Declaration of Judge ad hoc Daudet

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172-20210204-JUD-01-06-EN
Parent Document Number
172-20210204-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

183 116 DECLARATION OF JUDGE AD HOC DAUDET [Translation] Qatar’s efforts towards a judicial settlement — Second preliminary objection not examined by the Court — Article 22 of CERD — Role of the CERD Committee — Agreement with the Court’s reasoning and decision on the first preliminary objection — Distinction between “national origin” and “nationality” — Lack of jurisdiction ratione materiae — Importance of the binding nature of orders indicating provisional measures — Exclusively preliminary character of the first objection — Conciliation procedure — Diplomatic settlement of the dispute. 1. The Court has already had occasion to review the factual background of the present case (see Judgment, paras. 26 et seq.), not only at the time of its Order on the provisional measures requested by Qatar (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 406), but also in connection with its Judgments of 14 July 2020 in the cases concerning Appeal relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council under Article 84 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Bahrain, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates v. Qatar) and Appeal relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council under Article II, Section 2, of the 1944 International Air Services Transit Agreement (Bahrain, Egypt and United Arab Emirates v. Qatar) (I.C.J. Reports 2020, pp. 93‑95 and 184-186, paras. 21-26). It is clear that Qatar has been committed to finding a peaceful and judicial settlement to its dispute with its Gulf neighbours, a dispute with particularly serious repercussions for it, which arose as a result of its neighbours’ alleged violations of the 2013 and 2014 Riyadh Agreements, to the detriment of Qatar, and of Qatar’s purported support for international terrorism. 2. It was not possible to seise the Court by way of special agreement, which had evidently been ruled out by the Parties; and none of the Parties had made the declaration provided for under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Court’s Statute. That left the option of a compromissory clause included in a treaty. Since Article 22 of CERD contained such a clause, the Convention emerged as the only possible title of jurisdiction that could serve as a basis for Qatar’s Application. However, its implementation was not self-evident in this instance and the UAE did not err in filing preliminary objections to the Court’s jurisdiction. 3. The two preliminary objections presented by the UAE (which had originally raised three) were independent of each other. In keeping with the jurisprudence of the Court recalled in paragraph 114 of its Judgment, having upheld the first objection, the Court did not consider it necessary application of the cerd (decl. daudet) 184 117 to examine the second one, relating to the procedure under Article 22 of CERD. 4. If the Court had addressed that objection, I would have voted in favour of its dismissal. Indeed, in light of the evidence in the case file, I am of the view that Qatar had pursued the prior negotiations required to seise the International Court of Justice to a point where their continuation appeared futile and headed towards “deadlock[]” (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 419, para. 36; Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 130, para. 150). The fulfilment of this precondition alone was sufficient to establish the Court’s jurisdiction, since the other precondition contained in Article 22, i.e. recourse to the procedures provided for in Articles 11 to 13 of CERD, is not cumulative but an alternative to the first, as recently determined by the Court (Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2019 (II), p. 600, para. 113). 5. Qatar did, however, have recourse to the second procedure under Article 22, which led to a conciliation process. It did so even before it seised the Court, and independently of that seisin, for which such recourse was not a prerequisite, the precondition for seising the Court having already been satisfied by the failure of negotiations; this resulted in two sets of proceedings — one before the Court and one before the CERD bodies — taking place in parallel. The UAE, which during the hearings withdrew its third preliminary objection that Qatar’s “abuse of process” should cause its “claims [to be] inadmissible” (Preliminary Objections of the United Arab Emirates, Vol. I, para. 238), nonetheless argued that Qatar should have refrained from seising the Court until the conciliation process under CERD had ended. 