Dissenting opinion of Judge Sebutinde

Document Number
172-20210204-JUD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
172-20210204-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

117
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DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE SEBUTINDE
The first preliminary objection of the UAE does not, in the circumstances of the
present case, have an exclusively preliminary character and should be joined to the
merits, pursuant to the provisions of Article 79ter, paragraph 4, of the Rules of
Court — In particular, the question of whether or not the measures taken by the
UAE against Qatar and Qataris on 5 June 2017 had “the purpose or effect of
racial discrimination” within the meaning of Article 1, paragraph 1, of the CERD,
is a delicate and complex one that can only be determined after a detailed
examination of the evidence and arguments of the Parties during the merits
stage — Secondly, the preconditions referred to in Article 22 of the CERD are in
the alternative and are not cumulative — The wording of Article 22 of the CERD
does not expressly require a party to exhaust the CERD procedures before that
party can unilaterally seise the Court — Both Parties acknowledge that the CERD
Committee and the Court have related but fundamentally distinct roles relating to
resolving disputes between States parties to the CERD — The Committee’s role is
conciliatory and recommendatory, while that of the Court is legal and binding —
Accordingly, the second preliminary objection should be rejected as there is nothing
incompatible about Qatar pursuing the two procedures in parallel — Thirdly,
according to the Court’s well‑established jurisprudence, a claim based upon a valid
title of jurisdiction cannot be challenged on grounds of “abuse of process” unless
the high threshold of “exceptional circumstances” has been met — The UAE has
not met that threshold — Qatar’s Application is therefore admissible and the third
preliminary objection of the UAE should be rejected.
I. Introduction
1. I have not voted with the majority in paragraph 115, as I disagree
with the Court’s conclusion in paragraphs 113 and 114 of the Judgment.
In my respectful view, the first preliminary objection of the United Arab
Emirates (hereinafter the “UAE”) does not, in the circumstances of the
present case, have an exclusively preliminary character and should be
joined to the merits, pursuant to the provisions of Article 79ter, paragraph
4, of the Rules of Court (as amended on 21 October 2019). That
provision requires that: “After hearing the parties, the Court shall decide
upon a preliminary question or uphold or reject a preliminary objection.
The Court may however declare that, in the circumstances of the case, a
question or objection does not possess an exclusively preliminary character.”
(Emphasis added.)
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2. In my view, the majority should not have rushed to conclude that
Qatar’s claims fall outside the scope of the International Convention on
the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (hereinafter “the
CERD”) based on the pleadings of the Parties at this early stage of the
proceedings, but should have carefully examined the evidence during the
merits stage, before reaching a conclusion one way or the other. In particular,
the question of whether or not the measures taken by the UAE
against Qatar and Qataris on 5 June 2017 had “the purpose or effect of
racial discrimination” within the meaning of Article 1, paragraph 1, of
the CERD, is a delicate and complex one that can only be determined
after a detailed examination of the evidence and arguments of the Parties
during the merits stage. Because of the approach taken by the majority, it
is regrettable that the other objections raised by the UAE were also not
considered. In this dissenting opinion, I endeavour to show why the first
preliminary objection of the UAE does not, in the circumstances of the
present case, have an exclusively preliminary character and should
instead, be joined to the merits. I also opine on the other preliminary
objections raised by the UAE.
II. The Submissions of the Parties
A. Qatar’s Claims and Requests
3. Qatar in its own right and as parens patriae of its citizens, respectfully
requests the Court to adjudge and declare that the UAE through its
State organs, State agents and other persons and entities exercising governmental
authority, and through other agents acting on its instructions
or under its direction and control, has violated its obligations under Articles
2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the CERD by taking, inter alia, the following
unlawful actions:
(a) Expelling on a collective basis, all Qataris from, and prohibiting the
entry of all Qataris into, the UAE on the basis of their national
origin;
(b) Violating other fundamental rights, including the rights to marriage
and choice of spouse, freedom of opinion and expression, public
health and medical care, education and training, property, work, participation
in cultural activities, and equal treatment before tribunals;
(c) Failing to condemn and instead encouraging racial hatred against
Qatar and Qataris and failing to take measures that aim to combat
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prejudices, including by, inter alia, criminalizing the expression of
sympathy towards Qatar and Qataris; allowing, promoting, and
financing an international anti‑Qatar public and social‑media campaign;
silencing Qatari media; and calling for physical attacks on
Qatari entities; and
(d) Failing to provide effective protection and remedies to Qataris to seek
redress against acts of racial discrimination through UAE courts and
institutions 1.
4. Accordingly, Qatar respectfully requests the Court to order the UAE
to take all steps necessary to comply with its obligations under the CERD
and, inter alia:
(a) Immediately cease and revoke the discriminatory measures, including
but not limited to the directives against “sympathizing” with Qataris,
and any other national laws that discriminate de jure or de facto
against Qataris on the basis of their national origin;
(b) Immediately cease all other measures that incite discrimination
(including media campaigns and supporting others to propagate discriminatory
messages) and criminalize such measures;
(c) Comply with its obligations under the CERD to condemn publicly
racial discrimination against Qataris, pursue a policy of eliminating
racial discrimination, and adopt measures to combat such prejudice;
(d) Refrain from taking any further measures that would discriminate
against Qataris within its jurisdiction or control;
(e) Restore rights of Qataris to, inter alia, marriage and choice of spouse,
freedom of opinion and expression, public health and medical care,
education and training, property, work, participation in cultural
activities, and equal treatment before tribunals, and put in place
measures to ensure those rights are respected;
(f) Provide assurances and guarantees of non‑repetition of the UAE’s
illegal conduct; and
(g) Make full reparation, including compensation, for the harm suffered
as a result of the UAE’s actions in violation of the CERD 2.
1 Application of Qatar, pp. 58 and 60, para. 65.
2 Ibid., p. 60, para. 66.
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5. In its Memorial, Qatar in its own right and as parens patriae of its
citizens, respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that the
UAE, by the acts and omissions of its organs, agents, persons, and entities
exercising governmental authority, and through other agents acting
on its instructions or under its direction and control, is responsible for
violating its obligations under Articles 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the CERD,
including by:
(a) expelling, on a collective basis, all Qataris from the UAE;
(b) applying the Absolute Ban and Modified Travel Ban in violation of
fundamental rights that must be guaranteed equally to all under the
CERD, regardless of national origin, including the rights to family,
freedom of opinion and expression, education and training, property,
work, and equal treatment before tribunals;
(c) engaging in, sponsoring, supporting, and otherwise encouraging
racial discrimination, including racially discriminatory incitement
against Qataris, most importantly by criminalizing “sympathy” with
Qatar and orchestrating, funding, and actively promoting a campaign
of hatred against Qatar and Qataris, and thereby failing to nullify
laws and regulations that have the effect of creating or perpetuating
racial discrimination, to take “all appropriate” measures to combat
the spread of prejudice and negative stereotypes, and to promote tolerance,
understanding and friendship; and
(d) failing to provide access to effective protection and remedies to
Qataris to seek redress against acts of racial discrimination under the
CERD through UAE tribunals or institutions, including the right to
seek reparation.
6. Qatar further requests the Court to adjudge and declare that the
UAE has violated the Court’s Order on Provisional Measures of 23 July
2018; and that the UAE is obligated to cease its ongoing violations, make
full reparations for all material and moral damage caused by its internationally
wrongful acts and omissions under the CERD, and offer assurances
and guarantees of non‑repetition.
7. Accordingly Qatar requests the Court to order that the UAE:
(a) Immediately cease its ongoing internationally wrongful acts
and omissions
in contravention of Articles 2 (1), 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the
CERD;
121 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
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(b) Provide full reparation for the harm caused by its actions, including
(i) restitution by lifting the ongoing Modified Travel Ban as it applies
to Qataris collectively based on their national origin; (ii) financial
compensation for the material and moral damage suffered by Qatar
and Qataris, in an amount to be quantified in a separate phase of
these proceedings; and (iii) satisfaction in the forms of a declaration
of wrongfulness and an apology to Qatar and the Qatari people, as
requested; and
(c) Provide Qatar with assurances and guarantees of non‑repetition in
written form.
B. The Preliminary Objections of the UAE
8. The UAE raised three preliminary objections against the jurisdiction
of the Court and the admissibility of Qatar’s claims, namely that:
(a) The dispute between the Parties falls outside the scope ratione materiae
of the CERD since the measures of the UAE were directed at
Qatari citizens on the basis of their “nationality” and not “national
origin” 3;
(b) Qatar has not fulfilled the procedural preconditions of negotiation
and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
(hereinafter the “CERD Committee”) procedures prescribed in Articles
11 to 13 of the CERD before resorting to judicial settlement by
the Court, as required by Article 22 of the CERD 4; and
(c) Qatar’s initiation of parallel proceedings before the Court in respect
of the same dispute whilst the Article 11 procedure was pending
before the CERD Committee renders Qatar’s Application inad-
missible 5.
III. The Court’s Jurisdiction under Article 22
of the CERD
9. Article 22 of the CERD provides as follows:
“Any dispute between two or more States Parties with respect to
the interpretation or application of this Convention, which is not settled
by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in this
Convention shall, at the request of any of the parties to the dispute,
3 Preliminary Objections of the United Arab Emirates, Part III.
4 Ibid., Part IV.
5 Ibid., Part V.
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55
be referred to the International Court of Justice for decision, unless
the disputants agree to another mode of settlement.” (Emphasis added.)
10. In light of the written and oral arguments raised by the Parties, a
determination of whether or not the Court has jurisdiction ratione materiae
to entertain the claims of Qatar pursuant to Article 22 of the CERD
depends on the determination of the following factors, namely:
(a) What is the subject‑matter of the dispute between Qatar and the
UAE?
(b) Does the dispute concern the interpretation or application of the
CERD within the meaning of Article 22 of that Convention or do
Qatar’s claims actually fall outside the scope of the CERD by virtue
of the exceptions contemplated in Article 1, paragraphs 2 or 3?
(c) If so, did Qatar comply with the procedural requirements stipulated
in Article 22 of CERD or alternatively did the Parties agree to another
mode of settling their dispute, before seising the Court?
(d) Lastly, are the claims of Qatar admissible?
I will briefly examine each of these in turn, starting with the first.
A. The Subject‑Matter of the Dispute between Qatar and the UAE
11. Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court, and Article 38,
paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court require an applicant to indicate the
“subject of the dispute” and to specify the “precise nature of the claim” 6.
Furthermore, it is for the Court itself to determine, on an objective basis,
the subject‑matter of the dispute, isolating the real issue in the case and
identifying the object of the claim 7. The Court does this by examining the
dispute as formulated in the application, including the basis that the
applicant identifies as the basis of jurisdiction, as well as the written and
oral pleadings of the parties 8.
6 Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile), Preliminary
Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015 (II), p. 602, para. 25; Application of the International
Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian
Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2019 (II), p. 575, para. 24.
7 Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile), Preliminary
Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015 (II), p. 602, para. 26.
8 See ibid., pp. 602‑603, para. 26: “the Court bases itself . . . on the application, as well as
the written and oral pleadings of the parties. In particular, it takes account of the facts that
the Applicant identifies as the basis for its claim (see Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 263, para. 30; Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 467, para. 31; Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada),
Jurisdiction of the Court, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 449, para. 31; pp. 449‑450,
para. 33).”
123 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
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12. Taking into account the dispute as formulated in Qatar’s Application,
the object of Qatar’s claims, the jurisdictional basis upon which
those claims are based, and the written and oral pleadings of the Parties,
the subject‑matter of the dispute is whether the UAE by taking the measures
that it did on 5 June 2017 and subsequently, against Qatar and
Qataris, violated its obligations under the CERD.
B. Whether the Dispute Falls within the Scope
Ratione Materiae of the CERD
13. In order to determine whether or not the dispute in the present case
concerns the interpretation or application of the CERD, the Court must
determine whether the acts complained of by Qatar (namely, the measures
taken by the UAE on 5 June 2017 against Qataris living in the
UAE) fall within the scope ratione materiae of Article 1, paragraph 1, of
the CERD; or alternatively, whether those acts fall outside the scope of
the CERD by virtue of the exceptions stipulated in Article 1 paragraphs 2
or 3, as argued by the UAE.
14. The Court has stated in Oil Platforms 9 and in Certain Iranian
Assets 10 that, in order to determine the Court’s jurisdiction ratione materiae
under a jurisdictional clause concerning disputes relating to the interpretation
or application of a treaty, it is necessary to ascertain whether
the acts of which the applicant complains “fall within the provisions” of
the treaty containing the clause. At the jurisdictional stage of the proceedings,
a detailed examination by the Court of the alleged wrongful acts of
the respondent or of the plausibility of the applicant’s claims is not warranted.
The Court’s task, as reflected in Article 79 of the Rules of Court,
is to consider the questions of law and fact that are relevant to the objection
to its jurisdiction 11.
