declaration of Judge Sebutinde

Document Number
171-20231201-ORD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
171-20231201-ORD-01-00-EN
Incidental Proceedings
Date of the Document
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Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF JUDGE SEBUTINDE
Guyana has two plausible rights that arise out of the Application it has filed, both of which should be recognized and preserved by the provisional measures indicated by the Court  The status quo that should be maintained between the Parties is that Guyana currently exercises sovereignty over the disputed territory. It does not simply exercise administration and control over that territory  That is the status quo that the provisional measures indicated by the Court should seek to preserve, by requiring Venezuela not to take any action likely to jeopardize or modify Guyana’s exercise of sovereignty over the disputed territory.
I. INTRODUCTION
1. I have voted with the majority, in favour of the Order on the Request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by the Co-operative Republic of Guyana (“Guyana”) because I agree that Guyana has plausible rights that are at risk of irreparable prejudice if Venezuela goes ahead to unilaterally implement the measures or policies implicit in its planned referendum due to take place imminently, on 3 December 2023, and that therefore Guyana’s rights should be preserved by the indication of provisional measures pending the final decision of the Court in this case. I am of the view however, that, regrettably, the two provisional measures indicated by the Court do not go far enough in protecting the plausible rights of Guyana. My views on the issue are articulated in this declaration.
2. It will be recalled that on 29 March 2018, Guyana filed an Application before the Court instituting proceedings against the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (hereinafter “Venezuela”), wherein Guyana requested the Court “to confirm the legal validity and binding effect of the Award regarding the Boundary between the Colony of British Guiana and the United States of Venezuela, of 3 October 1899” (“1899 Award”). According to Guyana, that Award was “a full, perfect, and final settlement” of all questions relating to determining the boundary line between the colony of British Guiana and Venezuela (Application of Guyana, paras. 1 and 2).
II. THE RIGHTS OF GUYANA FOR WHICH IT SEEKS PRESERVATION
3. In its Judgment on jurisdiction dated 18 December 2020 (the “2020 Judgment”) the Court identified “the subject-matter of the controversy” which the Parties agreed to settle through the mechanisms established under the Geneva Agreement signed by the Parties on 17 February 1966, as “concern[ing] the question of the validity of the 1899 Award, as well as its legal implications for the boundary line between Guyana and Venezuela” (Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 (Guyana v. Venezuela), Jurisdiction of the Court, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2020, paras. 66 and 129). The Court then went on to find that it has jurisdiction ratione materiae to entertain the Application filed by Guyana “in so far as it concerns the validity of the Arbitral Award of 3 October 1899 and the related question of the definitive settlement of the land boundary dispute” between Guyana and Venezuela (ibid., para. 138 (1)).
4. In its Request for the indication of provisional measures, Guyana seeks the preservation and protection of not only its right to sovereignty over the territory awarded to it by the 1899 Award and to the integrity of its territory, pending the Court’s determination of the validity of that Award, but also of its right, in the alternative, to settlement by the Court of the land boundary between Guyana and Venezuela (Request of Guyana, para. 9). In my view, both the above-stated rights are “plausible” within the meaning contemplated by the Court’s settled jurisprudence, and the Court should have
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recognized them both as such. In my opinion, by recognizing only one of those rights as “plausible”, the Court does not go far enough (see Order, para. 23).
5. Similarly, I am of the view that a link exists between each of Guyana’s rights described above and at least some of the provisional measures requested, in particular the fourth measure which states that “Venezuela shall not take any actions that are intended to prepare or allow the exercise of sovereignty or de facto control over any territory that was awarded to British Guiana in the 1899 Arbitral Award”.
III. IRREPARABLE PREJUDICE AND URGENCY
6. I am also of the view that the conditions of urgency and irreparable prejudice are met with regard to both of Guyana’s asserted rights described above, and that the Order of the Court should have reflected this with respect to both those rights. Regrettably it does not. In considering whether the conditions of urgency and irreparable prejudice have been met, the Court takes into account the statements of high-ranking Venezuelan officials, on the basis of which statements the Order states as follows:
“The Court considers that, in light of the strong tension that currently characterizes the relations between the Parties, the circumstances described above present a serious risk of Venezuela acquiring and exercising control and administration of the territory in dispute in the present case. It therefore concludes that there is a risk of irreparable prejudice to the right claimed by Guyana in the present proceedings that the Court has found plausible . . .” (See Order, para. 37.)
