Separate opinion of Judge Sebutinde

Document Number
180-20221012-ORD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
180-20221012-ORD-01-00-EN
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE SEBUTINDE The provisional measure contained in paragraph 98 (1) (a) of the Court’s Order of 7 December 2021 has a particular temporal scope and extends protection to particular individuals  In its current form, the said provisional measure does not extend to Armenian nationals captured and detained by Azerbaijan after the 2020 Conflict or in the future  The renewed hostilities of September 2022 resulting in the capture and detention of additional Armenian prisoners constitute a change in the situation within the meaning of Article 76 (1) of the Rules of Court, that justifies a modification of the original provisional measure, in order to extend its protection to the new detainees. I. INTRODUCTION 1. Although I have voted in favour of subparagraph (2) of paragraph 23 of the Order on Armenia’s Request for the Modification of the Order of 7 December 2021 Indicating Provisional Measures, (dispositif) (“the present Order”), I respectfully disagree with the finding of the majority of the Court in subparagraph (1) that “the circumstances, as they now present themselves to the Court, are not such as to require the exercise of its powers to modify the measures indicated in the Order of 7 December 2021”. I accordingly voted against that subparagraph. I also disagree with the reasoning of the Court in paragraphs 12 to 19 of the present Order that led the majority to its conclusion. In my respectful opinion, the recent turn of events in September 2022 does constitute a change in the situation that warranted the indication of provisional measures in this case on 7 December 2021 and, as I shall demonstrate below, that change justifies a modification in the first provisional measure, along the lines requested by Armenia. 2. It will be recalled that Armenia has, through its various letters to the Court, requested that the first of the provisional measures indicated by the Court in its provisional measures Order of 7 December 2021 be modified to include those captured by Azerbaijan after the 2020 conflict1. It requests that the first provisional measure be modified by adding the following italicized words: “[p]rotect from violence and bodily harm all persons captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict, or any armed conflict between the Parties since that time, upon capture or thereafter, including those who remain in detention, and ensure their security and equality before the law”. 3. Armenia also requests that the Court confirm whether an ad hoc committee has been established for this case pursuant to Article 11 of the Resolution concerning the Internal Judicial Practice of the Court2. Both requests were accompanied by allegations and evidence of Azerbaijan’s non-compliance with the indicated provisional measures3. 4. Azerbaijan filed an initial response on 22 September 20224, inter alia, laying out its own allegations and evidence of Armenia’s non-compliance with measures indicated for both this case 1 Letter from the Agent of Armenia requesting the modification of the Court’s Order indicating provisional measures (hereinafter “Armenia 16 September Letter”), p. 5; Letter from the Agent of Armenia dated 19 September 2022 reiterating Armenia’s request that the Court modify its Order indicating provisional measures (hereinafter “Armenia 19 September Letter”), p. 4. 2 Armenia 16 September Letter, pp. 2 and 6; Armenia 19 September Letter, p. 4. 3 Armenia 16 September Letter pp. 5-6; Armenia 19 September Letter, p. 4. 4 Letter from the Agent of Azerbaijan dated 22 September 2022. - 2 - and the provisional measures indicated 5 for the related case of Azerbaijan v. Armenia6. On 27 September 2022, Azerbaijan followed up with its written observations opposing the modification requested by Armenia on grounds that the latter had not demonstrated urgency, making additional allegations of Armenia’s non-compliance, and presenting a proposal for the filing of periodic reports in order to facilitate compliance monitoring in both Armenia v. Azerbaijan and Azerbaijan v. Armenia7. 5. In response, Armenia submitted a letter dated 29 September 2022, addressing Azerbaijan’s four arguments on urgency and reiterating its request for modification. In this separate opinion, I will only address Armenia’s request concerning the modification of the provisional measures indicated by the Court in its Order of 7 December 2021. II. WHETHER THE SITUATION WARRANTING THE ORDER OF 7 DECEMBER 2021 HAS CHANGED 6. Under Article 76, paragraph 1, of the Rules of the Court, the Court may, at a party’s request or proprio motu, “at any time before the final judgment in the case, revoke or modify any decision concerning provisional measures if, in its opinion, some change in the situation justifies such revocation or modification” (emphasis added). The Court therefore needs to assess whether the situation warranting the original provisional measures order has changed and, if so, whether that change justifies the modification requested. 7. In determining whether or not there has been a change in the situation underlying the Court’s Order of 7 December 2021, it is necessary to appreciate the context in which that Order was issued. It will be recalled that the Court indicated the provisional measures contained in that Order following a particular conflict, namely, the so-called “Second Nagorno-Karabakh War” of September 20208 that lasted 44 days, and after the declaration of the ceasefire of 10 November 2020 pursuant to the Trilateral Statement9. Armenia’s request for the indication of the 2021 provisional measures was intended to secure protection of the CERD rights of specifically 45 named Armenian individuals that both Parties agreed had been captured by Azerbaijan in relation to the said Second Nagorno-Karabakh War and that remained in the Respondent’s custody at that time10. Armenia identified those individuals as “prisoners of war and civilian detainees taken captive during the 2020 Conflict or in its aftermath”11. It was in respect of these 45 individuals that the Court “[found] plausible the right of such persons not to be subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment based on their national or ethnic origin while being detained by Azerbaijan”12. Accordingly, the provisional measures indicated concerned those particular individuals and not any other persons detained over the course of a tenuous relationship between the Parties spanning many years, much less those who 5 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Azerbaijan v. Armenia), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021. 6 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Azerbaijan v. Armenia). 7 Written observations of Azerbaijan on the request of Armenia that the Court modifies its Order indicating provisional measures (hereinafter “Azerbaijan Observations”). 8 Azerbaijan referred to the 2020 conflict as the “Second Garabagh War”. 9 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, para. 13. 10 Ibid., para. 51. 11 Ibid., para. 60. 12 Ibid. - 3 - would, hypothetically, be captured during some future flare-up, as the present Order now stipulates 13. Similarly, the Court’s reasoning and analysis of the evidence in the 7 December 2021 Order specifically dealt with allegations regarding the treatment of Armenian nationals held captive during the “September-November 2020 armed hostilities or their aftermath”14. Moreover, the natural reading of the 2021 Order indicates that it was intended to be backward looking and specific to those who were still held in Azerbaijani custody at that time, as the text refers to “all persons captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict who remain in detention”15 (emphasis added). In my respectful opinion, the 2021 Order has both a ratione personae limitation as well as a ratione temporis limitation, which limitations are, in my view, inconsistent with the reasoning and findings of the majority in paragraphs 18 and 19 of the present Order. 8. After careful consideration and analysis of the context and situation underlying the issuance of the 2021 provisional measures Order, I shall now consider the current context and circumstances in order to determine whether there has been a change in the situation. Despite disagreements as to the details, the Parties agree that there was a resumption of hostilities from 12 to 13 September 2022. This fact is also established through independent sources including remarks by the Assistant Secretary-General of the United Nations at the Security Council meeting on 15 September, which described the fighting as “the largest in a series of incidents since 2020”16. The situation continues to be volatile. After agreeing to a ceasefire on the evening of 14 September, the Parties resumed clashes on 23 and 28 September, with each blaming the other for violating the ceasefire17. Both Parties agree that, as a result of the September 2022 hostilities, more Armenian service personnel were captured and detained by Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan makes much ado about 17 Armenian nationals that it has repatriated since the renewed hostilities. It will be recalled however, that in its 7 December 2021 Order, the Court held that it “does not consider that CERD plausibly requires Azerbaijan to repatriate all persons identified by Armenia as prisoners of war and civilian detainees”18. Thus, whilst Azerbaijan may be commended for its humanitarian stance in repatriating captured Armenian service personnel, such repatriation is not a legal obligation under the 2021 provisional measures. Rather, Azerbaijan’s legal obligation relates to the treatment of each of the 45 identified Armenian prisoners and those who remain in Azerbaijani custody, in particular by “[p]rotect[ing] them from violence and bodily harm . . . and ensur[ing] their security and equality before the law”. Besides, Armenia, while acknowledging the repatriation of its servicemen, asserts that there is evidence that those repatriated had been subjected to torture and that Azerbaijan has other Armenians in its custody beside the 17, including at least six executed while detained and at least two who have not been returned19. In my view, the recent resurgence of hostilities, which broke the period of relative peace, and which led to fresh prisoners of war and probable death, constitutes a major change in the circumstances underlying the indication of the 2021 provisional measures. 