15. In the present case, the Court has already stated in its provisional
measures Order of 23 July 2018 that:
“27. In the Court’s view, the acts referred to by Qatar, in particular
the statement of 5 June 2017 — which allegedly targeted Qataris on
the basis of their national origin — whereby the UAE announced that
Qataris were to leave its territory within 14 days and that they would
9 Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Preliminary
Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), pp. 809‑810, para. 16.
10 Certain Iranian Assets (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2019 (I), p. 23, para. 36.
11 Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of
Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2019 (II), p. 584, paras. 57‑58.
124 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
57
be prevented from entry, and the alleged restrictions that ensued,
including upon their right to marriage and choice of spouse, to education
as well as to medical care and to equal treatment before tribunals,
are capable of falling within the scope of CERD ratione materiae.
The Court considers that, while the Parties differ on the question
whether the expression ‘national . . . origin’ mentioned in Article 1,
paragraph 1, of CERD encompasses discrimination based on the
‘present nationality’ of the individual, the Court need not decide at
this stage of the proceedings, in view of what is stated above, which
of these diverging interpretations of the Convention is the correct one.
28. The Court finds that the above‑mentioned elements are sufficient
at this stage to establish the existence of a dispute between the
Parties concerning the interpretation or application of CERD.” 12
At this stage, I see no reason for the Court to depart from its earlier position.
C. Alternatively, whether Qatar’s Claims Fall outside the Scope of
the CERD by Virtue of the Exceptions Contemplated in Article 1,
Paragraphs 2 or 3
16. Article 1 (1) of the CERD defines “racial discrimination” to mean:
“any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race,
colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or
effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise,
on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms
in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public
life” (emphasis added).
17. Article 1 (2) of the CERD provides that the Convention:
“shall not apply to distinctions, exclusions, restrictions or preferences
made by a State Party to this Convention between citizens and
non‑citizens”.
18. Article 1 (3) of the CERD provides that:
“Nothing in this Convention may be interpreted as affecting in any
way the legal provisions of States Parties concerning nationality,
12 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July
2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 417, paras. 27‑28.
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58
citizenship or naturalization, provided that such provisions do not
discriminate against any particular nationality.”
19. The Court has stated in Ukraine v. Russia that in order to determine
whether it has jurisdiction ratione materiae under the CERD, it does
not need to satisfy itself that the measures of which the applicant complains
actually constitute “racial discrimination” within the meaning of
Article 1, paragraph 1, of the CERD; nor does the Court need to establish
if and to what extent, certain acts may be covered by Article 1, paragraphs
2 and 3, of the CERD. Both determinations concern issues of fact,
largely depending on evidence regarding the purpose or effect of the measures
alleged by the applicant, and are thus properly a matter for the
merits, should the case proceed to that stage. At the current stage of the
proceedings, the Court only needs to ascertain whether the measures
complained of by Qatar target a protected group on the basis of national
or ethnic origin and whether those measures are capable of negatively
affecting the enjoyment of rights protected under the Convention 13.
20. In the present case, Qatar maintains that Qataris are a protected
people of a distinct historical‑cultural national origin and has submitted
expert evidence to support this contention, which the UAE has not rebutted
14. Qatar further maintains that the measures taken by the Respondent
against its nationals “had the purpose and effect” of racial
discrimination of Qatari nationals within the meaning of Article 1, paragraph
1, of the CERD. This evidence should, of course, be examined and
verified on the merits, rather than at this jurisdictional stage of the proceedings.
In my view, there is a thin line between “Qatari national origin”
and “Qatari nationality or citizenship” and this line is particularly blurred
by the circumstances of the case. As earlier stated, the question of whether
or not the measures taken by the UAE against Qatar and Qataris on
5 June 2017 had “the purpose or effect of racial discrimination” within
the meaning of Article 1, paragraph 1, of the CERD, is a delicate and
complex one that can only be determined after a detailed examination of
the evidence and arguments of the Parties during the merits stage. In the
present Judgment, the majority simply carried out an academic discussion
of the terms “current nationality” and “national origin” but has clearly
not examined the detailed evidence adduced by the Applicant in support
13 Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of
Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2019 (II), p. 595, paras. 94‑95.
14 Memorial of Qatar, Vol. I, pp. 131‑134, paras. 3.96-3.100 and Vol. VI, Ann. 162,
Expert Report of Dr. J. E. Peterson of 9 April 2019, in which he documents the Qataris
as “a distinct people, as a group of individuals who belong to a long‑standing historical-cultural
community defined by a distinct heritage, particular family or tribal affiliations,
shared national traditions and culture, and geographic ties to the peninsular of Qatar”.
126 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
59
of its claim of “indirect discrimination” before reaching the conclusion in
paragraphs 113 and 114 of the Judgment.
21. At an earlier stage of these proceedings, the Court, when examining
the plausibility of the rights claimed by Qatar, noted that:
“on the basis of the evidence presented to it by the Parties, . . . the
measures adopted by the UAE on 5 June 2017 appear to have targeted
only Qataris and not other non‑citizens residing in the UAE. Furthermore,
the measures were directed to all Qataris residing in the UAE,
regardless of individual circumstances. Therefore, it appears that
some of the acts of which Qatar complains may constitute acts of
racial discrimination as defined by the Convention. Consequently, the
Court finds that at least some of the rights asserted by Qatar under
Article 5 of CERD are plausible. This is the case, for example, with
respect to the alleged racial discrimination in the enjoyment of rights
such as the right to marriage and to choice of spouse, the right to
education, as well as freedom of movement, and access to justice.” 15
22. At this jurisdictional stage of the proceedings, I see no reason to
depart from the Court’s earlier finding that at least some of the acts of
which Qatar complains are capable of constituting acts of racial discrimination
as defined by the Convention. Qatar’s claims therefore fall within
the scope ratione materiae of CERD. In this regard, I am of the considered
view that the approach of the majority whereby the jurisdiction ratione
materiae of the Court turns on a theoretical definition or analysis of
the term “national origin” without taking into account the facts and evidence
adduced by Qatar in support of its claims (see paragraphs 75
to 105) is not in the interests of justice. Similarly, the issues discussed in
paragraphs 109 to 110 pertaining to the measures that Qatar characterizes
as “indirect discrimination” are issues that should have been properly
examined during the merits stage in light of the facts, evidence and arguments
of the Parties, before drawing the conclusion that these claims fall
outside the scope ratione materiae of the Court’s jurisdiction.
23. Regarding the UAE’s preliminary objection based on its argument
that Qatar’s claims fall under the exceptions stipulated under Article 1 (2)
15 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July
2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 427, para. 54.
127 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
60
and therefore outside the scope ratione materiae of the CERD, I am of
the considered view that this objection does not possess an exclusively
preliminary character and can only be properly determined after a detailed
examination of the evidence during the merits stage.
24. This brings me to the second preliminary objection of the UAE,
namely that Qatar did not fulfil the procedural requirements of Article 22
of the CERD before seising the Court.
D. Whether Qatar Fulfilled the Procedural Requirements
of Article 22 of the CERD or, Alternatively, whether the Parties Agreed
to another Mode of Settling Their Dispute, before Seising the Court
25. In order to answer this question, the Court must address whether
Qatar satisfied one of the procedural requirements stipulated in Article 22
before seising the Court. Alternatively, in the event that Qatar chose more
than one mode of dispute settlement (namely, negotiations, CERD procedures
and judicial settlement), the Court must determine whether the
Applicant is obliged to exhaust negotiations and the CERD procedures
before seising the Court.
26. Both Parties agree that the Court’s jurisdiction pursuant to Article
22 of the CERD is limited to disputes “not settled by negotiation or by
the procedures expressly provided for in [the] Convention”. The Parties
also agree that they have not agreed to “another mode of [dispute] settlement”.
It is settled jurisprudence in Ukraine v. Russia that the preconditions
referred to in Article 22 are in the alternative and are not
cumulative 16. The Court in that case stated as follows:
“110. The Court therefore considers that ‘negotiation’ and the ‘procedures
expressly provided for in [the] Convention’ are two means to
achieve the same objective, namely to settle a dispute by agreement.
Both negotiation and the CERD Committee procedure rest on the
States parties’ willingness to seek an agreed settlement of their dispute.
It follows that should negotiation and the CERD Committee
procedure be considered cumulative, States would have to try to negotiate
an agreed solution to their dispute and, after negotiation has not
been successful, take the matter before the CERD Committee for
further negotiation, again in order to reach an agreed solution. The
16 Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of
Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2019 (II), pp. 599‑600, paras. 110‑113.
128 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
61
Court considers that the context of Article 22 of CERD does not
support this interpretation. In the view of the Court, the context of
Article 22 rather indicates that it would not be reasonable to require
States parties which have already failed to reach an agreed settlement
through negotiations to engage in an additional set of negotiations in
accordance with the modalities set out in Articles 11 to 13 of CERD.
111. The Court considers that Article 22 of CERD must also be
interpreted in light of the object and purpose of the Convention. Article
2, paragraph 1, of CERD provides that States parties to CERD
undertake to eliminate racial discrimination ‘without delay’. Articles
4 and 7 provide that States parties undertake to eradicate incitement
to racial discrimination and to combat prejudices leading to
racial discrimination by adopting ‘immediate and positive measures’
and ‘immediate and effective measures’ respectively. The preamble to
CERD further emphasizes the States’ resolve to adopt all measures
for eliminating racial discrimination ‘speedily’. The Court considers
that these provisions show the States parties’ aim to eradicate all
forms of racial discrimination effectively and promptly. In the Court’s
view, the achievement of such aims could be rendered more difficult
if the procedural preconditions under Article 22 were cumulative.
112. The Court notes that both Parties rely on the travaux préparatoires
of CERD in support of their respective arguments concerning
the alternative or cumulative character of the procedural preconditions
under Article 22 of the Convention. Since the alternative character
of the procedural preconditions is sufficiently clear from an
interpretation of the ordinary meaning of the terms of Article 22 in
their context, and in light of the object and purpose of the Convention,
the Court is of the view that there is no need for it to examine
the travaux préparatoires of CERD.
113. The Court concludes that Article 22 of CERD imposes alternative
preconditions to the Court’s jurisdiction. Since the dispute
between the Parties was not referred to the CERD Committee, the
Court will only examine whether the Parties attempted to negotiate a
settlement to their dispute.”
27. In the present case, the Parties did pursue the procedures before the
CERD Committee and the Conciliation Commission pursuant to Articles
11 to 13 of the CERD. The question is therefore whether Qatar
should have exhausted the preconditions of bilateral negotiations and of
conciliation before the CERD Committee, before resorting to judicial
settlement.
28. It will also be recalled that Qatar founded the Court’s jurisdiction
on the basis of the failed bilateral negotiations envisaged under Article 22,
rather than on the exhaustion of the CERD procedures initiated by Qatar
129 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
62
on 8 March 2018 17 pursuant to Article 11. Regarding the precondition of
bilateral negotiations, the Court has in the present case already found in
its provisional measures Order of 23 July 2018 as follows:
“37. The Court notes that it has not been challenged by the Parties
that issues relating to the measures taken by the UAE in June 2017
have been raised by representatives of Qatar on several occasions in
international fora, including at the United Nations, in the presence
of representatives of the UAE. For example, during the thirty‑seventh
session of the United Nations Human Rights Council in February
2018, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Qatar referred to ‘the
violations of human rights caused by the unjust blockade and the
unilateral coercive measures imposed on [his] country that have been
confirmed by the . . . report of the Office of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Human Rights Technical Mission’, while the
UAE — along with Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and Egypt — issued a joint
statement ‘in response to [the] remarks’ made by the Minister for
Foreign Affairs of Qatar.
38. The Court further notes that, in a letter dated 25 April 2018
and addressed to the Minister of State for Foreign Affairs of the UAE,
the Minister of State for Foreign Affairs of Qatar referred to the
alleged violations of CERD arising from the measures taken by the
UAE beginning on 5 June 2017 and stated that ‘it [was] necessary to
enter into negotiations in order to resolve these violations and the
effects thereof within no more than two weeks’. The Court considers
that the letter contained an offer by Qatar to negotiate with the UAE
with regard to the latter’s compliance with its substantive obligations
under CERD. In light of the foregoing, and given the fact that the
UAE did not respond to that formal invitation to negotiate, the Court
is of the view that the issues raised in the present case had not been
resolved by negotiations at the time of the filing of the Application.” 18
29. Qatar clearly satisfied the precondition of bilateral negotiation
before seising the Court. In view of the above, the Court should determine
whether in fact Qatar was obliged to exhaust the other procedures
expressly provided for in the Convention before seising the Court.
17 On 8 March 2018, Qatar filed a communication with the CERD Committee
requesting that the UAE take all necessary steps to end the measures enacted and implemented
since 5 June 2017 (see paragraph 31 of the Judgment).
18 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July
2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 420, paras. 37‑38.
130 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
63
E. Whether Qatar Was Obligated to Exhaust the Conciliation
Commission Procedures before Seising the Court
30. It is not disputed that Qatar referred its claims against the UAE to
the CERD Committee before seising the Court. The CERD Committee
in turn referred the Parties’ dispute to the Conciliation Commission and
to date the processes before that Commission are ongoing and have not
been concluded. Both Parties claim that they are fully engaged in those
processes “in good faith”. Unlike the bilateral negotiations referred to in
the earlier part of Article 22 of the CERD, the procedures before the
Conciliation Commission are tripartite and conciliatory. In its oral arguments,
the UAE maintained that Qatar was obligated to first exhaust the
processes before the Conciliation Commission before seising the Court.
