INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
JOINT APPLICATION
INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
filed in the Registry of the Court
on 4 July 2023
AERIAL INCIDENT OF 8 JANUARY 2020
(CANADA, SWEDEN,
UKRAINE AND UNITED KINGDOM
v. ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN)
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
REQUÊTE
INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE CONJOINTE
enregistrée au Greffe de la Cour
le 4 juillet 2023
INCIDENT AÉRIEN DU 8 JANVIER 2020
(CANADA, ROYAUME-UNI,
SUÈDE ET UKRAINE
c. RÉPUBLIQUE ISLAMIQUE D’IRAN)
2
I. CORRESPONDENCE
THE AMBASSADOR OF CANADA
TO THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS
TO THE REGISTRAR OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT
OF JUSTICE
3 July 2023.
I have the honour to enclose two (2) originals of a Joint Application submitted by the Governments of Canada, the Kingdom of Sweden, Ukraine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 1, and Article 40 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, instituting proceedings against the Islamic Republic of Iran concerning the latter’s breaches of the Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against Civil Aviation.
I hereby confirm that the Government of Canada has appointed Alan H. Kessel, Assistant Deputy Minister Legal Affairs and Legal Adviser, Global Affairs Canada, as Agent for the purposes of representing Canada in the conduct of these proceedings, pursuant to Article 42, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice and Article 38 of its Rules of Court. Ms Carolyn Knobel, Director General Legal Affairs and Deputy Legal Adviser, Global Affairs Canada, is Deputy Agent. In accordance with Article 38, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, I certify that the signature on the Joint Application is that of the appointed Agent of Canada.
Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the address for service
for Canada to which all communications concerning these proceedings should be sent is:
Embassy of Canada
Sophialaan 7
2514 JP The Hague
The Netherlands
(Signed) Lisa Helfand.
2023
General List
No. 190
4
THE AMBASSADOR OF THE KINGDOM OF SWEDEN
TO THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS
TO THE REGISTRAR OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT
OF JUSTICE
4 July 2023.
I have the honour to enclose two (2) originals of a Joint Application submitted by the Governments of Canada, the Kingdom of Sweden, Ukraine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 1, and Article 40 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, instituting proceedings against the Islamic Republic of Iran concerning the latter’s breaches of the Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against Civil Aviation.
I hereby confirm that the Government of Sweden has appointed Elinor Hammarskjöld, Director General for Legal Affairs, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, as Agent for the purposes of representing Sweden in the conduct of these proceedings, pursuant to Art-
icle 42, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice and Article 38 of its Rules of Court. Mr Daniel Gillgren, Deputy Director, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, is Deputy Agent. In accordance with Article 38, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, I certify that the signature on the Joint Application is that of the appointed Agent for Sweden.
Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the address for service
for Sweden to which all communications concerning these proceedings should be sent is:
Embassy of Sweden
Postbus 85601
2508 CH The Hague
The Netherlands
(Signed) Johannes Oljelund.
6
THE AMBASSADOR OF UKRAINE
TO THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS
TO THE REGISTRAR OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT
OF JUSTICE
4 July 2023.
I have the honour to enclose two (2) originals of a Joint Application submitted by the Governments of Canada, the Kingdom of Sweden, Ukraine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 1, and Article 40 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, instituting proceedings against the Islamic Republic of Iran concerning the latter’s breaches of the Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against Civil Aviation.
I hereby confirm that the Government of Ukraine has appointed Ms Oksana Zolotaryova, Director of the Department of International Law, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, as Agent for the purposes of representing Ukraine in the conduct of these proceedings, pursuant to Article 42, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice and Article 38 of its Rules of Court. Mr Andrii Pasichnyk, Deputy Director of the Department of International Law, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
Ukraine, and Mr Anton Korynevych, Ambassador-at-large, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, are Co-Agents. In accordance with Article 38, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, I certify that the signature on the Joint Application is that of the appointed Agent for Ukraine.
Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the addresses for services for Ukraine to which all communications concerning these proceedings should be sent are:
Embassy of Ukraine
Zeestraat 78
2518 AD The Hague
The Netherlands
[email protected]
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine
1, Mykhailivska Sq
Kyiv, 01018
Ukraine
[email protected]
(Signed) Oleksandr Karasevych.
8
THE AMBASSADOR OF THE UNITED KINGDOM
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
TO THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS
TO THE REGISTRAR OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT
OF JUSTICE
4 July 2023.
I have the honour to enclose two (2) originals of a Joint Application submitted by the Governments of Canada, the Kingdom of Sweden, Ukraine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 1, and Article 40 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, instituting proceedings against the Islamic Republic of Iran concerning the latter’s breaches of the Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against Civil Aviation.
I hereby confirm that the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has appointed Sally Langrish, Legal Adviser and Director General Legal, Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, as Agent for the purposes of representing the United Kingdom in the conduct of these proceedings, pursuant to Article 42, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice and Article 38 of its Rules of Court. Paul Berman, Legal Director, Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, is Co-Agent. In accordance with Article 38, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, I certify that the signature on the Joint Application is that of the appointed Agent for the United Kingdom.
Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, I have the honour to advise that the address for service for the United Kingdom to which all communications concerning these proceedings should be sent is that of this Embassy at the following address:
British Embassy
Lange Voorhout 10
2514 ED The Hague
The Netherlands
(Signed) Joanna Roper.
10
II. JOINT APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
table of contents
Page
I.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
II.
Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
III.
Jurisdiction of the Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
IV.
Legal Grounds for the Applicants’ Claim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
V.
Relief Sought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
VI.
Judge Ad Hoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
VII.
Reservation of Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
List of Annexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
12
I. Introduction
To the Registrar of the International Court of Justice, the undersigned, being duly authorised by Canada, the Kingdom of Sweden, Ukraine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, state as follows:
1. In accordance with Articles 36 (1) and 40 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (“Statute of the Court”) and Article 38 of the Rules of Court, Canada, the Kingdom of Sweden, Ukraine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (“the Applicants”) hereby submit this Application instituting proceedings against the Islamic Republic of Iran (“Iran”).
2. Iran has violated a series of obligations owed to the Applicants under the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, done at Montreal on 23 September 19711 (“Montreal Convention”), arising out of
the shooting down on 8 January 2020 of Ukraine International Airlines Flight PS752 (“Flight PS752”), a civil aircraft in service, by military personnel of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (“IRGC”). All 176 passengers and crew on board, many of whom were nationals and residents of the Applicants, were killed.
3. Iran has violated its obligations under the Montreal Convention, including under Articles 6, 7, 10, 11 and 13. Iran failed to take all practicable measures to prevent
the unlawful and intentional commission of an offence described in Article 1 of the Montreal Convention, including the destruction of Flight PS752. It also subsequently failed to conduct an impartial, transparent, and fair criminal investigation and prosecution consistent with international law. Instead, Iran withheld or destroyed evidence (including the immediate bulldozing of the crash site); blamed other States and low-level IRGC military personnel for the downing; threatened and harassed the fam-
ilies of the victims seeking justice; conducted a sham and opaque trial; and failed to report to the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (“ICAO”), or the Applicants, information in its possession concerning the offence or the measures taken in relation to the offenders. These actions and omissions violate the requirements of the Montreal Convention, to which Iran and each of the Applicants are parties.
II. Facts
4. On 8 January 2020, Iran took a number of steps that knowingly placed civil aircraft in harm’s way. At approximately 02:00 Tehran Time (“TT”) on 8 January 2020, the IRGC Aerospace Force (“IRGC-ASF”) launched multiple ballistic missiles at two airbases used by the United States and Coalition forces in Iraq2. In anticipation of pos-
sible counter-strikes, the IRGC-ASF positioned Tor-M1 mobile air-defence combat vehicles (also referred to as surface-to-air missile combat vehicles) around Tehran and
1 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 23 September 1971, 974 UNTS 177 (entered into force 26 January 1973) (Annex 1).
2 The Aircraft Accident Investigation Board [AAIB] of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Flight PS752 Accident Investigation, Final Report (15 March 2021) [AAIB Final Report], online:
icao.int/safety/airnavigation/AIG/Documents/Safety%20Recommendations%20to%20ICAO/Final%20Reports/PS752Finrep.pdf.
14
in the vicinity of Tehran’s Imam Khomeini International Airport (“IKA”). One of the air-defence combat vehicles was positioned in the vicinity of the town of Bidganeh, along routine flight paths for civil aircraft transiting IKA3.
5. In this context, Iran had identified a high threat level for international civil avi-
ation4. Nonetheless, an alleged request by the IRGC-ASF commander Brigadier General Amir Ali Hajizadeh to close the airspace was rejected5. Other obvious mitigation measures in particular, Notices to Airmen (“NOTAMs”)6 were also not implemented.
6. At approximately 05:51 TT, Flight PS752 contacted IKA Air Traffic Control (“ATC”) requesting permission to start the aircraft’s engines. Its flight plan was sent
to the military sector7 and the Civil-Military Operational Coordination Centre (“CMOCC”) and received the necessary authorisation at 05:55 TT. At 06:10:20 TT, Flight PS752 was cleared for take-off by IKA ATC along the pre-approved flight path. At 06:12:38 TT, Flight PS752 departed IKA.
7. According to Iran’s AAIB report, less than three minutes into the flight, a “strong and short impulse, similar to detonation” was recorded on the plane’s Cockpit Voice Recorder (“CVR”). This is consistent with Iran’s admission that the first surface-to-air missile was launched by the IRGC air-defence combat vehicle stationed in the vicinity of the town of Bidganeh at or around 06:14:41 TT. A second missile was fired by the same vehicle at 06:15:11 TT. The CVR stopped recording seconds later.
8. At approximately 06:17:00 TT, Flight PS752 disappeared from the flight radars. At around 06:18:23 TT, Flight PS752 crashed to the ground and exploded in Khalajabad, near Shahedshahr, southwest of Tehran.
3 See Brigadier General Hajizadeh video statement imbedded in “Head of IRGC Aerospace Division accepts responsibility for plane crash”, Iran Press News Agency (11 July 2020) [Hajizadeh Statement], online: iranpress.com/content/17610/head-irgc-aerospace-division-accepts-responsibility-for-plane-crash (see transcript at Annex 2).
4 AAIB Final Report, supra note 2, at pages 92-95.
5 Hajizadeh Statement, supra note 3.
6 A Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) (also known as Notice to Missions) is a notice or advisory issued by aviation authorities for flight operations personnel. The notices contain information about any condition that may affect the safety of aircraft operations, such as any temporary changes to airport facilities, procedures or navigational aids, or to advise of potential hazards (e.g. closed runways or restricted airspace). They are issued for a specific time period and can be valid for a few days or weeks: Skybrary, Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) online: skybrary.aero/articles/notice-airmen-notam; The ICAO Manual for Civil Aircraft Operations Over or Near Conflict Zones state that NOTAMs provide essential knowledge to personnel concerned with flight operations and should be published when there is a presence of threat(s) from a heightened state of military alert or tension. International Civil Aviation Organization, Risk Assessment Manual for Civil
Aircraft Operations over or near Conflict Zones, doc. 10084, 2nd ed., 2018, pp. 3-6 and 3-7, online: https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/blg-846381.pdf.
7 The reference to the “military sector” is taken from the AAIB Final Report at page 97. The report does not clarify what this entails. However, the AAIB Final Report indicates, at page 85, that CMOCC’s purported role was to communicate all flight plans to the State Air Defence Operation Center (or SADOC) and air defence sectors of the Iranian military (see Figure 45 at page 85). AAIB Final Report, supra note 2.
16
9. The voices of the passengers and crew were recorded on the CVR after the first missile strike, when shrapnel from the Tor-M1 missiles punctured the fuselage8. The passengers were alive and must have been aware that the plane was about to crash. All 176 passengers and crew were killed. They included nationals and residents of Canada, Sweden, Ukraine and the United Kingdom, as well as Afghanistan and Iran. The age of the victims ranged from 1 to 74 years old.
10. In the immediate aftermath of the crash on the morning of 8 January 2020,
Iran at first issued numerous denials rejecting any suggestion that the aircraft had
been shot down9. Such denials persisted in the face of a public statement on 9 January, from Canadian Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau, referring to credible intelligence that Flight PS752 had been shot down by a surface-to-air missile10. Still, on 10 January, Ali Abedzadeh, the Head of Iran’s Civil Aviation Organisation, insisted categorically that, “what is obvious to us and we can say for sure is that no missile has hit the plane”11.
11. In fact, IRGC-ASF commander Brigadier General Hajizadeh later admitted that he had known very early on “Wednesday morning” [8 January 2020] that an IRGC missile “had hit a target” and he had advised “the authorities” of a “strong possibility that we [the IRGC] had hit a plane of our own”12. Once advised, the Armed Forces General Staff the highest military body in Iran, which reports directly to the Iranian Supreme Leader [Ayatollah] Ali Khamenei immediately put those with knowledge of the missile strike “in quarantine” and prohibited them from talking to anyone13.
12. On 11 January 2020, confronted with overwhelming evidence, Iran finally admitted publicly that Flight PS752 had in fact crashed as a result of a missile strike by the IRGC, but claimed that the aircraft was targeted “unintentionally due to human error”14. A tweet by Iran’s President, Hassan Rouhani, characterised it as an “unforgivable mistake”15. In a televised statement on the same day, Brigadier General Hajizadeh
8 An examination of the wreckage showed that Flight PS752 was riddled with thousands of small holes consistent with an 9M331 missile fired from a Tor-M1 combat vehicle. See AAIB Final Report, ibid. at pages 53-54 (Figure 23), see also page 67.
9 On 8 January 2020, the Director of Iran’s Center for Communication and Information in the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, Qasem Biniaz, denied rumours that the plane had been hit by a missile: Mohammad Nasiri, Nasser Karimi and Jon Gambrell, “Ukrainian airplane crashes near Iran’s capital, killing 176”, CTV News (8 January 2020), online: ctvnews.ca/world/ukrainian-airplane-crashes-near-iran-s-capital-killing-176-1.4757677?cache=?clipId=89926?autoPlay=true?autoPlay=true?autoPlay=true. On the same day, Iranian Armed Forces spokesman, Brigadier General Abolfazl Shekarchi, rejected Western media reports that a missile had hit Flight PS752: “Armed Forces spox strongly rejects rumors of missile hitting Ukrainian airliner”, Mehr News (8 January 2020), online: en.mehrnews.com/news/154348/Armed-Forces-spox-strongly-
rejects-rumors-of-missile-hitting.
10 Prime Minister of Canada, Justin Trudeau, held a press conference on 9 January 2020 Canada received credible intelligence that Flight PS752 was shot down by a surface-to-air missile. CPAC, “PM Trudeau: Intelligence suggests plane was shot down” (9 January 2020), online: cpac.ca/
episode?id=6a9b1c74-436d-432d-910b-ad7f521617b2 (see transcript at Annex 3).
11 “Surely No Missile Hit Ukrainian Airliner: Iranian Official”, Tasnim News Agency (10 January 2020), online: tasnimnews.com/en/news/2020/01/10/2178971/surely-no-missile-hit-
ukrainian-airliner-iranian-official.
