Dissenting opinion of Judge Nolte

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155-20220421-JUD-01-09-EN
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155-20220421-JUD-01-00-EN
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DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE NOLTE 1. I am not persuaded that the Court has jurisdiction ratione temporis to adjudicate facts or events which took place after 27 November 2013, the date on which the Pact of Bogotá ceased to be in force with respect to Colombia. I therefore voted against subparagraphs (1) to (4) of the operative clause of the Judgment by which the Court recognizes and exercises jurisdiction with regard to such facts or events (Judgment, paragraph 261). 2. The jurisdiction of the Court with respect to events which occurred after 27 November 2013 turns on the interpretation of Articles XXXI and LVI of the Pact of Bogotá. Pursuant to Article XXXI, the States parties recognize the jurisdiction of the Court in “all disputes of a juridical nature” “so long as the present Treaty is in force”. Article LVI provides that the Pact “may be denounced upon one year’s notice, at the end of which period it shall cease to be in force with respect to the State denouncing it”. 3. The Court has repeatedly emphasized “that its jurisdiction is based on the consent of the parties and is confined to the extent accepted by them”1. Thus, the Court does not, as a general rule, have jurisdiction over events occurring after the lapse of a treaty that is the basis of its jurisdiction. In the present case, however, the majority finds that this does not apply to such subsequent events if they “ar[i]se directly out of the question which is the subject-matter of the Application” and if they “are connected to the alleged incidents that have already been found to fall within the Court’s jurisdiction”, as long as “consideration of those alleged incidents does not transform the nature of the dispute between the Parties in the present case” (Judgment, paragraph 47). To reach this conclusion, the majority finds that “considerations that have been brought to bear on the adjudication of a claim or submission made after the filing of an application can be instructive in the present case” and that “the criteria that it has considered relevant in its jurisprudence to determine the limits ratione temporis of its jurisdiction with respect to such a claim or submission, or the admissibility thereof, should apply to the Court’s examination of the scope of its jurisdiction ratione temporis in the present case” (Judgment, paragraph 43). 4. I do not find this reasoning convincing. The criteria to which the majority refers are not apposite in the present case. All but one of the decisions cited in support concern the admissibility of late claims, not the jurisdiction of the Court ratione temporis, while the one remaining decision offers an obiter dictum which only nominally addresses jurisdiction ratione temporis. 5. In its judgments regarding the admissibility of late claims, the Court indeed examined whether the claims in question “arose directly out of the question which is the subject-matter of the application” (Judgment, paragraph 47). In those cases, however, the applicant State would have been entitled to submit a new application in respect of the late claims, because the basis for the jurisdiction of the Court was still in force. The Court could thus accept the addition of those claims simply for reasons of judicial economy2. It is quite a different matter to extend the jurisdiction of the Court on 1 See e.g. Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 39, para. 88. 2 See also Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 441, para. 85, and pp. 442-443, para. 89. - 2 - the basis of this criterion. The Court, after all, regularly emphasizes the importance of the distinction between jurisdiction and admissibility: “When . . . consent [to jurisdiction] is expressed in a compromissory clause in an international agreement, any conditions to which such consent is subject must be regarded as constituting the limits thereon. The Court accordingly considers that the examination of such conditions relates to its jurisdiction and not to the admissibility of the application”3. 6. In addition to the jurisprudence of the Court on the admissibility of late claims, the majority refers to Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France) (Judgment, paragraph 44). This case turned on an extraordinary basis of jurisdiction, forum prorogatum, and therefore did not involve the interpretation of either a compromissory clause or a declaration under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court. Djibouti v. France concerned, inter alia, facts which occurred after the filing of the application, which were then examined by the Court to determine whether they had a “connect[ion] to the facts or events already falling within the Court’s jurisdiction” and “whether consideration of those later facts or events would transform the ‘nature of the dispute’”4. However, as the majority acknowledges (Judgment, paragraph 44), Djibouti v. France did not concern a limitation of the Court’s jurisdiction ratione temporis, but rather the question of its jurisdiction ratione materiae5. The element from Djibouti v. France on which the majority relies in the present case is in fact an obiter dictum, which purports to summarize the jurisprudence of the Court regarding jurisdiction ratione temporis (see Judgment, paragraph 44, citing Djibouti v. France, para. 88: “recourse to jurisprudence relating to ‘continuity’ and ‘connexity’, which are criteria relevant for determining limits ratione temporis to its jurisdiction”)6. However, such jurisprudence relating to jurisdiction ratione temporis did not exist when the Judgment in Djibouti v. France was rendered. The obiter dictum rather refers, in somewhat misleading terms unfortunately, to the established jurisprudence on the admissibility of late claims, discussed above. There is no indication that in Djibouti v. France the Court intended to go beyond this particular jurisprudence. 7. For these reasons, I do not think that the conclusion of the majority regarding jurisdiction ratione temporis finds significant support in the jurisprudence of the Court7. As the majority recognizes, the present case raises a question which has not previously been presented to the Court (Judgment, paragraph 43). Under these circumstances, it is not sufficient, in my view, for the Court to simply state that “the criteria that it has considered relevant in its jurisprudence” “can be instructive” and “should apply” in the present case (ibid.). 8. A better reason for the Court to assume jurisdiction in the present case with respect to events occurring after 27 November 2013 could be that the term “dispute” should be interpreted as necessarily including all events which take place before the opening of the oral proceedings, and 3 Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 39, para. 88. 4 Judgment, paragraph 40; see Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, pp. 211-212, para. 87. 5 Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 212, para. 88. 6 Ibid. 7 Moreover, the Court has only recognized the possibility to present additional facts to a claim in situations in which it had jurisdiction ratione temporis with respect to such facts, see Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 318, para. 99; Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2003, pp. 213-214, paras. 