Volume II (Annexes 1-19)

Document Number
174-20190729-WRI-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
174-20190729-WRI-01-00-EN
Document File

INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
APPEAL RELATING TO THE JURISDICTION OF THE ICAO
COUNCIL UNDER ARTICLE II, SECTION 2, OF THE 1944
INTERNATIONAL AIR SERVICES TRANSIT AGREEMENT
THE KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN,
THE ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT,
AND THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
v.
THE STATE OF QATAR
REJOINDER OF THE STATE OF QATAR
VOLUME II
29 JULY 2019

ICAO CORRESPONDENCE AND DOCUMENTS
Annex 1 ICAO Council, 19th Session, Working Paper: Report to Council of the
Working Group on Rules for Settlement of Differences, ICAO Doc.
C-WP/1457 (13 Mar. 1953)
Annex 2 International Air Services Transit Agreement (7 Dec. 1944) (entry into
force: 30 Jan. 1945), Trilingual Version, ICAO Doc. 7500 (1954)
Annex 3 Convention on International Civil Aviation (7 Dec. 1944) (entry into
force: 4 Apr. 1947), Quadrilingual Version, ICAO Doc. 7300/9 (9th ed.
2006)
Annex 4 Email from Olumuyiwa Benard Aliu, President of the ICAO Council, to
All Council Delegations (19 June 2017)
Annex 5 Letter from Abdulla Nasser Turki Al-Subaey, President of Qatar Civil
Aviation Authority, to Dr. Olumuyiwa Benard Aliu, President of ICAO
Council (20 Feb. 2019)
QATARI GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS
Annex 6 Qatar Civil Aviation Authority, Air Navigation Department, Reply to
Conclusion 17/19 MIDANPIRG/17, Assessment of Contingency Routes
(7 July 2019)
PRESS ARTICLES
Annex 7 “Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques welcomes Islamic personalities
and heads of Hajj delegations at the annual reception in Mina”, Al Riyadh
(28 Oct. 2012), available at http://www.alriyadh.com/779832#
Annex 8 David D. Kirkpatrick, “Journalist Joins His Jailer’s Side in a Bizarre
Persian Gulf Feud”, The New York Times (1 July 2017), available at
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/01/world/middleeast/qatar-egyptunited-
arab-emirates-mohamed-fahmy.html
VOLUME II
ANNEXES
Annex 9 J. Malsin & S. Said, “Saudi Arabia Promised Support to Libyan Warlord in
Push to Seize Tripoli”, The Wall Street Journal (12 Apr. 2019), available
at https://www.wsj.com/articles/saudi-arabia-promised-support-tolibyan-
warlord-in-push-to-seize-tripoli-11555077600
Annex 10 Patrick Wintour, “Libya crisis: Egypt’s Sisi backs Haftar assault on Tripoli”,
The Guardian (14 Apr. 2019), available at https://www.theguardian.
com/world/2019/apr/14/libya-crisis-egypt-sisi-backs-haftar-assaulton-
tripoli
Annex 11 Ramadan Al Sherbini, “Iran to face ‘strong response’ if it closes Strait
of Hormuz”, Gulf News (20 June 2019) available at https://gulfnews.
com/world/gulf/saudi/iran-to-face-strong-response-if-it-closes-straitof-
hormuz-1.64730838
Annex 12 BBC, About the BBC (last accessed: 8 July 2019), available at https://
www.bbc.com/aboutthebbc
Annex 13 Al Jazeera, About Us (last accessed: 8 July 2019), available at https://
www.aljazeera.com/aboutus/
BOOKS, JOURNAL ARTICLES, REPORTS
Annex 14 Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed., 2009)
Annex 15 Kenneth L. Marcus, “Accusations in a Mirror”, Loyola University
Chicago Law Journal, Vol. 43 (2012)
Annex 16 African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 16th Extraordinary
Session, Resolution on Human Rights Abuses in Egypt, ACHPR Res.
287 (EXT.OS/XVI) (20-29 July 2014)
Annex 17 International Commission of Jurists, Egypt’s Judiciary: A Tool of
Repression (Sept. 2016), available at https://www.icj.org/wp-content/
uploads/2016/10/Egypt-Tool-of-repression-Publications-Reports-
Thematic-reports-2016-ENG-1.pdf
OTHER DOCUMENTS
Annex 18 United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights,
Egypt: Justice and reconciliation increasingly failing after second wave of
mass death sentences (15 May 2014), available at https://www.ohchr.org/
EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=14596&LangID=E
Annex 19 “Libya detention centre airstrike could amount to a war crime says UN,
as Guterres calls for independent investigation”, UN News (3 July 2019),
available at https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/07/1041792

Annex 1
ICAO Council, 19th Session, Working Paper: Report to Council of the Working Group on Rules
for Settlement of Differences, ICAO Doc. C-WP/1457 (13 Mar. 1953)

Annex 1
Annex 1
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Annex 2
International Air Services Transit Agreement (7 Dec. 1944) (entry into force: 30 Jan. 1945),
Trilingual Version, ICAO Doc. 7500 (1954)

Annex 2
Doc 7500
INTERNATIONAL AIR SERVICES TRANSIT
AGREEMENT
Signed at Chicago, on 7 December 1944
ACCORD RELATIF AU TRANSIT
DES SERVICES AERIENS INTERNATIONAUX
Signe a Chicago, le 7 decembre 1944
ACUERDO RELATIVO AL TRANSITO DE LOS
SERVICIOS AEREOS INTERNACIONALES
Firmado en Chicago el 7 de diciembre de 1944
1954
Annex 2
Published by authority of the Secretary General of the lnternalional Civil Avialion OrganizaJion, to whom all
correspondence, except orders and subscriptions, should be addressed.
Pub/it sous l'autoritt du Secrttaire general de l'OrganisaJion de ['aviation civile intemationale, a qui toute
correspondance, a /'exception des commandes et du abonnements, doit hre adressie.
Publicado bajo la responsabilidad del Secretario General de la Organizaci6n de Aviaci6n Civil Internacional,
a quien debe dirigirse toda la co"espondencia. con excepci6n de los pedidos y suscripciones.
Orders should be sent to one of the following addresses, together with the appropriate remittance (by bank draft, cheque or
money order) in U.S. dollars or the currency of the country in which the order is placed.
Envoycr lcs commandcs aux adrcsses suivantes en y joignant le montant corrcspondant (par chCque, chCquc bancairc ou
mandat) en dollars des Etats-Unis ou dans la monnaie du pays d'achat.
Los pedidos dcben dirigirsc alas direcciones siguientes junto con la corrcspondiente remesa (mediante giro bancario, cheque
o grro internacional) en d6larcs de los E.U.A. o en la moneda dcl pafs de compra.
Document Sales Unit
International Civil Aviation Organization
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Montreal, Quebec
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Tel.: (514) 954-8022
Telex: 05-24513
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Credit card orders (Visa or American Express only) arc accepted al the above address.
Les commandes par carte de cr6dit (Visa et American Express sculement) sont acccpt6s 1 l'adressc ci-dessus.
En la direcci6n indicada sc accptan _pcdidos pagadcros con tarjctas de cI'Cdito (Visa o American Express exclusivamente ).
Egypt. ICAO Representative, Middle East Office, Egyptian Civil Aviation Complex,
Cairo Airport Road, Heliopohs, Cairo 11776
Telephone: (20 2) 267-4840; Facsimile: (20 2) 267-4843; Sitatcx: CAICAYA
France. RepI'Csc:nt.ant de l'OACI, Burt:au Europe et Atlantiquc Nord, 3 bis, villa Emilc-Bcrgerat,
92522 Neuilly-sur-Seine (Ccdex)
Telephone: (33 I) 46 41 85 85; Telecopicur: (33 I) 46 41 85 00; Sitatcx: PAREUYA
India. Oxford Book and Stationery Co., Scindia House, New Delhi 110001
or 17 Parle Street, Calcutta 700016
Telephone: (91 11) 331-5896; Facsimile: (91 11) 332-2639
Japan. Japan Civil Aviation Promotion Foundation, 15-12, 1-chomc, Toranomon, Minato-Ku, Tokyo
Telephone: (81 3) 3503-2686; Facsimile: (81 3) 3503-2689
Kenya. ICAO Representative, Eastern and Southern African Office, United Nations Accommodation,
P.O. Box 46294, Nairobi
Telephone: (254-2) 622-395; Facsimile: (254 2) 226-706; Sitatcx: NBOCAYA
Mexico. Rcpresentanlc: de la OACI, Oficina Norteam6rica, Ccntroam6rica y Caribc,
Masaryk No. 29-3cr. piso, Col. Chapultepcc Morales, M6xico, D.F., 11570
Tc!Hono: (52 5) 250-3211; Facsfmilc: (52 5) 203-2757; Sitatcx: MEXCAYA
Peru. Representante de la OACI, Oficina Sudam.6rica, Apartado 4127, Lima 100
Tc!Hono: (51 14) 302260; FacsJmilc: (51 14) 640393; Sitatcx: LIMCAYA
Senegal RcprCscntant de l'OACI, Bureau Afriquc occidcntale et ccntral.e, Bolte postalc 2356, Dakar
Telephone: (221) 23-47-86; Telecopicur: (221) 23-69-26; Sitatcx: DKRCAYA
South Africa. Avcx Air Training (Pty) Ltd., Private Bag X102, Halfway House, 1685, Republic of South Africa
Telephone: (27-11) 315-0004/5; Facsimile: (27-11) 805-3649; Internet: [email protected]
Spain. A.E.N.A. - Acropucrtos Espai'i.oks y Navcgaci6n Atrt:a, Calle Juan Ignacio Luca de Tena, 14,
Planta Terccra, Dcspacho 3. 11, 28027 Madrid
Tc!efono: (34 I) 321-3148; FacsJmilc: (34 1) 321-3157
Thailand. ICAO Representative, Asia and Pacific Office, P.O. Box 11, Samyack Ladprao,
Bangkok 10901
Telephone: (66 2) 537-8189; Facsimile: (66 2) 537-8199; Sitatcx: BKKCAYA
United Kingdom. The Printing and Publications Services Limited,
37 Windsor Street, Cheltenham, Glos., 0152 2DG
Telephone: (44 1242) 235-151; Facsimile: (44 1242) 584-139
11137
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE DES MATIERES
INDICE
International Air Services Transit Agreement
Page
Pagina
(English text) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Reproduction of the signatures which appear on the original
instrument of the Agreement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
List of States parties to the Agreement
as of 1 May 1954.................................. 15
Accord relatif au transit des services aeriens internationaux
(Texte fran~ais) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3F
Liste des Etats parties a !'accord
au ler mai 1954.................................... 12F
Acuerdo relativo el Transito de los Servicios Aereos
lnternacionales (Texto espanol) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3E
Lista de Ios Estados partes en el Acuerdo
al 1° de mayo de 1954.............................. 12E
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INTERNATIONAL AIR SERVICES TRANSIT
AGREEMENT
Signed at Chicago, on 7 December 19.U
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FOREWORD
At the 14th Meeting of its 21st Session on 7 April 1954, the Council of the
International Civil Aviation Organization adopted the following Resolution:
"THE COUNCIL,
CONSIDERING Resolution A3-2 relating to the preparation of texts of the
Chicago Convention in French and Spanish, which specifies that it should
be 'understood that these texts will be used only for the internal purposes
of the Organization',
CONSIDERING that the Council on 19 February 1952 adopted such texts of
the Chicago Convention, and
CONSIDERING thaf it is appropriate to take similar action in relation to the
International Air Services Transit Agreement appended to the Final Act of
the Chicago Conference, 1944,
RESOLVES that the texts m French and Spanish attached to this Resolution
shall be used, in addition to the English text signed at Chicago, for the
internal purposes of the Organization, i.e. for the work of the Secretariat,
the Assembly, the Council and other bodies of the Organization, and for
any reference to be made by the Organization in communications to Contracting
States,
RECOMMENDS to Contracting States that, for reference purposes in their
relations with ICAO or with other Contracting States, they use these three
texts only, and
DIRECTS the Secretary General to make arrangements for the publication
of the English, French-and Spanish texts of the agreement."
The texts published herein are: in English, the text signed at Chicago on
7 December 1944, and, in French and Spanish, translations thereof. They have
been accepted by the Council of ICAO for the internal purposes of the Organization
and not as "authentic texts", and are published by the Secretary General in
implementation of the decision quoted above.
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INTERNATIONAL AIR SERVICES TRANSIT AGREEMENT
Signed at Chicago, on 7 December 1944
The States which sign and accept this International Air Services Transit
Agreement, being members of the International Civil Aviation Organization,
declare as follows:
ARTICLE I
Section 1
Each contracting State grants to the other contracting States the following
freedoms of the air in respect of scheduled international air services:
(J) The privilege to fly across its territory without landing;
(2) The privilege to land for non-traffic purposes.
The privileges of this section shall not be applicable with respect to airports
utilized for military purposes to the exclusion of any scheduled international air
services. In areas of active hostilities or of military occupation, and in time of
war along the supply routes leading to such areas, the exercise of such privileges
shall be subject to the approval of the competent military authorities.
Section 2
The exercise of the foregoing privileges shall be in accordance with the
provisions of the Interim Agreement on International Civil Aviation and, when
it comes into force, with the provisions of the Convention on International Civil
Aviation, both drawn up at Chicago on December 7, 1944.
Section 3
A contracting State granting to the airlines of another contracting State the
privilege to stop for non-traffic purposes may require such airlines to offer
reasonable commercial service at the points at which such stops are made.
Such requirement shall not involve any discrimination between airlines
operating on the same route, shall take into account the capacity of the aircraft,
and shall be exercised in such a manner as not to prejudice the normal operations
of the international air services concerned or the rights and obligations of a
contracting State.
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Section 4
Each contracting State may, subject to the provisions of this Agreement,
(1) Designate the route to be followed within its territory by any international
air service and the airports which any such service may use;
(2) Impose or permit to be imposed on any such service just and reasonable
charges for the use of such airports and other facilities; these charges shall not
be higher than would be paid for the use of such airports and facilities by its
national aircraft engaged in similar international services: provided that, upon
representation by an interested contracting State, the charges imposed for the
use of airports and other facilities shall be subject to review by the Council of
the International Civil Aviation Organization established under the abovementioned
Convention, which shall report and make recommendations thereon
for the consideration of the State or States concerned.
Section 5
Each contracting State reserves the right to withhold or revoke a certificate
or permit to an air transport enterprise of another State in any case where it is
not satisfied that substantial ownership and effective control are vested in
'nationals of a contracting State, or in case of failure of such air transport enterprise
to comply with the laws of the State over which it operates, or to perform
its obligations under this Agreement.
ARTICLE II
Section 1
A contracting State which deems that action by another contracting State
under this Agreement is causing injustice or hardship to it, may request the
Council to examine the situation. The Council shall thereupon inquire into the
matter, and shall call the States concerned into consultation. Should such consultation
fail to resolve the difficulty, the Council may make appropriate findings
and recommendations to the contracting States concerned. If thereafter a contracting
State concerned shall in the opinion of the Council unreasonably fail to
take suitable corrective action, the Council may recommend to the Assembly of
the above-mentioned Organization that such contracting State be suspended
from its rights and privileges under this Agreement until such action has been
taken. The Assembly by a two-thirds vote may so suspend such contracting
State for such period of time as it may deem proper or until the Council shall
find that corrective action has been taken by such State.
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Section 2
If any disagreement between two or more contracting States relating to the
interpretation or application of this Agreement cannot be settled by negotiation,
the provisions of Chapter XVI II of the above-mentioned Convention shall be
applicable in the same manner as provided therein with reference to any disagreement
relating to the interpretation or application of the above-mentioned
Convention.
ARTICLE III
This Agreement shall remain in force as long as the above-mentioned Convention;
provided, however, that any contracting State, a party to the present
Agreement, may denounce it on one year's notice given by it to the Government
of the United States of America, which shall at once inform all other contractinr
States of such notice and withdrawal.
ARTICLE IV
Pending the coming into force of the above-mentioned Convention, all
references to it herein, other than those contained in Article II, Section 2, and
Article V, shall be deemed to be references to the Interim Agreement on International
Civil Aviation drawn up at Chicago on December 7, 1944; and references
to the International Civil Aviation Organization, the Assembly, and the Council
shall be deemed to be references to the Provisional International Civil Aviation
Organization, the Interim Assembly, and Interim Council respectively.
ARTICLE V
For the purposes of this Agreement, "territory" shall be defined as in Article 2
of the above-mentioned Convention.
ARTICLE VI
Signatures and Acceptances of Agreement
The undersigned delegates to the International Civil Aviation Conference,
convened in Chicago on November 1, 1944, have affixed their signatures to this
Agreement with the understanding that the Government of the United States of
5
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America shall be informed at the earliest possible date by each of the governments
on whose behalf the Agreement has been signed whether signature on its behalf
shall constitute an acceptance of the Agreement by that government and an
obligation binding upon it.
Any State a member of the International Civil Aviation Organization may
accept the present Agreement as an obligation binding upon it by notification of
its acceptance to the Government of the United States, and such acceptance
ehall become effective upon the date of the receipt of such notification by that
Government.
This Agreement shall come into force as between contracting States upon its
acceptance by each of them. Thereafter it shall become binding as to each other
State i~dicating its acceptance to the Government of the United States on the
date of the receipt of the acceptance by that Government. The Government of
the United States shall inform all signatory and accepting States of the date of
all acceptances of the Agreement, and of the date on which it comes into force
for each accepting State.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned, having been duly authorized, sign
this Agreement on behalf of their respective governments on the dates appearing
opposite their respective signatures.
DoNE at Chicago the seventh day of December, 1944, in the English language.
A text drawn up in the English, French, and Spanish languages, each of
which shall be of equal authenticity,* shall be opened for signature at Washington,
D.C. Both texts shall be deposited in the archives of the Government of the
United States of America, and certified copies shall be transmitted by that
Government to the governments of all the States which may sign or accept
this Agreement.
"The Asreement waa aiped in the Ensliah orisinal version formulated at the International Civil Aviation Conference
which took place at Chic:aso from l November to 7 December 1944. No trilinsual text has been openrd fo,
aipature u providrd for in the Asreement.
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LIST OF STATES PARTIES TO THE AGREEMENT
Aa of 1 May 1954
Transit Agreement Transit Agreemenl
Count,1 (Date of Receipt of Countr, (Date of Reaipt of
Note of Acceptance) Note of Acceplanu)
Afghanistan 17/5/45 Jordan 18/3/47
Argentina 4/6/46 Liberia 19/3/45
Australia 28/8/45 Luxembourg 28/4/48
Belgium 19/7/45 Mexico 25/6/46
Bolivia 4/4/47 Netherlands 12/1/45
Canada 10/2/45 New Zealand 19/4/45
Cuba 20/6/47 Nicaragua 28/12/45
Czechoslovakia 18/4/45 Norway 30/1/45
Denmark 1/12/48 Pakistan 15/8/47*
Egypt 13/3/47 Paraguay 27/7/45
El Salvador 1 /6/45 Philippines 22/3/46
Ethiopia 22/3/45 Poland 6/4/45
France 24/6/48 Spain 30/7/45
Greece 21/9/45 Sweden 19/11/45
Guatemala 28/4/47 Switzerland 6/7/45
Honduras 13/11/45 Thailand 6/3/47
Iceland 21/3/47 Turkey 6/6/45
India 2/5/45 Union of South Africa 30/11/45
Iran 19/4/50 United Kingdom 31/S/45
Iraq 1S/6/4S United States 8/2/4S
Japan 20/10/S3 Venezuela 28/3/46
• The Ambassador of Pakistan informed the Secretary of State by note No. F96/48/1 of March 24. 1948." ... that
by virtue of the provisions in clause 4 of the Schedule of the lndian lndependence (International Arrangements) Order,
1947 the International Air Services Transit Agreement si&ned by United India continues to be binding after the partition
of the Dominion of Pakistan." The acceptance by India on May 2, 1945 of the Transit Agreement applied also to the
territory, then a part of lndia, which Iater, on August 15, 1947, became Pakistan.
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ACCORD RELATIF AU TRANSIT
DES SERVICES AERIENS INTERNATIONAUX
Signé à Chicago, Je 7 décembre 1944
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AVANT-PROPOS
Le 7 avril 1954, lors de la 14ème séance de sa vingt et unième session, le
Conseil de l'Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale a adopté la résolution
suivante:
"LE CONSEIL,
Vu la résolution A3-2, qui a trait à la préparation de textes français et
espagnol de la Convention de Chicago et stipule qu'il doit être "entendu que
ces textes ne seront utilisés que pour les besoins intérieurs de l'Organisation",
CONSIDÉRANT que, le 19 février 1952, il a adopté, conformément aux dispositions
de la résolution précitée, des textes français et espagnol de ladite
Convention,
CONSIDÉRANT qu'il convient de prendre une décision analogue en ce qui
concerne l'Accord relatif au transit des services aériens internationaux,
annexé à I' Acte final de la Conférence de Chicago ( 1944),
DÉCIDE qu'en sus du texte anglais signé à Chicago, les textes français et
espagnol joints à la présente résolution seront utilisés pour les besoins intérieurs
de l'Organisation, c'est-à-dire pour les travaux du Secrétariat, de
l'Assemblée, du Conseil et des autres organes de l'Organisation, ainsi que
pour toute référence que l'Organisation aurait à faire dans les communications
adressées aux États contractants;
RECOMMANDE aux États contractants de n'employer aux fins de référence que
ces trois textes dans leurs relations avec l'OACI ou avec d'autres États
con trac tan ts;
CHARGE le secrétaire général de prendre toutes dispositions utiles pour
publier les textes français, anglais et espagnol de cet accord."
Les textes publiés dans le présent document sont: le texte anglais, signé à
Chicago le 7 décembre 1944, et les traductions de ce texte en français et en espagnol.
Ces traductions ont été approuvées par le Conseil pour les besoins intérieurs
de l'Organisation et non comme "textes faisant également foi", et sont
publiées par le secrétaire général en application de la décision précitée.
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ACCORD RELATIF AU TRANSIT
DES SERVICES AÉRIENS INTERNATIONAUX
Signé à Chicago, le 7 décembre 1944
Les États qui, étant membres de l'Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale,
signent le présent Accord sur le transit des services aériens internationaux
et y adhèrent, sont convenus de ce qui suit:
ARTICLE PREMIER
Section 1
Chaque État contractant accorde aux autres États contractants, en ce qui
concerne les services aériens internationaux réguliers, les libertés de l'air suivantes:
1) le droit de traverser son territoire sans atterrir;
2) le droit d'atterrir pour des raisons non commerciales.
Les droits visés à la présente section ne valent pas pour les aéroports utilisés
à des fins militaires à l'exclusion de tout service aérien international régulier.
Dans les zones où se déroulent des hostilités, ou les zones d'occupation militaire,
et, en temps de guerre, sur les routes de ravitaillement conduisant à ces zones,
l'exercice de ces droits est subordonné à l'approbation des autorités militaires
compétentes.
Section 2
L'exercice des droits précités doit être conforme aux dispositions de !'Accord
intérimaire sur l'aviation civile internationale et, lorsqu'elle entrera en vigueur,
aux dispositions de la Convention relative à l'aviation civile internationale, tous
deux faits à Chicago le 7 décembre 1944.
Section 3
Un État contractant qui accorde aux entreprises de transport aérien d'un
autre État contractant le droit de faire escale pour des raisons non commerciales
peut exiger que ces entreprises offrent un service commercial raisonnable aux
points où ces escales sont effectuées.
