Declaration of Judge ad hoc Keith

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180-20230222-ORD-01-02-EN
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180-20230222-ORD-01-00-EN
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Incidental Proceedings
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DECLARATION OF JUDGE AD HOC KEITH
1. As my vote indicates, I agree with the rejection by the Court of the first and third measures requested by Armenia.
2. I write to explain my negative vote on the measure that the Court does indicate. In support of that vote, I depend on four reasons.
3. First, the measure does not take sufficient account of the statement of the President of Azerbaijan, the Prime Minister of Armenia and the President of the Russian Federation of 9 November 2020 declaring a complete ceasefire and termination of all hostilities from midnight Moscow time on 10 November 2020. Under paragraph 6, subparagraph 1, of that statement “[t]he Lachin Corridor (5 km wide), which will provide a connection between Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia while not passing through the territory of Shusha, shall remain under the control of the Russian Federation peacemaking forces”. Subparagraph 3 of paragraph 6 provides that “[t]he Republic of Azerbaijan shall guarantee the security of persons, vehicles and cargo moving along the Lachin Corridor in both directions”. Armenia understands “security” as meaning “safe movement”, Azerbaijan as “safety” and the Russian Federation as “security”. Whatever meaning is given to the word  and for me it is better to stay with the word “security” used in the English text of the statement  it is the Russian Federation peacemaking force that controls the whole route.
4. Second, the protestors are protesting about the extensive mining that had occurred during the Armenian occupation of Azerbaijani territory. Their protests are limited to the area next to the Russian checkpoint 7 and to Shusha. (The most northerly of the checkpoints is 8.) I can see no racially discriminatory purpose or effect in that action in terms of the definition of “racial discrimination” in Article 1 of CERD. Rather, the protestors are exercising their freedoms of expression and peaceful assembly as recognized in the European Convention on Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and which are reflected in CERD itself, Article 5 (d) (viii) and (ix).
5. Third, I refer to the undertaking that the Azerbaijani Agent made in his statement on 30 January 2023. That statement, made in the face of the Court, binds the Azerbaijani Government. He declared that “Azerbaijan has and undertakes to continue to take all steps within its power to guarantee the safety of movement of persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin road” (CR 2023/2, p. 22, para. 30 (Mammadov)). I take the point that that statement repeats the terms of the 2020 statement, but it also confirms that continued commitment and, critically, demonstrates the limits of Azerbaijan’s powers in the current circumstances.
6. Finally, I call attention to the restriction the Court has placed on the measure proposed by Armenia: Azerbaijan is to “take all measures at its disposal” to ensure unimpeded movement. (Compare paragraph 10, second measure, with paragraphs 63 and 67.) How is Azerbaijan to comply with that vaguely expressed obligation? How will claimed breaches of it be determined?
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7. I am aware that a similar formula has been used in previous cases (Breard (Paraguay v. United States)1, LaGrand (Germany v. United States)2, Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France)3 and Jadhav (India v. Pakistan)4). In the first and second, the situation was complicated by the United States federal system. In all four cases, domestic court proceedings were ongoing and the Court would have been reluctant to become engaged with them, having regard to the principle of the independence of the judiciary. In the first, second and fourth of the cases the immediate danger was of the execution of the person convicted. In those cases, the breach would be very clear. I see this case as quite distinct. If a traffic accident were to occur and Azerbaijan were not to have sufficient resources to clear up the site promptly, would the traffic jam causing an impediment of movement along the Corridor constitute a breach of the Order?
(Signed) Sir Kenneth KEITH.
___________
1 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (Paraguay v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 9 April 1998, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 258, para. 41 (I).
2 LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of 3 March 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 16, para. 29 (I) (a).
3 Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2016, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (II), p. 1171, para. 99 (I).
4 Jadhav (India v. Pakistan), Provisional Measures, Order of 18 May 2017, I.C.J. Reports 2017, p. 246, para. 61 (I).

