Declaration of Judge Salam

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116-20220209-JUD-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
116-20220209-JUD-01-00-EN
Date of the Document
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Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF JUDGE SALAM Agreement with the stated principles of evidence in reparations proceedings ⎯ Disagreement with the Court in the application of those principles ⎯ Rigidity and excessive formalism of the Court in the assessment of evidence submitted by the DRC ⎯ Indistinct and insufficiently justified reparation method. 1. Although I generally agree with the principles and rules applicable to the assessment of reparations in this case and to the questions of proof set out by the Court under the heading “General considerations”, I believe that a better application of those principles, both in the assessment of the evidence and in the determination of the amount of reparation due, could have made it possible to achieve a fairer compensation. 2. In terms of principles, the Judgment pertinently emphasizes that although the Court has previously recalled that, “as a general rule, it is for the party which alleges a fact in support of its claims to prove the existence of that fact”, it has also indicated that this is not an absolute principle, applicable in all circumstances. Indeed, the Court has held that “this general rule may be applied flexibly in certain circumstances, where, for example, the respondent may be in a better position to establish certain facts” (Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Compensation, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (I), p. 26, para. 33; Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo), Compensation, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (I), p. 332, para. 15), depending on “the subject-matter and the nature of each dispute brought before the Court” and “the type of facts which it is necessary to establish for the purposes of the decision of the case” (Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2010 (II), p. 660, para. 54). 3. Additionally, the Court claims that it is not ignoring the evidentiary difficulties that occur “in most situations of international armed conflict” and that it recalls in paragraphs 66 and 67 of the Judgment. Following this, the Court affirms that it “will take the context of this case into account when determining the extent of the injury and assessing the reparation owed” (paragraph 68 of the Judgment). 4. This flexible approach is particularly suitable for reparation procedures when, as in the present case, the Court has established at an earlier stage of the proceedings the existence of “massive human rights violations and grave breaches of international humanitarian law” (Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 239, para. 207). This conclusion is shared by many international courts which, in similar circumstances, have generally shown reasonable flexibility on this issue in order to be able to guarantee fair compensation to the victims. 5. The Court thus aptly recalls the case law of the Appeals Chamber of the International Criminal Court (“ICC”) in the Katanga case, which concerned facts occurring in the same armed conflict and where the Appeals Chamber took into account the inability of victims to provide documentary evidence in support of all the alleged harms in light of the prevailing circumstances in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (“DRC”) (paragraph 123 of the Judgment). - 2 - 6. Along the same lines, I also note that, in the Lubanga case (2015), the ICC Appeals Chamber observed that, with regard to the evidentiary standard in the reparations phase, it was appropriate to apply more flexible criteria than the requirement of “beyond [all] reasonable doubt”, and that several factors had to be taken into consideration, including recognizing the difficulty victims face in obtaining evidence in support of their claims due to its destruction1. Similarly, in the reparations procedure in the Ntaganda case, the Appeals Chamber recalled that the “appropriate” standard of proof depended on the particular circumstances of the case2, taking into consideration the difficulty involved in obtaining evidence as well. Therefore, in order to determine the standard of proof applicable in the reparations proceeding, the Appeals Chamber took into account the distinguishing features of the case, “specifically the difficulty victims may face in obtaining evidence in support of their claim due to the destruction or the unavailability of evidence in the relevant circumstances”3. The Appeals Chamber thus underscored the relevance of the standard of proof known as the “balance of probabilities”. All that is required is for the court to be satisfied that it is more probable than not that the plaintiff suffered harm resulting from one of the crimes for which the defendant was convicted4. 7. A similar approach was followed by the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission, which avoided using a “mechanical process” with an overly demanding standard of proof pertaining to alleged damages that would, as such, have deprived the victims of fair compensation, while also preventing excessive requests5. As the Commission noted, “in connection with particular claims, the evidence regarding such matters as the egregiousness or seriousness of the unlawful action, the numbers of persons injured or property destroyed or damaged by that action, and the financial consequences of such injury, destruction or damage, is often uncertain or ambiguous. In such circumstances, the Commission has made the best estimates possible on the basis of the available evidence. Like some national courts and international legislators, it has recognized that when obligated to determine appropriate compensation, it must do so even if the process involves estimation, or even guesswork, within the range of possibilities indicated by the evidence.”6 8. This approach is consistent with the fundamental principles of justice as recalled by the arbitral tribunal in the Trail Smelter case: 1 The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, ICC-01/04-01/06, Appeals Chamber, Amended Order for Reparations, Annex A of the Judgment on the appeals against the “Decision establishing the principles and procedures to be applied to reparations” of 7 August 2012, 3 March 2015 (ICC-01/04-01/06-3129-AnxA), para. 22. 2 The Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, ICC-01/04-02/06, Trial Chamber VI, Reparations Order, 8 March 2021, para. 77. 3 The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga, ICC-01/04-01/07, Trial Chamber II, Order for Reparations pursuant to Article 75 of the Statute, 24 March 2017, para. 47. 4 Ibid., paras. 46-50. 5 Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission, Ethiopia’s Damages Claims, Final Award, Decision of 17 August 2009, United Nations, Reports of the International Arbitral Awards (RIAA), Vol. XXVI, paras. 37, 40, 98 and 328. 6 Ibid., para. 37. - 3 - “Where the tort itself is of such a nature as to preclude the ascertainment of the amount of damages with certainty, it would be a perversion of fundamental principles of justice to deny all relief to the injured person, and thereby relieve the wrongdoer from making any amend for his acts. In such case, while the damages may not be determined by mere speculation or guess, it will be enough if the evidence show the extent of the damages as a matter of just and reasonable inference, although the result be only approximate.”7 9. As previously mentioned, the Court claims that it is aware of the difficulties relating to questions of proof which arise “in most situations of international armed conflict”, as it recalls in paragraphs 66 and 67 of the Judgment. The Court also states that it “will take the context of this case into account when determining the extent of the injury and assessing the reparation owed” (paragraph 68 of the Judgment). 10. However, in the remainder of the Judgment, the Court does not seem to have applied the above principles satisfactorily or to have sufficiently taken into consideration the context of this case, which ultimately prevents it from arriving at a just and equitable compensation. 