Separate opinion of Judge Robinson

Document Number
180-20221012-ORD-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
180-20221012-ORD-01-00-EN
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE ROBINSON Scope of the Court’s provisional measures Order of 7 December 2021 — Temporal limitation in the Court’s Order of the 2020 Conflict — Effect of hostilities ensuing between the Parties subsequent to the 2020 Conflict — Outbreak of hostilities on 12 September 2022 qualifies as a “change in the situation”. 1. In this opinion, I explain my disagreement with the finding of the majority in paragraph 23 of the Order that “the circumstances, as they now present themselves to the Court, are not such as to require the exercise of its power to modify the measures indicated in the Order of 7 December 2021”. 2. A remarkable feature of the majority’s Order is that nowhere in its substantive analysis of Armenia’s request for modification of the Court’s provisional measures Order of 7 December 2021 (hereinafter “2021 Order”) does it examine the most relevant provision of that Order, i.e. paragraph 98 (1) (a). It is difficult to understand this approach because paragraph 98 (1) (a) is the very provision in respect of which Armenia seeks a modification. 3. Article 76 (1) of the Rules of Court reads as follows: “At the request of a party or proprio motu, the Court may, at any time before the final judgment in the case, revoke or modify any decision concerning provisional measures if, in its opinion, some change in the situation justifies such revocation or modification.” 4. In paragraph 98 (1) (a) of its 2021 Order, the Court indicated the following provisional measure: “(1) The Republic of Azerbaijan shall, in accordance with its obligations under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, (a) [p]rotect from violence and bodily harm all persons captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict who remain in detention, and ensure their security and equality before the law”. 5. Armenia requested the Court to modify that Order as follows: “to explicitly require Azerbaijan to protect from violence and bodily harm all persons captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict, or any armed conflict between the Parties since that time, upon capture or thereafter, including those who remain in detention, and ensure their security and equality before the law” (emphasis in the original). One immediately sees in the underlined part of the request the concern that Armenia has about the possibility of a conflict arising after the 2020 Conflict. 6. Instead of focusing on paragraph 98 (1) (a) of its 2021 Order, the modification of which Armenia sought, the Court concentrates on the Trilateral Statement signed on 9 November 2020 by Azerbaijan, Armenia and Russia. This statement required a “complete ceasefire and termination of all hostilities in the area of the Nagorno‑Karabakh conflict” from 10 November 2020. Yet, the legal comparator for determining whether there has been “a change in the situation justifying modification” is the Court’s 2021 Order, not the Trilateral Statement. The approach taken by the majority resulted in their ignoring the very consequential temporal element in the Court’s 2021 Order. - 2 - 7. In its Application instituting proceedings requesting provisional measures, Armenia asked the Court to indicate the following provisional measure: “Azerbaijan shall release immediately all Armenian prisoners of war, hostages and other detainees in its custody who were made captive during the September-November 2020 armed hostilities or their aftermath” (para. 131; my emphasis). By referring to the September-November 2020 armed hostilities or their aftermath, Armenia indicated that its concern was not only with the 2020 Conflict, but also with any subsequent hostilities resulting therefrom. At the end of the second round of its oral observations, Armenia in its final submission asked the Court to indicate the following provisional measure: “Azerbaijan shall release immediately all Armenian prisoners of war, hostages and other detainees in its custody who were made captive during the September-November 2020 armed hostilities or their aftermath” (hearing of 15 October 2021; my emphasis). Again, in its final submissions, Armenia, through the phrase “or their aftermath”, demonstrates its concern with the possibility of hostilities after the 2020 Conflict. 