Bilingual Content

33
DECLARATION OF JUDGE AD HOC KEITH
1. As my vote indicates, I agree with the rejection by the Court of the first
and third measures requested by Armenia.
2. I write to explain my negative vote on the measure that the Court does
indicate. In support of that vote, I depend on four reasons.
3. First, the measure does not take sufficient account of the statement of
the President of Azerbaijan, the Prime Minister of Armenia and the President
of the Russian Federation of 9 November 2020 declaring a complete ceasefire
and termination of all hostilities from midnight Moscow time on
10 November 2020. Under paragraph 6, subparagraph 1, of that statement
“[t]he Lachin Corridor (5 km wide), which will provide a connection between
Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia while not passing through the territory of
Shusha, shall remain under the control of the Russian Federation peacemaking
forces”. Subparagraph 3 of paragraph 6 provides that “[t]he Republic
of Azerbaijan shall guarantee the security of persons, vehicles and cargo
moving along the Lachin Corridor in both directions”. Armenia understands
“security” as meaning “safe movement”, Azerbaijan as “safety” and the
Russian Federation as “security”. Whatever meaning is given to the word 
and for me it is better to stay with the word “security” used in the English
text of the statement  it is the Russian Federation peacemaking force that
controls the whole route.
4. Second, the protestors are protesting about the extensive mining that
had occurred during the Armenian occupation of Azerbaijani territory.
Their protests are limited to the area next to the Russian checkpoint 7 and to
Shusha. (The most northerly of the checkpoints is 8.) I can see no racially
discriminatory purpose or effect in that action in terms of the definition of
“racial discrimination” in Article 1 of CERD. Rather, the protestors are
exercising their freedoms of expression and peaceful assembly as recognized
in the European Convention on Human Rights and the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and which are reflected in CERD
itself, Article 5 (d) (viii) and (ix).
5. Third, I refer to the undertaking that the Azerbaijani Agent made in his
statement on 30 January 2023. That statement, made in the face of the Court,
binds the Azerbaijani Government. He declared that “Azerbaijan has and
undertakes to continue to take all steps within its power to guarantee the
safety of movement of persons, vehicles and cargo along the Lachin road”
33
DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE AD HOC KEITH
[Traduction]
1. Comme le montre mon vote, je souscris à la décision de la Cour de
rejeter les première et troisième mesures sollicitées par l’Arménie.
2. C’est pour expliquer pourquoi j’ai voté contre l’unique mesure indiquée par
la Cour que je m’exprime ici. Mon vote s’appuie sur les quatre raisons suivantes.
3. Premièrement, la mesure en question ne tient pas suffisamment compte
de la déclaration du 9 novembre 2020 par laquelle le président de l’Azerbaïdjan,
le premier ministre de l’Arménie et le président de la Fédération de
Russie ont déclaré un cessez-le-feu et la cessation complète des hostilités
à compter du 10 novembre 2020 à minuit (heure de Moscou). Aux termes de
l’alinéa 1 du paragraphe 6 de cette déclaration, « [l]e corridor de Latchine
(large de 5 kilomètres), qui reliera le Haut-Karabakh à l’Arménie mais sans
passer par la ville de Choucha, reste sous le contrôle du contingent russe de
maintien de la paix ». L’alinéa 3 de ce même paragraphe prévoit que « [l]a
République d’Azerbaïdjan garantit la sécurité de la circulation des personnes,
des véhicules et des marchandises le long du corridor de Latchine, dans les
deux sens ». Par « sécurité » [security], l’Arménie entend la « sûreté de la
circulation » [safe movement], l’Azerbaïdjan entend la « sûreté » [safety] et la
Fédération de Russie entend la « sécurité » [security]. Quel que soit le sens
que l’on attribue à ce terme  et, selon moi, il vaut mieux s’en tenir au terme
« security » employé dans le texte anglais de la déclaration , c’est la force
de maintien de la paix de la Fédération de Russie qui contrôle l’intégralité de
cet itinéraire.
4. Deuxièmement, les manifestants protestent contre la pose massive de
mines qui a eu lieu pendant l’occupation arménienne du territoire azerbaïdjanais.
Leurs manifestations sont limitées à une zone proche du poste de
contrôle russe no 7 et de Choucha. (Le poste de contrôle situé le plus au nord
porte le no 8). Il m’est impossible de voir dans leurs actions quelque but ou
effet discriminatoire au sens de la définition de la « discrimination raciale »
figurant à l’article premier de la CIEDR. En réalité, ces manifestants ne font
qu’exercer leurs droits à la liberté d’expression et de réunion pacifique tels
que reconnus dans la convention européenne des droits de l’homme et dans
le Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques, et repris aux sousalinéas
viii) et ix) de l’alinéa d) de l’article 5 de la CIEDR elle-même.
5. Troisièmement, je rappellerai l’engagement que l’agent de l’Azerbaïdjan
a pris dans sa déclaration du 30 janvier 2023. Cette déclaration, faite devant
la Cour, oblige le Gouvernement azerbaïdjanais. L’agent a déclaré que