12 Hajizadeh Statement, supra note 3.
13 Ibid.
14 Announcement of the General Staff of the Armed Forces about Ukrainian Passenger Plane Crash, Islamic Republic News Agency (11 January 2020 at 7:07 a.m. Tehran Time), online: اطلاعیه
ستادکل نیروهای مسلح درباره سقوط هواپیمای مسافربری اوکراین - ایرنا (irna.ir) (Annex 4).
15 Hassan Rouhani, “Armed Forces’ internal investigation . . .”, Twitter (10 January 2020,
18
claimed that the air-defence vehicle located in the vicinity of Bidganeh had misidentified
the Boeing 737-800 as a cruise missile. He further claimed that the vehicle operator
had failed to get the necessary authorisation from his superiors before firing on the
target16. This was the same narrative repeated by IRGC Commander-in-Chief Major
General Salami before the Iranian Parliament on 12 January 202017.
13. By the time Iran admitted that the IRGC had shot down Flight PS752, the
primary crash site had already been bulldozed, and the numerous police and military
personnel who were present had failed to secure the evidence or prevent extensive looting
of the primary site. Law enforcement was observed extracting items from purses
and bags, including identifying information, and placing them randomly in transparent
bags. Air accident investigators from Ukraine arriving in Tehran on 9 January 2020
noted that airplane debris, and passenger belongings, as well as soil from the crash site
had been moved to a secondary location by truck and shovelled haphazardly by bulldozers
into large piles.
14. In the days following the downing, the families of the victims were subjected to
numerous acts of intimidation and abuse, including pressure by the IRGC to declare the
victims as “martyrs”18. IRGC Commander-in-Chief Major General Salami told family
members that the victims were “martyrs” because the destruction of Flight PS752 had
helped avoid a war with the United States and thus saved many lives19. Those who
demanded justice faced a pattern of what UN human rights reports have characterised
as threats and harassment. There have even been accounts of torture of the families of
the victims20.
11:40 p.m. EST/11 January 2020, 8:10 a.m. TT), online: twitter.com/HassanRouhani/status/1215
856039997984768.
16 Hajizadeh Statement, supra note 3.
17 “General Hossein Salami speaking about the downing of Flight PS752 to Iranian Parliament”,
YouTube (12 January 2020), online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=DaC5nh
c9cUQ (unofficial translation in subtitles) (see unofficial transcript at Annex 5).
18 Islamic Republic of Iran, Government Information Center, “The Victims of the Ukrainian
Airplane Incident Are Considered Martyrs” (14 January 2020), online: https://dolat.ir/detail/
333308 (Annex 6); See also, “Some Relatives of Ukrainian Airliner Victims Complain of
Pressure from Iranian Authorities”, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (3 February 2020), online:
rferl.org/a/some-relatives-of-ukrainian-airliner-victims-complain-of-pressure-from-iranianauthorities/
30414991.html.
19 “Iranian Parents Take On Powerful Revolutionary Guard as They Seek Justice over Jet’s
Downing”, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (11 January 2022), online: rferl.org/a/iran-familiesrevolutionary-
guard/31649627.html.
20 United Nations, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Press
Release, “Attack on PS752: Iran violated multiple human rights obligations UN experts”
(23 February 2021) [OHCHR Press Release 23 February 2021], online: ohchr.org/en/pressreleases/
2021/02/attack-ps752-iran-violated-multiple-human-rights-obligations-un-experts;
Javaid Rehman, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic
Republic of Iran, UNGAOR, 75th Session, UN doc. A/75/213 (2020), online: documents-ddsny.
un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N20/190/27/PDF/N2019027.pdf?OpenElement; “Iran: Scores injured
as security forces use unlawful force to crush protests”, Amnesty International (15 January 2020),
online: amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/01/iran-scores-injured-as-security-forces-use-unlawfulforce-
to-crush-protests/; “Iran’s Cover-up of Plane Crash Compounded Its Trouble in the
Streets”, Human Rights Watch (24 January 2020), online: hrw.org/news/2020/01/24/irans-coverplane-
crash-compounded-its-trouble-streets; “Iran: Ukraine Airline Victims’ Families Harassed,
Abused”, Human Rights Watch (27 May 2021), online: hrw.org/news/2021/05/27/iran-ukraineairline-
victims-families-harassed-abused; United Nations, Letter of the Special Rapporteur
on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions Agnès Callamard, UN doc. AL IRN 28/
2020, 24 December 2020, online: spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublic
CommunicationFile?gId=25795.
20
15. Amidst growing demands, including by the Applicants21, for transparency,
justice and accountability, Iran’s Military Prosecutor purported to conduct an investigation
into the downing of Flight PS752. Upon conclusion of this opaque investigation on
7 January 2021, the Prosecutor simply repeated Iran’s official position from 11 January
2020 that the downing was caused by the “human error” of military personnel who had
acted with “carelessness and recklessness” and had not followed Armed Forces rules
and regulations22.
16. In February 2021, Special Rapporteurs of the UN Human Rights Council criticised
the military investigation, saying that Iran had failed to conduct an impartial,
independent, and comprehensive investigation, consistent with its international obligations.
They further noted that “[t]he investigation by the Iranian authorities also
disregarded the responsibility of high-level officials”23.
17. This criticism is consistent with numerous UN human rights reports expressing
deep concern over the lack of independence and impartiality of the judiciary in Iran,
and repeatedly urging Iran to ensure that international fair trial standards are met in its
criminal justice system24.
18. On 6 April 2021, the Military Prosecutor of Tehran stated that criminal indictments
had been issued for ten military officials, but their identities and rank were not
made public at the time25.
19. In September 2021, it was reported that senior government and IRGC officials
responsible for the operation on 8 January 2020 would not stand trial26.
20. The court sessions were closed to the general public and the indictment was not
publicly available. Some families of the victims were allowed to attend specific court
sessions, but they were subject to strict confidentiality requirements. Moreover, families
have faced intimidation and harassment because of their repeated expressions of
concern that the trial was neither impartial nor transparent.
21. On 16 April 2023, Iran’s Ministry of Justice announced that the military court
had issued its verdict. Although this verdict has not been made public or shared with the
21 International Coordination and Response Group for the victims of Flight PS752
Framework for Cooperation with Iran, 16 January 2020, online: canada.ca/en/global-affairs/
news/2020/01/international-coordination-and-response-group-for-the-victims-of-flight-ps752--
framework-for-cooperation-with-iran.html; Joint Statement from the International Coordination
and Response Group for the victims of Flight PS752, 27 October 2020, online: canada.ca/
en/global-affairs/news/2020/10/joint-statement-from-the-international-coordination-andresponse-
group-for-the-victims-of-flight-ps752.html; Joint statement from the International
Coordination and Response Group for the victims of Flight PS752 on notice of claim to
Iran, 3 June 2021, online: canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2021/06/joint-statement-from-theinternational-
coordination-and-response-group-for-the-victims-of-flightps752-on-notice-ofclaim-
to-iran.html.
22 “Tehran’s Military Prosecutor Describes New Aspects of Ukrainian Aircraft Crash”, Islamic
Republic News Agency (7 January 2021), online: irna.ir/news/84177070 (Annex 7).
23 OHCHR Press Release 23 February 2021, supra note 20.
24 Situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Report of the Special Rapporteur
on the Situation of Human Rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Javaid Rehman, UNGAOR
49th Session, UN doc. A/HRC/49/75 (2022) at paras. 49-51, online: https://digitallibrary.un.org/
record/3957951?ln=en.
25 “Issuing indictment for ten people in the case of the Ukrainian plane”, Iranian Students’
News Agency (6 April 2021), online: https://www.isna.ir/news/1400011707677/ (Annex 8).
26 “Iran’s Judiciary Exonorates Top Officials for Flight 752”, Iran Wire (1 September 2021),
online: https://iranwire.com/en/special-features/70259/?ref=specials.
22
Applicants, it was reported that all ten accused were allegedly found guilty of lesser
charges, including not following orders. Only the alleged commander of the air-defence
combat vehicle near Bidganeh that shot down Flight PS752 was found guilty of a charge
that appears to be equivalent to criminal negligence causing death. He was allegedly
sentenced to 13 years in prison27.
22. On 18 April 2023, the Applicants issued a public statement condemning the
trials and verdicts as lacking the necessary impartiality and transparency required under
international law28.
23. Prior to the verdict, in February 2023, numerous families of the victims had
withdrawn their complaints, stating that they did not recognise the legitimacy of the
military court proceedings29. Following the verdict, in May 2023, it was reported that
one of the families of the victims who had not withdrawn their complaint filed an appeal
with the Supreme Court of Iran to contest the validity of the charges originally laid and
the lack of transparency in the investigation and judicial proceedings. The Applicants
have no expectation that the Supreme Court will be willing or capable of remedying the
lack of impartiality, transparency, and fairness that are endemic in Iran’s judicial system.
24. In exchanges with the Applicants, Iran has claimed without any explanation
that it has dealt with “all technical, military, legal, criminal and compensatory
aspects of the case . . . based on and even beyond, the international obligations”30. Yet
it remains the case that Iran has not reported the findings of a preliminary enquiry. It has
not reported to the ICAO Council relevant information concerning the circumstances of
the offence and the measures taken in relation to the offenders and in particular, the
results of legal proceedings. Iran has also failed to accept repeated requests for assistance
in respect of criminal proceedings in Ukraine arising out of the destruction of
Flight PS752.
III. Jurisdiction of the Court
25. The Applicants and Iran are all Members of the United Nations and bound by the
Statute of the Court, including Article 36 (1), which provides in relevant part that the
Court’s jurisdiction “comprises . . . all matters specially provided for . . . in treaties and
conventions in force”.
26. The Applicants and Iran are all Contracting States to the Montreal Convention.
None of them has reservations to this Convention.
27. Article 14, paragraph 1, of the Montreal Convention provides:
“Any dispute between two or more Contracting States concerning the interpretation
or application of this Convention which cannot be settled through negotiation,
shall, at the request of one of them, be submitted to arbitration. If within
27 “Issuing the Verdict for the Ukrainian Aircraft Case After 20 Court Hearings: First-row
Defendant
Sentenced to 13 Years in Prison”, Mizan Online (16 April 2023), online: mizanonline.ir/
fa/news/4707892/ (Annex 9).
28 Joint Statement from the International Coordination and Response Group for the victims of
Flight PS752 on the criminal trials in Iran, 18 April 2023, online: canada.ca/en/global-affairs/
news/2023/04/joint-statement-from-the-international-coordination-and-response-group-for-thevictims-
of-flight-ps752-on-the-criminal-trials-in-iran.html.
29 “Families of Airline Downing Victims Withdraw Complaint, Say Iranian Court Incompetent”,
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (13 February 2023), online: rferl.org/a/iran-flightvictims-
withdraw-suit/32269478.html#:~:text=Abbas%20Sadeghi%2C%20a%20lawyer%20
and,our%20complaint%20on%20February%2012.%22.
30 Note Verbale from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine dated 17 November 2021, No. 641/969901 (Annex 10,
note 25).
24
six months from the date of the request for arbitration the Parties are unable to
agree on the organization of the arbitration, any one of those Parties may refer
the dispute to the International Court of Justice by request in conformity with the
Statute of the Court.”
28. As indicated below, each of the requirements for jurisdiction under Article 14,
paragraph 1, of the Convention is met:
(i) there is a dispute between two or more Contracting States concerning the interpretation
or application of the Montreal Convention;
(ii) the dispute cannot be settled through negotiation; and
(iii) the Applicants have requested arbitration, but the Parties have been unable to
agree on the organization of the arbitration within six months from the date of the
request.
(i) There Is a Dispute between the Applicants and Iran concerning the
Interpretation or Application of the Montreal Convention
29. On 2 June 2021, the Applicants, transmitted a formal Notice of Claim31 to Iran.
The Notice recorded the Applicants’ position that the downing of Flight PS752 by the
IRGC constituted an internationally wrongful act and that Iran’s actions and omissions
amounted to breaches of Iran’s obligations under the Montreal Convention. It further
stated that Iran was required to make full reparation in accordance with international
law and to investigate and prosecute or extradite all alleged offenders in a transparent
and impartial manner in accordance with the requirements of international law.
30. Additional details of the Applicants’ claims, including their claims under the
Montreal Convention, were provided to Iran in a Note Verbale and Annex, dated
20 December 202132.
31. To date, Iran has not acknowledged the Notice of Claim or any of the Applicants’
claims related to the downing of Flight PS752. On the contrary, Iran has repeatedly
asserted that there is nothing to discuss because all relevant matters have already been
addressed in accordance with Iran’s international obligations33.
(ii) The Dispute Cannot Be Settled through Negotiation
32. For over two years, the Applicants sought in good faith to resolve their dispute
with Iran over the interpretation and application of the Montreal Convention by negotiations,
but, by December 2022, all attempts had proven to be futile and it had thus
become clear that the dispute cannot be settled by negotiation34.
33. Notwithstanding Iran’s admission that Flight PS752 was shot down by the
IRGC, it has given no indication that it accepts responsibility for its actions and omissions
under international law.
31 Applicant’s Notice of Claim to the Islamic Republic of Iran dated 2 June 2021 (Annex 10,
note 19).
32 Note Verbale from the Applicants to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic
of Iran dated 20 December 2021, No. 72/23-604-102444 and 72/23-604-102445 (Annex 10,
note 26).
33 Notes Verbales from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran were sent
separately to Applicants (see Annex 10, notes 27-30, 33-36, 41-44). See also Letter from the
Permanent Representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations addressed to the
Secretary-General dated 31 January 2022 (Annex 10, note 37).
34 See Annex 10 for the list of Notes Verbales exchanged between the Applicants and the
Islamic Republic of Iran.
26
34. By December 2022, the Applicants had concluded that there was no prospect of the parties settling this dispute through negotiations.
(iii) The Applicants Requested Arbitration, but the Parties
Have Been Unable to Agree on the Organization of the Arbitration
within Six Months from the Date of the Request
35. In a Note Verbale dated 22 December 2022, delivered to Iran on 28 December 2022, the Applicants requested arbitration in accordance with Article 14, paragraph 1, of the Montreal Convention, and proposed that discussions be held to agree on the organization of the arbitration35. In subsequent correspondence from the Applicants to Iran in April 202336, the Applicants reiterated their proposal to hold discussions and invited Iran to meet at a specific time and place.
36. Despite explicit efforts from the Applicants to attempt to organize arbitration pursuant to the Montreal Convention, Iran continued to ignore the matter entirely.
In its Notes Verbales dated 30 May 2023 to each Applicant37, Iran did not accept the proposed place and time for a meeting on this issue and did not offer a counter-proposal. Iran did, however, finally accept and acknowledge that collective negotiations were
the optimal manner in which to pursue a negotiated settlement. The Applicants responded on 22 June 2023 by asking Iran to acknowledge their request to organize arbitration38.
37. The six-month period provided for in Article 14, paragraph 1, expired on 28 June 2023, without any expression of willingness by Iran to discuss, let alone to reach agreement on, the organization of the arbitration.
38. The requirements of Article 14, paragraph 1, having been met, the Court has jurisdiction, pursuant to Article 36 (1) of the Court’s Statute and Article 14 of the Montreal Convention, to hear the claims submitted in the present Application against Iran.