13 Present Order, para. 18. 14 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, para. 11. 15 Ibid., para. 98, subpara. (1) (a). 16 UN News, “UN remains deeply concerned over ‘dangerous escalation’ following fighting across Armenia-Azerbaijan border”, 15 September 2022, https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1126721/. 17 See, e.g. UN Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, “Amid Fighting between Armenia, Azerbaijan, Assistant Secretary-General Urges Both Parties Commit to Lasting Peace Treaty, in Security Council Briefing”, 15 Sept. 2022, https://press.un.org/en/2022/sc15031.doc.htm; Al Jazeera, “Armenia, Azerbaijan trade blame for new ceasefire violations”, 23 Sept. 2022, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/23/armenia-azerbaijan-trade-blame-for-fresh-ceasefire-violations; and Reuters, “Armenia says three soldiers killed by Azeri shelling  Tass”, 28 Sept. 2022, https://www.reuters.com/article /azerbaijan-armenia-fighting-idAFKBN2QT1SH. 18 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, para. 60. 19 Armenia’s letter dated 10 October 2022, pp. 2-3. - 4 - III. WHETHER THE CHANGE JUSTIFIES THE MODIFICATION OF MEASURES 9. Armenia asserts that its request is a simple clarification of the Court’s Order of 7 December 2021, which has become necessary “to avoid any ambiguity with respect to Azerbaijan’s obligations vis-à-vis captured Armenian servicemen”20. According to Armenia, urgency is self-evident given the change in the situation, and the Court has already decided on the other elements required for the modification, including prima facie jurisdiction, plausibility of the asserted right, and the link between the right and the measure, all of which remain identical to those for the original provisional measure. Armenia also comments that the modification would cover conduct that already violates another provisional measure that requires both Parties to “refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve”21. 10. Azerbaijan only disputes the precondition of urgency and provides four arguments to support its position22. The first is that no one would be protected by the added language since it alleges that all the detainees captured during the 12-13 September 2022 hostilities have been repatriated23. The second and third arguments are linked; they jointly state that there is no need to merely reiterate obligations that Azerbaijan already acknowledges and has been taking active steps to comply with24. The fourth argument is that the change is mischaracterized since Armenia is responsible for the resumption of hostilities25. 11. Armenia provides a response to each of Azerbaijan’s arguments. In response to the first argument, it states that repatriation does not deny urgency, because there remains a real and imminent risk of repetition of Azerbaijan’s conduct threatening the well-being of Armenian service members. In response to the second argument, Armenia notes that the Court did not accept the same representation as a defence in relation to detainees from the 2020 conflict who are no different from those captured recently. In response to the third argument, Armenia argues that remedial steps do not remove the urgency and that the alleged remedies are not leading to accountability. In response to the fourth argument, Armenia maintains both that the claim is false and that it would not justify abuse regardless26. 12. For the Court to modify an existing provisional measure, the new situation must itself meet the general conditions laid down in Article 41 of the Statute of the Court. As correctly explained by Armenia and left undisputed by Azerbaijan, all elements of Article 41 (other than that of urgency which is disputed by Azerbaijan) have been considered and established in the original provisional measures Order27. This section thus focuses solely on the question of urgency. The Court clarified in the 7 December 2021 Order that “[t]he condition of urgency is met when the acts susceptible of 20 Armenia 16 September Letter, p. 5. 21 Ibid. 22 Azerbaijan Observations, p. 3. 23 Letter from the Agent of Azerbaijan dated 6 October 2022, p. 1. 24 Azerbaijan Observations, pp. 4-7. 25 Ibid., pp. 7-11. 26 Armenia 29 September Letter, pp. 2-4; Letter from the Agent of Armenia dated 6 October 2022, p. 2. 27 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, paras. 60, 67 and 81-82. - 5 - causing irreparable prejudice can ‘occur at any moment’ before the Court makes a final decision on the case” 28. Based on this standard, I find this condition satisfied. 13. In the 2021 Order, the Court specifically took note of evidence supporting allegations of inhuman and degrading treatment and torture of Armenian prisoners of war to conclude that there was urgency for the measure in question. The evidence of abuse currently in front of the Court for the modification request, consisting primarily of videos and screenshots that Armenia alleges are being circulated on social media by Azerbaijani servicemen, is arguably less verified than what the Court had at hand during the original proceedings29. Nevertheless, in light of the recent history of alleged abuse, the resumption of hostilities and the capture of additional Armenians provides sufficient reason to suspect that acts susceptible of causing irreparable prejudice could occur before the Court renders a final decision on the merits. 14. This conclusion would also be consistent with the Court’s provisional measures Order. Two facts should be noted in this regard. First, the modification request is not Armenia’s first attempt at expanding the temporal scope of the measure in question. During the proceedings on the request for provisional measures, Armenia requested that the measure cover individuals taken captive “during the 2020 Conflict or in its aftermath”30. This was also the formulation the Court used in finding a link between the plausible right asserted and the relevant provisional measure31. That said, the Court ultimately adopted its own formulation referring to those “captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict”. Clearly, the Court decided not to refer to “the aftermath” of the conflict in order to limit the scope of coverage. That said, the Order does not preclude clarification or expansion, which appears to be justified as new hostilities have begun and additional servicemen were captured. This view is further supported by the fact that conduct that would be governed by the modified language would likely also violate the provisional measure to refrain from actions that may aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court. 15. Second, Azerbaijan’s four arguments either follow the same line of logic it used in the original provisional measures proceedings or are irrelevant for evaluating urgency. The first three, with minor variation in the factual details asserted, replicate Azerbaijan’s previous claims, based on which the Court still concluded that the measure in question was warranted32. The fourth argument of fault is not relevant. Urgency is about the possibility of irreparable prejudice newly created by the changed circumstance, not the question of responsibility for this change. In my view, the Court should stand by its original decision that urgency exists despite Azerbaijan’s representations. 28 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, para. 70. See also Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua); Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Order of 16 July 2013, Provisional Measures, I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 238, para. 30 (stating the Court indicates provisional measures “only if there is urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice may be caused to the rights in dispute before the Court has given its final decision”). 29 The original Order, for example, specifically referenced the Resolution of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe on Humanitarian Consequences of the Conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan adopted on 27 September 2021 and the joint statement issued by several United Nations human rights experts on 1 February 2021. See Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021, paras. 85-88. 30 Ibid., para. 11. 31 Ibid., para. 67 (“It considers that a link exists . . . for measures aimed at requesting Azerbaijan to treat all persons that Armenia identifies as prisoners of war and civilian detainees taken captive during the 2020 Conflict or in its aftermath, in accordance with its obligations under CERD, including with respect to their right to security of person and protection by the State against all bodily harm”). 32 Ibid., paras. 51-52 and 76-77. - 6 - IV. CONCLUSION 16. In conclusion, I am of the view that there has been a change of circumstances and the change justifies the requested modification. 17. As to the language of the revised Order, I propose the following modification to subparagraph (1) (a) of paragraph 98 of the Order of 7 December 2021: “Protect from violence and bodily harm all persons captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict and subsequent hostilities between the Parties, including those who remain in detention, and ensure their security and equality before the law.” (Signed) Julia SEBUTINDE. ___________

Bilingual Content

587
13
SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE SEBUTINDE
The provisional measure contained in paragraph 98 (1) (a) of the Court’s Order
of 7 December 2021 has a particular temporal scope and extends protection to
particular individuals — In its current form, the said provisional measure does not
extend to Armenian nationals captured and detained by Azerbaijan after the 2020
Conflict or in the future — The renewed hostilities of September 2022 resulting in
the capture and detention of additional Armenian prisoners constitute a change in
the situation within the meaning of Article 76 (1) of the Rules of Court, that
justifies a modification of the original provisional measure, in order to extend its
protection to the new detainees.
