Declaration of Judge Nolte

Document Number
182-20220316-ORD-01-05-EN
Parent Document Number
182-20220316-ORD-01-00-EN
Date of the Document
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Bilingual Document File

254
47
DECLARATION OF JUDGE NOLTE
Jurisdiction prima facie under Article IX of the Genocide Convention —
Difference between the present case and the Legality of Use of Force cases —
Subject-matter
of the Application of Ukraine does not pertain to the question
whether the military operation by Russia amounts to genocide — Subject-matter
of the Application concerns the question whether a military operation undertaken
to prevent and punish an alleged genocide is in conformity with the Genocide
Convention.
1. I agree with this Order. I write separately to underline one particular
point. In the present case the Court has found that it has prima facie
jurisdiction under Article IX of the Genocide Convention to order the
suspension of military operations by way of a provisional measure. This
decision is consistent with earlier decisions in which the Court found that
it lacked such prima facie jurisdiction.
2. In 1999, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia requested that the
Court order the cessation of acts of use of force by certain member States
of NATO (see e.g. Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Belgium), Provisional
Measures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I),
pp. 128‑129, para. 7 and p. 131, para. 15). In those cases, however, neither
the applicant State nor the respondent States stated before the Court that
the use of force by the respondent States had the purpose of preventing
an alleged genocide. In the present case, in contrast, the Russian Federation
has made allegations that Ukraine is committing genocide and has
affirmed that its “special military operation” serves the purpose of preventing
genocide.
3. The earlier cases concerned an allegation by the requesting State
that the States conducting the military operations were committing genocide
by their use of force (ibid., pp. 136‑137, para. 35). The Court held
that “the threat or use of force against a State cannot in itself constitute
an act of genocide within the meaning of Article II of the Genocide Convention”
(ibid., p. 138, para. 40). Since it appeared, at that stage of the
proceedings, that the military operations concerned did not entail genocidal
intent, the Court was “not in a position to find . . . that the acts
imputed . . . to the Respondent are capable of coming within the provisions
of the Genocide Convention” (ibid., para. 41). Accordingly, the
Court found that Article IX cannot “constitute a basis on which the jurisdiction
of the Court could prima facie be founded” (ibid.).
4. Thus, in the earlier cases the applicant did not show that its request
concerned acts of the respondent States that were “capable of coming
255 allegations of genocide (decl. nolte)
48
within the provisions of the Genocide Convention”, whereas in the present
case, the Applicant has demonstrated that the Respondent acted in a
way “that is capable of coming within the provisions of the Genocide
Convention” by making allegations that genocide is being committed
by Ukraine and by undertaking a “special military operation” with the
stated purpose of preventing genocide.
5. The subject-matter
of the Application by the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia in 1999 was whether the use of force by the intervening States
amounted to “genocide”. In contrast, in the present case, the subject-matter
of the Application concerns the question whether the allegations
of genocide and the military operations undertaken with the stated purpose
of preventing and punishing genocide are in conformity with the
Genocide Convention.
6. It is true that, in 1999, certain respondent States came close to justifying
their use of force by stating that their actions were taken with the
intent to prevent genocide (see Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v.
Belgium), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports
1999 (I), dissenting opinion of Vice-President
Weeramantry, p. 184) and
that certain of their officials made allegations of genocide in that context.
However, such justifications were not the stated purpose of the military
operations by the respondent States, nor was that purpose so perceived
by the applicant State. That aspect was therefore not the subject-matter
of
the earlier cases before the Court.
7. In my view, the differences between the present case and the earlier
cases are clear and sufficiently significant to justify that the Court has, in
the present case, found prima facie jurisdiction based on Article IX of the
Genocide Convention, which it did not in the earlier cases.
(Signed) Georg Nolte.

