Declaration of Judge Abraham

Document Number
154-20221004-ORD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
154-20221004-ORD-01-00-EN
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF JUDGE ABRAHAM 1. I fully agree with the present Order, and with the Court’s request that the Parties, at the forthcoming hearings, confine their arguments to the two questions outlined in the operative part of the Order. 2. However, given that the reasoning of the Order is particularly concise  not to say rather elliptical  I consider it necessary to further explain the reasons which, in my view, justify the present decision. 3. In its Application, Nicaragua requests the Court to determine “[t]he . . . course of the maritime boundary between Nicaragua and Colombia in the areas of the continental shelf which appertain to each of them beyond the boundaries determined by the Court in its Judgment of 19 November 2012”. The Court found that it had jurisdiction to entertain that request and declared it admissible (Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 Nautical Miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), pp. 139-140, para. 126). 4. According to Nicaragua, its entitlement to a continental shelf extends beyond the 200-nautical-mile limit from its own coasts (more precisely, the baselines from which the breadth of its territorial sea is measured) and encroaches on the area located within 200 nautical miles from Colombia’s coasts. Thus, according to Nicaragua, there is an overlap between its own entitlement to an extended continental shelf and the entitlement of Colombia to a continental shelf within 200 nautical miles of its own coasts, which is in fact a component of the latter’s exclusive economic zone. Nicaragua contends that this overlap necessitates a delimitation of the areas over which the Parties’ rights compete. Since, according to the Applicant, there is no rule establishing an order of priority between the entitlement of a State to an extended continental shelf and that of another State to a continental shelf within 200 nautical miles, Nicaragua proposes to the Court that the boundary should be established along a line that would divide the area of overlapping entitlements in a manner that is, in the Applicant’s view, equitable. 5. In accordance with Article 76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Nicaragua has submitted information to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf on the extended continental shelf that it claims. To date, the Commission has not issued any recommendation in this regard. The Court held, in its Judgment on preliminary objections, that such a lack of a recommendation did not constitute a legal obstacle for “a State party to UNCLOS [to] ask the Court to settle a dispute with another State over . . . a delimitation” of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the coasts of the Applicant (ibid., p. 137, para. 114). 6. To rule on all elements of Nicaragua’s submissions as presented to the Court, the latter would have to determine the breadth of Nicaragua’s continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from its coasts, assuming that it does extend beyond such a limit, which Colombia contests. - 2 - To this end, the Court should apply the relevant criteria under customary law  since Colombia is not a party to UNCLOS  for the determination of the outer limits of a coastal State’s continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. It is well known that Article 76, paragraphs 3 to 6, of UNCLOS define relatively precise and fairly complex criteria for the determination of such an outer limit. Irrespective of whether, at present, these criteria align with the applicable customary law or whether the latter departs from them to a greater or lesser degree, it is doubtful that the Court could determine the exact extent of Nicaragua’s continental shelf without the assistance of highly qualified experts. To that end, the Court could possibly implement the provisions of Article 67, paragraph 1, of its Rules. 7. However, apart from disputing the fact that Nicaragua’s continental shelf actually extends beyond 200 nautical miles, Colombia’s submission contains a legal argument which, if well-founded, would have the consequence of excluding the overlap of the Parties’ entitlements to a continental shelf and, consequently, depriving any request for a delimitation of its object. Indeed, according to Colombia, the entitlement of a coastal State to a continental shelf within its own 200 nautical miles always and necessarily prevails over another State’s entitlement to an extended continental shelf, beyond its own 200 nautical miles. It therefore follows that, even if Nicaragua could establish that its continental shelf does extend beyond the 200-nautical-mile limit, the Applicant’s rights arising therefrom could only be exercised to the limit of Colombia’s exclusive economic zone and the corresponding continental shelf. There would be no grounds for delimitation and, consequently, no need for an expert opinion. Nicaragua disputes this contention, arguing that the two entitlements at issue are of equal weight and that neither one has precedence over the other. 