Cette exigence ne doit entraîner aucune distinction entre les entreprises de
transport aérien utilisant la même route, doit tenir compte de la capacité des
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aéronefs et être appliquée de manière à ne nuire ni à l'exploitation normale des
services aériens internationaux intéressés, ni à l'exercice des droits ou à l'accomplissement
des obligations d'aucun État contractant.
Section 4
Chaque État contractant peut, sous réserve des dispositions du présent
accord,
1) désigner la route à suivre sur son territoire par tout service aérien international
et les aéroports pouvant être utilisés par ce service;
2) imposer ou permettre que soient imposés à tout service aérien international
des droits justes et raisonnables pour l'utilisation de ces aéroports et
d'autres installations et services; ces droits ne doivent pas excéder ceux que
paieraient les aéronefs dudit État employés à des services internationaux analogues;
étant entendu que, sur représentation d'un État contractant intéressé, les
droits imposés pour l'utilisation des aéroports et d'autres installations et services
feront l'objet d'un examen par le Conseil de l'Organisation de l'aviation civile
internationale, institué en vertu de la convention précitée; ledit Conseil rédigera
à ce sujet un rapport et des recommandations qui seront portés à l'attention de
l'État ou des États intéressés.
Section 5
Chaque État contractant se réserve le droit de refuser à une entreprise de
tra,isport aérien d'un autre État un certificat ou une autorisation, ou de révoquer
un certificat ou une autorisation, lorsqu'il n'a pas la preuve qu'une part importante
de la propriété ainsi que le contrôle effectif de cette entreprise sont détenus
par des ressortissants d'un État contractant, ou lorsqu'une entreprise de transport
aérien ne se conforme pas aux lois de l'État survolé ou ne remplit pas les
obligations que lui impose le présent accord.
ARTICLE Il
Section 1
Un État contractant qui estime qu'une mesure prise aux termes du présent
accord par un autre État contractant entraîne à son égard une injustice ou un
préjudice peut demander au Conseil d'examiner la situation. Le Conseil enquêtera
alors sur la question et réunira les États intéressés aux fins de consultation.
Si cette consultation ne permet pas de résoudre la difficulté, le Conseil pourra
adresser aux États intéressés ses conclusions et ses recommandations. Le Conseil
pourra par la suite, s'il est d'avis qu'un de ces États manque sans raison valable à
prendre les mesures correctives qui s'imposent, recommander à l'Assemblée de
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l'Organisation précitée de suspendre les droits et privilèges conféré& audit État
contractant par le présent accord jusqu'à ce que cet État ait pris les mesures en
question. L'Assemblée pourra, par un vote à la majorité des deux tiers, suspendre
cet État contractant pour la durée qu'elle jugera nécessaire, ou jusqu'à ce que le
Conseil ait constaté que les mesures correctives ont été prises par cet État.
Section 2
Si un désaccord entre deux ou plusieurs États contractants sur l'interprétation
ou l'application du présent accord ne peut être réglé par voie de négociation,
les dispositions du chapitre XVIII de la convention précitée seront appliquées de
la manière prévue audit chapitre pour le cas de désaccord sur l'interprétation ou
l'application de ladite convention.
ARTICLE III
Le présent accord restera en vigueur pendant la même durée que la convention
précitée; toutefois, il reste entendu que tout État contractant partie au
présent accord peut dénoncer celui-ci moyennant un préavis d'un an notifié au
gouvernement des États-Unis d'Amérique, qui informera immédiatement tous
les autres États contractants de cette notification et de cette dénonciation.
ARTICLE IV
Jusqu'à l'entrée en vigueur de la convention précitée, toute référence à cette
convention dans le présent accord, autre que celle figurant à l'article II, section 2,
et à l'article V, doit être considérée comme désignant !'Accord intérimaire sur
l'aviation civile internationale fait à Chicago le 7 décembre 1944 et toute référence
à l'Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale, à l'Assemblée et au Conseil
doit être considérée comme désignant l'Organisation provisoire de l'aviation
civile internationale, l'Assemblée intérimaire et le Conseil intérimaire.
ARTICLE V
Aux fins du présent accord, le terme "territoire" a le sens indiqué à l'article 2
de la convention précitée.
ARTICLE VI
Signature et adhésion
Les soussignés, délégués à la Conférence internationale de l'aviation civile
réunie à Chicago le 1er novembre 1944, ont apposé leur signature au présent
accord, étant entendu que chaque État au nom duquel l'accord a été signé fera
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savoir, dès que possible, au gouvernement des États-Unis si la signature donnée
au nom dudit État constitue pour lui une adhésion et une obligation qui le lie.
Tout État membre de l'Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale peut
adhérer au présent accord comme à une obligation qui le lie en notifiant son
adhésion au gouvernement des États-Unis, cette adhésion prenant effet à la date
de réception de la notification par ledit gouvernement.
Le présent accord entrera en vigueur entre les États contractants à la date
de l'adhésion de chacun d'eux. Il vaudra. par la suite, pour tout autre État qui
notifiera son adhésion au gouvernement des États-Unis, à partir de la date de
réception de cette adhésion par ledit gouvernement. Le gouvernement des ÉtatsUnis
avisera tous les États qui auront signé le présent accord, ou y auront adhéré,
de la date de chaque adhésion et de la date à laquelle l'accord entrera en vigueur
pour chacun des États qui y auront adhéré.
EN FOI DE QUOI, les soussignés, dûment autorisés à cet effet, ont signé le
présent accord au nom de leurs gouvernements respectifs, à la date figurant en
regard de leur signature.
FAIT à Chicago, le sept décembre mil neuf cent quarante-quatre, en langue
anglaise. Un texte rédigé dans les langues anglaise, française et espagnole,
chacune faisant également foi, sera ouvert à la signature à Washington, D.C. *
Les deux textes seront déposés aux archives du gouvernement des États-Unis
d'Amérique, qui en délivrera des copies certifiées conformes aux gouvernements
de tous les États qui signeront le présent accord ou qui y adhéreront.
• L'accord a été signé uniquement dans la version origiriale anglaise rédigée à la Confér~nce de l'aviation civile
internationale qui s'est tenue à Chica,eo du Ier novembre au 7 d~embre 1944. Aucun texte en troio langues n'a été
ouvert à la signature. nonobstant les dispositions de l'accord.
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LISTE DES tTATS PARTIES A L'ACCORD
Au ler mal 1954
Accord relatif A "º'd relatif
Ét.ats au transit Ét.ats au transit
(Notijication de (Notijication dt
l' acceptation) l' acceptation)
Afghanistan 17/S/4S Jordanie 18/3/47
Argentine 4/6/46 Libéria 19/3/4S
Australie 28/8/4S Luxernbourg 28/4/48
Belgique 19/7 /4S Mexique 2S/6/46
Bolivie 4/4/47 Nicaragua 28/12/4S
Canada 10/2/4S Norv~ge 30/1/4S
Cuba 20/6/47 Nouvelle-Zélande 19/4/4S
Danemark 1/12/48 Pakistan 1S/8/47•
~gypte 13/3/47 Paraguay 27/7/45
Espagne 30/7/4S Pays-Bas 12/1/4S
ttats-Unis 8/2/4S Philippines 22/3/46
tthiopie 22/3/4S Pologne 6/4/45
France 24/6/48 Royaurne-Uni 31/S/4S
Grke 21/9/4S Salvador 1/6/4S
Guatemala 28/4/47 Su~de 19/11/4S
Honduras 13/11/4S Suisse 6/7/4S
Inde' 2/S/4S Tchécoslovaquie 18/4/4S
Irak 15/6/4S Thailande 6/3/47
Iran 19/4/S0 Turquie 6/6/4S
lslande 21/3/47 Union Sud-Africaine 30/11/45
Japon 20/10/S3 Venezuela 28/3/46
ºDana la noten• F 96/48/1 du 24 mara 1948, qu'il a adresstt au département d'État l Washinston, l'ambassadeur
du Pakisla11 a fait la dklaratlon suivante: "., • En vertu des dispositions de la clause 4 de l'Annexe l l'Acte d'lnd&lendance
de l'lnde de 1947 (Accords internationaux), l'Accord relatif au transit des services internationaux aisné par l'fnde
Unie, prde son caract~re oblisatolre apres la séparation du Dominion du Pakistan." L'acceptatlon par l'lnde. le 2 mai
194S, de l'Accord relaill au tranait est également valable pour le territoire qui faisait alors partie de l'lnde et qui conatitue.
depuis le 15 aodt 1947, le Dominion du Pakistan.
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,
ACUERDO RELATIVO AL TRANSITO DE LOS
SERVICIOS A:EREOS INTERNACIONALES
Firmado en Chicago el 7 de diciembre de 1944
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PREÁMBULO
El 7 de abril de 1954, en la décimocuarta reunión de su XXI período de
sesiones, el Consejo de la Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional adoptó
la siguiente Resolución:
"VISTA la Resolución A3-2, que se refiere a la preparación de versiones en
español y en francés del Convenio de Chicago y que estipula que debe
"entende;se que estos textos serán únicamente para uso interno de la
Organización";
CONSIDERANDO que el 19 de febrero de 1952 el Consejo adoptó textos en
dichos idiomas del Convenio de Chicago;
CONSIDERANDO que_ conviene tomar una decisión análoga en lo que se refiere
al Acuerdo relativo al Tránsito de los Servicios Aéreos Internacionales,
anexado al Acta Final de la Conferencia de Chicago de 1944;
EL CONSEJO RESUELVE que, además del texto inglés firmado en Chicago, se
empleen las versiones española y francesa adjuntas a esta Resolución para
uso interno de la Organización, es decir para los trabajos de la Secretaría, la
Asamblea, el Consejo y demás órganos de la Organización, así como para
toda referencia que haya de hacer la Organización en sus comunicaciones
dirigidas a los Estados Contratantes;
RECOMIENDA a los Estados Contratantes que solamente empleen estos tres
textos en sus relaciones con la OACI o con los otros Estados Contratantes;
ENCARGA al Secretario General que disponga lo necesario para publicar el
texto de este acuerdo en español, francés e inglés."
Este fascículo contiene los siguientes textos: El inglés, es decir el suscrito
en Chicago el 7 de diciembre de 1944; el español y el francés, que son traducciones
del anterior. Estos dos últimos han sido aceptados por el Consejo de la OACI para
uso interno de la Organización y no como fehacientes. En virtud de la decisión
anteriormente citada, el Secretario General publica los textos de ambas
versiones.
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ACUERDO RELATIVO AL TRÁNSITO DE LOS
SERVICIOS AÉREOS INTERNACIONALES
Firmado en Chicago el 7 de diciembre de 1944
Los Estados miembros de la Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional,
que firman y aceptan este Acuerdo relativo al Tránsito de los Servicios Aéreos
Internacionales, han convenido lo siguiente:
ARTÍCULO l
Sección 1
Todo Estado Contratante concede a los demás Estados Contratantes, respecto
a los servicios aéreos internacionales regulares, las siguientes libertades del aire:
1) El derecho de cruzar su territorio sin aterrizar.
2) El derecho de aterrizar sin fines comerciales.
Los derechos previstos en esta Sección no podrán exigirse respecto de los
aeropuertos que se utilicen con fines militares y de los cuales se excluya todo
servicio aéreo internacional regular. En zonas de hostilidades o de ocupación
militar, y en tiempo de guerra en las rutas de abastecimiento de dichas zonas, el
ejercicio de tales derechos estará condicionado a la aprobación de las autoridades
militares competentes.
Sección 2
El ejercicio de los derechos anteriormente mencionados se ajustará a las
disposiciones del Acuerdo Interino de Aviación Civil Internacional y, cuando
entre en vigor, a las disposiciones del Convenio de Aviación Civil Internacional,
ambos concluidos en Chicago el 7 de diciembre de 1944.
Sección 3
Todo Estado Contratante que conceda a las empresas de transporte aéreo de
otro Estado Contratante el derecho de hacer escala sin fines comerciales, podrá
exigir que dichas empresas ofrezcan servicio comercial razonable en los puntos
en que hagan tales escalas.
Este derecho del Estado no implicará en modo alguno que las empresas de
transporte aéreo que utilicen la misma ruta reciban un trato diferente, debiéndose
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tener en cuenta la capacidad de las aeronaves, y su ejercicio no podrá perjudicar
las operaciones normales de los servicios aéreos internacionales interesados, ni los
derechos u obligaciones de ningún Estado Contratante.
Secci6n 4
A reserva de lo previsto en el presente Acuerdo, todo Estado Contratante
podrá:
J) Designar la ruta que han de seguir en su territorio los servicios aéreos
internacionales y los aeropuertos que podrán usar éstos.
2) Imponer, o permitir que se impongan, a los referidos servicios derechos
justos y razonables por el uso de tales aeropuertos y demás instalaciones y servicios.
Estos derechos no podrán exceder de los que abonarían las aeronaves de su
propia nacionalidad empleadas en servicios internacionales similares, por el uso
de los mismos aeropuertos e instalaciones y servicios; quedando entendido que,
a solicitud de un Estado Contratante interesado, el Consejo de la Organización de
Aviación Civil Internacional - establecido de conformidad con el Convenio
anteriormente mencionado - examinará los derechos impuestos por el uso de
aeropuertos y otras instalaciones y servicios, y presentará un informe, con las
recomendaciones del caso, al Estado o Estados interesados.
Secci6n 5
Todo Estado Contratante se reserva el derecho de denegar o revocar el
certificado o permiso a una empresa de transporte aéreo de otro Estado, cuando
considere que gran parte de la propiedad y la dirección efectiva de la empresa no
están en manos de nacionales de un Estado Contratante, o cuando la empresa de
transporte aéreo no cumpla con las leyes del Estado que sobrevuele o con las
obligaciones dimanantes del presente Acuerdo.
ARTÍCULO II
Secci6n 1
Todo Estado Contratante que estime que una medida tomada, de conformidad
con este Acuerdo, por otro Estado Contratante es injusta o le causa
perjuicio, podrá pedir al Consejo que examine la situación. A continuación, el
Consejo investigará el asunto y llamará a consulta a los Estados interesados. Si
con la consulta no se resuelven las dificultades, el Consejo podrá transmitir sus
conclusiones y recomendaciones a los Estados Contratantes interesados. Si después
de esto el Consejo opina que el Estado Contratante de que se trate deja
injustificadamente de tomar las medidas del caso para rectificar la situación, el
Consejo podrá recomendar a la Asamblea de la Organización anteriormente
mencionada que suspenda a dicho Estado Contratante los derechos y privilegios
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que le confiere el presente Acuerdo, hasta que haya tomado tales medidas. La
Asamblea, por mayoría de dos terceras partes de sus votos, podrá imponer dicha
suspensión a ese Estado Contratante por el período de tiempo que crea conveniente,
o hasta que el Consejo considere que el Estado ha tomado las medidas
rectificativas del caso.
Sección 2
Si surgen desavenencias entre dos o más Estados Contratantes sobre la
interpretación o aplicación del presente Acuerdo que no puedan resolverse
mediante negociación, se aplicará lo dispuesto en el Capítulo XVIII del Convenio
anteriormente mencionado, en la forma allí prevista respecto a todo desacuerdo
relativo a la interpretación o aplicación del citado Convenio.
ARTÍCULO III
El presente Acuerdo permanecerá en vigor mientras lo esté el Convenio
anteriormente citado; entendiéndose, sin embargo, que todo Estado Contratante
parte en el presente Acuerdo podrá denunciarlo previa notificación de un año
dirigida al Gobierno de los Estados Unidos de América, el cual a su vez comunicará
inmediatamente dicha notificación y denuncia a los demás Estados Contratantes.
ARTÍCULO IV
Hasta la entrada en vigor del Convenio anteriormente citado, toda referencia
al mismo en el presente Acuerdo, excepto la de la Sección 2 del Artículo II y la del
Artículo V, se considerará como referencia al Acuerdo Interino de Aviación
Civil Internacional concluído en Chicago el 7 de diciembre de 1944; y toda
referencia a la Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional, a la Asamblea y al
Consejo, se considerará como referencia a la Organización Provisional de Aviación
Civil Internacional, a la Asamblea Interina y al Consejo Interino respectivamente.
ARTÍCULO V
A los fines del presente Acuerdo, la palabra "territorio" tiene el significado
indicado en el Artículo 2 del Convenio anteriormente mencionado.
ARTÍCULO VI
Firma y aceptación del Acuerdo
Los que suscriben, delegados a la Conferencia de Aviación Civil Internacional,
reunida en Chicago el 1 ° de noviembre de 1944, firman el presente Acuerdo en
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Annex 2
la inteligencia de que cada uno de los Gobiernos en cuyo nombre Jo suscriben
notificará al Gobierno de los Estados Unidos de América, a la mayor brevedad
posible, si la firma puesta en su nombre constituye en sí la aceptación del Acuerdo
y una obligación contraída en firme.
Todo Estado miembro de la Organización de Aviación Civil Internacional
podrá aceptar el presente Acuerdo como obligación contraída mediante notificación
de su aceptación al Gobierno de los Estados Unidos de América, y dicha
aceptación surtirá efecto a partir de la fecha en que dicho Gobierno reciba la
notificación.
El presente Acuerdo entrará en vigor entre los Estados Contratantes al ser
aceptado por cada uno de ellos. Después, será obligatorio, respecto a cada Estado
que notifique su aceptación al Gobierno de los Estados Unidos de América, a
partir de la fecha en que dicho Gobierno reciba la notificación de aceptación. El
Gobierno de los Estados Unidos de América comunicará a todos los Estados que
suscriban y acepten el presente Acuerdo la fecha de cada una de las aceptaciones
del mismo, así como las fechas en que entre en vigor respecto de-cada uno de los
Estados aceptantes.
EN FE DE LO CUAL, los que suscriben, debidamente autorizados al efecto,
firman el presente Acuerdo en nombre de sus Gobiernos respectivos en las fechas
que aparecen junto a sus firmas.
HECHO en Chicago el séptimo día de diciembre de mil novecientos cuarenta y
cuatro, en lengua inglesa. Un texto redactado en los idiomas español, francés e
inglés*, cada uno de los cuales será igualmente fehaciente, quedará abierto a la
firma en Washington, D.C. Ambos textos quedarán depositados en los archivos del
Gobierno de los Estados Unidos de América, el cual transmitirá copias certificadas
de los mismos a los Gobiernos de todos los Estados que firmen o acepten el
presente Acuerdo.
• El Acuerdo fuf firmado 11'...icamente en la versión ori¡:inal inalesa redactada en la Conferencia de Aviación Civil
Inteniacioaal celebrada en Chlcaao del 1• de noviembre al 7 de diciembre de 1944. No obotante lo dillpuesto en el
Acuerdo. no se abrió a la firma ninpn texto en tres idiomas.
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Annex 3
Convention on International Civil Aviation (7 Dec. 1944) (entry into force: 4 Apr. 1947),
Quadrilingual Version, ICAO Doc. 7300/9 (9th ed. 2006)

Annex 3
Doc 7300/9
Convention on
International Civil Aviation
Convention relative a
l'aviation civile internationale
Convenio sobre
Aviacion Civil Internacional
KoHeeHL1MJo1 Me>K,qyHapo,qHoM
rpa>KA8HCKOM 8BM81.1MM
This document supersedes Doc 7300 /8.
Le present document annule et remplace !e Doc 730018.
Este documento remplaza el Doc 7300/8 .
HacTORl41-1A11O KyMeHT3 aMeHReT Doc 7300 /8.
Ninth Edition - Neuvieme edition - Novena edici6n - l-13,QaH1-A1eB Rroe - 2006
International Civil Aviation Organization
Organisation de !'aviation civile internationale
Organizaci6n de Aviaci6n Civil Internacional
Me>K,QyHapo,qHaRop raHH334MR rpa>K,QaHCKOaHB Ma41,11,1
Annex 3
Doc 7300/9
Convention on
International Civil Aviation
Convention relative a
l'aviation civile internationale
Convenio sobre
Aviacion Civil Internacional
KoHB&HLIM.R O M&>K.qyHapo.qHOM
V rp&>KABHCKOM 8BM8LIMM
This document supersedes Doc 7300/8.
Le present document annule et remplace le Doc 7300/8.
Este documento remplaza el Doc 7300/8.
HacTOffl.L!l-11,Q1 OKyMeHT3 aMeHReT Doc 7300/8.
Ninth Edition - Neuvieme edition - Novena edici6n - 1113.QaH,Hqee eRToe - 2006
International Civil Aviation Organization
Organisation de !'aviation civile internationale
Organizaci6n de Aviaci6n Civil Internacional
Me>K)::lyHapOAHaoHp raHM3a4MH rpa>K)::laHCKOaIeIIM a4MM
Annex 3
FOREWORD
This document contains the text of the Convention on
International Civil Aviation, signed at Chicago on 7 December
1944 (hereinafter referred to as the "Convention"), in the
English, French, Russian and Spanish languages. Each of these
texts is equally authentic. The English text is the text adopted
and signed at Chicago on 7 December 1944, amended as
indicated below. The French and Spanish texts are the texts
adopted by and annexed to the Protocol on the Authentic
Trilingual Text of the Convention, signed at Buenos Aires on
24 September 1968 (hereinafter referred to as the "Buenos
Aires Protocol"), amended as indicated below. The text of the
Buenos Aires Protocol is reproduced in this document at
pages 45 to 47. This Protocol came into force on 24 October
1968. The Russian text is the text adopted by and annexed to
the Protocol on the Authentic Quadrilingual Text of the
Convention, signed at Montreal on 30 September 1977
(hereinafter referred to as the "Protocol on the Authentic
Quadrilingual Text"), amended as indicated below. This
Protocol came into force on 16 September 1999. The text of the
Protocol on the Authentic Quadrilingual Text is reproduced in
this document at pages 48 to 51.
In the body of the above-mentioned texts of the Convention,
in English, French, Russian and Spanish, as presented in this
document, are incorporated all the amendments made to the
Convention which were in force on l January 2006, namely in
respect of:
a) Article 3 bis (non-use of weapons against civil
aircraft in flight);
b) Article 45 (permanent seat of the Organization);
c) Article 48 a) (frequency of Assembly Sessions);
d) Article 49 e) (powers of Assembly relating to
annual budgets);
e) Article 50 a) (composition and election of
Council);
j) Article 56 (membership of Air Navigation Commission);
g) Article 61 (budget and apportionment of
expenses);
h) Article 83 bis (transfer of certain functions and
duties in cases of lease, charter or interchange of aircraft);
i) Article 93 bis (expulsion from the International
Civil Aviation Organization or suspension of membership
in it); and
j) the final paragraph, adding Russian to the
authentic texts of the Convention.
(ii)
AVANT-PROPOS
Le present document comporte le texte de la Convention
relative a !'aviation civile intemationale, signe a Chicago le
7 decembre 1944 ( appele ci-apres la «Convention»), en langues
fran9aise, anglaise, espagnole et russe. Chacun de ces textes
fait egalement foi. Le texte anglais est celui qui a ete adopte et
signe a Chicago le 7 decembre 1944, amende de la maniere
indiquee ci-dessous. Les textes fran9ais et espagnol sont ceux
qui ont ete adoptes au moyen du Protocole concemant le texte
authentique trilingue de la Convention, et qui sont annexes
a ce protocole, signe a Buenos Aires le 24 septembre 1968
(appele ci-apres le «Protocole de Buenos Aires»), amende de
la maniere indiquee ci-dessous. Le texte du Protocole de
Buenos Aires est reproduit dans le present document aux
pages 45 a 47. Ce protocole est entre en vigueur le 24 octobre
1968. Le texte russe est celui qui a ete adopte au moyen du
Protocole concemant le texte authentique quadrilingue de la
Convention, et qui est annexe ace protocole, signe a Montreal
le 30 septembre 1977 ( appele ci-apres le «Protocole concemant
le texte authentique quadrilingue»), amende de la maniere
indiquee ci-dessous. Ce protocole est entre en vigueur le
16 septembre 1999. Le texte du Protocole concemant le texte
authentique quadrilingue est reproduit dans le present document
aux pages 48 a 51.