IV. Legal Grounds for the Applicants’ Claim
39. The Applicants’ claims are based on violations by Iran of several of its obligations under the Montreal Convention, including, but not limited to the following:
—
The failure to immediately make a preliminary enquiry into the facts and promptly report its findings, as required by Article 6;
—
The failure to submit the case to its competent authorities for the purpose of prosecution, as required by Article 7;
—
The failure to take all practicable measures for the purpose of preventing the destruction of Flight PS752, as required by Article 10;
—
The failure to afford the greatest measure of assistance in connection with the
criminal proceedings, as required by Article 11; and
35 Note Verbale from the Applicants to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran dated 22 December 2022, No. 72/05-620-106210 (Annex 10, note 52).
36 Note Verbale from the Applicants to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran dated 20 April 2023, No. 72/22-620-44438 (Annex 10, note 105).
37 See Notes Verbales from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran sent separately to the Applicants (Annex 10, notes 108-111).
38 Note Verbale from the Applicants to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran dated 21 June 2023, No. 72/22-620-72387 (Annex 10, note 112).
28
— The failure to report to the ICAO Council as promptly as possible any relevant
information in its possession concerning the circumstances of the offence and the
measures taken in relation to the alleged offender(s), as required by Article 13.
40. These violations give rise to Iran’s responsibility under international law, including
the duty to make full reparation.
V. Relief Sought
41. The Applicants respectfully request the Court to:
(a) Adjudge and declare that Iran has violated the Montreal Convention, including
Articles 6, 7, 10, 11 and 13, including by failing to:
— endeavour to take all practicable measure[s] to prevent the destruction of Flight
PS752;
— conduct a prompt, effective, independent and impartial preliminary enquiry into the
shooting down of Flight PS752 and to report its findings;
— submit the case in good faith to its competent authorities for the purposes of prosecution
in the same manner as in the case of any ordinary offence of a serious
nature under the laws of Iran, and to ensure that the resulting prosecution is
conducted in an impartial and transparent manner to ensure accountability and
justice for the victims and their families;
— afford the greatest measure of assistance in connection with criminal proceedings;
and
— report to the ICAO Council as promptly as possible any and all relevant information
in its possession concerning the circumstances of the offence and the measures
taken in relation to the offender or the alleged offender.
(b) Order that the Respondent:
(i) Publicly acknowledge its internationally wrongful acts and omissions as
alleged;
(ii) Publicly apologise to the Applicants and the families of the victims;
(iii) Provide assurances and guarantees of non-repetition, including by adopting
concrete measures to prevent a similar downing in the future;
(iv) Fulfil its other legal obligations under the Montreal Convention, including
prosecution or extradition of alleged offenders, with any prosecution taking
place in a transparent and impartial manner.
(c) Order full reparation for all injury caused to the Applicants as a result of the
Respondent’s violations of the Montreal Convention, including:
(i) Returning the missing belongings of the victims;
(ii) Providing full compensation to the Applicants for the material and moral
damages suffered by the victims and their families.
VI. Judge Ad Hoc
42. In accordance with the provisions of Article 31 (3) of the Statute of the Court,
and Article 35 (1) of the Rules of the Court, the Applicants give notice of their intention
to exercise their right to choose a judge ad hoc. In light of Article 31 (5) of the
Statute of the Court, it is the intention of the Applicants to appoint a single judge ad hoc.
30
VII. Reservation of Rights
43. The Applicants reserve the right to revise, supplement or amend this Application,
as well as the legal grounds invoked and the relief requested, as may be necessary to
preserve and vindicate their rights under the Montreal Convention.
Submitted on behalf of Canada, the Kingdom of Sweden, Ukraine and the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, respectively.
(Signed) Alan H. Kessel,
Agent of Canada.
(Signed) Elinor Hammarskjöld,
Agent of the Kingdom of Sweden.
(Signed) Oksana Zolotaryova,
Agent of Ukraine.
(Signed) Sally Langrish,
Agent of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
32
III. CERTIFICATION
The Applicants certify that the documents attached by way of Annexes are true
copies of the originals thereof and that all the translations of annexes submitted herewith
are, to the best of their knowledge and belief, a true and correct rendering of the
text in the original language.
(Signed) Alan H. Kessel,
Agent of Canada.
(Signed) Elinor Hammarskjöld,
Agent of the Kingdom of Sweden.
(Signed) Oksana Zolotaryova,
Agent of Ukraine.
(Signed) Sally Langrish,
Agent of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
34
LIST OF ANNEXES*
Annex 1. Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of
Civil Aviation, 23 September 1971, 974 UNTS 177 (entered into force
26 January 1973) English.
Annex 2. Transcript of Brigadier General Hajizadeh video statement imbedded in
“Head of IRGC Aerospace Division accepts responsibility for plane
crash”, Iran Press News Agency (11 July 2020) English.
Annex 3. Transcript of “PM Trudeau: Intelligence suggests plane was shot down”,
CPAC (9 January 2020) English and French.
Annex 4. Announcement of the General Staff of the Armed Forces about Ukrainian
Passenger Plane Crash, Islamic Republic News Agency (11 January
2020) Persian.
Annex 4.1. Announcement of the General Staff of the Armed Forces about Ukrainian
Passenger Plane Crash, Islamic Republic News Agency (11 January
2020) English.
Annex 5. Transcript of “General Hossein Salami speaking about the downing of
Flight PS752 to Iranian Parliament”, YouTube (12 January 2020)
English.
Annex 6. Islamic Republic of Iran, Government Information Center, “The Victims
of the Ukrainian Airplane Incident Are Considered Martyrs” (14 January
2020) Persian.
Annex 6.1. Islamic Republic of Iran, Government Information Center, “The Victims
of the Ukrainian Airplane Incident Are Considered Martyrs” (14 January
2020) English.
Annex 7. “Tehran’s Military Prosecutor Describes New Aspects of Ukrainian
Aircraft Crash”, Islamic Republic News Agency (7 January 2021)
Persian.
Annex 7.1. “Tehran’s Military Prosecutor Describes New Aspects of Ukrainian
Aircraft Crash”, Islamic Republic News Agency (7 January 2021)
English.
Annex 8. “Issuing indictment for ten people in the case of the Ukrainian plane”,
Iranian Students’ News Agency (6 April 2021) Persian.
Annex 8.1. “Issuing indictment for ten people in the case of the Ukrainian plane”,
Iranian Students’ News Agency (6 April 2021) English.
Annex 9. “Issuing the Verdict for the Ukrainian Aircraft Case After 20 Court
Hearings/First-row Defendant Sentenced to 13 Years in Prison”, Mizan
Online (16 April 2023) Persian.
* The Annexes are not reproduced in the print version. They are available in electronic version
on the Court’s website (https://www.icj-cij.org, under “Cases”).
36
Annex 9.1. “Issuing the Verdict for the Ukrainian Aircraft Case After 20 Court
Hearings/First-row Defendant Sentenced to 13 Years in Prison”, Mizan
Online (16 April 2023) English.
Annex 10. List of Notes Verbales Exchanged between the Parties and Other
Correspondence.
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
JOINT APPLICATION
INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
filed in the Registry of the Court
on 4 July 2023
AERIAL INCIDENT OF 8 JANUARY 2020
(CANADA, SWEDEN,
UKRAINE AND UNITED KINGDOM
v. ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN)
COUR INTERNATIONALE DE JUSTICE
REQUÊTE
INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE CONJOINTE
enregistrée au Greffe de la Cour
le 4 juillet 2023
INCIDENT AÉRIEN DU 8 JANVIER 2020
(CANADA, ROYAUME-UNI,
SUÈDE ET UKRAINE
c. RÉPUBLIQUE ISLAMIQUE D’IRAN)
2
I. CORRESPONDENCE
THE AMBASSADOR OF CANADA
TO THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS
TO THE REGISTRAR OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT
OF JUSTICE
3 July 2023.
I have the honour to enclose two (2) originals of a Joint Application submitted by the Governments of Canada, the Kingdom of Sweden, Ukraine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 1, and Article 40 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, instituting proceedings against the Islamic Republic of Iran concerning the latter’s breaches of the Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against Civil Aviation.
I hereby confirm that the Government of Canada has appointed Alan H. Kessel, Assistant Deputy Minister Legal Affairs and Legal Adviser, Global Affairs Canada, as Agent for the purposes of representing Canada in the conduct of these proceedings, pursuant to Article 42, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice and Article 38 of its Rules of Court. Ms Carolyn Knobel, Director General Legal Affairs and Deputy Legal Adviser, Global Affairs Canada, is Deputy Agent. In accordance with Article 38, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, I certify that the signature on the Joint Application is that of the appointed Agent of Canada.
Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the address for service
for Canada to which all communications concerning these proceedings should be sent is:
Embassy of Canada
Sophialaan 7
2514 JP The Hague
The Netherlands
(Signed) Lisa Helfand.
2023
General List
No. 190
3
2023
Rôle général
no 190
I. CORRESPONDANCE
L’AMBASSADRICE DU CANADA
AUPRÈS DU ROYAUME DES PAYS-BAS
AU GREFFIER DE LA COUR INTERNATIONALE
DE JUSTICE
[Traduction]
Le 3 juillet 2023.
J’ai l’honneur de vous communiquer ci-joint deux (2) exemplaires originaux d’une requête conjointe soumise par les Gouvernements du Canada, du Royaume de Suède, de l’Ukraine et du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 et à l’article 40 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice, introduisant une instance contre la République islamique d’Iran concernant des violations par cette dernière de la convention pour la répression d’actes illicites dirigés contre la sécurité de l’aviation civile.
Je confirme par la présente que le Gouvernement du Canada a désigné M. Alan H. Kessel, sous-ministre adjoint des affaires juridiques et jurisconsulte, Affaires mondiales Canada, en qualité d’agent afin de représenter le Canada au cours de la procédure, conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 42 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice et à l’article 38 de son Règlement. Mme Carolyn Knobel, directrice générale des affaires juridiques et jurisconsulte adjointe, Affaires mondiales Canada, a été désignée comme agente adjointe. En application du paragraphe 3 de l’article 38 du Règlement de la Cour, je certifie que la signature apposée sur la requête conjointe est celle de l’agent désigné du Canada.
Conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 40 du Règlement de la Cour, j’ai l’honneur de vous informer que toutes les communications relatives à cette procédure devront être adressées à
Ambassade du Canada
Sophialaan 7
2514 JP La Haye
Pays-Bas
(Signé) Lisa Helfand.
4
THE AMBASSADOR OF THE KINGDOM OF SWEDEN
TO THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS
TO THE REGISTRAR OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT
OF JUSTICE
4 July 2023.
I have the honour to enclose two (2) originals of a Joint Application submitted by the Governments of Canada, the Kingdom of Sweden, Ukraine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 1, and Article 40 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, instituting proceedings against the Islamic Republic of Iran concerning the latter’s breaches of the Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against Civil Aviation.
I hereby confirm that the Government of Sweden has appointed Elinor Hammarskjöld, Director General for Legal Affairs, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, as Agent for the purposes of representing Sweden in the conduct of these proceedings, pursuant to Art-
icle 42, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice and Article 38 of its Rules of Court. Mr Daniel Gillgren, Deputy Director, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, is Deputy Agent. In accordance with Article 38, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, I certify that the signature on the Joint Application is that of the appointed Agent for Sweden.
Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the address for service
for Sweden to which all communications concerning these proceedings should be sent is:
Embassy of Sweden
Postbus 85601
2508 CH The Hague
The Netherlands
(Signed) Johannes Oljelund.
5
L’AMBASSADEUR DU ROYAUME DE SUÈDE
AUPRÈS DU ROYAUME DES PAYS-BAS
AU GREFFIER DE LA COUR INTERNATIONALE
DE JUSTICE
[Traduction]
Le 4 juillet 2023.
J’ai l’honneur de vous communiquer ci-joint deux (2) exemplaires originaux d’une requête conjointe soumise par les Gouvernements du Canada, du Royaume de Suède, de l’Ukraine et du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 et à l’article 40 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice, introduisant une instance contre la République islamique d’Iran concernant des violations par cette dernière de la convention pour la répression d’actes illicites dirigés contre la sécurité de l’aviation civile.
Je confirme par la présente que le Gouvernement de Suède a désigné Mme Elinor Hammarskjöld, directrice générale des affaires juridiques au ministère des affaires étrangères, en qualité d’agente afin de représenter la Suède au cours de la procédure, conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 42 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice et à l’article 38 de son Règlement. M. Daniel Gillgren, directeur adjoint au ministère des affaires étrangères, a été désigné comme agent adjoint. En application du paragraphe 3 de l’article 38 du Règlement de la Cour, je certifie que la signature apposée sur la requête conjointe est celle de l’agente désignée de la Suède.
Conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 40 du Règlement de la Cour, j’ai l’honneur de vous informer que toutes les communications relatives à cette procédure devront être adressées à
Ambassade de Suède
Postbus 85601
2508 CH La Haye
Pays-Bas
(Signé) Johannes Oljelund.
6
THE AMBASSADOR OF UKRAINE
TO THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS
TO THE REGISTRAR OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT
OF JUSTICE
4 July 2023.
I have the honour to enclose two (2) originals of a Joint Application submitted by the Governments of Canada, the Kingdom of Sweden, Ukraine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 1, and Article 40 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, instituting proceedings against the Islamic Republic of Iran concerning the latter’s breaches of the Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against Civil Aviation.
I hereby confirm that the Government of Ukraine has appointed Ms Oksana Zolotaryova, Director of the Department of International Law, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, as Agent for the purposes of representing Ukraine in the conduct of these proceedings, pursuant to Article 42, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice and Article 38 of its Rules of Court. Mr Andrii Pasichnyk, Deputy Director of the Department of International Law, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
Ukraine, and Mr Anton Korynevych, Ambassador-at-large, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, are Co-Agents. In accordance with Article 38, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, I certify that the signature on the Joint Application is that of the appointed Agent for Ukraine.
Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the addresses for services for Ukraine to which all communications concerning these proceedings should be sent are:
Embassy of Ukraine
Zeestraat 78
2518 AD The Hague
The Netherlands
[email protected]
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine
1, Mykhailivska Sq
Kyiv, 01018
Ukraine
[email protected]
(Signed) Oleksandr Karasevych.
7
L’AMBASSADEUR DE L’UKRAINE
AUPRÈS DU ROYAUME DES PAYS-BAS
AU GREFFIER DE LA COUR INTERNATIONALE
DE JUSTICE
[Traduction]
Le 4 juillet 2023.
J’ai l’honneur de vous communiquer ci-joint deux (2) exemplaires originaux d’une requête conjointe soumise par les Gouvernements du Canada, du Royaume de Suède, de l’Ukraine et du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 et à l’article 40 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice, introduisant une instance contre la République islamique d’Iran concernant des violations par cette dernière de la convention pour la répression d’actes illicites dirigés contre la sécurité de l’aviation civile.
Je confirme par la présente que le Gouvernement de l’Ukraine a désigné Mme Oksana Zolotaryova, directrice du département de droit international au ministère des affaires étrangères de l’Ukraine, en qualité d’agente afin de représenter l’Ukraine au cours de la procédure, conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 42 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice et à l’article 38 de son Règlement. M. Andrii Pasichnyk, directeur adjoint du département de droit international au ministère des affaires étrangères de l’Ukraine, et M. Anton Korynevych, ambassadeur itinérant, ministère des affaires étrangères de l’Ukraine, ont été désignés comme coagents. En application du paragraphe 3 de l’article 38 du Règlement de la Cour, je certifie que la signature apposée sur la requête conjointe est celle de l’agente désignée de l’Ukraine.
Conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 40 du Règlement de la Cour, j’ai l’honneur de vous informer que toutes les communications relatives à cette procédure devront être adressées à
Ambassade de l’Ukraine
Zeestraat 78
2518 AD La Haye
Pays-Bas
[email protected]
Ministère des affaires étrangères de l’Ukraine
1, Mykhailivska Sq
Kyiv, 01018
Ukraine
[email protected]
(Signé) Oleksandr Karasevych.
8
THE AMBASSADOR OF THE UNITED KINGDOM
OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
TO THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS
TO THE REGISTRAR OF THE INTERNATIONAL COURT
OF JUSTICE
4 July 2023.
I have the honour to enclose two (2) originals of a Joint Application submitted by the Governments of Canada, the Kingdom of Sweden, Ukraine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 1, and Article 40 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, instituting proceedings against the Islamic Republic of Iran concerning the latter’s breaches of the Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against Civil Aviation.
I hereby confirm that the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has appointed Sally Langrish, Legal Adviser and Director General Legal, Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, as Agent for the purposes of representing the United Kingdom in the conduct of these proceedings, pursuant to Article 42, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the International Court of Justice and Article 38 of its Rules of Court. Paul Berman, Legal Director, Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, is Co-Agent. In accordance with Article 38, paragraph 3, of the Rules of Court, I certify that the signature on the Joint Application is that of the appointed Agent for the United Kingdom.
Pursuant to Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, I have the honour to advise that the address for service for the United Kingdom to which all communications concerning these proceedings should be sent is that of this Embassy at the following address:
British Embassy
Lange Voorhout 10
2514 ED The Hague
The Netherlands
(Signed) Joanna Roper.
9
L’AMBASSADRICE DU ROYAUME-UNI
DE GRANDE-BRETAGNE ET D’IRLANDE DU NORD
AUPRÈS DU ROYAUME DES PAYS-BAS
AU GREFFIER DE LA COUR INTERNATIONALE
DE JUSTICE
[Traduction]
Le 4 juillet 2023.
J’ai l’honneur de vous communiquer ci-joint deux (2) exemplaires originaux d’une requête conjointe soumise par les Gouvernements du Canada, du Royaume de Suède, de l’Ukraine et du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 36 et à l’article 40 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice, introduisant une instance contre la République islamique d’Iran concernant des violations par cette dernière de la convention pour la répression d’actes illicites dirigés contre la sécurité de l’aviation civile.
Je confirme par la présente que le Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord a désigné Mme Sally Langrish, conseillère juridique et directrice générale des affaires juridiques au ministère des affaires étrangères, du Commonwealth et du développement, en qualité d’agente afin de représenter le Royaume-Uni au cours de la procédure, conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 42 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice et à l’article 38 de son Règlement. M. Paul Berman, directeur juridique au ministère des affaires étrangères, du Commonwealth et du développement, a été désigné comme coagent. En application du paragraphe 3 de l’article 38 du Règlement de la Cour, je certifie que la signature apposée sur la requête conjointe est celle de l’agente désignée du Royaume-Uni.
Conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 40 du Règlement de la Cour, j’ai l’honneur de vous informer que toutes les communications relatives à cette procédure devront être adressées à
Ambassade du Royaume-Uni
Lange Voorhout 10
2514 ED La Haye
Pays-Bas
(Signé) Joanna Roper.
10
II. JOINT APPLICATION INSTITUTING PROCEEDINGS
table of contents
Page
I.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
II.
Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
III.
Jurisdiction of the Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
IV.
Legal Grounds for the Applicants’ Claim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
V.
Relief Sought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
VI.
Judge Ad Hoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
VII.
Reservation of Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30
List of Annexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34
11
II. REQUÊTE INTRODUCTIVE D’INSTANCE CONJOINTE
[Traduction fournie par les demandeurs]
table des matières
Page
I.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
II.
Exposé des faits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
III.
Compétence de la Cour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
IV.
Fondements juridiques de la requête . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
27
V.
Remèdes sollicités . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
VI.
Juge ad hoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
VII.
Réserve de droits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
Liste des annexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
12
I. Introduction
To the Registrar of the International Court of Justice, the undersigned, being duly authorised by Canada, the Kingdom of Sweden, Ukraine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, state as follows:
1. In accordance with Articles 36 (1) and 40 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice (“Statute of the Court”) and Article 38 of the Rules of Court, Canada, the Kingdom of Sweden, Ukraine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (“the Applicants”) hereby submit this Application instituting proceedings against the Islamic Republic of Iran (“Iran”).
2. Iran has violated a series of obligations owed to the Applicants under the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, done at Montreal on 23 September 19711 (“Montreal Convention”), arising out of
the shooting down on 8 January 2020 of Ukraine International Airlines Flight PS752 (“Flight PS752”), a civil aircraft in service, by military personnel of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (“IRGC”). All 176 passengers and crew on board, many of whom were nationals and residents of the Applicants, were killed.
3. Iran has violated its obligations under the Montreal Convention, including under Articles 6, 7, 10, 11 and 13. Iran failed to take all practicable measures to prevent
the unlawful and intentional commission of an offence described in Article 1 of the Montreal Convention, including the destruction of Flight PS752. It also subsequently failed to conduct an impartial, transparent, and fair criminal investigation and prosecution consistent with international law. Instead, Iran withheld or destroyed evidence (including the immediate bulldozing of the crash site); blamed other States and low-level IRGC military personnel for the downing; threatened and harassed the fam-
ilies of the victims seeking justice; conducted a sham and opaque trial; and failed to report to the Council of the International Civil Aviation Organization (“ICAO”), or the Applicants, information in its possession concerning the offence or the measures taken in relation to the offenders. These actions and omissions violate the requirements of the Montreal Convention, to which Iran and each of the Applicants are parties.
II. Facts
4. On 8 January 2020, Iran took a number of steps that knowingly placed civil aircraft in harm’s way. At approximately 02:00 Tehran Time (“TT”) on 8 January 2020, the IRGC Aerospace Force (“IRGC-ASF”) launched multiple ballistic missiles at two airbases used by the United States and Coalition forces in Iraq2. In anticipation of pos-
sible counter-strikes, the IRGC-ASF positioned Tor-M1 mobile air-defence combat vehicles (also referred to as surface-to-air missile combat vehicles) around Tehran and
1 Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 23 September 1971, 974 UNTS 177 (entered into force 26 January 1973) (Annex 1).
2 The Aircraft Accident Investigation Board [AAIB] of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Flight PS752 Accident Investigation, Final Report (15 March 2021) [AAIB Final Report], online:
icao.int/safety/airnavigation/AIG/Documents/Safety%20Recommendations%20to%20ICAO/Final%20Reports/PS752Finrep.pdf.
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I. Introduction
Au greffier de la Cour internationale de Justice, les soussignés, dûment mandatés par le Canada, le Royaume de Suède, l’Ukraine et le Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord, déclarent comme suit :
1. Conformément aux articles 36, paragraphe 1, et 40 du Statut de la Cour internationale de Justice (ci-après le « Statut de la Cour ») et à l’article 38 du Règlement de la Cour, le Canada, le Royaume de Suède, l’Ukraine et le Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord (ci-après les « demandeurs ») soumettent par la présente cette requête introductive d’instance contre la République islamique d’Iran (ci-après l’« Iran »).
2. L’Iran a violé une série d’obligations dues aux demandeurs en vertu de la convention pour la répression d’actes illicites dirigés contre la sécurité de l’aviation civile, conclue à Montréal le 23 septembre 19711 (ci-après la « convention de Montréal »),
à la suite de la destruction, le 8 janvier 2020, du vol PS752 d’Ukraine International Airlines (ci-après le « vol PS752 »), un aéronef civil en service, par des membres du personnel militaire du Corps des gardiens de la révolution islamique d’Iran (ci-après le « CGRI »). Cette destruction a coûté la vie aux 176 passagers et membres de l’équipage, dont de nombreux ressortissants et résidents des demandeurs.
3. L’Iran a violé ses obligations en vertu des articles 6, 7, 10, 11 et 13 de la convention de Montréal. Il n’a pas pris toutes les mesures raisonnables en vue de prévenir la commission illicite et intentionnelle d’une infraction décrite à l’article 1 de la convention de Montréal, en l’espèce la destruction du vol PS752. Par la suite, il n’a pas mené d’enquête ni de poursuites criminelles impartiales, transparentes et équitables, conformément au droit international. Au contraire, l’Iran a dissimulé ou détruit des preuves (y compris la destruction immédiate par bulldozer du site de l’écrasement) ; a rejeté
la faute sur d’autres États et le personnel militaire de rang inférieur du CGRI pour
cette tragédie ; a menacé et harcelé les familles des victimes à la recherche de justice ; a mené un simulacre de procès opaque, et a omis de communiquer au Conseil de
l’Organisation de l’aviation civile internationale (OACI), ou aux demandeurs, des informations en sa possession concernant l’infraction ou les mesures prises envers
les auteurs de l’infraction. Ces actes et omissions contreviennent aux obligations figurant dans la convention de Montréal, à laquelle l’Iran et chacun des demandeurs sont parties.
II. Exposé des faits
4. L’Iran a sciemment mis en danger des aéronefs civils par une série de mesures prises le 8 janvier 2020. Vers 2 heures, heure de Téhéran (ci-après « HT »), le 8 janvier 2020, la Force aérospatiale du CGRI (ci-après la « FAS-CGRI ») a lancé de multiples missiles balistiques contre deux bases aériennes utilisées par les États-Unis et les
Forces de la coalition en Irak2. En prévision d’éventuelles contre-attaques, la FAS-
CGRI a disposé des véhicules de défense antiaérienne Tor-M1 (aussi appelés véhicules
1 Convention pour la répression d’actes illicites dirigés contre la sécurité de l’aviation civile, 23 septembre 1971, Recueil des traités des Nations Unies, vol. 974, p. 177 (entrée en vigueur : 26 janvier 1973) (annexe 1).
2 The Aircraft Accident Investigation Board [AAIB] of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Flight PS752 Accident Investigation, Final Report (15 mars 2021), accessible à l’adresse suivante :
icao.int/safety/airnavigation/AIG/Documents/Safety%20Recommendations%20to%20ICAO/Final%20Reports/PS752Finrep.pdf [rapport final de l’AAIB].
14
in the vicinity of Tehran’s Imam Khomeini International Airport (“IKA”). One of the air-defence combat vehicles was positioned in the vicinity of the town of Bidganeh, along routine flight paths for civil aircraft transiting IKA3.
5. In this context, Iran had identified a high threat level for international civil avi-
ation4. Nonetheless, an alleged request by the IRGC-ASF commander Brigadier General Amir Ali Hajizadeh to close the airspace was rejected5. Other obvious mitigation measures in particular, Notices to Airmen (“NOTAMs”)6 were also not implemented.
6. At approximately 05:51 TT, Flight PS752 contacted IKA Air Traffic Control (“ATC”) requesting permission to start the aircraft’s engines. Its flight plan was sent
to the military sector7 and the Civil-Military Operational Coordination Centre (“CMOCC”) and received the necessary authorisation at 05:55 TT. At 06:10:20 TT, Flight PS752 was cleared for take-off by IKA ATC along the pre-approved flight path. At 06:12:38 TT, Flight PS752 departed IKA.
7. According to Iran’s AAIB report, less than three minutes into the flight, a “strong and short impulse, similar to detonation” was recorded on the plane’s Cockpit Voice Recorder (“CVR”). This is consistent with Iran’s admission that the first surface-to-air missile was launched by the IRGC air-defence combat vehicle stationed in the vicinity of the town of Bidganeh at or around 06:14:41 TT. A second missile was fired by the same vehicle at 06:15:11 TT. The CVR stopped recording seconds later.
8. At approximately 06:17:00 TT, Flight PS752 disappeared from the flight radars. At around 06:18:23 TT, Flight PS752 crashed to the ground and exploded in Khalajabad, near Shahedshahr, southwest of Tehran.
3 See Brigadier General Hajizadeh video statement imbedded in “Head of IRGC Aerospace Division accepts responsibility for plane crash”, Iran Press News Agency (11 July 2020) [Hajizadeh Statement], online: iranpress.com/content/17610/head-irgc-aerospace-division-accepts-responsibility-for-plane-crash (see transcript at Annex 2).
4 AAIB Final Report, supra note 2, at pages 92-95.
5 Hajizadeh Statement, supra note 3.
6 A Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) (also known as Notice to Missions) is a notice or advisory issued by aviation authorities for flight operations personnel. The notices contain information about any condition that may affect the safety of aircraft operations, such as any temporary changes to airport facilities, procedures or navigational aids, or to advise of potential hazards (e.g. closed runways or restricted airspace). They are issued for a specific time period and can be valid for a few days or weeks: Skybrary, Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) online: skybrary.aero/articles/notice-airmen-notam; The ICAO Manual for Civil Aircraft Operations Over or Near Conflict Zones state that NOTAMs provide essential knowledge to personnel concerned with flight operations and should be published when there is a presence of threat(s) from a heightened state of military alert or tension. International Civil Aviation Organization, Risk Assessment Manual for Civil
Aircraft Operations over or near Conflict Zones, doc. 10084, 2nd ed., 2018, pp. 3-6 and 3-7, online: https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/blg-846381.pdf.
7 The reference to the “military sector” is taken from the AAIB Final Report at page 97. The report does not clarify what this entails. However, the AAIB Final Report indicates, at page 85, that CMOCC’s purported role was to communicate all flight plans to the State Air Defence Operation Center (or SADOC) and air defence sectors of the Iranian military (see Figure 45 at page 85). AAIB Final Report, supra note 2.
15
à missiles surface-air) autour de Téhéran et à proximité de l’aéroport international Imam Khomeini de Téhéran (ci-après « IKA »). L’un des véhicules de défense antiaérienne se trouvait à proximité de la ville de Bidganeh, le long des trajectoires de vol de routine des aéronefs civils transitant par IKA3.
5. L’Iran avait décelé, dans ce contexte, un niveau de menace élevé pour l’aviation civile internationale4. Néanmoins, la requête supposée du commandant de la FAS-CGRI, le brigadier général Amir Ali Hajizadeh, visant à fermer l’espace aérien à l’aviation civile a essuyé un refus5. D’autres mesures d’atténuation du risque évidentes, notamment des avis aux aviateurs (communément appelés « NOTAM » pour Notice to Airmen), n’ont pas été mises en oeuvre6.
6. Vers 5 h 51 min HT, le vol PS752 a communiqué avec le contrôle de la circulation aérienne d’IKA (ci-après le « CCA ») pour demander la permission de démarrer les moteurs de l’avion. Son plan de vol a été transmis au secteur militaire7 et au Centre de coordination opérationnelle civilo-militaire (ci-après le « CCOCM »). La permission a été reçue à 5 h 55 HT. À 6 h 10 min 20 s HT, le vol PS752 a été autorisé à décoller
par la tour de contrôle d’IKA le long de la trajectoire de vol préapprouvée. À 6 h 12 min 38 s HT, le vol PS752 a quitté IKA.