11. Indeed, while it is careful to point this out, the Court does not sufficiently take into consideration the fact that the conflict occurred several decades ago, rendering the accessibility of relevant official documents more difficult; that evidence could have been destroyed as a result of the war or the elapsed time; that the DRC may have lacked the necessary resources to conduct investigations on its own territory; and that the low level of education of a majority of the victims and especially the administrative context of the country prevented an effective accounting of all the damage suffered, including the loss of human life via official death certificates or hospital records. 12. First, in assessing the evidence submitted by the DRC, the Court has been too strict, even severe, when highlighting the deficiencies in the evidence submitted by the Applicant, without really taking into consideration the context of the case. There is no doubt that the DRC has not always been able to provide evidence of a high degree of certainty in support of its claims. In fact, the Applicant acknowledges this in a certain way when reminding the Court of the situation in which it had to collect the evidence, notably highlighting “its lack of resources, the continuing conflict on its territory, the trauma suffered by a large number of victims and their low level of education, the destruction and loss of evidence and other related difficulties” (paragraph 62 of the Judgment). 13. To my great regret, the Court does not seem to take full account of this context which should have led it to acknowledge, as it did in the Corfu Channel case, that the DRC, which was unable to furnish direct proof, could “be allowed a more liberal recourse to inferences of fact and circumstantial evidence” (Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 18). 7 Trail Smelter (United States, Canada), Awards of 16 April 1938 and 11 March 1941, RIAA, Vol. III, p. 1920. - 4 - 14. Thus, although the Court states in paragraph 159 of the Judgment that it is “aware that detailed proof of specific events that have occurred in a devastating war, in remote areas, and almost two decades ago, is often not available”, it nevertheless considers, and in a rather paradoxical way, that, “notwithstanding the difficult situation in which the DRC found itself, more evidence relating to loss of life could be expected to have been collected since the Court delivered its 2005 Judgment”. Similarly, it reiterates in paragraph 242, in relation to damage to property, that “notwithstanding the difficult situation in which the DRC found itself, more evidence could be expected to have been collected by the DRC since the Court delivered its 2005 Judgment”. The Court’s position is far from “taking into account” the “context” of the situation in the DRC which, even after 2005, remained unstable, with conflicts of varying intensity, and where the Government lacked total control over the entire territory, as underscored by numerous Security Council resolutions and reports by the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (“MONUC”), which became the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (“MONUSCO”) on 1 July 2010. 15. Next, the Court’s admonition of the DRC stands in sharp contrast to its attitude concerning Uganda’s lack of co-operation, as the occupying Power, in the search for and collection of evidence in the context of these proceedings; this being the case even though the Court had recalled ⎯ as I pointed out before ⎯ that in certain circumstances, the burden of proof could be reversed, or at least shared between the parties, with the respondent’s active participation in the establishment of certain facts necessary to settle a dispute (Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Compensation, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (I), p. 26, para. 33; Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo), Compensation, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (I), p. 332, para. 15). 16. Indeed, the nature of the present dispute required the Respondent to establish certain elements of the case. Given that it was the occupying Power in Ituri when many of the events that needed to be established occurred, Uganda is undoubtedly in a better position to do so than the DRC, which would have had the onerous task of reconstructing evidence damaged by the war, the occupation of part of its territory and the elapsed time. However, the Respondent did not do so. It merely pointed to the deficiencies in the evidence provided by the DRC and noted that the conclusions of the Court-appointed experts were unfounded or arbitrary. This attitude of Uganda has, naturally, rendered an already arduous task for the Court even more difficult. Surprisingly, the Judgment limited itself to taking note of this situation without drawing the necessary conclusions from it. 17. Turning to the question of compensation, the Court recalls, rightly in my view, in paragraph 106 of the Judgment, that it may “on an exceptional basis, award compensation in the form of a global sum, within the range of possibilities indicated by the evidence and taking account of equitable considerations”. Such an approach can be justified when the evidence unambiguously leads to the conclusion that an internationally wrongful act has caused proven harm but where such evidence does not allow for a precise evaluation of the extent or magnitude of such harm (see Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo), Compensation, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (I), p. 334 para. 21, pp. 334-335, para. 24, and p. 337, para. 33; Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Compensation, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (I), pp. 26-27, para. 35). 18. While the Judgment proceeds at length to a rigorous analysis of the various methods used by the Parties and by the Court-appointed experts to assess the extent of damage to be compensated and to determine the amount of compensation owed for each head of damage, it does not, however, - 5 - clearly set out its method of calculating the compensation to be granted, apart from mentioning rather vague and general considerations such as “[t]aking into account all the available evidence”, “the methodologies proposed to assign a value to personal injuries” and “its jurisprudence and the pronouncements of other international bodies”. It remains that these considerations are not sufficient and/or convincing explanations. 19. The majority’s position also appears to me to be questionable in terms of the approach followed for the allocation of the compensation due to the DRC. In particular, I do not agree with the decision to opt for “global” sums for all damage caused to persons, property or natural resources, without distinguishing among the different heads of damage within each of these three categories. For instance, with regard to damage to persons, the Court begins by carrying out a separate analysis of each damage alleged by the DRC, namely the loss of human life, injuries to persons, rape and sexual violence, the recruitment and deployment of child soldiers, and population displacements. However, having done so, the Court does not explain why it considers it appropriate to award a “single” lump sum for “all” damage to persons, instead of awarding separate compensation for each of the different heads of damage. 20. The fact that the Court refrains from fixing a specific amount of compensation for each of the various heads of damage seems all the more problematic since, recalling its 2012 case law in Ahmadou Sadio Diallo, the Court indicates that “any reparation is intended, as far as possible, to benefit all those who suffered injury resulting from internationally wrongful acts” (paragraph 102 of the Judgment). The awarded reparation should, from this point of view, benefit as much as possible the victims, groups of victims and communities who suffered harm resulting from the internationally wrongful acts of Uganda. Indeed, as recommended by the United Nations General Assembly, it is fitting to adopt, in cases of serious violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law, as in the present case, a “victim-oriented” approach (resolution 60/147, Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law, 16 Dec. 2005, doc. A/RES/60/147). 