Les textes frarn;:ais, anglais, espagnol et russe precites de la
Convention, tels qu'ils figurent dans le present document,
comportent tousles amendements apportes a la Convention qui
etaient en vigueur le 1 er janvier 2006, et qui concemaient:
a) ['article 3 bis (non-utilisation d'armes contre des
aeronefs civils en vol);
b) !'article 45 (siege permanent de !'Organisation);
c) l'article48 a) (frequence des sessions de I' Assemblee);
d) I' article 49 e) (pouvoirs de I' Assemblee en matiere
de budgets annuels);
e) !'article 50 a) (composition et election du Conseil);
j) !'article 56 (membres de la Commission de navigation
aerienne);
g) !'article 61 (budget et repartition des depenses);
h) !'article 83 bis (transfert de certaines foncti'tms et
obligations en cas de location, d'affretement ou de banalisation
d'aeronefs);
i) !'article 93 bis (exclusion d'un Etat de !'Organisation
de I 'aviation civile intemationale ou suspension de sa
qualite de membre de !'Organisation);
j) le demier paragraphe (ajout du russe aux textes
authentiques de la Convention).
Annex 3
PROLOGO
El presente documento contiene el texto del Convenio
sobre Aviaci6n Civil Internacional, firmado en Chicago el 7 de
diciembre de 1944 (mencionado en adelante como el
"Convenio"), en los idiomas espafiol, frances, ingles y ruso.
Cada una de las versiones es igualmente autentica. El texto
ingles es el que fue adoptado y firmado en Chicago el 7 de
diciembre de 1944, y que se ha enmendado como se indica
mas abajo. Los textos espafiol y frances son los que fueron
adoptados mediante el Protocolo sobre el texto autentico
trilingiie del Convenio, finnado en Buenos Aires el 24 de
septiembre de 1968 (mencionado en adelante como el
"Protocolo de Buenos Aires"), al que se adjuntan y que se han
enmendado como se indica mas abajo. El texto del Protocolo
de Buenos Aires se reproduce en el presente documento en !as
paginas 45 a 47. Dicho protocolo entro en vigor el 24 de
octubre de 1968. El texto ruso es el que fue adoptado mediante
el Protocolo sobre el texto autentico cuadrilingiie del Convenio,
finnado en Montreal el 30 de septiembre de 1977,
enmendado segun se indica mas adelante (mencionado en
adelante como el "Protocolo sobre el texto autentico cuadrilingiie"),
que se adjunta al Protocolo. Este entro en vigor el
16 de septiembre de 1999 y su texto se reproduce en el presente
documento en las paginas 48 a 51.
En los mencionados textos de! Convenio en los idiomas
espafiol, frances, ingles y ruso, que figuran en el presente
documento, se han incluido todas las enmiendas al Convenio
que estaban en vigor al l de enero de 2006, relativas a los
articulos siguientes:
a) Articulo 3 bis (abstenci6n del uso de armas en
contra de aeronaves civiles en vuelo);
b) Articulo 45 (Sede permanente de la Organizaci6n);
c) Articulo 48 a) (frecuencia de los periodos de
sesiones de la Asamblea);
d) Articulo 49 e) (poderes de la Asamblea respecto a
los presupuestos anuales);
e) Articulo 50 a) (composici6n y eleccion del
Consejo);
j) Articulo 56 (miembros de la Comisi6n de Aeronavegaci6n);
g) Articulo 61 (presupuesto y distribuci6n de gastos);
h) Artfculo 83 bis (transferencia de ciertas funciones
y obligaciones en los casos de arrendamiento, fletamento o
intercambio de aeronaves);
i) Artfculo 93 bis (expulsion de la Organizacion de
Aviacion Civil Internacional o suspension de miembros de
la Organizacion); y
j) parrafo final que afiade el ruso a los textos
autenticos <lei Convenio.
(ii)
IlPE~llCJIOBIIE
HaCTOJ!lllH,!Hl0 KyMeHcTo .uep)l(HT eKCTK oHBeHI.].HOH M e)l(.
uyHapO,!lHOrHpa )l(,!lattCKOaHet taUHH,n o.unttcaHHOHB llttKaro
7 .ueKa6pll 1944 ro.ua (B .llaJlbHettweMH MeHyeMO"HK oHBeHu11eii"),
H a pyccK0M,a HfJlHHCKOtMtc,n aHCK0MH cppattuyJCKOM
J13blKaJ<K.a )l(,!lbIH1 13 3THXT eKCT0BJ IBJIJleTCpJaIB H0 ayTeHTH'lHbIMT.
e KCTH a aHfJlHHCKOJIMJI ,IK-e 3T0T eKCTn,p HHJITblH
ITO,!lilHCaHHbBI Hll ttKaro 7 ,!leKa6pJ11 944 ro.ua, B KOTOpb!H
BHeceHbHl H)l(eyKa3aHHbnioen paBKH.T eKCTbHl a HCilaHCK0HM
cppaHUYJCKOJIMJb IKaJ(- 3T0 TeKCTbln, pHHJITh!ec ornacH0 H
npHJJ0,KeHHbKie TTpOTOKO0J6JY a YTeHTH'lH0TMP eXbJ13bl'lH0M
TeKcre K0Haettu1111rr,o .un11caHH0Ma YE pttoc-Aiipece 24 ceHrn6pJ1
1968 ro.ua (a .llaJlhHettweMtt MeHyeMoMy"E y3Hoc-AiipeccKHMn
poTOKOJJOMB") K, OTOpblBe HeCeHhHl H)l(eyKaJaHHbie
nonpaBKH.T eKCTE y3HOC-AttpeCCKOnfpOo T0K0JJan pHB0,!lHTCJI
a HaCT0Jlll(eM.ll0 KyMeHTHe a CTpaHHUa4x5 -47. TeKCTH a pycCK0MJl
3b1K-e 3TOT eKCTn, pHHJITbIcHo rnacH0 H npHJJ0)KeHHblH
K TTpOTOKO0J6J Yay TeHTH'lH0M'le TblpeX'bJl3bl'lH0TMeK CTKe oHaeHUHH,
n o.un11caHH0MaY M oHpeane 30 ceHrn6pJ11 977 ro.ua
(B, !laribHettweMH MeHyeM0M"YT TpoTOKOJJoO6M a yTeHTH'lH0M
'leTbipeXbJl3bl'lH0MT eKCTe"), B K0TOpblHB HeCeHblH H)KeYKaJaHHblen
onpaBKH. 3TOT TTpoTOKOeJlc rynHJJ a CHJJY
16 ceHTJ16pJ119 99 ro.ua. TeKCTT TpoTOKOJ0J6a ayTeHTH'lH0M
"leTblpeXbJ13bl"IHT0MeK CTen pHB0,!lHTCBJI HaCT0JlllleM,! l0KyMeHTeH
a CTPaH11ua4x8 -51.
B 0CH0BHYI"Ola CTbB bIWeynoMJIHYTTbIeXK CT0BK 0HBeHI.\1111
Ha pyccK0M,a HfJJHHCKO1M1c, naHCK0HM c ppaHUY3CKJOl3Mb lKaJ<,
npHB0,!lHMblBX H aCT0JlllleM,!l 0KyMeHTeB, KJI!O'leHbacl e nonpaBKHK
KoHBeHUHHH,M eBWHCe HJJYH a 1 JIHBapl2l 006 ro,aa, a
HMeHHn0o npaBKHB 0TH0WeHHH:
a) CTaTbH 3 bis (HenpHMeHeHHe opy)KHJI npoTHB
rpa)l(,!laHCKHBX03 ,!lYWHbclyX.u oa B ITOJTeTe);
b) CTaTbH4 5 (noCToJIHHoMe ec-ronpe6bmaHHOe praHHJau11u);
c) CTaTbH4 8 a) (nepHO.llH"IHOCcTebc ctttt AccaM6-
nett);
d) CTaTbH4 9 e) (r:paaa AccaM6neH,K aca10m11ecrJo1.
U0BbI6X! 0.[l)KeTOB);
e) CTaTbH5 0 a) (cocrna 11B b16opbC1 oaern);
f) CTaTbH5 6 (coCTaBA 3pOH3BHfaUHOHHKO0HM HCCHH);
g) CTaTbH6 1 (6!0.[l)KeHT pacnpe,aeneHttep acxo,aoa);
h) CTaTbH8 3 bis (nepe.uaqa onpe.ueneHHbIcXp yHKUHH
H ofol3aHHOCTeBH c nyqae apeH.Ublq, >pru<TOBaHBH0J3IJ lYllIHblXc
y.uoa HJlHo 6MeHaH MH);
i) CTaTbH9 3 bis (HCKJIIO"leHH3e Me)l(JlyHapo.aHott
opraHH3aUHHrp a)l(,!laHCK0aHa1 1aum1H JJHn pH0CTaH0BJJeHHe
"IJJeHCTBa H ett); H
)) 3aKJIIO"IHTeJJbHn0yroH KTa( BKJIIO"leHTHeeK CTaH a
pyccK0Mll 3bIKeB " IHCJJa0y TeHTH"IHbTleXK CT0KBo HBeHUHH).
Annex 3
Attention is invited to the footnotes to the above-mentioned
amendments.
Further amendments to the Convention have been adopted
but have not been incorporated in this document as they have
not yet entered into force, namely in respect of:
a) the final paragraph of the Convention, adding
Arabic to the authentic texts of the Convention, adopted by
the 31 st Session of the Assembly; and
b) the final paragraph of the Convention, adding
Chinese to the authentic texts of the Convention, adopted by
the 32nd Session of the Assembly.
(iii)
On voudra bien se reporter aux notes de bas de page
relatives aux amendements precites.
D'autres amendements de la Convention ont ete adoptes
mais n'ont pas ete incorpores au present document du fait
qu'ils ne sont pas encore entres en vigueur. 11 s'agit:
a) d'un amendement du demier paragraphe de la
Convention qui ajoute l'arabe aux textes authentiques de
la Convention et qui a ete adopte par l 'Assemblee a sa
31 c session;
b) d'un amendement du demier paragraphe de la
Convention qui ajoute le chinois aux textes authentiques
de la Convention et qui a ete adopte par l' Assemblee a
sa 32c session.
Annex 3
Se sefialan a la atenci6n de! lector !as notas a pie de pagina
relativas a !as mencionadas enmiendas.
Se han adoptado otras enmiendas de! Convenio que no
figuran en el presente documento porque a(m no han entrado en
vigor; se trata de !as siguientes:
a) parrafo final de! Convenio, que afiade el arabe a
los textos autenticos de! Convenio, adoptada por el
31 ° periodo de sesiones de la Asamblea; y
b) parrafo final de! Convenio, que afiade el chino a
los textos autenticos de! Convenio, adoptada por el
32° periodo de sesiones de la Asamblea.
(iii)
CJieJlye'I' o6pamaTb BHHMamteH a IlOJICTPO'-IHbnipe1 1Me'-
1aHHKHB billleynoMHHYTbnIoMnp asKaM.
B HaCTOHIUHJIHO KYMeHHTe BKJIJO'-leHnbplH HHTbleJI OilOJIHHTeJibHblneo
npaBKHK KoHBeHI.(11I1lO1,C KOJlbKOYH He me He
BCTyn11rBr1 C1H JIYa, HMeHHO:
a) nonpasKa K JaKJIJO'-IJITeJibHOnMyttYK Ty KoHseHu111(
1B KJIJO'-leHTHeeK CTHa a apa6cKOMH 3b!KBe '-IHCJIaOY TeHTH'-
IHblXT eKCTOBK oHBeHUHH)n, pHHHTaH3 1-H cecc11e11
AccaM6Jie111,1
b) nonpasKa K JaKJIJO'-IHTeJihHOTMIJYH KTYK oHseHu1111(
BKJIJO'-leHHTeeK CTaH a KJITaHCKOHM3 b!KeB '-IHCJIO
aYTeHTH'-IHbTlXeK CTOKB oHBeH!_\111n1p)H, HHTaH3 2-H cecCHeHA
ccaM6JieH.
Annex 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL
CIVIL AVIATION (Chicago, 7 December 1944)
PREAMBLE .................................... .
PARTL-AIRNAVIGATION........................ 2
CHAPTER I. - General principles and application
of the Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
CHAPTER II. - FI ight over territory of
contracting States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
CHAPTER III. - Nationality of aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
CHAPTER IV. - Measures to facilitate air navigation . . 10
CHAPTER V. - Conditions to be fulfilled with respect
to aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
CHAPTER VI. - International standards and
recommended practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
PART II. - THE INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION
ORGANIZA TION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
CHAPTER Vil. - The Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
CHAPTER VIII. - The Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
CHAPTER IX. - The Council . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
CHAPTER X. - The Air Navigation Commission . . . . . 28
CHAPTER XI. - Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
CHAPTER XII. - Finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
CHAPTER XIII. - Other international arrangements . . . 31
PART III. -INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ......... 32
CHAPTER XIV. - Information and reports .......... 32
(iv)
TABLE DES MATIERES
CONVENTION RELATIVE A L'AVIATION CIVILE
INTERNATIONALE (Chicago, le 7 decembre 1944) ..
PREAMBULE ................................... .
PREM!ERE PARTIE.- NAVIGATION AERIENNE . . . . . . . . . . 2
CHAP!TRE I.- Principes generaux et application
de la Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
CHAPITRE II.- Vol au-dessus du territoire
des Etats contractants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
CHAPITRE Ill.- Nationalite des aeronefs . . . . . . . . . . . 9
CHAPITRE IV.- Mesures destinees a faciliter
la navigation aerienne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
CHAPITRE V.- Conditions a remplir en ce qui
concerne les aeronefs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
CHAP!TRE VI.- Normes et pratiques
recommandees intemationales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 6
DEUX!EME PARTIE.- L 'ORGANISATION DEL' AVIATION
CIVILE !NTERNAT!0NALE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
CHAPITRE VII.- L 'Organisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
CHAPITRE VIII.- L' Assemblee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
CHAPITRE IX.- Le Conseil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
CHAP!TRE X.- La Commission de navigation
aerienne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
CHAPITRE Xl.- Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
CHAPITRE XII.- Finances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
CHAPITRE XIII.-Autres arrangements
internationaux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
TRO!SIEME PARTIE.-TRANSPORT AERJEN
INTERNATIONAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
CHAPITRE XIV.- Renseignements et rapports ....... 32
Annex 3
iNDICE
CONVENIO SOBRE A VIACION CIVIL INTERNACIONAL
(Chicago, 7 de diciembre de 1944) .....
PREAMBULO .................................. .
PRIMERA PARTE. - NAVEGACION AEREA ........... .
CAPITULO I. - Principios generales y aplicaci6n
de! Convenio ................................ .
CAPITULO II. - Vuelo sabre territorio
de Estados contratantes ........................ .
CAPITULO III. - Nacionalidad de !as aeronaves
2
2
4
9
orJIABJIEHUE
KOHBEHUHR O ME)K,[{YHAPO.ll,HOH
fPA)K.ll,AHCKOH ABI1AUI1l1 (4HKaro,
7 neKa6pll I 944 rona) ...................................................... .
nPEAM6Y JlA ....................................................................... .
4ACTb I. A3POHAB11fAL(l151 ................................................. 2
r JlABA I. 06mHe rrpHHUHITbl H rrpHMeHeHHe
KOHBeHUHH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 2
fJlABA JI. noneT Han TeppHTOpHett .ll,oroeapHea-
IOlllHXCll rocynapcTB......................................................... 4
fJlABA III. HaUHOHaJlbHOCTb B03.[J,yWHbIX cy.n,oe............. 9
CAPfTULOIV. -Medidas para facilitar fJlABA IV. MepbI co.n,etlcTBHll ITTpoHaBHraUHH ................ 10
la navegaci6n aerea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
CAPfTULO V. - Condiciones que deben cumplirse
con respecto a !as aeronaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
CAPITULO VI. - Normas y metodos recomendados
intemacionales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
SEGUNDA P ARTE. - LA 0RGANIZACION
DE AVIACION CIVIL INTERNACIONAL 20
CAPITULO VII. - La Organizaci6n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
CAPITULO VIII. - La Asamblea 22
CAPITULO IX. - El Consejo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
CAPITULO X. - La Comisi6n de Aeronavegaci6n . . . 28
CAPITULO XI. - Personal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
CAPITULO XII. - Finanzas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
CAPITULO XIII. - Otros arreglos intemacionales . . . . 31
fJlABA V. YcJJOBHll, rronnex<amHe co6n10.n,eHHIO
B OTHOWCHHH B03.[J,YWHblX cy noe ..................................... 13
fJlABA VI. Me)l(JlyHaponHbie CTaHnapTbl H
peKoMettnyeMall rrpaKTHKa...... ........ .......... ........................ 16
4ACTb 11. ME)KJJYHAPO,QHA51 OPr AH113AL(l151
fPA)l{,QAHCKOH ABl1AL(l111 ................................................. 20
fJlABA VII. OpraHHJaUHll ................................................. 20
fJlABA VIII. AccaM6Jlel! ................................................... 22
fJlABA IX. CoeeT ................................................. . 24
fJIABA X. A3pOHaBHrau110HHall KOMHCCHll .. ···················· 28
fJlABA XI. IlepcoHaJJ ........................................................ 29
fJlABA XII. <l>Httattcb1....................................................... 30
fJlABA XIII . .ll,pyrne Me)KnyttaponHbie cornaweHHll........ 31
TERCERA PARTE. - TRANS PORTE AEREO 4ACTb II I. ME)l{,QYHAPOllHblH B03,QYl.lIHblri: TPAHCTTOPT ... . 32
INTERNACIONAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
CAPITULO XIV. - Datos e informes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 fJlABA XIV. l1mpopMaUHll H OTt.IeTbl ··············•·""··········· 32
(iv)
Annex 3
CHAPTER XV. - Airports and other air navigation
facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
CHAPTER XVI. - Joint operating organizations and
pooled services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
PART IV. - FINAL PROVISIONS ..................... 36
CHAPTER XVII. - Other aeronautical agreements and
arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
CHAPTER XVIII. - Disputes and default . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
CHAPTER XIX. - War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
CHAPTER XX. - Annexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
CHAPTER XXI. - Ratifications, adherences,
amendments, and denunciations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
CHAPTER XXII. - Definitions .................... 43
SIGNATURE OF CONVENTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
PROTOCOL ON THE AUTHENTIC
TRILINGUAL TEXT OF THE CONVENTION
ON INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION
(Buenos Aires, 24 September 1968) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
PROTOCOL ON THE AUTHENTIC
QUADRILINGUAL TEXT OF THE CONVENTION
ON INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION
(Montreal, 30 September 1977) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
(v)
CHAPITRE XV.- Aeroports et autres installations
et services de navigation aerienne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
CHAPITRE XVI.- Organisations d'exploitation
en commun et services en pool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
QUATRIEMEP ARTIE.- DISPOSITIONSF INALES . . . . . . . . . 36
CHAPITRE XVI!.- Autres accords
et arrangements aeronautiques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
CHAPITRE XVIII.- Differends et manquements . . . . . . 38
CHAPITRE XIX.- Guerre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
CHAPITRE XX.- Annexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
CHAPITRE XXI.- Ratifications, adhesions,
amendements et denonciations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
CHAPITRE XXII.- Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
SIGNATURED E LA CONVENTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
PROTOCOLECONCERNANT
LE TEXTE AUTHENTIQUE TRILINGUE
DE LA CONVENTION RELATIVE A
L'AVIATION CIVILE INTERNATIONALE
(Buenos Aires, le 24 septembre 1968) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
PROTOCOLECONCERNANT
LE TEXTE AUTHENTIQUE QUADRILINGUE
DE LA CONVENTION RELATIVE A
L'AVIATION CIVILE INTERNATIONALE
(Montreal, le 30 septembre 1977) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Annex 3
CAPITULO XV. - Aeropuertos y otras instalaciones DlABA xv. A3ponopTbl 11 .Llpyrne a3p0HaB11rau110HHble
y servicios para la navegaci6n aerea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 cpe.LICTBa ........................................................................... 32
CAPITULO XVI. - Organizaciones de explotaci6n DIABA XVI. Opramnau1111 coeMeCTHOH 3Kcn11yarnu1111
conjunta y servicios mancomunados . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 11 nynhHbie cornarnettm:i................................................... 35
CUARTA PARTE. - DISPOSICIONES FINALES . . . . . . . . . . 36 4ACTb IV. 3AKJl!OlJI1TEJlbHblE TTOJ1O)1{EHI151 ....................... 36
CAPITULO XVII. - Otros acuerdos y arreglos fJlABA XVII. .[(pyrne cornarnett11ll no eonpocaM
aeronauticos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 a3pOHaBTl1Kl1.......... ....... ........ ....... ......... ............................ 36
CAPITULO XVIII. - Controversias e DIABA XVIII. Cnopb1 11 HeBhmo1rnett11e ofonaTeJihCTB.... 38
incumplimiento . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
CAPITULO XIX. - Guerra
CAPITULO XX. - Anexos
CAPITULO XXI. - Ratificaciones, adhesiones,
40
40
enmiendas y denuncias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
CAPITULO XXII. - Definiciones 43
FIRMA DEL CONVENIO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
PROTOCOLO RELA TIVO AL TEXTO AUTENTICO
TRILINGUE DEL CONVENIO SOBRE
A VIACION CIVIL INTERNACIONAL
(Buenos Aires, 24 de septiembre de 1968) . . . . . . . . . . . 45
PROTOCOLO RELATIVO AL TEXTO AUTENTICO
CUADRILINGUE DEL CONVENIO SOBRE
A VIACION CIVIL INTERNACIONAL
(Montreal, 30 de septiembre de 1977) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
(v)
fJlABA XIX. Bofitta .......................................................... 40
fJlABA XX. np11JIO)KeH11l1 ................................................. 40
fJlABA XXI. Parnq>11Kau11ll, np11coe.L111Hett11e,
nonpaBKl1 11 .[(eH0HCaU11ll . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
fJlABA XXII. Onpe.L1e11ett11ll ............................................. 43
no,l.{TTI1CAHI1E KOHBEHUI1I1..... .. .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
TTPOTOKOJI 06 AYTEHT114HOM TPEXb5l3hl4HOM
TEKCTE KOHBEHUl1l1 0 ME)K)],YHAPO.[(HOl1
rPA)K)],AHCKOH ABl1AUl1l1
(6y3Hoc-Afipec, 24 ceHTl16pll I 968 ro.L1a) ....... ............ ........ 45
TTPOTOKOJI Ofi A YTEHTl14HOM 4EThIPEXb-
5l3hl4HOM TEKCTE KOHBEHU11110 ME)K)],YHAPO.[(
HOl1 r P A)K)],AHCKOI1 AB11AU1111
(Mottpeanh, 30 cettrn6pll 1977 ro.L1a) .................................. 48
Annex 3
C O NV E N T I O N'
ON INTERNATIONAL
CIVIL AVIATION
Signed at Chicago,
on 7 December 1944
PREAMBLE
WHEREAS the future development of international civil
aviation can greatly help to create and preserve friendship and
understanding among the nations and peoples of the world, yet
its abuse can become a threat to the general security; and
WHEREAS it is desirable to avoid friction and to promote
that cooperation between nations and peoples upon which the
peace of the world depends;
THEREFORE. the undersigned governments having agreed on
certain principles and arrangements in order that international
civil aviation may be developed in a safe and orderly manner
and that international air transport services may be established
on the basis of equality of opportunity and operated soundly
and economically;
Have accordingly concluded this Convention to that end.
l. Came into force on 4 April 1947. the thirtieth day after deposit with
the Government of the United States of America of the twenty-sixth
instrument ofratification thereof or notification of adherence thereto,
in accordance with Article 91 h ).