Citing the principles of lis pendens 19 and electa una via 20, the UAE argues
that there remains the possibility of the two processes (conciliation and
judicial settlement) yielding contradictory outcomes, and that therefore
Qatar should have waited “to determine whether or not the Conciliation
Commission procedures had resulted in a settlement of the dispute”
before pursuing judicial settlement 21.
31. The wording of Article 22 of the CERD does not expressly require
a party to exhaust the CERD procedures before that party can unilaterally
seise the Court. The wording of that Article cannot be compared, for
example, to Article IV of the Pact of Bogotá, which provides that: “Once
any pacific procedure had been initiated, whether by agreement between
the parties or in fulfillment of the present Treaty or a previous pact, no
other procedure may be commenced until that procedure is concluded.”
(Emphasis added.)
32. Both Parties acknowledge that the CERD Committee and the proceedings
before the Court have related but fundamentally distinct roles
relating to resolving disputes between States parties to the CERD. The
Committee’s role is conciliatory and recommendatory, while that of the
Court is legal and binding. Accordingly, there is nothing incompatible
about Qatar pursuing the two procedures in parallel.
33. Furthermore, the Court stated in its provisional measures Order of
23 July 2018, regarding the second precondition of “other procedures
expressly provided for in the Convention” as follows:
“39. . . . It is recalled that, according to Article 11 of the Convention,
‘[if] a State Party considers that another State Party is not giving
19 Meaning “a doctrine under which one purchasing an interest in property involved in
a pending suit does so subject to the adjudication of the rights of the parties to the suit”.
20 Meaning “he who has chosen one means of dispute settlement, cannot have recourse
to another”.
21 CR 2020/6, pp. 53‑67, paras. 1-32 (Forteau).
131 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
64
effect to the provisions of this Convention’, the matter may be brought
to the attention of the CERD Committee. The Court notes that Qatar
deposited, on 8 March 2018, a communication with the CERD Committee
under Article 11 of the Convention. It observes, however, that
Qatar does not rely on this communication for the purposes of showing
prima facie jurisdiction in the present case. Although the Parties disagree
as to whether negotiations and recourse to the procedures referred
to in Article 22 of CERD constitute alternative or cumulative preconditions
to be fulfilled before the seisin of the Court, the Court is of
the view that it need not make a pronouncement on the issue at this
stage of the proceedings (see Application of the International Convention
for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures,
Order of 19 April 2017, I.C.J. Reports 2017, pp. 125‑126,
para. 60). Nor does it consider it necessary, for the present purposes,
to decide whether any electa una via principle or lis pendens exception
are applicable in the present situation.
40. The Court thus finds, in view of all the foregoing, that the procedural
preconditions under Article 22 of CERD for its seisin appear,
at this stage, to have been complied with.” 22 (Emphasis added.)
34. In my view therefore, Qatar was not obligated to exhaust the Conciliation
Commission processes before seising the Court. I would therefore
dismiss the second preliminary objection of the UAE. This brings
me to the third preliminary objection of the UAE, namely whether
Qatar’s claims are inadmissible on grounds of alleged abuse of process
by Qatar.
F. Whether Qatar’s Claims Are Inadmissible on the Grounds that
Qatar Has Committed Abuse of Process
35. During the oral proceedings the UAE abandoned its third preliminary
objection pertaining to “abuse of process” 23. However, according to
the Court’s well‑established jurisprudence, a claim based upon a valid
title of jurisdiction cannot be challenged on grounds of “abuse of process”
unless the high threshold of “exceptional circumstances” has been
met. In my view, Qatar’s alleged abuse of process should not be easily
assumed in the absence of clear proof of any exceptional circumstances
22 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July
2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), pp. 420‑421, paras. 39-40.
23 Oral argument by Sir Daniel Bethlehem.
132 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
65
pointing to such abuse. Qatar’s claims are admissible and the third preliminary
objection should have been rejected.
IV. Conclusion
36. In conclusion, the first preliminary objection of the UAE does not
possess an exclusively preliminary character and should be joined to the
merits. The second and third preliminary objections of the UAE should
be dismissed and the Court should find that it has jurisdiction and that
Qatar’s claims are admissible.
(Signed) Julia Sebutinde.

Bilingual Content

117
50
DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE SEBUTINDE
The first preliminary objection of the UAE does not, in the circumstances of the
present case, have an exclusively preliminary character and should be joined to the
merits, pursuant to the provisions of Article 79ter, paragraph 4, of the Rules of
Court — In particular, the question of whether or not the measures taken by the
UAE against Qatar and Qataris on 5 June 2017 had “the purpose or effect of
racial discrimination” within the meaning of Article 1, paragraph 1, of the CERD,
is a delicate and complex one that can only be determined after a detailed
examination of the evidence and arguments of the Parties during the merits
stage — Secondly, the preconditions referred to in Article 22 of the CERD are in
the alternative and are not cumulative — The wording of Article 22 of the CERD
does not expressly require a party to exhaust the CERD procedures before that
party can unilaterally seise the Court — Both Parties acknowledge that the CERD
Committee and the Court have related but fundamentally distinct roles relating to
resolving disputes between States parties to the CERD — The Committee’s role is
conciliatory and recommendatory, while that of the Court is legal and binding —
Accordingly, the second preliminary objection should be rejected as there is nothing
incompatible about Qatar pursuing the two procedures in parallel — Thirdly,
according to the Court’s well‑established jurisprudence, a claim based upon a valid
title of jurisdiction cannot be challenged on grounds of “abuse of process” unless
the high threshold of “exceptional circumstances” has been met — The UAE has
not met that threshold — Qatar’s Application is therefore admissible and the third
preliminary objection of the UAE should be rejected.
I. Introduction
1. I have not voted with the majority in paragraph 115, as I disagree
with the Court’s conclusion in paragraphs 113 and 114 of the Judgment.
In my respectful view, the first preliminary objection of the United Arab
Emirates (hereinafter the “UAE”) does not, in the circumstances of the
present case, have an exclusively preliminary character and should be
joined to the merits, pursuant to the provisions of Article 79ter, paragraph
4, of the Rules of Court (as amended on 21 October 2019). That
provision requires that: “After hearing the parties, the Court shall decide
upon a preliminary question or uphold or reject a preliminary objection.
The Court may however declare that, in the circumstances of the case, a
question or objection does not possess an exclusively preliminary character.”
(Emphasis added.)
117
50
OPINION DISSIDENTE DE Mme LA JUGE SEBUTINDE
[Traduction]
Première exception préliminaire soulevée par les Emirats arabes unis n’ayant
pas, dans les circonstances de l’espèce, un caractère exclusivement préliminaire et
devant être jointe au fond, conformément aux dispositions du paragraphe 4 de
l’article 79ter du Règlement de la Cour — Question de savoir si les mesures prises
le 5 juin 2017 par les Emirats arabes unis contre le Qatar et les Qatariens avaient
ou non « pour but ou pour effet d’opérer une discrimination raciale », au sens du
paragraphe 1 de l’article premier de la CIEDR, ayant notamment un caractère
délicat et complexe, et ne pouvant être tranchée qu’après examen minutieux des
éléments de preuve et des arguments présentés par les Parties au stade du
fond — Conditions préalables énoncées à l’article 22 de la CIEDR formant en
outre une alternative et n’étant donc pas cumulatives — Texte de l’article 22 de la
CIEDR n’exigeant pas expressément qu’une partie épuise les procédures prévues
par la convention avant de pouvoir saisir unilatéralement la Cour — Parties
reconnaissant toutes deux que le Comité de la CIEDR et la procédure devant
la Cour ont des rôles liés mais fondamentalement différents s’agissant de
résoudre des différends entre Etats parties à la CIEDR — Comité oeuvrant à
la conciliation et émettant des recommandations, et Cour rendant des décisions
de nature juridique et contraignante — Procédures pouvant par conséquent
être poursuivies l’une et l’autre en parallèle par le Qatar sans être incompatibles —
Jurisprudence bien établie de la Cour consistant de surcroît à rejeter toute
contestation pour « abus de procédure » d’une demande fondée sur un titre de
compétence valable hormis s’il est satisfait au critère exigeant des « circonstances
exceptionnelles » — Emirats arabes unis n’ayant pas satisfait à ce critère —
Requête du Qatar étant donc recevable et troisième exception préliminaire des
Emirats arabes unis devant être rejetée.
I. Introduction
1. Je n’ai pas voté avec la majorité de la Cour s’agissant de la conclusion
énoncée aux paragraphes 113 et 114 de l’arrêt. Je soutiens respectueusement
que la première exception préliminaire soulevée par
les Emirats arabes unis n’avait pas, dans les circonstances de l’espèce,
un caractère exclusivement préliminaire et aurait dû être jointe au fond,
conformément aux dispositions du paragraphe 4 de l’article 79ter du
Règlement (tel qu’amendé le 21 octobre 2019), qui prescrit que « [l]a
Cour, après avoir entendu les parties, tranche la question préliminaire
ou retient ou rejette l’exception préliminaire. Elle peut toutefois déclarer
que, dans les circonstances de l’espèce, une question ou une exception
n’a pas un caractère exclusivement préliminaire. » (Les italiques sont de
moi.)
118 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
51
2. In my view, the majority should not have rushed to conclude that
Qatar’s claims fall outside the scope of the International Convention on
the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (hereinafter “the
CERD”) based on the pleadings of the Parties at this early stage of the
proceedings, but should have carefully examined the evidence during the
merits stage, before reaching a conclusion one way or the other. In particular,
the question of whether or not the measures taken by the UAE
against Qatar and Qataris on 5 June 2017 had “the purpose or effect of
racial discrimination” within the meaning of Article 1, paragraph 1, of
the CERD, is a delicate and complex one that can only be determined
after a detailed examination of the evidence and arguments of the Parties
during the merits stage. Because of the approach taken by the majority, it
is regrettable that the other objections raised by the UAE were also not
considered. In this dissenting opinion, I endeavour to show why the first
preliminary objection of the UAE does not, in the circumstances of the
present case, have an exclusively preliminary character and should
instead, be joined to the merits. I also opine on the other preliminary
objections raised by the UAE.
II. The Submissions of the Parties
A. Qatar’s Claims and Requests
3. Qatar in its own right and as parens patriae of its citizens, respectfully
requests the Court to adjudge and declare that the UAE through its
State organs, State agents and other persons and entities exercising governmental
authority, and through other agents acting on its instructions
or under its direction and control, has violated its obligations under Articles
2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the CERD by taking, inter alia, the following
unlawful actions:
(a) Expelling on a collective basis, all Qataris from, and prohibiting the
entry of all Qataris into, the UAE on the basis of their national
origin;
(b) Violating other fundamental rights, including the rights to marriage
and choice of spouse, freedom of opinion and expression, public
health and medical care, education and training, property, work, participation
in cultural activities, and equal treatment before tribunals;
(c) Failing to condemn and instead encouraging racial hatred against
Qatar and Qataris and failing to take measures that aim to combat
application de la ciedr (op. diss. sebutinde) 118
51
2. De mon point de vue, la majorité aurait dû se garder de conclure
hâtivement que les demandes du Qatar n’entraient pas dans le champ
d’application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes
les formes de discrimination raciale (ci‑après la « CIEDR » ou la « convention
») en se fondant sur les exposés des Parties à ce stade précoce de la
procédure et aurait dû, au contraire, examiner soigneusement les éléments
de preuve au stade du fond avant de parvenir à une quelconque conclusion.
En particulier, la question de savoir si les mesures prises le 5 juin
2017 par les Emirats arabes unis contre le Qatar et les Qatariens avaient
ou non « pour but ou pour effet d’opérer une discrimination raciale », au
sens du paragraphe 1 de l’article premier de la CIEDR, est délicate et
complexe, et ne pouvait être tranchée qu’après un examen minutieux des
éléments de preuve et des arguments présentés par les Parties au stade du
fond. Il est regrettable que, du fait de l’approche adoptée par la majorité,
les autres exceptions soulevées par les Emirats arabes unis n’aient pas été
elles aussi examinées. Dans la présente opinion dissidente, je m’emploierai
à montrer pourquoi la première exception préliminaire des Emirats
arabes unis n’a pas, dans les circonstances de l’espèce, un caractère exclusivement
préliminaire et devait au contraire être jointe au fond. Je formulerai
également mon opinion sur les autres exceptions préliminaires
soulevées par les Emirats arabes unis.