In my opinion, the above is an understatement of the likely consequences of Venezuela’s planned policies with respect to the disputed territory. What Venezuela seeks to achieve through its planned referendum and its aftermath, as evidenced by the statements of its high-ranking officials, is more than simply “acquiring and exercising control and administration” of the territory at issue. Venezuela clearly plans to take steps to exercise sovereignty over that territory, for example by “the creation of [a] Guayana Esequiba State” over the disputed territory and incorporating it into the map of Venezuela, as well as the granting of Venezuelan citizenship and identity cards to the population of that territory. Considering that this is territory over which Guyana and its predecessors have exercised sovereignty for over two centuries, these threatened unilateral acts by Venezuela would be tantamount to de facto annexation, a situation that would not only prejudice Guyana’s rights described above but would also prove difficult to reverse even with a Judgment of the Court. In this regard, I am of the view that the Order does not fully or accurately describe the status quo between the Parties as relates to the disputed territory, which the Order then requires Venezuela not to “modify” pending the final decision in this case (see Order, paras. 41 and 45 (1)). The Applicant does not simply “exercise administration and control” over that territory. The status quo that should be maintained between the Parties is that Guyana currently exercises sovereignty over the disputed territory. That is the status quo that the provisional measures indicated by the Court should seek to preserve, by requiring Venezuela not to take any action likely to jeopardize or modify Guyana’s exercise of sovereignty over the disputed territory. Regrettably, the first provisional measure indicated by the Court is, in my view, not strong enough. I would have preferred to see instead of the first provisional measure indicated in paragraph 45 (1), a provisional measure crafted more along the lines of that requested by Guyana in its own fourth measure, for example, that,
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“Pending a final decision in the case, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela shall refrain from taking any actions that are intended to prepare or allow it to exercise sovereignty or de facto control over the territory that was awarded to British Guyana in the 1899 Arbitral Award.”
(Signed) Julia SEBUTINDE.
___________

Bilingual Content

669
DECLARATION OF JUDGE SEBUTINDE
Guyana has two plausible rights that arise out of the Application it has
filed, both of which should be recognized and preserved by the provisional
measures indicated by the Court — The status quo that should be maintained
between the Parties is that Guyana currently exercises sovereignty
over the disputed territory. It does not simply exercise administration and
control over that territory — That is the status quo that the provisional measures
indicated by the Court should seek to preserve, by requiring Venezuela
not to take any action likely to jeopardize or modify Guyana’s exercise of
sovereignty over the disputed territory.
I. Introduction
1. I have voted with the majority, in favour of the Order on the Request for
the indication of provisional measures submitted by the Co-operative Republic
of Guyana (“Guyana”) because I agree that Guyana has plausible rights
that are at risk of irreparable prejudice if Venezuela goes ahead to unilaterally
implement the measures or policies implicit in its planned referendum
due to take place imminently, on 3 December 2023, and that therefore
Guyana’s rights should be preserved by the indication of provisional
measures pending the final decision of the Court in this case. I am of the
view however, that, regrettably, the two provisional measures indicated by
the Court do not go far enough in protecting the plausible rights of Guyana.
My views on the issue are articulated in this declaration.
2. It will be recalled that on 29 March 2018, Guyana filed an Application
before the Court instituting proceedings against the Bolivarian Republic of
Venezuela (hereinafter “Venezuela”), wherein Guyana requested the Court
“to confirm the legal validity and binding effect of the Award regarding the
Boundary between the Colony of British Guiana and the United States of
Venezuela, of 3 October 1899” (“1899 Award”). According to Guyana, that
Award was “a full, perfect, and final settlement” of all questions relating to
determining the boundary line between the colony of British Guiana and
Venezuela (Application of Guyana, paras. 1 and 2).
669
DÉCLARATION DE Mme LA JUGE SEBUTINDE
[Traduction]
Guyana ayant, au regard de la requête qu’il a déposée, deux droits plausibles
qui devaient l’un et l’autre être reconnus et protégés par les mesures
conservatoires indiquées par la Cour — Statu quo à maintenir entre les
Parties étant le fait que le Guyana exerce aujourd’hui sa souveraineté sur le
territoire en litige. Guyana n’exerçant pas seulement l’administration et le
contrôle sur ce territoire — Voilà le statu quo que la Cour devait, par l’indication
de mesures conservatoires, chercher à préserver, en prescrivant au
Venezuela de s’abstenir d’entreprendre toute action susceptible de remettre
en cause ou de modifier l’exercice par le Guyana de sa souveraineté sur le
territoire en litige.