CON VENT I O N 1
RELATIVE A. L'AVIATION
CIVILE INTERNATIONALE
Signee a Chicago,
le 7 decembre 1944
PREAMBULE
CONSIDERANT que le developpement futurde l 'aviation civile
intemationale peut grandement aider a creer et a preserver entre
les nations et les peuples du monde I' amitie et la comprehension,
alors que tout abus qui en serait fait peut devenir une menace
pour la securite generale,
CONSIDERANT qu'il est desirable d'eviter toute mesentente
entre Jes nations et Jes peuples et de promouvoir entre eux la
cooperation dont depend la paix du monde,
EN CONSEQUENCE, Jes Gouvernements soussignes etant
convenus de certains principes et arrangements, afin que
!'aviation civile internationale puisse se developper d'une
maniere sure et ordonnee et que lcs services intemationaux de
transport aerien puissent etre etablis sur la base de l'egalite des
chances et exploites d'une maniere saine et economique,
Ont conclu la presente Convention aces fins.
l. Entree en vigueur le 4 avril I 947, trentieme jour apres le depot
aupres du Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d' Amerique du vingtsixieme
instrument de ratification ou notification d"adhesion.
conformement a i·anicle 91 h).
Annex 3
CONVENI0 1
SOBRE AVIACION
CIVIL INTERNACIONAL
Firmado en Chicago,
el 7 de diciembre de 1944
PREAMBULO
CONSIDERANDO que el desarrollo futuro de la aviaci6n
civil intemacional puede contribuir poderosamente a crear y a
preservar la amistad y el entendimiento entre las naciones y los
pueblos del mundo, mientras que el abuso de la misma puede
llegar a constituir una amenaza a la seguridad general;
CONSIDERANDO que es deseable evitar toda disensi6n entre
las naciones y los pueblos y promover entre ellos la
cooperaci6n de que depende la paz del mundo;
POR CONSJGUIENTE, los Gobiemos que suscriben, habiendo
convenido en ciertos principios y arreglos, a fin de que la
aviaci6n civil intemacional pueda desarrollarse de manera
segura y ordenada y de que los servicios intemacionales de
transporte aereo puedan establecerse sobre una base de igualdad
de oportunidades y realizarse de modo sano y econ6mico;
Han concluido a estos fines el presente Convenio.
I. Entr6 en vigor el 4 de abril de 1947, el trigesimo dfa despues del
dep6sito del vigesimo sexto instrumento de ratificaci6n o notificaci6n
de adhesion al Gobierno de \os Estados Unidos de America
de acuerdo con cl Artfculo 91 b ).
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Annex 3
PARTI
AIR NAVIGATION
CHAPTER I
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
AND APPLICATION OF THE CONVENTION
Article 1
Sovereignty
The contracting States recognize that every State has
complete and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace above its
territory.
Article 2
Territon
For the purposes of this Convention the territory of a State
shall be deemed to be the land areas and territorial waters
adjacent thereto under the sovereignty, suzerainty, protection
or mandate of such State.
Article 3
Civil and state aircraft
a) This Convention shall be applicable only to civil
aircraft, and shall not be applicable to state aircraft.
b) Aircraft used in military, customs and police services
shall be deemed to be state aircraft.
c) No state aircraft of a contracting State shall fly over the
territory of another State or land thereon without authorization
by special agreement or otherwise, and in accordance with the
terms thereof.
2
PREMIERE PARTIE
NAVIGATION AERIENNE
CHAPITREI
PRINCIPES GENERAUX
ET APPLICATION DE LA CONVENTION
Article premier
Souverainete
Les Etats contractants reconnaissent que chaque Etat a
la souverainete complete et exclusive sur l'espace aerien audessus
de son territoire.
Article 2
Territoire
Aux fins de la presente Convention, ii faut entendre par
territoire d'un Etat les regions terrestres et les eaux territoriales
y adjacentes qui se trouvent sous la souverainete, la
suzerainete, la protection ou le mandat dudit Etat.
Article 3
Aeronefs civils et aeronefs d'Etat
a) La presente Convention s'applique uniquement aux
aeronefs civils et ne s'applique pas aux aeronefs d'Etat.
b) Les aeronefs utilises dans des services militaires, de
douane ou de police sont consideres comme aeronefs d'Etat.
c) Aucun aeronef d'Etat d'un Etat contractant ne peut
survoler le territoire d'un autre Etat ou y atterrir, sauf autorisation
don nee par voie d' accord special ou de toute autre maniere
et conformement aux conditions de cette autorisation.
Annex 3
Soberania
PRIMERA PARTE
NAVEGACION AEREA
CAPITULOI
PR!NCIPIOS GENERALES
Y APLICACION DEL CONVENJO
Articulo 1
Los Estados contratantes reconocen que todo Estado tiene
soberanfa plena y exclusiva en el espacio aereo situado sobre
su territorio.
Articulo 2
Territorio
A los fines del presente Convenio se consideran como
territorio de un Estado las areas terrestres y las aguas territoriales
adyacentes a ellas gue se encuentren bajo la soberanfa,
dominio, protecci6n o mandato de dicho Estado.
Articulo 3
Aeronaves civiles y de Estado
a) El presente Convenio se aplica solamente alas aeronaves
civiles y no a !as aeronaves de Estado.
b) Se consideran aeronaves de Estado las utilizadas en
servicios militares, de aduanas o de policfa.
c) Ninguna aeronave de Estado de un Estado contratante
podra volar sobre el territorio de otro Estado o aterrizar en el
mismo sin haber obtenido autorizaci6n para ello, por acuerdo
especial o de otro modo, y de conformidad con las condiciones
de la autorizaci6n.
2
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Annex 3
d) The contracting States undertake, when issuing
regulations for their state aircraft, that they will have due
regard for the safety of navigation of civil aircraft.
Article 3 bis*
a) The contracting States recognize that every State must
refrain from resorting to the use of weapons against civil
aircraft in flight and that, in case of interception, the lives of
persons on board and the safety of aircraft must not be
endangered. This provision shall not be interpreted as modifying
in any way the rights and obligations of States set forth in
the Charter of the United Nations.
b) The contracting States recognize that every State, in the
exercise of its sovereignty, is entitled to require the landing at
some designated airport of a civil aircraft flying above its
territory without authority or if there are reasonable grounds to
conclude that it is being used for any purpose inconsistent with
the aims of this Convention; it may also give such aircraft any
other instructions to put an end to such violations. For this
purpose, the contracting States may resort to any appropriate
means consistent with relevant rules of international law,
including the relevant provisions of this Convention, specifically
paragraph a) of this Article. Each contracting State agrees
to publish its regulations in force regarding the interception of
civil aircraft.
c) Every civil aircraft shall comply with an order given in
conformity with paragraph b) of this Article. To this end each
contracting State shall establish all necessary provisions in its
national laws or regulations to make such compliance
mandatory for any civil aircraft registered in that State or
operated by an operator who has his principal place of business
or permanent residence in that State. Each contracting State
shall make any violation of such applicable laws or regulations
punishable by severe penalties and shall submit the case to its
competent authorities in accordance with its laws or
regulations.
* The 25th (Extraordinary) Session of the Assembly on 10 May 1984
amended the Convention by adopting the Protocol introducing
Article 3 bis. This amendment came into force on 1 October 1998.
3
d) Les Etats contractants s'engagent a tenir dument
compte de la securite de la navigation des aeronefs civils
Iorsqu'ils etablissent des reglements pour leurs aeronefs d'Etat.
Article 3 bis*
a) Les Etats contractants reconnaissent que chaque Etat
doit s'abstenir de recourir a l'emploi des armes contre Jes
aeronefs civils en vol et qu'en cas d'interception, la vie des
personnes se trouvant a bard des aeronefs et la securite des
aeronefs ne doivent pas etre mises en danger. Cette disposition
ne saurait etre interpretee comme modifiant de quelque
maniere que ce soit Jes droits et obligations des Etats en vertu
de la Charle des Nations Unies.
b) Les Etats contractants reconnaissent que chaque Etat,
dans l'exercice de sa souverainete, est en droit d'exiger I'atterrissage,
a un aeroport designe, d'un aeronef civil qui, sans titre,
survole son territoire ou s'il y a des motifs raisonnables de
conclure qu'il est utilise a des fins incompatibles avec Jes buts
de la presente Convention; ii peut aussi donner a cet aeronef
toutes autres instructions pour mettre fin aces violations. A cet
effet, Jes Etats contractants peuvent recourir a tous moyens
appropries compatibles avec Jes regles pertinentes du droit
international, y compris Jes dispositions pertinentes de la
presente Convention, specifiquement l'alinea a) du present
article. Chaque Etat contractant convient de publier ses reglements
en vigueur pour !'interception des aeronefs civils.
c) Tout aeronef civil doit respecter un ordre donne
conformement a l'alinea b) du present article. A cette fin,
..:haque Etat contractant prend toutes Jes mesures necessaires
dans ses lois ou reglements nationaux pour faire obligation a
tout aeronef immatricule dans !edit Etat ou utilise par un
exploitant qui a le siege principal de son exploitation ou sa
residence permanente dans !edit Etat de se conformer a cet
ordre. Chaque Etat contractant rend toute violation de ces lois
ou reglements applicables passible de sanctions severes et
soumet I'affaire a ses autorites competentes conformement a
son droit inteme.
* Le 10 mai 1984, a sa 25' session (extraordinaire), I' Assemblee a
amende la Convention en adoptant le Protocole concemant !'article
3 bis. Cet amendement est entre en vigueur le I"' octobre 1998.
Annex 3
d) Los Estados contratantes se comprometen a tener debidamente
en cuenta la seguridad de la navegaci6n de las
aeronaves civiles, cuando establezcan reglamentos aplicables
a sus aeronaves de Estado.
ArticuJo 3 bis*
a) Los Estados contratantes reconocen que todo Estado
debe abstenerse de recurrir al uso de !as armas en contra de !as
aeronaves civiles en vuelo y que, en caso de interceptaci6n, no
debe ponerse en peligro la vida de los ocupantes de !as
aeronaves ni la seguridad de estas. La presente disposici6n no
se interpretani en el sentido de que modifica en modo alguno
los derechos y las obligaciones de los Estados estipulados en
la Carta de !as Naciones Unidas.
b) Los Estados contratantes reconocen que todo Estado
tiene derecho, en el ejercicio de su soberanfa, a exigir el
aterrizaje en un aeropuerto designado de una aeronave civil que
sobrevuele su territorio sin estar facultada para ello, o si tiene
motivos razonables para llegar a la conclusion de que se utiliza
para prop6sitos incompatibles con los fines de! presente
Convenio; asimismo puede dar a dicha aeronave toda otra
instrucci6n necesaria para poner fin a este acto de violaci6n.
A tales efectos, los Estados contratantes podran recurrir a todos
los medios apropiados compatibles con los preceptos pertinentes
del derecho intemacional, comprendidas las disposiciones
pertinentes del presente Convenio y, especificamente,
con el parrafo a) de! presente Artfculo. Cada Estado contratante
conviene en publicar sus reglamentos vigentes en materia de
interceptaci6n de aeronaves civiles.
c) Toda aeronave civil acatara una orden dada de conformidad
con el parrafo b) de! presente Artfculo. A este fin, cada
Estado contratante incorporara en su legislaci6n o reglamentaci6n
todas !as disposiciones necesarias para que toda
aeronave civil matriculada en el o explotada por un explotador
cuya oficina principal o residencia permanente se encuentre en
su territorio, tenga la obligaci6n de acatar dicha orden. Cada
Estado contratante tomara las disposiciones necesarias para que
toda violaci6n de esas !eyes o reglamentos aplicables se
castigue con sanciones severas, y sometera el caso a sus autoridades
competentes de conformidad con las )eyes nacionales.
* El 10 de mayo de 1984, el 25° periodo de sesiones ( extraordinario)
de la Asamblea enmend6 el Convenio mediante la adopci6n de!
Protocolo que introducia el Articulo 3 bis. La enmienda entr6 en
vigor el I de octubre de 1998.
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Annex 3
d) Each contracting State shall take appropriate measures
to prohibit the deliberate use of any civil aircraft registered in
that State or operated by an operator who has his principal
place of business or permanent residence in that State for any
purpose inconsistent with the aims of this Convention. This
provision shall not affect paragraph a) or derogate from
paragraphs b) and c) of this Article.
Article 4
Misuse of civil aviation
Each contracting State agrees not to use civil aviation for
any purpose inconsistent with the aims of this Convention.
CHAPTER II
FLIGHT OVER TERRITORY OF
CONTRACTING ST A TES
Article 5
Right of non-scheduled flight
Each contracting State agrees that all aircraft of the other
contracting States, being aircraft not engaged in scheduled
international air services shall have the right, subject to the
observance of the terms of this Convention, to make flights
into or in transit non-stop across its territory and to make stops
for non-traffic purposes without the necessity of obtaining prior
permission, and subject to the right of the State flown over to
require landing. Each contracting State nevertheless reserves
the right, for reasons of safety of flight, to require aircraft
desiring to proceed over regions which are inaccessible or
without adequate air navigation facilities to follow prescribed
routes, or to obtai~ special permission for such flights.
Such aircraft, if engaged in the carriage of passengers,
cargo, or mail for remuneration or hire on other than scheduled
international air services, shall also, subject to the provisions
of Article 7, have the privilege of taking on or discharging
passengers, cargo, or mail, subject to the right of any State
where such embarkation or discharge takes place to impose
such regulations, conditions or limitations as it may consider
desirable.
4
d) Chaque Etat contractant prendra des mesures appropriees
pour interdire l'emploi delibere de tout aeronef civil
immatricule dans ledit Etat ou utilise par un exploitant qui a le
siege principal de son exploitation ou sa residence permanente
dans !edit Etat a des fins incompatibles avec les buts de la
presente Convention. Cette disposition ne porte pas atteinte a
I'alinea a) et ne deroge pas aux alineas b) et c) du present
article.
Article 4
Usage indu de !'aviation civile
Chaque Etat contractant convient de ne pas employer
!'aviation civile a des fins incompatibles avec Jes buts de la
presente Convention.
CHAPITREII
VOL AU-DESSUS DU TERRITOJRE
DES ETATS CONTRACTANTS
Article 5
Droits des aeronefs n 'assurant pas de service regulier
Chaque Etat contractant convient que tous les aeronefs des
autres Etats contractants qui n'assurent pas de services aeriens
internationaux reguliers ont le droit, a condition que soient
respectes les termes de la presente Convention, de penetrer sur
son territoire, de le traverser en transit sans escale et d'y faire
des escales non commerciales sans avoir a obtenir une autorisation
prealable, sous reserve du droit pour l'Etat survole
d' exiger I' atterrissage. Neanmoins, pour des raisons de securite
de vol, chaque Etat contractant se reserve le droit d'exiger que
les aeronefs qui desirent survoler des regions inaccessibles ou
depourvues d'installations et services de navigation aerienne
adequats suivent les itineraires prescrits ou obtiennent une
autorisation speciale.
Si lesdits aeronefs assurent le transport de passagers, de
marchandises ou de courrier contre remuneration ou en vertu
d'un contrat de location en dehors des services aeriens internationaux
reguliers, ils auront aussi le privilege, sous reserve
des dispositions de !'article 7, d'embarquer ou de debarquer
des passagers, des marchandises ou du courrier, sous reserve du
droit pour l'Etat ou a lieu l'embarquement ou le debarquement
d'imposer telles reglementations, conditions ou restrictions
qu'il pourrajuger souhaitables.
Annex 3
d) Cada Estado contratante tomara medidas apropiadas
para prohibir el uso deliberado de aeronaves civiles matriculadas
en dicho Estado o explotadas por un explotador que tenga
su oficina principal o su residencia permanente en dicho
Estado, para cualquier prop6sito incompatible con los fines de!
presente Convenio. Esta disposici6n no afectara al parrafo a)
ni derogara los parrafos b) y c) del presente Artfculo.
Articulo 4
Uso indebido de la aviaci6n civil
Cada Estado contratante conviene en no emplear la aviaci6n
civil para prop6sitos incompatibles con los fines de! presente
Convenio.
CAPITULOII
VUELO SOBRE TERRITORIO
DE ESTADOS CONTRATANTES
Articulo 5
Derecho de vuelo en servicios no regulares
Cada Estado contratante conviene en que todas !as aeronaves
de los dcmas Estados contratantes que no se utilicen en
servicios intemacionales regulares tendran derecho, de acuerdo
con lo estipulado en el presente Convenio, a penetrar sobre su
territorio o sobrevolarlo sin escalas, y a hacer escalas en el con
fines no comerciales, sin necesidad de obtener permiso previo,
y a reserva de! derecho de! Estado sobrevolado de exigir
aterrizaje. Sin embargo, cada Estado contratante se reserva,
por razones de seguridad de vuelo, el derecho de exigir que
las aeronaves que deseen volar sobre regiones inaccesibles o
que no cuenten con instalaciones y servicios adecuados para
la navegaci6n aerea, sigan !as rutas prescritas u obtengan
permisos especiales para tales vuelos.
Si dichas aeronaves se utilizan en servicios distintos de los
aereos intemacionales regularcs, en el transporte de pasajeros,
correo o carga por remuneraci6n o alquiler, tendran tambien el
privilegio, con sujeci6n a !as disposiciones del Artfculo 7, de
embarcar o desembarcar pasajeros, carga o correo, sin perjuicio
de! derecho de! Estado donde tenga lugar el embarque o
desembarque a imponer las reglamentaciones, condiciones o
restricciones que considere convenientes.
4
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npHBHnerneii npHHHMaTb Ha 6opT HnH Bbirpy)KaTb nacca)
l(HpOB, rpy3 HRH noqry npH ycROBHH, qrn mo6oe rocy .napCTBO,
r.ne npOH3BO.!(HTCT}al KM norpy3Ka HRH Bbirpy3Ka, HMeeT npaBo
ycTaHaBnHBaTb TaKHe npaBHna, ycROBHll HRH orpaHHqeHHll,
KaKHe OHO MO)KeT cqecTb )KeRaTCRbHblMH.
Annex 3
Article 6
Scheduled air services
No scheduled international air service may be operated over
or into the territory of a contracting State, except with the
special permission or other authorization of that State, and in
accordance with the terms of such permission or authorization.
Article 7
Cabotage
Each contracting State shall have the right to refuse
permission to the aircraft of other contracting States to take on
in its territory passengers, mail and cargo carried for remuneration
or hire and destined for another point within its territory.
Each contracting State undertakes not to enter into any arrangements
which specifically grant any such privilege on an
exclusive basis to any other State or an airline of any other
State, and not to obtain any such exclusive privilege from any
other State.
Article 8
Pilotless aircraft
No aircraft capable of being flown without a pilot shall be
flown without a pilot over the territory of a contracting State
without special authorization by that State and in accordance
with the terms of such authorization. Each contracting State
undertakes to insure that the flight of such aircraft without a
pilot in regions open to civil aircraft shall be so controlled as
to obviate danger to civil aircraft.
Article 9
Prohibited areas
a) Each contracting State may, for reasons of military
necessity or public safety, restrict or prohibit uniformly the
aircraft of other States from flying over certain areas of its
territory, provided that no distinction in this respect is made
between the aircraft of the State whose territory is involved,
engaged in international scheduled airline services, and the
aircraft of the other contracting States likewise engaged. Such
Article 6
Services aeriens reguliers
Aucun service aerien international regulier ne peut etre
exploite au-dessus ou a l'interieur du territoire d'un Etat
contractant, sauf permission speciale ou toute autre autorisation
dudit Etat et conformement aux conditions de cette permission
ou autorisation.
Article 7
Cabotage
Chaque Etat contractant a le droit de refuser aux aeronefs
d'autres Etats contractants la permission d'embarquer sur son
territoire des passagers, du courrier ou des marchandises pour
les transporter, centre remuneration ou en vertu d'un contrat
de location, a destination d'un autre point de son territoire.
Chaque Etat contractant s' engage a ne conclure aucun arrangement
qui accorde expressement un tel privilege, a titre exclusif,
a un autre Etat ou a une entreprise de transport aerien d'un
autre Etat, et a ne pas se faire octroyer un tel privilege exclusif
par un autre Etat.
Article 8
Aeronefs sans pilote
Aucun aeronef pouvant voler sans pilote ne peut survoler
sans pilote le territoire d'un Etat contractant, sauf autorisation
speciale dudit Etat et conformement aux conditions de celle-ci.
Chaque Etat contractant s'engage a faire en sorte que le vol
d'un teJ aeronef sans piJote dans des regions ouvertes aux aeronefs
civils soit soumis a un contr6le qui permette d'eviter tout
danger pour Jes aeronefs civils.
Article 9
Zones interdites
a) Chaque Etat contractant peut, pour des raisons de
necessite militaire OU de securite publique, restreindre OU
interdire uniformement le vol au-dessus de certaines zones de
son territoire par Jes aeronefs d'autres Etats, pourvu qu'iJ ne
soit fait aucune distinction a cet egard entre Jes aeronefs dudit
Etat qui assurent des services aeriens internationaux reguliers
et Jes aeronefs des autres Etats contractants qui assurent des
Annex 3
Articu)o6
Servicios aereos regulares
Ningun servicio aereo internacional regular podni explotarse
en el territorio o sobre el territorio de un Estado contratante,
excepto con el perrniso especial u otra autorizaci6n de dicho
Estado y de conforrnidad con !as condiciones de dicho permiso
o autorizaci6n.
Articu)o 7
Cabotaje
Cada Estado contratante tiene derecho a negar a las
aeronaves de los demas Estados contratantes el perrniso de
embarcar en su territorio pasajeros, correo o carga para transportarlos,
mediante remuneraci6n o alquiler, con destino a otro
punto situado en su territorio. Cada Estado contratante se
compromete a no celebrar acuerdos que especfficamente
concedan ta! privilegio a base de exclusividad a cualquier otro
Estado o lfnea aerea de cualquier otro Estado, y a no obtener ta!
privilegio exclusivo de otro Estado.
ArticuJo 8
Aeronaves sin piloto
Ninguna aeronave capaz de volar sin piloto volara sin el
sobre el territorio de un Estado contratante, a menos que se
cuente con autorizaci6n especial de ta! Estado y de conformidad
con los terminos de dicha autorizaci6n. Cada Estado
contratante se compromete a asegurar que los vuelos de tales
aeronaves sin piloto en !as regiones abiertas a la navegaci6n de
!as aeronaves civiles sean controlados de forrna que se evite
todo peligro a !as aeronaves civiles.
