Declaration of Judge Bennouna

Document Number
155-20220421-JUD-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
155-20220421-JUD-01-00-EN
Date of the Document
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF JUDGE BENNOUNA 1. To my regret, I had to vote against the decision of the Court, which found that it had jurisdiction ratione temporis to entertain facts and events alleged by Nicaragua to have occurred after 27 November 2013 (paragraph 261, subparagraph 1). Indeed, this is the date on which the Pact of Bogotá, the basis of the Court’s jurisdiction, ceased to be in force in relations between the two Parties. 2. Under the terms of Article XXXI, subparagraph (c), of the Pact, the Parties recognize “the jurisdiction of the Court . . . in all disputes of a juridical nature that arise among them concerning . . . [t]he existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute the breach of an international obligation”. Article XXXI also states that this recognition is valid only “so long as the present Treaty is in force”. 3. In my view, the Court should have interpreted the Pact, and in particular the compromissory clause contained in its Article XXXI, using the means of interpretation provided for in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (hereinafter the “VCLT”), which have customary status (Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1991, p. 69-70, para. 48). Thus, pursuant to Article 31, paragraph 1, of the VCLT, “[a] treaty shall be interpreted in good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose”. The Court has emphasized that “[i]nterpretation must be based above all upon the text of the treaty” (Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1994, p. 22, para. 41; Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2004 (I), p. 318, para. 100). 4. Pursuant to Article LVI of the Pact, “[t]he present Treaty shall remain in force indefinitely, but may be denounced upon one year’s notice, at the end of which period it shall cease to be in force with respect to the State denouncing it, but shall continue in force for the remaining signatories. The denunciation shall be addressed to the Pan American Union, which shall transmit it to the other Contracting Parties. The denunciation shall have no effect with respect to pending procedures initiated prior to the transmission of the particular notification.” Colombia proceeded to denounce the Pact on 27 November 2012, and that denunciation took effect from 27 November 2013. 5. Clearly, the termination of the Pact of Bogotá after the filing of the Application cannot affect the Court’s jurisdiction, established by its 2016 decision, to entertain the dispute as it existed on 26 November 2013, the date on which the Application was filed by Nicaragua. In my view, however, that jurisdiction cannot extend to facts and events which occurred after the critical date of 27 November 2013. 6. In accordance with the ordinary meaning of the terms of Article XXXI, subparagraph (c), of the Pact, from that date onwards the Court was unable to entertain a dispute between the Parties concerning “[t]he existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute the breach of an international obligation”. In order to comply with this provision, the Court should thus have declared - 2 - that it lacked jurisdiction to rule on all incidents alleged by the Applicant to have occurred after the critical date of 27 November 2013. 7. Instead of adopting this approach and interpreting the compromissory clause in a manner consistent with the consent given by the Parties to its jurisdiction, the Court invokes precedents (paragraph 44) relating to jurisdiction ratione materiae and, above all, the admissibility of late claims made after the filing of the application, in cases where the jurisdictional title was still valid. It derives from that jurisprudence two criteria which apply only to late claims, and which have no bearing on determining jurisdiction ratione temporis when the parties’ consent to that jurisdiction has lapsed. None of the cases to which the Court refers (ibid.) concerns facts or events that occurred after the jurisdictional title was no longer in force between the parties. It is clear, therefore, that the present case cannot be treated in the same way as the precedents mentioned by the Court, since the situation concerned is not comparable to theirs. The Court acknowledges that “the question posed by Colombia has not previously been presented to the Court” (paragraph 43), and this is, moreover, why this decision is so important. Unable to rely on precedent in this case, the Court was forced to break new ground, but it has failed to properly produce reasoning in support of this. 8. The Court, thus, has not provided a solution founded on the compromissory clause of the Pact of Bogotá, which instrument does not allow it to rule on the incidents alleged to have occurred after 27 November 2013, the date on which the Pact ceased to be in force and to have any effect in relations between the two Parties. 9. It should be noted that the Court places particular emphasis on the case concerning Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France). In that case, however, it ruled on the basis of forum prorogatum in order to establish its jurisdiction ratione materiae. The Court assessed the scope of the consent given by France to Djibouti’s application, from which it followed that “the claims relating to the arrest warrants arise in respect of issues which are outside the scope of the Court’s jurisdiction ratione materiae” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 212, para. 88). 