I. Introduction
1. Je me suis associée à la majorité pour voter en faveur de l’ordonnance
sur la demande en indication de mesures conservatoires présentée par la
République coopérative du Guyana (ci-après, le « Guyana ») car je souscris
à la conclusion selon laquelle le Guyana a des droits plausibles qui
risquent de subir un préjudice irréparable si le Venezuela décide d’appliquer
unilatéralement les mesures ou politiques implicitement prévues dans le
référendum qui doit se tenir de façon imminente, le 3 décembre 2023, et
ces droits doivent donc être protégés par l’indication de mesures conservatoires
dans l’attente de la décision définitive de la Cour en l’affaire. Toutefois,
les deux mesures conservatoires indiquées par la Cour ne me semblent
malheureusement pas aller assez loin pour protéger les droits plausibles
du Guyana. Mes vues sur ce point sont exposées dans la présente déclaration.
2. Il est rappelé que, le 29 mars 2018, le Guyana a déposé au Greffe de la
Cour une requête introductive d’instance contre la République bolivarienne
du Venezuela (ci-après, le « Venezuela »), par laquelle il priait la Cour de
« confirmer la validité juridique et l’effet contraignant de la sentence arbitrale
du 3 octobre 1899 relative à la frontière entre la colonie de la Guyane
britannique et les États-Unis du Venezuela » (ci-après, la « sentence de
1899 »). Selon lui, la sentence portait « règlement complet, parfait et définitif
» de toutes les questions intéressant la détermination du tracé de la
frontière entre la colonie de la Guyane britannique et le Venezuela (requête
du Guyana, par. 1 et 2).
670 arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (decl. sebutinde)
II. The Rights of Guyana for Which It Seeks Preservation
3. In its Judgment on jurisdiction dated 18 December 2020 (the “2020 Judgment”)
the Court identified “the subject-matter of the controversy” which the
Parties agreed to settle through the mechanisms established under the Geneva
Agreement signed by the Parties on 17 February 1966, as “concern[ing] the
question of the validity of the 1899 Award, as well as its legal implications for
the boundary line between Guyana and Venezuela” (Arbitral Award of 3 October
1899 (Guyana v. Venezuela), Jurisdiction of the Court, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2020, p. 474, para. 66 and p. 490, para. 129). The Court then went on
to find that it has jurisdiction ratione materiae to entertain the Application
filed by Guyana “in so far as it concerns the validity of the Arbitral Award of
3 October 1899 and the related question of the definitive settlement of the land
boundary dispute” between Guyana and Venezuela (ibid., para. 138 (1)).
4. In its Request for the indication of provisional measures, Guyana seeks
the preservation and protection of not only its right to sovereignty over the
territory awarded to it by the 1899 Award and to the integrity of its territory,
pending the Court’s determination of the validity of that Award, but also of
its right, in the alternative, to settlement by the Court of the land boundary
between Guyana and Venezuela (Request of Guyana, para. 9). In my view,
both the above-stated rights are “plausible” within the meaning contemplated
by the Court’s settled jurisprudence, and the Court should have
recognized them both as such. In my opinion, by recognizing only one of
those rights as “plausible”, the Court does not go far enough (see Order,
para. 23).
5. Similarly, I am of the view that a link exists between each of Guyana’s
rights described above and at least some of the provisional measures
requested, in particular the fourth measure which states that “Venezuela
shall not take any actions that are intended to prepare or allow the exercise
of sovereignty or de facto control over any territory that was awarded to
British Guiana in the 1899 Arbitral Award”.