Articulo 9
Zonas prohibidas
a) Cada Estado contratante puede, por razones de necesidad
militar o de seguridad publica, restringir o prohibir
uniformemcnte los vuelos de !as aeronaves de otros Estados
sobre ciertas zonas de su territorio, siempre que no se establezcan
distinciones a este respecto entre !as aeronaves del
Estado de cuyo territorio se trate, que se empleen en servicios
aereos internacionales regulares, y !as aeronaves de los otros
5
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Annex 3
prohibited areas shall be of reasonable extent and location so
as not to interfere unnecessarily with air navigation. Descriptions
of such prohibited areas in the territory of a contracting
State, as well as any subsequent alterations therein, shall be
communicated as soon as possible to the other contracting
States and to the International Civil Aviation Organization.
b) Each contracting State reserves also the right, in
exceptional circumstances or during a period of emergency, or
in the interest of public safety, and with immediate effect,
temporarily to restrict or prohibit flying over the whole or any
part of its territory, on condition that such restriction or prohibition
shall be applicable without distinction of nationality to
aircraft of all other States.
c) Each contracting State, under such regulations as it may
prescribe, may require any aircraft entering the areas contemplated
in subparagraphs a) orb) above to effect a landing as
soon as practicable thereafter at some designated airport within
its territory.
Article 10
Landing at customs airport
Except in a case where, under the terms of this Convention
or a special authorization, aircraft are permitted to cross the
territory of a contracting State without landing, every aircraft
which enters the territory of a contracting State shall, if the
regulations of that State so require, land at an airport designated
by that State for the purpose of customs and other
examination. On departure from the territory of a contracting
State, such aircraft shall depart from a similarly designated
customs airport. Particulars of all designated customs airports
shall be published by the State and transmitted to the International
Civil Aviation Organization established under Part II
of this Convention for communication to all other contracting
States.
Article 11
Applicability of air regulations
Subject to the provisions of this Convention, the laws and
regulations of a contracting State relating to the admission to
6
services similaires. Ces zones interdites doivent avoir une
etendue et un emplacement raisonnables afin de ne pas gener
sans necessite la navigation aerienne. La definition desdites
zones interdites sur le territoire d'un Etat contractant et toute
modification ulterieure seront communiquees des que possible
aux autres Etats contractants et a l'Organisation de !'aviation
civile intemationale.
b) Chaque Etat contractant se reserve egalement le droit,
dans des circonstances exceptionnelles, en periode de crise ou
dans l'interet de la securite publique, de restreindre OU d'interdire
temporairement et avec effet immediat Jes vols au-dessus
de tout ou partie de son territoire, a condition que cette restriction
ou interdiction s'applique, sans distinction de nationalite,
aux aeronefs de tous Jes autres Etats.
c) Chaque Etat contractant peut, selon des reglements
qu'il a la faculte d'edicter, exiger que tout aeronef qui penetre
dans Jes zones visees aux alineas a) et b) ci-dessus, atterrisse
des que possible sur un aeroport designe a l'interieur de son
territoire.
Article 10
Atterrissage sur un aeroport douanier
Sauf dans le cas ou, aux termes de la presente Convention
ou d'une autorisation speciale, ii est permis a des aeronefs de
traverser le territoire d'un Etat contractant sans y atterrir, tout
aeronef qui penetre sur le territoire d'un Etat contractant doit,
si Jes reglements dudit Etat !'exigent, atterrir sur un aeroport
designe par cet Etat aux fins d' inspections douaniere et autres.
En quittant le territoire d'un Etat contractant, !edit aeronef
doit partir d'un aeroport douanier design€ aux memes fins.
Les caracteristiques de tous les aeroports douaniers designes
doivent etre publiees par l'Etat et transmises a !'Organisation
de !'aviation civile intemationale, instituee en vertu de la
deuxieme partie de la presente Convention, pour communication
a tous Jes autres Etats contractants.
Article 11
Application des reglements de l'air
Sous reserve des dispositions de la presente Convention, Jes
lois et reglements d'un Etat contractant relatifs a l'entree et a
Annex 3
Estados contratantes que se ernpleen en servicios similares.
Dichas zonas prohibidas deberan ser de extension y situaci6n
razonables, a fin de no estorbar innecesariamente a la navegaci6n
aerea. La descripci6n de tales zonas prohibidas situadas en
el territorio de un Estado contratante y todas !as modificaciones
ulteriores deberan comunicarse lo antes posible a los demas
Estados contratantes y a la Organizaci6n de Aviaci6n Civil
Internacional.
b) Cada Estado contratante se reserva igualmente el
derecho, en circunstancias excepcionales, durante un perfodo
de emergencia o en interes de la seguridad publica, a restringir
o prohibir temporalmente y con efecto inmediato Ios vuelos
sobre todo su territorio o parte del mismo, a condici6n de que
esta restricci6n o prohibici6n se aplique, sin distinci6n de
nacionalidad, a !as aeronaves de todos los demas Estados.
c) Cada Estado contratante puede exigir, de acuerdo con
!as reglamentaciones que establezca, que toda aeronave que
penetre en !as zonas indicadas en los parrafos a) y b)
anteriores, aterrice tan pronto como le sea posible en un aeropuerto
designado dentro de su territorio.
Articulo 10
Aterrizaje en aeropuertos aduaneros
Excepto en el caso en que, de acuerdo con lo dispuesto en
el presente Convenio o en una autorizaci6n especial, se permita
alas aeronaves cruzar el territorio de un Estado contratante sin
aterrizar, toda aeronave que penetre en el territorio de un
Estado contratante debera, si Ios reglamentos de tal Estado asf
lo requieren, aterrizar en un aeropuerto designado por tal
Estado para fines de inspecci6n de aduanas y otras formaIidades.
AI salir del territorio de un Estado contratante, tales
aeronaves deberan partir de un aeropuerto aduanero designado
de igual manera. Las caracterfsticas de todos los aeropuertos
aduaneros deberan ser publicadas por el Estado y transmitidas
a la Organizaci6n de Aviaci6n Civil Internacional, creada en
virtud de lo dispuesto en la Segunda Parte de! presente
Convenio, a fin de que sean comunicadas a todos los demas
Estados contratantes.
Articulo 11
Aplicaci6n de las reglamentaciones aereas
A reserva de lo dispuesto en el presente Convenio, !as !eyes
y reglamentos de un Estado contratante relativos a la entrada y
6
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ueJib!On poxo)l(,LleHHTJaI MO,KeHHOHro HHOroK OHTpOJIJI.
T TpttO WhITHHC TeppHTOp1m,[ {oroeapJrnmomeroCJrIo cyAapc-
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no,L106Hbl)MKC o 6pa30MT aMO)KeHHOar3op onoprn. Cee,LICHH0 JI
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Annex 3
or departure from its territory of aircraft engaged in international
air navigation, or to the operation and navigation of
such aircraft while within its territory, shall be applied to the
aircraft of all contracting States without distinction as to
nationality, and shall be complied with by such aircraft upon
entering or departing from or while within the territory of that
State.
Article 12
Rules of the air
Each contracting State undertakes to adopt measures to
insure that every aircraft flying over or maneuvering within its
territory and that every aircraft carrying its nationality mark,
wherever such aircraft may be, shall comply with the rules and
regulations relating to the flight and maneuver of aircraft there
in force. Each contracting State undertakes to keep its own
regulations in these respects uniform, to the greatest possible
extent, with those established from time to time under this
Convention. Over the high seas, the rules in force shall be those
established under this Convention. Each contracting State
undertakes to insure the prosecution of all persons violating the
regulations applicable.
Artide 13
Entry and clearance regulations
The laws and regulations of a contracting State as to the
admission to or departure from its territory of passengers, crew
or cargo of aircraft, such as regulations relating to entry,
clearance, immigration, passports, customs, and quarantine
shall be complied with by or on behalf of such passengers,
crew or cargo upon entrance into or departure from, or while
within the territory of that State.
Article 14
Prevention of spread of disease
Each contracting State agrees to take effective measures to
prevent the spread by means of air navigation of cholera,
typhus (epidemic), smallpox, yellow fever, plague, and such
other communicable diseases as the contracting States shall
7
la sortie de son territoire des aeronefs employes a la navigation
aerienne internationale, ou relatifs a !'exploitation et a la navigation
desdits aeronefs a l'interieur de son territoire, s'appliquent,
sans distinction de nationalite, aux aeronefs de tous Jes
Etats contractants et lesdits aeronefs doivent s'y conformer a
I'entree, a la sortie et a l'interieur du territoire de cet Etat.
Article 12
Regles de /'air
Chaque Etat contractant s' engage a adopter des mesures afin
d'assurer que tout aeronef survolant son territoire ou y
manreuvrant, ainsi que tout aeronef portant la marque de sa
nationalite, en quelque lieu qu'il se trouve, se conforment aux
regles et reglements en vigueur en ce lieu pour le vol et la
manreuvre des aeronefs. Chaque Etat contractant s'engage a
maintenir ses reglements dans ce domaine conformes, dans
toute la mesure possible, a ceux qui pourraient etre etablis en
vertu de la presente Convention. Au-dessus de la haute mer, les
regles en vigueur sont Jes regles etablies en vertu de la presente
Convention. Chaque Etat contractant s'engage a poursuivre
toute personne contrevenant aux reglements applicables.
Article 13
Reglements d'entree et de conge
Les lois et reglements d'un Etat contractant concernant
I' en tree ou la sortie de son territoire des passagers, equipages
ou marchandises des aeronefs, tels que Jes reglements relatifs
a l'entree, au conge, a !'immigration, aux passeports, a la
douane et a la sante, doivent etre observes a I' en tree, a la sortie
ou a l'interieur du territoire de cet Etat, par lesdits passagers ou
equipages, ou en leur nom, et pour les marchandises.
Artide 14
Prevention de la propagation des maladies
Chaque Etat contractant convient de prendre des mesures
efficaces pour prevenir la propagation, par la navigation
aerienne, du cholera, du typhus (epidemique), de la variole, de
la fievre jaune, de la peste, ainsi que de toute autre maladie
Annex 3
salida de su territorio de !as aeronavcs emplcadas en la
navegaci6n aerea intemacional o a la operaci6n y navegaci6n
de dichas aeronaves, mientras se encuentren en su territorio, se
aplicanin sin distinci6n de nacionalidad a !as aeronaves de
todos los Estados contratantes y dichas aeronaves debenin
cumplir tales !eyes y reglamentos a la entrada, a la salida y
mientras se encuentren dentro de! territorio de ese Estado.
Articulo 12
Reg/as de! aire
Cada Estado contratante se compromete a adoptar medidas
que aseguren que todas !as aeronaves que vuelen sobre su
territorio o maniobren en el, asf como todas !as aeronaves que
lleven la marca de su nacionalidad, dondequiera que se
encuentren, observen !as reglas y reglamentos en vigor
relativos a los vuelos y maniobras de las aeronaves en ta! lugar.
Cada Estado contratante se compromete a mantener sus propios
reglamentos sobre este particularconformes en todo lo posible,
con los_ que oportunamente se establezcan en aplicaci6n de]
presente Convenio. Sobre alta mar, !as reglas en vigor seran !as
que se establezcan de acuerdo con el presente Convenio. Cada
Estado contratante se compromete a asegurar que se procedera
contra todas !as personas que infrinjan los reglamentos
aplicables.
Articulo 13
Disposiciones sabre entrada y despacho
Las !eyes y reglamentos de un Estado contratante relativos
a la admisi6n o salida de su territorio de pasajeros, tripulaci6n
o carga transportados por aeronaves, tales como los relativos a
entrada, despacho, inmigraci6n, pasaportes, aduanas y sanidad
seran cumplidos por o por cuenta de dichos pasajeros, tripulaciones
y carga, ya sea a la entrada, a la salida o mientras se
encuentren dentro de! territorio de ese Estado.
Articulo 14
Prevenci6n contra la propagaci6n de enfermedades
Cada Estado contratante conviene en tomar medidas
efectivas para impedir la propagaci6n por medio de la navegacion
aerea, de! c6lera, tifus (epidemico), viruela, fiebre
amarilla, peste y cualesquiera otras enfermedades contagiosas
7
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CTaTbH 13
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CTaTbH 14
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Annex 3
from time to time decide to designate, and to that end
contracting States will keep in close consultation with the
agencies concerned with international regulations relating to
sanitary measures applicable to aircraft. Such consultation shall
be without prejudice to the application of any existing international
convention on this subject to which the contracting
States may be parties.
Article 15
Airport and similar charges
Every airport in a contracting State which is open to public
use by its national aircraft shall likewise, subject to the
provisions of Article 68, be open under uniform conditions to
the aircraft of all the other contracting States. The like uniform
conditions shall apply to the. use, by aircraft of every
contracting State, of all air navigation facilities, including radio
and meteorological services, which may be provided for public
use for the safety and expedition of air navigation.
Any charges that may be imposed or permitted to be
imposed by a contracting State for the use of such airports and
air navigation facilities by the aircraft of any other contracting
State shall not be higher,
a) As to aircraft not engaged in scheduled
international air services, than those that would be paid by
its national aircraft of the same class engaged in similar
operations, and
b) As to aircraft engaged in scheduled international
air services, than those that would be paid by its national
aircraft engaged in similar international air services.
All such charges shall be published and communicated to the
International Civil Aviation Organization, provided that, upon
representation by an interested contracting State, the charges
imposed for the use of airports and other facilities shall be
subject to review by the Council, which shall report and make
recommendations thereon for the consideration of the State or
States concerned. No fees, dues or other charges shall be
8
contagieuse que les Etats contractants decident de designer le
cas echeant et, a cette fin, les Etats contractants se tiendront
en etroite consultation avec les institutions chargees des
reglements internationaux relatifs aux mesures sanitaires
applicables aux aeronefs. Une telle consultation ne prejuge en
rien I 'application de toute convention internationale existant en
la matiere et a laquelle les Etats contractants seraient parties.
Article 15
Redevances d'aeroport et droits similaires
Tout aeroport situe dans un Etat contractant et ouvert aux
aeronefs de cet Etat aux fins d'usage public est aussi, sous
reserve des dispositions de I' article 68, ouvert dans des
conditions uniformes aux aeronefs de tous les autres Etats
contractants. De meme, des conditions uniformes s'appliquent
a !'utilisation, par Jes aeronefs de chaque Etat contractant, de
toutes installations et tous services de navigation aerienne, y
compris les services radioelectriques et meteorologiques, mis
en place aux fins d'usage public pour la securite et la rapidite
de la navigation aerienne.
Les redevances qu'un Etat contractant peut imposer ou
permettre d'imposer pour !'utilisation desdits aeroports et
installations et services de navigation aerienne par Jes aeronefs
de tout autre Etat contractant ne doivent pas:
a) pour les aeronefs qui n'assurent pas de services
aeriens internationaux reguliers, etre superieures aux redevances
qui seraient payees par ses aeronefs nationaux de
meme classe assurant des services similaires;
b) pour Jes aeronefs qui assurent des services aeriens
internationaux reguliers, etre superieures aux redevances qui
seraient payees par ses aeronefs nationaux assurant des
services internationaux similaires.
Toutes ces redevances sont publiees et communiquees a
I 'Organisation de I' aviation civile internationale, etant en ten du
que, sur representation d'un Etat contractant interesse, les
redevances imposees pour !'utilisation des aeroports et autres
installations et services sont soumises a l'examen du Conseil,
qui fait rapport et formule des recommandations a ce sujet
a !'attention de l'Etat ou des Etats ihteresses. Aucun Etat
Annex 3
que los Estados contratantes decidan designar oportunamente.
A este fin, los Estados contratantes mantendran estrecha
consulta con los organismos encargados de los reglamentos
intemacionales relativos a !as medidas sanitarias aplicables a
!as aeronaves. Tales consultas se haran sin perjuicio de la
aplicaci6n de cualquier convenio intemacional existente sobre
la materia en el que sean partes los Estados contratantes.
Articulo 15
Derechos aeroportuarios y otros similares
Todo aeropuerto de un Estado contratante que este abierto
a sus aeronaves nacionales para fines de uso publico estara
igualmente abierto, en condiciones uniformes y a reserva de lo
previsto en el Artfculo 68, a !as aeronaves de todos Ios demas
Estados contratantes. Tales condiciones uniformes se aplicaran
por lo que respecta al uso, por parte de !as aeronaves de cada
uno de los Estados contratantes, de todas !as instalaciones y
servicios para la navegaci6n aerea, incluso los servicios de
radio y de meteorologfa, que se provean para uso publico para
la seguridad y rapidez de la navegaci6n aerea.
Los derechos que un Estado contratante imponga o permita
que se impongan por el uso de tales aeropuertos e instalaciones
y servicios para la navegaci6n aerea por !as aeronaves de
cualquier otro Estado contratante, no dcberan ser mas elevados:
a) respecto a !as aeronaves que no se empleen en
servicios aereos intemacionales regulares, que Ios derechos
que pagarfan sus aeronaves nacionales de la misma clase
dedicadas a servicios similares;
b) respecto a las aeronaves que se empleen en
servicios aereos intemacionales regulares, que los derechos
que pagarian sus aeronaves nacionales dedicadas a servicios
aereos intemacionales similares.
Todos estos derechos seran publicados y comunicados a la
Organizaci6n de Aviaci6n Civil Internacional, entendiendose
que, si un Estado contratante interesado hace una reclamaci6n,
los derechos impuestos por el uso de aeropuertos y otras
instalaciones y servicios seran objeto de examen por el
Consejo, que hara un informe y formulani recomendaciones al
respecto para consideraci6n de! Estado o Estados interesados.
8
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CTaTbH 15
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.llOKJIM H .llaeT peKOMeH.llal..lHH /J,JIJI paCCMOTPeHHJI JaHHTepeAnnex
3
imposed by any contracting State in respect solely of the right
of transit over or entry into or exit from its territory of any
aircraft of a contracting State or persons or property thereon.
Article 16
Search of aircraft
The appropriate authorities of each of the contracting States
shall have the right, without unreasonable delay, to search
aircraft of the other contracting States on landing or departure,
and to inspect the certificates and other documents prescribed
by this Convention.
CHAPTER III
NATIONALITY OF AIRCRAFT
Article 17
Nationality of aircraft
Aircraft have the nationality of the State in which they are
registered.
Article 18
Dual registration
An aircraft cannot be validly registered in more than one
State, but its registration may be changed from one State to
another.
Article 19
National laws governing registration
The registration or transfer of registration of aircraft in any
contracting State shall be made in accordance with its laws and
regulations.
9
contractant ne doit imposer de droits, taxes ou autres redevances
uniquement pour le droit de transit, d'entree ou de
sortie de son territoire de tout aeronef d'un Etatcontractant, ou
de personnes ou biens se trouvant a bord.
Article 16
Visite des aeronefs
Les autorites competentes de chacun des Etats contractants
ont le droit de visiter, a l'atterrissage et au depart, sans causer
de retard deraisonnable, Jes aeronefs des autres Etats contractants
et d 'examiner Jes certificats et autres documents prescrits
par la presente Convention.
CHAPITRE III
NATIONALITE DES AERONEFS
Article 17
Nationalite des aeronefs
Les aeronefs ont la nationalite de l'Etat dans lequel ils sont
immatricules.
Article 18
Double immatriculation
Un aeronef ne peut etre valablement immatricule dans plus
d'un Etat, mais son immatriculation peut etre transferee d'un
Etat a un autre.
Article 19
Lois nationales regissant l'immatriculation
L' immatriculation ou le transfert d' immatriculation d' aeronefs
dans un Etat contractant s'effectue conformement a ses
lois et reglements.
Annex 3
Ningun Estado contratante impondra derechos, impuestos u
otros gravamenes por el mero derecho de transito, entrada o
salida de su territorio de cualquier aeronave de un Estado
contratante o de !as personas o bienes que se encuentren a
bordo.
Articulo 16
lnspecci6n de aeronaves
Las autoridades competentes de cada uno de los Estados
contratantes tendran derecho a inspeccionar sin causar demoras
innecesarias, !as aeronaves de los demas Estados contratantes,
a la llegada o a la salida, y a examinar los certificados y otros
documentos prescritos por el presente Convenio.
CAPiTULO Ill
NACIONALIDAD DE LAS AERONAVES
Articulo 17
Nacionalidad de fas aeronaves
Las aeronaves tienen la nacionalidad de! Estado en el que
esten matriculadas.
Articulo 18
Matriculaci6n doble
Ninguna aeronave puede estar validamente matriculada en
mas de un Estado, pero su matrfcula podra cambiarse de un
Estado a otro.
Articulo 19
Leyes nacionales sobre matriculaci6n
La matriculaci6n o transferencia de matrfcula de aeronaves
en un Estado contratante se efectuara de acuerdo con sus !eyes
y reglamentos.
9
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,[(orosap11sruomeecll rocy.napcrso He s311Maer KaK11x-1m60
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CTaTbH 16
/!OCMOmp 603cJyzuHblX cydoB
KoMnereI-ITHbie snacr11 KIDK.noro ,[(orosap11sruomerocll rocy.
napcrsa HMe!OT npaso 6e3 Heo6ocHosaHHoii 33,l-lep,Kl(lf
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HaCToarueii KoHBeHUlfCH.
rJIABAIII
HAl..{HOHAJlbHOCTb B03.[\YIIIHbIX CY,UOB
CTaTbH 17
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napcrsa, B KOTOpOM OHH 3apernCTpHpOBaHbl.
CTaTbH 18
/!BOUHaJl pe2ucmpalfUR
He MO,KCT cqHTaTbCll ,!lCHCTBHTenbHOH perHCTpal(Hll
B03AYWHOro cy,nHa 6onee qeM B o,nHoM rocy.napcrse, HO ero
pernCTpaUHll MO,KeT nepeXO,!lHTb OT O,!lHOrO rocy.napcrsa K
.npyroMy.
CT3TbH 19
HalfUOHallbHOe 3aKOHOcJameJ/bCm60, pe2yJ1upy10U{ee
pe2ucmpa11u10
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nl060M ,[(orosapHBaIOlllCMC}I rocy,napcrse npOH3BO,!lHTCll B
COOTBCTCTBHH C ero 3aKOHaMH H npaaHRaMH.
Annex 3
Article 20
Display of marks
Every aircraft engaged in international air navigation shall
bear its appropriate nationality and registration marks.
Article 21
Report of registrations
Each contracting State undertakes to supply to any other
contracting State or to the International Civil Aviation Organization,
on demand, information concerning the registration and
ownership of any particular aircraft registered in that State. In
addition, each contracting State shall furnish reports to the
International Civil Aviation Organization, under such regulations
as the latter may prescribe, giving such pertinent data as
can be made available concerning the ownership and control of
aircraft registered in that State and habitually engaged in
international air navigation. The data thus obtained by the
International Civil Aviation Organization shall be made
available by it on request to the other contracting States.
CHAPTER IV
MEASURES TO FACILITATE
AIR NA VJGA TION
Article 22
Facilitation of formalities
Each contracting State agrees to adopt all practicable
measures, through the issuance of special regulations or
otherwise, to facilitate and expedite navigation by aircraft
between the territories of contracting States, and to prevent
unnecessary delays to aircraft, crews, passengers and cargo,
especially in the administration of the laws relating to
immigration, quarantine, customs and clearance.
Article 23
Customs and immigration procedures
Each contracting State undertakes, so far as it may find
practicable, to establish customs and immigration procedures
10
Article 20
Port des marques
Tout aeronef employe a la navigation aenenne internationale
porte Jes marques de nationalite et d'immatriculation
qui Jui sont propres.