7. Le rapport du Bureau d’enquête sur les accidents d’aéronef de la République islamique d’Iran (communément connu sous l’acronyme « AAIB ») dévoile qu’une « impulsion intense et brève, semblable à une détonation » a été captée par l’enregistreur de conversations du poste de pilotage de l’avion (communément appelé « CVR » pour cockpit voice recorder), moins de trois minutes après son décollage. Cette observation concorde avec la reconnaissance par l’Iran que le premier missile surface-air a été lancé par le véhicule de défense antiaérienne du CGRI stationné aux environs de la ville de Bidganeh à ou vers 6 h 14 min 41 s HT. Le même véhicule a lancé un deuxième missile à 6 h 15 min 11 s HT. Le CVR a cessé d’enregistrer quelques secondes plus tard.
8. Vers 6 h 17 min HT, le vol PS752 a disparu des radars de vol. Vers 6 h 18 min 23 s HT, il s’est écrasé à Khalajabad, près de Shahedshahr, au sud-ouest de Téhéran.
3 Voir un enregistrement vidéo de la déclaration du brigadier général Hajizadeh intégré dans « Head of IRGC Aerospace Division accepts responsibility for plane crash », Iran Press News Agency (11 juillet 2020) [déclaration d’Hajizadeh], accessible à l’adresse suivante : iranpress.com/content/17610/head-irgc-aerospace-division-accepts-responsibility-for-plane-crash (voir transcription anglaise, annexe 2).
4 Rapport final de l’AAIB, supra note 2, p. 92-95.
5 Déclaration d’Hajizadeh, supra note 3.
6 Un avis aux aviateurs, aussi connu sous le nom de NOTAM, est une notification ou un avis délivré par les autorités à l’attention du personnel responsable des opérations aériennes. Ces avis alertent sur tout élément susceptible d’affecter la sécurité des opérations aériennes. Ils signalent les modifications temporaires des infrastructures aéroportuaires, des procédures ou des aides à la navigation, ainsi que d’éventuels dangers, tels que des pistes fermées ou un espace aérien restreint. Ils sont émis pour une période déterminée et peuvent être valides pour quelques jours ou quelques semaines : Skybrary, « Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) », accessible à l’adresse suivante : skybrary.aero/articles/notice-airmen-notam. Selon le manuel d’évaluation des risques pour les vols d’aéronefs civils au-dessus et à proximité des zones de conflit de l’OACI, les NOTAM dispensent des informations cruciales au personnel impliqué dans les activités aériennes. Ils doivent être diffusés en présence de menaces provenant d’une zone de conflit ou dues à une tension militaire accrue. Organisation de l’aviation civile internationale, Manuel d’évaluation des risques pour les vols d’aéronefs civils au-dessus et à proximité de zones de conflit, doc. 10084, 3e éd., 2023, par. 3.8.2-3.8.4, accessible à l’adresse suivante : https://www.icao.int/Security/SFP/Documents/Doc.10084.Third%20edition.CORR%201.FR.pdf (icao.int).
7 La mention du « secteur militaire » provient de la page 97 du rapport final de l’AAIB. Ce rapport n’explique pas ce que cela implique. Cependant, il indique, à la page 85, que le rôle prétendu du CCOCM devait être de communiquer tous les plans de vol au centre d’opération de la défense aérienne d’État (ou CODAE) et aux secteurs de la défense aérienne du militaire iranien (voir figure 45, p. 85). Rapport final de l’AAIB, supra note 2.
16
9. The voices of the passengers and crew were recorded on the CVR after the first missile strike, when shrapnel from the Tor-M1 missiles punctured the fuselage8. The passengers were alive and must have been aware that the plane was about to crash. All 176 passengers and crew were killed. They included nationals and residents of Canada, Sweden, Ukraine and the United Kingdom, as well as Afghanistan and Iran. The age of the victims ranged from 1 to 74 years old.
10. In the immediate aftermath of the crash on the morning of 8 January 2020,
Iran at first issued numerous denials rejecting any suggestion that the aircraft had
been shot down9. Such denials persisted in the face of a public statement on 9 January, from Canadian Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau, referring to credible intelligence that Flight PS752 had been shot down by a surface-to-air missile10. Still, on 10 January, Ali Abedzadeh, the Head of Iran’s Civil Aviation Organisation, insisted categorically that, “what is obvious to us and we can say for sure is that no missile has hit the plane”11.
11. In fact, IRGC-ASF commander Brigadier General Hajizadeh later admitted that he had known very early on “Wednesday morning” [8 January 2020] that an IRGC missile “had hit a target” and he had advised “the authorities” of a “strong possibility that we [the IRGC] had hit a plane of our own”12. Once advised, the Armed Forces General Staff the highest military body in Iran, which reports directly to the Iranian Supreme Leader [Ayatollah] Ali Khamenei immediately put those with knowledge of the missile strike “in quarantine” and prohibited them from talking to anyone13.
12. On 11 January 2020, confronted with overwhelming evidence, Iran finally admitted publicly that Flight PS752 had in fact crashed as a result of a missile strike by the IRGC, but claimed that the aircraft was targeted “unintentionally due to human error”14. A tweet by Iran’s President, Hassan Rouhani, characterised it as an “unforgivable mistake”15. In a televised statement on the same day, Brigadier General Hajizadeh
8 An examination of the wreckage showed that Flight PS752 was riddled with thousands of small holes consistent with an 9M331 missile fired from a Tor-M1 combat vehicle. See AAIB Final Report, ibid. at pages 53-54 (Figure 23), see also page 67.
9 On 8 January 2020, the Director of Iran’s Center for Communication and Information in the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, Qasem Biniaz, denied rumours that the plane had been hit by a missile: Mohammad Nasiri, Nasser Karimi and Jon Gambrell, “Ukrainian airplane crashes near Iran’s capital, killing 176”, CTV News (8 January 2020), online: ctvnews.ca/world/ukrainian-airplane-crashes-near-iran-s-capital-killing-176-1.4757677?cache=?clipId=89926?autoPlay=true?autoPlay=true?autoPlay=true. On the same day, Iranian Armed Forces spokesman, Brigadier General Abolfazl Shekarchi, rejected Western media reports that a missile had hit Flight PS752: “Armed Forces spox strongly rejects rumors of missile hitting Ukrainian airliner”, Mehr News (8 January 2020), online: en.mehrnews.com/news/154348/Armed-Forces-spox-strongly-
rejects-rumors-of-missile-hitting.
10 Prime Minister of Canada, Justin Trudeau, held a press conference on 9 January 2020 Canada received credible intelligence that Flight PS752 was shot down by a surface-to-air missile. CPAC, “PM Trudeau: Intelligence suggests plane was shot down” (9 January 2020), online: cpac.ca/
episode?id=6a9b1c74-436d-432d-910b-ad7f521617b2 (see transcript at Annex 3).
11 “Surely No Missile Hit Ukrainian Airliner: Iranian Official”, Tasnim News Agency (10 January 2020), online: tasnimnews.com/en/news/2020/01/10/2178971/surely-no-missile-hit-
ukrainian-airliner-iranian-official.
12 Hajizadeh Statement, supra note 3.
13 Ibid.
14 Announcement of the General Staff of the Armed Forces about Ukrainian Passenger Plane Crash, Islamic Republic News Agency (11 January 2020 at 7:07 a.m. Tehran Time), online: اطلاعیه
ستادکل نیروهای مسلح درباره سقوط هواپیمای مسافربری اوکراین - ایرنا (irna.ir) (Annex 4).
15 Hassan Rouhani, “Armed Forces’ internal investigation . . .”, Twitter (10 January 2020,
17
9. Les voix des passagers et de l’équipage ont été enregistrées sur le CVR après la première frappe de missile, lorsque des éclats d’obus des missiles du véhicule Tor-M1 ont perforé le fuselage8. Les passagers étaient vivants et devaient savoir que l’avion était sur le point de s’écraser. Les 176 passagers et membres d’équipage ont été tués. Il s’agissait de ressortissants et de résidents du Canada, de la Suède, de l’Ukraine et du Royaume-Uni, ainsi que de l’Afghanistan et de l’Iran. L’âge des victimes s’échelonnait de 1 à 74 ans.
10. Dans la foulée de l’écrasement du 8 janvier 2020, l’Iran a d’abord rejeté à maintes reprises toute hypothèse selon laquelle l’avion aurait été abattu9. Ces dénis ont persisté malgré une déclaration publique du premier ministre du Canada, Justin Trudeau, le 9 janvier, faisant référence à des renseignements crédibles selon lesquels le vol PS752 avait été abattu par un missile surface-air10. Pourtant, le 10 janvier, Ali Abedzadeh, chef de l’Autorité de l’aviation civile iranienne, a insisté catégoriquement sur le fait que « ce qui est évident pour nous et que nous pouvons affirmer avec certitude, c’est qu’aucun missile n’a frappé l’avion »11.
11. En fait, le commandant de la FAS-CGRI, le brigadier général Hajizadeh, a plus tard admis qu’il avait su très tôt le « mercredi matin » [8 janvier 2020] qu’un missile du CGRI « avait frappé une cible » et qu’il avait avisé « les autorités » d’une « forte possibilité que nous [le CGRI] ayons frappé notre propre avion »12. Alerté, l’état-major général des forces armées, la plus haute autorité militaire en Iran qui rend compte directement au chef suprême iranien, l’ayatollah Ali Khamenei, a promptement placé « en quarantaine » toutes les personnes informées des tirs de missiles et leur a défendu d’en discuter avec quiconque13.
12. Face à des preuves irréfutables, l’Iran a finalement admis publiquement le 11 janvier 2020 que le vol PS752 avait été abattu par des missiles du CGRI. Cependant, l’Iran a soutenu que l’avion a été ciblé à cause d’une « erreur humaine involontaire »14. Un tweet du président de l’Iran, Hassan Rouhani, l’a qualifié d’« erreur impardonnable »15. Dans une déclaration télévisée le même jour, le brigadier général Hajizadeh a
8 Un examen du site de l’écrasement a montré que le vol PS752 était criblé de milliers de petits trous correspondant à un missile 9M331 tiré d’un véhicule de défense antiaérienne Tor-M1. Voir le rapport final de l’AAIB, ibid., p. 53-54 (figure 23), voir aussi p. 67.
9 Le 8 janvier 2020, Qasem Biniaz, directeur du centre de communication et d’information au ministère des routes et du développement urbain de l’Iran, a nié les rumeurs selon lesquelles l’avion aurait été frappé par un missile : Mohammad Nasiri, Nasser Karimi et Jon Gambrell, « Ukrainian airplane crashes near Iran’s capital, killing 176 », CTV News (8 janvier 2020), accessible à l’adresse suivante : www.ctvnews.ca/world/ukrainian-airplane-crashes-near-iran-s-capital-
killing-176-1.4757677. Le même jour, le porte-parole des forces armées iraniennes, le brigadier général Abolfazl Shekarchi, a rejeté les reportages des médias occidentaux selon lesquels
un missile aurait frappé le vol PS752 : « Armed Forces spox strongly rejects rumors of missile hitting Ukrainian airliner », Mehr News (8 janvier 2020), accessible à l’adresse suivante : en.mehrnews.com/news/154348/Armed-Forces-spox-strongly-rejects-rumors-of-missile-hitting.
10 Justin Trudeau, premier ministre du Canada, a annoncé lors d’une conférence de presse
le 9 janvier 2020 que le Canada avait reçu des informations fiables indiquant que le vol PS752
avait été touché par un missile surface-air. CPAC, « PM Trudeau : des renseignements indiquent
que l’avion aurait été abattu » (9 janvier 2020), accessible à l’adresse suivante : www.cpac.ca/
episode?id=6a9b1c74-436d-432d-910b-ad7f521617b2 (voir transcription, annexe 3).
11 « Surely No Missile Hit Ukrainian Airliner: Iranian Official », Tasnim News Agency (10 janvier 2020), accessible à l’adresse suivante : tasnimnews.com/en/news/2020/01/10/2178971/surely-no-missile-hit-ukrainian-airliner-iranian-official.
12 Déclaration d’Hajizadeh, supra note 3.
13 Ibid.
14 « Annonce de l’État-Major général des Forces armées sur l’écrasement d’un avion de passagers ukrainien », Agence de presse de la République islamique (11 janvier 2020 à 7 h 7, heure de Téhéran), accessible à l’adresse suivante : اطلاعیه ستادکل نیروهای مسلح درباره سقوط هواپیمای مسافربری
اوکراین - ایرنا (annexe 4).
15 Hassan Rouhani, « Armed Forces’ internal investigation… », Twitter (10 janvier 2020 à
18
claimed that the air-defence vehicle located in the vicinity of Bidganeh had misidentified the Boeing 737-800 as a cruise missile. He further claimed that the vehicle operator had failed to get the necessary authorisation from his superiors before firing on the target16. This was the same narrative repeated by IRGC Commander-in-Chief Major General Salami before the Iranian Parliament on 12 January 202017.
13. By the time Iran admitted that the IRGC had shot down Flight PS752, the primary crash site had already been bulldozed, and the numerous police and military personnel who were present had failed to secure the evidence or prevent extensive looting of the primary site. Law enforcement was observed extracting items from purses and bags, including identifying information, and placing them randomly in transpar-
ent bags. Air accident investigators from Ukraine arriving in Tehran on 9 January 2020 noted that airplane debris, and passenger belongings, as well as soil from the crash site had been moved to a secondary location by truck and shovelled haphazardly by bulldozers into large piles.
14. In the days following the downing, the families of the victims were subjected to numerous acts of intimidation and abuse, including pressure by the IRGC to declare the victims as “martyrs”18. IRGC Commander-in-Chief Major General Salami told family members that the victims were “martyrs” because the destruction of Flight PS752 had helped avoid a war with the United States and thus saved many lives19. Those who demanded justice faced a pattern of what UN human rights reports have characterised as threats and harassment. There have even been accounts of torture of the families of the victims20.
11:40 p.m. EST/11 January 2020, 8:10 a.m. TT), online: twitter.com/HassanRouhani/status/1215
856039997984768.
16 Hajizadeh Statement, supra note 3.
17 “General Hossein Salami speaking about the downing of Flight PS752 to Iranian Parliament”, YouTube (12 January 2020), online: https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=DaC5nh
c9cUQ (unofficial translation in subtitles) (see unofficial transcript at Annex 5).
18 Islamic Republic of Iran, Government Information Center, “The Victims of the Ukrainian Airplane Incident Are Considered Martyrs” (14 January 2020), online: https://dolat.ir/detail/
333308 (Annex 6); See also, “Some Relatives of Ukrainian Airliner Victims Complain of
Pressure from Iranian Authorities”, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (3 February 2020), online: rferl.org/a/some-relatives-of-ukrainian-airliner-victims-complain-of-pressure-from-iranian-
authorities/30414991.html.
19 “Iranian Parents Take On Powerful Revolutionary Guard as They Seek Justice over Jet’s Downing”, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (11 January 2022), online: rferl.org/a/iran-families-
revolutionary-guard/31649627.html.