Bilingual Content

254
47
DECLARATION OF JUDGE NOLTE
Jurisdiction prima facie under Article IX of the Genocide Convention —
Difference between the present case and the Legality of Use of Force cases —
Subject-matter
of the Application of Ukraine does not pertain to the question
whether the military operation by Russia amounts to genocide — Subject-matter
of the Application concerns the question whether a military operation undertaken
to prevent and punish an alleged genocide is in conformity with the Genocide
Convention.
1. I agree with this Order. I write separately to underline one particular
point. In the present case the Court has found that it has prima facie
jurisdiction under Article IX of the Genocide Convention to order the
suspension of military operations by way of a provisional measure. This
decision is consistent with earlier decisions in which the Court found that
it lacked such prima facie jurisdiction.
2. In 1999, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia requested that the
Court order the cessation of acts of use of force by certain member States
of NATO (see e.g. Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Belgium), Provisional
Measures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I),
pp. 128‑129, para. 7 and p. 131, para. 15). In those cases, however, neither
the applicant State nor the respondent States stated before the Court that
the use of force by the respondent States had the purpose of preventing
an alleged genocide. In the present case, in contrast, the Russian Federation
has made allegations that Ukraine is committing genocide and has
affirmed that its “special military operation” serves the purpose of preventing
genocide.
3. The earlier cases concerned an allegation by the requesting State
that the States conducting the military operations were committing genocide
by their use of force (ibid., pp. 136‑137, para. 35). The Court held
that “the threat or use of force against a State cannot in itself constitute
an act of genocide within the meaning of Article II of the Genocide Convention”
(ibid., p. 138, para. 40). Since it appeared, at that stage of the
proceedings, that the military operations concerned did not entail genocidal
intent, the Court was “not in a position to find . . . that the acts
imputed . . . to the Respondent are capable of coming within the provisions
of the Genocide Convention” (ibid., para. 41). Accordingly, the
Court found that Article IX cannot “constitute a basis on which the jurisdiction
of the Court could prima facie be founded” (ibid.).
4. Thus, in the earlier cases the applicant did not show that its request
concerned acts of the respondent States that were “capable of coming
254
47
DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE NOLTE
[Traduction]
Compétence prima facie en vertu de l’article IX de la convention sur le
génocide — Différence entre la présente affaire et celles relatives à la Licéité de
l’emploi de la force — Objet de la requête de l’Ukraine ne portant pas sur la
question de savoir si l’opération militaire menée par la Russie est constitutive de
génocide — Objet de la requête ayant trait à la question de savoir si une opération
militaire mise en oeuvre pour prévenir et punir un génocide allégué est conforme
aux dispositions de la convention sur le génocide.
1. Je souscris à l’ordonnance de la Cour, à laquelle je joins la présente
déclaration afin de souligner un point particulier. En la présente espèce, la
Cour a conclu qu’elle avait, prima facie, compétence en vertu de l’article
IX de la convention sur le génocide pour ordonner, par voie de
mesure conservatoire, la suspension des opérations militaires. Cette décision
est conforme à celles par lesquelles elle s’est, par le passé, déclarée
dépourvue d’une telle compétence prima facie.
2. En 1999, la République fédérale de Yougoslavie avait prié la Cour
d’ordonner à certains Etats membres de l’OTAN de cesser de recourir à
l’emploi de la force (voir notamment Licéité de l’emploi de la force (Yougoslavie
c. Belgique), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 2 juin 1999,
C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I), p. 128‑129, par. 7, et p. 131, par. 15). Il convient
de préciser que, dans ces affaires, ni la demanderesse ni les défendeurs
n’avaient fait valoir devant la Cour que l’emploi de la force par ces derniers
visait à prévenir un génocide allégué. En la présente espèce, en
revanche, la Fédération de Russie a formulé contre l’Ukraine des accusations
de génocide, et affirmé que son « opération militaire spéciale » avait
pour but de prévenir un tel génocide.
3. Dans les affaires précédentes, la demanderesse alléguait que, de par
l’emploi de la force auquel ils se livraient, les Etats menant les opérations
militaires commettaient un génocide (ibid., p. 136‑137, par. 35). La Cour
a considéré que « le recours ou la menace du recours à l’emploi de la force
contre un Etat ne sauraient en soi constituer un acte de génocide au sens