Article 21
Rapports d'immatriculation
Chaque Etat contractant s' engage a fournir, sur demande, a
tout autre Etat contractant ou a !'Organisation de !'aviation
civile internationale, des renseignements sur I' immatriculation
et la propriete de tout aeronef immatricule dans !edit Etat. De
plus, chaque Etat contractant fournit a !'Organisation de
!'aviation civile internationale, selon Jes reglements que cette
derniere peut edicter, des rapports donnant Jes renseignements
pertinents qui peuvent etre rendus disponibles sur la propriete
et le controle des aeronefs immatricules dans cet Etat et habituellement
employes a la navigation aerienne internationale.
Surdemande, !'Organisation de !'aviation civile internationale
met Jes renseignements ainsi obtenus a la disposition des autres
Etats contractants.
CHAPITREIV
MESURES DESTINEES A FACILITER
LA NAVIGATION AERIENNE
Article 22
Simplification des formalites
Chaque Etat contractant convient d'adopter, par la promulgation
de reglements speciaux ou de toute autre maniere, toutes
mesures en son pouvoir pour faciliter et accelerer la navigation
par aeronef entre Jes territoires des Etats contractants et eviter
de retarder sans necessite Jes aeronefs, equipages, passagers et
cargaisons, particulierement dans !'application des lois relatives
a !'immigration, a la sante, a la douane et au conge.
Article 23
Formalites de douane et d'immigration
Chaque Etat contractant s'engage, dans la mesure ou ii
le juge realisable, a etablir des reglements de douane et
Annex 3
Articulo 20
Ostentaci6n de /as marcas
Toda aeronave empleada en la navegaci6n aerea internacional
debera llevar las correspondientes marcas de nacionalidad
y matrfcula.
Articulo 21
/nformes sobre matriculas
Cada Estado contratante se compromete a suministrar, a
petici6n de cualquier otro Estado contratante o de la
Organizaci6n de Aviaci6n Civil Internacional, informaci6n
relativa a la matricula y propiedad de cualquier aeronave
matriculada en dicho Estado. Ademas, todo Estado contratante
proporcionara a la Organizaci6n de Aviaci6n Civil Internacional,
de acuerdo con las disposiciones que esta dicte,
informes con los datos pertinentes que puedan facilitarse sobre
la propiedad y control de las aeronaves matriculadas en el
Estado que se empleen habitualmente en la navegaci6n aerea
internacional. Previa solicitud, la Organizaci6n de Aviaci6n
Civil Internacional pondra los datos asf obtenidos a disposici6n
de los demas Estados contratantes.
CAPITULOIV
MEDIDAS PARA FACILITAR
LA NAVEGACION AEREA
Articulo22
Simplificaci6n de formalidades
Cada Estado contratante conviene en adoptar, mediante la
promulgaci6n de reglamentos especiales ode otro modo, todas
las medidas posibles para facilitar y acelerar la navegaci6n de
las aeronaves entre los territorios de los Estados contratantes y
para evitar todo retardo innecesario a las aeronaves, tripulaciones,
pasajeros y carga, especialmente en la aplicaci6n de !as
!eyes sobre inmigraci6n, sanidad, aduana y despacho.
Articulo 23
Formalidades de aduana y de inmigraci6n
Cada Estado contratante se compromete, en la medida en
que lo juzgue factible, a establecer disposiciones de aduana y
10
CTaTbH 20
Hanu'lue 3HllK06
KIDK.O.oe B03,nywHoe cy,nHO, 3aHJITOe B Me)K)].yHapo,nHOH
a3p0HaBHrau,-m, HMeeT CO0TBeTCTBYJOlUHe HaUHOHll.lihHhJe H
pernCTpaUH0HHhle 3HaKH.
CT3TbH 21
YBe0oMJ1eHue o pewcmpa11uu
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noCTaBmiTh no Janpocy nio6oMy ,npyroMy ,lJ;oroaap11saJ01UeMyc
» rocy,napCTBY wm Me)K)].yttapo,nttoii oprattHJaUHH
rpIDK,.!1.aHCK0H aaHaUHH HH!pOpMUUHJO OTHOCHTeJihH0 pentCTpaUHH
H npHml.[IJie)KH0CTH JIJ06oro K0HKpeTHOr0 B03.nyWHOro
cy,nHa, 3aperncrp11poaaHHoro a 3TOM rocy,napCTae. KpoMe
Toro, KIDK,.!1.oe ,Uoroaap11aaiomeec» rocy,napCTao Hanpaam1eT
Me)K)].yHapo,nttOH opraHH3aUHH rpIDK,.!1.aHCKOH aBHaUHH B
COOTBeTCTBHH C TeMH npaBHJiaMH, K0TOphle nocne,nff}l}l MO)KCT
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no ttx npoch6e.
rJIABAIV
MEPbl CO}],EHCTBH51 A3POHAB!1r A~HH
CTaTbH 22
YnpoUJeHue <J;opManbHocmeu
KIDK.O.oe ,UoroaapHaaiomeec» rocy,napCTB0 cornawaeTc»
nyTeM H3,naHH}l cneUJ,faJihHblX npaBHJI HJill HHhlM o6pa30M
npHHHMaTh ace B03M0)KHhie Mepbl no co,neHCTBHJO H ycKOpeHllJO
HaBHrauttll B03,nywHhIX cy.n.os Me)K)].y TeppttTOpllllMH
,lJ;oroaapHBaJOIIJ.HXC» rocy.n.apCTB H no npe.n.oTBpameHHJO He
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3KJ1n8)1{eH, naCCU)KHpOB ll rpy3a, B oco6eHHOCTll nptt npHMeHeHHll
JaKOHOB, KaCaJOJl(llXC}l llMMllrpaUHH, KapaHTHHa,
TaMO)KeHHOfO KOHTPOJI}l H BhmycKa.
CTaTbH 23
Ta.r.to:J/CeHHble UMMuzpa11uoHHb1e npoZfe0ypb1
KIDK.O.oe )];orosapHBaiomeec» rocy,napCTBo o6»JyeTc», HaCKOJihKO
OHO CO'ITeT B03MO)KHhlM, yCTaHaBJIHBaTh TaMO)KeHHhle
Annex 3
affecting international air navigation in accordance with the
practices which may be established or recommended from time
to time, pursuant to this Convention. Nothing in this Convention
shall be construed as preventing the establishment of
customs-free airports.
Artide 24
Customs duty
a) Aircraft on a flight to, from, or across the territory of
another contracting State shall be admitted temporarily free of
duty, subject to the customs regulations of the State. Fuel,
lubricating oils, spare parts, regular equipment and aircraft
stores on board an aircraft of a contracting State, on arrival in
the territory of another contracting State and retained on board
on leaving the territory of that State shall be exempt from
customs duty, inspection fees or similar national or local duties
and charges. This exemption shall not apply to any quantities
or articles unloaded, except in accordance with the customs
regulations of the State, which may require that they shall be
kept under customs supervision.
b) Spare parts and equipment imported into the territory
of a contracting State for incorporation in or use on an aircraft
of another contracting State engaged in international air navigation
shall be admitted free of customs duty, subject to
compliance with the regulations of the State concerned, which
may provide that the articles shall be kept under customs
supervision and control.
Article 25
Aircraft in distress
Each contracting State undertakes to provide such measures
of assistance to aircraft in distress in its territory as it may find
practicable, and to permit, subject to control by its own
authorities, the owners of the aircraft or authorities of the State
in which the aircraft is registered to provide such measures of
assistance as may be necessitated by the circumstances. Each
contracting State, when undertaking search for missing aircraft,
will collaborate in coordinated measures which may be
recommended from time to time pursuant to this Convention.
11
d'immigration interessant la navigation aerienne intemationale,
conformement aux pratiques qui pourraient etre etablies ou
recommandees en vertu de la presente Convention. Aucune
disposition de la presente Convention ne doit etre interpretee
comme empechant la creation d'aeroports francs.
Article 24
Droits de douane
a) Au cours d'un vol a destination ou en provenance du
territoire d'un autre Etat contractant ou transitant par ce
territoire, tout aeronef est temporairement admis en franchise
de droits, sous reserve des reglements douaniers de cet Etat.
Le carburant, Jes huiles lubrifiantes, Jes pieces de rechange,
l'equipement habituel et Jes provisions de bord se trouvant
dans un aeronef d'un Etat contractant a son arrivee sur le
territoire d'un autre Etat contractant et s'y trouvant encore )ors
de son depart de ce territoire, sont exempts des droits de
douane, frais de visite ou autres droits et redevances similaires
imposes par I'Etat ou Jes autorites locales. Cette exemption ne
s'applique pas aux quantiles OU aux objets decharges, a moins
que ne l'admettent Jes reglements douaniers de l'Etat, qui
peuvent exiger que ces quantiles ou objets soient places sous
la surveillance de la douane.
b) Les pieces de rechange et le materiel importes dans le
territoire d 'un Etat contractant pour etre installes ou utilises sur
un aeronef d'un autre Etat contractant employe a la navigation
aerienne intemationale sont admis en franchise de droits de
douane, sous reserve de )'observation des reglements de l'Etat
interesse, qui peuvent disposer que ces objets sont places sous
la surveillance et le contr61e de la douane.
Article 25
Aeronefs en detresse
Chaque Etat contractant s'engage a prendre Jes mesures
qu' ii jugera realisables afin de porter assistance aux aeronefs
en detresse sur son territoire et, sous reserve du contr61e parses
propres autorites, a permettre aux proprietaires de I' aeronef ou
aux autorites de I 'Etat dans lequel I' aeronef est immatricule de
prendre Jes mesures d'assistance necessitees par Jes circonstances.
Chaque Etat contractant entreprenant la recherche
d'aeronefs disparus collaborera aux mesures coordonnees
qui pourraient etre recommandees en vertu de la presente
Convention.
Annex 3
de inmigraci6n relativas a la navegaci6n aerea intemacional, de
acuerdo con Ios metodos que puedan establecerse o recomendarse
oportunamente en aplicaci6n de! presente Convenio.
Ninguna disposici6n de! presente Convenio se interpretara en
el sentido de que impide el establecimiento de aeropuertos
francos.
Articulo 24
Derechos de aduana
a) Las aeronaves en vuelo hacia, desde o a traves de!
territorio de otro Estado contratante, seran admitidas temporalmente
Iibres de derechos, con sujeci6n a !as reglamentaciones
de aduana de ta! Estado. EI combustible, aceites Iubricantes,
piezas de repuesto, equipo corriente y provisiones de a bordo
que se lleven en una aeronave de un Estado contratante cuando
Ilegue al territorio de otro Estado contratante y que se
encuentren aun a bordo cuando esta salga de dicho Estado,
estaran exentos de derechos de aduana, derechos de inspecci6n
u otros derechos o impuestos similares, ya sean nacionales o
locales. Esta exenci6n no se aplicara a !as cantidades u objetos
descargados, salvo disposici6n en contrario de conformidad
con !as reglamentaciones de aduana de! Estado, que pueden
exigir que dichas cantidades u objetos queden bajo vigilancia
aduanera.
b) Las piezas de repuesto y el equipo que se importen al
territorio de un Estado contratante para su instalaci6n o uso en
una aeronave de otro Estado contratante empleada en la
navegaci6n aerea intemacional, seran admitidos Iibres de
derechos de aduana, con sujeci6n al cumplimiento de !as
reglamentaciones de! Estado interesado, que pueden establecer
que dichos efectos queden bajo vigilancia y control aduaneros.
Articulo 25
Aeronaves en peligro
Cada Estado contratante se compromete a proporcionar Ios
medios de asistencia que considere factibles a !as aeronaves en
peligro en su territorio y a permitir, con sujeci6n al control de
sus propias autoridades, que Ios propietarios de !as aeronaves
o !as autoridades de! Estado en que esten matriculadas
proporcionen Ios medios de asistencia que !as circunstancias
exijan. Cada Estado contratante, al emprender la busqueda de
aeronaves perdidas, colaborara en !as medidas coordinadas
que oportunamente puedan recomendarse en aplicaci6n de!
presente Convenio.
11
11 11MM11rpa1.1110HnHpbo11e.1 e.nypb1K, acruom11ecHM e~yHapo,
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TaMO)KeHHbqliXop MaJibHOCTeH.
CTaTbSI 24
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CMa30'1HblMe acna, 3anaCHble l!aCTH,K OMilJleKTH0O6eo py,n:oeaH11e1
13 anacb1, Haxo,n:gm11ecHHa 6opry eoJ,n:yUIHorocy ,n:Ha
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no,nT: aMO)KeHHbHlMam opoM.
b) 3anaCHbie 'laCTII H 06opy,n:oeaH11e,B B0311MbleH a
TeppHTop111,l0{ oroeap11eruomerocHro cy,n:apCTeMa R ycTaHOBKH
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KOHTPOJieM.
CTaTbH 25
B03i>yU1Hb1cey i>a, meprmUJue6 ei>cmeue
K~oe ,l{oroeap11eruomeecHro cy,n:apCTeo0 6J1JyeTcJn1p 11-
HIIMaTTha KIIeM epbln o OKaJaHIIIIOlO MOll.810131. D:YlllHbclyM,n :aM,
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803MO)l(Hb!MIIII,, npII ycJIOBIIHo cymeCTBJieHHKHO ffTPOAcAo
CTOpOHbCl BOIIXe naCTeH, pa3peUiaTb co6CTBeHHIIKa3MT IIX
B03Jl:YlllHbclXy, n:oeI IJIIIB JiaCTJIMro cy.aapCTea,B KOTOpO3MT H
803,n:yUIHbcley ,n:a3 aperIICTPIIPOBaHb0lK, a3b!BaTTb aKHeM epbl
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OIICKan ponaBUiero B03.D:YlllHOcryo, n:Ha6 y,n:eTc oTPYJl:
HII'laTBb o cymeCTBJieHIIcIIo rnacoeaHHblXM ep, KOTOpble
BpeMllO Te peMeHIIM OryTp eKoMeH,n:OBaTBbC CllO OTBeTCTBCI III
HaCTOllIUKeHO HBeHUIIett.
Annex 3
Article 26
Investigation of accidents
In the event of an accident to an aircraft of a contracting
State occurring in the territory of another contracting State, and
involving death or serious injury, or indicating serious technical
defect in the aircraft or air navigation facilities, the State
in which the accident occurs will institute an inquiry into the
circumstances of the accident, in accordance, so far as its laws
permit, with the procedure which may be recommended by the
International Civil Aviation Organization. The State in which
the aircraft is registered shall be given the opportunity to
appoint observers to be present at the inquiry and the State
holding the inquiry shall communicate the report and findings
in the matter to that State.
Article 27
Exemption from seizure on patent claims
a) While engaged in international air navigation, any
authorized entry of aircraft of a contracting State into the
territory of another contracting State or authorized transit
across the territory of such State with or without landings shall
not entail any seizure or detention of the aircraft or any claim
against the owner or operator thereof or any other interference
therewith by or on behalf of such State or any person therein,
on the ground that the construction, mechanism, parts, accessories
or operation of the aircraft is an infringement of any
patent, design, or model duly granted or registered in the State
whose territory is entered by the aircraft, it being agreed that no
deposit of security in connection with the foregoing exemption
from seizure or detention of the aircraft shall in any case be
required in the State entered by such aircraft.
b) The provisions of paragraph a) of this Article shall also
be applicable to the storage of spare parts and spare equipment
for the aircraft and the right to use and install the same in the
repair of an aircraft of a contracting State in the territory of any
other contracting State, provided that any patented part or
equipment so stored shall not be sold or distributed internally
12
Article 26
Enquete sur les accidents
En cas d' accident survenu a un aeronef d'un Etat contractant
sur le territoire d'un autre Etat contractant et ayant entraine
mort OU lesion grave OU revele de graves defectuosites techniques
de I'aeronef ou des installations et services de navigation
aerienne, l 'Etat dans lequel I' accidents' est produit ouvrira une
enquete sur Jes circonstances de !'accident, en se conformant,
dans la mesure ou ses lois le permettent, a la procedure qui
pourra etre recommandee par I' Organisation de I' aviation civile
internationale. II est donne a l'Etat dans lequel l'aeronef est
immatricule la possibilite de nommer des observateurs pour
assister a I' enquete et l 'Etat procedant a I' enquete lui communique
le rapport et Jes constatations en la matiere.
Article 27
Exemption de saisie en cas de contestation
sur les brevets d'invention
a) Lorsqu'un aeronef d'un Etat contractant est employe a
la navigation aerienne intemationale, I'entree autorisee sur le
territoire d'un autre Etat contractant ou le transit autorise a
travers le territoire dudit Etat, avec ou sans atterrissage, ne
donne lieu ni a saisie OU retention de I' aeronef, ni a reclamation
a I'encontre de son proprietaire ou exploitant, ni a toute autre
intervention de la part ou au nom de cet Etat ou de toute
personne qui s'y trouve, du fait que la construction, le
mecanisme, Ies pieces, Jes accessoires ou !'exploitation de
I' aeronef porteraient atteinte aux droits afferents a tout brevet,
dessin OU modele dfiment delivre OU depose dans l'Etat sur le
territoire duquel a penetre l'aeronef, etant convenu que, dans
cet Etat, ii n'est exige en aucun cas un depot de garantie en
raison de !'exemption de saisie ou de retention de l'aeronef
visee ci-dessus.
b) Les dispositions du paragraphe a) du present article
s'appliquent aussi a l'entreposage des pieces et du materiel de
rechange pour Jes aeronefs, ainsi qu'au droit d'utiliser et de
monter ces pieces et materiel !ors de la reparation d'un aeronef
d'un Etat contractant sur le territoire d'un autre Etat
contractant, aucune piece ni aucun materiel brevete ainsi
Annex 3
Articulo 26
lnvestigaci6n de accidentes
En el caso de que una aeronave de un Estado contratante
sufra en el territorio de otro Estado contratante un accidente
que ocasione muerte o lesion grave, o que indique graves
defectos tecnicos en la aeronave o en !as instalaciones y
servicios para la navegaci6n aerea, el Estado en donde ocurra
el accidente abrira una encuesta sobre !as circunstancias de!
mismo, ajustandose, en la medida que lo permitan sus !eyes, a
los procedimientos que pueda recomendar la Organizaci6n de
Aviaci6n Civil Internacional. Se permitira al Estado donde este
matriculada la aeronave que designe observadores para estar
presentes en la encuesta y el Estado que la realice comunicara
al otro Estado el informe y las conclusiones al respecto.
Articulo 27
Exenci6n de embargo par reclamaciones
sabre patentes
a) Mientras una aeronave de un Estado contratante este
empleada en la navegaci6n aerea intemacional, la entrada
autorizada en el territorio de otro Estado contratante o el
transito autorizado a traves de dicho territorio, con o sin
aterrizaje, no daran lugar a embargo o detenci6n de la aeronave
ni a reclamaci6n alguna contra su propietario u operador ni a
ingerencia alguna por parte o en nombre de este Estado o de
cualquier persona que en el se halle, basandose en que la
construcci6n, el mecanismo, las piezas, los accesorios o la
operaci6n de la aeronave infringen los derechos de alguna
patente, disefio o modelo debidamente concedidos o registrados
en el Estado en cuyo territorio haya penetrado la
aeronave, entendiendose que en dicho Estado no se exigira en
ningun caso un dep6sito de garantfa por la exenci6n anteriormente
mencionada de embargo o detenci6n de la aeronave.
b) Las disposiciones <lei parrafo a) de! presente artfculo
se aplicaran tambien al almacenamiento de piezas y equipo
de repuesto para aeronaves, asf como al derecho de usarlos e
instalarlos en la reparaci6n de una aeronave de un Estado
contratante en el territorio de cualquier otro Estado contratante,
siempre que !as piezas o el equipo patentados, asf almacenados,
12
CTaTbH 26
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CTaTbH 27
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KaKOfO-JIH6oH HOro BMeIIIaTeJibCTBac o CTOpOHbHl JIHO T HMeHH
3TOro rocyAapCTBa HJIH mo6oro HaXO,!ll!IUerocll Ha ero
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3TO B03AYIIIHOe cy AHO; npH )TOM flOAp33yMeBaeTCJI, 'ITO B
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3aJIOr B CBJl3H C BbIIIIeHaJBaHHbIM ocso6o)KJ:leHHeM OT HaJIO,
KeHHJaI peCTaH JIH3 a,nep)KaHIDB1 03AYIIIHOro cy )lHa.
b) IToJIO)KeHIDI nyHKTa a) HaCTOllIUeli CTaTbH pacnpoCTpaHllJOTCll
TaK)Ke Ha xpaHeHHe 3anacH1,1x qaCTeH H 3anacnoro
o6opyAOBaHIDI AJlll B03.llYIIIHblX cyaos H Ha npaso HX
HCflOJib30BaHHJHI yCTaHOBKHn pH peMOHTeB 03AYIIIHOro CYAHa
)];orosapHBa10I11efOCJI rocy AapCTBa Ha TeppHTOpHH mofioro
APYroro ,ll;oroaapHBlllOIUerocll rocyAapCTBa npH ycnoBHH, 'ITO
Annex 3
in or exported commercially from the contracting State entered
by the aircraft.
c) The benefits of this Article shall apply only to such
States, parties to this Convention, as either I) are parties to the
International Convention for the Protection of Industrial
Property and to any amendments thereof; or 2) have enacted
patent laws which recognize and give adequate protection to
inventions made by the nationals of the other States parties to
this Convention.
Article 28
Air navigation facilities and
standard systems
Each contracting State undertakes, so far as it may find
practicable, to:
a) Provide, in its territory, airports, radio services,
meteorological services and other air navigation facilities to
facilitate international air navigation, in accordance with the
standards and practices recommended or established from
time to time, pursuant to this Convention;
b) Adopt and put into operation the appropriate
standard systems of communications procedure, codes,
markings, signals, lighting and other operational practices
and rules which may be recommended or established from
time to time, pursuant to this Convention;
c) Collaborate in international measures to secure the
publication of aeronautical maps and charts in accordance
with standards which may be recommended or established
from time to time, pursuant to this Convention.
CHAPTER V
CONDITIONS TO BE FULFILLED
WITH RESPECT TO AIRCRAFT
Article 29
Documents carried in aircraft
Every aircraft of a contracting State, engaged in international
navigation, shall carry the following documents
13
entrepose ne pouvant etre vendu OU cede a l'interieur de l'Etat
contractant sur le territoire duquel a penetre l'aeronef, ou
exporte de cet Etat a des fins commerciales.
c) Seu ls beneficient des dispositions du present article Jes
Etats parties a la presente Convention l) qui sont egalement
parties a la Convention internationale sur la protection de
la propriete industrielle et a tous amendements a ladite
Convention ou 2) qui ont promulgue, sur Jes brevets, des lois
reconnaissant et protegeant d'une maniere adequate Jes
inventions des ressortissants des autres Etats parties a la
presente Convention.
Article 28
Installations et services de navigation
aerienne et systemes normalises
Chaque Etat contractant s'engage, dans la mesure ou ii le
juge realisable:
a) a fournir sur son temt01re, des aeroports, des
services radioelectriques et meteorologiques et d'autres
installations et services de navigation aerienne afin de faciliter
la navigation aerienne internationale, conformement
aux normes et pratiques qui pourraient etre recommandees
ou etablies en vertu de la presente Convention;
b) a adopter et mettre en a:uvre Jes systemes normalises
appropries relatifs aux procedures de communications,
aux codes, au balisage, a la signalisation, aux feux et aux
autres pratiques et regles d'exploitation qui pourraient etre
recommandes ou etablis en vertu de la presente Convention;
c) a collaborer aux mesures internationales destinees
a assurer la publication de cartes et plans aeronautiques,
conformement aux normes qui pourraient etre recommandees
ou etablies en vertu de la presente Convention.