III. Irreparable Prejudice and Urgency
6. I am also of the view that the conditions of urgency and irreparable prejudice
are met with regard to both of Guyana’s asserted rights described
above, and that the Order of the Court should have reflected this with respect
to both those rights. Regrettably it does not. In considering whether the
conditions of urgency and irreparable prejudice have been met, the Court
takes into account the statements of high-ranking Venezuelan officials, on
the basis of which statements the Order states as follows:
“The Court considers that, in light of the strong tension that currently
characterizes the relations between the Parties, the circumstances
sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (décl. sebutinde) 670
II. Les droits dont le Guyana demande la protection
3. Dans son arrêt sur la compétence daté du 18 décembre 2020, la Cour a
estimé que « l’objet du différend » que les Parties étaient convenues de régler au
moyen du mécanisme établi en vertu de l’accord de Genève signé le 17 février
1966 « concern[ait] la question de la validité de la sentence de 1899 ainsi que
ses implications juridiques pour le tracé de la frontière entre le Guyana et le
Venezuela » (Sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (Guyana c. Venezuela),
compétence de la Cour, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2020, p. 474, par. 66, et p. 490,
par. 129). La Cour a ensuite dit qu’elle avait compétence ratione materiae pour
connaître de la requête déposée par le Guyana « dans la mesure où elle se rapport[
ait] à la validité de la sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 et à la question
connexe du règlement définitif du différend concernant la frontière terrestre »
entre le Guyana et le Venezuela (ibid., par. 138, point 1 du dispositif).
4. Par sa demande en indication de mesures conservatoires, le Guyana
cherchait à préserver et à protéger non seulement son droit à la souveraineté
sur le territoire qui lui a été attribué par la sentence de 1899 et à l’intégrité de
son territoire, en attendant que la Cour statue sur la validité de ladite sentence,
mais également, à titre subsidiaire, son droit à ce que la Cour règle la
question de la frontière terrestre entre lui et le Venezuela (demande du
Guyana, par. 9). À mon sens, l’un et l’autre de ces droits étaient « plausibles »,
tel que ce terme s’entend dans la jurisprudence constante de la Cour, et
auraient dû être reconnus comme tels par celle-ci. En ne déclarant qu’un seul
de ces deux droits « plausible », la Cour n’est, selon moi, pas allée assez loin
(voir ordonnance, par. 23).
5. De même, je suis d’avis qu’il existe un lien entre chacun des droits du
Guyana mentionnés ci-dessus et certaines au moins des mesures conservatoires
demandées, notamment la quatrième, tendant à obtenir que « [l]e
Venezuela [n’]entrepren[ne pas] d’actions visant à préparer ou à permettre
l’exercice de sa souveraineté ou d’un contrôle de facto sur tout territoire
attribué à la Guyane britannique dans la sentence arbitrale de 1899 ».
III. Préjudice irréparable et urgence
6. Je suis également d’avis que les conditions relatives à l’urgence et au
préjudice irréparable étaient réunies pour ce qui concerne l’un et l’autre des
deux droits revendiqués par le Guyana mentionnés ci-dessus, et que cela
aurait dû être reflété dans l’ordonnance de la Cour. Tel n’est malheureusement
pas le cas. Pour établir si les conditions relatives à l’urgence et au
préjudice irréparable étaient réunies, la Cour a tenu compte des déclarations
de hauts responsables vénézuéliens, sur la base desquelles elle a, dans l’ordonnance,
énoncé ce qui suit :
« La Cour estime que, eu égard à l’état de vive tension qui caractérise
aujourd’hui les relations entre les deux Parties, les circonstances décrites
671 arbitral award of 3 october 1899 (decl. sebutinde)
described above present a serious risk of Venezuela acquiring and
exercising control and administration of the territory in dispute in the
present case. It therefore concludes that there is a risk of irreparable
prejudice to the right claimed by Guyana in the present proceedings that
the Court has found plausible”. (See Order, para. 37.)