8. In paragraph 13 of its 2021 Order, the Court for all practical purposes defined the temporal element relating to the conflict in 2020. It stated: “Further hostilities erupted in September 2020, in what Armenia calls ‘the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War’ and Azerbaijan calls ‘the Second Garabagh War’ (hereinafter the ‘2020 Conflict’), and lasted 44 days.” Thus, as far as the Court was concerned, the 2020 Conflict had a duration of 44 days. 9. Notably, in its 2021 Order, the Court itself makes reference to the “2020 Conflict or its aftermath”. For example, in paragraph 67, in considering the link between the measures requested by Armenia and the plausible rights it seeks to protect, the Court makes reference to “measures aimed at requesting Azerbaijan to treat all persons that Armenia identifies as prisoners of war and civilian detainees taken captive during the 2020 Conflict or in its aftermath, in accordance with its obligations under CERD” (my emphasis). Similarly, in paragraph 79, in setting out the arguments of the Parties, it points to Azerbaijan’s statement that Armenia “contents itself with alleging only past conduct, primarily during or in the aftermath of active hostilities” (my emphasis). 10. However, despite these many references to the aftermath of the hostilities in the proceedings, it is significant that the Court, in its 2021 Order, requires Azerbaijan to protect “persons captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict” (para. 98 (1) (a)), and not persons captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict and its aftermath. This is particularly telling with regard to Armenia’s final submissions, which specifically referred to the aftermath of hostilities, because the Court would obviously have taken that submission into account in making its findings for the 2021 Order. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that the omission of any reference to hostilities subsequent to the 2020 Conflict meant that the Court confined the 2020 Conflict to the 44 days that it highlighted in paragraph 13 of the 2021 Order. 11. Therefore, any hostilities that ensued between the Parties subsequent to the 2020 Conflict are not part of the 2020 Conflict nor, as the majority maintains, are they the continuation of that conflict; such hostilities, by virtue of occurring after the 2020 Conflict, constitute a change in the situation. 12. The majority held that “Armenia’s allegations about the treatment of [persons who were detained in relation to the 12 September 2022 hostilities] are of the same character as the allegations that were presented to the Court in Armenia’s request for the indication of provisional measures in 2021”. However, the similarity of the allegations about treatment in the hostilities of 2020 and 2022 in no way derogates from the “change in the situation”, which is an inescapable conclusion of a proper reading of the Court’s 2021 Order. Indeed, this similarity in the allegations about treatment is - 3 - scarcely surprising, because, generally, the physical features of military conflicts are the same  injuries, deaths, capture of persons and their alleged mistreatment, etc., and it is those features, common to most conflicts, that give rise to allegations about treatment. Therefore, similarity in the allegations about treatment does not provide a basis for the conclusion that there has been no “change in the situation” justifying modification of the 2021 Order. 13. Consequently, the odd result is that the Court’s Order misinterprets and contradicts the 2021 Order. This contradiction is highlighted by the last sentence in paragraph 18, in which the Court “affirms that treatment in accordance with point (1) (a) of paragraph 98 of its Order of 7 December 2021 is to be afforded to any person who has been or may come to be detained during any hostilities that constitute a renewed flare-up of the 2020 Conflict”. There is no basis for this interpretation and application of paragraph 98 (1) (a), which calls for the protection of “all persons captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict who remain in detention”. The phrase “who remain in detention” refers to those persons who were captured in the 2020 Conflict, which the Court defined in paragraph 13 as having a duration of 44 days. The last sentence in paragraph 18 is therefore a strained interpretation and application of paragraph 98 (1) (a) of the Court’s 2021 Order. 14. In light of the foregoing, the outbreak of hostilities between the Parties on 12 September 2022 qualifies as a “change in the situation”, within the meaning of Article 76 (1) of the Rules of Court, warranting the modification of the 2021 Order. Thus, the Court should have granted the request of Armenia for a modification of paragraph 98 (1) (a) of its 2021 Order. It is also possible that Armenia could have filed a fresh request for the indication of provisional measures in respect of the outbreak of hostilities in September 2022. However, such an eventuality is properly seen as unnecessary in light of the provision made in Article 76 (1) for modification of provisional measures. (Signed) Patrick L. ROBINSON. ___________

Bilingual Content

599
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SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE ROBINSON
Scope of the Court’s provisional measures Order of 7 December 2021 —
Temporal limitation in the Court’s Order of the 2020 Conflict — Effect of
hostilities ensuing between the Parties subsequent to the 2020 Conflict — Outbreak
of hostilities on 12 September 2022 qualifies as a “change in the situation”.