8. We are undoubtedly faced here with a question of a preliminary character, not from a procedural perspective, such as in the case of a preliminary objection to jurisdiction or admissibility, but rather from the perspective of the substantive examination of this case. Depending on the answer to this question, it will be determined whether there is a case for delimitation and, therefore, whether or not there is a point in determining, with the assistance of experts or otherwise, the extent of the continental shelf. 9. A wise judge does not enter into convoluted, lengthy and costly arrangements for an expert opinion without first ascertaining whether it is worthwhile. It would manifestly be contrary to the requirements of the proper administration of justice to enter into such arrangements and then rule on the matter with a statement of reasons revealing that the work of the experts, or the assistance of other specialists, proved to be of no benefit and could not have been for legal reasons. The legal question must therefore be decided first. 10. Of course, the Court could have let the Parties plead on all aspects of the case, legal and factual, without distinction, but this would have carried the risk, after the hearings and in the course of its deliberations, of the Court concluding that the dispute between the Parties could only be resolved with the assistance of experts; in which case it would have had to reopen the proceedings, arrange for an expert opinion and allow the Parties to state their views again. Such an approach would only have postponed the difficulty and risked prolonging the proceedings, without any additional advantages for the Parties. I therefore believe that the Court has acted wisely in deciding to examine the questions in turn. - 3 - 11. Nothing in the Statute or Rules prevents the Court from examining the merits in several distinct stages, the first certain and the second potential. Given the very particular circumstances of the present case, the Court is fully justified in asking the Parties to confine their oral arguments to the two legal issues identified by it. Such a method is indeed unprecedented, but it is merely because identical circumstances have not arisen in previous cases. Moreover, in a different context, when the Court rules in two separate judgments on the respective issues of responsibility and compensation  which it does routinely and may do even in the absence of any request from the parties to that effect  it separates the examination of the merits into two distinct stages. 12. I do not take the present Order to mean or suggest in any way that the Court is adopting a novel approach to the examination of the merits of a case, in which questions of law are decided first and questions of fact left for a second phase, for which there would be no justification. The two questions that the Court sets out in the operative part of the Order have not been singled out because they are questions of law, but because their resolution determines the further course of the proceedings. 13. The rights of the Parties thus remain intact; procedural equity is preserved; the requirements for the proper administration of justice are met. (Signed) Ronny ABRAHAM. ___________

Bilingual Content

12
571
DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE ABRAHAM
[Texte original français]
1. Je suis en plein accord avec la présente ordonnance, et j’approuve la
Cour d’avoir demandé aux Parties, lors des prochaines audiences, de circonscrire
leurs plaidoiries aux deux questions énoncées dans le dispositif.
2. Cependant, la motivation de l’ordonnance étant particulièrement
concise, pour ne pas dire assez elliptique, j’estime nécessaire d’expliquer
davantage les raisons qui, selon moi, justifient la décision prise.
3. Dans sa requête, le Nicaragua a demandé à la Cour de déterminer
« [l]e tracé ... de la frontière maritime entre les portions de plateau continental
relevant du Nicaragua et de la Colombie au-delà des limites
établies par la Cour dans son arrêt du 19 novembre 2012 ». La Cour s’est
déclarée compétente pour connaître de cette demande et a déclaré celle-ci
recevable (Question de la délimitation du plateau continental entre le
Nicaragua et la Colombie au-delà de 200 milles marins de la côte nicaraguayenne
(Nicaragua c. Colombie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2016 (I), p. 139-140, par. 126).
4. Selon le Nicaragua, le plateau continental auquel il peut prétendre
s’étend au-delà de la limite des 200 milles marins à partir de ses propres
côtes (plus précisément des lignes de base à partir desquelles est mesurée
la largeur de sa mer territoriale), jusqu’à empiéter sur l’espace situé en
deçà des 200 milles marins à partir des côtes colombiennes. Il y aurait
donc, à en croire le Nicaragua, un chevauchement entre son propre droit
à un plateau continental étendu et celui de la Colombie au plateau continental
situé dans les 200 milles marins à partir de ses propres côtes, et qui
est, en réalité, une composante de sa zone économique exclusive.
C’est ce chevauchement qui rend nécessaire, selon le point de vue du
Nicaragua, une délimitation de l’espace sur lequel les droits des Parties
entrent en concurrence. Puisque, selon le requérant, aucune règle ne
donne la priorité, entre le droit d’un Etat à un plateau continental étendu
et celui d’un autre Etat à un plateau continental en deçà de ses 200 milles
marins, à l’un par rapport à l’autre, le Nicaragua propose à la Cour de
fixer la limite suivant une ligne qui partagerait la zone de chevauchement
d’une manière qui serait, selon le requérant, équitable.