116-118. - 3 - which are encompassed by the legal claim submitted to the Court. Such an interpretation of the term “dispute” is conceivable, based on the assumption that, once a dispute is brought before the Court, it acquires an existence which is independent of temporal restrictions. However, it is also clear that the parties may limit such a temporal effect of the term “dispute”. 9. Thus, the question in the present case is whether the parties to the Pact of Bogotá intended to limit the temporal scope of the jurisdiction conferred on the Court by excluding facts or events which occur after the treaty ceases to be in force for a State party. This question should, in my view, be answered by way of a specific interpretation of Articles XXXI and LVI of the Pact of Bogotá, and not by applying certain elements of the Court’s jurisprudence which concern other legal questions. 10. The customary rules on the interpretation of treaties, which are reflected in Articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, provide the means and a methodology for identifying the intention of the parties to a treaty8. In the present case, an application of the general rule of interpretation (Article 31) to Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá does not lead to a clear conclusion: the ordinary meaning of the term “dispute” may be broad; but the ordinary meaning of the phrase “so long as the present Treaty is in force” is also broad. Being each a part of the context of the other, both terms must be taken into account when determining their respective meaning. The object and purpose of the treaty, which is the pacific “settlement of controversies” (Article I), may speak in favour of a broad understanding of the term “dispute”, but this should not override the weight to be given to a specific limitation to the jurisdiction of the Court which the States parties have chosen to include in Article XXXI, and the object and purpose of that limitation. 11. Supplementary means of interpretation (Article 32) include, but are not limited to, the travaux préparatoires9. It is not entirely clear why, when negotiating and concluding the Pact of Bogotá, the parties opted to include in Article XXXI the phrase “so long as the present Treaty is in force” or exactly how this phrase was intended to operate as a temporal limitation10. The travaux of the Ninth International Conference of American States held in Bogotá from 30 March to 2 May 1948, notably the debate of 27 April 1948, nevertheless suggest that a cautious approach should be taken by the Court. The travaux indicate that Article XXXI, which contains elements of Article 36, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the Court’s Statute, has a hybrid character11. They also suggest that the formulation “so long as the present Treaty is in force” resulted from an attempt to convince reluctant OAS Member States to agree on the far-reaching step of establishing “a co-ordinated system of dispute settlement procedures”12 on the basis of a multilateral treaty with the compulsory jurisdiction of the ICJ over all their legal disputes at its core. It is also noteworthy that the formulation “so long as the present treaty is in force” is contained neither in Article 36 of the Court’s Statute nor in other important and well-known compromissory clauses which were adopted shortly after Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá, notably Article 17 of the 1949 Revised General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes and Article 1 of the 1957 European Convention for the Peaceful Settlement 8 Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009, pp. 237-238, paras. 47-48; see also Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 19, para. 35. 9 See Border and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, pp. 85-86, para. 37. 10 See also ibid., separate opinion of Judge Oda, pp. 119-123, paras. 11 and 12. 11 Novena Conferencia Internacional Americana, Actas y Documentos, Vol. IV, pp. 161-164; see also C. Tomuschat, “Article 36” in Zimmermann et al. (eds.), The Statute of the International Court of Justice (3rd Edition): A Commentary, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2019, p. 749. 12 E Valencia-Ospina, “The Role of the International Court of Justice in the Pact of Bogotá”, in C.A.A. Barea et al. (eds.), Liber Amicorum “In Memoriam” of Judge José Maria Ruda, The Hague: Kluwer 2000, pp. 291-329 and p. 299. - 4 - of Disputes 13. Even if this observation does not lead to a clear conclusion either, it highlights the specific character of Article XXXI. This context should inform the Court’s determination of the parties’ presumed intention14. The context does not, for example, suggest that the Court held, or intended to hold, in Border and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), that the significance of the phrase “so long as the present treaty is in force” is confined to “limit[ing] the period within which such a dispute must have arisen” (see Judgment, paragraph 37bis). 12. In my view, the preceding considerations and a good faith assessment of the parties’ presumed intentions indicate that, in principle, a termination under Article XXXI has the effect of precluding the Court’s consideration of facts or events which occur after the treaty has expired for a party, including events which would have been part of a dispute had the jurisdictional basis not expired. This conclusion is justified because the parties cannot be presumed to have intended to extend the jurisdiction of the Court to what are severable factual elements which could not have been submitted independently after the expiration of the Court’s jurisdictional basis. 13. The specific role of the Court in the peaceful settlement of disputes and the distinct judicial character of its proceedings do not, in my view, require that a dispute over which the Court has jurisdiction cover all facts or events which occur before the opening of the oral proceedings. Facts or events which occur prior to the lapse of the Court’s jurisdiction usually are an independent and sufficient basis for the adjudication of a claim by the Court. Moreover, applying the general effect of a lapse of jurisdiction to subsequent events does not risk a denial of justice15. 14. This may not be the case if acts which occur before the lapse of jurisdiction are so closely connected to acts which occur after the lapse of jurisdiction that their legal significance is affected by the latter. Acts, or series of acts, which together constitute a “composite act” in the sense of Article 15 of the International Law Commission’s Articles on State Responsibility may fall in this category. In the present case, however, the legal significance of the incidents alleged by Nicaragua to have taken place before 27 November 2013 is not affected by the incidents which allegedly took place after the lapse of the jurisdictional basis. The latter are merely additional incidents. * 15. Nicaragua has not proven any of the incidents alleged to have occurred before 27 November 2013. The Miss Sofia incident of 17 November 2013 is the only one of 13 incidents alleged to have taken place before 27 November 2013 which the Court considers to be worthy of a closer examination and not subject to an implicit dismissal. 