Declaration of Judge ad hoc Daudet

Document Number
180-20221012-ORD-01-05-FR
Parent Document Number
180-20221012-ORD-01-00-EN
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF JUDGE AD HOC DAUDET
[Translation]
1. By requesting the modification of the Order of 7 December 2021 on the basis of Article 76, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, Armenia is seeking to protect the victims of the acts committed by Azerbaijan and to secure for them the safeguards to which they are entitled under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (“CERD”). Specifically, Armenia regards the armed attack by Azerbaijan and the other events that occurred in the week of 12 September 2022 as constituting a change of circumstances that justifies the modification of the Order of 7 December 2021 along the lines indicated in paragraph 9 of the present Order.
2. I voted against Armenia’s request, concurring with the Court’s finding that the circumstances were not such as to enable that request to be granted, because it is clear to me, in light of the Court’s reasoning, to which I will return, that the protections sought by Armenia are not lacking. On the contrary, by finding that the provisions of the Order of 7 December 2021 continue to apply and do not need to be modified, the Court is ensuring that Armenia enjoys the full benefit of the terms of the Order by applying it to the current situation. In some respects, that reasoning even reinforces the position of Armenia, whose aim of securing protection is thus fully achieved.
3. I welcome the Order handed down by the Court today for two reasons. I have just touched on the first: it responds to Armenia’s legitimate concern about protection and renews the Court’s appeal to both Parties to de-escalate the conflict, inviting them, in the customary phrase, to refrain from doing anything that might aggravate or extend the dispute or make it more difficult to resolve.
4. The second reason I welcome the Order is more general: in my view the Order significantly helps frame the régime and the aims of provisional measures. I believe it is worth addressing this point very briefly.
5. A key element of the régime governing provisional measures was established in the LaGrand case, in which the Court held that the provisional measures indicated by it were binding and, in so doing, settled a delicate and fundamental aspect of that régime (see LaGrand (Germany v. United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 506, para. 109, a position that has since been recalled on numerous occasions by express reference to that case). This jurisprudence is now well established and the binding nature of provisional measures is not in doubt.
6. Until now, the question of modifying a previously issued order on the grounds of a change of circumstances had been considered only once by the Court, in the case concerning Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua); Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Order of 16 July 2013, Provisional Measures, I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 230.
7. In paragraph 17 of that Order, the Court sets out very clearly the intellectual process to be followed in responding to a request for modification. The Court refers to that process in paragraph 12 of its Order in the present case, recalling its 2013 reasoning in order to make the steps in its thinking absolutely clear. There is every reason to believe that the Court will continue to use the same line of reasoning in the future.
- 2 -
8. It is left to the discretion of the Court to assess the facts that will enable it to determine whether there is a change of circumstances that justifies a modification of the decision indicating provisional measures, since Article 76 of its Rules does not define what constitutes a change of circumstances, unlike, for example, Article 62 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, which requires that the change be “fundamental” (and includes a negative formulation). Nevertheless, the requirement that a change in situation is such that it “justifies” modification, which is left to the wisdom of the Court to assess, acts as a safeguard against any overuse by the parties of Article 76 of the Rules of the Court, which considers the stability of legal situations important.
9. Nor would it be desirable from a “judicial policy” perspective to open the floodgates of this procedure, so that a party could at any moment and on potentially frivolous grounds seek to obtain the modification of a decision indicating provisional measures. The procedure must remain, if not exceptional, at least circumscribed, in order to avoid the consequences and abuses that are easy to imagine. This is not to say, however, that such a consideration may in itself be grounds for refusing a request.
10. Paragraph 18 of the Order, in which the Court sets out its reasons for finding that a modification of the Order of 7 December 2021 is not warranted, is based on a consideration which to my mind perfectly conveys the rationale behind provisional measures and is, therefore, generally applicable. When the Court states that the situation which existed at the time it issued the Order of 7 December 2021 is “ongoing”, when it mentions a “renewed flare-up of the 2020 Conflict” and that “the situation between the Parties remains tenuous”, it is emphasizing the continuity of the situation which justified the 2021 provisional measures.