CHAPITREV
CONDITIONS A REMPLIR
EN CE QUI CONCERN£ LES AERONEFS
Article 29
Documents de bard des aeronefs
Tout aeronef d'un Etat contractant employe a la navigation
internationale doit, conformement aux conditions
Annex 3
no se vendan ni distribuyan internamente ni se exporten con
fines comerciales desde el Estado contratante en el que haya
penetrado la aeronave.
c) Los beneficios de este artfculo se aplicaran solo a los
Estados, partes en el presente Convenio, que I) sean partes en
la Convenci6n Internacional para laProtecci6n de la Propiedad
Industrial y sus enmiendas, o 2) hayan promulgado !eyes sobre
patentes que reconozcan y protejan debidamente las invenciones
de los nacionales de los demas Estados que sean partes
en el presente Convenio.
Articulo 28
Jnstalaciones y servicios y sistemas
normalizados para la navegaci6n aerea
Cada Estado contratante se compromete, en la medida en
que lo juzgue factible a:
a) Proveer en su territorio aeropuertos, servicios de
radio, servicios meteorol6gicos y otras instalaciones y
servicios para la navegaci6n aerea a fin de facilitar la
navegaci6n aerea internacional, de acuerdo con !as normas
y metodos recomendados o establecidos oportunamente en
aplicaci6n del presente Convenio.
b) Adoptar y aplicar los sistemas normalizados
apropiados sobre procedimientos de comunicaciones, c6digos,
balizamiento, sefiales, iluminaci6n y demas metodos y
reglas de operaci6n que se recomienden o establezcan
oportunamente en aplicaci6n del presente Convenio.
c) Colaborar en las medidas intemacionales tomadas
para asegurar la publicaci6n de mapas y cartas aeronauticas,
de conformidad con !as normas que se recomienden
o establezcan oportunamente, en aplicaci6n de! presente
Convenio.
CAPITULOV
CONDICIONES QUE DEBEN CUMPLIRSE
CON RESPECTO A LAS AERONAVES
Articulo 29
Documentos que deben llevar !as aeronaves
Toda aeronave de un Estado contratante que se emplee en
la navegaci6n internacional llevara los siguientes documentos,
13
mo6all JanareHToBaHHal,lD ;era.ribH JJHo 6opy,D;oBaHHxep, am1-
w:uecJ1T aKHMo 6paJoM, He 6y,D;YnTp o,D;asaTbCHllJ JHp acnpoCTpaHllTbClBl
HYTPHcr paHbl HJJH3 KCilOpTHpOBaTbBC KJIO MMepqeCKHXue
nllx HJ .[{orosapusruow:erocllr ocy.n:apCTBHa,a Teppurnpmo
KOTOpornop H6bIJIO3T O8 O3.n:yllIHcOye. n:Ho.
c) ITpHBHJJernun, pe.n:ycMOTPeHHbHiaeC ToJ1w:eCAT aTbeH,
pacnpoCTpaHlllOTCJIllH lllb Ha TaKHer ocy.n:apCTs-ay qaCTHHKH
HaCTOJIW:eKHo HBeHQHHK, OTOpbieJI H60 I) JIBJIJIIOTCJI yqaCTHHKaMH
Me)l()].yHapo.n:HOKHO HBeHQHnHo oxpaHe npOMbllllJieHHOHc
o6CTBeHHOCTHH mo6bIX nonpaBOK K HeH, JIH60
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eH KoHBeHLIHHH o6ecnequsruow:ee ux Ha.n:Jie)Kaw:yIO
Jaw:ury.
CTaTbH 28
A3pOHa6U2Ql{UOHHbte cpei>cmea
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no o6ecneqeHHIO HJ.n:aHHJaI3 pOHaBHraQHOHHbKlXap T u
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CTaThH29
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Annex 3
in conformity with the conditions prescribed in this
Convention:
a) Its certificate of registration;
b) Its certificate of airworthiness;
c) The appropriate licenses for each member of the
crew;
d) Its journey log book;
e) If it is equipped with radio apparatus, the aircraft
radio station license;
j) If it carries passengers, a list of their names and
places of embarkation and destination;
g) If it carries cargo, a manifest and detailed
declarations of the cargo.
Article 30
Aircraft radio equipment
a) Aircraft of each contracting State may, in or over the
territory of other contracting States, carry radio transmitting
apparatus only if a license to install and operate such apparatus
has been issued by the appropriate authorities of the State in
which the aircraft is registered. The use of radio transmitting
apparatus in the territory of the contracting State whose
territory is flown over shall be in accordance with the
regulations prescribed by that State.
b) Radio transmitting apparatus may be used only by
members of the flight crew who are provided with a special
license for the purpose, issued by the appropriate authorities of
the State in which the aircraft is registered.
Article 31
Certificates of airworthiness
Every aircraft engaged in international navigation shall be
provided with a certificate of airworthiness issued or rendered
valid by the State in which it is registered.
14
prescrites par la presente Convention, avoir a bord Jes documents
suivants;
a) son certificat d'immatriculation;
b) son certificat de navigabilite;
c) Jes licences appropriees pour chaque membre de
I' equipage;
d) son carnet de route;
e) s'il est muni d'appareils radioelectriques, la
licence de la station radio de I' aeronef;
f) s' ii transporte des passagers, la Iiste de leurs noms
et lieux d'embarquement et de destination;
g) s'il transporte du fret, un manifeste et des declarations
detaillees de ce fret.
Article 30
Equipement radio des aeronefs
a) Les aeronefs de chaque Etat contractant ne peuvent,
Iorsqu' ils se trouvent a I' interieur ou au-dessus du territoire
d' autres Etats contractants, avoir a bord des appareils emetteurs
que si Jes auto rites competentes de I 'Etat dans lequel I' aeronef
est immatricule ont delivre une licence d'installation et
d'utilisation de ces appareils. Les appareils emetteurs sont
utilises a l'interieur du territoire de l'Etat contractant survole
conformement aux reglements edictes par cet Etat.
b) Les appareils emetteurs ne peuvent etre utilises que par
Jes membres de )'equipage navigant munis a cet effet d'une
licence speciale, delivree par Jes autorites competentes de
l'Etat dans lequel l'aeronef est immatricule.
Article 31
Certificats de navigabilite
Tout aeronef employe a la navigation internationale doit etre
muni d'un certificat de navigabilite delivre OU valide par l'Etat
dans lequel ii est immatricule.
Annex 3
de conformidad con !as condiciones prescritas en el presente
Convenio:
a) certificado de matrfcula;
b) certificado de aeronavegabilidad;
c) !as licencias apropiadas para cada mi em bro de la
tripulaci6n;
d) diario de a bordo;
e) si esta pro vista de aparatos de radio, la Iicencia de
la estaci6n de radio de la aeronave;
f) si lleva pasajeros, una lista de sus nombres y
lugares de embarco y destino;
g) si transporta carga, un manifiesto y declaraciones
detalladas de la carga.
Articulo 30
Equipo de radio de !as aeronaves
a) Las aeronaves de cada Estado contratante, cuando se
encuentren en o sobre el territorio de otros Estados contratantes,
solamente pueden llevar a bordo radiotransmisores si
!as autoridades competentes de! Estado en el que este matriculada
la aeronave han expedido una licencia para instalar y
utilizar dichos aparatos. El uso de radiotransmisores en el
territorio del Estado contratante sobre el que vuele la aeronave
se efectuara de acuerdo con los reglamentos prescritos por
dicho Estado.
b) Solo pueden usar los radiotransmisores los miembros
de la tripulaci6n de vuelo provistos de una licencia especial
expedida al efecto por las autoridades competentes del Estado
en el que este matriculada la aeronave.
Articulo 31
Certificados de aeronavegabilidad
Toda aeronave que se emplee en la navegaci6n intemacional
estara pro vista de un certificado de aeronavegabilidad expedido
o convalidado por el Estado en el que este matriculada.
14
ycnoBIDIMH, yCTaHOBneHHblMH HacTOaLQeH KOHBemi:min, HMeeT
Ha 6opiy CJle.JJ,ylOLQHe JJ,OKyMeHTbl:
a) CBHJJ,eTenbCTBO O ero pemCTpau,HH;
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c) COOTBeTCTBYIOlllHe CBH)leTenbCTBa Ha KIDK.l{Oro
'UleHa 3KHnIDKa;
d) 6opToeon )KypHan;
e) ecnH OHO o6opy,noBaHO pa,nHoanrraparypoii
pa3pemeHHe Ha 6opTOBYIO PMHOCTaHU,HIO;
f) ecnH OHO rrepeBO3HT rraCCIDKHpOB - CfJHCOK HX
<\)aMHJlHH C YKa3aHHeM rrymcroe OTrrpaeneHHll H Ha3HaqeHHa;
g) ecnH OHO rrepeB03HT rpy3 - MaHH<\}eCT H no.npo6-
Hbte ,neKJiapaU.HH Ha rpy3.
CTaTbSI 30
Paouoo6opyoo6aHue 6030)/lUHblX cyoo6
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ocymeCTBJllleTCll B COOTBeTCTBHH C rrpaBHJlaMH, yCTaHoBneHHblMH
,naHHblM rocy.napCTBOM.
b) Pa.nHonepe,na10lllall arrrraparypa MO)KeT wcnonh3oBaTbCll
TOJlbKO qneHaMH JleTHOfO )KHTT3)Ka, HMCIOlllHMH Ha TO
crreu,HaJlbHOe propemeHtte, Bbt)laHHOe KOMileTeHTHblMH enacTllMH
rocy)lapCTBa, B KOTOpOM 3aperHCTpttpoeaHO BO3JJ.YUIHOe
Cy)lHO.
CTaTLSI 31
Yoocmo6epemm o zooHocmu K nOJ1emaM
KIDK.lloe BOJJlYUIHoe cy.uHo, JaHllToe B Me)K)lyHapo,nHoH
HaBHf31.l,HH, o6ecneqHBaeTCll y )lOCTOBepeHHCM O fO)lHOCTH K
IlOJleTaM, KOTopoe Bbl)laHO HJlH KOTOpOMY rrpHJJ,aHa CHJla
rocy,napCTBOM, r.ne :)TO BO3JJ.YUIHOe cy,nHO JaperHCTpHpOBaHO.
Annex 3
Article 32
Licenses of personnel
a) The pilot of every aircraft and the other members of the
operating crew of every aircraft engaged in international navigation
shall be provided with certificates of competency and
licenses issued or rendered valid by the State in which the
aircraft is registered.
b) Each contracting State reserves the right to refuse to
recognize, for the purpose of flight above its own territory,
certificates of competency and licenses granted to any of its
nationals by another contracting State.
Article 33
Recognition of certificates and licenses
Certificates of airworthiness and certificates of competency
and iicenses issued or rendered valid by the contracting State
in which the aircraft is registered, shall be recognized as valid
by the other contracting States, provided that the requirements
under which such certificates or licences were issued or
rendered valid are equal to or above the minimum standards
which may be established from time to time pursuant to this
Convention.
Article 34
1ourney log books
There shall be maintained in respect of every aircraft
engaged in international navigation a journey Jog book in
which shall be entered particulars of the aircraft, its crew and
of each journey, in such form as may be prescribed from time
to time pursuant to this Convention.
Article 35
Cargo restrictions
a) No munitions of war or implements of war may be
carried in or above the territory of a State in aircraft engaged in
international navigation, except by permission of such State.
Each State shall determine by regulations what constitutes
15
Article 32
Licences du personnel
a) Le pilote de tout aeronef et les autres membres de
I' equipage de conduite de tout aeronef employe a la navigation
internationale doivent etre munis de brevets d'aptitude et de
licences deli vres ou valides par I' Etat dans lequel I' aeronef est
immatricule.
b) Chaque Etat contractant se reserve le droit de ne pas
reconnaitre, pour le survol de son propre territoire, les brevets
d'aptitude et les licences accordes a l'un de ses ressortissants
par un autre Etat contractant.
Article 33
Reconnaissance des certificats et licences
Les certificats de navigabilite, ainsi que Jes brevets
d'aptitude et les licences delivres ou valides par l'Etat
contractant dans lequel l'aeronef est immatricule, seront
reconnus valables par les autres Etats contractants si les
conditions qui ont regi la delivrance ou la validation de ces
certificats, brevets ou licences sont equivalentes ou superieures
aux normes minimales qui pourraient etre etablies
conformement a la presente Convention.
Article 34
Carnets de route
Pour chaque aeronef employe a la navigation internationale,
ii est tenu un carnet de route sur lequel sont portes les renseignements
relatifs a I' aeronef, a I' equipage et a chaque voyage,
sous la forme qui pourrait etre prescrite en vertu de la presente
Convention.
Article 35
Restrictions relatives a la cargaison
a) Les munitions de guerre et le materiel de guerre ne
peuvent etre transportes a I' interieur ou au-dessus du territoire
d'un Etat a bord d'aeronefs employes a la navigation internationale,
sauf permission dudit Etat. Chaque Etat determine
Annex 3
Articulo 32
licencias del personal
a) El piloto y los demas miembros de la tripulaci6n
operativa de toda aeronave que se emplee en la navegaci6n
intemacional estaran provistos de certificados de aptitud y de
licencias expedidos o convalidados por el Estado en el que la
aeronave este matriculada.
b) Cada Estado contratante se reserva el derecho de no
reconocer, por lo que respecta a los vuelos sobre su propio
territorio, los certificados de aptitud y licencias ortogados a
cualquiera de sus subditos por otro Estado contratante.
Articulo 33
Reconocimiento de certificados y licencias
Los certificados de aeronavegabilidad, los certificados de
aptitud y las licencias expedidos o convalidados por el Estado
contratante en el que este matriculada la aeronave, se reconoceran
como validos por los demas Estados contratantes,
siempre que los requisitos de acuerdo con los cuales se hayan
expedido o convalidado dichos certificados o licencias sean
iguales o superiores a las normas mfnimas que oportunamente
se establezcan en aplicaci6n del presente Convenio.
Articulo 34
Diario de a bordo
Por cada aeronave que se emplee en la navegaci6n internacional
se llevara un diario de a bordo, en el que se asentaran
los datos relativos a la aeronave, a su tripulaci6n y a cada viaje
en la forma que oportunamente se prescriba en aplicaci6n del
presente Convenio.
Articulo 35
Restricciones sabre la carga
a) Las aeronaves que se empleen en la navegac10n
intemacional no podran transportar municiones de guerra o
material de guerra en o sobre el territorio de un Estado, excepto
con el consentimiento de tal Estado. Cada Estado determinara,
15
CTaTbH 32
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CTaTbH 33
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CTaTbH34
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COOTBeTCTBHCH H aCTOllll.(eHK OHBeHI.1HeH.
CTaTbH35
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He MOryT nepeB03HTbCll Ha TeppHTOpHIO HJIH Ha,D;
TeppHTOpHeli rocy,D;apcrea Ha B03.D;yWHblX cy.nax, JaHl!TbIX B
Me,K,lJ,yHapOAHOHHa BHraQHH, KpOMe KaK C pa3peweHHll TaKOrO
Annex 3
munitions of war or implements of war for the purposes of this
Article, giving due consideration, for the purposes of uniformity,
to such recommendations as the International Civil
Aviation Organization may from time to time make.
b) Each contracting State reserves the right, for reasons of
public order and safety, to regulate or prohibit the carriage in
or above its territory of articles other than those enumerated in
paragraph a): provided that no distinction is made in this
respect between its national aircraft engaged in international
navigation and the aircraft of the other States so engaged; and
provided further that no restriction shall be imposed which may
interfere with the carriage and use on aircraft of apparatus
necessary for the operation or navigation of the aircraft or the
safety of the personnel or passengers.
Artide36
Photographic apparatus
Each contracting State may prohibit or regulate the use of
photographic apparatus in aircraft over its territory.
CHAPTER VI
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND
RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
Article 37
Adoption of international standards
and procedures
Each contracting State undertakes to collaborate in securing
the highest practicable degree of uniformity in regulations,
standards, procedures, and organization in relation to aircraft,
personnel, airways and auxiliary services in all matters in
which such uniformity will facilitate and improve air
navigation.
To this end the International Civil Aviation Organization
shall adopt and amend from time to time, as may be necessary,
16
par voie de reglement ce qu'il faut entendre par munitions de
guerre ou materiel de guerre aux fins du present article, en
tenant diiment compte, dans un souci d'uniformite, des recommandations
que !'Organisation de !'aviation civile intemationale
pourrait formuler le cas echeant.
b) Chaque Etat contractant se reserve le droit, pour des
raisons d'ordre public et de securite, de reglementer ou
d' interdire le transport, a I' interieur ou au-dessus de son
territoire, d'articles autres que ceux qui sont mentionnes au
paragraphe a), a condition qu'il ne soit fait aucune distinction
a cet egard entre ses aeronefs nationaux employes a la navigation
internationale et Jes aeronefs des autres Etats employes
aux memes fins, et a condition aussi qu'il ne soit impose
aucune restriction pouvant gener le transport et l'usage, a bord
des aeronefs, des appareils necessaires a l'exploitation ou a la
navigation desdits aeronefs, ou a la securite du personnel ou
des passagers.
Article 36
Appareils photographiques
Tout Etat contractant peut interdire ou reglementer !'usage
d'appareils photographiques a bord des aeronefs survolant son
territoire.
CHAPITRE VI
NORMES ET PRATIQUES RECOMMANDEES
INTERNATIONALES
Article 37
Adoption de normes et procedures
internationales
Chaque Etat contractant s' engage a preter son concours pour
atteindre le plus haut degre realisable d'uniformite dans les
reglements, les normes, Jes procedures et I' organisation relatifs
aux aeronefs, au personnel, aux voies aeriennes et aux services
auxiliaires, dans toutes Jes matieres pour lesquelles une telle
uniformite facilite et ameliore la navigation aerienne.
A cette fin, I 'Organisation de I' aviation civile intemationale
adopte et amende, selon Jes necessites, Jes normes, pratiques
Annex 3
mediante reglamentaciones, Jo que consituye municiones de
guerra o material de guerra a los fines de! presente artfculo,
teniendo debidamente en cuenta, a los efectos de uniformidad,
!as recomendaciones que la Organizaci6n de Aviaci6n Civil
Internacional haga oportunamente.
b) Cada Estado contratante se reserva el derecho, por
razones de orden publico y de seguridad, de reglamentar o
prohibir el transporte en o sobre su territorio de otros artfculos
que no sean los especificados en eJ parrafo a), siempre que no
haga ninguna distinci6n a este respecto entre sus aeronaves
nacionales que se empleen en la navegaci6n internacional y !as
aeronaves de otros Estados que se empleen para los mismos
fines y siempre que, ademas, no imponga restricci6n alguna
que pueda obstaculizar eJ transporte y uso en !as aeronaves de
los aparatos necesarios para Ja operaci6n, o navegaci6n de estas
o para la seguridad de! personal o de Ios pasajeros.
Articulo 36
Aparatos Joto g raficos
Cada Estado contratante puede prohibir o reglamentar eJ uso
de aparatos fotograficos en !as aeronaves que vuelen sobre su
territorio.
CAPITULOVI
NORMAS Y METODOS RECOMENDADOS
INTERNACIONALES
Articulo 37
Adopci6n de normas y procedimientos
internacionales
Cada Estado contratante se compromete a colaborar, a fin de
lograr el mas alto grado de uniformidad posible en !as reglamentaciones,
normas, procedimientos y organizaci6n relativos
a las aeronaves, personal, aerovfas y servicios auxiliares, en
todas las cuestiones en que tal uniformidad facilite y mejore la
navegaci6n aerea.
A este fin, la Organizaci6n de Aviaci6n Civil Internacional
adoptara y enmendara, en su oportunidad, segun sea necesario,
16
rocy.D.apc-rBa. KruK,noe rocy.D.apc-rBo B CBOHX npasHJiax onpe.
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MaTepHaJiaMH npHMeHIITeJlbHO K HaCTOllllleH CntTbe, )].OJDKHbIM
o6pll30M Y'fHTblBal! B QeJUIX e)].HH006pll3Hll TilKHe peKOMeH)].
aQHH, KaKHe MO,KeT BpeMll OT BpeMeHH )].aBaTb Me)K)].yHapO)].
Hal! opraHHJaQHll rpa)K)].aHCKOH aBHaQHH.
b) KIDK.noe ,[{orosap1rnruomeecll rocy.D.apc-rBo B HHTepecax
co6nw.D.eHHll o6mec-rBeHHoro nopll.D.Ka H 6eJonacHOCTH
coxpaHlleT Ja co6oii npaBo perynnpoBaTb HJIH JanpemaTb
nepeB03KY Ha CBOIO TeppHTOpHIO HJIH Ha)]. csoeli TeppHTOpHeH
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CTaTbH 36
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rJIABA VI
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CTaTbH37
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Annex 3
international standards and recommended practices and
procedures dealing with:
a) Communications systems and air navigation aids,
including ground marking;
b) Characteristics of airports and landing areas;
c) Rules of the air and air traffic control practices;
d) Licensing of operating and mechanical personnel;
e) Airworthiness of aircraft;
f) Registration and identification of aircraft;
g) Collection and exchange of meteorological
information;
h) Log books;
i) Aeronautical maps and charts;
j) Customs and immigration procedures;
k) Aircraft in distress and investigation of accidents;
and such other matters concerned with the safety, regularity,
and efficiency of air navigation as may from time to time
appear appropriate.
Article 38
Departures from international standards
and procedures
Any State which finds it impracticable to comply in all
respects with any such international standard or procedure, or
to bring its own regulations or practices into full accord with
any international standard or procedure after amendment of the
latter, or which deems it necessary to adopt regulations or
practices differing in any particular respect from those
established by an international standard, shall give immediate
notification to the International Civil Aviation Organization of
the differences between its own practice and that established by
the international standard. In the case of amendments to
international standards, any State which does not make the
appropriate amendments to its own regulations or practices
shall give notice to the Council within sixty days of the
adoption of the amendment to the international standard, or
17
recommandees et procedures internationales traitant des sujets
suivants:
a) systemes de communications et aides a la navigation
aerienne, y compris le balisage au sol;
b) caracteristiques des aeroports et des aires d'atterrissage;
c) regles de I' air et pratiques de controle de la circulation
aerienne;
d) licences et brevets du personnel technique d' exploitation
et d'entretien;
e) navigabilite des aeronefs;
f) immatriculation et identification des aeronefs;
g) collecte et echange de renseignements meteorologiques;
h) livres de bord;
i) cartes et plans aeronautiques;
j) formalites de douane et d'immigration;
k) aeronefs en detresse et enquetes sur les accidents;
et, Iorsqu'il parait approprie de le faire, de tout autre sujet
interessant la securite, la regularite et I' efficacite de la navigation
aerienne.