20 United Nations, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Press Release, “Attack on PS752: Iran violated multiple human rights obligations UN experts” (23 February 2021) [OHCHR Press Release 23 February 2021], online: ohchr.org/en/press-
releases/2021/02/attack-ps752-iran-violated-multiple-human-rights-obligations-un-experts; Javaid Rehman, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, UNGAOR, 75th Session, UN doc. A/75/213 (2020), online: documents-dds-
ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N20/190/27/PDF/N2019027.pdf?OpenElement; “Iran: Scores injured
as security forces use unlawful force to crush protests”, Amnesty International (15 January 2020), online: amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/01/iran-scores-injured-as-security-forces-use-unlawful-force-to-crush-protests/; “Iran’s Cover-up of Plane Crash Compounded Its Trouble in the
Streets”, Human Rights Watch (24 January 2020), online: hrw.org/news/2020/01/24/irans-cover-plane-crash-compounded-its-trouble-streets; “Iran: Ukraine Airline Victims’ Families Harassed, Abused”, Human Rights Watch (27 May 2021), online: hrw.org/news/2021/05/27/iran-ukraine-airline-victims-families-harassed-abused; United Nations, Letter of the Special Rapporteur
on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions Agnès Callamard, UN doc. AL IRN 28/
2020, 24 December 2020, online: spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublic
CommunicationFile?gId=25795.
19
prétendu que le véhicule de défense antiaérienne stationné à proximité de Bidganeh avait pris le Boeing 737-800 pour un missile de croisière. Il a ajouté que l’opérateur du véhicule avait tiré sans obtenir l’autorisation préalable de ses supérieurs16. Le major-
général Salami, commandant en chef du CGRI, a répété cette version des faits devant
le Parlement iranien le 12 janvier 202017.
13. Lorsque l’Iran a admis que le CGRI avait abattu le vol PS752, le principal lieu de l’écrasement avait déjà été rasé au bulldozer. Les nombreux policiers et militaires présents n’ont pas protégé les preuves ni prévenu le pillage du site. Des policiers ont été observés en train d’extraire des articles des sacs à main et des valises, y compris des renseignements d’identification, et les insérer au hasard dans des sacs transparents. Arrivés à Téhéran le 9 janvier 2020, les enquêteurs d’accidents aériens venus d’Ukraine ont constaté que les débris de l’avion, les effets personnels des passagers et de la terre du lieu de l’écrasement avaient été déplacés par camion vers un emplacement secondaire et amassés en vrac par des bulldozers.
14. Dans les jours qui ont suivi la destruction, les familles des victimes ont subi de nombreux actes d’intimidation et abus, y compris des pressions exercées par le CGRI pour ériger les victimes en « martyrs »18. Le commandant en chef du CGRI, le major-
général Salami, a déclaré aux familles que les victimes étaient des « martyrs » parce que la destruction du vol PS752 avait permis de sauver de nombreuses vies en prévenant une guerre avec les États-Unis19. Ceux qui réclamaient justice ont fait face à ce que les rapports de l’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) sur les droits de la personne ont qualifié de menaces et de harcèlement. Des témoignages font même état de torture infligée aux familles de victimes20.
23 h 40 HNE/11 janvier 2020 à 8 h 10 HT), accessible à l’adresse suivante : twitter.com/HassanRouhani/status/1215856039997984768.
16 Déclaration d’Hajizadeh, supra note 3.
17 « General Hossein Salami speaking about the downing of Flight PS752 to Iranian Parliament », YouTube (12 janvier 2020), accessible à l’adresse suivante : https://www.youtube.
com/watch?app=desktop&v=DaC5nhc9cUQ (traduction non officielle dans les sous-titres) (voir transcription non officielle, annexe 5).
18 République islamique d’Iran, Government Information Center, « The Victims of the Ukrainian Airplane Incident Are Considered Martyrs » (14 janvier 2020), accessible à l’adresse suivante : https://dolat.ir/detail/333308 (annexe 6) ; voir aussi « Some Relatives of Ukrainian Airliner Victims Complain of Pressure from Iranian Authorities », Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (3 février 2020), accessible à l’adresse suivante : rferl.org/a/some-relatives-of-ukrainian-
airliner-victims-complain-of-pressure-from-iranian-authorities/30414991.html.
19 « Iranian Parents Take On Powerful Revolutionary Guard as They Seek Justice over Jet’s Downing », Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (11 janvier 2022), accessible à l’adresse suivante : rferl.org/a/iran-families-revolutionary-guard/31649627.html.
20 Nations Unies, Haut-Commissariat des Nations Unies aux droits de l’homme, communiqué de presse, « Attack on PS752: Iran violated multiple human rights obligations — UN experts » (23 février 2021), accessible à l’adresse suivante : ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2021/02/attack-
ps752-iran-violated-multiple-human-rights-obligations-un-experts [communiqué de presse du HCDH 23 février 2021] ; Javaid Rehman, rapport du rapporteur spécial sur la situation des droits de l’homme en République islamique d’Iran, Assemblée générale des Nations Unies (AGNU), soixante-quinzième session, doc. A/75/213 (2020), accessible à l’adresse suivante : https://
documents.un.org/api/symbol/access?j=N2019028&t=pdf ; « Iran : de nombreuses personnes blessées par les forces de sécurité qui ont illégalement recouru à la force pour réprimer des manifestations », Amnesty International (15 janvier 2020), accessible à l’adresse suivante : amnesty.org/fr/latest/news/2020/01/iran-scores-injured-as-security-forces-use-unlawful-force-to-crush-protests/ ; « Iran’s Cover-up of Plane Crash Compounded Its Trouble in the Streets », Human Rights Watch (24 janvier 2020), accessible à l’adresse suivante : hrw.org/news/2020/01/24/irans-cover-plane-crash-compounded-its-trouble-streets ; « Iran: Ukraine Airline Victims’ Families Harassed, Abused », Human Rights Watch (27 mai 2021), accessible à l’adresse suivante : hrw.
org/news/2021/05/27/iran-ukraine-airline-victims-families-harassed-abused ; Nations Unies, lettre de la rapporteuse spéciale Agnès Callamard sur les exécutions extrajudiciaires, som-
maires ou arbitraires, doc. AL IRN 28/2020, 24 décembre 2020, accessible à l’adresse suivante : spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=25795.
20
15. Amidst growing demands, including by the Applicants21, for transparency, justice and accountability, Iran’s Military Prosecutor purported to conduct an investigation into the downing of Flight PS752. Upon conclusion of this opaque investigation on 7 January 2021, the Prosecutor simply repeated Iran’s official position from 11 January 2020 that the downing was caused by the “human error” of military personnel who had acted with “carelessness and recklessness” and had not followed Armed Forces rules and regulations22.
16. In February 2021, Special Rapporteurs of the UN Human Rights Council criticised the military investigation, saying that Iran had failed to conduct an impartial, independent, and comprehensive investigation, consistent with its international obligations. They further noted that “[t]he investigation by the Iranian authorities also disregarded the responsibility of high-level officials”23.
17. This criticism is consistent with numerous UN human rights reports expressing deep concern over the lack of independence and impartiality of the judiciary in Iran, and repeatedly urging Iran to ensure that international fair trial standards are met in its criminal justice system24.
18. On 6 April 2021, the Military Prosecutor of Tehran stated that criminal indictments had been issued for ten military officials, but their identities and rank were not made public at the time25.
19. In September 2021, it was reported that senior government and IRGC officials responsible for the operation on 8 January 2020 would not stand trial26.
20. The court sessions were closed to the general public and the indictment was not publicly available. Some families of the victims were allowed to attend specific court sessions, but they were subject to strict confidentiality requirements. Moreover, fam-
ilies have faced intimidation and harassment because of their repeated expressions of concern that the trial was neither impartial nor transparent.
21. On 16 April 2023, Iran’s Ministry of Justice announced that the military court had issued its verdict. Although this verdict has not been made public or shared with the
21 International Coordination and Response Group for the victims of Flight PS752 Framework for Cooperation with Iran, 16 January 2020, online: canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2020/01/international-coordination-and-response-group-for-the-victims-of-flight-ps752--framework-for-cooperation-with-iran.html; Joint Statement from the International Coordination and Response Group for the victims of Flight PS752, 27 October 2020, online: canada.ca/
en/global-affairs/news/2020/10/joint-statement-from-the-international-coordination-and-response-group-for-the-victims-of-flight-ps752.html; Joint statement from the International Coordination and Response Group for the victims of Flight PS752 on notice of claim to
Iran, 3 June 2021, online: canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2021/06/joint-statement-from-the-international-coordination-and-response-group-for-the-victims-of-flightps752-on-notice-of-claim-to-iran.html.
22 “Tehran’s Military Prosecutor Describes New Aspects of Ukrainian Aircraft Crash”, Islamic Republic News Agency (7 January 2021), online: irna.ir/news/84177070 (Annex 7).
23 OHCHR Press Release 23 February 2021, supra note 20.
24 Situation of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Javaid Rehman, UNGAOR 49th Session, UN doc. A/HRC/49/75 (2022) at paras. 49-51, online: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3957951?ln=en.
25 “Issuing indictment for ten people in the case of the Ukrainian plane”, Iranian Students’ News Agency (6 April 2021), online: https://www.isna.ir/news/1400011707677/ (Annex 8).
26 “Iran’s Judiciary Exonorates Top Officials for Flight 752”, Iran Wire (1 September 2021), online: https://iranwire.com/en/special-features/70259/?ref=specials.
21
15. Dans un contexte d’exigences croissantes, y compris de la part des demandeurs21, de transparence, de justice et d’imputabilité, le procureur militaire de l’Iran a prétendu mener une enquête sur la destruction du vol PS752. À la conclusion de cette enquête opaque, le 7 janvier 2021, le procureur a simplement répété la position officielle de l’Iran, datant du 11 janvier 2020, à savoir que l’écrasement avait été causé par une « erreur humaine » du personnel militaire qui avait agi avec « imprudence et insouciance », et qui avait enfreint les règles et réglementations des forces armées22.
16. En février 2021, les rapporteurs spéciaux du Conseil des droits de l’homme de l’ONU ont critiqué l’enquête militaire, affirmant que l’Iran n’avait pas mené d’enquête impartiale, indépendante et exhaustive, alors qu’il y était tenu par ses obligations internationales. Ils ont ajouté que « l’enquête menée par les autorités iraniennes ne tenait pas compte de la responsabilité des hauts fonctionnaires »23.
17. Cette critique se fait l’écho de nombreux rapports des Nations Unies sur les droits de la personne, lesquels expriment de graves inquiétudes sur l’absence d’indépendance et d’impartialité du système judiciaire en Iran. Ces rapports incitent vivement l’Iran à garantir que son système de justice pénale soit conforme aux normes internationales en matière de procès équitable24.
18. Le 6 avril 2021, le procureur militaire de Téhéran a annoncé que des accusations criminelles avaient été formulées contre dix officiers militaires. Toutefois, leurs identités et leurs rangs n’ont pas été divulgués à ce moment-là25.
19. En septembre 2021, il a été rapporté que les hauts fonctionnaires du gouvernement et les officiers supérieurs du CGRI responsables de l’opération du 8 janvier 2020 ne feraient pas l’objet de procès26.
20. Les sessions du tribunal se sont tenues à huis clos et l’acte d’accusation n’était pas accessible au public. Quelques familles de victimes ont pu assister à certaines audiences du tribunal, mais elles étaient soumises à des obligations rigoureuses de confidentialité. De surcroît, des familles ont subi des actes d’intimidation et de harcèlement pour s’être dites à plusieurs reprises préoccupées par le fait que le procès n’était ni impartial ni transparent.
21. Le 16 avril 2023, le ministère de la justice iranien a révélé que le tribunal militaire avait rendu son jugement. Bien que ce verdict n’ait pas été rendu public ni notifié
21 Groupe international de coordination et d’intervention pour les victimes du vol PS752 cadre de coopération avec l’Iran, 16 janvier 2020, accessible à l’adresse suivante : canada.ca/fr/affaires-mondiales/nouvelles/2020/01/groupe-international-de-coordination-et-dintervention-pour-les-victimes-du-vol-ps752--cadre-de-cooperation-avec-liran.html ; Déclaration commune du Groupe international de coordination et d’intervention pour les victimes du vol PS752, 27 octo-
bre 2020, accessible à l’adresse suivante : canada.ca/fr/affaires-mondiales/nouvelles/2020/10/declaration-commune-du-groupe-international-de-coordination-et-dintervention-pour-les-victimes-du-vol-ps752.html ; Déclaration commune du Groupe international de coordination et d’intervention pour les victimes du vol PS752 sur l’avis de recours à l’Iran, 3 juin 2021, accessible à l’adresse suivante : canada.ca/fr/affaires-mondiales/nouvelles/2021/06/declaration-commune-du-groupe-international-de-coordination-et-dintervention-pour-les-victimes-du-volps752-sur-lavis-de-recours-a-liran.html.
22 « Le procureur militaire de Téhéran décrit de nouveaux aspects de l’écrasement de l’avion ukrainien », Agence de presse de la République islamique (7 janvier 2021), accessible à l’adresse suivante : irna.ir/news/84177070 (annexe 7).
23 Communiqué de presse du HCDH 23 février 2021, supra note 20.
24 Situation des droits de l’homme en République islamique d’Iran rapport du rapporteur spécial sur la situation des droits de l’homme en République islamique d’Iran, Javaid Rehman, AGNU, quarante-neuvième session, doc. A/HRC/49/75 (2022), par. 49-51, accessible à l’adresse suivante : https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3957951?ln=fr.
25 « Acte d’accusation pour dix personnes dans l’affaire de l’avion ukrainien », Iranian
Students’ News Agency (6 avril 2021), accessible à l’adresse suivante : https://www.isna.ir/
news/1400011707677/ (annexe 8).
26 « Iran’s Judiciary Exonorates Top Officials for Flight 752 », Iran Wire (1er septembre 2021), accessible à l’adresse suivante : https://iranwire.com/en/special-features/70259/?ref=specials.
22
Applicants, it was reported that all ten accused were allegedly found guilty of lesser charges, including not following orders. Only the alleged commander of the air-defence combat vehicle near Bidganeh that shot down Flight PS752 was found guilty of a charge that appears to be equivalent to criminal negligence causing death. He was allegedly sentenced to 13 years in prison27.
22. On 18 April 2023, the Applicants issued a public statement condemning the trials and verdicts as lacking the necessary impartiality and transparency required under international law28.
23. Prior to the verdict, in February 2023, numerous families of the victims had withdrawn their complaints, stating that they did not recognise the legitimacy of the military court proceedings29. Following the verdict, in May 2023, it was reported that one of the families of the victims who had not withdrawn their complaint filed an appeal with the Supreme Court of Iran to contest the validity of the charges originally laid and the lack of transparency in the investigation and judicial proceedings. The Applicants have no expectation that the Supreme Court will be willing or capable of remedying the lack of impartiality, transparency, and fairness that are endemic in Iran’s judicial system.
24. In exchanges with the Applicants, Iran has claimed without any explanation that it has dealt with “all technical, military, legal, criminal and compensatory aspects of the case . . . based on and even beyond, the international obligations”30. Yet it remains the case that Iran has not reported the findings of a preliminary enquiry. It has not reported to the ICAO Council relevant information concerning the circumstances of the offence and the measures taken in relation to the offenders and in particular, the results of legal proceedings. Iran has also failed to accept repeated requests for assistance in respect of criminal proceedings in Ukraine arising out of the destruction of Flight PS752.
III. Jurisdiction of the Court
25. The Applicants and Iran are all Members of the United Nations and bound by the Statute of the Court, including Article 36 (1), which provides in relevant part that the Court’s jurisdiction “comprises . . . all matters specially provided for . . . in treaties and conventions in force”.