1. In this opinion, I explain my disagreement with the finding of the
majority in paragraph 23 of the Order that “the circumstances, as they
now present themselves to the Court, are not such as to require the
exercise of its power to modify the measures indicated in the Order of
7 December 2021”.
2. A remarkable feature of the majority’s Order is that nowhere in its
substantive analysis of Armenia’s request for modification of the Court’s
provisional measures Order of 7 December 2021 (hereinafter “2021
Order”) does it examine the most relevant provision of that Order, i.e.
paragraph 98 (1) (a). It is difficult to understand this approach because
paragraph 98 (1) (a) is the very provision in respect of which Armenia
seeks a modification.
3. Article 76 (1) of the Rules of Court reads as follows:
“At the request of a party or proprio motu, the Court may, at any
time before the final judgment in the case, revoke or modify any decision
concerning provisional measures if, in its opinion, some change
in the situation justifies such revocation or modification.”
4. In paragraph 98 (1) (a) of its 2021 Order, the Court indicated the
following provisional measure:
“(1) The Republic of Azerbaijan shall, in accordance with its obligations
under the International Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination,
(a) [p]rotect from violence and bodily harm all persons captured in
relation to the 2020 Conflict who remain in detention, and ensure
their security and equality before the law”.
5. Armenia requested the Court to modify that Order as follows:
599
25
OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. LE JUGE ROBINSON
[Traduction]
Portée de l’ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires du 7 décembre
2021 — Limitation temporelle du conflit de 2020 dans l’ordonnance de la Cour
— Effet des hostilités survenues entre les Parties après le conflit de 2020 —
Déclenchement d’hostilités le 12 septembre 2022 constituant un « changement dans
la situation ».
1. Dans la présente opinion, j’explique pourquoi je ne souscris pas à la
conclusion à laquelle est parvenue la majorité dans le dispositif, au paragraphe
23 de l’ordonnance, à savoir que « les circonstances, telles qu’elles
se présentent actuellement à [la Cour], ne sont pas de nature à exiger
l’exercice de son pouvoir de modifier les mesures indiquées dans l’ordonnance
du 7 décembre 2021 ».
2. L’ordonnance adoptée par la majorité se distingue par le fait que,
nulle part dans son analyse au fond de la demande de l’Arménie tendant
à la modification de l’ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires
du 7 décembre 2021 (ci-après l’« ordonnance de 2021 »), la Cour n’examine
la disposition la plus pertinente de ladite ordonnance, c’est-à-dire
l’alinéa a) du point 1 du dispositif, au paragraphe 98. Cette approche est
difficile à comprendre parce que c’est précisément cette disposition qui
faisait l’objet de la demande de modification présentée par l’Arménie.
3. Le paragraphe 1 de l’article 76 du Règlement de la Cour est ainsi
libellé :
« A la demande d’une partie ou d’office, la Cour peut, à tout
moment avant l’arrêt définitif en l’affaire, rapporter ou modifier toute
décision concernant des mesures conservatoires si un changement
dans la situation lui paraît justifier que cette décision soit rapportée
ou modifiée. »
4. A l’alinéa a) du point 1 du dispositif au paragraphe 98 de l’ordonnance
de 2021, la Cour avait indiqué la mesure conservatoire suivante :
« 1) La République d’Azerbaïdjan doit, conformément aux obligations
que lui impose la convention internationale sur l’élimination de
toutes les formes de discrimination raciale,
a) [p]rotéger contre les voies de fait et les sévices toutes les personnes
arrêtées en relation avec le conflit de 2020 qui sont toujours en
détention et garantir leur sûreté et leur droit à l’égalité devant la
loi ».