6. The disputes brought before the Court are never minor, and this one, which began on 5 June 2017, is certainly no exception. There is no doubt that both Parties wish it to come to an end, but it is understandable that Qatar in particular should want to do so as soon as possible. I thus regard its pursuit of parallel proceedings as a way of facilitating this, and I see nothing problematic, much less irregular, in this situation, since the proceedings are taking place before two different bodies and have different effects. On the one hand, there is the Court, the “principal judicial organ of the United Nations”, which today rendered a res judicata judgment; on the other, there is a conciliation body which may, on the basis of international law, offer a solution to the dispute which the Parties are free to accept. While the Court found today that it lacks jurisdiction, the CERD Committee determined on 27 August 2019 that Qatar’s claim based on application of the cerd (decl. daudet) 185 118 Article 11 of the Convention is admissible and decided to form a Conciliation Commission as provided for by Article 12. The Commission took up its functions on 1 May 2020, and may now, therefore, find a solution bearing in mind the Court’s decision. 7. The Court found that it lacks jurisdiction by upholding the UAE’s first preliminary objection. I deeply regret that it is therefore unable to settle this dispute and perhaps enable Qatar to recover the rights of which I myself believe it has been deprived by the UAE. 8. Nevertheless, I voted in favour of the finding that the Court lacks jurisdiction, because I fully agree with the reasoning set out in the Judgment. This includes, in particular, the position expressed by the Court in its interpretation of Article 1, paragraph 1, of CERD, whereby it considered that “national origin”, which appears in the Convention, is different from “nationality”, which does not; that national origin does not encompass nationality; and that the two notions are not equivalent or interchangeable, neither in letter nor in spirit. I supported this position because I believed, in good conscience, that it was the correct legal interpretation of Article 1, paragraph 1, and that this consideration took precedence over any other. 9. I would nonetheless recall that, by its 2018 Order (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 433, para. 79), which I supported, the Court indicated the most important of the provisional measures requested by Qatar. Since the Court’s landmark ruling in LaGrand ((Germany v. United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 506, para. 109), subsequently well established in its jurisprudence (see Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 258, para. 263; Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 March 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), pp. 26‑27, para. 84; Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 433, para. 77), the Court’s orders on provisional measures have had binding effect. This situation has therefore enabled Qatar to recover many of its rights, subject to the proper implementation of the Order by the UAE. 10. I also carefully considered the question whether the interpretation of Article 1, paragraph 1, possessed an exclusively preliminary character. It is often possible to find links of varying strength between jurisdiction and the merits. Interpreting what determines jurisdiction frequently entails analysing facts or evidence pertaining to the merits, in which event the question raised does not have an exclusively preliminary character. application of the cerd (decl. daudet) 186 119 That does not seem to be the case here. Nationality is a well-known concept in international law, and defining it in relation to national origin for the purposes of determining whether the inclusion of one term and not the other in Article 1, paragraph 1, of CERD should be understood as incorporating both, is a purely legal and abstract question which can be answered without any examination on the merits. I thus considered that it would be artificial to regard the question as not having an exclusively preliminary character. 11. In conclusion, therefore, the Court’s decision is, in my view, perfectly well founded in law. Strict though it may seem, it is quite simply the only possible application of international law. Needless to say, I do not see in it a justification for the UAE’s actions against Qatar, many of which constitute human rights violations under several international conventions. In the present case, however, it was CERD which, without any reservations from either State, contained a compromissory clause allowing for the Court to be seised. It was thus CERD alone that could be invoked, as I mentioned above (para. 2). It might subsequently have been for the Conciliation Commission to propose a solution following the delivery of the Court’s Judgment. 12. Indeed, that possibility had been agreed to by the UAE, whose Ambassador stated at the close of the hearings: “We will engage in good faith with the Conciliation Commission even if you find in our favour on the issue of nationality” (CR 2020/8, p. 42, para. 8 (AlNaqbi)). 13. However, a few weeks later, a reconciliation process was initiated between the Gulf countries. We can take heart that all their disagreements are thus expected to be resolved peacefully even as the Court is delivering its Judgment, which, it should be recalled, addresses only its jurisdiction, without examining the merits of a dispute which the States themselves declare, in an atmosphere of new-found serenity, will soon be over. (Signed) Yves Daudet.