13 See notably paragraph 47 of the “Handbook on accepting the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice”, Annex to the letter dated 24 July 2014 addressed to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, UN doc. A/68/963 (2014), p. 18, which refers to the 1957 Convention, the 1949 Revised Act and the 1948 Pact of Bogotá; see also Border and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, separate opinion of Judge Oda, pp. 111-112, para. 4. 14 See Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 242, para. 64. 15 See also Factory at Chorzów, Jurisdiction, Judgment No. 8, 1927, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 9, p. 30. - 5 - 16. The Court finds it to be established that the alleged Miss Sofia incident was one of those in which Colombian frigates were operating at the locations indicated by Nicaragua and that “Colombia’s own naval reports and navigation logs . . . corroborate the specific geographic co-ordinates presented by Nicaragua, which lie within . . . the maritime area that was declared by the Court to appertain to Nicaragua” (Judgment, paragraph 91). Significantly, however, the Court does not list the alleged Miss Sofia incident among those incidents with respect to which it considers it to be established that “Colombian naval vessels purported to exercise enforcement jurisdiction in Nicaragua’s exclusive economic zone” (Judgment, paragraph 92). The mere fact that a Colombian naval vessel was operating within the exclusive economic zone of Nicaragua does not, as such, constitute a violation of Nicaragua’s rights. Such conduct may have been a lawful exercise of its freedom of navigation. Thus, by  correctly  drawing only a very limited conclusion from the evidence presented by the Parties with respect to the alleged Miss Sofia incident, the Court in effect acknowledges that Nicaragua has not proven any of the incidents which allegedly took place before 27 November 2013, the date on which the Pact of Bogotá expired for Colombia. 17. I do not disregard the fact that Colombia, through various statements of high-ranking officials and communications from its naval vessels, did not recognize the 2012 Judgment of the Court, including the delimitation of Nicaragua’s exclusive economic zone resulting therefrom, for at least one year. Such conduct is deeply regrettable and has even given rise to a plausible suspicion that its naval vessels have violated Nicaragua’s sovereign rights and jurisdiction. Nevertheless, an initial public criticism of a judgment of the Court does not, as such, constitute a violation of the other party’s rights, and a plausible suspicion is not sufficient to prove an incident. (Signed) Georg NOLTE. ___________

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429
167
DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE NOLTE
1. I am not persuaded that the Court has jurisdiction ratione temporis
to adjudicate facts or events which took place after 27 November 2013,
the date on which the Pact of Bogotá ceased to be in force with respect to
Colombia. I therefore voted against subparagraphs 1 to 4 of the operative
clause of the Judgment by which the Court recognizes and exercises jurisdiction
with regard to such facts or events (Judgment, para. 261).
2. The jurisdiction of the Court with respect to events which occurred
after 27 November 2013 turns on the interpretation of Articles XXXI and
LVI of the Pact of Bogotá. Pursuant to Article XXXI, the States parties
recognize the jurisdiction of the Court in “all disputes of a juridical
nature” “so long as the present Treaty is in force”. Article LVI provides
that the Pact “may be denounced upon one year’s notice, at the end of
which period it shall cease to be in force with respect to the State denouncing
it”.
3. The Court has repeatedly emphasized “that its jurisdiction is based
on the consent of the parties and is confined to the extent accepted by
them” 1. Thus, the Court does not, as a general rule, have jurisdiction
over events occurring after the lapse of a treaty that is the basis of its
jurisdiction. In the present case, however, the majority finds that this does
not apply to such subsequent events if they “ar[i]se directly out of the
question which is the subject-matter
of the Application” and if they “are
connected to the alleged incidents that have already been found to fall
within the Court’s jurisdiction”, as long as “consideration of those alleged
incidents does not transform the nature of the dispute between the Parties
in the present case” (ibid., para. 47). To reach this conclusion, the majority
finds that “considerations that have been brought to bear on the adjudication
of a claim or submission made after the filing of an application
can be instructive in the present case” and that
“the criteria that it has considered relevant in its jurisprudence to
determine the limits ratione temporis of its jurisdiction with respect to
such a claim or submission, or the admissibility thereof, should apply
to the Court’s examination of the scope of its jurisdiction ratione temporis
in the present case” (ibid., para. 43).
4. I do not find this reasoning convincing. The criteria to which the
majority refers are not apposite in the present case. All but one of the
1 See e.g. Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002)
(Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 39, para. 88.
429
167
OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. LE JUGE NOLTE
[Traduction]
1. Je ne suis pas convaincu que la Cour ait compétence ratione temporis
pour statuer sur des faits ou des événements survenus après le
27 novembre 2013, date à laquelle le pacte de Bogotá a cessé d’être en
vigueur pour la Colombie. J’ai donc voté contre les points 1 à 4 du dispositif
de l’arrêt, par lesquels la Cour établit et exerce sa compétence à
l’égard de tels faits ou événements (arrêt, par. 261).
2. La compétence de la Cour pour connaître d’événements survenus
après le 27 novembre 2013 dépend de l’interprétation qui est faite des
articles XXXI et LVI du pacte de Bogotá. Aux termes de l’article XXXI,
les Etats parties reconnaissent la juridiction de la Cour sur « tous les différends
d’ordre juridique », « tant que le présent Traité restera en vigueur ».
L’article LVI prévoit que le pacte « pourra être dénoncé moyennant un
préavis d’un an ; passé ce délai il cessera de produire ses effets par rapport
à la partie qui l’a dénoncé ».
3. La Cour a souligné à maintes reprises que « sa compétence repose
sur le consentement des parties, dans la seule mesure reconnue par
celles-
ci » 1. Elle n’est donc pas, en règle générale, compétente à l’égard
d’événements survenus après l’extinction de l’instrument qui lui confère
sa compétence. Dans la présente affaire, cependant, la majorité conclut
que cela ne s’applique pas à de tels événements ultérieurs si ceux-
ci
« découlent directement de la question qui fait l’objet de la requête » et
« sont liés à ceux à l’égard desquels [la Cour] s’est déjà déclarée compétente
», pour autant que « les prendre en considération n’a[it] pas pour
effet de transformer la nature du différend qui oppose les Parties » (ibid.,
par. 47). Pour parvenir à cette conclusion, la majorité constate que, en
l’espèce, « les considérations dont [la Cour] a tenu compte pour statuer
sur une demande ou une conclusion formulée après le dépôt d’une requête
peuvent être instructives » et que
« les critères jugés pertinents dans sa jurisprudence pour déterminer
les limites ratione temporis de sa compétence à l’égard d’une telle
demande ou conclusion, ou la recevabilité de celle-
ci, devraient s’appliquer
à l’examen du champ de sa compétence ratione temporis dans
la présente affaire » (ibid., par. 43).