I. Introduction
1. Although I have voted in favour of subparagraph 2 of paragraph 23
of the Order on Armenia’s request for the modification of the Order of
7 December 2021 indicating provisional measures, (dispositif) (“the present
Order”), I respectfully disagree with the finding of the majority of the
Court in subparagraph 1 that “the circumstances, as they now present
themselves to the Court, are not such as to require the exercise of its
powers to modify the measures indicated in the Order of 7 December
2021”. I accordingly voted against that subparagraph. I also disagree
with the reasoning of the Court in paragraphs 12-19 of the present Order
that led the majority to its conclusion. In my respectful opinion, the
recent turn of events in September 2022 does constitute a change in the
situation that warranted the indication of provisional measures in this
case on 7 December 2021 and, as I shall demonstrate below, that change
justifies a modification in the first provisional measure, along the lines
requested by Armenia.
2. It will be recalled that Armenia has, through its various letters to the
Court, requested that the first of the provisional measures indicated by
the Court in its provisional measures Order of 7 December 2021 be modified
to include those captured by Azerbaijan after the 2020 Conflict 1. It
requests that the first provisional measure be modified by adding the
following italicized words:
1 Letter from the Agent of Armenia requesting the modification of the Court’s Order
indicating provisional measures (hereinafter “16 September Letter (Armenia)”), p. 5; Letter
from the Agent of Armenia dated 19 September 2022 reiterating Armenia’s request that the
Court modify its Order indicating provisional measures (hereinafter “19 September Letter
(Armenia)”), p. 4.
587
13
OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE Mme LA JUGE SEBUTINDE
[Traduction]
Mesure conservatoire énoncée à l’alinéa a) du point 1 du dispositif au paragraphe
98 de l’ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021 ayant une portée temporelle
particulière et protégeant des personnes particulières — Mesure conservatoire ne
s’étendant pas, dans sa forme actuelle, aux Arméniens capturés et placés en
détention par l’Azerbaïdjan après le conflit de 2020 ou à ceux qui pouvaient l’être
par la suite — Résurgence des hostilités en septembre 2022 suivie de nouvelles
arrestations et détentions d’Arméniens constituant un changement de situation au
sens du paragraphe 1 de l’article 76 du Règlement de la Cour et justifiant une
modification de la mesure conservatoire initiale afin d’en étendre la protection aux
nouveaux détenus.
I. Introduction
1. Si j’ai voté en faveur du point 2 du dispositif au paragraphe 23 de la
présente ordonnance rendue sur la demande de l’Arménie tendant à la
modification de l’ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021, je ne souscris toutefois
pas à la conclusion de la majorité énoncée au point 1, à savoir que « les
circonstances, telles qu’elles se présentent actuellement à [la Cour], ne
sont pas de nature à exiger l’exercice de son pouvoir de modifier les
mesures indiquées dans l’ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021 ». J’ai donc
voté contre ce point du dispositif. Je suis également en désaccord avec le
raisonnement exposé aux paragraphes 12-19, qui a conduit la majorité à
cette conclusion. Tout en respectant cette position, je considère pour ma
part que la tournure qu’ont récemment prise les événements en septembre
2022 constitue un changement dans la situation qui avait motivé l’indication
de mesures conservatoires dans cette affaire le 7 décembre 2021, et
ce changement, ainsi que je le démontrerai ci-dessous, justifiait une modification
de la première de ces mesures conservatoires, dans le sens
demandé par l’Arménie.
2. Il est à rappeler que l’Arménie, par diverses lettres adressées à la
Cour, demandait que soit modifiée la première mesure conservatoire indiquée
dans l’ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021 afin qu’y soient incluses les
personnes capturées par l’Azerbaïdjan après le conflit de 2020 1. Elle
sollicitait ainsi l’ajout des mots ci-après en italiques :
1 Lettre de l’agent de l’Arménie priant la Cour de modifier son ordonnance en indication
de mesures conservatoires (ci-après la « lettre de l’Arménie en date du 16 septembre »),
p. 4-5 ; lettre de l’agent de l’Arménie en date du 19 septembre 2022 réitérant la demande
de l’Arménie tendant à ce que la Cour modifie son ordonnance en indication de mesures
conservatoires (ci-après la « lettre de l’Arménie en date du 19 septembre »), p. 3.
588 application of the cerd (sep. op. sebutinde)
14
“Protect from violence and bodily harm all persons captured in relation
to the 2020 Conflict, or any armed conflict between the Parties since
that time, upon capture or thereafter, including those who remain in
detention, and ensure their security and equality before the law”.
3. Armenia also requests that the Court confirm whether an ad hoc
committee has been established for this case pursuant to Article 11 of the
Resolution concerning the Internal Judicial Practice of the Court 2. Both
requests were accompanied by allegations and evidence of Azerbaijan’s
non-compliance with the indicated provisional measures 3.
4. Azerbaijan filed an initial response on 22 September 2022 4, inter
alia, laying out its own allegations and evidence of Armenia’s noncompliance
with measures indicated for both this case and the provisional
measures indicated 5 for the related case of Azerbaijan v. Armenia 6.