21. It is therefore to be regretted that, by not distinguishing between the separate types of injuries in each of the different categories of damage, the Court has not helped in the appropriate distribution of the compensation awarded to the DRC to repair the injury suffered by the victims and communities harmed as a result of Uganda’s internationally wrongful acts. 22. Indeed, how should the DRC distribute the US$225,000,000 among the families of the deceased, the injured, the rape victims, the child soldiers and the displaced persons? Similarly, the US$40,000,000 granted for property damage leaves the DRC to resolve for itself the thorny issue of determining what share should be reserved for the restoration and reconstruction of public buildings, and thus paid to the State treasury, and what part should relate to private property. Should the Court’s exercise of its discretionary power in defining the amount of reparation necessarily be followed by arbitrariness in the DRC’s distribution of that amount? It seems to me that, on this point, the Court could have taken a more satisfactory approach for the sake of the victims. - 6 - 23. Finally, it is reasonable to ask whether, in view of the rigidity and excessive formalism the Court has shown in its assessment of the evidence, as well as the lack of sufficient consideration it has accorded to the specific context of this case, which I have sought to emphasize in this declaration, the global sum awarded in compensation by the Court, especially in respect of damage to persons and property, remains far from reflecting the extent and gravity of the damage suffered by the DRC as a result of Uganda’s violations of the “principle of non-use of force in international relations”, the “principle of non-intervention”, as well as “massive human rights violations and grave breaches of international humanitarian law” (Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 239, para. 207 and p. 280, para. 345, subpara. (1)). As such, to my great regret, the Court has deprived itself of the means that would allow it to ensure “reparation in an adequate form” (Factory at Chorzów, Jurisdiction, Judgment No. 8, 1927, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 9, p. 21). (Signed) Nawaf SALAM. ___________

Bilingual Content

185
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DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE SALAM
[Texte original en français]
Accord avec les principes énoncés en matière de preuve dans le cadre d’une
procédure de réparation — Désaccord avec la Cour dans l’application de ces
principes — Rigidité et formalisme excessif de la Cour dans l’appréciation des
moyens de preuve soumis par la RDC — Méthode de réparation indistincte et
insuffisamment justifiée.
1. Bien que je partage dans l’ensemble les principes et les règles applicables
à l’évaluation des réparations en l’espèce et à la preuve énoncés par
la Cour sous le titre « Considérations générales », je pense qu’une meilleure
application de ces principes, tant dans l’appréciation des moyens de
preuve que dans la détermination du quantum de réparation, aurait pu
permettre d’aboutir à une indemnité plus juste.
2. Sur le plan des principes, l’arrêt souligne pertinemment que, si la
Cour a par le passé rappelé que, « en règle générale, c’est à la partie qui
allègue un fait à l’appui de ses prétentions qu’il appartient d’en démontrer
l’existence », elle a également indiqué qu’il ne s’agissait pas d’un principe
absolu, applicable en toutes circonstances. En effet, la Cour a estimé que
« cette règle générale pouvait, dans certaines circonstances, être appliquée
avec souplesse, par exemple lorsque le défendeur pouvait être mieux à
même d’établir certains faits » (Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua
dans la région frontalière (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua), indemnisation, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (I), p. 26, par. 33 ; Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (République
de Guinée c. République démocratique du Congo), indemnisation, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (I), p. 332, par. 15), en fonction « de l’objet et de la
nature de chaque différend soumis à la Cour » et « de la nature des faits
qu’il est nécessaire d’établir pour les besoins du jugement de l’affaire »
(Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (République de Guinée c. République démocratique
du Congo), fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2010 (II), p. 660, par. 54).
3. En outre, la Cour dit ne pas ignorer les difficultés relatives aux questions
de preuve qui se retrouvent « dans la plupart des situations de conflit
armé international » et qu’elle rappelle dans les paragraphes 66 et 67 de
l’arrêt. Y faisant suite, la Cour dit aussi qu’elle « tiendra compte » du
« contexte de la présente affaire lorsqu’elle déterminera l’étendue du préjudice
et évaluera la réparation due » (arrêt, par. 68).
4. Cette approche souple s’avère particulièrement adaptée dans les
procédures relatives à la réparation lorsque la Cour a, comme en l’espèce,
établi dans une phase antérieure l’existence de « violations massives des
droits de l’homme et de graves manquements au droit international
humanitaire » (Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (République
185
176
DECLARATION OF JUDGE SALAM
[Original English Text]
Agreement with the stated principles of evidence in reparations
proceedings — Disagreement with the Court in the application of those principles —
Rigidity and excessive formalism of the Court in the assessment of
evidence submitted by the DRC — Indistinct and insufficiently justified reparation
method.
1. Although I generally agree with the principles and rules applicable
to the assessment of reparations in this case and to the questions of proof
set out by the Court under the heading “General considerations”,
I believe that a better application of those principles, both in the assessment
of the evidence and in the determination of the amount of reparation
due, could have made it possible to achieve a fairer compensation.
2. In terms of principles, the Judgment pertinently emphasizes that
although the Court has previously recalled that, “as a general rule, it is
for the party which alleges a fact in support of its claims to prove the
existence of that fact”, it has also indicated that this is not an absolute
principle, applicable in all circumstances. Indeed, the Court has held that
“this general rule may be applied flexibly in certain circumstances, where,
for example, the respondent may be in a better position to establish certain
facts” (Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border
Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Compensation, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2018 (I), p. 26, para. 33; Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v.
Democratic Republic of the Congo), Compensation, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2012 (I), p. 332, para. 15), depending on “the subject‑matter
and the nature of each dispute brought before the Court” and
“the type of facts which it is necessary to establish for the purposes of the
decision of the case” (Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v.
Democratic
Republic of the Congo), Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2010 (II), p. 660, para. 54).
3. Additionally, the Court claims that it is not ignoring the evidentiary
difficulties that occur “in most situations of international armed conflict”
and that it recalls in paragraphs 66 and 67 of the Judgment. Following
this, the Court affirms that it “will take the context of this case into
account when determining the extent of the injury and assessing the reparation
owed” (Judgment, para. 68).
4. This flexible approach is particularly suitable for reparation procedures
when, as in the present case, the Court has established at an earlier
stage of the proceedings the existence of “massive human rights violations
and grave breaches of international humanitarian law” (Armed Activities
on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v.