4. A mon sens, ce raisonnement n’est pas convaincant. En effet, les
critères évoqués par la majorité ne sont pas pertinents en l’espèce. Toutes
1 Voir, par exemple, Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (nouvelle requête :
2002) (République démocratique du Congo c. Rwanda), compétence et recevabilité, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2006, p. 39, par. 88.
430 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (diss. op. nolte)
168
decisions cited in support concern the admissibility of late claims, not the
jurisdiction of the Court ratione temporis, while the one remaining decision
offers an obiter dictum which only nominally addresses jurisdiction
ratione temporis.
5. In its judgments regarding the admissibility of late claims, the Court
indeed examined whether the claims in question “arose directly out of the
question which is the subject-matter
of the application” (Judgment,
para. 47). In those cases, however, the applicant State would have been
entitled to submit a new application in respect of the late claims, because
the basis for the jurisdiction of the Court was still in force. The Court could
thus accept the addition of those claims simply for reasons of judicial economy
2. It is quite a different matter to extend the jurisdiction of the Court
on the basis of this criterion. The Court, after all, regularly emphasizes the
importance of the distinction between jurisdiction and admissibility:
“When . . . consent [to jurisdiction] is expressed in a compromissory
clause in an international agreement, any conditions to which such
consent is subject must be regarded as constituting the limits thereon.
The Court accordingly considers that the examination of such conditions
relates to its jurisdiction and not to the admissibility of the application”
3.
6. In addition to the jurisprudence of the Court on the admissibility of
late claims, the majority refers to Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in
Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France) (hereinafter “Djibouti v. France”)
(Judgment, para. 44). This case turned on an extraordinary basis of jurisdiction,
forum prorogatum, and therefore did not involve the interpretation
of either a compromissory clause or a declaration under Article 36, paragraph
2, of the Statute of the Court. Djibouti v. France concerned, inter alia,
facts which occurred after the filing of the Application, which were then
examined by the Court to determine whether they had a “connect[ion] to
the facts or events already falling within the Court’s jurisdiction” and
“whether consideration of those later facts or events would transform the
‘nature of the dispute’” 4. However, as the majority acknowledges (ibid.),
Djibouti v. France did not concern a limitation of the Court’s jurisdiction
ratione temporis, but rather the question of its jurisdiction ratione materiae
5. The element from Djibouti v. France on which the majority relies in
the present case is in fact an obiter dictum, which purports to summarize
2 See also Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime
of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008,
p. 441, para. 85, and pp. 442‑443, para. 89.
3 Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic
Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2006, p. 39, para. 88.
4 Judgment, para. 44; see Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters
(Djibouti v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, pp. 211‑212, para. 87.
5 Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 212, para. 88.
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (op. diss. nolte) 430
168
les décisions citées à l’appui concernent la recevabilité des demandes tardives
et non la compétence ratione temporis de la Cour, à l’exception
d’une seule, qui constitue un obiter dictum dans lequel la compétence
ratione temporis n’est mentionnée qu’incidemment.
5. Lorsqu’elle a été amenée à statuer sur la recevabilité de demandes tardives,
la Cour a effectivement examiné si ces demandes « découl[ai]ent directement
de la question qui fai[sai]t l’objet de la requête » (arrêt, par. 47). Dans
ces affaires, cependant, l’Etat demandeur aurait été en droit de présenter
une nouvelle requête concernant les demandes tardives, puisque le titre de
compétence de la Cour était toujours en vigueur. Cette dernière pouvait
donc accepter l’ajout de ces demandes pour de simples raisons d’économie
judiciaire 2. C’est une chose très différente que d’étendre la compétence de la
Cour sur la base de ce critère. Du reste, la Cour souligne régulièrement l’importance
que revêt la distinction entre compétence et recevabilité :
« lorsque [l]e consentement [à la compétence de la Cour] est exprimé
dans une clause compromissoire insérée dans un accord international,
les conditions auxquelles il est éventuellement soumis doivent
être considérées comme en constituant les limites. De l’avis de la
Cour, l’examen de telles conditions relève en conséquence de celui de
sa compétence et non de celui de la recevabilité de la requête » 3.
6. Outre la jurisprudence de la Cour sur la recevabilité des demandes
tardives, la majorité cite l’affaire relative à Certaines questions concernant
l’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale (Djibouti c. France) (ci-après, l’affaire
« Djibouti c. France ») (arrêt, par. 44). Cette affaire reposait sur la
base de compétence exceptionnelle du forum prorogatum et n’impliquait
donc pas l’interprétation d’une clause compromissoire ou d’une déclaration
faite en application du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut de la
Cour. Il y était notamment question de faits survenus après le dépôt de la
requête, que la Cour a examinés subséquemment pour déterminer s’ils « se
rapportaient aux faits ou événements relevant déjà de sa compétence » et
« si leur prise en considération aurait pour effet de transformer la « nature
du différend » » 4. Toutefois, comme le reconnaît la majorité (ibid.), l’affaire
Djibouti c. France ne concernait pas une limitation de la compétence
ratione temporis de la Cour, mais plutôt la question de sa compétence
ratione materiae 5. L’élément de l’affaire Djibouti c. France sur lequel s’appuie
la majorité en l’espèce est en réalité un obiter dictum, qui se veut un
2 Voir aussi Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de
génocide (Croatie c. Serbie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 441,
par. 85, et p. 442‑443, par. 89.
3 Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (nouvelle requête : 2002) (République démocratique
du Congo c. Rwanda), compétence et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2006, p. 39,
par. 88.
4 Voir arrêt, par. 44 ; voir également Certaines questions concernant l’entraide judiciaire
en matière pénale (Djibouti c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 211‑212, par. 87.
5 Certaines questions concernant l’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale (Djibouti
c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 212, par. 88.