10. Nicaragua, aware of the inadequacy of its argument seeking to link the present case to the criteria relating to the admissibility of late claims, described the facts and events in question as “composite and continuing” (paragraph 38). The Court, moreover, did not comment on this expression, which is borrowed from the law on international responsibility and is of no help in answering the question of jurisdiction ratione temporis. 11. The absence of a title of jurisdiction ratione temporis after the critical date of 27 November 2013 should, in my view, have prompted the Court to refuse to rule on the events that occurred after that date. Even if the issues raised by the incidents in question in the present case do not have profound consequences, the fact remains that by adopting such a broad interpretation of consent to its jurisdiction under the Pact of Bogotá, the Court risks undermining one of the pillars of its relationship with the States parties under the Statute. - 3 - 12. In view of the foregoing, I also voted against subparagraph 2 of the operative clause relating to Colombia’s violations of Nicaragua’s sovereign rights and jurisdiction (paragraph 261, subparagraph 2). 13. I likewise voted against the third point of the operative clause relating to the granting of fishing permits by Colombia (paragraph 261, subparagraph 3). First, because, here too, the Court should not have ruled on some of the alleged incidents, since they occurred after the critical date of 27 November 2013. Second, because the Court did not rely on evidence capable of demonstrating that Colombia granted fishing permits relating to Nicaragua’s exclusive economic zone. The Court refers to a number of resolutions, stating that Colombia continues to assert “the right to authorize fishing activities in parts of Nicaragua’s exclusive economic zone” (paragraph 119). Nevertheless, this does not prove that Colombia granted permits authorizing fishing in the zone attributed to Nicaragua. 14. Finally, I voted against subparagraph 7 of the operative clause, which states that Nicaragua’s straight baselines are not in conformity with customary international law (paragraph 261, subparagraph 7). This is a counter-claim relating to alleged violations of Colombia’s sovereign rights and maritime spaces resulting from the use of straight baselines by Nicaragua. In my view, the Court would only be able to assess whether Nicaragua’s straight baselines were consistent with international law if Colombia could prove that the drawing of such baselines by Nicaragua specially affected its own rights in its exclusive economic zone. 15. Nicaragua argued before the Court that the straight baselines established by Decree No. 33-2013 did not call into question the delimitation of the maritime areas carried out in 2012 and did not shift seaward the outer limit of its exclusive economic zone. 16. Article 7 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter “UNCLOS”) lays down conditions for the use of straight baselines by a coastal State. It is for each State to assess and take those conditions into account. One limitation is that “[t]he system of straight baselines may not be applied by a State in such a manner as to cut off the territorial sea of another State from the high seas or an exclusive economic zone” (Art. 7, para. 6). The Court emphasizes that the straight baselines “convert into internal waters certain areas which otherwise would have been part of Nicaragua’s territorial sea or exclusive economic zone and convert into territorial sea certain areas which would have been part of Nicaragua’s exclusive economic zone” (paragraph 259). It adds that “[t]he establishment of Nicaragua’s straight baselines limits the rights that Colombian vessels would have had in those areas” (ibid.). I am of the opinion, however, that such a limitation affects Colombia in the same way as all other States. Therefore, Colombia cannot be considered a State specially affected, that is to say an injured State, under the law of international responsibility, by Nicaragua’s use of straight baselines (Article 42 of the International Law Commission’s Articles on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts). This is, in effect, the sole basis on which Colombia could have brought before the Court its allegations that its sovereign rights and maritime spaces had been violated by Nicaragua’s use of straight baselines. 17. By granting Colombia’s request, the Court is creating a precedent which may result in an increase in cases of this kind, given the existence of a number of straight baselines not wholly consistent with the criteria set out in Article 7 of UNCLOS. Under Article 16 of that instrument, charts or lists of geographical co-ordinates relating to the drawing of straight baselines are deposited - 4 - with the Secretary-General of the United Nations, and they are thus sufficiently publicized to other States. It is through diplomatic means that coastal States have protested against the drawing of certain baselines. (Signed) Mohamed BENNOUNA. ___________

Bilingual Content

393
131
DECLARATION OF JUDGE BENNOUNA
[Original English Text]
1. To my regret, I had to vote against the decision of the Court, which
found that it had jurisdiction ratione temporis to entertain facts and
events alleged by Nicaragua to have occurred after 27 November 2013
(Judgment, para. 261, subpara. 1). Indeed, this is the date on which the
Pact of Bogotá, the basis of the Court’s jurisdiction, ceased to be in force
in relations between the two Parties.