On 27 September 2022, Azerbaijan followed up with its written observations
opposing the modification requested by Armenia on grounds that
the latter had not demonstrated urgency, making additional allegations
of Armenia’s non-compliance, and presenting a proposal for the filing of
periodic reports in order to facilitate compliance monitoring in both
Armenia v. Azerbaijan and Azerbaijan v. Armenia 7.
5. In response, Armenia submitted a letter dated 29 September 2022,
addressing Azerbaijan’s four arguments on urgency and reiterating its
request for modification. In this separate opinion, I will only address Armenia’s
request concerning the modification of the provisional measures
indicated by the Court in its Order of 7 December 2021.
II. Whether the Situation Warranting the Order
of 7 December 2021 Has Changed
6. Under Article 76, paragraph 1, of the Rules of the Court, the Court
may, at a party’s request or proprio motu, “at any time before the final
2 16 September Letter (Armenia), pp. 2 and 6; 19 September Letter (Armenia),
p. 4.
3 16 September Letter (Armenia), pp. 5-6; 19 September Letter (Armenia), p. 4.
4 Letter from the Agent of Azerbaijan dated 22 September 2022.
5 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Azerbaijan v. Armenia), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021,
I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 405.
6 Ibid.
7 Written observations of Azerbaijan on the request of Armenia that the Court
modifies its Order indicating provisional measures (hereinafter “written observations of
Azerbaijan”).
application de la ciedr (op. ind. sebutinde) 588
14
« Protéger contre les voies de fait et les sévices toutes les personnes
arrêtées en relation avec le conflit de 2020 ou tout conflit armé survenu
depuis entre les Parties, lors de leur arrestation et par la suite, y compris
celles qui sont toujours en détention, et de garantir leur sûreté et leur
droit à l’égalité devant la loi ».
3. L’Arménie priait en outre la Cour de dire si elle avait formé en
l’affaire une commission ad hoc en application de l’article 11 de la résolution
visant sa pratique interne en matière judiciaire 2. A l’appui de ces
deux demandes, l’Arménie donnait des exemples du non-respect allégué,
par l’Azerbaïdjan, des mesures conservatoires indiquées et apportait des
éléments de preuve à cet égard 3.
4. L’Azerbaïdjan a déposé une première réponse le 22 septembre 2022 4,
dans laquelle, entre autres, il présentait ses propres allégations et éléments
de preuve concernant le non-respect par l’Arménie à la fois des mesures
indiquées en l’espèce et de celles indiquées 5 dans l’affaire connexe Azerbaïdjan
c. Arménie 6. L’Azerbaïdjan a ensuite soumis, le 27 septembre
2022, ses observations écrites, par lesquelles il s’opposait à la modification
sollicitée par l’Arménie au motif que cette dernière n’avait pas démontré
qu’il y avait urgence ; il formulait en outre de nouvelles allégations
concernant le non-respect des mesures par l’Arménie, et proposait que
des rapports soient régulièrement soumis à la Cour afin d’aider celle-ci à
contrôler le respect de ses ordonnances, tant dans l’affaire Arménie
c. Azerbaïdjan que dans l’affaire Azerbaïdjan c. Arménie 7.
5. L’Arménie, par lettre en date du 29 septembre 2022, a réfuté les
quatre arguments de l’Azerbaïdjan sur le caractère d’urgence, et réitéré sa
demande de modification. Dans l’exposé de la présente opinion individuelle,
je ne m’intéresserai qu’à la demande de l’Arménie tendant à la
modification des mesures conservatoires indiquées par la Cour dans son
ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021.
II. La situation ayant motivé l’ordonnance
du 7 décembre 2021 a-t-elle changé ?
6. Conformément au paragraphe 1 de l’article 76 de son Règlement, la
Cour peut, à la demande d’une partie ou d’office, « à tout moment avant
2 Lettre de l’Arménie en date du 16 septembre, p. 1 et 5 ; lettre de l’Arménie en date du
19 septembre, p. 3.
3 Lettre de l’Arménie en date du 16 septembre, p. 4-5 ; lettre de l’Arménie en date du
19 septembre, p. 3.
4 Lettre de l’agent de l’Azerbaïdjan en date du 22 septembre 2022.
5 Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale (Azerbaïdjan c. Arménie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
7 décembre 2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 405.
6 Ibid.
7 Observations écrites de l’Azerbaïdjan sur la demande de l’Arménie tendant à ce que la
Cour modifie son ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires (ci-après les « observations
écrites de l’Azerbaïdjan »).
589 application of the cerd (sep. op. sebutinde)
15
judgment in the case, revoke or modify any decision concerning provisional
measures if, in its opinion, some change in the situation justifies such
revocation or modification” (emphasis added). The Court therefore needs
to assess whether the situation warranting the original provisional
measures order has changed and, if so, whether that change justifies the
modification requested.
7. In determining whether or not there has been a change in the
situation underlying the Court’s Order of 7 December 2021, it is necessary
to appreciate the context in which that Order was issued. It will be
recalled that the Court indicated the provisional measures contained in
that Order following a particular conflict, namely, the so-called “Second
Nagorno-Karabakh War” of September 2020 8 that lasted 44 days, and
after the declaration of the ceasefire of 10 November 2020 pursuant to the
Trilateral Statement 9. Armenia’s Request for the indication of the
2021 provisional measures was intended to secure protection of the
CERD rights of specifically 45 named Armenian individuals that both
Parties agreed had been captured by Azerbaijan in relation to the said
Second Nagorno-Karabakh War and that remained in the Respondent’s
custody at that time 10. Armenia identified those individuals as “prisoners
of war and civilian detainees taken captive during the 2020 Conflict
or in its aftermath” 11. It was in respect of these 45 individuals that the
Court “[found] plausible the right of such persons not to be subjected to
inhuman or degrading treatment based on their national or ethnic origin
while being detained by Azerbaijan” 12. Accordingly, the provisional
measures indicated concerned those particular individuals and not any
other persons detained over the course of a tenuous relationship between
the Parties spanning many years, much less those who would, hypothetically,
be captured during some future flare-up, as the present Order
now stipulates 13. Similarly, the Court’s reasoning and analysis of the evidence
in the 7 December 2021 Order specifically dealt with allegations
regarding the treatment of Armenian nationals held captive during the
“September-November 2020 armed hostilities or their aftermath” 14.
Moreover, the natural reading of the 2021 Order indicates that it
was intended to be backward looking and specific to those who were
still held in Azerbaijani custody at that time, as the text refers to “all
persons captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict who remain in deten-
8 Azerbaijan referred to the 2020 Conflict as the “Second Garabagh War”.
9 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021,
I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 367, para. 13.
10 Ibid., pp. 377-378, para. 51.
11 Ibid., p. 382, para. 60.
12 Ibid., p. 383, para. 60.
13 Order, para. 18.
14 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021,
I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 366, para. 11.
application de la ciedr (op. ind. sebutinde) 589
15
l’arrêt définitif en l’affaire, rapporter ou modifier toute décision concernant
des mesures conservatoires si un changement dans la situation lui
paraît justifier que cette décision soit rapportée ou modifiée » (les italiques
sont de moi). Elle doit donc évaluer si la situation ayant motivé l’ordonnance
en indication de mesures conservatoires initiale a changé et, dans
l’affirmative, si ce changement justifie la modification sollicitée.