431 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (diss. op. nolte)
169
the jurisprudence of the Court regarding jurisdiction ratione temporis (see
Judgment, para. 44, citing Djibouti v. France, para. 88: “recourse to jurisprudence
relating to ‘continuity’ and ‘connexity’, which are criteria relevant
for determining limits ratione temporis to its jurisdiction”) 6. However, such
jurisprudence relating to jurisdiction ratione temporis did not exist when the
Judgment in Djibouti v. France was rendered. The obiter dictum rather
refers, in somewhat misleading terms unfortunately, to the established
jurisprudence on the admissibility of late claims, discussed above. There is
no indication that in Djibouti v. France the Court intended to go beyond
this particular jurisprudence.
7. For these reasons, I do not think that the conclusion of the majority
regarding jurisdiction ratione temporis finds significant support in the
jurisprudence of the Court 7. As the majority recognizes, the present case
raises a question which has not previously been presented to the Court
(Judgment, para. 43). Under these circumstances, it is not sufficient, in
my view, for the Court to simply state that “the criteria that it has considered
relevant in its jurisprudence” “can be instructive” and “should
apply” in the present case (ibid.).
8. A better reason for the Court to assume jurisdiction in the present
case with respect to events occurring after 27 November 2013 could be that
the term “dispute” should be interpreted as necessarily including all events
which take place before the opening of the oral proceedings, and which are
encompassed by the legal claim submitted to the Court. Such an interpretation
of the term “dispute” is conceivable, based on the assumption that,
once a dispute is brought before the Court, it acquires an existence which is
independent of temporal restrictions. However, it is also clear that the parties
may limit such a temporal effect of the term “dispute”.
9. Thus, the question in the present case is whether the parties to the
Pact of Bogotá intended to limit the temporal scope of the jurisdiction
conferred on the Court by excluding facts or events which occur after the
treaty ceases to be in force for a State party. This question should, in my
view, be answered by way of a specific interpretation of Articles XXXI
and LVI of the Pact of Bogotá, and not by applying certain elements of
the Court’s jurisprudence which concern other legal questions.
10. The customary rules on the interpretation of treaties, which are
reflected in Articles 31 and 32 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of
Treaties, provide the means and a methodology for identifying the inten-
6 Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 212, para. 88.
7 Moreover, the Court has only recognized the possibility to present additional facts to
a claim in situations in which it had jurisdiction ratione temporis with respect to such facts,
see Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 318, para. 99; Oil Platforms
(Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2003,
pp. 213‑214, paras. 116‑118.
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (op. diss. nolte) 431
169
résumé de la jurisprudence de la Cour sur la compétence ratione temporis
(voir arrêt, par. 44, citant Djibouti c. France, par. 88 : « sa jurisprudence
relative aux notions de « continuité » et de « connexité », qui constituent
des critères pertinents pour déterminer les limites ratione temporis de sa
compétence ») 6. Cependant, une telle jurisprudence relative à la compétence
ratione temporis n’existait pas lorsque l’arrêt a été rendu en l’affaire
Djibouti c. France. L’obiter dictum vise plutôt (malheureusement en des
termes quelque peu ambigus) la jurisprudence établie sur la recevabilité
des demandes tardives, dont il est question plus haut. Rien n’indique que,
en l’affaire Djibouti c. France, la Cour ait eu l’intention d’aller au-
delà de
cette jurisprudence particulière.
7. Pour ces raisons, je ne crois pas que la conclusion de la majorité
concernant la compétence ratione temporis trouve un appui suffisant dans
la jurisprudence de la Cour 7. Comme le concède la majorité, la présente
affaire soulève une question dont la Cour n’a pas été saisie par le passé
(arrêt, par. 43). Dans ces circonstances, j’estime qu’il n’est pas suffisant
que la Cour se contente de dire que « les critères jugés pertinents dans sa
jurisprudence » « peuvent être instructi[f]s » et « devraient s’appliquer » en
l’espèce (ibid.).
8. Pour se déclarer compétente en l’espèce à l’égard d’événements survenus
après le 27 novembre 2013, la Cour aurait mieux fait d’invoquer le
motif que le terme « différend » devrait être interprété comme incluant
nécessairement tous les faits survenus avant l’ouverture de la procédure
orale et qui sont visés par la réclamation juridique dont elle est saisie. Une
telle interprétation du terme « différend » est concevable si l’on se base sur
le postulat qu’une fois porté devant la Cour, un différend acquiert une
existence indépendante des restrictions temporelles. Cependant, il est également
clair que les parties peuvent limiter cet effet temporel.
9. Il s’agit donc de savoir, en l’espèce, si les parties au pacte de Bogotá
entendaient ou non limiter la portée temporelle de la compétence conférée à
la Cour en excluant les faits ou événements survenant après que le traité a
cessé d’être en vigueur pour un Etat partie. Selon moi, il conviendrait de
répondre à cette question au moyen d’une interprétation spécifique des
articles XXXI et LVI du pacte de Bogotá, et non pas en appliquant certains
éléments de la jurisprudence de la Cour qui concernent d’autres questions
juridiques.
10. Les règles coutumières d’interprétation des traités, qui sont énoncées
aux articles 31 et 32 de la convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités,
prévoient des moyens d’interprétation et une méthodologie pour établir
6 Certaines questions concernant l’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale (Djibouti
c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 212, par. 88.
7 En outre, la Cour n’a reconnu la possibilité de présenter des faits supplémentaires
postérieurement au dépôt de la requête que dans les situations où elle avait compétence
ratione temporis à l’égard desdits faits ; voir Frontière terrestre et maritime entre le Cameroun
et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998,
p. 318, par. 99 ; Plates-formes
pétrolières (République islamique d’Iran c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2003, p. 213‑214, par. 116-118.