11. Indeed, unlike a decision on the merits, which settles a past dispute and therefore draws a line under what was a contentious situation, a decision indicating provisional measures relates to an ongoing conflict which has not yet been resolved, but in which provisional measures seek to prevent the imminent occurrence of irreparable harm. They are generally accompanied by a measure intended to prevent any action being undertaken that is likely to aggravate the dispute or make it more difficult to resolve. While a judgment on the merits looks to the past, a decision indicating provisional measures looks to the future, so that it ceases to have effect at the latest on the date of the judgment on the merits. I would venture to say that provisional measures are a sort of “court-ordered ceasefire”. Just as a ceasefire is not peace, nor do provisional measures resolve a dispute. In both cases, however — and in so far as they can be compared — the dispute should be regarded as a smouldering fire that may reignite at any future moment as a continuation of the past event. It thus requires a priori the same provisional measures that were indicated previously, which can therefore continue on an ongoing basis, provided that no new and different evidence is provided that would justify the modification of the order if it established a change of circumstances. It is therefore in the light of this principle of continuity that the assessment must be made.
(Signed) Yves DAUDET.
___________

Bilingual Content

603
29
DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE AD HOC DAUDET
1. En formulant une demande de modification de l’ordonnance du
7 décembre 2021 sur la base du paragraphe 1 de l’article 76 du Règlement
de la Cour, l’Arménie a pour but de protéger les personnes victimes des
agissements commis par l’Azerbaïdjan et de leur assurer les garanties auxquelles
elles ont droit en vertu de la convention internationale sur l’élimination
de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (CIEDR). Plus
précisément, l’Arménie voit, dans l’attaque armée de l’Azerbaïdjan et
dans les autres événements survenus au cours de la semaine du 12 septembre
2022, un changement de circonstances justifiant que l’ordonnance
du 7 décembre 2021 soit modifiée selon la formulation indiquée au paragraphe
9 de la présente ordonnance.
2. J’ai voté contre cette demande de l’Arménie en me joignant à la
position retenue par la Cour disant que les circonstances n’étaient pas de
nature à y répondre positivement car j’ai eu conscience que, pour autant,
compte tenu du raisonnement de la Cour sur lequel je vais revenir, les
protections recherchées par l’Arménie ne se trouvaient nullement écartées.
Bien au contraire, en considérant que les dispositions de l’ordonnance
du 7 décembre 2021 continuent de s’appliquer sans avoir à être
modifiées, la Cour assure à l’Arménie le plein bénéfice de ses termes en
l’appliquant à la situation présente. D’une certaine manière, ce raisonnement
conforte même la position de l’Arménie, dont l’objectif de protection
se trouve être ainsi pleinement atteint.
3. L’ordonnance rendue aujourd’hui par la Cour est à mes yeux bienvenue
pour deux raisons. Je viens d’évoquer la première, qui répond à la
préoccupation légitime de protection de l’Arménie et renouvelle l’appel de
la Cour à l’apaisement du conflit adressé aux deux Parties, invitées à ne
rien faire qui puisse l’aggraver, l’étendre ou en rendre le règlement plus
difficile, selon la formulation habituelle.
4. La seconde raison pour laquelle l’ordonnance est bienvenue est
d’ordre plus général. J’estime en effet qu’elle contribue fortement à encadrer
le régime et les finalités des mesures conservatoires. Il me semble
intéressant de m’y arrêter très brièvement.
5. Un élément majeur du régime des mesures conservatoires a été établi
dans l’affaire LaGrand, lorsque la Cour a déclaré que les mesures conservatoires
qu’elle décidait avaient un caractère obligatoire, tranchant ainsi
un point délicat et essentiel de leur régime (voir LaGrand (Allemagne c.
Etats-Unis d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2001, p. 506, par. 109, position
rappelée ensuite à de nombreuses reprises par des renvois exprès à
cette affaire). Cette jurisprudence est aujourd’hui bien fixée et le caractère
obligatoire des mesures conservatoires totalement assuré.
603
29
DECLARATION OF JUDGE AD HOC DAUDET
[Translation]
1. By requesting the modification of the Order of 7 December 2021 on
the basis of Article 76, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, Armenia is
seeking to protect the victims of the acts committed by Azerbaijan and to
secure for them the safeguards to which they are entitled under the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(“CERD”). Specifically, Armenia regards the armed attack
by Azerbaijan and the other events that occurred in the week of
12 September 2022 as constituting a change of circumstances that justifies
the modification of the Order of 7 December 2021 along the lines indicated
in paragraph 9 of the present Order.
2. I voted against Armenia’s request, concurring with the Court’s finding
that the circumstances were not such as to enable that request to be
granted, because it is clear to me, in light of the Court’s reasoning, to
which I will return, that the protections sought by Armenia are not lacking.
On the contrary, by finding that the provisions of the Order of
7 December 2021 continue to apply and do not need to be modified, the
Court is ensuring that Armenia enjoys the full benefit of the terms of the
Order by applying it to the current situation. In some respects, that reasoning
even reinforces the position of Armenia, whose aim of securing
protection is thus fully achieved.