2. Under the terms of Article XXXI, subparagraph (c), of the Pact,
the Parties recognize “the jurisdiction of the Court . . . in all disputes of a
juridical nature that arise among them concerning . . . [t]he existence of
any fact which, if established, would constitute the breach of an international
obligation”. Article XXXI also states that this recognition is valid
only “so long as the present Treaty is in force”.
3. In my view, the Court should have interpreted the Pact, and in particular
the compromissory clause contained in its Article XXXI, using the
means of interpretation provided for in the 1969 Vienna Convention on
the Law of Treaties (hereinafter the “VCLT”), which have customary status
(Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea‑Bissau v. Senegal), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1991, pp. 69‑70, para. 48). Thus, pursuant to
Article 31, paragraph 1, of the VCLT, “[a] treaty shall be interpreted in
good faith in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the
terms of the treaty in their context and in the light of its object and purpose”.
The Court has emphasized that “[i]nterpretation must be based
above all upon the text of the treaty” (Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya/Chad), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1994, p. 22, para. 41; Legality
of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2004 (I), p. 318, para. 100).
4. Pursuant to Article LVI of the Pact,
“[t]he present Treaty shall remain in force indefinitely, but may be
denounced upon one year’s notice, at the end of which period it shall
cease to be in force with respect to the State denouncing it, but shall
continue in force for the remaining signatories. The denunciation
shall be addressed to the Pan American Union, which shall transmit
it to the other Contracting Parties.
The denunciation shall have no effect with respect to pending procedures
initiated prior to the transmission of the particular notification.”
Colombia proceeded to denounce the Pact on 27 November 2012, and
that denunciation took effect from 27 November 2013.
5. Clearly, the termination of the Pact of Bogotá after the filing of the
Application cannot affect the Court’s jurisdiction, established by its
393
131
DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE BENNOUNA
[Texte original en français]
1. J’ai dû, à mon regret, voter contre la décision de la Cour qui a considéré
qu’elle était compétente, ratione temporis, pour connaître des faits et
des événements, allégués par le Nicaragua, qui seraient intervenus après le
27 novembre 2013 (arrêt, par. 261, point 1). C’est à cette date, en effet,
que le pacte de Bogotá, qui fonde la compétence de la Cour, a cessé de
produire ses effets dans les relations entre les deux Parties.
2. Aux termes de l’article XXXI, paragraphe c), du pacte, les Parties
reconnaissent « la juridiction de la Cour sur tous les différends d’ordre
juridique surgissant entre elles et ayant pour objet … [l]’existence de tout
fait qui, s’il était établi, constituerait la violation d’un engagement international
». Cette disposition précise également que cette reconnaissance
ne vaut que « tant que le présent Traité restera en vigueur ».
3. A mon avis, la Cour aurait dû se livrer à l’interprétation de ce traité
et notamment de la clause compromissoire de l’article XXXI, en se fondant
sur les méthodes d’interprétation prévues par la convention de
Vienne sur le droit des traités de 1969, qui ont désormais valeur coutumière
(Sentence arbitrale du 31 juillet 1989 (Guinée-Bissau
c. Sénégal),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1991, p. 69‑70, par. 48). Ainsi, selon l’article 31, paragraphe
1, de cette convention, « [u]n traité doit être interprété de bonne
foi suivant le sens ordinaire à attribuer aux termes du traité dans leur
contexte et à la lumière de son objet et de son but ». La Cour a souligné
que « [l]’interprétation doit être fondée avant tout sur le texte du traité
lui-
même » (Différend territorial (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Tchad),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1994, p. 22, par. 41 ; Licéité de l’emploi de la force
(Serbie-et-Monténégro
c. Belgique), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2004 (I), p. 318, par. 100).