5. Le Nicaragua a communiqué les informations relatives au plateau
continental étendu qu’il revendique à la Commission des limites du
plateau continental, conformément au paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 de la
convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer (CNUDM). La
Commission n’a, à ce jour, formulé aucune recommandation à cet égard.
La Cour a jugé, dans son arrêt sur les exceptions préliminaires, qu’une
telle absence de recommandation ne constituait pas un obstacle juridique
à ce « qu’un Etat partie à la CNUDM puisse demander à la Cour de
12
571
DECLARATION OF JUDGE ABRAHAM
[Original English Text]
1. I fully agree with the present Order, and with the Court’s request
that the Parties, at the forthcoming hearings, confine their arguments to
the two questions outlined in the operative part of the Order.
2. However, given that the reasoning of the Order is particularly concise
— not to say rather elliptical — I consider it necessary to further
explain the reasons which, in my view, justify the present decision.
3. In its Application, Nicaragua requests the Court to determine
“[t]he . . . course of the maritime boundary between Nicaragua and
Colombia in the areas of the continental shelf which appertain to each of
them beyond the boundaries determined by the Court in its Judgment of
19 November 2012”. The Court found that it had jurisdiction to entertain
that request and declared it admissible (Question of the Delimitation of the
Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 Nautical
Miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), pp. 139-140, para. 126).
4. According to Nicaragua, its entitlement to a continental shelf
extends beyond the 200-nautical-mile limit from its own coasts (more
precisely, the baselines from which the breadth of its territorial sea is
measured) and encroaches on the area located within 200 nautical miles
from Colombia’s coasts. Thus, according to Nicaragua, there is an overlap
between its own entitlement to an extended continental shelf and the
entitlement of Colombia to a continental shelf within 200 nautical miles
of its own coasts, which is in fact a component of the latter’s exclusive
economic zone.
Nicaragua contends that this overlap necessitates a delimitation of the
areas over which the Parties’ rights compete. Since, according to the
Applicant, there is no rule establishing an order of priority between the
entitlement of a State to an extended continental shelf and that of another
State to a continental shelf within 200 nautical miles, Nicaragua proposes
to the Court that the boundary should be established along a line that
would divide the area of overlapping entitlements in a manner that is, in
the Applicant’s view, equitable.
5. In accordance with Article 76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), Nicaragua has submitted
information to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf on
the extended continental shelf that it claims. To date, the Commission has
not issued any recommendation in this regard. The Court held, in its
Judgment on preliminary objections, that such a lack of a recommendation
did not constitute a legal obstacle for “a State party to UNCLOS
[to] ask the Court to settle a dispute with another State over . . . a deli-
13
572 délimitation du plateau continental (décl. abraham)
régler un différend avec un autre Etat relatif à une … délimitation » du
plateau continental au-delà de 200 milles marins des côtes du demandeur
(C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I), p. 137, par. 114).
6. Pour statuer dans tous leurs éléments sur les conclusions du Nicaragua
telles qu’elles lui sont présentées, la Cour devrait déterminer l’étendue
du plateau continental du Nicaragua au-delà des 200 milles marins à
partir de ses côtes, à supposer qu’il s’étende au-delà de cette zone, ce que
conteste la Colombie.
A cette fin, il faudrait que la Cour applique les critères qui permettent
en droit coutumier — puisque la Colombie n’est pas partie à la CNUDM
— de déterminer la limite extérieure du plateau continental de l’Etat
côtier au-delà des 200 milles marins.
On sait que la CNUDM définit, aux paragraphes 3 à 6 de son article 76,
des critères relativement précis et d’une assez grande complexité aux fins
de la fixation de cette limite extérieure. Que ces critères coïncident à
l’heure actuelle avec le droit coutumier applicable ou que celui-ci s’en
écarte dans une proportion plus ou moins grande, il est douteux que la
Cour puisse accomplir la tâche de déterminer l’étendue exacte du plateau
continental du Nicaragua sans le concours d’experts hautement qualifiés.
Elle pourrait notamment, à cette fin, mettre en oeuvre les dispositions de
l’article 67, paragraphe 1, de son Règlement.
7. Mais l’argumentation de la Colombie, outre qu’elle conteste la réalité
de l’extension au-delà de 200 milles marins du plateau continental du
Nicaragua, comporte un argument juridique qui, s’il était fondé, aurait
pour conséquence d’exclure le chevauchement des droits des Parties à un
plateau continental, et par suite de rendre sans objet toute demande de
délimitation.