7. Afin de déterminer s’il y a eu ou non changement dans la situation
ayant motivé l’ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021, il est nécessaire d’apprécier
le contexte dans lequel celle-ci a été rendue. Rappelons que la Cour a
prescrit les mesures conservatoires énoncées dans ladite ordonnance à la
suite d’un conflit précis — celui appelé « deuxième guerre du Haut-
Karabakh », qui a éclaté en septembre 2020 8 et a duré 44 jours — et après
la proclamation d’un cessez-le-feu le 10 novembre 2020 en application de
la déclaration trilatérale 9. La demande en indication de mesures conservatoires
présentée par l’Arménie en 2021 visait à garantir la protection
des droits dont jouissaient, au titre de la convention internationale sur
l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (ci-après la
« CIEDR »), 45 Arméniens désignés nommément, dont les deux Parties
s’accordaient à dire qu’ils avaient été capturés par l’Azerbaïdjan, en relation
avec cette deuxième guerre du Haut-Karabakh, et étaient encore
détenus par celui-ci 10. L’Arménie qualifiait ces personnes de « prisonniers
de guerre et de détenus civils, réduits en captivité pendant ou immédiatement
après le conflit de 2020 » 11. C’est au sujet de ces personnes que la
Cour a « estim[é] … que le[ur] droit … de ne pas être soumises à des traitements
inhumains ou dégradants fondés sur leur origine nationale ou
ethnique pendant qu’elles [étaie]nt détenues par l’Azerbaïdjan [étai]t un
droit plausible » 12. Par conséquent, les mesures conservatoires indiquées
concernaient ces 45 personnes précises et non d’autres personnes placées
en détention au cours de la relation précaire entretenue par les Parties
pendant de nombreuses années, et encore moins celles qui pourraient,
hypothétiquement, être capturées au cours de quelque future « résurgence
» du conflit, comme la présente ordonnance le dit maintenant 13. De
même, le raisonnement de la Cour et son analyse des éléments de preuve
dans l’ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021 se rapportaient spécifiquement
aux allégations relatives au traitement des Arméniens retenus captifs pendant
ou « après le conflit armé de septembre-novembre 2020 » 14. Au reste,
8 L’Azerbaïdjan parle de « deuxième guerre du Garabagh » pour désigner le conflit de
2020.
9 Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
7 décembre 2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 367, par. 13.
10 Ibid., p. 377-378, par. 51.
11 Ibid., p. 382, par. 60.
12 Ibid., p. 383, par. 60.
13 Ordonnance, par. 18.
14 Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
7 décembre 2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 366, par. 11.
590 application of the cerd (sep. op. sebutinde)
16
tion” 15 (emphasis added). In my respectful opinion, the 2021 Order has
both a ratione personae limitation as well as a ratione temporis limitation,
which limitations are, in my view, inconsistent with the reasoning and
findings of the majority in paragraphs 18 and 19 of the present Order.
8. After careful consideration and analysis of the context and situation
underlying the issuance of the 2021 provisional measures Order, I shall
now consider the current context and circumstances in order to determine
whether there has been a change in the situation. Despite disagreements
as to the details, the Parties agree that there was a resumption of hostilities
from 12 to 13 September 2022. This fact is also established through
independent sources including remarks by the Assistant Secretary-
General of the United Nations at the Security Council meeting on
15 September, which described the fighting as “the largest in a series of
incidents since 2020” 16. The situation continues to be volatile. After
agreeing to a ceasefire on the evening of 14 September, the Parties resumed
clashes on 23 and 28 September, with each blaming the other for violating
the ceasefire 17. Both Parties agree that, as a result of the September 2022
hostilities, more Armenian service personnel were captured and detained
by Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan makes much ado about 17 Armenian nationals
that it has repatriated since the renewed hostilities. It will be recalled
however, that in its 7 December 2021 Order, the Court held that it “does
not consider that CERD plausibly requires Azerbaijan to repatriate
all persons identified by Armenia as prisoners of war and civilian
detainees” 18. Thus, whilst Azerbaijan may be commended for its humanitarian
stance in repatriating captured Armenian service personnel, such
15 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021,
I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 393, para. 98, subpara. (1) (a).
16 UN News, “UN remains deeply concerned over ‘dangerous escalation’ following
fighting across Armenia-Azerbaijan border”, 15 September 2022, https://news.un.org/en/
story/2022/09/1126721/.
17 See, e.g. UN Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, “Amid Fighting between
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Assistant Secretary-General Urges Both Parties Commit to Lasting
Peace Treaty, in Security Council Briefing”, 15 September 2022, https://press.un.org/
en/2022/sc15031.doc.htm; Al Jazeera, “Armenia, Azerbaijan trade blame for new ceasefire
violations”, 23 September 2022, https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/23/armeniaazerbaijan-
trade-blame-for-fresh-ceasefire-violations; and Reuters, “Armenia says three
soldiers killed by Azeri shelling — Tass”, 28 September 2022, https://www.reuters.com/
article/azerbaijan-armenia-fighting-idAFKBN2QT1SH.
18 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021,
I.C.J. Reports 2021, p. 383, para. 60.
application de la ciedr (op. ind. sebutinde) 590
16
selon l’interprétation naturelle à lui donner, l’ordonnance de 2021 visait à
traiter une situation passée et à protéger spécifiquement les personnes qui
étaient à l’époque toujours détenues par l’Azerbaïdjan, ainsi que le montre
la référence à « toutes les personnes arrêtées en relation avec le conflit de
2020 qui sont toujours en détention » 15 (les italiques sont de moi). A mon
sens, l’ordonnance de 2021 est limitée aussi bien ratione personae que
ratione temporis, ce qui, selon moi, n’est pas compatible avec le raisonnement
et les conclusions que la majorité énonce aux paragraphes 18 et
19 de la présente ordonnance.
8. Après avoir attentivement examiné et analysé le contexte et la situation
qui sous-tendaient l’indication de mesures conservatoires en 2021, j’en
viens aux contexte et circonstances actuels afin de déterminer s’il y a eu un
changement de situation. Malgré des divergences sur des points de détail,
les Parties conviennent que les hostilités ont repris du 12 au 13 septembre
2022, ce qui est également établi par des sources indépendantes, notamment
le sous-secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, qui a
déclaré, à la réunion du Conseil de sécurité du 15 septembre, que les combats
étaient « les plus importants d’une série d’incidents survenus depuis
2020 » 16. La situation reste instable. Après avoir conclu un cessez-le-feu
dans la soirée du 14 septembre, les Parties ont repris les affrontements les
23 et 28 septembre, chacune accusant l’autre d’avoir violé le cessez-lefeu
17. Elles reconnaissent toutes deux que, au cours des hostilités de septembre
2022, des militaires arméniens ont encore été capturés et placés en
détention par l’Azerbaïdjan. Ce dernier fait grand cas des 17 Arméniens
qu’il a rapatriés depuis la résurgence des hostilités. Il faut cependant rappeler
que, dans son ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021, la Cour a dit ne pas
considérer « que la CIEDR oblige de manière plausible l’Azerbaïdjan à
rapatrier toutes les personnes que l’Arménie qualifie de prisonniers de
guerre et de détenus civils » 18. Par conséquent, si ce rapatriement des militaires
arméniens capturés témoigne d’une attitude humanitaire louable de
15 Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
7 décembre 2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 393, alinéa a) du point 1 du dispositif au paragraphe
98.