4. Selon l’article LVI du pacte,
« [l]a durée du présent Traité sera indéfinie, mais il pourra être
dénoncé moyennant un préavis d’un an ; passé ce délai il cessera de
produire ses effets par rapport à la partie qui l’a dénoncé, et demeurera
en vigueur en ce qui concerne les autres signataires. L’avis de
dénonciation sera adressé à l’Union Panaméricaine qui le transmettra
aux autres Parties Contractantes.
La dénonciation n’aura aucun effet sur les procédures en cours
entamées avant la transmission de l’avis en question. »
La Colombie a procédé à cette dénonciation le 27 novembre 2012, et
celle-
ci a pris effet à partir du 27 novembre 2013.
5. Certes, l’extinction, ultérieure au dépôt de la requête, du pacte de
Bogotá ne peut porter atteinte à la compétence de la Cour, établie par sa
394 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (decl. bennouna)
132
2016 decision, to entertain the dispute as it existed on 26 November 2013,
the date on which the Application was filed by Nicaragua. In my view,
however, that jurisdiction cannot extend to facts and events which
occurred after the critical date of 27 November 2013.
6. In accordance with the ordinary meaning of the terms of Article
XXXI, subparagraph (c), of the Pact, from that date onwards the
Court was unable to entertain a dispute between the Parties concerning
“[t]he existence of any fact which, if established, would constitute the
breach of an international obligation”. In order to comply with this provision,
the Court should thus have declared that it lacked jurisdiction to
rule on all incidents alleged by the Applicant to have occurred after the
critical date of 27 November 2013.
7. Instead of adopting this approach and interpreting the compromissory
clause in a manner consistent with the consent given by the Parties
to its jurisdiction, the Court invokes precedents (Judgment, para. 44)
relating to jurisdiction ratione materiae and, above all, the admissibility of
late claims made after the filing of the application, in cases where the
jurisdictional title was still valid. It derives from that jurisprudence
two criteria which apply only to late claims, and which have no bearing
on determining jurisdiction ratione temporis when the parties’ consent to
that jurisdiction has lapsed. None of the cases to which the Court refers
(ibid.) concerns facts or events that occurred after the jurisdictional title
was no longer in force between the parties. It is clear, therefore, that the
present case cannot be treated in the same way as the precedents mentioned
by the Court, since the situation concerned is not comparable to
theirs. The Court acknowledges that “the question posed by Colombia
has not previously been presented to the Court” (ibid., para. 43), and this
is, moreover, why this decision is so important. Unable to rely on precedent
in this case, the Court was forced to break new ground, but it has
failed to properly produce reasoning in support of this.
8. The Court, thus, has not provided a solution founded on the compromissory
clause of the Pact of Bogotá, which instrument does not allow
it to rule on the incidents alleged to have occurred after 27 November
2013, the date on which the Pact ceased to be in force and to have any
effect in relations between the two Parties.
9. It should be noted that the Court places particular emphasis on the
case concerning Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters
(Djibouti v. France). In that case, however, it ruled on the basis of
forum prorogatum in order to establish its jurisdiction ratione materiae.
The Court assessed the scope of the consent given by France to Djibouti’s
application, from which it followed that “the claims relating to the arrest
warrants arise in respect of issues which are outside the scope of the
Court’s jurisdiction ratione materiae” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008,
p. 212, para. 88).
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (décl. bennouna) 394
132
décision de 2016, pour connaître du différend tel qu’il existait le
26 novembre 2013, date du dépôt de la requête par le Nicaragua. Je ne
pense pas, cependant, que cette compétence puisse s’étendre aux faits et
événements survenus après la date critique du 27 novembre 2013.
6. Dès lors, à partir de cette date, la Cour, suivant le sens ordinaire des
termes de l’article XXXI, paragraphe c), du pacte, ne pouvait connaître
d’un différend entre les Parties sur « [l]’existence de tout fait qui, s’il était
établi, constituerait la violation d’un engagement international ». Il convenait
ainsi pour la Cour, afin de se conformer à cette disposition, de se
déclarer incompétente pour se prononcer sur tous les incidents allégués
par le demandeur et intervenus après la date critique du 27 novembre
2013.