432 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (diss. op. nolte)
170
tion of the parties to a treaty 8. In the present case, an application of the
general rule of interpretation (Art. 31) to Article XXXI of the Pact of
Bogotá does not lead to a clear conclusion: the ordinary meaning of the
term “dispute” may be broad; but the ordinary meaning of the phrase “so
long as the present Treaty is in force” is also broad. Being each a part of
the context of the other, both terms must be taken into account when
determining their respective meaning. The object and purpose of the
treaty, which is the pacific “settlement of controversies” (Art. I), may
speak in favour of a broad understanding of the term “dispute”, but this
should not override the weight to be given to a specific limitation to the
jurisdiction of the Court which the States parties have chosen to include
in Article XXXI, and the object and purpose of that limitation.
11. Supplementary means of interpretation (Art. 32) include, but are
not limited to, the travaux préparatoires 9. It is not entirely clear why,
when negotiating and concluding the Pact of Bogotá, the parties opted to
include in Article XXXI the phrase “so long as the present Treaty is in
force” or exactly how this phrase was intended to operate as a temporal
limitation 10. The travaux of the Ninth International Conference of American
States held in Bogotá from 30 March to 2 May 1948, notably the
debate of 27 April 1948, nevertheless suggest that a cautious approach
should be taken by the Court. The travaux indicate that Article XXXI,
which contains elements of Article 36, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the Court’s
Statute, has a hybrid character 11. They also suggest that the formulation
“so long as the present Treaty is in force” resulted from an attempt to
convince reluctant OAS Member States to agree on the far-reaching
step
of establishing “a co‑ordinated system of dispute settlement procedures” 12
on the basis of a multilateral treaty with the compulsory jurisdiction of
the ICJ over all their legal disputes at its core. It is also noteworthy that
the formulation “so long as the present treaty is in force” is contained
neither in Article 36 of the Court’s Statute nor in other important and
well‑known compromissory clauses which were adopted shortly after
Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá, notably Article 17 of the 1949 Revised
General Act for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes and
8 Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua),
Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2009, pp. 237‑238, paras. 47‑48; see also Alleged Violations of
Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 19, para. 35.
9 See Border and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and
Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, pp. 85‑86, para. 37.
10 See also ibid., separate opinion of Judge Oda, pp. 119‑123, paras. 11 and 12.
11 Novena Conferencia Internacional Americana, Actas y Documentos, Vol. IV,
pp. 161‑164; see also C. Tomuschat, “Article 36”, in A. Zimmermann et al. (eds.), The
Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary (3rd ed.), Oxford University
Press, 2019, p. 749.
12 E. Valencia-Ospina,
“The Role of the International Court of Justice in the Pact of
Bogotá”, in C. A. A. Barea et al. (eds.), Liber Amicorum “In Memoriam” of Judge José
Maria Ruda, The Hague: Kluwer, 2000, pp. 291‑329 and p. 299.
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (op. diss. nolte) 432
170
l’intention des parties à un traité 8. En la présente affaire, l’application de
la règle générale d’interprétation (art. 31) à l’article XXXI du pacte de
Bogotá ne permet pas d’aboutir à une conclusion claire : certes, le sens
ordinaire du terme « différend » est large, mais c’est également le cas du
membre de phrase « tant que le présent Traité restera en vigueur ». Ce
terme et ce membre de phrase faisant chacun partie intégrante du contexte
de l’autre, il convient d’en tenir conjointement compte pour déterminer
leur sens respectif. Si l’objet et but du traité, qui est de « régler [les] différends
» en recourant à des moyens pacifiques (art. I), peut vouloir indiquer
une acception large du terme « différend », cela ne devrait cependant pas
neutraliser le poids qu’il convient d’accorder à une limitation spécifique de
la compétence de la Cour que les Etats parties ont choisi d’inclure dans
l’article XXXI, ni l’emporter sur l’objet et le but de cette limitation.
11. Les moyens complémentaires d’interprétation (art. 32) comprennent,
sans toutefois s’y limiter, les travaux préparatoires 9. On ne voit pas bien
pourquoi, lors de la négociation et de la conclusion du pacte de Bogotá, les
parties ont choisi d’inclure dans l’article XXXI le membre de phrase « tant
que le présent Traité restera en vigueur », ni comment exactement celui-
ci
était censé s’appliquer comme une limitation temporelle 10. Les travaux de la
neuvième conférence internationale des Etats américains, tenue à Bogotá du
30 mars au 2 mai 1948, notamment le débat du 27 avril 1948, suggèrent
néanmoins que la Cour devrait adopter une approche prudente. Ces travaux
montrent en effet que l’article XXXI, qui reprend des éléments des paragraphes
1 et 2 de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour, est une disposition
hybride 11. Il en ressort également que la formulation « tant que le présent
Traité restera en vigueur » résultait d’une tentative de convaincre les Etats
membres de l’Organisation des Etats américains (OEA) qui étaient réticents
face à cette avancée considérable que représentait l’établissement d’« un système
coordonné de procédures de règlement des différends » 12 sur la base
d’un traité multilatéral dont l’élément central serait la juridiction obligatoire
de la CIJ sur tous leurs différends d’ordre juridique. Il convient également de
relever que ladite formulation ne figure ni dans l’article 36 du Statut de la
Cour, ni dans d’autres clauses compromissoires majeures et bien connues
qui furent adoptées peu après l’article XXXI du pacte de Bogotá, notam-
8 Différend relatif à des droits de navigation et des droits connexes (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 237‑238, par. 47-48 ; voir aussi Violations alléguées de
droits souverains et d’espaces maritimes dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Colombie),
exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I), p. 19, par. 35.
9 Voir Actions armées frontalières et transfrontalières (Nicaragua c. Honduras), compétence
et recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1988, p. 85‑86, par. 37.
10 Voir également ibid., opinion individuelle de M. le juge Oda, p. 119‑123, par. 11 et 12.
11 Novena Conferencia Internacional Americana, Actas y Documentos, vol. IV,
p. 161‑164 ; voir également C. Tomuschat, « Article 36 », dans A. Zimmermann et al.