3. I welcome the Order handed down by the Court today for two reasons.
I have just touched on the first: it responds to Armenia’s legitimate
concern about protection and renews the Court’s appeal to both Parties
to de-escalate the conflict, inviting them, in the customary phrase, to
refrain from doing anything that might aggravate or extend the dispute or
make it more difficult to resolve.
4. The second reason I welcome the Order is more general: in my view
the Order significantly helps frame the régime and the aims of provisional
measures. I believe it is worth addressing this point very briefly.
5. A key element of the régime governing provisional measures was
established in the LaGrand case, in which the Court held that the provisional
measures indicated by it were binding and, in so doing, settled a
delicate and fundamental aspect of that régime (see LaGrand (Germany
v. United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 506,
para. 109, a position that has since been recalled on numerous occasions
by express reference to that case). This jurisprudence is now well established
and the binding nature of provisional measures is not in doubt.
604 application de la ciedr (décl. daudet)
30
6. La question de la modification d’une ordonnance précédemment
rendue au motif du changement des circonstances n’avait jusqu’à présent
été examinée qu’une seule fois par la Cour, dans l’affaire Certaines activités
menées par le Nicaragua dans la région frontalière (Costa Rica c.
Nicaragua) et Construction d’une route au Costa Rica le long du fleuve
San Juan (Nicaragua c. Costa Rica), demandes tendant à la modification
de l’ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires du 8 mars 2011,
ordonnance du 16 juillet 2013, C.I.J. Recueil 2013, p. 230.
7. Au paragraphe 17 de cette ordonnance, la Cour indique avec grande
précision la démarche intellectuelle à suivre en vue de répondre à une
demande de modification. Dans le cas présent, la Cour s’y réfère au paragraphe
12 de son ordonnance, dans lequel elle répète son raisonnement de
2013 pour exposer les étapes de sa réflexion de manière parfaitement
claire. Il y a tout lieu de penser que, dans des hypothèses futures, la Cour
conservera le même mode de raisonnement.
8. L’appréciation des éléments de fait lui permettant de décider du
caractère justifié du changement de circonstances pour pouvoir accepter
de modifier la décision d’indication des mesures conservatoires est laissée
à la discrétion de la Cour, l’article 76 de son Règlement ne caractérisant
pas le changement de circonstances comme le fait par exemple l’article 62
de la convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités exigeant que le changement
soit « fondamental » (et y adjoignant une formulation négative).
Néanmoins, l’exigence du caractère « justifié » du changement dans la
situation dont l’appréciation est donc laissée à la sagesse de la Cour est
une garantie contre tout excès dans l’utilisation par les parties de
l’article 76 du Règlement de la Cour, laquelle est attachée à la stabilité
des situations juridiques.
9. Il ne serait d’ailleurs pas souhaitable du point de vue de la « politique
judiciaire » que les vannes de cette procédure soient ouvertes à
l’excès, au point qu’à tout instant et pour des motifs éventuellement
futiles une partie tente d’obtenir la modification d’une décision en indication
de mesures conservatoires. Cette procédure doit conserver un caractère
sinon exceptionnel, du moins contenu, permettant d’éviter les
conséquences et dérives qu’il est aisé d’imaginer. Sans entendre évidemment
par là que cette considération puisse en soi constituer un motif de
rejet d’une demande.
10. Le paragraphe 18 de l’ordonnance dans lequel la Cour donne les
motifs pour lesquels elle estime qu’il n’est pas justifié de modifier l’ordonnance
du 7 décembre 2021 s’appuie sur une considération qui, à mon avis,
exprime parfaitement la philosophie des mesures conservatoires et a, de
ce fait, une portée générale. En disant que la situation à l’époque où elle
a rendu l’ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021 a « perdur[é] », qu’une « résurgence
du conflit de 2020 » s’est produite et que « la situation entre les
Parties reste précaire », la Cour met l’accent sur un phénomène de continuité
de la situation qui avait justifié les mesures conservatoires de 2021.
11. Or, à la différence d’une décision au fond qui règle un différend
passé et met donc un point final à une situation qui était conflictuelle, une
application of the cerd (decl. daudet) 604
30
6. Until now, the question of modifying a previously issued order on
the grounds of a change of circumstances had been considered only once
by the Court, in the case concerning Certain Activities Carried Out by
Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and Construction
of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa
Rica), Requests for the Modification of the Order Indicating Provisional
Measures of 8 March 2011, Order of 16 July 2013, I.C.J. Reports 2013,
p. 230.
7. In paragraph 17 of that Order, the Court sets out very clearly the
intellectual process to be followed in responding to a request for modification.