7. Au lieu de s’en tenir à cette démarche, en interprétant la clause compromissoire
dans le respect du consentement donné par les parties à sa
juridiction, la Cour a invoqué des précédents (arrêt, par. 44) relatifs à la
compétence ratione materiae ou, le plus souvent, à la recevabilité des
demandes tardives, après le dépôt de la requête, dans des cas où le titre de
compétence était toujours valide. A ce propos, elle extrait de ladite jurisprudence
deux critères qui ne valent que pour les demandes tardives et
qui n’ont aucun rapport avec la recherche de la compétence ratione temporis
alors que le consentement des parties à celle-
ci est devenu caduc.
Aucune des affaires auxquelles la Cour se réfère (ibid.) ne concerne la
survenance de faits ou d’événements postérieurs à la date où le titre de
compétence n’était plus en vigueur entre les parties. Dès lors, la présente
affaire ne peut manifestement pas recevoir un traitement analogue à celui
qui découle des précédents mentionnés par la Cour dans la mesure où elle
concerne une situation qui ne leur est pas comparable. La Cour reconnaît
que, « par le passé, [elle] n’a pas été saisie d’une question comme celle que
présente la Colombie en l’espèce » (ibid., par. 43), et c’est d’ailleurs tout ce
qui fait l’importance de la présente décision où la Cour, ne pouvant s’appuyer
sur aucun précédent, a été amenée à innover, sans réellement produire
un raisonnement à l’appui de cela.
8. Ce faisant, la Cour n’a apporté aucune réponse, fondée sur la clause
compromissoire du pacte de Bogotá, lequel ne l’autorise pas à se prononcer
sur les incidents allégués survenus après le 27 novembre 2013, date à
laquelle le pacte n’était plus en vigueur et ne pouvait produire aucun effet
dans les relations entre les deux Parties.
9. Il convient de noter que la Cour a mis l’accent sur l’affaire relative à
Certaines questions concernant l’entraide judiciaire en matière pénale (Djibouti
c. France). Or, elle s’était prononcée, dans ce cas, sur la base du
forum prorogatum, afin de déterminer sa compétence ratione materiae. Il
s’agissait d’apprécier la portée du consentement donné par la France à la
requête de Djibouti, d’où il découlait que « les demandes relatives aux
mandats d’arrêt concernent des questions qui n’entrent pas dans le champ
de la compétence ratione materiae de la Cour » (arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008,
p. 212, par. 88).
395 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (decl. bennouna)
133
10. Nicaragua, aware of the inadequacy of its argument seeking to link
the present case to the criteria relating to the admissibility of late claims,
described the facts and events in question as “composite and continuing”
(Judgment, para. 38). The Court, moreover, did not comment on this
expression, which is borrowed from the law on international responsibility
and is of no help in answering the question of jurisdiction ratione temporis.
11. The absence of a title of jurisdiction ratione temporis after the critical
date of 27 November 2013 should, in my view, have prompted the
Court to refuse to rule on the events that occurred after that date. Even if
the issues raised by the incidents in question in the present case do not
have profound consequences, the fact remains that by adopting such a
broad interpretation of consent to its jurisdiction under the Pact of
Bogotá, the Court risks undermining one of the pillars of its relationship
with the States parties under the Statute.
12. In view of the foregoing, I also voted against subparagraph 2 of the
operative clause relating to Colombia’s violations of Nicaragua’s sovereign
rights and jurisdiction (ibid., para. 261, subpara. 2).
13. I likewise voted against the third point of the operative clause
relating to the granting of fishing permits by Colombia (ibid., subpara. 3).
First, because, here too, the Court should not have ruled on some of the
alleged incidents, since they occurred after the critical date of 27 November
2013. Second, because the Court did not rely on evidence capable of
demonstrating that Colombia granted fishing permits relating to Nicaragua’s
exclusive economic zone. The Court refers to a number of resolutions,
stating that Colombia continues to assert “the right to authorize
fishing activities in parts of Nicaragua’s exclusive economic zone” (ibid.,
para. 119). Nevertheless, this does not prove that Colombia granted permits
authorizing fishing in the zone attributed to Nicaragua.