5. L’Arménie priait la Cour de modifier cette ordonnance de manière
à
600 application of the cerd (sep. op. robinson)
26
“to explicitly require Azerbaijan to protect from violence and bodily
harm all persons captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict, or any
armed conflict between the Parties since that time, upon capture or
thereafter, including those who remain in detention, and ensure their
security and equality before the law” (emphasis in the original).
One immediately sees in the underlined part of the request the concern
that Armenia has about the possibility of a conflict arising after the
2020 Conflict.
6. Instead of focusing on paragraph 98 (1) (a) of its 2021 Order, the
modification of which Armenia sought, the Court concentrates on the
Trilateral Statement signed on 9 November 2020 by Azerbaijan, Armenia
and Russia. This statement required a “complete ceasefire and termination
of all hostilities in the area of the Nagorno‑Karabakh conflict” from
10 November 2020. Yet, the legal comparator for determining whether
there has been “a change in the situation justifying modification” is the
Court’s 2021 Order, not the Trilateral Statement. The approach taken by
the majority resulted in their ignoring the very consequential temporal
element in the Court’s 2021 Order.
7. In its Application instituting proceedings requesting provisional
measures, Armenia asked the Court to indicate the following provisional
measure: “Azerbaijan shall release immediately all Armenian prisoners of
war, hostages and other detainees in its custody who were made
captive during the September-November 2020 armed hostilities or their
aftermath” (para. 131; my emphasis). By referring to the September-
November 2020 armed hostilities or their aftermath, Armenia indicated
that its concern was not only with the 2020 Conflict, but also with any
subsequent hostilities resulting therefrom. At the end of the second round
of its oral observations, Armenia in its final submission asked the Court
to indicate the following provisional measure: “Azerbaijan shall release
immediately all Armenian prisoners of war, hostages and other detainees
in its custody who were made captive during the September-November
2020 armed hostilities or their aftermath” (hearing of 15 October 2021;
my emphasis). Again, in its final submissions, Armenia, through the
phrase “or their aftermath”, demonstrates its concern with the possibility
of hostilities after the 2020 Conflict.
8. In paragraph 13 of its 2021 Order, the Court for all practical
purposes defined the temporal element relating to the conflict in 2020. It
stated: “Further hostilities erupted in September 2020, in what Armenia
calls ‘the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War’ and Azerbaijan calls ‘the
Second Garabagh War’ (hereinafter the ‘2020 Conflict’), and lasted
44 days.” Thus, as far as the Court was concerned, the 2020 Conflict had
a duration of 44 days.
application de la ciedr (op. ind. robinson) 600
26
« enjoindre expressément à l’Azerbaïdjan de protéger contre les
voies de fait et les sévices toutes les personnes arrêtées en relation
avec le conflit de 2020 ou tout conflit armé survenu depuis entre les
Parties, lors de leur arrestation et par la suite, y compris celles qui
sont toujours en détention, et de garantir leur sûreté et leur droit à
l’égalité devant la loi » (les italiques sont dans l’original).
On perçoit immédiatement, dans le passage mis en évidence, l’inquiétude
qu’exprime l’Arménie quant à la possibilité qu’émerge un autre conflit
après le conflit de 2020.
6. Au lieu de s’intéresser à l’alinéa a) du point 1 du dispositif au paragraphe
98 de l’ordonnance de 2021, dont l’Arménie sollicitait la modification,
la Cour s’est concentrée sur la déclaration trilatérale signée le
9 novembre 2020 par l’Azerbaïdjan, l’Arménie et la Russie, qui proclamait
un « cessez-le-feu complet et la cessation de toutes les hostilités
dans la zone de conflit du Haut-Karabakh » à partir du 10 novembre 2020.