II. Les conclusions des Parties
A. Les griefs et demandes du Qatar
3. Le Qatar, en son nom propre et en qualité de parens patriae des
Qatariens, priait respectueusement la Cour de dire et juger que les Emirats
arabes unis, par l’intermédiaire de leurs organes et agents et d’autres
personnes et entités exerçant la puissance publique, ainsi que par l’intermédiaire
d’autres agents agissant sur leurs instructions ou sous leur direction
et leur contrôle, avaient manqué aux obligations que leur imposent
les articles 2, 4, 5, 6 et 7 de la CIEDR en prenant notamment les mesures
illicites suivantes :
a) en expulsant collectivement tous les Qatariens et en interdisant à tous
les Qatariens d’entrer sur le territoire émirien, au motif de leur origine
nationale ;
b) en violant d’autres droits fondamentaux, dont le droit de se marier et
de choisir son conjoint, le droit à la liberté d’opinion et d’expression,
le droit à la santé et aux soins médicaux, le droit à l’éducation et à la
formation professionnelle, le droit à la propriété, le droit au travail, le
droit de prendre part aux activités culturelles et le droit à un traitement
égal devant les tribunaux ;
c) en s’abstenant de condamner, voire en encourageant la haine raciale
contre le Qatar et les Qatariens, et en s’abstenant de prendre des
119 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
52
prejudices, including by, inter alia, criminalizing the expression of
sympathy towards Qatar and Qataris; allowing, promoting, and
financing an international anti‑Qatar public and social‑media campaign;
silencing Qatari media; and calling for physical attacks on
Qatari entities; and
(d) Failing to provide effective protection and remedies to Qataris to seek
redress against acts of racial discrimination through UAE courts and
institutions 1.
4. Accordingly, Qatar respectfully requests the Court to order the UAE
to take all steps necessary to comply with its obligations under the CERD
and, inter alia:
(a) Immediately cease and revoke the discriminatory measures, including
but not limited to the directives against “sympathizing” with Qataris,
and any other national laws that discriminate de jure or de facto
against Qataris on the basis of their national origin;
(b) Immediately cease all other measures that incite discrimination
(including media campaigns and supporting others to propagate discriminatory
messages) and criminalize such measures;
(c) Comply with its obligations under the CERD to condemn publicly
racial discrimination against Qataris, pursue a policy of eliminating
racial discrimination, and adopt measures to combat such prejudice;
(d) Refrain from taking any further measures that would discriminate
against Qataris within its jurisdiction or control;
(e) Restore rights of Qataris to, inter alia, marriage and choice of spouse,
freedom of opinion and expression, public health and medical care,
education and training, property, work, participation in cultural
activities, and equal treatment before tribunals, and put in place
measures to ensure those rights are respected;
(f) Provide assurances and guarantees of non‑repetition of the UAE’s
illegal conduct; and
(g) Make full reparation, including compensation, for the harm suffered
as a result of the UAE’s actions in violation of the CERD 2.
1 Application of Qatar, pp. 58 and 60, para. 65.
2 Ibid., p. 60, para. 66.
application de la ciedr (op. diss. sebutinde) 119
52
mesures destinées à lutter contre les préjugés, notamment en incriminant
toute expression de sympathie à l’égard du Qatar et des Qatariens,
en autorisant, en promouvant et en finançant une campagne internationale
visant à dresser l’opinion publique et les médias sociaux contre
le Qatar, en réduisant les médias qatariens au silence et en appelant à
des attaques contre des entités qatariennes ; et
d) en s’abstenant de protéger les Qatariens contre les actes de discrimination
raciale et de leur offrir des voies de recours efficaces leur permettant
d’obtenir réparation de tels actes devant les tribunaux et autres
organismes émiriens 1.
4. En conséquence, le Qatar priait respectueusement la Cour d’ordonner
aux Emirats arabes unis de prendre toutes les dispositions requises
pour s’acquitter des obligations que leur impose la CIEDR, et notamment
:
a) de suspendre et de révoquer immédiatement les mesures discriminatoires
actuellement en vigueur, dont, mais pas seulement, les directives
interdisant de « sympathiser » avec des Qatariens, et toute autre législation
nationale discriminatoire de jure ou de facto à l’égard des Qatariens
au motif de leur origine nationale ;
b) de suspendre immédiatement toutes autres mesures incitant à la discrimination
(y compris les campagnes médiatiques et le soutien à la diffusion
de messages à caractère discriminatoire) et d’incriminer de telles
mesures ;
c) de s’acquitter des obligations qui leur sont faites par la convention de
condamner publiquement la discrimination raciale à l’égard des Qatariens,
de poursuivre une politique tendant à éliminer la discrimination
raciale et de prendre des mesures pour lutter contre semblables
préjugés ;
d) de s’abstenir de prendre toute autre mesure susceptible d’être discriminatoire
à l’égard des Qatariens relevant de leur juridiction ou se trouvant
sous leur contrôle ;
e) de rétablir les Qatariens dans leurs droits, notamment le droit de se
marier et de choisir son conjoint, le droit à la liberté d’opinion et d’expression,
le droit à la santé et aux soins médicaux, le droit à l’éducation
et à la formation professionnelle, le droit à la propriété, le droit au
travail, le droit de prendre part aux activités culturelles et le droit à un
traitement égal devant les tribunaux, et de mettre en oeuvre des mesures
pour garantir le respect de ces droits ;
f) de donner des garanties et assurances de non-répétition
de leur conduite
illicite ; et
g) de réparer intégralement, notamment par une indemnisation, le préjudice
résultant de leurs actes commis en violation de la convention 2.
1 Requête du Qatar, p. 59 et 61, par. 65.
2 Ibid., p. 61, par. 66.
120 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
53
5. In its Memorial, Qatar in its own right and as parens patriae of its
citizens, respectfully requests the Court to adjudge and declare that the
UAE, by the acts and omissions of its organs, agents, persons, and entities
exercising governmental authority, and through other agents acting
on its instructions or under its direction and control, is responsible for
violating its obligations under Articles 2, 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the CERD,
including by:
(a) expelling, on a collective basis, all Qataris from the UAE;
(b) applying the Absolute Ban and Modified Travel Ban in violation of
fundamental rights that must be guaranteed equally to all under the
CERD, regardless of national origin, including the rights to family,
freedom of opinion and expression, education and training, property,
work, and equal treatment before tribunals;
(c) engaging in, sponsoring, supporting, and otherwise encouraging
racial discrimination, including racially discriminatory incitement
against Qataris, most importantly by criminalizing “sympathy” with
Qatar and orchestrating, funding, and actively promoting a campaign
of hatred against Qatar and Qataris, and thereby failing to nullify
laws and regulations that have the effect of creating or perpetuating
racial discrimination, to take “all appropriate” measures to combat
the spread of prejudice and negative stereotypes, and to promote tolerance,
understanding and friendship; and
(d) failing to provide access to effective protection and remedies to
Qataris to seek redress against acts of racial discrimination under the
CERD through UAE tribunals or institutions, including the right to
seek reparation.
6. Qatar further requests the Court to adjudge and declare that the
UAE has violated the Court’s Order on Provisional Measures of 23 July
2018; and that the UAE is obligated to cease its ongoing violations, make
full reparations for all material and moral damage caused by its internationally
wrongful acts and omissions under the CERD, and offer assurances
and guarantees of non‑repetition.
7. Accordingly Qatar requests the Court to order that the UAE:
(a) Immediately cease its ongoing internationally wrongful acts
and omissions
in contravention of Articles 2 (1), 4, 5, 6 and 7 of the
CERD;
application de la ciedr (op. diss. sebutinde) 120
53
5. Dans son mémoire, le Qatar, en son nom propre et en qualité de
parens patriae des Qatariens, priait respectueusement la Cour de dire et
juger que les Emirats arabes unis, par les actes et omissions de leurs
organes et agents et de personnes et d’entités exerçant la puissance
publique, ainsi que par l’intermédiaire d’autres agents agissant sur leurs
instructions ou sous leur direction et leur contrôle, avaient manqué aux
obligations qui leur incombent au titre des articles 2, 4, 5, 6 et 7 de la
CIEDR, notamment :
a) en expulsant collectivement tous les Qatariens du territoire émirien ;
b) en appliquant l’interdiction formelle d’entrée et sa version modifiée en
violation des droits fondamentaux qui doivent être accordés à tous de
la même manière au titre de la convention, indépendamment de l’origine
nationale, dont le droit à la famille, le droit à la liberté d’opinion
et d’expression, le droit à l’éducation
et à la formation professionnelle,
le droit à la propriété, le droit au travail et le droit à un traitement égal
devant les tribunaux ;
c) en se livrant à des actes de discrimination raciale, en soutenant, en
appuyant et en encourageant celle-
ci de toute autre manière, notamment
en incitant à la discrimination raciale à l’encontre des Qatariens,
plus particulièrement en incriminant toute expression de « sympathie »
à l’égard du Qatar et en organisant, en finançant et en promouvant
activement une campagne de haine contre le Qatar et les Qatariens,
négligeant ainsi d’annuler les lois et dispositions réglementaires ayant
pour effet de créer la discrimination raciale et de la perpétuer, de prendre
« toutes les mesures appropriées » pour lutter contre la propagation des
préjugés et des stéréotypes
négatifs et de promouvoir la tolérance, l’entente
et l’amitié ; et
d) en privant les Qatariens de la possibilité de se prévaloir, sur le fondement
de la convention, d’une protection et de voies de recours effectives,
devant les tribunaux et autres organismes émiriens, contre les
actes de discrimination raciale, notamment du droit de demander réparation
à raison de tels actes.
6. Le Qatar priait également la Cour de dire et juger que les Emirats
arabes unis avaient violé l’ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires
rendue le 23 juillet 2018 ; et qu’ils étaient tenus de cesser les violations
auxquelles ils se livraient, de réparer l’intégralité du préjudice moral
et matériel causé par leurs actes et omissions internationalement illicites
au regard de la CIEDR, et d’offrir des assurances et des garanties de non-répétition.
7. En conséquence, le Qatar priait la Cour d’ordonner aux Emirats
arabes unis :
a) de cesser immédiatement les actes et omissions internationalement illicites
par lesquels ils contrevenaient au paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 et
aux articles 4, 5, 6 et 7 de la CIEDR ;
121 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
54
(b) Provide full reparation for the harm caused by its actions, including
(i) restitution by lifting the ongoing Modified Travel Ban as it applies
to Qataris collectively based on their national origin; (ii) financial
compensation for the material and moral damage suffered by Qatar
and Qataris, in an amount to be quantified in a separate phase of
these proceedings; and (iii) satisfaction in the forms of a declaration
of wrongfulness and an apology to Qatar and the Qatari people, as
requested; and
(c) Provide Qatar with assurances and guarantees of non‑repetition in
written form.
B. The Preliminary Objections of the UAE
8. The UAE raised three preliminary objections against the jurisdiction
of the Court and the admissibility of Qatar’s claims, namely that:
(a) The dispute between the Parties falls outside the scope ratione materiae
of the CERD since the measures of the UAE were directed at
Qatari citizens on the basis of their “nationality” and not “national
origin” 3;
(b) Qatar has not fulfilled the procedural preconditions of negotiation
and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
(hereinafter the “CERD Committee”) procedures prescribed in Articles
11 to 13 of the CERD before resorting to judicial settlement by
the Court, as required by Article 22 of the CERD 4; and
(c) Qatar’s initiation of parallel proceedings before the Court in respect
of the same dispute whilst the Article 11 procedure was pending
before the CERD Committee renders Qatar’s Application inad-
missible 5.
III. The Court’s Jurisdiction under Article 22
of the CERD
9. Article 22 of the CERD provides as follows:
“Any dispute between two or more States Parties with respect to
the interpretation or application of this Convention, which is not settled
by negotiation or by the procedures expressly provided for in this
Convention shall, at the request of any of the parties to the dispute,
3 Preliminary Objections of the United Arab Emirates, Part III.
4 Ibid., Part IV.
5 Ibid., Part V.
application de la ciedr (op. diss. sebutinde) 121
54
b) de réparer intégralement les dommages causés par leurs actes, au
moyen notamment i) de la restitution, en levant l’interdiction d’entrée
dans sa version modifiée en ce qu’elle s’applique collectivement aux
Qatariens au motif de leur origine nationale ; ii) d’une indemnisation
visant à réparer le préjudice matériel et moral subi par le Qatar et les
Qatariens, dont le montant serait déterminé lors d’une phase distincte
de la présente procédure ; et iii) d’une satisfaction prenant la forme
d’une déclaration d’illicéité et d’excuses présentées au Qatar et aux
Qatariens ; et
c) d’offrir au Qatar des assurances et des garanties écrites de
non-répétition.
B. Les exceptions préliminaires des Emirats arabes unis
8. Les Emirats arabes unis ont soulevé trois exceptions préliminaires à
la compétence de la Cour et à la recevabilité des demandes du Qatar, au
motif que :
a) le différend entre les Parties n’entrait pas dans le champ d’application
ratione materiae de la CIEDR, les mesures adoptées par les Emirats
arabes unis visant les ressortissants qatariens sur la base de leur « nationalité
» et non de leur « origine nationale » 3 ;
b) le Qatar n’avait pas satisfait aux conditions procédurales préalables de
négociation ni dûment suivi les procédures devant le Comité de la
CIEDR prévues aux articles 11 à 13 de la convention avant de recourir
au règlement judiciaire par la Cour, comme prescrit à l’article 22 4 ; et
c) l’introduction, par le Qatar, d’une instance parallèle devant la Cour
concernant le même différend, alors que la procédure prévue à l’article
11 était pendante devant le Comité, rendait irrecevable la requête
du Qatar 5.
