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INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
(REQUEST FOR AN ADVISORY OPINION)
OBLIGATIONS OF STATES IN RESPECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
RESPONSE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MALDIVES TO THE JUDGES’
QUESTIONS
20 December 2024
1
1. The Republic of Maldives (“the Maldives”) submits the present response pursuant to
the Court’s letter dated 13 December 2024 communicating questions posed by
individual Judges.
2. Judge Aurescu has posed the following question:
“Some participants have argued, during the written and/or oral stages of the

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
ADVISORY PROCEEDINGS CONCERNING
OBLIGATIONS OF STATES IN RESPECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
REPLIES BY THE PRINCIPALITY OF LIECHTENSTEIN TO THE QUESTION PUT BY JUEDGE AURESCU
20 DECEMBER 2024
__________________________________________________________________________________
Question put by Judge Aurescu

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
OBLIGATIONS OF STATES IN RESPECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
(REQUEST FOR AN ADVISORY OPINION)
ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS P OSED BY JUDGES
20 DECEMBER 2024
I. INTRODUCTION
1. On 13 December 2024, certain Judges of the International Court of Justice ("ICJ") posed
questions to all the participants in the advisory proceedings on the Obligations of States in
respect of Climate Change. 1 After careful consideration, Latvia has decided to respond to
the question posed by Judge Tladi (Section II).

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RESPONSE OF THE STATE OF KUWAIT TO THE QUESTIONS PUT FORYH BY THE ESTEMMED JUDGES DURING THE PUBLIC HEARINGS OF THE ADVISORY OPINION ON “OBLIGATIONS OF STATES IN RESPECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE”
1. Question put by Judge Cleveland

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
OBLIGATIONS OF STATES IN RESPECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
(REQUEST FOR ADVISORY OPINION)
Response of the Republic of Kiribati to the questions posed by Judges at the at the end
of the Court’s public sitting on 13 December, 2024.
20 December 2024
2
Question put by Judge Cleveland
“During these proceedings, a number of participants referred to the production of fossil fuels
in the context of climate change, including with respect to subsides. In your view, what are the

REPUBLIC OF KENYA
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
Obligations of States in Respect of Climate Change (Request for Advisory Opinion)
Written Replies of the Republic of Kenya to the Questions Put by Judges Cleveland, Tladi, and Charlesworth
20 December 2024
i
CONTENTS
I. Question put by Judge Cleveland ................................................................................. 1
A. Identifying States within whose jurisdiction fossil fuels are produced .................. 2

1
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
OBLIGATIONS OF STATES IN RESPECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
(REQUEST FOR ADVISORY OPINION)
RESPONSES TO QUESTIONS FROM JUDGES CLEVELAND AND
AURESCU
SUBMITTED BY THE INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR
CONSERVATION OF NATURE (IUCN)
PREPARED BY THE IUCN WORLD COMMISSION ON
ENVIRONMENTAL LAW (WCEL)
20 DECEMBER 2024
2
1. RESPONSE TO THE QUESTION POSED BY JUDGE CLEVELAND:
“During these proceedings, a number of Participants have referred to the
production of fossil fuels in the context of climate change, including with

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
OBLIGATIONS OF STATES IN RESPECT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
（
REQUEST FOR ADVISORY OPINION
WRITTEN REPLY OF JAPAN
20 December 2024
Written reply of Japan to the questions put by Judge Cleveland and Judge Tladi
Question put by Judge Cleveland

OBLIGATIONS OF STATES IN RESPECT OF
CLIMATE CHANGE
(REQUEST FOR ADVISORY OPINION)
RESPONSES SUBMITTED BY
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA
TO THE INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
JUDGES’ QUESTIONS
20 DECEMBER 2024
The Government of the Republic of Indonesia wishes to share its perspective on the
questions posed by Judge Tladi, Judge Aurescu and Judge Charlesworth.
A) On question from Judge Tladi:
“In their written and oral pleadings, participants have generally engaged in an interpretation

Request for an advisory opinion on the obligations of States with respect to climate change
---------------
Question put by Judge Cleveland
“During these proceedings, a number of participants have referred to the production of
fossil fuels in the context of climate change, including with respect to subsidies. In your
view, what are the specific obligations under international law of States within whose
jurisdiction fossil fuels are produced to ensure protection of the climate system and