Or, le point de comparaison juridique permettant de déterminer s’il y
a eu « un changement de situation justifiant la modification » sollicitée,
c’est l’ordonnance de 2021, et non la déclaration trilatérale. Dans
l’approche qu’elle adopte, la majorité méconnaît les implications très
évidentes de l’élément temporel de l’ordonnance rendue par la Cour en
2021.
7. Dans sa requête introductive d’instance assortie d’une demande en
indication de mesures conservatoires, l’Arménie priait la Cour d’indiquer
la mesure conservatoire suivante : « l’Azerbaïdjan doit libérer immédiatement
tous les prisonniers de guerre, otages et autres détenus arméniens
sous sa garde qui ont été arrêtés pendant ou après le conflit armé de
septembre-novembre 2020 » (par. 131 ; les italiques sont de moi). En
faisant référence au conflit armé de septembre-novembre 2020 ou à ce qui
s’est ensuivi, l’Arménie faisait savoir que son inquiétude ne portait pas
seulement sur le conflit de 2020, mais aussi sur les éventuelles hostilités
qui pourraient en résulter ultérieurement. A la fin de son second tour de
plaidoiries, elle a, dans ses conclusions finales, prié la Cour d’indiquer la
mesure conservatoire suivante : « l’Azerbaïdjan doit libérer immédiatement
tous les prisonniers de guerre, otages et autres détenus arméniens
sous sa garde qui ont été arrêtés pendant ou après le conflit armé de
septembre-novembre 2020 » (audience du 15 octobre 2021 ; les italiques
sont de moi). Là encore, l’Arménie, en précisant « ou après le conflit »,
confirmait redouter la survenance d’hostilités après le conflit de
2020.
8. Au paragraphe 13 de l’ordonnance de 2021, la Cour avait défini à
toutes fins utiles l’élément temporel relatif au conflit de 2020, de la
manière suivante : « De nouvelles hostilités ont éclaté en septembre 2020.
Qualifiées de « deuxième guerre du Haut-Karabakh » par l’Arménie et de
« deuxième guerre du Garabagh » par l’Azerbaïdjan, ces hostilités (ci-après
le « conflit de 2020 ») ont duré 44 jours. » Par conséquent, pour la Cour, le
conflit de 2020 a duré 44 jours.
601 application of the cerd (sep. op. robinson)
27
9. Notably, in its 2021 Order, the Court itself makes reference to the
“2020 Conflict or its aftermath”. For example, in paragraph 67, in considering
the link between the measures requested by Armenia and the
plausible rights it seeks to protect, the Court makes reference to “measures
aimed at requesting Azerbaijan to treat all persons that Armenia
identifies as prisoners of war and civilian detainees taken captive during
the 2020 Conflict or in its aftermath, in accordance with its obligations
under CERD” (emphasis added). Similarly, in paragraph 79, in setting
out the arguments of the Parties, it points to Azerbaijan’s statement that
Armenia “contents itself with alleging only past conduct, primarily during
or in the aftermath of active hostilities” (emphasis added).
10. However, despite these many references to the aftermath of the
hostilities in the proceedings, it is significant that the Court, in its
2021 Order, requires Azerbaijan to protect “persons captured in relation
to the 2020 Conflict” (para. 98 (1) (a)), and not persons captured in
relation to the 2020 Conflict and its aftermath. This is particularly telling
with regard to Armenia’s final submissions, which specifically referred to
the aftermath of hostilities, because the Court would obviously have
taken that submission into account in making its findings for the 2021
Order. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that the omission of any
reference to hostilities subsequent to the 2020 Conflict meant that the
Court confined the 2020 Conflict to the 44 days that it highlighted in
paragraph 13 of the 2021 Order.
11. Therefore, any hostilities that ensued between the Parties subsequent
to the 2020 Conflict are not part of the 2020 Conflict nor, as the
majority maintains, are they the continuation of that conflict; such hostilities,
by virtue of occurring after the 2020 Conflict, constitute a change
in the situation.