III. La compétence de la Cour au titre de l’article 22
de la CIEDR
9. L’article 22 de la CIEDR dispose ce qui suit :
« Tout différend entre deux ou plusieurs Etats parties touchant
l’interprétation ou l’application de la présente Convention qui n’aura
pas été réglé par voie de négociation ou au moyen des procédures
expressément prévues par ladite Convention sera porté, à la requête
3 Exceptions préliminaires des Emirats arabes unis, partie III.
4 Ibid., partie IV.
5 Ibid., partie V.
122 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
55
be referred to the International Court of Justice for decision, unless
the disputants agree to another mode of settlement.” (Emphasis added.)
10. In light of the written and oral arguments raised by the Parties, a
determination of whether or not the Court has jurisdiction ratione materiae
to entertain the claims of Qatar pursuant to Article 22 of the CERD
depends on the determination of the following factors, namely:
(a) What is the subject‑matter of the dispute between Qatar and the
UAE?
(b) Does the dispute concern the interpretation or application of the
CERD within the meaning of Article 22 of that Convention or do
Qatar’s claims actually fall outside the scope of the CERD by virtue
of the exceptions contemplated in Article 1, paragraphs 2 or 3?
(c) If so, did Qatar comply with the procedural requirements stipulated
in Article 22 of CERD or alternatively did the Parties agree to another
mode of settling their dispute, before seising the Court?
(d) Lastly, are the claims of Qatar admissible?
I will briefly examine each of these in turn, starting with the first.
A. The Subject‑Matter of the Dispute between Qatar and the UAE
11. Article 40, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court, and Article 38,
paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court require an applicant to indicate the
“subject of the dispute” and to specify the “precise nature of the claim” 6.
Furthermore, it is for the Court itself to determine, on an objective basis,
the subject‑matter of the dispute, isolating the real issue in the case and
identifying the object of the claim 7. The Court does this by examining the
dispute as formulated in the application, including the basis that the
applicant identifies as the basis of jurisdiction, as well as the written and
oral pleadings of the parties 8.
6 Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile), Preliminary
Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015 (II), p. 602, para. 25; Application of the International
Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian
Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2019 (II), p. 575, para. 24.
7 Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile), Preliminary
Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2015 (II), p. 602, para. 26.
8 See ibid., pp. 602‑603, para. 26: “the Court bases itself . . . on the application, as well as
the written and oral pleadings of the parties. In particular, it takes account of the facts that
the Applicant identifies as the basis for its claim (see Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 263, para. 30; Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 467, para. 31; Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada),
Jurisdiction of the Court, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 449, para. 31; pp. 449‑450,
para. 33).”
application de la ciedr (op. diss. sebutinde) 122
55
de toute partie au différend, devant la Cour internationale de Justice
pour qu’elle statue à son sujet, à moins que les parties au différend ne
conviennent d’un autre mode de règlement. » (Les italiques sont de
moi.)
10. A la lumière des exposés écrits et oraux des Parties, la Cour, pour
déterminer si elle a ou non compétence ratione materiae pour connaître
des demandes du Qatar en vertu de l’article 22 de la CIEDR, doit tenir
compte des facteurs suivants :
a) Quel est l’objet du différend entre le Qatar et les Emirats arabes unis ?
b) Le différend concerne-t-il l’interprétation ou l’application de la CIEDR
au sens de l’article 22 ou les demandes du Qatar sortent-elles du champ
d’application de la convention par le jeu des exceptions
prévues aux
paragraphes 2 et 3 de l’article premier ?
c) Si tel est le cas, le Qatar s’est-il conformé aux exigences procédurales
visées à l’article 22 ou, subsidiairement, les Parties ont-elles convenu
d’un autre mode de règlement de leur différend avant de saisir la Cour ?
d) Enfin, les demandes du Qatar sont-elles recevables ?
J’examinerai brièvement ces points l’un après l’autre, en commençant
par le premier.
A. Objet du différend entre le Qatar et les Emirats arabes unis
11. Aux termes du paragraphe 1 de l’article 40 du Statut de la Cour et
du paragraphe 1 de l’article 38 de son Règlement, le demandeur est tenu
d’indiquer dans sa requête l’« objet du différend » et de spécifier la « nature
précise de la demande » 6. En outre, la Cour doit elle-même définir, sur
une base objective, l’objet du différend, en circonscrivant le véritable problème
en cause et en précisant l’objet de la demande 7. A cet effet, la Cour
examine le différend tel qu’il est formulé dans la requête, y compris le chef
de compétence invoqué par le demandeur, ainsi que les exposés écrits et
oraux des parties 8.
6 Obligation de négocier un accès à l’océan Pacifique (Bolivie c. Chili), exception préliminaire,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2015 (II), p. 602, par. 25 ; Application de la convention internationale
pour la répression du financement du terrorisme et de la convention internationale sur
l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie),
exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2019 (II), p. 575, par. 24.
7 Obligation de négocier un accès à l’océan Pacifique (Bolivie c. Chili), exception préliminaire,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2015 (II), p. 602, par. 26.
8 Voir ibid., p. 602‑603, par. 26 : « [L]a Cour se fonde sur la requête, ainsi que sur les
exposés écrits et oraux des parties. Elle tient notamment compte des faits que le demandeur
invoque à l’appui de sa demande (voir Essais nucléaires (Australie c. France), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 263, par. 30 ; Essais nucléaires (Nouvelle-Zélande
c. France), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 467, par. 31 ; Compétence en matière de pêcheries (Espagne c. Canada),
compétence de la Cour, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 449, par. 31 ; p. 449‑450, par. 33). »
123 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
56
12. Taking into account the dispute as formulated in Qatar’s Application,
the object of Qatar’s claims, the jurisdictional basis upon which
those claims are based, and the written and oral pleadings of the Parties,
the subject‑matter of the dispute is whether the UAE by taking the measures
that it did on 5 June 2017 and subsequently, against Qatar and
Qataris, violated its obligations under the CERD.
B. Whether the Dispute Falls within the Scope
Ratione Materiae of the CERD
13. In order to determine whether or not the dispute in the present case
concerns the interpretation or application of the CERD, the Court must
determine whether the acts complained of by Qatar (namely, the measures
taken by the UAE on 5 June 2017 against Qataris living in the
UAE) fall within the scope ratione materiae of Article 1, paragraph 1, of
the CERD; or alternatively, whether those acts fall outside the scope of
the CERD by virtue of the exceptions stipulated in Article 1 paragraphs 2
or 3, as argued by the UAE.
14. The Court has stated in Oil Platforms 9 and in Certain Iranian
Assets 10 that, in order to determine the Court’s jurisdiction ratione materiae
under a jurisdictional clause concerning disputes relating to the interpretation
or application of a treaty, it is necessary to ascertain whether
the acts of which the applicant complains “fall within the provisions” of
the treaty containing the clause. At the jurisdictional stage of the proceedings,
a detailed examination by the Court of the alleged wrongful acts of
the respondent or of the plausibility of the applicant’s claims is not warranted.
The Court’s task, as reflected in Article 79 of the Rules of Court,
is to consider the questions of law and fact that are relevant to the objection
to its jurisdiction 11.
15. In the present case, the Court has already stated in its provisional
measures Order of 23 July 2018 that:
“27. In the Court’s view, the acts referred to by Qatar, in particular
the statement of 5 June 2017 — which allegedly targeted Qataris on
the basis of their national origin — whereby the UAE announced that
Qataris were to leave its territory within 14 days and that they would
9 Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Preliminary
Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), pp. 809‑810, para. 16.
10 Certain Iranian Assets (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2019 (I), p. 23, para. 36.
11 Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of
Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2019 (II), p. 584, paras. 57‑58.
application de la ciedr (op. diss. sebutinde) 123
56
12. Vu le différend tel qu’il est formulé dans la requête, l’objet des
demandes du Qatar, le chef de compétence sur lequel celles‑ci reposent,
ainsi que les exposés écrits et oraux des Parties, l’objet du différend réside
dans la question de savoir si les Emirats arabes unis, par les mesures qu’ils
ont prises le 5 juin 2017 et ultérieurement contre le Qatar et les Qatariens,
ont manqué aux obligations que leur impose la CIEDR.
B. Le différend entre-t-il dans le champ d’application
ratione materiae de la CIEDR ?
13. Pour pouvoir se prononcer sur la question de savoir si le différend
en l’espèce concerne ou non l’interprétation ou l’application de la CIEDR,
la Cour devait déterminer si les actes dont le Qatar tire grief (à savoir les
mesures mises en place par les Emirats arabes unis le 5 juin 2017 à l’encontre
des Qatariens résidant aux Emirats arabes unis) entrent dans
le champ d’application ratione materiae du paragraphe 1 de l’article premier
de la CIEDR ; ou, subsidiairement, si ces actes sortent du champ
d’application de la CIEDR par le jeu des exceptions prévues aux paragraphes
2 et 3 de l’article premier, comme le soutiennent les Emirats
arabes unis.
14. La Cour a déclaré, dans l’affaire des Plates‑formes pétrolières 9 et
dans celle relative à Certains actifs iraniens 10, que, pour déterminer si elle
a compétence ratione materiae au titre d’une clause compromissoire visant
les différends concernant l’interprétation ou l’application d’un traité, il lui
faut rechercher si les actes dont le demandeur tire grief « entrent dans les
prévisions » du traité contenant la clause. Au stade de la compétence, un
examen approfondi, par la Cour, des actes illicites reprochés au défendeur
ou de la plausibilité des griefs du demandeur ne se justifie pas. La tâche
de la Cour, telle que définie à l’article 79 de son Règlement, est d’examiner
les points de droit et de fait pertinents au regard de l’exception d’incompétence
soulevée 11.
15. En l’espèce, la Cour s’est déjà prononcée dans son ordonnance en
indication de mesures conservatoires dans les termes suivants :
« 27. De l’avis de la Cour, les actes dont le Qatar fait état, en particulier
l’annonce par les Emirats arabes unis, aux termes de la déclaration
du 5 juin 2017 — qui aurait ciblé les Qatariens au motif de
leur origine nationale —, selon laquelle les Qatariens devaient quitter
9 Plates-formes
pétrolières (République islamique d’Iran c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique),
exception préliminaire, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II), p. 809‑810, par. 16.
10 Certains actifs iraniens (République islamique d’Iran c. Etats-Unis d’Amérique),
exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2019 (I), p. 23, par. 36.
11 Application de la convention internationale pour la répression du financement du
terrorisme et de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination
raciale (Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2019 (II), p. 584, par. 57-58.
124 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
57
be prevented from entry, and the alleged restrictions that ensued,
including upon their right to marriage and choice of spouse, to education
as well as to medical care and to equal treatment before tribunals,
are capable of falling within the scope of CERD ratione materiae.
The Court considers that, while the Parties differ on the question
whether the expression ‘national . . . origin’ mentioned in Article 1,
paragraph 1, of CERD encompasses discrimination based on the
‘present nationality’ of the individual, the Court need not decide at
this stage of the proceedings, in view of what is stated above, which
of these diverging interpretations of the Convention is the correct one.
28. The Court finds that the above‑mentioned elements are sufficient
at this stage to establish the existence of a dispute between the
Parties concerning the interpretation or application of CERD.” 12
At this stage, I see no reason for the Court to depart from its earlier position.
C. Alternatively, whether Qatar’s Claims Fall outside the Scope of
the CERD by Virtue of the Exceptions Contemplated in Article 1,
Paragraphs 2 or 3
16. Article 1 (1) of the CERD defines “racial discrimination” to mean:
“any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race,
colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or
effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise,
on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms
in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public
life” (emphasis added).
17. Article 1 (2) of the CERD provides that the Convention:
“shall not apply to distinctions, exclusions, restrictions or preferences
made by a State Party to this Convention between citizens and
non‑citizens”.
18. Article 1 (3) of the CERD provides that:
“Nothing in this Convention may be interpreted as affecting in any
way the legal provisions of States Parties concerning nationality,
12 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July
2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 417, paras. 27‑28.
application de la ciedr (op. diss. sebutinde) 124
57
le territoire dans un délai de 14 jours avec interdiction d’y revenir, et
les restrictions présumées qui s’en sont suivies, notamment l’entrave
à l’exercice de leur droit de se marier et de choisir leur conjoint, leur
droit à l’éducation, leur droit aux soins médicaux et leur droit à un
traitement égal devant les tribunaux, sont susceptibles d’entrer dans
le champ d’application ratione materiae de la CIEDR. La Cour
considère que, si les Parties s’opposent sur le point de savoir si la
discrimination fondée sur l’« origine nationale », telle que visée au
paragraphe 1 de l’article premier de la CIEDR, englobe la discrimination
fondée sur la « nationalité actuelle » des intéressés, point n’est
besoin, au vu de ce qui précède, qu’elle décide à ce stade de la procédure
laquelle de ces interprétations divergentes de la convention est
correcte.