186 activités armées (décl. salam)
177
démocratique du Congo c. Ouganda), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2005, p. 239,
par. 207). Cette conclusion est partagée par de nombreuses juridictions
internationales, qui ont de façon générale fait montre, en de telles circonstances,
d’une raisonnable flexibilité sur la question afin de pouvoir garantir
aux victimes une juste réparation.
5. La Cour rappelle ainsi, fort à propos, la jurisprudence de la chambre
d’appel de la Cour pénale internationale (« CPI ») dans l’affaire Katanga,
qui porte sur les faits qui se sont produits dans le cadre du même conflit
armé et dans laquelle la chambre d’appel a tenu compte de l’incapacité
des victimes à apporter des éléments de preuve documentaires à l’appui
de tous les préjudices allégués au vu des circonstances qui prévalaient en
République démocratique du Congo (« RDC ») (arrêt, par. 123).
6. Dans le même sens, je note aussi que, dans l’affaire Lubanga (2015),
la chambre d’appel de la CPI a fait observer que, en ce qui concerne le
standard en matière de preuves dans la phase de la réparation, il convenait
d’appliquer des critères plus flexibles que l’obligation d’aller « au‑delà
de tout doute raisonnable » et que plusieurs facteurs devaient être considérés,
y compris la difficulté pour les victimes d’obtenir des preuves à
l’appui de leurs demandes du fait de la destruction de celles‑ci 1. De même,
dans la procédure en réparation dans l’affaire Ntaganda, elle a rappelé
que le standard de preuve « approprié[] » dépendait des circonstances particulières
de l’affaire 2, y compris la difficulté dans l’obtention des preuves.
Par conséquent, afin de déterminer la norme d’administration de la preuve
applicable à la procédure en réparation, elle tient compte des caractéristiques
de l’affaire, « en particulier des difficultés auxquelles se heurtent les
victimes pour obtenir des preuves étayant leur demande en réparation, en
raison de la destruction ou de l’indisponibilité de telles preuves dans le
contexte applicable » 3. La chambre d’appel a ainsi souligné la pertinence
de la norme d’administration de la preuve dite de « l’hypothèse la plus
probable » (balance of probabilities). Il suffit pour cela que la juridiction
soit convaincue qu’il est plus probable qu’improbable que le demandeur
ait subi un préjudice qui résulte d’un des crimes pour lesquels le défendeur
a été condamné 4.
7. Une approche similaire a été suivie par la Commission des réclamations
Erythrée‑Ethiopie, afin d’éviter une « approche mécanique » et trop
rigoureuse des éléments de preuve relatifs aux dommages allégués, qui
1 Le Procureur c. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, affaire ICC-01/04-01/06, chambre d’appel,
ordonnance de réparation modifiée, annexe A de l’arrêt relatif aux appels interjetés contre
la « décision fixant les principes et procédures applicables en matière de réparations »
rendue le 7 août 2012, 3 mars 2015 (ICC-01/04-01/06-3129-AnxA), par. 22.
2 Le Procureur c. Bosco Ntaganda, affaire ICC‑01/04‑02/06, chambre de première
instance VI, ordonnance de réparation, 8 mars 2021, par. 77.
3 Le Procureur c. Germain Katanga, affaire ICC‑01/04‑01/07, chambre de première
instance II, ordonnance de réparation en vertu de l’article 75 du Statut, 24 mars 2017,
par. 47.
4 Ibid., par. 46‑50.
armed activities (decl. salam) 186
177
Uganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 239, para. 207). This conclusion
is shared by many international courts which, in similar circumstances,
have generally shown reasonable flexibility on this issue in order
to be able to guarantee fair compensation to the victims.
5. The Court thus aptly recalls the case law of the Appeals Chamber of
the International Criminal Court (“ICC”) in the Katanga case, which
concerned facts occurring in the same armed conflict and where the
Appeals Chamber took into account the inability of victims to provide
documentary evidence in support of all the alleged harms in light of the
prevailing circumstances in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
(“DRC”) (Judgment, para. 123).
6. Along the same lines, I also note that, in the Lubanga case (2015),
the ICC Appeals Chamber observed that, with regard to the evidentiary
standard in the reparations phase, it was appropriate to apply more flexible
criteria than the requirement of “beyond [all] reasonable doubt”, and
that several factors had to be taken into consideration, including recognizing
the difficulty victims face in obtaining evidence in support of their
claims due to its destruction 1. Similarly, in the reparations procedure in
the Ntaganda case, the Appeals Chamber recalled that the “appropriate”
standard of proof depended on the particular circumstances of the case 2,
taking into consideration the difficulty involved in obtaining evidence as
well. Therefore, in order to determine the standard of proof applicable in
the reparations proceeding, the Appeals Chamber took into account the
distinguishing features of the case, “specifically the difficulty victims may
face in obtaining evidence in support of their claim due to the destruction
or the unavailability of evidence in the relevant circumstances” 3. The
Appeals Chamber thus underscored the relevance of the standard of
proof known as the “balance of probabilities”. All that is required is for
the court to be satisfied that it is more probable than not that the plaintiff
suffered harm resulting from one of the crimes for which the defendant
was convicted 4.
7. A similar approach was followed by the Eritrea‑Ethiopia Claims
Commission, which avoided using a “mechanical process” with an overly
demanding standard of proof pertaining to alleged damages that would,
1 The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, ICC-01/04-01/06, Appeals Chamber,
Amended Order for Reparations, Annex A of the Judgment on the appeals against the
“Decision establishing the principles and procedures to be applied to reparations” of
7 August 2012, 3 March 2015 (ICC-01/04-01/06-3129-AnxA), para. 22.
2 The Prosecutor v. Bosco Ntaganda, ICC‑01/04‑02/06, Trial Chamber VI, Reparations
Order, 8 March 2021, para. 77.
3 The Prosecutor v. Germain Katanga, ICC‑01/04‑01/07, Trial Chamber II, Order for
Reparations pursuant to Article 75 of the Statute, 24 March 2017, para. 47.