14. Finally, I voted against subparagraph 7 of the operative clause,
which states that Nicaragua’s straight baselines are not in conformity
with customary international law (ibid., para. 261, subpara. 7). This is a
counter‑claim relating to alleged violations of Colombia’s sovereign rights
and maritime spaces resulting from the use of straight baselines by Nicaragua.
In my view, the Court would only be able to assess whether Nicaragua’s
straight baselines were consistent with international law if
Colombia could prove that the drawing of such baselines by Nicaragua
specially affected its own rights in its exclusive economic zone.
15. Nicaragua argued before the Court that the straight baselines
established by Decree No. 33‑2013 did not call into question the delimitation
of the maritime areas carried out in 2012 and did not shift seaward
the outer limit of its exclusive economic zone.
16. Article 7 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
(hereinafter “UNCLOS”) lays down conditions for the use of straight
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (décl. bennouna) 395
133
10. Le Nicaragua, conscient de l’insuffisance de son argumentation
visant à rattacher la présente affaire aux critères en matière de recevabilité
propres aux demandes tardives, a qualifié les faits ou événements en question
de « composites et continus » (arrêt, par. 38). La Cour ne s’est d’ailleurs
pas attardée sur cette expression, empruntée au droit de la
responsabilité internationale, et qui ne pouvait pas aider à répondre à la
question de la compétence ratione temporis.
11. A mon avis, l’absence de titre de compétence ratione temporis,
après la date critique du 27 novembre 2013, aurait dû amener la Cour à
refuser de se prononcer sur les événements intervenus après cette date.
Même si l’enjeu des incidents en question, en la présente affaire, ne porte
pas à de grandes conséquences, il n’en demeure pas moins que, en se
livrant à une interprétation extensive du consentement à sa juridiction en
vertu du pacte de Bogotá, la Cour prend le risque d’ébranler l’un des
piliers de sa relation avec les Etats parties, en vertu du Statut.
12. En conséquence de ce qui précède, j’ai voté également contre le deuxième
point du dispositif, relatif aux violations par la Colombie des droits
souverains et de la juridiction du Nicaragua (ibid., par. 261, point 2).
13. J’ai voté de même contre le troisième point du dispositif relatif à
l’octroi des permis de pêche par la Colombie (ibid., point 3). En effet,
d’une part, la Cour n’aurait pas dû, là aussi, se prononcer sur certains
incidents allégués, puisqu’ils sont intervenus après la date critique du
27 novembre 2013. D’autre part, la Cour ne s’est pas appuyée sur des
preuves à même de démontrer que la Colombie avait délivré des permis
de pêche relatifs à la ZEE du Nicaragua. La Cour se réfère à certaines
résolutions en faisant valoir que la Colombie continue d’affirmer « le droit
d’autoriser des activités de pêche dans certaines parties de la zone économique
exclusive du Nicaragua » (ibid., par. 119). Mais cela ne démontre
pas que la Colombie a autorisé la pêche dans la zone attribuée au Nicaragua
en octroyant des permis à cet effet.
14. Enfin, j’ai voté contre le septième point du dispositif, selon lequel les
lignes de base droites du Nicaragua ne sont pas conformes au droit international
coutumier (ibid., par. 261, point 7). Il s’agit, en l’espèce, d’une
demande reconventionnelle portant sur les allégations de violation des
droits souverains et des espaces maritimes de la Colombie en raison du
recours aux lignes de base droites par le Nicaragua. A mon avis, la Cour
ne pourrait apprécier la conformité des lignes de base droites du Nicaragua
au droit international que si la Colombie était à même de prouver que
le tracé de lignes de base droites par le Nicaragua portait spécialement
atteinte à ses propres droits dans sa zone économique exclusive.
15. Le Nicaragua a soutenu devant la Cour que le tracé des lignes de
base droites, opéré par le décret no 33-2013, ne remettait pas en cause la
délimitation des espaces maritimes effectuée en 2012 et qu’il n’a pas eu
pour effet de repousser vers l’est la limite extérieure de sa zone économique
exclusive.