(dir. publ.), The Statute of the International Court of Justice : A Commentary (3e éd.),
Oxford University Press, 2019, p. 749.
12 E. Valencia-Ospina,
« The Role of the International Court of Justice in the Pact of
Bogotá », dans C. A. A. Barea et al. (dir. publ.), Liber Amicorum « In Memoriam » of Judge
José Maria Ruda, La Haye, Kluwer, 2000, p. 291‑329 et p. 299.
433 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (diss. op. nolte)
171
Article
1 of the 1957 European Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of
Disputes 13. Even if this observation does not lead to a clear conclusion
either, it highlights the specific character of Article XXXI. This context
should inform the Court’s determination of the parties’ presumed intention
14. The context does not, for example, suggest that the Court held, or
intended to hold, in Border and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v.
Honduras), that the significance of the phrase “so long as the present
treaty is in force” is confined to “limit[ing] the period within which such a
dispute must have arisen” (see Judgment, para. 40).
12. In my view, the preceding considerations and a good faith assessment
of the parties’ presumed intentions indicate that, in principle, a termination
under Article XXXI has the effect of precluding the Court’s
consideration of facts or events which occur after the treaty has expired
for a party, including events which would have been part of a dispute had
the jurisdictional basis not expired. This conclusion is justified because
the parties cannot be presumed to have intended to extend the jurisdiction
of the Court to what are severable factual elements which could not
have been submitted independently after the expiration of the Court’s
jurisdictional basis.
13. The specific role of the Court in the peaceful settlement of disputes
and the distinct judicial character of its proceedings do not, in my view,
require that a dispute over which the Court has jurisdiction cover all facts
or events which occur before the opening of the oral proceedings. Facts
or events which occur prior to the lapse of the Court’s jurisdiction usually
are an independent and sufficient basis for the adjudication of a claim by
the Court. Moreover, applying the general effect of a lapse of jurisdiction
to subsequent events does not risk a denial of justice 15.
14. This may not be the case if acts which occur before the lapse of
jurisdiction are so closely connected to acts which occur after the lapse of
jurisdiction that their legal significance is affected by the latter. Acts, or
series of acts, which together constitute a “composite act” in the sense of
13 See notably paragraph 47 of the “Handbook on accepting the jurisdiction of the
International Court of Justice”, Annex to the letter dated 24 July 2014 addressed to the
Secretary-General
of the United Nations, UN doc. A/68/963 (2014), p. 18, which refers to
the 1957 Convention, the 1949 Revised Act and the 1948 Pact of Bogotá; see also Border
and Transborder Armed Actions (Nicaragua v. Honduras), Jurisdiction and Admissibility,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1988, separate opinion of Judge Oda, pp. 111‑112, para. 4.
14 See Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2009, p. 242, para. 64.
15 See also Factory at Chorzów, Jurisdiction, Judgment No. 8, 1927, P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 9, p. 30.
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (op. diss. nolte) 433
171
ment l’article 17 de l’acte général révisé de 1949 pour le règlement pacifique
des différends internationaux et l’article premier de la convention européenne
de 1957 pour le règlement pacifique des différends 13. Même si cette
observation ne permet pas non plus de tirer une conclusion claire, elle met
en évidence le caractère spécifique de l’article XXXI. Ce contexte devrait
apporter à la Cour un éclairage pour déterminer quelle était l’intention présumée
des parties 14. Ainsi, au vu du contexte, il n’apparaît pas que la Cour
ait considéré, ou entendu considérer, en l’affaire relative à des Actions armées
frontalières et transfrontalières (Nicaragua c. Honduras), qu’il fallait comprendre
le membre de phrase « tant que le présent Traité restera en vigueur »
comme se bornant à « limite[r] la période dans laquelle un tel différend doit
survenir » (voir arrêt, par. 40).
12. De mon point de vue, si l’on tient compte des considérations qui
précèdent et que l’on cerne de bonne foi les intentions présumées des parties,
force est de conclure qu’en principe, l’extinction d’un traité en vertu
de l’article XXXI a pour effet de rendre impossible l’examen par la Cour
de faits ou événements survenant après que le traité a cessé d’être en
vigueur pour l’une des parties, y compris les événements qui auraient
relevé du différend si la base de compétence n’était pas devenue caduque.
Cette conclusion est justifiée dans la mesure où l’on ne saurait présumer
que les parties entendaient étendre la compétence de la Cour à des éléments
factuels dissociables qui n’auraient pas pu faire l’objet d’une
demande indépendante après l’extinction de la base de compétence.
13. Le rôle spécifique de la Cour dans le règlement pacifique des différends
et le caractère judiciaire particulier de ses procédures n’exigent pas,
selon moi, qu’un différend à l’égard duquel la Cour est compétente couvre
l’ensemble des faits ou événements survenus avant l’ouverture de la procédure
orale. D’ordinaire, les faits ou événements qui se sont produits
avant l’extinction de sa compétence constituent une base indépendante et
suffisante pour qu’elle puisse statuer sur une demande. De plus, l’application
de l’effet général d’une extinction de compétence aux événements
ultérieurs ne risque pas d’entraîner un déni de justice 15.
14. Il peut en aller autrement si les actes survenus avant l’extinction de
la compétence sont si étroitement liés aux actes qui se produisent après
celle-
ci que leur pertinence juridique s’en trouve altérée. Des actes, ou une
série d’actes, qui constituent ensemble un « fait composite » au sens de
13 Voir notamment « Guide pratique sur la reconnaissance de la compétence de la Cour
internationale de Justice : modèles de clauses et formulations-types », annexe à la lettre
datée du 24 juillet 2014 adressée au Secrétaire général de l’Organisation des Nations Unies,
Nations Unies, doc. A/68/963 (2014), p. 18, par. 47, où il est fait référence à la convention
de 1957, à l’acte général révisé de 1949 et au pacte de Bogotá de 1948 ; voir aussi Actions
armées frontalières et transfrontalières (Nicaragua c. Honduras), compétence et recevabilité,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1988, opinion individuelle de M. le juge Oda, p. 111‑112, par. 4.