4 Ibid., paras. 46‑50.
187 activités armées (décl. salam)
178
serait de nature à priver les victimes d’une réparation équitable, tout en
évitant des demandes excessives 5. Pour la Commission,
« à propos de réclamations particulières, s’agissant d’aspects tels que
l’atrocité ou la gravité de tel ou tel acte illicite, le nombre de personnes
blessées ou de biens détruits ou endommagés de ce fait, et les
conséquences financières qui en découlent, les éléments de preuve
sont souvent incertains ou ambigus. Dans de telles circonstances, la
Commission a réalisé les meilleures estimations possibles sur la base
des moyens de preuve dont elle disposait. A l’instar de certaines juridictions
nationales ou de certains législateurs internationaux, elle a
reconnu que, lorsqu’elle était appelée à déterminer le montant des
indemnités à adjuger, elle devait le faire quand bien même le processus
supposerait de procéder par estimation, voire au juger, dans la
limite des possibilités offertes par les éléments de preuve. » 6
8. Cette démarche est bien conforme aux principes fondamentaux de la
justice tels que rappelés par le tribunal arbitral en l’affaire de la Fonderie
de Trail :
« Ce serait pervertir les principes fondamentaux de la justice que
de refuser tout secours à la victime — et par là même libérer l’auteur
du préjudice de l’obligation de réparation — sous prétexte que l’acte
illicite est de nature à empêcher que le montant de l’indemnité puisse
être déterminé avec certitude : en pareil cas, si le montant de l’indemnité
ne doit pas être établi par simple spéculation ou conjecture, il
suffit néanmoins que l’ampleur des dommages soit démontrée par
une déduction juste et raisonnable, quand bien même le résultat n’en
serait qu’approximatif. » 7
9. Ainsi que déjà signalé, la Cour dit ne pas ignorer les difficultés relatives
aux questions de preuve qui se retrouvent « dans la plupart des situations
de conflit armé international » et qu’elle rappelle dans les
paragraphes 66 et 67 de l’arrêt. La Cour dit également qu’elle « tiendra
compte » du « contexte de la présente affaire lorsqu’elle déterminera
l’étendue du préjudice et évaluera la réparation due » (arrêt, par. 68).
10. Cependant, la Cour ne me semble malheureusement pas, dans la
suite de l’arrêt, avoir fait une application satisfaisante des principes
sus‑énoncés ou avoir assez tenu compte du contexte de cette affaire,
s’empêchant
ainsi d’aboutir à la détermination d’une indemnité juste et
équitable.
5 Commission des réclamations entre l’Erythrée et l’Ethiopie (CREE), Sentence finale,
Réclamations de l’Ethiopie, décision du 17 août 2009, Nations Unies, Recueil des sentences
arbitrales (RSA), vol. XXVI, par. 37, 40, 98 et 328.
6 Ibid., par. 37.
7 Trail Smelter case (United States, Canada), sentences des 16 avril 1938 et 11 mars
1941, RSA, vol. III, p. 1920.
armed activities (decl. salam) 187
178
as such, have deprived the victims of fair compensation, while also preventing
excessive requests 5. As the Commission noted,
“in connection with particular claims, the evidence regarding
such matters as the egregiousness or seriousness of the unlawful
action, the numbers of persons injured or property destroyed or damaged
by that action, and the financial consequences of such injury,
destruction or damage, is often uncertain or ambiguous. In such circumstances,
the Commission has made the best estimates possible on
the basis of the available evidence. Like some national courts and
international legislators, it has recognized that when obligated to
determine appropriate compensation, it must do so even if the process
involves estimation, or even guesswork, within the range of possibilities
indicated by the evidence.” 6
8. This approach is consistent with the fundamental principles of justice
as recalled by the arbitral tribunal in the Trail Smelter case:
“Where the tort itself is of such a nature as to preclude the ascertainment
of the amount of damages with certainty, it would be a
perversion of fundamental principles of justice to deny all relief to the
injured person, and thereby relieve the wrongdoer from making any
amend for his acts. In such case, while the damages may not be determined
by mere speculation or guess, it will be enough if the evidence
show the extent of the damages as a matter of just and reasonable
inference, although the result be only approximate.” 7
9. As previously mentioned, the Court claims that it is aware of the
difficulties relating to questions of proof which arise “in most situations
of international armed conflict”, as it recalls in paragraphs 66 and 67 of
the Judgment. The Court also states that it “will take the context of this
case into account when determining the extent of the injury and assessing
the reparation owed” (Judgment, para. 68).
10. However, in the remainder of the Judgment, the Court does not
seem to have applied the above principles satisfactorily or to have sufficiently
taken into consideration the context of this case, which ultimately
prevents it from arriving at a just and equitable compensation.
5 Eritrea-Ethiopia
Claims Commission (EECC), Final Award, Ethiopia’s Damages
Claims, Decision of 17 August 2009, United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral
Awards (RIAA), Vol. XXVI, paras. 37, 40, 98 and 328.
6 Ibid., para. 37.
7 Trail Smelter case (United States, Canada), Awards of 16 April 1938 and 11 March
1941, RIAA, Vol. III, p. 1920.
188 activités armées (décl. salam)
179
11. En effet, alors qu’elle prend soin de le rappeler, la Cour ne prend
cependant pas suffisamment en considération dans sa démarche le fait
que le conflit a eu lieu il y a plusieurs décennies et que cela a accentué les
difficultés d’accéder aux documents officiels pertinents ; que les preuves
ont pu être détruites en conséquence de la guerre et du délai écoulé ; que
la RDC a pu manquer des ressources nécessaires à la conduite des
enquêtes sur son territoire ; que le bas niveau d’instruction de la majorité
des victimes et surtout le contexte administratif même du pays ne permettaient
pas de recenser tous les dommages subis, y compris les pertes en
vies humaines via des actes de décès officiels ou des certificats d’hôpitaux.
12. D’abord, dans l’appréciation des moyens de preuve soumis par la
RDC, la Cour fait montre d’une trop grande rigueur, voire d’une certaine
sévérité, en soulignant les déficiences de preuves soumises par la Partie
demanderesse sans vraiment prendre en compte le contexte de l’affaire. Il
ne fait pas de doute que la RDC n’a pas toujours été en mesure d’apporter
des preuves avec un haut degré de certitude à l’appui de ses demandes.