28. La Cour conclut que les éléments susmentionnés suffisent, à ce
stade, à établir l’existence entre les Parties d’un différend touchant
l’interprétation ou l’application de la CIEDR. » 12
Je ne vois aucune raison, au stade actuel de la procédure, qui justifie que
la Cour s’écarte de sa position antérieure.
C. Subsidiairement, les demandes du Qatar sortent-elles du champ
d’application de la CIEDR par le jeu des exceptions énoncées
aux paragraphes 2 ou 3 de l’article premier ?
16. Le paragraphe 1 de l’article premier de la convention définit la « discrimination
raciale » comme :
« toute distinction, exclusion, restriction ou préférence fondée sur la
race, la couleur, l’ascendance ou l’origine nationale ou ethnique, qui
a pour but ou pour effet de détruire ou de compromettre la reconnaissance,
la jouissance ou l’exercice, dans des conditions d’égalité,
des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales dans les domaines
politique, économique, social et culturel ou dans tout autre domaine
de la vie publique » (les italiques sont de moi).
17. Le paragraphe 2 de l’article premier dispose que la CIEDR
« ne s’applique pas aux distinctions, exclusions, restrictions ou préférences
établies par un Etat partie à la Convention selon qu’il s’agit de
ses ressortissants ou de non‑ressortissants ».
18. Le paragraphe 3 de l’article premier prévoit que
« [a]ucune disposition de la présente Convention ne peut être interprétée
comme affectant de quelque manière que ce soit les disposi-
12 Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale (Qatar c. Emirats arabes unis), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance
du 23 juillet 2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 417, par. 27 et 28.
125 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
58
citizenship or naturalization, provided that such provisions do not
discriminate against any particular nationality.”
19. The Court has stated in Ukraine v. Russia that in order to determine
whether it has jurisdiction ratione materiae under the CERD, it does
not need to satisfy itself that the measures of which the applicant complains
actually constitute “racial discrimination” within the meaning of
Article 1, paragraph 1, of the CERD; nor does the Court need to establish
if and to what extent, certain acts may be covered by Article 1, paragraphs
2 and 3, of the CERD. Both determinations concern issues of fact,
largely depending on evidence regarding the purpose or effect of the measures
alleged by the applicant, and are thus properly a matter for the
merits, should the case proceed to that stage. At the current stage of the
proceedings, the Court only needs to ascertain whether the measures
complained of by Qatar target a protected group on the basis of national
or ethnic origin and whether those measures are capable of negatively
affecting the enjoyment of rights protected under the Convention 13.
20. In the present case, Qatar maintains that Qataris are a protected
people of a distinct historical‑cultural national origin and has submitted
expert evidence to support this contention, which the UAE has not rebutted
14. Qatar further maintains that the measures taken by the Respondent
against its nationals “had the purpose and effect” of racial
discrimination of Qatari nationals within the meaning of Article 1, paragraph
1, of the CERD. This evidence should, of course, be examined and
verified on the merits, rather than at this jurisdictional stage of the proceedings.
In my view, there is a thin line between “Qatari national origin”
and “Qatari nationality or citizenship” and this line is particularly blurred
by the circumstances of the case. As earlier stated, the question of whether
or not the measures taken by the UAE against Qatar and Qataris on
5 June 2017 had “the purpose or effect of racial discrimination” within
the meaning of Article 1, paragraph 1, of the CERD, is a delicate and
complex one that can only be determined after a detailed examination of
the evidence and arguments of the Parties during the merits stage. In the
present Judgment, the majority simply carried out an academic discussion
of the terms “current nationality” and “national origin” but has clearly
not examined the detailed evidence adduced by the Applicant in support
13 Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of
Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2019 (II), p. 595, paras. 94‑95.
14 Memorial of Qatar, Vol. I, pp. 131‑134, paras. 3.96-3.100 and Vol. VI, Ann. 162,
Expert Report of Dr. J. E. Peterson of 9 April 2019, in which he documents the Qataris
as “a distinct people, as a group of individuals who belong to a long‑standing historical-cultural
community defined by a distinct heritage, particular family or tribal affiliations,
shared national traditions and culture, and geographic ties to the peninsular of Qatar”.
application de la ciedr (op. diss. sebutinde) 125
58
tions législatives des Etats parties à la Convention concernant la
nationalité, la citoyenneté ou la naturalisation, à condition que ces
dispositions ne soient pas discriminatoires à l’égard d’une nationalité
particulière ».
19. La Cour a dit, en l’affaire Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie, qu’aux
fins de déterminer si elle a compétence ratione materiae au titre de la
CIEDR, elle n’a pas besoin de s’assurer que les mesures dont le demandeur
tire grief constituent effectivement une « discrimination raciale » au
sens du paragraphe 1 de l’article premier de la convention ; elle n’a pas non
plus à établir si, et dans quelle mesure, certains actes pourraient être couverts
par les paragraphes 2 et 3 du même article. Ces deux questions
portent sur des points de fait, largement tributaires des éléments de preuve
relatifs au but ou à l’effet des mesures alléguées par le demandeur, et
relèvent donc de l’examen au fond, si l’affaire doit se poursuivre jusqu’à ce
stade. Au stade actuel de la présente procédure, la Cour devait seulement
déterminer si les mesures dont le Qatar tire grief ciblent un groupe protégé
sur la base de l’origine nationale ou ethnique et si elles sont susceptibles de
porter atteinte à la jouissance de droits protégés par la convention 13.
20. En la présente instance, le Qatar soutient que les Qatariens constituent
un peuple protégé ayant une origine nationale historico-culturelle
distincte et il a présenté des rapports d’experts à l’appui de cette affirmation,
que les Emirats arabes unis n’ont pas réfutés 14. Le Qatar fait également
valoir que les mesures prises par le défendeur à l’encontre de ses
ressortissants « ont eu pour but et pour effet » d’opérer une discrimination
raciale à l’égard des nationaux qatariens au sens du paragraphe 1 de l’article
premier de la CIEDR. De toute évidence, ces éléments de preuve
devaient faire l’objet d’un examen et d’une vérification au fond, plutôt
qu’au stade actuel de la procédure. Selon moi, la distinction est ténue
entre « origine nationale qatarienne » et « nationalité ou citoyenneté qatarienne
», et elle est rendue particulièrement floue par les circonstances de
l’espèce. Comme il a été dit précédemment, la question de savoir si les
mesures prises par les Emirats arabes unis contre le Qatar et les Qatariens
le 5 juin 2017 avaient ou non « pour but ou pour effet d’opérer une discrimination
raciale » au sens du paragraphe 1 de l’article premier de la
CIEDR est délicate et complexe, et ne peut être tranchée qu’après un
examen minutieux des éléments de preuve et des arguments avancés par
les Parties, au stade du fond. Dans le présent arrêt, la majorité s’est bor-
13 Application de la convention internationale pour la répression du financement du
terrorisme et de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discri-
mination raciale (Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2019 (II), p. 595, par. 94 et 95.
14 Mémoire du Qatar, vol. I, p. 131-134, par. 3.96-3.100, et vol. VI, annexe 162, rapport
d’expert de M. J. E. Peterson en date du 9 avril 2019, contenant une description documentée
des Qatariens, « peuple distinct … groupe de personnes qui appartiennent à une
communauté historico-culturelle
existant de longue date, définie par un héritage distinct,
des appartenances familiales ou tribales particulières, des traditions nationales et une
culture partagées, et des liens géographiques avec la péninsule du Qatar ».
126 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
59
of its claim of “indirect discrimination” before reaching the conclusion in
paragraphs 113 and 114 of the Judgment.
21. At an earlier stage of these proceedings, the Court, when examining
the plausibility of the rights claimed by Qatar, noted that:
“on the basis of the evidence presented to it by the Parties, . . . the
measures adopted by the UAE on 5 June 2017 appear to have targeted
only Qataris and not other non‑citizens residing in the UAE. Furthermore,
the measures were directed to all Qataris residing in the UAE,
regardless of individual circumstances. Therefore, it appears that
some of the acts of which Qatar complains may constitute acts of
racial discrimination as defined by the Convention. Consequently, the
Court finds that at least some of the rights asserted by Qatar under
Article 5 of CERD are plausible. This is the case, for example, with
respect to the alleged racial discrimination in the enjoyment of rights
such as the right to marriage and to choice of spouse, the right to
education, as well as freedom of movement, and access to justice.” 15
22. At this jurisdictional stage of the proceedings, I see no reason to
depart from the Court’s earlier finding that at least some of the acts of
which Qatar complains are capable of constituting acts of racial discrimination
as defined by the Convention. Qatar’s claims therefore fall within
the scope ratione materiae of CERD. In this regard, I am of the considered
view that the approach of the majority whereby the jurisdiction ratione
materiae of the Court turns on a theoretical definition or analysis of
the term “national origin” without taking into account the facts and evidence
adduced by Qatar in support of its claims (see paragraphs 75
to 105) is not in the interests of justice. Similarly, the issues discussed in
paragraphs 109 to 110 pertaining to the measures that Qatar characterizes
as “indirect discrimination” are issues that should have been properly
examined during the merits stage in light of the facts, evidence and arguments
of the Parties, before drawing the conclusion that these claims fall
outside the scope ratione materiae of the Court’s jurisdiction.
23. Regarding the UAE’s preliminary objection based on its argument
that Qatar’s claims fall under the exceptions stipulated under Article 1 (2)
15 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July
2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 427, para. 54.
application de la ciedr (op. diss. sebutinde) 126
59
née à mener un débat académique sur les termes « nationalité actuelle » et
« origine nationale » et n’a manifestement pas examiné les éléments de
preuve détaillés produits par le demandeur à l’appui de son grief de « discrimination
indirecte » avant de parvenir à la conclusion énoncée aux
paragraphes 113 et 114.
21. A un stade antérieur de la procédure, alors qu’elle examinait la
plausibilité des droits revendiqués par le Qatar, la Cour avait noté ce qui
suit :
« au vu des éléments de preuve que les Parties ont produits … les
mesures adoptées par les Emirats arabes unis le 5 juin 2017 visaient
uniquement les Qatariens et non les autres non-ressortissants
résidant
sur le territoire des Emirats arabes unis. [La Cour] observe également
que ces mesures étaient dirigées à l’encontre de tous les
Qatariens résidant aux Emirats arabes unis, sans considération de la
situation individuelle des personnes concernées. Il appert donc que
certains des actes dont le Qatar tire grief peuvent constituer des actes
de discrimination raciale au sens de la convention. En conséquence,
la Cour conclut qu’au moins certains des droits revendiqués par le
Qatar au titre de l’article 5 de la CIEDR sont plausibles. Tel est le
cas, par exemple, s’agissant de la discrimination raciale prétendument
subie dans l’exercice de droits tels que le droit de se marier et
de choisir son conjoint, le droit à l’éducation, ainsi que le droit à la
liberté de circulation et le droit d’accès à la justice. » 15
22. Au stade actuel de la compétence, je ne vois aucune raison de
s’écarter de la conclusion antérieure de la Cour, selon laquelle au moins
certains des actes dont le Qatar tire grief sont susceptibles de constituer
des actes de discrimination raciale au sens de la CIEDR. Les demandes
du Qatar entrent donc dans le champ d’application ratione materiae de la
convention. A cet égard, je suis d’avis, après mûre réflexion, que l’approche
adoptée par la majorité, qui revient à subordonner la compétence
ratione materiae de la Cour à une définition ou à une analyse théorique de
l’expression « origine nationale » sans prendre en considération les faits et
éléments de preuve présentés par le Qatar pour étayer ses demandes (voir
les paragraphes 71 à 105), ne sert pas les intérêts de la justice. De la même
façon, les questions examinées aux paragraphes 109 et 110 concernant les
mesures que le Qatar qualifie de « discrimination indirecte » sont des questions
qu’il convenait d’examiner au stade du fond, à la lumière des faits,
des éléments de preuve et des arguments des Parties, avant de pouvoir
conclure que les demandes du Qatar excèdent la portée ratione materiae
de la compétence de la Cour.
23. Pour ce qui concerne l’exception préliminaire soulevée par les Emirats
arabes unis au motif que les griefs du Qatar relèvent des exceptions
15 Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale (Qatar c. Emirats arabes unis), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance
du 23 juillet 2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 427, par. 54.
127 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
60
and therefore outside the scope ratione materiae of the CERD, I am of
the considered view that this objection does not possess an exclusively
preliminary character and can only be properly determined after a detailed
examination of the evidence during the merits stage.
24. This brings me to the second preliminary objection of the UAE,
namely that Qatar did not fulfil the procedural requirements of Article 22
of the CERD before seising the Court.