Bilingual Content

183 116 DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE AD HOC DAUDET Efforts du Qatar en vue d’un règlement judiciaire — Seconde exception préliminaire non examinée par la Cour — Article 22 de la CIEDR — Rôle du Comité de la CIEDR — Accord avec le raisonnement et la décision de la Cour sur la première exception préliminaire — Distinction entre « origine nationale » et « nationalité » — Incompétence ratione materiae — Intérêt du caractère obligatoire de l’ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires — Caractère exclusivement préliminaire de la première exception — Procédure de conciliation — Règlement diplomatique du litige. 1. La Cour a déjà eu à connaître du contexte factuel dans lequel se situe la présente affaire (voir arrêt, par. 26 et suiv.) non seulement à l’occasion de son ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires à la demande du Qatar (Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Qatar c. Emirats arabes unis), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 juillet 2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 406) mais aussi dans le cadre de ses arrêts du 14 juillet 2020 relatifs à l’Appel concernant la compétence du Conseil de l’OACI en vertu de l’article 84 de la convention relative à l’aviation civile internationale (Arabie saoudite, Bahreïn, Egypte et Emirats arabes unis c. Qatar) et l’Appel concernant la compétence du Conseil de l’OACI en vertu de l’article II, section 2, de l’accord de 1944 relatif au transit des services aériens internationaux (Bahreïn, Egypte et Emirats arabes unis c. Qatar) (C.I.J. Recueil 2020, p. 93‑95 et 184-186, par. 21-26). C’est dire que le Qatar a eu à coeur de chercher à régler pacifiquement et par les voies de droit un différend aux conséquences particulièrement lourdes pour lui l’opposant à ses voisins de la région du Golfe à la suite des violations alléguées par ces derniers, à son encontre, des accords de Riyad de 2013 et 2014, et de son prétendu soutien au terrorisme international. 2. La saisine de la Cour n’était pas possible par la voie du compromis à l’évidence exclu par les Parties ; quant à la déclaration de l’article 36, paragraphe 2, du Statut de la Cour, aucune d’elles n’y avait souscrit. Restait la formule de la clause compromissoire inscrite dans un traité. L’article 22 de la CIEDR répondant à cette condition, cette convention est apparue comme étant la seule base possible de compétence pour fonder la requête du Qatar. Mais en l’espèce sa mise en oeuvre n’allait pas de soi et les Emirats arabes unis ne s’y sont pas trompés en déposant des exceptions préliminaires d’incompétence de la Cour. 3. Les deux exceptions préliminaires plaidées par les Emirats arabes unis (qui en avaient initialement déposé trois) étaient indépendantes l’une de l’autre. Selon sa jurisprudence rappelée au paragraphe 114 de son arrêt, la Cour ayant retenu la première, elle n’a pas estimé néces- 183 116 DECLARATION OF JUDGE AD HOC DAUDET [Translation] Qatar’s efforts towards a judicial settlement — Second preliminary objection not examined by the Court — Article 22 of CERD — Role of the CERD Committee — Agreement with the Court’s reasoning and decision on the first preliminary objection — Distinction between “national origin” and “nationality” — Lack of jurisdiction ratione materiae — Importance of the binding nature of orders indicating provisional measures — Exclusively preliminary character of the first objection — Conciliation procedure — Diplomatic settlement of the dispute. 1. The Court has already had occasion to review the factual background of the present case (see Judgment, paras. 26 et seq.), not only at the time of its Order on the provisional measures requested by Qatar (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 406), but also in connection with its Judgments of 14 July 2020 in the cases concerning Appeal relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council under Article 84 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Bahrain, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates v. Qatar) and Appeal relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council under Article II, Section 2, of the 1944 International Air Services Transit Agreement (Bahrain, Egypt and United Arab Emirates v. Qatar) (I.C.J. Reports 2020, pp. 93‑95 and 184-186, paras. 21-26). It is clear that Qatar has been committed to finding a peaceful and judicial settlement to its dispute with its Gulf neighbours, a dispute with particularly serious repercussions for it, which arose as a result of its neighbours’ alleged violations of the 2013 and 2014 Riyadh Agreements, to the detriment of Qatar, and of Qatar’s purported support for international terrorism. 2. It was not possible to seise the Court by way of special agreement, which had evidently been ruled out by the Parties; and none of the Parties had made the declaration provided for under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Court’s Statute. That left the option of a compromissory clause included in a treaty. Since Article 22 of CERD contained such a clause, the Convention emerged as the only possible title of jurisdiction that could serve as a basis for Qatar’s Application. However, its implementation was not self-evident in this instance and the UAE did not err in filing preliminary objections to the Court’s jurisdiction. 