The Court refers to that process in paragraph 12 of its Order in
the present case, recalling its 2013 reasoning in order to make the steps in
its thinking absolutely clear. There is every reason to believe that the
Court will continue to use the same line of reasoning in the future.
8. It is left to the discretion of the Court to assess the facts that will
enable it to determine whether there is a change of circumstances that
justifies a modification of the decision indicating provisional measures,
since Article 76 of its Rules does not define what constitutes a change of
circumstances, unlike, for example, Article 62 of the Vienna Convention
on the Law of Treaties, which requires that the change be “fundamental”
(and includes a negative formulation). Nevertheless, the requirement that
a change in situation is such that it “justifies” modification, which is left
to the wisdom of the Court to assess, acts as a safeguard against any
overuse by the parties of Article 76 of the Rules of the Court, which considers
the stability of legal situations important.
9. Nor would it be desirable from a “judicial policy” perspective to
open the floodgates of this procedure, so that a party could at any
moment and on potentially frivolous grounds seek to obtain the modification
of a decision indicating provisional measures. The procedure must
remain, if not exceptional, at least circumscribed, in order to avoid the
consequences and abuses that are easy to imagine. This is not to say,
however, that such a consideration may in itself be grounds for refusing a
request.
10. Paragraph 18 of the Order, in which the Court sets out its reasons
for finding that a modification of the Order of 7 December 2021 is not
warranted, is based on a consideration which to my mind perfectly conveys
the rationale behind provisional measures and is, therefore, generally
applicable. When the Court states that the situation which existed at the
time it issued the Order of 7 December 2021 is “ongoing”, when it mentions
a “renewed flare-up of the 2020 Conflict” and that “the situation
between the Parties remains tenuous”, it is emphasizing the continuity of
the situation which justified the 2021 provisional measures.
11. Indeed, unlike a decision on the merits, which settles a past dispute
and therefore draws a line under what was a contentious situation, a deci-
605 application de la ciedr (décl. daudet)
31
décision indiquant des mesures conservatoires concerne un conflit en
cours, qui n’est pas encore réglé mais dont des mesures conservatoires
visent à éviter que ne se produisent à bref délai des dommages irréparables.
S’y ajoute généralement une mesure visant à ce qu’aucune action
ne soit entreprise qui serait de nature à aggraver le conflit ou à rendre son
règlement plus difficile. Le jugement au fond est tourné vers le passé ; la
décision indiquant des mesures conservatoires est tournée vers le futur,
pour cesser de produire ses effets, au plus tard à la date du jugement au
fond. Si j’osais cette formule, je dirais qu’elles sont une sorte de « cessezle-
feu judiciaire ». Pas plus que le cessez-le-feu n’est la paix, les mesures
conservatoires ne sont le règlement du différend. Dans l’un et l’autre cas
cependant — et dans les limites de la comparaison —, il s’agit de considérer
qu’un conflit, comme un feu qui couve, peut se rallumer à chaque
instant du futur en étant la continuation de l’événement passé. Il est donc
a priori justiciable des mêmes mesures conservatoires précédemment indiquées
qui peuvent alors se poursuivre dans la continuité, tant que des
éléments nouveaux et différents ne viennent pas s’ajouter qui justifieraient
une modification de l’ordonnance s’ils étaient constitutifs d’un changement
de circonstances. C’est donc à la lumière de ce principe de continuité
que l’appréciation doit se faire.
(Signé) Yves Daudet.
___________
application of the cerd (decl. daudet) 605
31
sion indicating provisional measures relates to an ongoing conflict which
has not yet been resolved, but in which provisional measures seek to
prevent the imminent occurrence of irreparable harm. They are generally
accompanied by a measure intended to prevent any action being undertaken
that is likely to aggravate the dispute or make it more difficult to
resolve. While a judgment on the merits looks to the past, a decision indicating
provisional measures looks to the future, so that it ceases to have
effect at the latest on the date of the judgment on the merits. I would
venture to say that provisional measures are a sort of “court-ordered
ceasefire”. Just as a ceasefire is not peace, nor do provisional measures
resolve a dispute. In both cases, however — and in so far as they can be
compared — the dispute should be regarded as a smouldering fire that
may reignite at any future moment as a continuation of the past event. It
thus requires a priori the same provisional measures that were indicated
previously, which can therefore continue on an ongoing basis, provided
that no new and different evidence is provided that would justify the
modification of the order if it established a change of circumstances. It is
therefore in the light of this principle of continuity that the assessment
must be made.
(Signed) Yves Daudet.
___________

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge ad hoc Daudet

Order
5
Links