12. The majority held that
“Armenia’s allegations about the treatment of [persons who were
detained in relation to the 12 September 2022 hostilities] are of the
same character as the allegations that were presented to the Court in
Armenia’s request for the indication of provisional measures in
2021”.
However, the similarity of the allegations about treatment in the hostilities
of 2020 and 2022 in no way derogates from the “change in the
situation”, which is an inescapable conclusion of a proper reading of the
Court’s 2021 Order. Indeed, this similarity in the allegations about treatment
is scarcely surprising, because, generally, the physical features of
military conflicts are the same — injuries, deaths, capture of persons and
their alleged mistreatment, etc., and it is those features, common to most
conflicts, that give rise to allegations about treatment. Therefore, similarity
in the allegations about treatment does not provide a basis for the
application de la ciedr (op. ind. robinson) 601
27
9. On ne peut manquer de noter que la Cour elle-même, dans l’ordonnance
de 2021, a employé les termes « pendant ou immédiatement après le
conflit de 2020 ». Au paragraphe 67 par exemple, lorsqu’elle examine le
lien entre les mesures sollicitées par l’Arménie et les droits plausibles que
cette dernière cherche à protéger, la Cour parle des « mesures tendant à
demander à l’Azerbaïdjan de traiter toutes les personnes que l’Arménie
qualifie de prisonniers de guerre et de détenus civils réduits en captivité
pendant ou immédiatement après le conflit de 2020 conformément aux
obligations mises à sa charge par la CIEDR » (les italiques sont de moi).
De même, au paragraphe 79, lorsqu’elle expose les arguments des Parties,
elle rappelle que, selon l’Azerbaïdjan, l’Arménie « se contente de dénoncer
un comportement passé qui se serait produit principalement pendant les
hostilités actives ou immédiatement après » (les italiques sont de moi).
10. Or, malgré ces nombreuses références, dans l’instance, à la suite
des hostilités, il est significatif que la Cour, dans l’ordonnance de 2021,
enjoigne à l’Azerbaïdjan de protéger « les personnes arrêtées en relation
avec le conflit de 2020 » (alinéa a) du point 1 du dispositif au paragraphe
98), et non les personnes arrêtées en relation avec le conflit de
2020 et à la suite de ce conflit. Cela est particulièrement révélateur
lorsqu’on sait que les conclusions finales de l’Arménie faisaient spécifiquement
référence à la suite des hostilités, car la Cour ne pouvait naturellement
manquer de prendre cet aspect en considération pour se prononcer.
Il est donc raisonnable de conclure que l’absence, dans l’ordonnance de
2021, de toute référence aux hostilités postérieures au conflit de 2020
signifiait que pour la Cour ce conflit se limitait aux 44 jours mentionnés
au paragraphe 13 de ladite ordonnance.
11. Par conséquent, toutes les hostilités survenues entre les Parties
après le conflit de 2020 ne font pas partie de ce conflit, et n’en sont pas
non plus la continuation comme le soutient la majorité ; puisqu’elles ont
éclaté après le conflit de 2020, ces hostilités constituent un changement
dans la situation.
12. La majorité a conclu que
« [l]es allégations que formule l’Arménie quant au traitement infligé
[aux personnes qui étaient détenues en relation avec les hostilités du
12 septembre 2022] sont de même nature que celles qu’elle avait présentées
à la Cour dans sa demande en indication de mesures conservatoires
en 2021 ».
Toutefois, la similitude des allégations relatives aux traitements infligés
au cours des hostilités de 2020 et de 2022 n’enlève rien au « changement
de situation » auquel conclut inéluctablement toute interprétation correcte
de l’ordonnance de 2021. Cette similitude des traitements dénoncés
n’est en effet guère surprenante étant donné que les conflits militaires se
caractérisent en général par les mêmes atteintes physiques — personnes
blessées, tuées, arrêtées et présumément maltraitées en détention, etc. —
et que ce sont ces atteintes, communes à la plupart des conflits, qui sont à
l’origine d’allégations de traitement inapproprié. Par conséquent, le fait
602 application of the cerd (sep. op. robinson)
28
conclusion that there has been no “change in the situation” justifying
modification of the 2021 Order.