La demanderesse le reconnaît d’ailleurs d’une certaine façon lorsqu’elle
rappelle à la Cour la situation dans laquelle elle a dû recueillir les preuves,
notamment « l’insuffisance de ses ressources, la poursuite du conflit sur
son territoire, le traumatisme subi par un grand nombre des victimes et
leur faible niveau d’instruction, ainsi que la destruction et perte de preuves
et d’autres difficultés connexes » (arrêt, par. 62).
13. La Cour ne semble pas, à mon grand regret, prendre la pleine
mesure de ce contexte, qui devait l’amener, comme dans l’affaire du
Détroit de Corfou, à admettre que la RDC puisse, dans l’impossibilité
d’apporter des preuves directes, « recourir plus largement aux présomptions
de fait, aux indices ou preuves circonstancielles » (Détroit de Corfou
(Royaume‑Uni c. Albanie), fond, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1949, p. 18).
14. Ainsi, bien que la Cour dit au paragraphe 159 de l’arrêt avoir
« conscience qu’il n’existe souvent pas de preuves détaillées d’événements
particuliers survenus au cours d’une guerre dévastatrice, dans des régions
reculées et il y a près de vingt ans », elle estime tout de même, et de façon
assez paradoxale, que, « nonobstant la situation difficile dans laquelle elle
se trouvait, la RDC aurait pu, depuis le prononcé de l’arrêt de 2005,
recueillir davantage d’éléments concernant les vies perdues ». De même,
elle réitère au paragraphe 242, s’agissant des dommages causés aux biens,
que « le demandeur, nonobstant la situation difficile dans laquelle il se
trouvait, aurait pu, depuis le prononcé de l’arrêt de 2005, recueillir davantage
d’éléments ». Cette position de la Cour est loin de « tenir compte » du
« contexte » de la situation en RDC, laquelle, même après 2005, est restée
instable, avec des conflits à plus ou moins forte intensité et sans totale
maîtrise de son gouvernement sur l’ensemble du territoire, comme le soulignent
les nombreuses résolutions du Conseil de sécurité ainsi que les
rapports de la mission de l’Organisation des Nations Unies en République
démocratique du Congo (« MONUC ») devenue la mission de
l’Organisation
des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation en République
démocratique du Congo (« MONUSCO ») depuis le 1er juillet 2010.
armed activities (decl. salam) 188
179
11. Indeed, while it is careful to point this out, the Court does not sufficiently
take into consideration the fact that the conflict occurred several
decades ago, rendering the accessibility of relevant official documents
more difficult; that evidence could have been destroyed as a result of the
war or the elapsed time; that the DRC may have lacked the necessary
resources to conduct investigations on its own territory; and that the low
level of education of a majority of the victims and especially the administrative
context of the country prevented an effective accounting of all the
damage suffered, including the loss of human life via official death certificates
or hospital records.
12. First, in assessing the evidence submitted by the DRC, the Court
has been too strict, even severe, when highlighting the deficiencies in the
evidence submitted by the Applicant, without really taking into consideration
the context of the case. There is no doubt that the DRC has not
always been able to provide evidence of a high degree of certainty in support
of its claims. In fact, the Applicant acknowledges this in a certain
way when reminding the Court of the situation in which it had to collect
the evidence, notably highlighting “its lack of resources, the continuing
conflict on its territory, the trauma suffered by a large number of victims
and their low level of education, the destruction and loss of evidence and
other related difficulties” (Judgment, para. 62).
13. To my great regret, the Court does not seem to take full account of
this context which should have led it to acknowledge, as it did in the
Corfu Channel case, that the DRC, which was unable to furnish direct
proof, could “be allowed a more liberal recourse to inferences of fact and
circumstantial evidence” (Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v. Albania),
Merits, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1949, p. 18).
14. Thus, although the Court states in paragraph 159 of the Judgment
that it is “aware that detailed proof of specific events that have occurred
in a devastating war, in remote areas, and almost two decades ago, is
often not available”, it nevertheless considers, and in a rather paradoxical
way, that, “notwithstanding the difficult situation in which the DRC
found itself, more evidence relating to loss of life could be expected to
have been collected since the Court delivered its 2005 Judgment”. Similarly,
it reiterates in paragraph 242, in relation to damage to property,
that “notwithstanding the difficult situation in which the DRC found
itself, more evidence could be expected to have been collected by the
DRC since the Court delivered its 2005 Judgment”. The Court’s position
is far from “taking into account” the “context” of the situation in the
DRC which, even after 2005, remained unstable, with conflicts of varying
intensity, and where the Government lacked total control over the entire
territory, as underscored by numerous Security Council resolutions and
reports by the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo (“MONUC”), which became the United Nations
Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the
Congo (“MONUSCO”) on 1 July 2010.
189 activités armées (décl. salam)
180
15. Ensuite cette admonestation à l’endroit de la RDC tranche avec
l’attitude de la Cour au sujet du peu de coopération de l’Ouganda comme
puissance occupante dans la recherche et la collecte des preuves dans le
cadre de cette procédure, alors qu’elle a rappelé — comme je l’ai souligné
ci‑dessus — que, dans certaines circonstances, la charge de la preuve pouvait
être renversée, ou au moins partagée entre les parties, avec une participation
active du défendeur à l’établissement de certains faits nécessaires
pour trancher un litige (Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans
la région frontalière (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua), indemnisation, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (I), p. 26, par. 33 ; Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (République
de Guinée c. République démocratique du Congo), indemnisation, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (I), p. 332, par. 15).
16. En effet, la nature du présent différend appelait le défendeur à établir
certains éléments de l’espèce. Etant donné qu’il était la puissance
occupante en Ituri au moment où se sont produits nombre des faits qu’il
convient d’établir, l’Ouganda est indubitablement mieux à même de le
faire en comparaison avec la RDC qui, elle, aurait la lourde tâche de
devoir reconstruire des preuves affectées par les conséquences de la guerre,
de l’occupation d’une partie de son territoire et du délai écoulé. Or, le
défendeur ne l’a pas fait. Il s’est contenté de souligner l’insuffisance des
preuves fournies par la RDC et de noter que les conclusions des experts
nommés par la Cour étaient infondées ou arbitraires. Cette attitude de
l’Ouganda a, bien entendu, rendu plus difficile une tâche déjà ardue pour
la Cour. Etonnamment, l’arrêt se limite à noter cette situation sans en
tirer les conséquences qui s’imposent.