3. The two preliminary objections presented by the UAE (which had originally raised three) were independent of each other. In keeping with the jurisprudence of the Court recalled in paragraph 114 of its Judgment, having upheld the first objection, the Court did not consider it necessary 184 application de la ciedr (décl. daudet) 117 saire d’examiner la seconde relative à la procédure de l’article 22 de la CIEDR. 4. Si elle avait traité de cette exception, je me serais prononcé en faveur de son rejet. Au vu des éléments du dossier, j’estime en effet que le Qatar a poussé la négociation préalable requise pour saisir la Cour internationale de Justice jusqu’à un point où sa poursuite est apparue vaine et conduisait à une « impasse » (Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Qatar c. Emirats arabes unis), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 juillet 2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 419, par. 36 ; Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 130, par. 150). La réalisation de cette seule condition préalable suffisait à établir la compétence de la Cour puisque l’autre condition préalable inscrite à l’article 22, à savoir l’utilisation des procédures prévues par la CIEDR en ses articles 11 à 13, ne présente pas un caractère cumulatif avec la première mais bien alternatif, ainsi qu’en a récemment décidé la Cour (Application de la convention internationale pour la répression du financement du terrorisme et de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2019 (II), p. 600, par. 113). 5. Le Qatar a pourtant eu recours à cette deuxième procédure de l’article 22 débouchant sur une conciliation. Il l’a fait avant même de saisir la Cour et de manière indépendante de cette saisine puisqu’elle n’en constituait pas une condition préalable déjà remplie par l’échec des négociations, en sorte que les deux procédures, devant la Cour et devant les organes de la CIEDR, se sont poursuivies de manière parallèle. Les Emirats arabes unis, qui ont retiré à l’audience leur troisième exception préliminaire par laquelle cet « abus de procédure » du Qatar devait conduire à « l’irrecevabilité des demandes » de celui- ci (exceptions préliminaires des Emirats arabes unis, vol. I, par. 238), ont néanmoins plaidé que le Qatar aurait dû surseoir à la saisine de la Cour tant que la procédure de conciliation de la CIERD n’était pas achevée. 6. Les différends portés devant la Cour ne sont jamais mineurs — et certainement pas celui‑ci, qui dure depuis le 5 juin 2017. Le désir des deux Parties qu’il prenne fin ne fait pas de doute, mais on peut comprendre le souci particulier du Qatar que ce soit au plus tôt. Je vois donc dans la poursuite de ces deux procédures parallèles un moyen d’y aider et je ne perçois pas d’inconvénient et moins encore d’irrégularité à cette situation dès lors que les procédures se déroulent devant deux organes différents et avec des effets différents. Dans un cas, la Cour, « organe judiciaire principal des Nations Unies », qui rend aujourd’hui un arrêt ayant le caractère de res judicata, dans l’autre, un organe de conciliation qui peut, sur la base du droit international, offrir une solution à un différend soumise à la libre acceptation des Parties. La Cour s’étant aujourd’hui déclarée incompétente, et le Comité de la CIEDR ayant, le 17 août 2019, accepté de application of the cerd (decl. daudet) 184 117 to examine the second one, relating to the procedure under Article 22 of CERD. 4. If the Court had addressed that objection, I would have voted in favour of its dismissal. Indeed, in light of the evidence in the case file, I am of the view that Qatar had pursued the prior negotiations required to seise the International Court of Justice to a point where their continuation appeared futile and headed towards “deadlock[]” (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 419, para. 36; Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 130, para. 150). The fulfilment of this precondition alone was sufficient to establish the Court’s jurisdiction, since the other precondition contained in Article 22, i.e. recourse to the procedures provided for in Articles 11 to 13 of CERD, is not cumulative but an alternative to the first, as recently determined by the Court (Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2019 (II), p. 600, para. 113). 5. Qatar did, however, have recourse to the second procedure under Article 22, which led to a conciliation process. It did so even before it seised the Court, and independently of that seisin, for which such recourse was not a prerequisite, the precondition for seising the Court having already been satisfied by the failure of negotiations; this resulted in two sets of proceedings — one before the Court and one before the CERD bodies — taking place in parallel. The UAE, which during the hearings withdrew its third preliminary objection that Qatar’s “abuse of process” should cause its “claims [to be] inadmissible” (Preliminary Objections of the United Arab Emirates, Vol. I, para. 238), nonetheless argued that Qatar should have refrained from seising the Court until the conciliation process under CERD had ended. 