13. Consequently, the odd result is that the Court’s Order misinterprets
and contradicts the 2021 Order. This contradiction is highlighted by
the last sentence in paragraph 18, in which the Court “affirms that treatment
in accordance with point 1 (a) of paragraph 98 of its Order of
7 December 2021 is to be afforded to any person who has been or may
come to be detained during any hostilities that constitute a renewed
flare-up of the 2020 Conflict”. There is no basis for this interpretation and
application of paragraph 98 (1) (a), which calls for the protection of “all
persons captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict who remain in detention”.
The phrase “who remain in detention” refers to those persons who
were captured in the 2020 Conflict, which the Court defined in
paragraph 13 as having a duration of 44 days. The last sentence in paragraph
18 is therefore a strained interpretation and application of
paragraph 98 (1) (a) of the Court’s 2021 Order.
14. In light of the foregoing, the outbreak of hostilities between the
Parties on 12 September 2022 qualifies as a “change in the situation”,
within the meaning of Article 76 (1) of the Rules of Court, warranting the
modification of the 2021 Order. Thus, the Court should have granted the
request of Armenia for a modification of paragraph 98 (1) (a) of its 2021
Order. It is also possible that Armenia could have filed a fresh request for
the indication of provisional measures in respect of the outbreak of
hostilities in September 2022. However, such an eventuality is properly
seen as unnecessary in light of the provision made in Article 76 (1) for
modification of provisional measures.
(Signed) Patrick L. Robinson.
___________
application de la ciedr (op. ind. robinson) 602
28
que les allégations à cet égard se ressemblent ne permet pas de conclure
qu’il n’y a pas eu de « changement de situation » justifiant la modification
de l’ordonnance de 2021.
13. Il en résulte curieusement que la Cour fait dans son ordonnance
une interprétation erronée de l’ordonnance de 2021, et contredit celle-ci.
Cette contradiction ressort de la dernière phrase du paragraphe 18, dans
laquelle la Cour « affirme qu’un traitement conforme à l’alinéa a) du
point 1 du paragraphe 98 de son ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021 doit
être réservé à toute personne qui a été détenue ou qui pourrait l’être pendant
toute survenance d’hostilités constituant une résurgence du conflit
de 2020 ». Rien ne permet d’interpréter et d’appliquer ainsi l’alinéa a) du
point 1 du paragraphe 98, qui requiert que soient protégées « toutes les
personnes arrêtées en relation avec le conflit de 2020 qui sont toujours en
détention ». Le membre de phrase « qui sont toujours en détention »
renvoie aux personnes arrêtées au cours du conflit de 2020, dont la Cour
a dit au paragraphe 13 qu’il avait duré 44 jours. La dernière phrase du
paragraphe 18 reflète donc une interprétation et une application forcées
de l’alinéa a) du point 1 du paragraphe 98 de l’ordonnance de 2021.
14. Compte tenu de ce qui précède, le déclenchement d’hostilités entre
les Parties le 12 septembre 2022 peut être considéré comme un « changement
dans la situation » au sens du paragraphe 1 de l’article 76 du
Règlement de la Cour, justifiant la modification de l’ordonnance de 2021.
La Cour aurait donc dû faire droit à la demande de l’Arménie tendant à
la modification de l’alinéa a) du point 1 du paragraphe 98 de ladite
ordonnance. L’Arménie aurait également pu présenter une nouvelle
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires portant sur les hostilités
déclenchées en septembre 2022 ; mais cette hypothèse est à juste titre jugée
inutile au vu de la teneur du paragraphe 1 de l’article 76, qui envisage la
modification de mesures conservatoires.
(Signé) Patrick L. Robinson.
___________

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate opinion of Judge Robinson

Order
4
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