26. The Applicants and Iran are all Contracting States to the Montreal Convention. None of them has reservations to this Convention.
27. Article 14, paragraph 1, of the Montreal Convention provides:
“Any dispute between two or more Contracting States concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention which cannot be settled through nego-
tiation, shall, at the request of one of them, be submitted to arbitration. If within
27 “Issuing the Verdict for the Ukrainian Aircraft Case After 20 Court Hearings: First-row Defendant Sentenced to 13 Years in Prison”, Mizan Online (16 April 2023), online: mizanonline.ir/fa/news/4707892/ (Annex 9).
28 Joint Statement from the International Coordination and Response Group for the victims of Flight PS752 on the criminal trials in Iran, 18 April 2023, online: canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2023/04/joint-statement-from-the-international-coordination-and-response-group-for-the-victims-of-flight-ps752-on-the-criminal-trials-in-iran.html.
29 “Families of Airline Downing Victims Withdraw Complaint, Say Iranian Court Incompe-
tent”, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (13 February 2023), online: rferl.org/a/iran-flight-
victims-withdraw-suit/32269478.html#:~:text=Abbas%20Sadeghi%2C%20a%20lawyer%20and,our%20complaint%20on%20February%2012.%22.
30 Note Verbale from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine dated 17 November 2021, No. 641/969901 (Annex 10, note 25).
23
aux demandeurs, il a été rapporté que les dix accusés avaient été reconnus coupables d’accusations moins graves, dont la désobéissance aux ordres. Seul le prétendu commandant du véhicule antiaérien, stationné près de Bidganeh et qui avait abattu le vol PS752, aurait été déclaré coupable d’une accusation qui semble équivaloir à une négligence criminelle ayant causé la mort. Il aurait été condamné à 13 ans de prison27.
22. Le 18 avril 2023, les demandeurs ont fait une déclaration publique dénonçant les procès et les verdicts pour manque d’impartialité et de transparence, contrairement à ce qu’exige le droit international28.
23. Avant le verdict, en février 2023, plusieurs familles de victimes avaient retiré leurs plaintes, affirmant qu’elles ne reconnaissaient pas la légitimité des procédures judiciaires militaires29. Après le verdict, en mai 2023, on rapporte qu’une des familles de victimes, qui n’avait pas retiré sa plainte, a fait appel à la Cour suprême de l’Iran pour contester la validité des accusations initiales, ainsi que le manque de transparence de l’enquête et des procédures judiciaires. Les demandeurs ne nourrissent pas d’espoir quant à la volonté ou la capacité de la Cour suprême de corriger le manque d’impartialité, de transparence et d’équité qui est endémique dans le système judiciaire iranien.
24. Au cours d’échanges avec les demandeurs, l’Iran a affirmé sans apporter aucune explication qu’il avait traité de « tous les aspects techniques, militaires, juridiques, criminels et compensatoires de l’affaire, … respectant ses obligations internationales et allant même au-delà »30. Pourtant, l’Iran n’a toujours pas dévoilé les conclusions d’une quelconque enquête préliminaire. Il n’a pas transmis au Conseil de l’OACI les informations pertinentes relatives aux circonstances de l’infraction et aux mesures prises à l’encontre des auteurs de l’infraction, particulièrement les résultats des poursuites judiciaires. Il n’a pas non plus accédé aux demandes répétées d’assistance concernant les poursuites pénales en Ukraine découlant de la destruction du vol PS752.
III. Compétence de la Cour
25. Les demandeurs et l’Iran sont tous Membres de l’ONU et sont tous liés par le Statut de la Cour, en particulier l’article 36, paragraphe 1, qui dispose notamment que « [l]a compétence de la Cour s’étend à … tous les cas spécialement prévus … dans les traités et conventions en vigueur ».
26. Les demandeurs et l’Iran sont tous des États contractants à la convention de Montréal. Aucun d’entre eux n’a émis de réserves à l’égard de cette convention.
27. L’article 14, paragraphe 1, de la convention de Montréal prévoit ce qui suit :
« Tout différend entre des États contractants concernant l’interprétation ou l’application de la présente convention qui ne peut pas être réglé par voie de négociation est soumis à l’arbitrage, à la demande de l’un d’entre eux. Si, dans les six mois qui
27 « Prononciation du verdict dans l’affaire de l’avion ukrainien après 20 audiences judiciaires : L’accusé principal condamné à 13 ans de prison », Mizan Online (16 avril 2023), accessible à l’adresse suivante : mizanonline.ir/fa/news/4707892/ (annexe 9).
28 Déclaration commune du Groupe international de coordination et d’intervention pour
les victimes du vol PS752 au sujet des procès criminels en Iran, 18 avril 2023, accessible à l’adresse suivante : canada.ca/fr/affaires-mondiales/nouvelles/2023/04/declaration-commune-du-
groupe-international-de-coordination-et-dintervention-pour-les-victimes-du-volps752-au-sujet-des-proces-criminels-en-iran.html.
29 « Families of Airline Downing Victims Withdraw Complaint, Say Iranian Court Incompetent », Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (13 février 2023), accessible à l’adresse
suivante : rferl.org/a/iran-flight-victims-withdraw-suit/32269478.html#:~:text=Abbas%20Sadeghi
%2C%20un%20avocat%2012.%22.
30 Note verbale en date du 17 novembre 2021 adressée au ministère des affaires étrangères de l’Ukraine par le ministère des affaires étrangères de la République islamique d’Iran, no 641/969901 (annexe 10, note 25).
24
six months from the date of the request for arbitration the Parties are unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration, any one of those Parties may refer
the dispute to the International Court of Justice by request in conformity with the Statute of the Court.”
28. As indicated below, each of the requirements for jurisdiction under Article 14, paragraph 1, of the Convention is met:
(i) there is a dispute between two or more Contracting States concerning the interpretation or application of the Montreal Convention;
(ii) the dispute cannot be settled through negotiation; and
(iii) the Applicants have requested arbitration, but the Parties have been unable to agree on the organization of the arbitration within six months from the date of the request.
(i) There Is a Dispute between the Applicants and Iran concerning the
Interpretation or Application of the Montreal Convention
29. On 2 June 2021, the Applicants, transmitted a formal Notice of Claim31 to Iran. The Notice recorded the Applicants’ position that the downing of Flight PS752 by the IRGC constituted an internationally wrongful act and that Iran’s actions and omissions amounted to breaches of Iran’s obligations under the Montreal Convention. It further stated that Iran was required to make full reparation in accordance with international law and to investigate and prosecute or extradite all alleged offenders in a transparent and impartial manner in accordance with the requirements of international law.
30. Additional details of the Applicants’ claims, including their claims under the Montreal Convention, were provided to Iran in a Note Verbale and Annex, dated 20 December 202132.
31. To date, Iran has not acknowledged the Notice of Claim or any of the Applicants’ claims related to the downing of Flight PS752. On the contrary, Iran has repeatedly asserted that there is nothing to discuss because all relevant matters have already been addressed in accordance with Iran’s international obligations33.
(ii) The Dispute Cannot Be Settled through Negotiation
32. For over two years, the Applicants sought in good faith to resolve their dispute with Iran over the interpretation and application of the Montreal Convention by negotiations, but, by December 2022, all attempts had proven to be futile and it had thus become clear that the dispute cannot be settled by negotiation34.
33. Notwithstanding Iran’s admission that Flight PS752 was shot down by the IRGC, it has given no indication that it accepts responsibility for its actions and omissions under international law.
31 Applicant’s Notice of Claim to the Islamic Republic of Iran dated 2 June 2021 (Annex 10, note 19).
32 Note Verbale from the Applicants to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran dated 20 December 2021, No. 72/23-604-102444 and 72/23-604-102445 (Annex 10, note 26).
33 Notes Verbales from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran were sent separately to Applicants (see Annex 10, notes 27-30, 33-36, 41-44). See also Letter from the Permanent Representative of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General dated 31 January 2022 (Annex 10, note 37).
34 See Annex 10 for the list of Notes Verbales exchanged between the Applicants and the Islamic Republic of Iran.
25
suivent la date de la demande d’arbitrage, les Parties ne parviennent pas à se mettre d’accord sur l’organisation de l’arbitrage, l’une quelconque d’entre elles peut soumettre le différend à la Cour internationale de Justice, en déposant une requête conformément au Statut de la Cour. »
28. Comme illustré ci-dessous, chaque critère de compétence énoncé à l’article 14, paragraphe 1, de la convention est rempli :
i) Un différend oppose deux ou plusieurs États contractants concernant l’interprétation ou l’application de la convention de Montréal.
ii) Ce différend ne peut être réglé par voie de négociation.
iii) Les demandeurs ont demandé un arbitrage, mais les Parties n’ont pas réussi
à s’accorder sur l’organisation de celui-ci dans les six mois suivant cette demande.
i) Un différend oppose les demandeurs et l’Iran concernant l’interprétation
ou l’application de la convention de Montréal
29. Le 2 juin 2021, les demandeurs ont transmis à l’Iran une notification de leurs demandes31. La notification consignait la position des demandeurs selon laquelle la destruction du vol PS752 par le CGRI constituait un fait internationalement illicite et les actions et omissions de l’Iran équivalaient à une violation de ses obligations en vertu de la convention de Montréal. La notification ajoutait que l’Iran, conformément au droit international, était tenu de réparer intégralement le préjudice causé et d’enquêter, et de poursuivre ou d’extrader tous les auteurs présumés des infractions de façon transparente et impartiale.
30. Des informations complémentaires sur les allégations des demandeurs, y compris leurs allégations en vertu de la convention de Montréal, ont été communiquées à l’Iran dans une note verbale et une annexe datée du 20 décembre 202132.
31. Jusqu’à présent, l’Iran n’a pas accusé réception de la notification de la demande des demandeurs et n’a pas répondu aux allégations des demandeurs concernant l’écrasement du vol PS752. Au contraire, l’Iran a affirmé à plusieurs reprises qu’il n’y a rien à discuter puisque tous les enjeux pertinents ont déjà été traités conformément à ses obligations internationales33.
ii) Le différend ne peut être réglé par voie de négociation
32. Pendant plus de deux ans, les demandeurs ont cherché, de bonne foi, à résoudre par voie de négociation leur différend avec l’Iran concernant l’interprétation et l’application de la convention de Montréal. Toutefois, en décembre 2022, toutes les tentatives s’étaient avérées vaines et il était ainsi devenu évident que le différend ne pouvait être réglé par voie de négociation34.
33. Bien qu’il ait reconnu que le vol PS752 avait été abattu par le CGRI, rien ne laisse croire que l’Iran accepte la responsabilité de ses actions et omissions en vertu du droit international.
31 Notification de la demande des demandeurs à la République islamique d’Iran, 2 juin 2021 (annexe 10, note 19).
32 Note verbale en date du 20 décembre 2021 adressée au ministère des affaires étrangères de la République islamique d’Iran par les demandeurs, no 72/23-604-102444 et 72/23-604-102445 (annexe 10, note 26).
33 Des notes verbales du ministère des affaires étrangères de la République islamique d’Iran ont été envoyées séparément aux demandeurs (voir annexe 10, notes 27-30, 33-36, 41-44). Voir aussi lettre en date du 31 janvier 2022 adressée au Secrétaire général par le représentant permanent de la République islamique d’Iran auprès de l’Organisation des Nations Unies (annexe 10, note 37).
34 Voir annexe 10 pour la liste des notes verbales échangées entre les demandeurs et la République islamique d’Iran.
26
34. By December 2022, the Applicants had concluded that there was no prospect of the parties settling this dispute through negotiations.
(iii) The Applicants Requested Arbitration, but the Parties
Have Been Unable to Agree on the Organization of the Arbitration
within Six Months from the Date of the Request
35. In a Note Verbale dated 22 December 2022, delivered to Iran on 28 December 2022, the Applicants requested arbitration in accordance with Article 14, paragraph 1, of the Montreal Convention, and proposed that discussions be held to agree on the organization of the arbitration35. In subsequent correspondence from the Applicants to Iran in April 202336, the Applicants reiterated their proposal to hold discussions and invited Iran to meet at a specific time and place.
36. Despite explicit efforts from the Applicants to attempt to organize arbitration pursuant to the Montreal Convention, Iran continued to ignore the matter entirely.
In its Notes Verbales dated 30 May 2023 to each Applicant37, Iran did not accept the proposed place and time for a meeting on this issue and did not offer a counter-proposal. Iran did, however, finally accept and acknowledge that collective negotiations were
the optimal manner in which to pursue a negotiated settlement. The Applicants responded on 22 June 2023 by asking Iran to acknowledge their request to organize arbitration38.
37. The six-month period provided for in Article 14, paragraph 1, expired on 28 June 2023, without any expression of willingness by Iran to discuss, let alone to reach agreement on, the organization of the arbitration.
38. The requirements of Article 14, paragraph 1, having been met, the Court has jurisdiction, pursuant to Article 36 (1) of the Court’s Statute and Article 14 of the Montreal Convention, to hear the claims submitted in the present Application against Iran.
IV. Legal Grounds for the Applicants’ Claim
39. The Applicants’ claims are based on violations by Iran of several of its obligations under the Montreal Convention, including, but not limited to the following:
—
The failure to immediately make a preliminary enquiry into the facts and promptly report its findings, as required by Article 6;
—
The failure to submit the case to its competent authorities for the purpose of prosecution, as required by Article 7;
—
The failure to take all practicable measures for the purpose of preventing the destruction of Flight PS752, as required by Article 10;
—
The failure to afford the greatest measure of assistance in connection with the
criminal proceedings, as required by Article 11; and
35 Note Verbale from the Applicants to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran dated 22 December 2022, No. 72/05-620-106210 (Annex 10, note 52).
36 Note Verbale from the Applicants to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran dated 20 April 2023, No. 72/22-620-44438 (Annex 10, note 105).
37 See Notes Verbales from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran sent separately to the Applicants (Annex 10, notes 108-111).
38 Note Verbale from the Applicants to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran dated 21 June 2023, No. 72/22-620-72387 (Annex 10, note 112).
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34. En décembre 2022, les demandeurs ont conclu qu’il n’y avait aucune possibilité de régler le différend par voie de négociation.
iii) Les demandeurs ont demandé un arbitrage, mais les Parties
n’ont pas réussi à s’accorder sur l’organisation de celui-ci
dans les six mois suivant cette demande
35. Dans une note verbale datée du 22 décembre 2022, transmise à l’Iran le 28 décembre 2022, les demandeurs ont demandé l’arbitrage du différend conformément à l’article 14, paragraphe 1, de la convention de Montréal, et proposé que des discussions aient lieu pour s’entendre sur l’organisation de cet arbitrage35. Dans une correspondance ultérieure transmise à l’Iran en avril 202336, ils ont réitéré leur proposition de tenir des discussions et ont invité l’Iran à les rencontrer à une date et dans un lieu précis.
36. L’Iran a continué d’ignorer complètement les demandes d’arbitrage malgré les efforts explicites des demandeurs pour tenter d’organiser un arbitrage conformément à la convention de Montréal. Dans ses notes verbales du 30 mai 2023 adressées à chaque demandeur37, l’Iran n’a pas accepté le lieu et la date proposés pour une rencontre sur cette question et n’a avancé aucune contre-proposition. Il a cependant accepté et reconnu que les négociations collectives représentaient le meilleur moyen d’arriver à un règlement du différend. Dans leur réponse du 22 juin 2023, les demandeurs ont enjoint à l’Iran de prendre acte de leur demande d’organisation de l’arbitrage38.