de l’article II de la convention sur le génocide » (ibid., p. 138, par. 40).
Etant donné qu’il n’apparaissait pas, à ce stade de la procédure, que lesdites
opérations militaires s’accompagnaient d’une intention génocidaire,
la Cour a jugé qu’elle n’était « pas en mesure de conclure … que les
actes … imput[és] au défendeur [ét]aient susceptibles d’entrer dans les prévisions
de la convention sur le génocide » (ibid., par. 41), et que, partant,
l’article IX ne « constitu[ait] … pas une base sur laquelle [sa] compétence
… pourrait prima facie être fondée » (ibid.).
4. Ainsi, dans ces affaires antérieures, la demanderesse n’entendait pas
établir que sa demande concernait des actes des défendeurs qui étaient
255 allegations of genocide (decl. nolte)
48
within the provisions of the Genocide Convention”, whereas in the present
case, the Applicant has demonstrated that the Respondent acted in a
way “that is capable of coming within the provisions of the Genocide
Convention” by making allegations that genocide is being committed
by Ukraine and by undertaking a “special military operation” with the
stated purpose of preventing genocide.
5. The subject-matter
of the Application by the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia in 1999 was whether the use of force by the intervening States
amounted to “genocide”. In contrast, in the present case, the subject-matter
of the Application concerns the question whether the allegations
of genocide and the military operations undertaken with the stated purpose
of preventing and punishing genocide are in conformity with the
Genocide Convention.
6. It is true that, in 1999, certain respondent States came close to justifying
their use of force by stating that their actions were taken with the
intent to prevent genocide (see Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v.
Belgium), Provisional Measures, Order of 2 June 1999, I.C.J. Reports
1999 (I), dissenting opinion of Vice-President
Weeramantry, p. 184) and
that certain of their officials made allegations of genocide in that context.
However, such justifications were not the stated purpose of the military
operations by the respondent States, nor was that purpose so perceived
by the applicant State. That aspect was therefore not the subject-matter
of
the earlier cases before the Court.
7. In my view, the differences between the present case and the earlier
cases are clear and sufficiently significant to justify that the Court has, in
the present case, found prima facie jurisdiction based on Article IX of the
Genocide Convention, which it did not in the earlier cases.
(Signed) Georg Nolte.
allégations de génocide (décl. nolte) 255
48
« susceptibles d’entrer dans les prévisions de la convention sur le génocide
», alors que, en la présente espèce, la demanderesse a bel et bien
démontré que la défenderesse, en formulant des allégations selon lesquelles
l’Ukraine commettait un génocide et en menant une « opération
militaire spéciale » dans le but déclaré de prévenir un tel génocide, avait
agi d’une manière « susceptible[] d’entrer dans les prévisions de la convention
».
5. L’objet de la requête déposée par la République fédérale de Yougoslavie
en 1999 portait sur la question de savoir si l’emploi de la force par
les Etats s’étant immiscés dans les affaires intérieures de celle‑ci était
constitutif de « génocide ». En la présente espèce, en revanche, l’objet de la
requête a trait à la question de savoir si les allégations selon lesquelles un
génocide était en cours, ainsi que les opérations militaires mises en oeuvre
dans le but déclaré de prévenir et de punir un tel génocide, sont conformes
à la convention.
6. S’il est vrai que, en 1999, les défendeurs étaient, pour certains, tout
près de justifier l’emploi qu’ils avaient fait de la force en affirmant que
leurs actions visaient à prévenir un génocide (voir Licéité de l’emploi de la
force (Yougoslavie c. Belgique), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
2 juin 1999, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I), opinion dissidente de M. le juge
Weeramantry,
vice‑président, p. 184), et qu’une partie de leurs représentants
avaient, dans ce contexte, formulé des allégations de génocide, une
telle justification ne correspondait cependant pas au but déclaré des opérations
militaires menées par ces Etats, pas plus qu’à la manière dont
celui‑ci était compris par la demanderesse. Cet aspect ne relevait donc pas
de l’objet des précédentes affaires examinées par la Cour.
7. Les différences existant entre la présente affaire et les précédentes
sont, selon moi, manifestes et d’une importance telle qu’elles justifient que
la Cour ait conclu, en la présente espèce, qu’elle avait prima facie compétence
en vertu de l’article IX de la convention sur le génocide, ce qu’elle
n’avait pas fait dans les affaires antérieures.
(Signé) Georg Nolte.

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Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Nolte

Order
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