6. The disputes brought before the Court are never minor, and this one, which began on 5 June 2017, is certainly no exception. There is no doubt that both Parties wish it to come to an end, but it is understandable that Qatar in particular should want to do so as soon as possible. I thus regard its pursuit of parallel proceedings as a way of facilitating this, and I see nothing problematic, much less irregular, in this situation, since the proceedings are taking place before two different bodies and have different effects. On the one hand, there is the Court, the “principal judicial organ of the United Nations”, which today rendered a res judicata judgment; on the other, there is a conciliation body which may, on the basis of international law, offer a solution to the dispute which the Parties are free to accept. While the Court found today that it lacks jurisdiction, the CERD Committee determined on 27 August 2019 that Qatar’s claim based on 185 application de la ciedr (décl. daudet) 118 recevoir la demande du Qatar fondée sur l’article 11 de la convention et de constituer une commission de conciliation prévue à l’article 12. Celle- ci est entrée en fonctions le 1er mai 2020, il est donc désormais possible que la commission de conciliation de la CIERD trouve une solution, tout en ayant à l’esprit la décision de la Cour. 7. La Cour s’est déclarée incompétente en retenant la première exception préliminaire des Emirats arabes unis. Je regrette infiniment que, de ce fait, elle ne puisse trancher ce différend et, peut‑être, donner au Qatar la possibilité d’être rétabli dans ses droits dont, personnellement, je pense qu’il a été privé par les Emirats arabes unis. 8. J’ai néanmoins voté en faveur de l’incompétence de la Cour car je partage totalement les motifs de l’arrêt. En particulier, la position exprimée par la Cour dans son interprétation de l’article premier, paragraphe 1, de la CIEDR aboutissant à considérer que « l’origine nationale » qui s’y trouve inscrite est distincte de la « nationalité » qui n’y figure pas, que l’origine nationale n’englobe pas la nationalité et que les deux notions ne sont pas équivalentes ou interchangeables, ni dans l’esprit ni dans la lettre. J’ai partagé ce point de vue car j’ai estimé en toute conscience que telle était l’interprétation correcte en droit de l’article premier, paragraphe 1, et que cette considération prévalait donc sur toute autre. 9. Je rappelle toutefois que, par l’ordonnance de 2018 (Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Qatar c. Emirats arabes unis), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 juillet 2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 433, par. 79) en faveur de laquelle j’ai voté, la Cour a indiqué les mesures conservatoires les plus importantes parmi celles qui ont été demandées par le Qatar. Or, depuis l’arrêt de principe LaGrand ((Allemagne c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2001, p. 506, par. 109) suivi par une jurisprudence constante (voir Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo (République démocratique du Congo c. Ouganda), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2005, p. 258, par. 263 ; Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans la région frontalière (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 8 mars 2011, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 26‑27, par. 84 ; Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Qatar c. Emirats arabes unis), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du 23 juillet 2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 433, par. 77), l’ordonnance de la Cour indiquant des mesures conservatoires a un caractère obligatoire. Cette situation a donc permis au Qatar d’être rétabli dans une partie importante de ses droits, sous réserve de la bonne exécution de l’ordonnance par les Emirats arabes unis. 10. Je me suis aussi longuement interrogé sur la question de savoir si la question de l’interprétation de l’article premier, paragraphe 1, avait ou non un caractère exclusivement préliminaire. On peut souvent trouver des liens, plus ou moins distendus, entre la compétence et le fond. L’interprétation de ce qui détermine la compétence nécessite fréquemment d’analyser des éléments de fait ou de preuve qui relèvent du fond, la question application of the cerd (decl. daudet) 185 118 Article 11 of the Convention is admissible and decided to form a Conciliation Commission as provided for by Article 12. The Commission took up its functions on 1 May 2020, and may now, therefore, find a solution bearing in mind the Court’s decision. 7. The Court found that it lacks jurisdiction by upholding the UAE’s first preliminary objection. I deeply regret that it is therefore unable to settle this dispute and perhaps enable Qatar to recover the rights of which I myself believe it has been deprived by the UAE. 8. Nevertheless, I voted in favour of the finding that the Court lacks jurisdiction, because I fully agree with the reasoning set out in the Judgment. This includes, in particular, the position expressed by the Court in its interpretation of Article 1, paragraph 1, of CERD, whereby it considered that “national origin”, which appears in the Convention, is different from “nationality”, which does not; that national origin does not encompass nationality; and that the two notions are not equivalent or interchangeable, neither in letter nor in spirit. I supported this position because I believed, in good conscience, that it was the correct legal interpretation of Article 1, paragraph 1, and that this consideration took precedence over any other. 