37. La période de six mois mentionnée à l’article 14, paragraphe 1, a expiré le 28 juin 2023, sans que l’Iran ne se soit montré disposé à discuter, et encore moins à s’entendre, au sujet de l’organisation de l’arbitrage.
38. Les conditions de l’article 14, paragraphe 1, étant remplies, la Cour a compétence, conformément à l’article 36, paragraphe 1, du Statut de la Cour et à l’article 14 de la convention de Montréal, pour examiner les demandes soumises dans la présente requête contre l’Iran.
IV. Fondements juridiques de la requête
39. Les allégations des demandeurs se fondent sur plusieurs violations par l’Iran de ses obligations en vertu de la convention de Montréal, y compris, mais sans s’y limiter, les suivantes :
—
le défaut de mener immédiatement une enquête préliminaire en vue d’établir les faits et de communiquer ses conclusions rapidement, comme l’exige l’article 6 ;
—
le défaut de soumettre l’affaire à ses autorités compétentes pour l’exercice de
l’action pénale, comme l’exige l’article 7 ;
—
le défaut de prendre les mesures raisonnables en vue de prévenir la destruction du vol PS752, comme l’exige l’article 10 ;
—
le défaut de fournir l’entraide judiciaire la plus large possible dans toute procédure pénale, comme l’exige l’article 11 ;
35 Note verbale en date du 22 décembre 2022 adressée au ministère des affaires étrangères de la République islamique d’Iran par les demandeurs, no 72/05-620-106210 (annexe 10, note 52).
36 Note verbale en date du 20 avril 2023 adressée au ministère des affaires étrangères de la République islamique d’Iran par les demandeurs, no 72/22-620-44438 (annexe 10, note 105).
37 Voir notes verbales du ministère des affaires étrangères de la République islamique d’Iran envoyées séparément aux demandeurs (annexe 10, notes 108-111).
38 Note verbale en date du 21 juin 2023 adressée au ministère des affaires étrangères de la République islamique d’Iran par les demandeurs, no 72/22-620-72387 (annexe 10, note 112).
28
—
The failure to report to the ICAO Council as promptly as possible any relevant information in its possession concerning the circumstances of the offence and the measures taken in relation to the alleged offender(s), as required by Article 13.
40. These violations give rise to Iran’s responsibility under international law, including the duty to make full reparation.
V. Relief Sought
41. The Applicants respectfully request the Court to:
(a) Adjudge and declare that Iran has violated the Montreal Convention, including Articles 6, 7, 10, 11 and 13, including by failing to:
—
endeavour to take all practicable measure[s] to prevent the destruction of Flight PS752;
—
conduct a prompt, effective, independent and impartial preliminary enquiry into the shooting down of Flight PS752 and to report its findings;
—
submit the case in good faith to its competent authorities for the purposes of pro-
secution in the same manner as in the case of any ordinary offence of a serious nature under the laws of Iran, and to ensure that the resulting prosecution is conducted in an impartial and transparent manner to ensure accountability and justice for the victims and their families;
—
afford the greatest measure of assistance in connection with criminal proceedings; and
—
report to the ICAO Council as promptly as possible any and all relevant information in its possession concerning the circumstances of the offence and the measures taken in relation to the offender or the alleged offender.
(b) Order that the Respondent:
(i) Publicly acknowledge its internationally wrongful acts and omissions as alleged;
(ii) Publicly apologise to the Applicants and the families of the victims;
(iii) Provide assurances and guarantees of non-repetition, including by adopting concrete measures to prevent a similar downing in the future;
(iv) Fulfil its other legal obligations under the Montreal Convention, including prosecution or extradition of alleged offenders, with any prosecution taking place in a transparent and impartial manner.
(c) Order full reparation for all injury caused to the Applicants as a result of the Respondent’s violations of the Montreal Convention, including:
(i) Returning the missing belongings of the victims;
(ii) Providing full compensation to the Applicants for the material and moral damages suffered by the victims and their families.
VI. Judge Ad Hoc
42. In accordance with the provisions of Article 31 (3) of the Statute of the Court, and Article 35 (1) of the Rules of the Court, the Applicants give notice of their inten-
tion to exercise their right to choose a judge ad hoc. In light of Article 31 (5) of the Statute of the Court, it is the intention of the Applicants to appoint a single judge ad hoc.
29
—
le défaut de communiquer aussi rapidement que possible au Conseil de l’OACI tous renseignements utiles en sa possession relatifs aux circonstances de l’infraction et les mesures prises à l’égard de l’auteur ou des auteurs présumés de l’infraction, comme l’exige l’article 13.
40. Ces violations engagent la responsabilité de l’Iran selon le droit international, entraînant l’obligation d’offrir une réparation intégrale.
V. Remèdes sollicités
41. Les demandeurs prient respectueusement la Cour :
a) de dire et juger que l’Iran a violé la convention de Montréal, en particulier les articles 6, 7, 10, 11 et 13, notamment en manquant aux obligations suivantes :
—
s’efforcer de prendre les mesures raisonnables en vue de prévenir la destruction du vol PS752,
—
mener une enquête préliminaire rapide, efficace, indépendante et impartiale sur l’écrasement du vol PS752 et communiquer ses conclusions,
—
soumettre l’affaire, de bonne foi, aux autorités compétentes pour l’exercice de l’action pénale, à l’instar de toute grave infraction de droit commun à la loi iranienne, et veiller à ce que les poursuites qui en découlent soient menées de manière impartiale et transparente afin d’assurer l’imputabilité et la justice pour les victimes et leurs familles,
—
fournir l’entraide judiciaire la plus large possible dans toute procédure pénale,
—
communiquer au Conseil de l’OACI, aussi rapidement que possible, tous renseignements utiles en sa possession relatifs aux circonstances de l’infraction et les mesures prises à l’égard de l’auteur ou de l’auteur présumé de l’infraction ;
b) d’ordonner au défendeur :
i) de reconnaître publiquement ses faits internationalement illicites, tels qu’allégués,
ii) de présenter des excuses publiques aux demandeurs et aux familles des victimes,
iii) d’offrir des assurances et des garanties de non-répétition, y compris en adoptant des mesures concrètes pour prévenir un autre écrasement,
iv) d’honorer ses autres obligations en vertu de la convention de Montréal,
y compris la poursuite ou l’extradition des auteurs présumés de l’infraction, toute poursuite devant se dérouler de manière transparente et impartiale ;
c) d’ordonner la réparation intégrale de tout préjudice causé aux demandeurs en conséquence des violations de la convention de Montréal par l’Iran, notamment :
i) la restitution des effets personnels des victimes,
ii) l’indemnisation complète des demandeurs pour les dommages matériels et moraux subis par les victimes et leurs familles.
VI. Juge ad hoc
42. Conformément aux dispositions de l’article 31, paragraphe 3, du Statut de la Cour et de l’article 35, paragraphe 1, du Règlement de la Cour, les demandeurs donnent préavis de leur intention d’exercer leur droit de choisir un juge ad hoc. À la lumière de l’article 31, paragraphe 5, du Statut de la Cour, les demandeurs ont l’intention de nommer un seul juge ad hoc.
30
VII. Reservation of Rights
43. The Applicants reserve the right to revise, supplement or amend this Application, as well as the legal grounds invoked and the relief requested, as may be necessary to preserve and vindicate their rights under the Montreal Convention.
Submitted on behalf of Canada, the Kingdom of Sweden, Ukraine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, respectively.
(Signed) Alan H. Kessel,
Agent of Canada.
(Signed) Elinor Hammarskjöld,
Agent of the Kingdom of Sweden.
(Signed) Oksana Zolotaryova,
Agent of Ukraine.
(Signed) Sally Langrish,
Agent of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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VII. Réserve de droits
43. Les demandeurs se réservent le droit de réviser, compléter ou modifier la présente requête, y compris les motifs juridiques avancés et les remèdes sollicités, en fonction de ce qui pourrait être nécessaire pour préserver et faire valoir leurs droits en vertu de la convention de Montréal.
Présenté au nom du Canada, du Royaume de Suède, de l’Ukraine et du Royaume-
Uni de Grande-Bretagne et d’Irlande du Nord, respectivement.
L’agent du Canada,
(Signé) Alan H. Kessel.
L’agente du Royaume de Suède,
(Signé) Elinor Hammarskjöld.
L’agente de l’Ukraine,
(Signé) Oksana Zolotaryova.
L’agente du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne
et d’Irlande du Nord,
(Signé) Sally Langrish.
32
III. CERTIFICATION
The Applicants certify that the documents attached by way of Annexes are true copies of the originals thereof and that all the translations of annexes submitted herewith are, to the best of their knowledge and belief, a true and correct rendering of the text in the original language.
(Signed) Alan H. Kessel,
Agent of Canada.
(Signed) Elinor Hammarskjöld,
Agent of the Kingdom of Sweden.
(Signed) Oksana Zolotaryova,
Agent of Ukraine.
(Signed) Sally Langrish,
Agent of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
33
III. CERTIFICATION
Les demandeurs attestent que les documents annexés à la présente requête sont des copies conformes des originaux et que toutes les traductions fournies sont, à leur connaissance, exactes et fidèles à l’original.
L’agent du Canada,
(Signé) Alan H. Kessel.
L’agente du Royaume de Suède,
(Signé) Elinor Hammarskjöld.
L’agente de l’Ukraine,
(Signé) Oksana Zolotaryova.
L’agente du Royaume-Uni de Grande-Bretagne
et d’Irlande du Nord,
(Signé) Sally Langrish.
34
LIST OF ANNEXES*
Annex 1.
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 23 September 1971, 974 UNTS 177 (entered into force 26 January 1973) English.
Annex 2.
Transcript of Brigadier General Hajizadeh video statement imbedded in “Head of IRGC Aerospace Division accepts responsibility for plane crash”, Iran Press News Agency (11 July 2020) English.
Annex 3.
Transcript of “PM Trudeau: Intelligence suggests plane was shot down”, CPAC (9 January 2020) English and French.
Annex 4.
Announcement of the General Staff of the Armed Forces about Ukrainian Passenger Plane Crash, Islamic Republic News Agency (11 January 2020) Persian.
Annex 4.1.
Announcement of the General Staff of the Armed Forces about Ukrainian Passenger Plane Crash, Islamic Republic News Agency (11 January 2020) English.
Annex 5.
Transcript of “General Hossein Salami speaking about the downing of Flight PS752 to Iranian Parliament”, YouTube (12 January 2020) English.
Annex 6.
Islamic Republic of Iran, Government Information Center, “The Victims of the Ukrainian Airplane Incident Are Considered Martyrs” (14 January 2020) Persian.
Annex 6.1.
Islamic Republic of Iran, Government Information Center, “The Victims of the Ukrainian Airplane Incident Are Considered Martyrs” (14 January 2020) English.
Annex 7.
“Tehran’s Military Prosecutor Describes New Aspects of Ukrainian Aircraft Crash”, Islamic Republic News Agency (7 January 2021) Persian.
Annex 7.1.
“Tehran’s Military Prosecutor Describes New Aspects of Ukrainian Aircraft Crash”, Islamic Republic News Agency (7 January 2021) English.
Annex 8.
“Issuing indictment for ten people in the case of the Ukrainian plane”, Iranian Students’ News Agency (6 April 2021) Persian.
Annex 8.1.
“Issuing indictment for ten people in the case of the Ukrainian plane”, Iranian Students’ News Agency (6 April 2021) English.
Annex 9.
“Issuing the Verdict for the Ukrainian Aircraft Case After 20 Court Hearings/First-row Defendant Sentenced to 13 Years in Prison”, Mizan Online (16 April 2023) Persian.
* The Annexes are not reproduced in the print version. They are available in electronic version on the Court’s website (https://www.icj-cij.org, under “Cases”).
35
LISTE DES ANNEXES*
[Traduction]
Annexe 1.
Convention pour la répression d’actes illicites dirigés contre la sécurité de l’aviation civile, 23 septembre 1971, Recueil des traités des Nations Unies, vol. 974, p. 177 (entrée en vigueur : 26 janvier 1973) Français.
Annexe 2.
Transcription de l’enregistrement vidéo de la déclaration du brigadier général Hajizadeh intégré dans « Head of IRGC Aerospace Division accepts responsibility for plane crash », Iran Press News Agency (11 juillet 2020) Anglais.
Annexe 3.
Transcription de « PM Trudeau : des renseignements indiquent que l’avion aurait été abattu », CPAC (9 janvier 2020) Français et anglais.
Annexe 4.
« Annonce de l’État-Major général des Forces armées sur l’écrasement d’un avion de passagers ukrainien », Agence de presse de la République islamique (11 janvier 2020) Persan.
Annexe 4.1.
« Announcement of the General Staff of the Armed Forces about Ukrainian Passenger Plane Crash », Agence de presse de la République islamique (11 January 2020) Anglais.
Annexe 5.
Transcription de « General Hossein Salami speaking about the downing of Flight PS752 to Iranian Parliament », YouTube (12 janvier 2020) Anglais.
Annexe 6.
République islamique d’Iran, Government Information Center, « The Victims of the Ukrainian Airplane Incident Are Considered Martyrs » (14 janvier 2020) Persan.
Annexe 6.1.
République islamique d’Iran, Government Information Center, « The Victims of the Ukrainian Airplane Incident Are Considered Martyrs » (14 January 2020) Anglais.
Annexe 7.
« Le procureur militaire de Téhéran décrit de nouveaux aspects de l’écrasement de l’avion ukrainien », Agence de presse de la République islamique (7 janvier 2021) Persan.
Annexe 7.1.
« Tehran’s Military Prosecutor Describes New Aspects of Ukrainian Aircraft Crash », Agence de presse de la République islamique (7 January 2021) Anglais.
Annexe 8.
« Acte d’accusation pour dix personnes dans l’affaire de l’avion ukrainien », Iranian Students’ News Agency (6 avril 2021) Persan.
Annexe 8.1.
« Issuing indictment for ten people in the case of the Ukrainian plane », Iranian Students’ News Agency (6 April 2021) Anglais.
Annexe 9.
« Prononciation du verdict dans l’affaire de l’avion ukrainien après 20 audiences judiciaires/L’accusé principal condamné à 13 ans de
prison », Mizan Online (16 avril 2023) Persan.
* Les annexes ne sont pas reproduites en version papier. Elles sont disponibles en version
électronique sur le site Internet de la Cour (https://www.icj-cij.org, onglet « affaires »).
36
Annex 9.1.
“Issuing the Verdict for the Ukrainian Aircraft Case After 20 Court Hearings/First-row Defendant Sentenced to 13 Years in Prison”, Mizan Online (16 April 2023) English.
Annex 10.
List of Notes Verbales Exchanged between the Parties and Other Correspondence.
37
Annexe 9.1.
« Issuing the Verdict for the Ukrainian Aircraft Case After 20 Court Hearings/First-row Defendant Sentenced to 13 Years in Prison », Mizan Online (16 April 2023) Anglais.
Annexe 10.
Liste des notes verbales et autre correspondance échangées entre les Parties.
Joint Application instituting proceedings