17. En passant à la question de l’indemnisation, la Cour rappelle, à
juste titre à mon avis, au paragraphe 106 de l’arrêt, qu’elle peut, « à titre
exceptionnel, octroyer une indemnisation sous la forme d’une somme globale,
dans la limite des possibilités offertes par les éléments de preuve et
compte tenu de considérations d’équité ». Une telle approche peut être
justifiée lorsque les éléments de preuve permettent indubitablement de
conclure qu’un fait internationalement illicite a causé un préjudice avéré
mais qu’ils ne permettent pas une évaluation précise de l’étendue ou de
l’ampleur de ce préjudice (voir Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (République de
Guinée
c. République démocratique du Congo), indemnisation, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (I), p. 334, par. 21, p. 334‑335, par. 24, et p. 337,
par. 33 ; Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la
région frontalière
(Costa Rica c. Nicaragua), indemnisation, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2018 (I), p. 26‑27, par. 35).
18. Alors que l’arrêt procède longuement à une analyse rigoureuse des
diverses méthodes retenues par les Parties, de même que celles des experts
nommés par la Cour, pour évaluer l’ampleur des dommages à réparer
ainsi que pour déterminer les montants de l’indemnisation pour chaque
chef de préjudice, il n’expose par contre pas clairement sa méthode de
calcul de l’indemnité à accorder. Je note surtout que l’arrêt ne dit point
comment il arrive aux montants de l’indemnisation retenus, à part mentionner
des considérations plutôt vagues et générales telles que « [t]enant
armed activities (decl. salam) 189
180
15. Next, the Court’s admonition of the DRC stands in sharp contrast
to its attitude concerning Uganda’s lack of co-operation,
as the occupying
Power, in the search for and collection of evidence in the context of
these proceedings; this being the case even though the Court had recalled
— as I pointed out before — that in certain circumstances, the burden of
proof could be reversed, or at least shared between the parties, with the
respondent’s active participation in the establishment of certain facts necessary
to settle a dispute (Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in
the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Compensation, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2018 (I), p. 26, para. 33; Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic
of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo), Compensation, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2012 (I), p. 332, para. 15).
16. Indeed, the nature of the present dispute required the Respondent
to establish certain elements of the case. Given that it was the occupying
Power in Ituri when many of the events that needed to be established
occurred, Uganda is undoubtedly in a better position to do so than the
DRC, which would have had the onerous task of reconstructing evidence
damaged by the war, the occupation of part of its territory and the
elapsed time. However, the Respondent did not do so. It merely pointed
to the deficiencies in the evidence provided by the DRC and noted that
the conclusions of the Court‑appointed experts were unfounded or arbitrary.
This attitude of Uganda has, naturally, rendered an already arduous
task for the Court even more difficult. Surprisingly, the Judgment
limited itself to taking note of this situation without drawing the necessary
conclusions from it.
17. Turning to the question of compensation, the Court recalls, rightly
in my view, in paragraph 106 of the Judgment, that it may “on an exceptional
basis, award compensation in the form of a global sum, within the
range of possibilities indicated by the evidence and taking account of
equitable considerations”. Such an approach can be justified when the
evidence unambiguously leads to the conclusion that an internationally
wrongful act has caused proven harm but where such evidence does not
allow for a precise evaluation of the extent or magnitude of such harm
(see Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of
the Congo), Compensation, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (I), p. 334
para. 21, pp. 334‑335, para. 24, and p. 337, para. 33; Certain Activities
Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua),
Compensation, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (I), pp. 26‑27, para. 35).
18. While the Judgment proceeds at length to a rigorous analysis of the
various methods used by the Parties and by the Court‑appointed experts
to assess the extent of damage to be compensated and to determine the
amount of compensation owed for each head of damage, it does not,
however, clearly set out its method of calculating the compensation to be
granted, apart from mentioning rather vague and general considerations
such as “[t]aking into account all the available evidence”, “the methodologies
proposed to assign a value to personal injuries” and “its jurispru-
190 activités armées (décl. salam)
181
compte de l’ensemble des éléments versés au dossier », « des différentes
méthodes proposées pour chiffrer le préjudice » et de « sa jurisprudence
ainsi que des décisions d’autres organismes internationaux ». Or, ces
considérations ne sont pas des explications suffisantes et/ou convaincantes.
19. La position de la majorité me semble également critiquable quant à
la démarche suivie pour allouer l’indemnisation due à la RDC. En particulier,
je ne partage pas la décision d’opter pour des sommes « globales »
pour l’ensemble des dommages causés aux personnes, aux biens ou aux
ressources naturelles, et ce sans distinguer entre les différents chefs de préjudice
à l’intérieur de chacune de ces trois catégories. A titre d’exemple,
en ce qui concerne les dommages aux personnes, la Cour commence par
mener une analyse séparée de chacun des préjudices allégués par la RDC,
à savoir les pertes en vies humaines, les atteintes aux personnes, les viols
et violences sexuelles, le recrutement et le déploiement d’enfants‑soldats,
et les déplacements de population. Toutefois, après avoir procédé de la
sorte, elle n’explique pas pourquoi, au lieu d’allouer une indemnisation
propre pour chacun des différents chefs de préjudice, elle considère approprié
d’adjuger une somme globale « unique » pour « l’ensemble » des dommages
causés aux personnes.
20. Le fait que la Cour s’abstienne de fixer une indemnisation propre
pour chacun des différents chefs de préjudice semble d’autant plus problématique
que, rappelant sa jurisprudence de 2012 en l’affaire Ahmadou
Sadio Diallo, elle indique que « toute réparation doit, autant que possible,
bénéficier à tous ceux qui ont souffert de préjudices résultant des faits
internationalement illicites » (arrêt, par. 102). La réparation accordée
devrait, de ce point de vue, autant que possible bénéficier aux victimes,
aux groupes de victimes et aux communautés concernées ayant subi des
dommages résultant des faits internationalement illicites de l’Ouganda.
En effet, ainsi que l’a recommandé l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies,
il convient d’adopter dans les cas de violations graves du droit international
des droits de l’homme et du droit international humanitaire, comme
en l’espèce, une « approche axée » sur la victime (résolution 60/147, « Principes
fondamentaux et directives concernant le droit à un recours et à
réparation des victimes de violations flagrantes du droit international des
droits de l’homme et de violations graves du droit international humanitaire
», 16 décembre 2005, doc. A/RES/60/147).