16 UN News, « UN remains deeply concerned over « dangerous escalation » following
fighting across Armenia-Azerbaijan border », 15 septembre 2022, https://news.un.org/en/
story/2022/09/1126721/.
17 Voir, par exemple, Nations Unies, couverture des réunions et communiqués de
presse, « Le Conseil de sécurité se saisit du conflit entre l’Arménie et l’Azerbaïdjan après
des combats meurtriers le long de la frontière entre les deux pays », 15 septembre 2022,
disponible à l’adresse suivante : https://press.un.org/fr/2022/cs15031.doc.htm ; Al Jazeera,
« Armenia, Azerbaijan trade blame for new ceasefire violations », 23 septembre 2022,
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/23/armenia-azerbaijan-trade-blame-for-freshceasefire-
violations ; et Reuters, « Armenia says three soldiers killed by Azeri shelling
— Tass », 28 septembre 2022, https://www.reuters.com/article/azerbaijan-armeniafighting-
idAFKBN2QT1SH.
18 Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
7 décembre 2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 383, par. 60.
591 application of the cerd (sep. op. sebutinde)
17
repatriation is not a legal obligation under the 2021 provisional measures.
Rather, Azerbaijan’s legal obligation relates to the treatment of each of
the 45 identified Armenian prisoners and those who remain in Azerbaijani
custody, in particular by “[p]rotect[ing] them from violence and
bodily harm . . . and ensur[ing] their security and equality before the
law”. Besides, Armenia, while acknowledging the repatriation of its
servicemen, asserts that there is evidence that those repatriated had been
subjected to torture and that Azerbaijan has other Armenians in its
custody beside the 17, including at least 6 executed while detained and at
least 2 who have not been returned 19. In my view, the recent resurgence
of hostilities, which broke the period of relative peace, and which led to
fresh prisoners of war and probable death, constitutes a major change in
the circumstances underlying the indication of the 2021 provisional
measures.
III. Whether the Change Justifies the Modification of Measures
9. Armenia asserts that its request is a simple clarification of the
Court’s Order of 7 December 2021, which has become necessary “to
avoid any ambiguity with respect to Azerbaijan’s obligations vis-à-vis
captured Armenian servicemen” 20. According to Armenia, urgency is
self-evident given the change in the situation, and the Court has already
decided on the other elements required for the modification, including
prima facie jurisdiction, plausibility of the asserted right, and the link
between the right and the measure, all of which remain identical to those
for the original provisional measure. Armenia also comments that the
modification would cover conduct that already violates another provisional
measure that requires both Parties to “refrain from any action
which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it
more difficult to resolve” 21.
10. Azerbaijan only disputes the precondition of urgency and
provides four arguments to support its position 22. The first is that no one
would be protected by the added language since it alleges that all
the detainees captured during the 12-13 September 2022 hostilities have
been repatriated 23. The second and third arguments are linked; they
jointly state that there is no need to merely reiterate obligations
that Azerbaijan already acknowledges and has been taking active steps
19 Armenia’s letter dated 10 October 2022, pp. 2-3.
20 16 September Letter (Armenia), p. 5.
21 Ibid.
22 Written observations of Azerbaijan, p. 3.
23 Letter from the Agent of Azerbaijan dated 6 October 2022, p. 1.
application de la ciedr (op. ind. sebutinde) 591
17
la part de l’Azerbaïdjan, il n’était toutefois pas une obligation juridique
découlant de l’ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires de
2021. En revanche, l’Azerbaïdjan a une obligation juridique s’agissant du
traitement de chacun des 45 prisonniers arméniens recensés et des autres
détenus sous sa garde, en particulier l’obligation de les « [p]rotéger contre
les voies de fait et les sévices ... et [de] garantir leur sûreté et leur droit à
l’égalité devant la loi ». Du reste, bien qu’elle ait confirmé le rapatriement
de ses militaires, l’Arménie affirme qu’il est attesté que ceux-ci ont été
torturés et que, outre ces 17 Arméniens rapatriés, l’Azerbaïdjan en a
détenu ou en détient encore d’autres, notamment 6 qui ont été exécutés en
détention et 2 au moins qui n’ont pas été rapatriés 19. Selon moi, la récente
résurgence des hostilités, qui est venue rompre une période de paix relative
et qui a vu de nouveaux prisonniers de guerre capturés et probablement
tués, constitue un changement majeur dans la situation qui
sous-tendait l’indication des mesures conservatoires en 2021.
III. Le changement justifiait-il la modification des mesures ?
9. L’Arménie affirmait que sa demande tendait à une simple précision
de l’ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021, devenue nécessaire pour « éviter
toute ambiguïté s’agissant des obligations de l’Azerbaïdjan vis-à-vis des
militaires arméniens arrêtés » 20. Selon elle, l’urgence va de soi compte
tenu du changement de situation, et la Cour s’est déjà prononcée sur les
autres éléments requis aux fins de la modification, notamment la compétence
prima facie, la plausibilité du droit revendiqué et le lien entre ce
droit et la mesure demandée, éléments qui restent tous identiques à ceux
requis pour l’indication de la mesure conservatoire initiale. L’Arménie
ajoutait que la modification permettrait de viser un comportement déjà
contraire à une autre mesure conservatoire, celle qui fait obligation aux
Parties de « s’abstenir de tout acte qui risquerait d’aggraver ou d’étendre
le différend dont la Cour est saisie ou d’en rendre le règlement plus difficile
» 21.
10. L’Azerbaïdjan a contesté uniquement la condition préalable d’urgence
et avancé quatre arguments à l’appui de sa position 22. Il affirmait
d’abord qu’aucun Arménien ne serait protégé par l’ajout du membre de
phrase proposé puisque, selon lui, toutes les personnes capturées et placées
en détention au cours des hostilités des 12 et 13 septembre 2022
avaient été rapatriées 23. Les deux arguments suivants étaient liés et portaient
conjointement sur le fait qu’il n’était point besoin de réaffirmer simplement
des obligations que l’Azerbaïdjan reconnaît déjà et s’emploie
19 Lettre de l’Arménie en date du 10 octobre 2022, p. 1-2.
20 Lettre de l’Arménie en date du 16 septembre, p. 4.
21 Ibid., p. 3.
22 Observations écrites de l’Azerbaïdjan, p. 1.
23 Lettre de l’agent de l’Azerbaïdjan en date du 6 octobre 2022, p. 1.
592 application of the cerd (sep. op. sebutinde)
18
to comply with 24. The fourth argument is that the change is mischaracterized
since Armenia is responsible for the resumption of hostilities
25.