14 Voir Différend relatif à des droits de navigation et des droits connexes (Costa Rica
c. Nicaragua), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2009, p. 242, par. 64.
15 Voir aussi Usine de Chorzów, compétence, arrêt no 8, 1927, C.P.J.I. série A no 9, p. 30.
434 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (diss. op. nolte)
172
Article 15 of the International Law Commission’s Articles on State
Responsibility may fall in this category. In the present case, however, the
legal significance of the incidents alleged by Nicaragua to have taken
place before 27 November 2013 is not affected by the incidents which
allegedly took place after the lapse of the jurisdictional basis. The latter
are merely additional incidents.
*
15. Nicaragua has not proven any of the incidents alleged to have
occurred before 27 November 2013. The Miss Sofia incident of 17 November
2013 is the only one of 13 incidents alleged to have taken place before
27 November 2013 which the Court considers to be worthy of a closer
examination and not subject to an implicit dismissal.
16. The Court finds it to be established that the alleged Miss Sofia incident
was one of those in which Colombian frigates were operating at the
locations indicated by Nicaragua and that “Colombia’s own naval reports
and navigation logs . . . corroborate the specific geographic co‑ordinates
presented by Nicaragua, which lie within . . . the maritime area that was
declared by the Court to appertain to Nicaragua” (Judgment, para. 91).
Significantly, however, the Court does not list the alleged Miss Sofia incident
among those incidents with respect to which it considers it to be
established that “Colombian naval vessels purported to exercise enforcement
jurisdiction in Nicaragua’s exclusive economic zone” (ibid.,
para. 92). The mere fact that a Colombian naval vessel was operating
within the exclusive economic zone of Nicaragua does not, as such, constitute
a violation of Nicaragua’s rights. Such conduct may have been a
lawful exercise of its freedom of navigation. Thus, by — correctly —
drawing only a very limited conclusion from the evidence presented by
the Parties with respect to the alleged Miss Sofia incident, the Court in
effect acknowledges that Nicaragua has not proven any of the incidents
which allegedly took place before 27 November 2013, the date on which
the Pact of Bogotá expired for Colombia.
17. I do not disregard the fact that Colombia, through various statements
of high-ranking
officials and communications from its naval vessels, did not
recognize the 2012 Judgment of the Court, including the delimitation of
Nicaragua’s exclusive economic zone resulting therefrom, for at least one
year. Such conduct is deeply regrettable and has even given rise to a plausible
suspicion that its naval vessels have violated Nicaragua’s sovereign rights
and jurisdiction. Nevertheless, an initial public criticism of a judgment of the
Court does not, as such, constitute a violation of the other party’s rights,
and a plausible suspicion is not sufficient to prove an incident.
(Signed) Georg Nolte.
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (op. diss. nolte) 434
172
l’article 15 des articles de la Commission du droit international sur la
responsabilité de l’Etat peuvent relever de cette catégorie. En la présente
affaire, cependant, la pertinence juridique des incidents dont le Nicaragua
affirme qu’ils se sont produits avant le 27 novembre 2013 n’est pas altérée
par les incidents qui seraient survenus après que la base de compétence est
devenue caduque. Ceux-
là ne sont que des incidents supplémentaires.
*
15. Le Nicaragua n’a apporté la preuve d’aucun des incidents qui se
seraient produits avant le 27 novembre 2013. De ces 13 incidents, celui
du 17 novembre 2013 impliquant le Miss Sofia est le seul dont la Cour
estime qu’il mérite un examen plus approfondi, sans l’écarter implicitement.
16. La Cour conclut qu’il est établi que l’incident allégué impliquant le
Miss Sofia compte parmi les incidents au cours desquels des frégates colombiennes
opéraient aux emplacements indiqués par le Nicaragua et que « [l]es
propres comptes rendus et journaux de bord de la marine colombienne …
corroborent … les coordonnées géographiques spécifiques indiquées par le
Nicaragua, qui se situent dans … l’espace maritime que la Cour a considéré
comme relevant de la juridiction [de cet Etat] » (arrêt, par. 91). Il importe
toutefois de souligner que la Cour ne fait pas figurer l’incident allégué
impliquant le Miss Sofia dans la liste des incidents pour lesquels elle juge
établi que « les navires de la marine colombienne ont cherché à exercer des
pouvoirs de police dans la zone économique exclusive du Nicaragua » (ibid.,
par. 92). Le simple fait qu’un navire de la marine colombienne opérait à
l’intérieur de la zone économique exclusive du Nicaragua ne constitue pas,
en tant que tel, une violation des droits de ce dernier. Il se peut que la
Colombie, par ce comportement, ne faisait qu’exercer licitement sa liberté
de navigation. Par conséquent, en ne tirant — avec raison — qu’une
conclusion très limitée sur la base des éléments de preuve produits par les
Parties s’agissant de l’incident allégué impliquant le Miss Sofia, la Cour
reconnaît en effet que le Nicaragua n’a apporté la preuve d’aucun des incidents
qui se seraient produits avant le 27 novembre 2013, date à laquelle le
pacte de Bogotá a cessé d’être en vigueur pour la Colombie.
17. Je ne néglige pas le fait que la Colombie, comme en témoignent
diverses déclarations de hauts responsables et communications des navires
de sa marine, n’a pas reconnu pendant au moins un an l’arrêt rendu en 2012
par la Cour, y compris la délimitation de la zone économique exclusive du
Nicaragua qui en découlait. Un tel comportement est profondément regrettable
et a même fait naître le soupçon plausible que les navires de sa marine
avaient violé les droits souverains et la juridiction du Nicaragua. Quoi qu’il
en soit, le fait d’avoir initialement critiqué publiquement un arrêt de la Cour
ne constitue pas, en soi, une violation des droits de l’autre partie, et un soupçon
plausible ne suffit pas à démontrer qu’un incident est avéré.
(Signé) Georg Nolte.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting opinion of Judge Nolte

Order
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