D. Whether Qatar Fulfilled the Procedural Requirements
of Article 22 of the CERD or, Alternatively, whether the Parties Agreed
to another Mode of Settling Their Dispute, before Seising the Court
25. In order to answer this question, the Court must address whether
Qatar satisfied one of the procedural requirements stipulated in Article 22
before seising the Court. Alternatively, in the event that Qatar chose more
than one mode of dispute settlement (namely, negotiations, CERD procedures
and judicial settlement), the Court must determine whether the
Applicant is obliged to exhaust negotiations and the CERD procedures
before seising the Court.
26. Both Parties agree that the Court’s jurisdiction pursuant to Article
22 of the CERD is limited to disputes “not settled by negotiation or by
the procedures expressly provided for in [the] Convention”. The Parties
also agree that they have not agreed to “another mode of [dispute] settlement”.
It is settled jurisprudence in Ukraine v. Russia that the preconditions
referred to in Article 22 are in the alternative and are not
cumulative 16. The Court in that case stated as follows:
“110. The Court therefore considers that ‘negotiation’ and the ‘procedures
expressly provided for in [the] Convention’ are two means to
achieve the same objective, namely to settle a dispute by agreement.
Both negotiation and the CERD Committee procedure rest on the
States parties’ willingness to seek an agreed settlement of their dispute.
It follows that should negotiation and the CERD Committee
procedure be considered cumulative, States would have to try to negotiate
an agreed solution to their dispute and, after negotiation has not
been successful, take the matter before the CERD Committee for
further negotiation, again in order to reach an agreed solution. The
16 Application of the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of
Terrorism and of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2019 (II), pp. 599‑600, paras. 110‑113.
application de la ciedr (op. diss. sebutinde) 127
60
prévues au paragraphe 2 de l’article premier et qu’ils n’entrent donc pas
dans le champ d’application ratione materiae de la CIEDR, ma position
mûrement réfléchie est par conséquent que cette exception n’a pas un
caractère exclusivement préliminaire et qu’elle ne peut être dûment tranchée
qu’après un examen détaillé des éléments de preuve au stade du
fond.
24. J’en viens maintenant à la deuxième exception préliminaire soulevée
par les Emirats arabes unis, à savoir que le Qatar n’a pas satisfait aux
exigences procédurales prévues par l’article 22 de la CIEDR avant de saisir
la Cour.
D. Le Qatar s’est-il conformé aux exigences procédurales de l’article 22
de la CIEDR ou, subsidiairement, les Parties ont-elles convenu d’un autre
mode de règlement de leur différend avant de le porter devant la Cour ?
25. Afin de répondre à cette question, la Cour doit rechercher si le
Qatar a satisfait à l’une des conditions procédurales énoncées à l’article 22
avant de saisir la Cour. Subsidiairement, dans l’éventualité où le Qatar
aurait opté pour plusieurs modes de règlement (négociations, procédures
prévues par la CIEDR et règlement judiciaire), la Cour doit déterminer si,
préalablement à sa saisine, le demandeur était tenu d’épuiser les voies de
négociation et les procédures prévues par la CIEDR.
26. Les deux Parties admettent que la compétence conférée à la Cour
par l’article 22 de la CIEDR se limite aux différends « qui n’aur[ont] pas
été réglé[s] par voie de négociation ou au moyen des procédures expressément
prévues par ladite Convention ». Elles reconnaissent également
n’avoir pas convenu d’« un autre mode de règlement ». Selon la jurisprudence
établie par l’affaire Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie, les conditions
préalables énoncées à l’article 22 forment une alternative et ne sont pas
cumulatives 16. Dans cette instance-là, la Cour s’était prononcée en ces
termes :
« 110. La Cour estime dès lors que la « négociation » et les « procédures
expressément prévues par [la] Convention » constituent deux
moyens de parvenir au même objectif, à savoir le règlement d’un différend
par voie d’accord. La négociation et la procédure sous les auspices
du Comité reposent l’une et l’autre sur la volonté des Etats
parties de rechercher un accord pour régler leur différend. Il s’ensuit
que, si elles devaient être tenues pour des conditions cumulatives, les
Etats devraient tenter de négocier en vue de convenir d’un règlement
de leur différend puis, après l’échec de leurs négociations, porter la
question devant le Comité en vue d’engager une nouvelle négociation
16 Application de la convention internationale pour la répression du financement du
terrorisme et de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discri-
mination raciale (Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2019 (II), p. 599‑600, par. 110‑113.
128 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
61
Court considers that the context of Article 22 of CERD does not
support this interpretation. In the view of the Court, the context of
Article 22 rather indicates that it would not be reasonable to require
States parties which have already failed to reach an agreed settlement
through negotiations to engage in an additional set of negotiations in
accordance with the modalities set out in Articles 11 to 13 of CERD.
111. The Court considers that Article 22 of CERD must also be
interpreted in light of the object and purpose of the Convention. Article
2, paragraph 1, of CERD provides that States parties to CERD
undertake to eliminate racial discrimination ‘without delay’. Articles
4 and 7 provide that States parties undertake to eradicate incitement
to racial discrimination and to combat prejudices leading to
racial discrimination by adopting ‘immediate and positive measures’
and ‘immediate and effective measures’ respectively. The preamble to
CERD further emphasizes the States’ resolve to adopt all measures
for eliminating racial discrimination ‘speedily’. The Court considers
that these provisions show the States parties’ aim to eradicate all
forms of racial discrimination effectively and promptly. In the Court’s
view, the achievement of such aims could be rendered more difficult
if the procedural preconditions under Article 22 were cumulative.
112. The Court notes that both Parties rely on the travaux préparatoires
of CERD in support of their respective arguments concerning
the alternative or cumulative character of the procedural preconditions
under Article 22 of the Convention. Since the alternative character
of the procedural preconditions is sufficiently clear from an
interpretation of the ordinary meaning of the terms of Article 22 in
their context, and in light of the object and purpose of the Convention,
the Court is of the view that there is no need for it to examine
the travaux préparatoires of CERD.
113. The Court concludes that Article 22 of CERD imposes alternative
preconditions to the Court’s jurisdiction. Since the dispute
between the Parties was not referred to the CERD Committee, the
Court will only examine whether the Parties attempted to negotiate a
settlement to their dispute.”
27. In the present case, the Parties did pursue the procedures before the
CERD Committee and the Conciliation Commission pursuant to Articles
11 to 13 of the CERD. The question is therefore whether Qatar
should have exhausted the preconditions of bilateral negotiations and of
conciliation before the CERD Committee, before resorting to judicial
settlement.
28. It will also be recalled that Qatar founded the Court’s jurisdiction
on the basis of the failed bilateral negotiations envisaged under Article 22,
rather than on the exhaustion of the CERD procedures initiated by Qatar
application de la ciedr (op. diss. sebutinde) 128
61
visant, là encore, à convenir d’un règlement. La Cour estime que
pareille interprétation n’est pas étayée par le contexte de l’article 22
de la CIEDR, dont il ressort plutôt qu’il ne serait pas raisonnable
d’imposer aux Etats parties ayant déjà échoué dans leur tentative de
règlement par voie de négociation d’engager une nouvelle série de
négociations conformément aux modalités prévues aux articles 11
à 13 de la CIEDR.
111. La Cour estime que l’article 22 de la CIEDR doit également
être interprété à la lumière de l’objet et du but de la convention. Au
paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de la CIEDR, les Etats parties s’engagent
à éliminer la discrimination raciale « sans retard ». Aux articles 4 et 7,
ils s’engagent à éliminer toute incitation à la discrimination raciale et
à lutter contre les préjugés conduisant à une telle discrimination en
adoptant « immédiatement des mesures positives », selon la première
de ces dispositions, et des « mesures immédiates et efficaces », aux
termes de la seconde. Le préambule de la CIEDR met encore en
exergue la détermination des Etats à prendre toutes les mesures nécessaires
pour l’élimination « rapide » de la discrimination raciale. La
Cour considère, au regard de ces dispositions, que les Etats parties
avaient pour objectif d’éliminer effectivement et rapidement toutes les
formes de discrimination raciale. Or un tel objectif pourrait, de l’avis
de la Cour, être plus difficile à atteindre si les conditions procédurales
préalables énoncées à l’article 22 étaient cumulatives.
112. La Cour relève que les deux Parties invoquent les travaux
préparatoires de la CIEDR à l’appui de leurs arguments respectifs
concernant le caractère alternatif ou cumulatif des conditions procédurales
préalables énoncées à l’article 22 de cet instrument. Le caractère
alternatif des conditions procédurales préalables ressortant
suffisamment clairement de l’interprétation du sens ordinaire des
termes de l’article 22 lus dans leur contexte et à la lumière de l’objet
et du but de la convention, la Cour est d’avis que point n’est besoin
pour elle d’examiner les travaux préparatoires de la CIEDR.
113. La Cour conclut que l’article 22 de la CIEDR subordonne sa
compétence au respect de conditions préalables de caractère alternatif.
Le Comité de la CIEDR n’ayant pas été saisi du différend entre
les Parties, la Cour recherchera seulement si celles-
ci ont tenté d’en
négocier le règlement. »
27. Dans la présente instance, les Parties ont bien engagé les procédures
devant le Comité et la commission de conciliation prévues par les
articles 11 et 13 de la CIEDR. La question est donc de savoir si le Qatar
aurait d’abord dû épuiser, comme condition préalable, les voies des négociations
bilatérales et de la conciliation devant le Comité avant de recourir
au règlement judiciaire.
28. Il est également rappelé que le Qatar a fondé la compétence de la
Cour sur l’échec des négociations bilatérales visées à l’article 22, et non
sur l’épuisement de la procédure prévue à l’article 11 qu’il a initiée le
129 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
62
on 8 March 2018 17 pursuant to Article 11. Regarding the precondition of
bilateral negotiations, the Court has in the present case already found in
its provisional measures Order of 23 July 2018 as follows:
“37. The Court notes that it has not been challenged by the Parties
that issues relating to the measures taken by the UAE in June 2017
have been raised by representatives of Qatar on several occasions in
international fora, including at the United Nations, in the presence
of representatives of the UAE. For example, during the thirty‑seventh
session of the United Nations Human Rights Council in February
2018, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Qatar referred to ‘the
violations of human rights caused by the unjust blockade and the
unilateral coercive measures imposed on [his] country that have been
confirmed by the . . . report of the Office of the United Nations High
Commissioner for Human Rights Technical Mission’, while the
UAE — along with Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and Egypt — issued a joint
statement ‘in response to [the] remarks’ made by the Minister for
Foreign Affairs of Qatar.
38. The Court further notes that, in a letter dated 25 April 2018
and addressed to the Minister of State for Foreign Affairs of the UAE,
the Minister of State for Foreign Affairs of Qatar referred to the
alleged violations of CERD arising from the measures taken by the
UAE beginning on 5 June 2017 and stated that ‘it [was] necessary to
enter into negotiations in order to resolve these violations and the
effects thereof within no more than two weeks’. The Court considers
that the letter contained an offer by Qatar to negotiate with the UAE
with regard to the latter’s compliance with its substantive obligations
under CERD. In light of the foregoing, and given the fact that the
UAE did not respond to that formal invitation to negotiate, the Court
is of the view that the issues raised in the present case had not been
resolved by negotiations at the time of the filing of the Application.” 18
29. Qatar clearly satisfied the precondition of bilateral negotiation
before seising the Court. In view of the above, the Court should determine
whether in fact Qatar was obliged to exhaust the other procedures
expressly provided for in the Convention before seising the Court.
17 On 8 March 2018, Qatar filed a communication with the CERD Committee
requesting that the UAE take all necessary steps to end the measures enacted and implemented
since 5 June 2017 (see paragraph 31 of the Judgment).
18 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July
2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), p. 420, paras. 37‑38.
application de la ciedr (op. diss. sebutinde) 129
62
8 mars 2018 17. Pour ce qui est de la condition de négociations bilatérales
préalables, la Cour a, en l’espèce, déjà conclu ce qui suit dans son ordonnance
en indication de mesures conservatoires :
« 37. La Cour note que les Parties n’ont pas contesté que des questions
relatives aux mesures que les Emirats arabes unis ont prises au
mois de juin 2017 ont été soulevées par des représentants du Qatar à
plusieurs reprises dans des enceintes internationales, y compris
l’Organisation
des Nations Unies, en présence de représentants des
Emirats arabes unis. Ainsi, au cours de la trente-septième
session du
Conseil des droits de l’homme des Nations Unies, en février 2018, le
ministre qatarien des affaires étrangères s’est référé aux « violations
des droits de l’homme causées par le blocus injuste et les mesures
coercitives unilatérales imposées à [son] pays, qui ont été confirmées
par le … rapport de la mission technique du Haut-Commissariat
des
Nations Unies aux droits de l’homme », et les Emirats arabes unis
ont, de concert avec Bahreïn, l’Arabie saoudite et l’Egypte, publié
une déclaration conjointe « en réponse aux observations » formulées
par le ministre qatarien.