16. L’article 7 de la convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la
mer (ci-
après la « CNUDM ») pose des conditions pour le tracé des lignes
396 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (decl. bennouna)
134
baselines by a coastal State. It is for each State to assess and take those
conditions into account. One limitation is that “[t]he system of straight
baselines may not be applied by a State in such a manner as to cut off the
territorial sea of another State from the high seas or an exclusive economic
zone” (UNCLOS, Art. 7, para. 6). The Court emphasizes that the
straight baselines “convert into internal waters certain areas which otherwise
would have been part of Nicaragua’s territorial sea or exclusive economic
zone and convert into territorial sea certain areas which would
have been part of Nicaragua’s exclusive economic zone” (Judgment,
para. 259). It adds that “[t]he establishment of Nicaragua’s straight baselines
limits the rights that Colombian vessels would have had in those
areas” (ibid.). I am of the opinion, however, that such a limitation affects
Colombia in the same way as all other States. Therefore, Colombia cannot
be considered a State specially affected, that is to say an injured State,
under the law of international responsibility, by Nicaragua’s use of
straight baselines (Article 42 of the International Law Commission’s Articles
on the Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts).
This is, in effect, the sole basis on which Colombia could have brought
before the Court its allegations that its sovereign rights and maritime
spaces had been violated by Nicaragua’s use of straight baselines.
17. By granting Colombia’s request, the Court is creating a precedent
which may result in an increase in cases of this kind, given the existence
of a number of straight baselines not wholly consistent with the criteria
set out in Article 7 of UNCLOS. Under Article 16 of that instrument,
charts or lists of geographical co-ordinates
relating to the drawing of
straight baselines are deposited with the Secretary-General
of the
United Nations, and they are thus sufficiently publicized to other States.
It is through diplomatic means that coastal States have protested against
the drawing of certain baselines.
(Signed) Mohamed Bennouna.
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (décl. bennouna) 396
134
de base droites par l’Etat côtier. Il revient à chaque Etat de les apprécier
et d’en tenir compte. Avec pour limitation que « [l]a méthode des lignes de
base droites ne peut être appliquée par un Etat de manière telle que la
mer territoriale d’un autre Etat se trouve coupée de la haute mer ou d’une
zone économique exclusive » (CNUDM, art. 7, par. 6). Certes, la Cour a
mis l’accent sur le fait que les lignes de bases droites « transforment en
eaux intérieures certains espaces qui, autrement, auraient fait partie de sa
mer territoriale ou de sa zone économique exclusive, et transforment en
mer territoriale certains espaces qui, autrement, auraient fait partie de sa
zone économique exclusive » (arrêt, par. 259). Elle a ajouté que « [l]’établissement
de ces lignes limite les droits dont les navires colombiens
auraient pu jouir dans ces espaces » (ibid.). Je considère qu’une telle limitation
concerne la Colombie au même titre que tous les autres Etats. Par
conséquent, elle ne peut pas être considérée comme un Etat spécialement
atteint, soit un Etat lésé, au titre du droit de la responsabilité internationale,
par le tracé de ses lignes de bases droites du Nicaragua (article 42
des Articles de la Commission du droit international sur la responsabilité
de l’Etat pour fait internationalement illicite). Ce n’est, en effet, qu’à ce
titre que la Colombie aurait pu faire prévaloir devant la Cour ses allégations
de violation de ses droits souverains et de ses espaces maritimes, en
raison du recours aux lignes de base droites par le Nicaragua.
17. En accédant à la demande de la Colombie, la Cour crée un précédent
qui peut entraîner une multiplication des recours de ce genre, dans la
mesure où il y a un certain nombre de tracés de lignes de base droites qui
ne sont pas tout à fait conformes aux critères qui figurent à l’article 7 de
la CNUDM. Les cartes ou listes des coordonnées géographiques relatives
au tracé des lignes de base sont adressées, au titre de l’article 16 de la
CNUDM, au Secrétaire général des Nations Unies et elles reçoivent ainsi
toute la publicité nécessaire auprès des autres Etats. C’est par la voie
diplomatique que des pays côtiers ont émis des protestations contestant
certains tracés.
(Signé) Mohamed Bennouna.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Bennouna

Order
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