11. Armenia provides a response to each of Azerbaijan’s arguments. In
response to the first argument, it states that repatriation does not deny
urgency, because there remains a real and imminent risk of repetition of
Azerbaijan’s conduct threatening the well-being of Armenian service
members. In response to the second argument, Armenia notes that the
Court did not accept the same representation as a defence in relation to
detainees from the 2020 Conflict who are no different from those captured
recently. In response to the third argument, Armenia argues that remedial
steps do not remove the urgency and that the alleged remedies are not
leading to accountability. In response to the fourth argument, Armenia
maintains both that the claim is false and that it would not justify abuse
regardless 26.
12. For the Court to modify an existing provisional measure, the new
situation must itself meet the general conditions laid down in Article 41
of the Statute of the Court. As correctly explained by Armenia and left
undisputed by Azerbaijan, all elements of Article 41 (other than that of
urgency which is disputed by Azerbaijan) have been considered and
established in the original provisional measures Order 27. This section thus
focuses solely on the question of urgency. The Court clarified in the
7 December 2021 Order that “[t]he condition of urgency is met when the
acts susceptible of causing irreparable prejudice can ‘occur at any
moment’ before the Court makes a final decision on the case” 28. Based on
this standard, I find this condition satisfied.
13. In the 2021 Order, the Court specifically took note of evidence supporting
allegations of inhuman and degrading treatment and torture of
Armenian prisoners of war to conclude that there was urgency for the
24 Written observations of Azerbaijan, pp. 4-7.
25 Ibid., pp. 7-11.
26 29 September Letter (Armenia), pp. 2-4; Letter from the Agent of Armenia dated
6 October 2022, p. 2.
27 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021,
I.C.J. Reports 2021, pp. 382-383, para. 60, p. 385, para. 67 and p. 389, paras. 81-82.
28 Ibid., p. 385, para. 70. See also Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the
Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along
the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Requests for the Modification of the Order
Indicating Provisional Measures of 8 March 2011, Order of 16 July 2013, I.C.J. Reports
2013, p. 238, para. 30 (stating the Court indicates provisional measures “only if there is
urgency, in the sense that there is a real and imminent risk that irreparable prejudice may
be caused to the rights in dispute before the Court has given its final decision”).
application de la ciedr (op. ind. sebutinde) 592
18
activement à respecter 24. Le quatrième argument était que l’Arménie présentait
sous un jour trompeur le changement qu’elle invoquait puisque,
selon l’Azerbaïdjan, c’est elle qui était responsable de la reprise des hostilités
25.
11. L’Arménie a répondu à chacun des arguments de l’Azerbaïdjan.
Concernant le premier, elle affirmait que le rapatriement n’annulait pas
l’urgence, car il subsistait un risque réel et imminent de répétition du
comportement de l’Azerbaïdjan menaçant le bien-être de militaires arméniens.
S’agissant du deuxième argument, elle a rappelé que la Cour ne
l’avait pas accepté comme moyen de défense concernant les personnes
arrêtées en relation avec le conflit de 2020 et dont la situation n’était pas
différente de celles capturées récemment. En réponse au troisième argument,
l’Arménie faisait valoir que des mesures de réparation n’enlevaient
rien à l’urgence et que les prétendus remèdes ne conduisaient pas à l’établissement
des responsabilités. Pour ce qui est du quatrième argument,
l’Arménie maintenait qu’il était mensonger et ne pouvait de toute façon
justifier les exactions commises 26.
12. Pour que la Cour modifie une mesure conservatoire existante, la
nouvelle situation doit elle-même satisfaire aux conditions générales
énoncées à l’article 41 du Statut. Ainsi que l’Arménie l’a justement relevé,
et l’Azerbaïdjan ne l’a pas réfuté, tous les éléments prévus à l’article 41
(hormis le caractère d’urgence, que l’Azerbaïdjan conteste) ont été examinés
et établis dans l’ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires
initiale 27. La présente section s’intéresse donc uniquement à la question
de l’urgence. La Cour avait précisé dans l’ordonnance du 7 décembre
2021 que « [l]a condition d’urgence est remplie dès lors que les actes susceptibles
de causer un préjudice irréparable peuvent « intervenir à tout
moment » avant [qu’elle] ne se prononce de manière définitive en
l’affaire » 28. Sur ce fondement, j’estime que ladite condition est remplie.
13. Dans l’ordonnance de 2021, la Cour avait tout particulièrement
tenu compte d’éléments de preuve étayant les allégations de traitements
inhumains et dégradants et d’actes de torture infligés à des prisonniers de
24 Observations écrites de l’Azerbaïdjan, p. 3-6.
25 Ibid., p. 6-10.
26 Lettre de l’Arménie en date du 29 septembre, p. 2-4 ; lettre de l’agent de l’Arménie en
date du 6 octobre 2022, p. 2.
27 Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance
du 7 décembre 2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 382-383, par. 60, p. 385, par. 67, et p. 389,
par. 81-82.
28 Ibid., p. 385, par. 70. Voir aussi Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la
région frontalière (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua) et Construction d’une route au Costa Rica le
long du fleuve San Juan (Nicaragua c. Costa Rica), demandes tendant à la modification de
l’ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires du 8 mars 2011, ordonnance du 16 juillet
2013, C.I.J. Recueil 2013, p. 238, par. 30 (où il est dit que la Cour n’indique des mesures
conservatoires « que s’il y a urgence, c’est-à-dire s’il existe un risque réel et imminent qu’un
préjudice irréparable soit causé aux droits en litige avant que la Cour n’ait rendu sa décision
définitive »).
593 application of the cerd (sep. op. sebutinde)
19
measure in question. The evidence of abuse currently in front of the Court
for the modification request, consisting primarily of videos and screenshots
that Armenia alleges are being circulated on social media by
Azerbaijani servicemen, is arguably less verified than what the Court had
at hand during the original proceedings 29. Nevertheless, in light of the
recent history of alleged abuse, the resumption of hostilities and the
capture of additional Armenians provides sufficient reason to suspect that
acts susceptible of causing irreparable prejudice could occur before the
Court renders a final decision on the merits.
14. This conclusion would also be consistent with the Court’s provisional
measures Order. Two facts should be noted in this regard. First,
the modification request is not Armenia’s first attempt at expanding the
temporal scope of the measure in question. During the proceedings on the
request for provisional measures, Armenia requested that the measure
cover individuals taken captive “during the 2020 Conflict or in its aftermath”
30. This was also the formulation the Court used in finding a link
between the plausible right asserted and the relevant provisional
measure 31. That said, the Court ultimately adopted its own formulation
referring to those “captured in relation to the 2020 Conflict”. Clearly, the
Court decided not to refer to “the aftermath” of the conflict in order to
limit the scope of coverage. That said, the Order does not preclude clarification
or expansion, which appears to be justified as new hostilities have
begun and additional servicemen were captured. This view is further
supported by the fact that conduct that would be governed by the
modified language would likely also violate the provisional measure to
refrain from actions that may aggravate or extend the dispute before the
Court.
29 The original Order, for example, specifically referenced the resolution of the Parliamentary
Assembly of the Council of Europe on Humanitarian Consequences of the
Conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan adopted on 27 September 2021 and the joint
statement issued by several United Nations human rights experts on 1 February 2021.
See Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021,
I.C.J. Reports 2021, pp. 389-390, paras. 85-88.
30 Ibid., p. 382, para. 60 (emphasis added).
31 Ibid., p. 385, para. 67:
“It considers that a link exists . . . for measures aimed at requesting Azerbaijan
to treat all persons that Armenia identifies as prisoners of war and civilian detainees
taken captive during the 2020 Conflict or in its aftermath, in accordance with its obligations
under CERD, including with respect to their right to security of person and
protection by the State against all bodily harm”. (Emphasis added.)
application de la ciedr (op. ind. sebutinde) 593
19
guerre arméniens pour conclure qu’il y avait urgence à indiquer la mesure
demandée. Les preuves d’exactions qui lui ont été présentées à l’appui de
la demande de modification, comprenant principalement des vidéos et
captures d’écran dont l’Arménie allègue qu’elles ont été diffusées sur les
réseaux sociaux par des militaires azerbaïdjanais, n’ont certes pas été
aussi solidement vérifiées que les éléments produits pendant la procédure
initiale 29. Néanmoins, les récentes allégations d’exactions, la résurgence
des hostilités et le fait que d’autres Arméniens aient encore été capturés
suffisaient pour faire craindre que des actes susceptibles de causer un préjudice
irréparable soient commis avant que la Cour ne rende son arrêt
définitif au fond.
14. Une telle conclusion aurait en outre été dans le droit fil de l’ordonnance
en indication de mesures conservatoires de 2021. Deux observations
s’imposent à cet égard. Premièrement, ce n’est pas la première fois,
par cette demande de modification, que l’Arménie tente d’étendre la portée
temporelle de la mesure en question. Au cours de la procédure sur la
demande en indication de mesures conservatoires, elle avait ainsi demandé
que soient incluses les personnes faites prisonnières « pendant ou
immédiatement après le conflit de 2020 » 30. Cette formulation est celle
qu’a également retenue la Cour lorsqu’elle a conclu à l’existence d’un lien
entre le droit plausible revendiqué et la mesure conservatoire demandée
31. Cela étant, la Cour a, en définitive, adopté sa propre formulation
et fait référence aux personnes « arrêtées en relation avec le conflit de
2020 ». De toute évidence, elle a décidé de ne pas utiliser les termes « immédiatement
après » le conflit pour limiter la portée de la mesure. Néanmoins,
rien dans l’ordonnance n’empêche que celle-ci soit précisée ou
étendue, ce qui semble justifié quand on sait que de nouvelles hostilités
ont éclaté et que d’autres militaires arméniens ont été capturés. En outre,
le comportement qui aurait été couvert par le libellé modifié est aussi susceptible
de constituer un non-respect de la mesure conservatoire consistant
à s’abstenir de tout acte qui risquerait d’aggraver ou d’étendre le
différend dont est saisie la Cour.
29 L’ordonnance initiale, par exemple, faisait précisément référence à la résolution sur
les conséquences humanitaires du conflit entre l’Arménie et l’Azerbaïdjan que l’Assemblée
parlementaire du Conseil de l’Europe avait adoptée le 27 septembre 2021 et à la déclaration
conjointe faite par des experts des droits de l’homme de l’Organisation des Nations
Unies le 1er février 2021. Voir Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de
toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires,
ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 389-390, par. 85-88.
30 Ibid., p. 382, par. 60 (les italiques sont de moi).
31 Ibid., p. 385, par. 67 :
« Elle estime qu’il existe un lien … [avec] des mesures tendant à demander à l’Azerbaïdjan
de traiter toutes les personnes que l’Arménie qualifie de prisonniers de guerre
et de détenus civils réduits en captivité pendant ou immédiatement après le conflit de
2020 conformément aux obligations mises à sa charge par la CIEDR, notamment en
ce qui concerne leur droit à la sûreté de la personne et à la protection de l’Etat contre
tous sévices ». (Les italiques sont de moi.)
594 application of the cerd (sep. op. sebutinde)
20
15. Second, Azerbaijan’s four arguments either follow the same line of
logic it used in the original provisional measures proceedings or are irrelevant
for evaluating urgency. The first three, with minor variation in the
factual details asserted, replicate Azerbaijan’s previous claims, based on
which the Court still concluded that the measure in question was
warranted 32. The fourth argument of fault is not relevant. Urgency is
about the possibility of irreparable prejudice newly created by the changed
circumstance, not the question of responsibility for this change. In my
view, the Court should stand by its original decision that urgency exists
despite Azerbaijan’s representations.
IV. Conclusion
16. In conclusion, I am of the view that there has been a change of
circumstances and the change justifies the requested modification.
17. As to the language of the revised Order, I propose the following
modification to subparagraph (1) (a) of paragraph 98 of the Order of
7 December 2021:
“Protect from violence and bodily harm all persons captured in
relation to the 2020 Conflict and subsequent hostilities between the
Parties, including those who remain in detention, and ensure their
security and equality before the law”.
(Signed) Julia Sebutinde.
32 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Armenia v. Azerbaijan), Provisional Measures, Order of 7 December 2021,
I.C.J. Reports 2021, pp. 377-378, paras. 51-52, and p. 387, paras. 76-77.
application de la ciedr (op. ind. sebutinde) 594
20
15. Deuxièmement, les quatre arguments de l’Azerbaïdjan sont soit
identiques, dans leur ligne de logique, à ceux présentés au cours de la
procédure initiale, soit dénués de pertinence pour évaluer le caractère
d’urgence. Les trois premiers, hormis quelques différences factuelles
mineures, reproduisent les précédentes revendications de l’Azerbaïdjan,
qui n’ont pas empêché la Cour de conclure que la mesure demandée était
justifiée 32. Le quatrième argument — savoir à qui revient la faute — n’est
pas pertinent. L’urgence concerne la nouvelle possibilité de préjudice irréparable
que génère le changement de situation, et non la question de
savoir qui est responsable de ce changement. A mes yeux, la Cour aurait
dû s’en tenir à sa décision initiale, à savoir qu’il y a urgence malgré les
déclarations de l’Azerbaïdjan.
IV. Conclusion
16. En conclusion, je suis d’avis qu’il y a eu un changement dans la
situation, et que ce changement justifiait la modification sollicitée.
17. Pour ce qui est du libellé de l’ordonnance révisée, il aurait fallu à
mon sens modifier comme suit l’alinéa a) du point 1 du dispositif au
paragraphe 98 de l’ordonnance du 7 décembre 2021 :
« Protéger contre les voies de fait et les sévices toutes les personnes
arrêtées en relation avec le conflit de 2020 ou des hostilités qui surviendraient
par la suite entre les Parties, y compris celles qui sont
toujours en détention, et garantir leur sûreté et leur droit à l’égalité
devant la loi ».
(Signé) Julia Sebutinde.
32 Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale (Arménie c. Azerbaïdjan), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
7 décembre 2021, C.I.J. Recueil 2021, p. 377-378, par. 51-52, et p. 387, par. 76-77.

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Separate opinion of Judge Sebutinde

Order
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