Selon la Colombie, en effet, le droit d’un Etat côtier à un plateau continental
en deçà de ses 200 milles marins l’emporte toujours et nécessairement
sur celui d’un autre Etat à un plateau continental étendu au-delà de
ses propres 200 milles marins. D’où il résulte que même si le Nicaragua
pouvait établir que son plateau continental s’étendait au-delà des limites
de ses 200 milles marins, les droits qui en découleraient pour le requérant
ne pourraient s’exercer tout au plus que jusqu’à la limite de la zone
économique exclusive, et du plateau continental correspondant, de la
Colombie. Il n’y aurait pas matière à délimitation, et, partant, il n’y aurait
pas lieu à expertise.
Le Nicaragua conteste cette thèse, en soutenant pour sa part que les
deux droits en présence sont d’un poids égal, et qu’il n’y a nulle priorité
de l’un sur l’autre.
8. Il est clair que nous nous trouvons ici en présence d’une question qui
a un caractère préalable, non pas d’un point de vue procédural comme
une exception préliminaire d’incompétence ou d’irrecevabilité, mais au
point de vue de l’examen substantiel de l’affaire. Selon la réponse qu’elle
recevra, on en conclura qu’il y a ou non matière à délimitation, donc qu’il
y a ou non un intérêt à déterminer, avec le concours d’experts ou autrement,
l’étendue du plateau continental.
13
delimitation of the continental shelf (decl. abraham) 572
mitation” of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the
coasts of the Applicant (I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 137, para. 114).
6. To rule on all elements of Nicaragua’s submissions as presented to
the Court, the latter would have to determine the breadth of Nicaragua’s
continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from its coasts, assuming that
it does extend beyond such a limit, which Colombia contests.
To this end, the Court should apply the relevant criteria under customary
law — since Colombia is not a party to UNCLOS — for the determination
of the outer limits of a coastal State’s continental shelf beyond
200 nautical miles.
It is well known that Article 76, paragraphs 3 to 6, of UNCLOS define
relatively precise and fairly complex criteria for the determination of such
an outer limit. Irrespective of whether, at present, these criteria align with
the applicable customary law or whether the latter departs from them to
a greater or lesser degree, it is doubtful that the Court could determine
the exact extent of Nicaragua’s continental shelf without the assistance of
highly qualified experts. To that end, the Court could possibly implement
the provisions of Article 67, paragraph 1, of its Rules.
7. However, apart from disputing the fact that Nicaragua’s continental
shelf actually extends beyond 200 nautical miles, Colombia’s submission
contains a legal argument which, if well-founded, would have the consequence
of excluding the overlap of the Parties’ entitlements to a continental
shelf and, consequently, depriving any request for a delimitation of its
object.
Indeed, according to Colombia, the entitlement of a coastal State to a
continental shelf within its own 200 nautical miles always and necessarily
prevails over another State’s entitlement to an extended continental shelf,
beyond its own 200 nautical miles. It therefore follows that, even if Nicaragua
could establish that its continental shelf does extend beyond the
200-nautical-mile limit, the Applicant’s rights arising therefrom could
only be exercised to the limit of Colombia’s exclusive economic zone and
the corresponding continental shelf. There would be no grounds for delimitation
and, consequently, no need for an expert opinion.
Nicaragua disputes this contention, arguing that the two entitlements
at issue are of equal weight and that neither one has precedence over the
other.
8. We are undoubtedly faced here with a question of a preliminary character,
not from a procedural perspective, such as in the case of a preliminary
objection to jurisdiction or admissibility, but rather from the perspective of
the substantive examination of this case. Depending on the answer to this
question, it will be determined whether there is a case for delimitation and,
therefore, whether or not there is a point in determining, with the assistance
of experts or otherwise, the extent of the continental shelf.
14
573 délimitation du plateau continental (décl. abraham)
9. Un juge avisé ne s’engage pas dans des opérations d’expertise complexes,
longues et coûteuses, sans s’assurer au préalable qu’elles sont
utiles. Il serait manifestement contraire aux exigences d’une bonne administration
de la justice de s’engager dans de telles opérations, et de statuer
ensuite sur l’affaire par une motivation qui ferait apparaître que les
travaux des experts, ou l’assistance d’autres spécialistes, n’ont été d’aucune
utilité et ne pouvaient pas l’être pour des raisons de droit. Il faut
donc trancher d’abord la question juridique.