38. La Cour observe en outre que, dans une lettre datée du 25 avril
2018 et adressée au ministre d’Etat des affaires étrangères des Emirats
arabes unis, le ministre d’Etat des affaires étrangères du Qatar,
se référant aux violations alléguées résultant des mesures prises par
les Emirats arabes unis à partir du 5 juin 2017, a déclaré qu’« il [était]
nécessaire d’engager des négociations afin de mettre un terme à ces
violations et à leurs effets dans un délai ne dépassant pas deux
semaines ». Elle considère que cette lettre contenait une offre du
Qatar de négocier avec les Emirats arabes unis au sujet du respect,
par ces derniers, des obligations de fond que leur impose la CIEDR.
Au vu de ce qui précède, et étant donné que le défendeur n’a pas
répondu à cette invitation formelle de négocier, la Cour est d’avis
que les questions soulevées en la présente espèce n’avaient pas pu
être réglées par voie de négociation au moment du dépôt de la
requête. » 18
29. Il est clair que le Qatar a satisfait à la condition de négociations
bilatérales préalables avant de saisir la Cour. Au vu de ce qui précède, la
Cour devait déterminer si le Qatar avait effectivement l’obligation d’épuiser
les autres procédures expressément prévues par la CIEDR.
17 Le 8 mars 2018, le Qatar a soumis au Comité pour l’élimination de la discrimination
raciale une communication par laquelle il demandait que les Emirats arabes unis prennent
toutes les dispositions nécessaires pour mettre un terme aux mesures adoptées et appliquées
depuis le 5 juin 2017 (voir le paragraphe 31 de l’arrêt).
18 Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale (Qatar c. Emirats arabes unis), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance
du 23 juillet 2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 420, par. 37-38.
130 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
63
E. Whether Qatar Was Obligated to Exhaust the Conciliation
Commission Procedures before Seising the Court
30. It is not disputed that Qatar referred its claims against the UAE to
the CERD Committee before seising the Court. The CERD Committee
in turn referred the Parties’ dispute to the Conciliation Commission and
to date the processes before that Commission are ongoing and have not
been concluded. Both Parties claim that they are fully engaged in those
processes “in good faith”. Unlike the bilateral negotiations referred to in
the earlier part of Article 22 of the CERD, the procedures before the
Conciliation Commission are tripartite and conciliatory. In its oral arguments,
the UAE maintained that Qatar was obligated to first exhaust the
processes before the Conciliation Commission before seising the Court.
Citing the principles of lis pendens 19 and electa una via 20, the UAE argues
that there remains the possibility of the two processes (conciliation and
judicial settlement) yielding contradictory outcomes, and that therefore
Qatar should have waited “to determine whether or not the Conciliation
Commission procedures had resulted in a settlement of the dispute”
before pursuing judicial settlement 21.
31. The wording of Article 22 of the CERD does not expressly require
a party to exhaust the CERD procedures before that party can unilaterally
seise the Court. The wording of that Article cannot be compared, for
example, to Article IV of the Pact of Bogotá, which provides that: “Once
any pacific procedure had been initiated, whether by agreement between
the parties or in fulfillment of the present Treaty or a previous pact, no
other procedure may be commenced until that procedure is concluded.”
(Emphasis added.)
32. Both Parties acknowledge that the CERD Committee and the proceedings
before the Court have related but fundamentally distinct roles
relating to resolving disputes between States parties to the CERD. The
Committee’s role is conciliatory and recommendatory, while that of the
Court is legal and binding. Accordingly, there is nothing incompatible
about Qatar pursuing the two procedures in parallel.
33. Furthermore, the Court stated in its provisional measures Order of
23 July 2018, regarding the second precondition of “other procedures
expressly provided for in the Convention” as follows:
“39. . . . It is recalled that, according to Article 11 of the Convention,
‘[if] a State Party considers that another State Party is not giving
19 Meaning “a doctrine under which one purchasing an interest in property involved in
a pending suit does so subject to the adjudication of the rights of the parties to the suit”.
20 Meaning “he who has chosen one means of dispute settlement, cannot have recourse
to another”.
21 CR 2020/6, pp. 53‑67, paras. 1-32 (Forteau).
application de la ciedr (op. diss. sebutinde) 130
63
E. Le Qatar était-il tenu d’épuiser les procédures
devant la commission de conciliation avant de saisir la Cour ?
30. Il n’est pas contesté que le Qatar a porté devant le Comité de la
CIEDR, avant de les soumettre à la Cour, ses griefs à l’égard des Emirats
arabes unis. Le Comité a, à son tour, renvoyé le différend opposant les
Parties à la commission de conciliation et, à ce jour, cette procédure est
toujours en cours. Les Parties affirment toutes deux qu’elles y participent
pleinement et « de bonne foi ». Contrairement aux négociations bilatérales
auxquelles il est fait référence au début de l’article 22 de la CIEDR, les
procédures devant la commission de conciliation sont tripartites et conciliatoires.
Dans leurs plaidoiries, les Emirats arabes unis ont soutenu que
le Qatar avait l’obligation d’épuiser d’abord les procédures devant la
commission avant toute saisine de la Cour. Invoquant la litispendance 19
et le principe electa una via 20, ils ont fait valoir que la possibilité demeurait
que les deux voies (conciliation et règlement judiciaire) débouchent
sur des conclusions contradictoires et que, partant, le Qatar aurait dû
attendre « de savoir si ces procédures [avaient] ou non permis de régler [l]e
différend » avant de rechercher un règlement judiciaire 21.
31. Le texte de l’article 22 de la CIEDR ne requiert pas expressément
qu’une partie ait épuisé les procédures prévues par la convention pour
pouvoir saisir unilatéralement la Cour. Le libellé de cette disposition ne
peut être comparé, par exemple, à l’article IV du pacte de Bogotá, qui
dispose que, « [l]orsque l’une des procédures pacifiques [a] été entamée,
soit en vertu d’un accord entre les parties, soit en exécution du présent
Traité, ou d’un pacte antérieur, il ne p[eut] être recouru à aucune autre
avant l’épuisement de celle déjà entamée » (les italiques sont de moi).
32. Les deux Parties reconnaissent que le Comité de la CIEDR et la
procédure devant la Cour ont des rôles liés mais fondamentalement différents
s’agissant de résoudre des différends entre des Etats parties à la
convention. Le Comité oeuvre à la conciliation et émet des recommandations,
tandis que la Cour rend des décisions de nature juridique et contraignante.
Par conséquent, ces deux procédures peuvent être suivies en
parallèle par le Qatar sans être incompatibles.
33. En outre, dans son ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires,
au sujet de la seconde condition ayant trait aux « procédures
expressément prévues par la convention », la Cour a déclaré ce qui suit :
« 39. La Cour … rappelle que, aux termes de l’article 11 de cet instrument,
« [s]i un Etat partie estime qu’un autre Etat également par-
19 Principe qui veut que quiconque acquiert des intérêts dans un bien faisant l’objet
d’une procédure judiciaire pendante le fait sous réserve de la décision qui sera rendue sur
les droits des parties à la ladite procédure.
20 Principe qui veut que quiconque a opté pour un mode donné de règlement d’un différend
ne peut en utiliser un autre.
21 CR 2020/6, p. 53‑67, par. 1-32 (Forteau).
131 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
64
effect to the provisions of this Convention’, the matter may be brought
to the attention of the CERD Committee. The Court notes that Qatar
deposited, on 8 March 2018, a communication with the CERD Committee
under Article 11 of the Convention. It observes, however, that
Qatar does not rely on this communication for the purposes of showing
prima facie jurisdiction in the present case. Although the Parties disagree
as to whether negotiations and recourse to the procedures referred
to in Article 22 of CERD constitute alternative or cumulative preconditions
to be fulfilled before the seisin of the Court, the Court is of
the view that it need not make a pronouncement on the issue at this
stage of the proceedings (see Application of the International Convention
for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism and of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Ukraine v. Russian Federation), Provisional Measures,
Order of 19 April 2017, I.C.J. Reports 2017, pp. 125‑126,
para. 60). Nor does it consider it necessary, for the present purposes,
to decide whether any electa una via principle or lis pendens exception
are applicable in the present situation.
40. The Court thus finds, in view of all the foregoing, that the procedural
preconditions under Article 22 of CERD for its seisin appear,
at this stage, to have been complied with.” 22 (Emphasis added.)
34. In my view therefore, Qatar was not obligated to exhaust the Conciliation
Commission processes before seising the Court. I would therefore
dismiss the second preliminary objection of the UAE. This brings
me to the third preliminary objection of the UAE, namely whether
Qatar’s claims are inadmissible on grounds of alleged abuse of process
by Qatar.
F. Whether Qatar’s Claims Are Inadmissible on the Grounds that
Qatar Has Committed Abuse of Process
35. During the oral proceedings the UAE abandoned its third preliminary
objection pertaining to “abuse of process” 23. However, according to
the Court’s well‑established jurisprudence, a claim based upon a valid
title of jurisdiction cannot be challenged on grounds of “abuse of process”
unless the high threshold of “exceptional circumstances” has been
met. In my view, Qatar’s alleged abuse of process should not be easily
assumed in the absence of clear proof of any exceptional circumstances
22 Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Qatar v. United Arab Emirates), Provisional Measures, Order of 23 July
2018, I.C.J. Reports 2018 (II), pp. 420‑421, paras. 39-40.
23 Oral argument by Sir Daniel Bethlehem.
application de la ciedr (op. diss. sebutinde) 131
64
tie n’applique pas les dispositions de la présente convention », il peut
appeler l’attention du Comité pour l’élimination de la discrimination
raciale sur la question. La Cour note que le Qatar a, le 8 mars 2018,
adressé au Comité une communication au titre de l’article 11 de la
convention. Elle observe toutefois que le demandeur ne se fonde pas
sur cette communication aux fins de démontrer que la Cour a compétence
prima facie en la présente espèce. Quoique les Parties soient en
désaccord sur le point de savoir si les négociations et le recours aux
procédures visées à l’article 22 de la CIEDR constituent des conditions
préalables alternatives ou cumulatives auxquelles il doit être
satisfait avant toute saisine de la Cour, cette dernière est d’avis
qu’elle n’a pas à se prononcer sur cette question à ce stade de la procédure
(voir Application de la convention internationale pour la répression
du financement du terrorisme et de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Ukraine
c. Fédération de Russie), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance du
19 avril 2017, C.I.J. Recueil 2017, p. 125‑126, par. 60). La Cour n’estime
pas non plus nécessaire, aux fins du présent examen, de déterminer
si un principe electa una via ou une exception de litispendance
seraient applicables dans le cas d’espèce.
40. Au vu de l’ensemble des éléments exposés ci-
dessus,
la Cour
estime que les conditions procédurales préalables à sa saisine énoncées
à l’article 22 de la CIEDR apparaissent, à ce stade, avoir été
remplies. » 22 (Les italiques sont de moi.)
34. J’estime par conséquent que le Qatar n’était pas tenu d’épuiser les
procédures devant la commission de conciliation avant de saisir la Cour.
J’aurais donc rejeté la deuxième exception préliminaire des Emirats arabes
unis. Cela m’amène à la troisième exception préliminaire des Emirats
arabes unis, autrement dit à la question de savoir si les demandes du
Qatar sont irrecevables parce que celui-
ci aurait commis un abus de procédure.
F. Les demandes du Qatar sont-elles irrecevables
pour abus de procédure ?
35. A l’audience, les Emirats arabes unis ont renoncé à leur troisième
exception préliminaire relative à un « abus de procédure » 23. Quoi qu’il en
soit, selon la jurisprudence bien établie de la Cour, une demande fondée
sur un titre de compétence valable ne peut être contestée pour « abus de
procédure » que dans des « circonstances exceptionnelles », ce qui est un
critère exigeant. Selon moi, il ne faut pas présumer à la légère que le Qatar
a commis un abus de procédure en l’absence d’éléments prouvant claire-
22 Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de
discrimination raciale (Qatar c. Emirats arabes unis), mesures conservatoires, ordonnance
du 23 juillet 2018, C.I.J. Recueil 2018 (II), p. 420‑421, par. 39-40.
23 Plaidoirie de sir Daniel Bethlehem.
132 application of the cerd (diss. op. sebutinde)
65
pointing to such abuse. Qatar’s claims are admissible and the third preliminary
objection should have been rejected.
IV. Conclusion
36. In conclusion, the first preliminary objection of the UAE does not
possess an exclusively preliminary character and should be joined to the
merits. The second and third preliminary objections of the UAE should
be dismissed and the Court should find that it has jurisdiction and that
Qatar’s claims are admissible.
(Signed) Julia Sebutinde.
application de la ciedr (op. diss. sebutinde) 132
65
ment que des circonstances exceptionnelles permettent de conclure à un
tel abus. Les demandes du Qatar sont recevables et la troisième exception
préliminaire aurait dû être rejetée.
IV. Conclusion
36. En conclusion, la première exception préliminaire des Emirats
arabes unis n’a pas un caractère exclusivement préliminaire et aurait dû
être jointe au fond. La Cour aurait dû rejeter les deuxième et troisième
exceptions préliminaires des Emirats arabes unis et conclure qu’elle a
compétence et que les demandes du Qatar sont recevables.
(Signé) Julia Sebutinde.

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Dissenting opinion of Judge Sebutinde

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