21. On peut donc regretter, de ce point de vue, que la Cour, en ne distinguant
pas entre les chefs de préjudice distincts dans chacune des différentes
catégories de dommage, n’ait pas facilité la répartition appropriée
de l’indemnité accordée à la RDC afin de réparer le préjudice subi par les
victimes et les communautés concernées ayant subi des dommages résultant
des faits internationalement illicites de l’Ouganda.
22. En effet, comment la RDC devra‑t‑elle répartir les 225 000 000 dollars
des Etats‑Unis entre les familles des personnes décédées, les blessés,
les personnes victimes de viol, les enfants‑soldats et les personnes déplacées
? De même, les 40 000 000 dollars des Etats‑Unis accordés pour les
armed activities (decl. salam) 190
181
dence and the pronouncements of other international bodies”. It remains
that these considerations are not sufficient and/or convincing explanations.
19. The majority’s position also appears to me to be questionable in
terms of the approach followed for the allocation of the compensation
due to the DRC. In particular, I do not agree with the decision to opt for
“global” sums for all damage caused to persons, property or natural
resources, without distinguishing among the different heads of damage
within each of these three categories. For instance, with regard to damage
to persons, the Court begins by carrying out a separate analysis of each
damage alleged by the DRC, namely the loss of human life, injuries to
persons, rape and sexual violence, the recruitment and deployment of
child soldiers, and population displacements. However, having done so,
the Court does not explain why it considers it appropriate to award a
“single” lump sum for “all” damage to persons, instead of awarding separate
compensation for each of the different heads of damage.
20. The fact that the Court refrains from fixing a specific amount of
compensation for each of the various heads of damage seems all the more
problematic since, recalling its 2012 case law in Ahmadou Sadio Diallo,
the Court indicates that “any reparation is intended, as far as possible, to
benefit all those who suffered injury resulting from internationally wrongful
acts” (Judgment, para. 102). The awarded reparation should, from
this point of view, benefit as much as possible the victims, groups of victims
and communities who suffered harm resulting from the internationally
wrongful acts of Uganda. Indeed, as recommended by the United Nations
General Assembly, it is fitting to adopt, in cases of serious violations of
international human rights law and international humanitarian law, as in
the present case, a “victim‑oriented” approach (resolution 60/147, “Basic
Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for
Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and
Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law”, 16 December
2005, doc. A/RES/60/147).
21. It is therefore to be regretted that, by not distinguishing between
the separate types of injuries in each of the different categories of damage,
the Court has not helped in the appropriate distribution of the compensation
awarded to the DRC to repair the injury suffered by the victims and
communities harmed as a result of Uganda’s internationally wrongful
acts.
22. Indeed, how should the DRC distribute the US$225,000,000 among
the families of the deceased, the injured, the rape victims, the child soldiers
and the displaced persons? Similarly, the US$40,000,000 granted for
property damage leaves the DRC to resolve for itself the thorny issue of
191 activités armées (décl. salam)
182
dommages aux biens laissent à la RDC l’épineuse question de déterminer
quelle part doit être réservée à la restauration et à la reconstruction des
édifices publics, et donc versée au Trésor public, et quelle part concerne
les propriétés privées. Faudrait‑il qu’à l’exercice du pouvoir discrétionnaire
de la Cour dans la définition du quantum de la réparation succède
l’arbitraire de la répartition de cette somme par la RDC ? Il me semble
que, sur ce point, la Cour aurait pu avoir une approche plus satisfaisante
pour les victimes.
23. Enfin, on peut raisonnablement se demander si, au vu de la rigidité
et du formalisme excessif dans l’appréciation des moyens de preuve ainsi
que de la prise en compte insuffisante du contexte de cette affaire, ce que
j’ai cherché à souligner dans cette déclaration, le total de la somme globale
et forfaitaire accordée en indemnisation par la Cour, surtout en ce
qui concerne les dommages aux personnes et aux biens, ne reste pas loin
de refléter l’ampleur et la gravité des préjudices subis par la RDC résultant
des violations par l’Ouganda du « principe du non‑recours à la force
dans les relations internationales », du « principe de non‑intervention » et
des « violations massives des droits de l’homme et de graves manquements
au droit international humanitaire » (Activités armées sur le territoire
du Congo (République démocratique du Congo c. Ouganda), arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2005, p. 239, par. 207, et p. 280, par. 345, point 1) du dispositif).
Ainsi, la Cour s’est privée, à mon plus grand regret, des moyens qui lui
auraient permis de s’assurer que la réparation accordée le soit « dans une
forme adéquate » (Usine de Chorzów, compétence, arrêt no 8, 1927, C.P.J.I.
série A no 9, p. 21).
(Signé) Nawaf Salam.
armed activities (decl. salam) 191
182
determining what share should be reserved for the restoration and reconstruction
of public buildings, and thus paid to the State treasury, and
what part should relate to private property. Should the Court’s exercise
of its discretionary power in defining the amount of reparation necessarily
be followed by arbitrariness in the DRC’s distribution of that amount?
It seems to me that, on this point, the Court could have taken a more
satisfactory approach for the sake of the victims.
23. Finally, it is reasonable to ask whether, in view of the rigidity and
excessive formalism the Court has shown in its assessment of the evidence,
as well as the lack of sufficient consideration it has accorded to the
specific context of this case, which I have sought to emphasize in this
declaration, the global sum awarded in compensation by the Court, especially
in respect of damage to persons and property, remains far from
reflecting the extent and gravity of the damage suffered by the DRC as a
result of Uganda’s violations of the “principle of non‑use of force in
international relations”, the “principle of non‑intervention”, as well as
“massive human rights violations and grave breaches of international
humanitarian law” (Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic
Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005,
p. 239, para. 207 and p. 280, para. 345, subpara. (1)). As such, to my
great regret, the Court has deprived itself of the means that would allow
it to ensure “reparation in an adequate form” (Factory at Chorzów, Jurisdiction,
Judgment No. 8, 1927, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 9, p. 21).
(Signed) Nawaf Salam.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Salam

Order
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