In my opinion, the above is an understatement of the likely consequences of
Venezuela’s planned policies with respect to the disputed territory. What
Venezuela seeks to achieve through its planned referendum and its aftermath,
as evidenced by the statements of its high-ranking officials, is more
than simply “acquiring and exercising control and administration” of the territory
at issue. Venezuela clearly plans to take steps to exercise sovereignty
over that territory, for example by “the creation of [a] Guayana Esequiba
State” over the disputed territory and incorporating it into the map of Venezuela,
as well as the granting of Venezuelan citizenship and identity cards to
the population of that territory. Considering that this is territory over which
Guyana and its predecessors have exercised sovereignty for over two centuries,
these threatened unilateral acts by Venezuela would be tantamount to
de facto annexation, a situation that would not only prejudice Guyana’s
rights described above but would also prove difficult to reverse even with a
Judgment of the Court. In this regard, I am of the view that the Order does
not fully or accurately describe the status quo between the Parties as relates
to the disputed territory, which the Order then requires Venezuela not to
“modify” pending the final decision in this case (see Order, paras. 41
and 45 (1)). The Applicant does not simply “exercise administration and control”
over that territory. The status quo that should be maintained between
the Parties is that Guyana currently exercises sovereignty over the disputed
territory. That is the status quo that the provisional measures indicated by
the Court should seek to preserve, by requiring Venezuela not to take any
action likely to jeopardize or modify Guyana’s exercise of sovereignty over
the disputed territory. Regrettably, the first provisional measure indicated by
the Court is, in my view, not strong enough. I would have preferred to see
instead of the first provisional measure indicated in paragraph 45 (1), a provisional
measure crafted more along the lines of that requested by Guyana in
its own fourth measure, for example, that,
“Pending a final decision in the case, the Bolivarian Republic of
Venezuela shall refrain from taking any actions that are intended to prepare
or allow it to exercise sovereignty or de facto control over the
territory that was awarded to British Guyana in the 1899 Arbitral
Award.”
(Signed) Julia Sebutinde.
sentence arbitrale du 3 octobre 1899 (décl. sebutinde) 671
ci-dessus présentent un risque sérieux de voir le Venezuela acquérir et
exercer le contrôle et l’administration du territoire en litige dans l’affaire.
En conséquence, elle conclut qu’un préjudice irréparable risque
d’être causé au droit revendiqué par le Guyana en la présente instance
qu’elle a jugé plausible ». (Voir ordonnance, par. 37.)
Ce paragraphe sous-estime, de mon point de vue, les conséquences probables
des politiques envisagées par le Venezuela à l’égard du territoire en litige. À travers
le référendum qu’il a prévu et les conséquences de celui-ci, ainsi que le
prouvent les déclarations de ses hauts responsables, le Venezuela n’entend pas
simplement « acquérir et exercer le contrôle et l’administration » du territoire
concerné. Il envisage clairement de prendre des dispositions pour exercer sa
souveraineté sur ce territoire, par exemple par « la création d[’un] État de la
Guayana Esequiba » sur le territoire en litige et l’incorporation de celui-ci à la
carte de son territoire, ainsi que l’octroi de la citoyenneté et de cartes d’identité
vénézuéliennes à la population de cette région. Étant donné qu’il s’agit d’un territoire
sur lequel le Guyana et ses prédécesseurs ont exercé leur souveraineté
pendant plus de deux siècles, les actes unilatéraux que le Venezuela menace
d’entreprendre équivaudraient à une annexion de facto, situation qui, non seulement,
porterait atteinte aux droits du Guyana décrits ci-dessus, mais serait en
outre difficile à défaire, même en présence d’un arrêt de la Cour. À cet égard, je
suis d’avis que l’ordonnance n’a pas fait une présentation complète ou exacte du
statu quo entre les Parties en ce qui concerne le territoire en litige, statu quo que
la Cour a ensuite demandé au Venezuela de ne pas « modifier » dans l’attente
d’une décision définitive en l’affaire (voir ordonnance, par. 41 et 45, point 1). Le
demandeur n’exerce pas seulement « l’administration et le contrôle » sur ce territoire.
Le statu quo à maintenir entre les Parties est le fait que le Guyana exerce
aujourd’hui sa souveraineté sur le territoire en litige. Voilà le statu quo que la
Cour devait, par l’indication de mesures conservatoires, chercher à préserver, en
prescrivant au Venezuela de s’abstenir d’entreprendre toute action susceptible
de remettre en cause ou de modifier l’exercice par le Guyana de sa souveraineté
sur le territoire en litige. La première mesure conservatoire indiquée par la Cour
me semble malheureusement insuffisante, et, au lieu du libellé figurant au
point 1 du dispositif, j’aurais préféré voir une mesure correspondant davantage
à la quatrième mesure conservatoire demandée par le Guyana, qui aurait pu, par
exemple, se lire ainsi :
« Dans l’attente d’une décision définitive en l’affaire, la République
bolivarienne du Venezuela doit s’abstenir d’entreprendre toute action
visant à préparer ou à permettre l’exercice de sa souveraineté ou d’un
contrôle de facto sur le territoire attribué à la Guyane britannique dans
la sentence arbitrale de 1899. »
(Signé) Julia Sebutinde.

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Declaration of Judge Sebutinde

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