willbe placed in the archives of the Court and the others will be

transmitted to the Govemment of the Italian Republic, the Govem-
ment of the French Republic, the Govemment of the United King-
dom of Great Britain and Northem Ireland and the Govemment of
the United States of America, respectively.

(Signed) J. G. GUERRERO,

Vice-President.

(Signed) J. LOPEZ OLIVAN,

Registrar.

Sir Arnold MCNAIR,President, after voting for the Judgment,

made the following declaration :
1concur in the finding of the Court that it is unable to adjudicate
upon the two questions submitted to it by the Application of the
Italian Government, but the reasons which have led me to this
conclusion are different from those stated in the Judgment of the
Court. In my opinion, there is a fundamental defect in the Applica-
tion and in the constitution of these proceedings. The Court isasked
to adjudicate upon an Italian clairn against Albania arising out of
an Albanian law of January 13th, 1945. Albania is therefore an
essential respondent. But these proceedings are not brought against
Albania, nor does the Application name Albania as a respondent,
although there is nothing in the Washington Statement which could

preclude the Italian Govemment from making Albaniaa respondent.
1 cannot see how State A, desiring the Court to adjudicate upon its
claim against State B, can validly seise the Court of that claim
unless it makes State B a respondent to the proceedings-however
many other States may be respondents. M. READ,juge, se prévalant du droit que lui confèrel'article 57
du Statut, joint à l'arrêtl'exposéde son opinion individuelle.

M. LEVICARNEIRO j,ge, se prévalant du droit que lui confère
l'article57 du Statut, joint à l'arrêt l'exposéde son opinion
dissidente.

(Paraphé)J. G. G.
(Paraphé)J. L. O. Judge READ, availing himself of the right conferred on hi.
by Article 57 of the Statute, appends to the Judgment a statement
of his individual opinion.

Judge LEVICARNEIRO a,vaiiing himself of theight conferred
on him by Article 57 of the Statute, appends to the Judgment
a statement of his dissenting opinion.

(Initialled)J. G. G.

(Initialled)J. L. O.

ICJ document subtitle

Preliminary question

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Judgment of 15 June 1954

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