« l’Azerbaïdjan a pris et s’engage à continuer de prendre toutes mesures en
son pouvoir pour garantir la sécurité de la circulation des personnes, des
34 application of the cerd (decl. keith)
(CR 2023/2, p. 22, para. 30 (Mammadov)). I take the point that that statement
repeats the terms of the 2020 statement, but it also confirms that continued
commitment and, critically, demonstrates the limits of Azerbaijan’s powers
in the current circumstances.
6. Finally, I call attention to the restriction the Court has placed on the
measure proposed by Armenia: Azerbaijan is to “take all measures at its
disposal to ensure unimpeded movement”. (Compare paragraph 10, second
measure, with paragraphs 63 and 67.) How is Azerbaijan to comply with
that vaguely expressed obligation? How will claimed breaches of it be
determined?
7. I am aware that a similar formula has been used in previous cases
(Breard (Paraguay v. United States)1, LaGrand (Germany v. United States)2,
Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France)3 and
Jadhav (India v. Pakistan)4). In the first and second, the situation was
complicated by the United States federal system. In all four cases, domestic
court proceedings were ongoing and the Court would have been reluctant to
become engaged with them, having regard to the principle of the independence
of the judiciary. In the first, second and fourth of the cases the immediate
danger was of the execution of the person convicted. In those cases,
the breach would be very clear. I see this case as quite distinct. If a traffic
accident were to occur and Azerbaijan were not to have sufficient resources
to clear up the site promptly, would the traffic jam causing an impediment of
movement along the Corridor constitute a breach of the Order?
(Signed) Kenneth Keith.
1 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (Paraguay v. United States of America),
Provisional Measures, Order of 9 April 1998, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 258, para. 41 (I).
2 LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Provisional Measures, Order of
3 March 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 16, para. 29 (I) (a).
3 Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), Provisional
Measures, Order of 7 December 2016, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (II), p. 1171, para. 99 (I).
4 Jadhav (India v. Pakistan), Provisional Measures, Order of 18 May 2017, I.C.J. Reports
2017, p. 246, para. 61 (I).
application de la ciedr (décl. keith) 34
véhicules et des marchandises sur la route de Latchine » (CR 2023/2, p. 22,
par. 30 (Mammadov)). J’admets que cette déclaration reprend les termes de
celle de 2020, mais elle confirme aussi la continuité de l’engagement en
question et, ce qui est très important, met en évidence les limites des pouvoirs
de l’Azerbaïdjan dans les circonstances actuelles.
6. Enfin, j’appelle l’attention sur la restriction que la Cour a imposée à la
mesure proposée par l’Arménie : l’Azerbaïdjan doit « prendre toutes les
mesures dont [il] dispose afin d’assurer la circulation sans entrave ».
(Comparer la deuxième mesure demandée au paragraphe 10 avec les paragraphes
63 et 67.) Comment l’Azerbaïdjan est-il censé s’acquitter d’une
obligation formulée en termes aussi vagues ? Comment seront déterminées
les éventuelles violations de cette obligation ?
7. Je sais qu’une formule analogue a été employée dans des affaires
antérieures
(Breard (Paraguay c. États-Unis)1, LaGrand (Allemagne c. États-
Unis)2, Immunités et procédures pénales (Guinée équatoriale c. France)3 et
Jadhav (Inde c. Pakistan)4). Dans la première et la deuxième, la situation
était rendue plus complexe par le système fédéral des États-Unis. Dans les
quatre affaires, des procédures étaient en cours devant des juridictions nationales
et la Cour devait éprouver une certaine réticence à s’y immiscer,
compte tenu du principe de l’indépendance du pouvoir judiciaire. Dans les
première, deuxième et quatrième affaires, il y avait un danger immédiat,
à savoir l’exécution du condamné. Dans ces affaires, la violation aurait été
manifeste. Selon moi, la présente espèce est cependant très différente. Si un
accident de la circulation devait se produire et si l’Azerbaïdjan ne disposait
pas de moyens suffisants pour en dégager rapidement le site, l’embouteillage
qui empêcherait la circulation le long du corridor constituerait-il une violation
de l’ordonnance ?
(Signé) Kenneth Keith.
1 Convention de Vienne sur les relations consulaires (Paraguay c. États-Unis d’Amérique),
mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 9 avril 1998, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 258, par. 41 I).
2 LaGrand (Allemagne c. États-Unis d’Amérique), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
3 mars 1999, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I), p. 16, par. 29 I) a).
3 Immunités et procédures pénales (Guinée équatoriale c. France), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 7 décembre 2016, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (II), p. 1171, par. 99 I).
4 Jadhav (Inde c. Pakistan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 18 mai 2017, C.I.J.
Recueil 2017, p. 246, par. 61 I).

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Declaration of Judge ad hoc Keith

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