10. Certes, la Cour aurait pu laisser les Parties plaider l’affaire dans
tous ses éléments indistinctement, en droit et en fait, mais alors le risque
aurait été qu’elle constate après les audiences, au cours de ses délibérations,
qu’elle ne pouvait régler le différend que sur la base d’une
expertise : elle aurait dû dans ce cas rouvrir les débats, organiser l’expertise
et donner aux Parties la possibilité de s’exprimer à nouveau. Cette
solution n’aurait fait que reporter la difficulté, avec le risque de prolonger
la procédure, sans aucun avantage supplémentaire pour les Parties. La
Cour a donc, selon moi, été sage en décidant d’examiner les questions
successivement.
11. Rien dans le Statut et le Règlement n’empêche la Cour de procéder
dans l’examen du fond en distinguant plusieurs étapes, la première
certaine, la seconde éventuelle. Dans les circonstances très particulières de
la présente affaire, il est pleinement justifié de demander aux Parties de
limiter leurs plaidoiries aux deux questions identifiées par la Cour. Il est
vrai qu’une telle méthode est inédite, mais c’est tout simplement parce
que des circonstances identiques ne se sont pas rencontrées dans les
affaires antérieures. D’ailleurs, dans un contexte différent, lorsque la Cour
statue par deux arrêts séparés sur le principe de la responsabilité et sur
l’indemnisation due — ce qu’elle fait couramment et qu’elle peut faire
même en l’absence de toute demande des parties à cet effet —, elle scinde
bien en deux étapes l’examen du fond.
12. Je ne comprends pas l’ordonnance rendue ce jour comme signifiant
ou suggérant de quelque façon que ce soit que la Cour s’engagerait dans
une approche nouvelle consistant, dans l’examen d’une affaire au fond, à
statuer d’abord sur les questions de droit, et à laisser pour une seconde
étape les questions de fait, ce qui n’aurait aucune justification.
Les deux questions que la Cour énonce dans le dispositif de l’ordonnance
n’ont pas été isolées parce que ce sont des questions de droit, mais
parce que leur solution conditionne la suite de la procédure.
13. Ainsi, les droits des Parties sont intacts ; l’équité de la procédure
est préservée ; les exigences d’une bonne administration de la justice sont
respectées.
(Signé) Ronny Abraham.
___________
14
delimitation of the continental shelf (decl. abraham) 573
9. A wise judge does not enter into convoluted, lengthy and costly
arrangements for an expert opinion without first ascertaining whether it is
worthwhile. It would manifestly be contrary to the requirements of the
proper administration of justice to enter into such arrangements and then
rule on the matter with a statement of reasons revealing that the work of
the experts, or the assistance of other specialists, proved to be of no benefit
and could not have been for legal reasons. The legal question must therefore
be decided first.
10. Of course, the Court could have let the Parties plead on all aspects
of the case, legal and factual, without distinction, but this would have
carried the risk, after the hearings and in the course of its deliberations,
of the Court concluding that the dispute between the Parties could only
be resolved with the assistance of experts; in which case it would have had
to reopen the proceedings, arrange for an expert opinion and allow the
Parties to state their views again. Such an approach would only have
postponed the difficulty and risked prolonging the proceedings, without
any additional advantages for the Parties. I therefore believe that the
Court has acted wisely in deciding to examine the questions in turn.
11. Nothing in the Statute or Rules prevents the Court from examining
the merits in several distinct stages, the first certain and the second potential.
Given the very particular circumstances of the present case, the Court
is fully justified in asking the Parties to confine their oral arguments to the
two legal issues identified by it. Such a method is indeed unprecedented,
but it is merely because identical circumstances have not arisen in previous
cases. Moreover, in a different context, when the Court rules in two
separate judgments on the respective issues of responsibility and compensation
— which it does routinely and may do even in the absence of any
request from the parties to that effect — it separates the examination of
the merits into two distinct stages.
12. I do not take the present Order to mean or suggest in any way that
the Court is adopting a novel approach to the examination of the merits
of a case, in which questions of law are decided first and questions of fact
left for a second phase, for which there would be no justification.
The two questions that the Court sets out in the operative part of the
Order have not been singled out because they are questions of law, but
because their resolution determines the further course of the proceedings.
13. The rights of the Parties thus remain intact; procedural equity is
preserved; the requirements for the proper administration of justice are
met.
(Signed) Ronny Abraham.
___________

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Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Abraham

Order
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