9. I would nonetheless recall that, by its 2018 Order (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 433, para. 79), which I supported, the Court indicated the most important of the provisional measures requested by Qatar. Since the Court’s landmark ruling in LaGrand ((Germany v. United States of America), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2001, p. 506, para. 109), subsequently well established in its jurisprudence (see Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 258, para. 263; Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Provisional Measures, Order of 8 March 2011, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), pp. 26‑27, para. 84; Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July 2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 433, para. 77), the Court’s orders on provisional measures have had binding effect. This situation has therefore enabled Qatar to recover many of its rights, subject to the proper implementation of the Order by the UAE. 10. I also carefully considered the question whether the interpretation of Article 1, paragraph 1, possessed an exclusively preliminary character. It is often possible to find links of varying strength between jurisdiction and the merits. Interpreting what determines jurisdiction frequently entails analysing facts or evidence pertaining to the merits, in which event the question raised does not have an exclusively preliminary character. 186 application de la ciedr (décl. daudet) 119 posée ne revêtant alors pas un caractère exclusivement préliminaire. Tel ne me semble pas être ici le cas. La nationalité est une notion bien connue en droit international et la définir par rapport à l’origine nationale pour dire si, en inscrivant l’une et pas l’autre à l’article premier, paragraphe 1, de la CIEDR, on entend ou non les deux à la fois est une question purement juridique et abstraite à laquelle, pour y répondre, il n’est pas besoin d’examiner quoi que ce soit au fond. J’ai donc estimé qu’il y aurait un artifice à considérer que la question n’avait pas un caractère exclusivement préliminaire. 11. Au total, par conséquent, la décision de la Cour est à mes yeux parfaitement fondée du point de vue juridique. Pour rigoureuse qu’elle puisse sembler, elle est la simple et seule possible application du droit international. Bien évidemment, je ne la lis pas comme une justification des actions entreprises par les Emirats arabes unis à l’encontre du Qatar dont nombre d’entre elles constituent des violations des droits de l’homme selon plusieurs conventions internationales. Mais en l’espèce, la CIEDR était celle qui, sans comporter de réserves des deux Etats, contenait une clause compromissoire permettant de saisir la Cour. Elle seule pouvait donc être invoquée comme je l’ai dit ci‑dessus (par. 2). Il aurait alors éventuellement appartenu à la commission de conciliation de proposer une solution à la suite de l’arrêt de la Cour. 12. Cette possibilité avait d’ailleurs reçu l’assentiment des Emirats arabes unis dont l’ambassadeur déclarait lors de l’audience de clôture : « We will engage in good faith with the Conciliation Commission even if you find in our favour on the issue of nationality » (CR 2020/8, p. 42, par. 8 (AlNaqbi)). 13. Cependant, quelques semaines plus tard, un processus de réconciliation a été initié entre les pays du Golfe. On se réjouira que tous les différends doivent ainsi se régler pacifiquement au moment même où la Cour rend son arrêt qui, faut-il le rappeler, ne concerne que sa compétence, sans examen du fond d’un différend dont l’extinction par les Etats eux-mêmes est annoncée dans le cadre d’une sérénité retrouvée. (Signé) Yves Daudet. application of the cerd (decl. daudet) 186 119 That does not seem to be the case here. Nationality is a well-known concept in international law, and defining it in relation to national origin for the purposes of determining whether the inclusion of one term and not the other in Article 1, paragraph 1, of CERD should be understood as incorporating both, is a purely legal and abstract question which can be answered without any examination on the merits. I thus considered that it would be artificial to regard the question as not having an exclusively preliminary character. 11. In conclusion, therefore, the Court’s decision is, in my view, perfectly well founded in law. Strict though it may seem, it is quite simply the only possible application of international law. Needless to say, I do not see in it a justification for the UAE’s actions against Qatar, many of which constitute human rights violations under several international conventions. In the present case, however, it was CERD which, without any reservations from either State, contained a compromissory clause allowing for the Court to be seised. It was thus CERD alone that could be invoked, as I mentioned above (para. 2). It might subsequently have been for the Conciliation Commission to propose a solution following the delivery of the Court’s Judgment. 12. Indeed, that possibility had been agreed to by the UAE, whose Ambassador stated at the close of the hearings: “We will engage in good faith with the Conciliation Commission even if you find in our favour on the issue of nationality” (CR 2020/8, p. 42, para. 8 (AlNaqbi)). 13. However, a few weeks later, a reconciliation process was initiated between the Gulf countries. We can take heart that all their disagreements are thus expected to be resolved peacefully even as the Court is delivering its Judgment, which, it should be recalled, addresses only its jurisdiction, without examining the merits of a dispute which the States themselves declare, in an atmosphere of new-found serenity, will soon be over. (Signed) Yves Daudet.

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Declaration of Judge ad hoc Daudet

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