Article 38
Derogation aux normes et aux procedures
internationales
Tout Etat qui estime ne pouvoir se conformer en tous points
a l'une quelconque de ces normes ou procedures internationales,
ou mettre ses propres reglements ou pratiques en
complet accord avec une norme ou procedure internationale
amendee, ou qui juge necessaire d'adopter des regles ou des
pratiques differant sur un point quelconque de celles qui sont
etablies par une norme internationale, notifie immediatement
a !'Organisation de !'aviation civile internationale Jes differences
entre ses propres pratiques et celles qui sont etablies
par la norme internationale. Dans le cas d'amendements a
des normes internationales, tout Etat qui n'apporte pas a ses
propres reglements ou pratiques Jes amendements appropries
en avise le Conseil dans Jes soixante jours a compter de
I'adoption de l'amendement a la norme internationale ou
Annex 3
las normas, metodos recomendados y procedimientos internacionales
que traten de:
a) sistemas de comunicaciones y ayudas para la
navegaci6n aerea, incluida la sefializaci6n terrestre;
b) caracterfsticas de los aeropuertos y areas de
aterrizaje;
c) reglas del aire y metodos de control del transito
aereo;
d) otorgamiento de licencias del personal operativo
y mecanico;
e) aeronavegabilidad de las aeronaves;
f) matrfcula e identificaci6n de las aeronaves;
g) compilaci6n e intercambio de informaci6n meteoro16gica;
h) diarios de a bordo;
i) mapas y cartas aeronauticos;
j) formalidades de aduana e inmigraci6n;
k) aeronaves en peligro e investigaci6n de accidentes;
y de otras cuestiones relacionadas con la seguridad, regularidad
y eficiencia de la navegaci6n aerea que en su oportunidad
puedan considerarse apropiadas.
Articulo 38
Desviaciones respecto de fas normas
y procedimientos internacionales
Cualquier Estado que considere impracticable cumplir, en
todos sus aspectos, con cualesquiera de tales normas o
procedimientos intemacionales, o concordar totalmente sus
reglamentaciones o metodos con alguna norma o procedimiento
intemacionales, despues de enmendados estos
ultimos, o que considere necesario adoptar reglamentaciones
o metodos que difieran en cualquier aspecto particular de lo
establecido por una norma intemacional, notificara inmediatamente
a la Organizaci6n de Aviaci6n Civil Internacional las
diferencias entre sus propios metodos y lo establecido por la
norma intemacional. En el caso de enmiendas a !as normas
intemacionales, todo Estado que no haga !as enmiendas adecuadas
en sus reglamentaciones o metodos lo comunicara al
Consejo dentro de sesenta dfas a partir de la adopci6n de la
17
BpeMeHHH JMeID!eTM e)K)lyuapo,n.Hhlcen m.n.aprbl, peKOMeH.
n.yeMyJnOp aKTHKHY npoue.n.yphl,K aCaJOI11HecJ1:
a) CHCTeMC BJIJHH inpottaauraUHOHHbIXc pe,n.CTB,
BKJIJOqaHJIa JeMHYJMOa pKHpOBKY;
b) xapaKTepHCTH.Knp onoproB H noca,n.oqHhlXfl JIOllla,
LI.OK;
c) npaBHJl flOJleTOBH npaKTHKHy npaBJieHHJIB 03-
.LI.YIIIHh,LlMI.B IDKeHHeM;
d) npHCBOeHHKJIB aJIH<pHKaUJHleHT HOMyH TeXHHqecKoMy
nepcottany;
e) fO,[IH0CTBH0 JJ:IYllIHbclXy, 1:10KB f l0JieTaM;
f} pemCTpaUHH H H,[leHTHq>HKaUHB0H3 /:IYllIHblX
CY/:I0B;
g) c6opa MeTeoponomqeCKOH HHq>OpMaUHHu
o6MettaeJO;
h) 6opTOBblX)K ypttanoa;
i) aJpottaaurauuottHhIX KapT u cxeM;
k) B0JLIYIIIHhcIXy, 1:10BT,e pruimux 6et:1CTBHHe, pac-
CJie,[IOBaHnHpJoIu crueCTauii;
a TaK)KeT aKHx, 1:1pymxa onpocoa, KacaJ0111uxc6Je1J onacttoCTH,
peryJillpHOCTHH 3 q>q>eKTHBHO.nCpToHtt aBHraUHHK, aKHea peMJI
OTa peMeHHM 0ryTO KaJaThCuJeI necoo6pa3HhlMH.
CTaTbH 38
OmK!IOHeHUJoIm Me:J1CoyHapooHblX
cmaHoapmoB U npOl{e0yp
JIJ06oe rocy,1:1apCTBKOO, Topoec oqTeTn paKTuqecKHJa TPY.LI.·
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npHBO,[IHTCbB OHc o6CTBeHHbien paBHJia HJIH npaKTHKYa
nOJIHOCe OOTBeTCTBCH Kea KHMH-JIHM60e )KJ:lyttapo,1:1HCblTMaHH,
1:1apTaMHHJI Hn poue,1:1ypaMnHoc ne HJMeHeHHnJoIc Jie,[IHHJXIH 6o
KOTOpoe coqTeT Heo6XO,[IHMblMnp HHJITh npaaHJia HJIH
npaKTHKYH, MeJ01111K1ea Koe-nu6o oco6oe OTJiffqHeO T Tex
npaBHJl,K OTOpbiyeC TaHOBJieHMble )KJ:lyttapo,1:1HChTlaMH ,l:laproM,
HeJaMe,[IJIHTeJihHy0a e,[I0MJIJleTM e)KJ:lyttapot:1tty!Oop raHH-
3aumo rpa)KJ:lattcKoii aauauuu o paJJiuq11J1x Me)KJ:ly ero
co6CTBeHHOnHpa KTHKOuH T OH,K 0T0pally CTaH0BJieHMa e)K)lyHapot:
1HhICMT aH,l:lapT0BM C. JIY'Iae1 13MeHCHMHJeI) KJ:lyHapOLIHhlX
CTaH,l:lapT0BJI J06oe rocy ,1:1apCTB0K, 0Topoe He BHeCeT
Annex 3
indicate the action which it proposes to take. In any such case,
the Council shall make immediate notification to all other
states of the difference which exists between one or more
features of an international standard and the corresponding
national practice of that State.
Article 39
Endorsement of certificates and licenses
a) Any aircraft or part thereof with respect to which there
exists an international standard of airworthiness or performance,
and which failed in any respect to satisfy that standard at
the time of its certification, shall have endorsed on or attached
to its airworthiness certificate a complete enumeration of the
details in respect of which it so failed.
b) Any person holding a license who does not satisfy in
full the conditions laid down in the international standard
relating to the class of license or certificate which he holds
shall have endorsed on or attached to his license a complete
enumeration of the particulars in which he does not satisfy such
conditions.
Article 40
Validity of endorsed certificates and licenses
No aircraft or personnel having certificates or licenses so
endorsed shall participate in international navigation, except
with the permission of the State or States whose territory is
entered. The registration or use of any such aircraft, or of any
certificated aircraft part, in any State other than that in which
it was originally certificated shall be at the discretion of the
State into which the aircraft or part is imported.
Article 41
Recognition of existing standards
of airworthiness
The provisions of this Chapter shall not apply to aircraft and
aircraft equipment of types of which the prototype is submitted
18
indique les mesures qu'il se propose de prendre. En pareil
cas, le Conseil notifie immediatement a tous Jes autres Etats
la difference existant entre un ou plusieurs points de la norme
internationale et la pratique nationale correspondante de I 'Etat
en question.
Article 39
Annotation des certificats et licences
a) Tout aeronef ou element d'aeronef au sujet duquel
ii existe une norme internationale de navigabilite ou de
performance et qui n'a pas satisfait sur un point quelconque a
cette norme !ors de l'etablissement de son certificat de
navigabilite, doit avoir sous forme d'annotation sur son
certificat de navigabilite, OU en annexe a celui-ci, )'enumeration
complete des details sur lesquels l'aeronef OU !'element
d'aeronef s'ecartait de cette norme.
b) Tout titulaire d'une licence qui ne satisfait pas
entierement aux conditions imposees par la norme internationale
relative a la classe de la licence ou du brevet qu'il
detient doit avoir sous formed' annotation sur sa licence, ou en
annexe a celle-ci, !'enumeration complete des points sur
lesquels ii ne satisfait pas auxdites conditions.
Article 40
Validite des certificats et des licences annotes
Aucun aeronef ou membre du personnel dont le certificat ou
la licence a ete ainsi annote ne peut participer a la navigation
internationale si ce n'est avec la permission de l'Etat ou des
Etats sur le territoire desquels ii penetre. L'immatriculation ou
J'emploi d'un tel aeronef OU d'un element certifie d'aeronef
dans un Etat autre que celui ou ii a ete certifie a l'origine, est
laisse a la discretion de l'Etat dans lequel cet aeronef OU
element est importe.
Article 41
Reconnaissance des normes
de navigabilite existantes
Les dispositions du present chapitre ne s'appliquent ni aux
aeronefs ni au materiel d'aeronefs des types dont le prototype
Annex 3
enmienda a la norma intemacional o indicani las medidas que
se proponga adoptar. En tales casos, el Consejo notificara
inmediatamente a todos los demas Estados las diferencias que
existan entre uno o varios puntos de una norma intemacional
y el metodo nacional correspondiente del Estado en cuesti6n.
Articulo 39
Anotaciones en los certificados y licencias
a) Toda aeronave o pieza de esta, respecto a la cual exista
una norma intemacional de aeronavegabilidad o de comportamiento
de vuelo y que deje de satisfacer en algun aspecto
dicha norma en el momenta de su certificaci6n, debe llevar
anotada en el certificado de aeronavegabilidad, o agregada a
este, una enumeraci6n completa de los detalles respecto a Ios
cuales deje de satisfacer dicha norma.
b) Toda titular de una licencia que no reuna por completo
las condiciones prescritas por la norma intemacional relativa
a la clase de licencia o certificado que posea, debe llevar
anotada en su licencia o agregada a esta una enumeraci6n
completa de los aspectos en que deje de cumplir con dichas
condiciones.
Articulo 40
Validez de los certificados y licencias con anotaciones
Ninguna aeronave ni personal cuyos certificados o licencias
esten asf anotados podran participar en la navegaci6n internacional,
sin permiso del Estado o Estados en cuyo territorio
entren. La matriculaci6n o empleo de tales aeronaves, o de
cualquier pieza certificada de aeronave, en un Estado que no
sea aquel en el que se certificaron originariamente, quedara a
discreci6n del Estado en el que se importen las aeronaves o la
pieza.
Articulo 41
Reconocimiento de las normas
de aeronavegabilidad existentes
Las disposiciones del presente Capftulo nose aplicaran alas
aeronaves ni al equipo de aeronaves de los tipos cuyo prototipo
18
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Annex 3
to the appropriate national authorities for certification prior to
a date three years after the date of adoption of an international
standard of airworthiness for such equipment.
Article 42
Recognition of existing standards
of competency of personnel
The provisions of this Chapter shall not apply to personnel
whose licenses are originally issued prior to a date one year
after initial adoption of an international standard of qualification
for such personnel; but they shall in any case apply to all
personnel whose licenses remain valid five years after the date
of adoption of such standard.
19
a ete soumis aux autorites nationales competentes pour homologation
avant !'expiration des trois annees qui suivent la date
d'adoption d'une norme internationale de navigabilite pour
ce materiel.
Article 42
Reconnaissance des normes existantes
de competence du personnel
Les dispositions du present chapitre ne s'appliquent pas au
personnel dont les licences ont ete delivrees a l'origine avant
!'expiration de l'annee qui suit la date de !'adoption initiale
d 'une norme internationale d 'aptitude pour ce personnel; mais
elles s' appliquent dans tous les cas a tout le personnel dont les
licences demeurent valides cinq ans apres la date d'adoption de
cette norme.
Annex 3
se someta a !as autoridades nacionales competentes para su
certificaci6n antes de expirar Jos tres afios siguientes a Ja fecha
de adopci6n de una norma intemacional de aeronavegabilidad
para ta! equipo.
Articulo 42
Reconocimiento de fas normas existentes
sabre competencia de[ personal
Las disposiciones de! presente Capftulo ne se aplicaran al
personal cuyas licencias se expidan originariamente antes de
cumplirse un afio a partir de Ja fee ha de adopci6n inicial de una
norma intemacional de calificaci6n de ta! personal; pero, en
cualquier caso, se aplicaran a todo el personal cuyas Iicencias
sigan siendo validas cinco afios despues de la fecha de
adopci6n de dicha norma.
19
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Annex 3
PARTII
THE INTERNATIONAL CIVIL
AVIATION ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER VII
THE ORGANIZA TI0N
Article 43
Name and composition
An organization to be named the International Civil
Aviation Organization is formed by the Convention. It is made
up ofan Assembly, a Council, and such other bodies as may be
necessary.
Article 44
Objectives
The aims and objectives of the Organization are to develop
the principles and techniques of international air navigation
and to foster the planning and development of international air
transport so as to:
a) Insure the safe and orderly growth of international
civil aviation throughout the world;
b) Encourage the arts of aircraft design and operation
for peaceful purposes;
c) Encourage the development of airways, airports,
and air navigation facilities for international civil aviation;
d) Meet the needs of the peoples of the world for
safe, regular, efficient and economical air transport;
e) Prevent economic waste caused by unreasonable
competition;
f) Insure that the rights of contracting States are fully
respected and that every contracting State has a fair
opportunity to operate international airlines;
20
DEUXIEME PARTIE
L'ORGANISATION DEL' AVIATION
CIVILE INTERNATIONALE
CHAPITRE VII
L' ORGANISATION
Article 43
Norn et composition
II est institue par la presente Convention une organisation
qui portera le nom d'Organisation de !'aviation civile internationale.
Elle se compose d'une Assemblee, d'un Conseil
et de tous autres organes qui pourraient etre necessaires.
Article 44
Objectifs
L'Organisation a pour buts et objectifs d'elaborer les
principes et Jes techniques de la navigation aerienne internationale
et de promouvoir la planification et le developpement
du transport aerien international de maniere a:
a) assurer le developpement ordonne et sfir de
!'aviation civile internationale dans le monde entier;
b) encourager Jes techniques de conception et
d'exploitation des aeronefs a des fins pacifiques;
c) encourager le developpement des voies aeriennes,
des aeroports et des installations et services de navigation
aerienne pour !'aviation civile internationale;
d) repondre aux besoins des peuples du monde en
matiere de transport aerien sfir, regulier, efficace et
economique;
e) prevenir le gaspillage economique resultant d'une
concurrence deraisonnable;
f) assurer le respect integral des droits des Etats
contractants et une possibilite equitable pour chaque Etat
contractant d'exploiter des entreprises de transport aerien
international;
Annex 3
SEGUNDA PARTE
LA ORGANIZACION DE AVIACION
CIVIL INTERNACIONAL
CAPITULO VII
LA ORGANIZACI0N
Articulo 43
Nombre y composicion
Por el presente Convenio se crea un organismo que se
denominara Organizaci6n de Aviaci6n Civil Internacional. Se
compone de una Asamblea, un Consejo y demas 6rganos que
se estimen necesarios.
Articulo 44
Objetivos
Los fines y objetivos de la Organizaci6n son desarrollar los
principios y tecnicas de la navegaci6n aerea internacional y
fornentar la organizaci6n y el desenvolvirniento del transporte
aereo internacional, para:
a) lograr el desarrollo seguro y ordenado de la
aviaci6n civil intemacional en todo el mundo;
b) fomentar las tecnicas de disefio y manejo de
aeronaves para fines pacfficos;
c) estimular el desarrollo de aerovfas, aeropuertos e
instalaciones y servicios de navegaci6n aerea para la
aviaci6n civil intemacional;
d) satisfacer las necesidades de los pueblos del
mundo respecto a un transporte aereo seguro, regular, eficaz
y econ6mico;
e) evitar el despilfarro econ6mico producido por una
cornpetencia excesiva;
f) asegurar que se respeten plenamente los derechos
de los Estados contratantes y que cada Estado contratante
tenga oportunidad equitativa de explotar empresas de
transporte aereo intemacional;
20
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Annex 3
g) Avoid discrimination between contracting States;
h) Promote safety of flight in international air
navigation;
i) Promote generally the development of all aspects
of international civil aeronautics.
Article 45 * ·
Permanent seat
The permanent seat of the Organization shall be at such
place as shall be determined at the final meeting of the Interim
Assembly of the Provisional International Civil Aviation
Organization set up by the Interim Agreement on International
Civil Aviation signed at Chicago on December 7, 1944. The
seat may be temporarily transferred elsewhere by decision of
the Council, and otherwise than temporarily by decision of the
Assembly, such decision to be taken by the number of votes
specified by the Assembly. The number of votes so specified
will not be less than three-fifths of the total number of
contracting States.
Article 46
First meeting of Assembly
The first meeting of the Assembly shall be summoned by
the Interim Council of the above-mentioned Provisional
Organization as soon as the Convention has come into force, to
meet at a time and place to be decided by the Interim Council.
* This is the text of the Article as amended by the 8th Session of the
Assembly on 14 June 1954; it entered into force on 16 May 1958.
The original text read as follows:
"The permanent seat of the Organization shall be at such place as
shall be determined at the final meeting of the Interim Assembly of
the Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization set up by
the Interim Agreement on International Civil Aviation signed at
Chicago on December 7, 1944. The seat may be temporarily
transferred elsewhere by decision of the Council."
21
g) eviter la discrimination entre Etats contractants;
h) promouvoir la securite de vol dans la navigation
aerienne internationale;
i) promouvoir, en general, le developpement de
I' aeronautigue civile internationale sous tous ses aspects.
Article 45*
Siege permanent
L'Organisation aura son siege permanent au lieu gue fixera,
au cours de sa derniere session, I' Assemblee interimaire de
!'Organisation provisoire de !'aviation civile internationale,
etablie par )'Accord interimaire sur )'aviation civile internationale
signe a Chicago le 7 decembre 1944. Ce siege pourra
etre transfere provisoirement en tout autre lieu par decision du
Conseil, et autrement gue de fafon provisoire par decision de
I' Assemblee, cette decision devant recueillir le nombre des
suffrages fixe par I' Assemblee. Le nombre des suffrages ainsi
fixe ne sera pas inferieur aux trois cinguiemes du nombre total
des Etats contractants.
Article 46
Premiere session de l'Assemblee
La premiere session de I' Assemblee sera convoguee par le
Conseil interimaire de !'Organisation provisoire precitee des
I' en tree en vigueur de la presente Convention et se tiendra a la
date et au lieu gue fixera le Conseil interimaire.
* Ce texte est celui de !'article modifie !ors de la s• session de
I' Assemblee, le 14 juin 1954; ii est entre en vigueur le 16 mai 1958.
Le texte original se lisait comme suit:
«L'Organisation aura son siege permanent au lieu que fixera,
au cours de sa demiere session, l'Assemblee interimaire de
!'Organisation provisoire de !'aviation civile intemationale, etablie
par I' Accord interimaire sur !'aviation civile intemationale signe a
Chicago le 7 decembre 1944. Ce siege pourra etre transfere provisoirement
en tout autre lieu par decision du Conseil.»
Annex 3
g) evitar discriminacion entre Estados contratantes;
h) promover la seguridad de vuclo en la navegacion
aerea internacional;
i) promover, en general, cl desarrollo de la aeronautica
civil internacional en todos sus aspectos.
Articulo 45*
Sede permanente
La Organizacion tendra su sede perrnanente en cl lugar que
determine en su reunion final la Asamblea Interina de la
Organizacion Provisional de Aviacion Civil Internacional,
creada por el Convenio Provisional de Aviacion Civil
Internacional, firmado en Chicago el 7 de diciembre de 1944.
La sede podra trasladarse temporalmente a otro lugar por
decision de! Consejo, y no siendo con caracter provisional por
decision de la Asamblea. Para tomar tal decision sera necesario
el numero de votos que determine la Asamblea. El numero de
votos asf determinado no podra ser inferior a las tres quintas
partes del total de los Estados contratantes.
Articulo 46
Primera reunion de la Asamblea
La primera reunion de la Asamblea sera convocada por cl
Consejo Interino de la Organizacion Provisional precitada, tan
pronto como entre en vigor el presente Convenio, para
celebrarse en la fecha y lugar que designe el Consejo Interino.
* Este es el texto de! articulo modificado por el 8 ° periodo de sesiones
de la Asamblea el 14 de j unio de 1954; entro en vigor el 16 de mayo
de 1958. El texto original es el siguiente:
"La Organizacion tendni su sede permanente en el lugar que
determine en su reunion final la Asamblea lnterina de la Organizacion
Provisional de Aviacion Civil Internacional, creada por el
Convenio Provisional de Aviacion Civil Internacional, firmado
en Chicago el 7 de diciembre de 1944. La sede podra trasladarse
temporalmente a otro lugar por decision de! Consejo."
21
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B TaK0M MCCTe, KaK 3T0 onpe)],eJIHT BpeMeHHbIH C0BCT.
* TeKCT ,'!3HHOH CT3Tbl1. 113MeHeHHblH Ha 8-ii cecc,m AccaM6J1e11
14 HJOH)I 1954 rona. BCT)'CTHJI B Cfrny 16 Mall 1958 rona. nepBUHa'laJlblll,
111 l'CKCT 1·,iac11;1 c,1e.1)I01Uec.
"l1oc-1om111oe \1ecro11pc6b1ua1111c Opra111naum1 1rnxoa11rcll u
TaK0M MeCTe, K3K0e onpenem1eTCll Ha 331(JIIO'IHTeJlbH0M 33CC/l3Hl·IH
11pc\1c1111oj:j accaM6ne11 BpcMe1moi1 :v1elKJiyHapo.ciHOfl opram11au1m
rpa)!(l13HCKOH 3BH3UHH, Y'!PClK11CHH0H BpeMeHHblM cornarneHHCM 0
Me)!(l1yHapo)lHOH rpalK11aHCK0H 3BH3UHH, CT0JlCTHCaHHblM B qHKaro
7 ilCKa6pH 1944 rona. MecTOnpe6blB3HHe M0lKCT 6bITb speMeHH0
nepeHeceHo no pemem110 CoBeTa s J1106oe npyroe MeCTo".
Annex 3
Article 47
legal capacity
The Organization shall enjoy in the territory of each
contracting State such legal capacity as may be necessary for
the performance of its functions. Full juridical personality shall
be granted wherever compatible with the constitution and laws
of the State concerned.
CHAPTER VIII
THE ASSEMBLY
Article 48
Meetings of Assembly and voting
a) The Assembly shall meet not less than once in three
years and shall be convened by the Council at a suitable time
and place. An extraordinary meeting of the Assembly may be
held at any time upon the call of the Council or at the request
of not less than one-fifth of the total number of contracting
States addressed to the Secretary General.*
b) All contracting States shall have an equal right to be
represented at the meetings of the Assembly and each
* This is the text of the Article as amended by the 14th Session of the
Assembly on 15 September 1962; it entered into force on
11 September 1975. The previous text of this Article as amended by
the 8th Session of the Assembly on 14 June 1954 and which entered
into force on 12 December 1956 read as follows:
"a) The Assembly shall meet not less than once in three years
and shall be convened by the Council at a suitable time and place.
Extraordinary meetings of the Assembly may be held at any time
upon the call of the Council or at the request of any ten contracting
States addressed to the Secretary General."
The original unamended text of the Convention read as follows:
"a) The Assembly shall meet annually and shall be convened by
the Council at a suitable time and place. Extraordinary meetings of
the Assembly may be held at any time upon the call of the Council
or at the request of any ten contracting States addressed to the
Secretary General."
22
Article 47
Capacite juridique
Sur le territoire de chaque Etat contractant, !'Organisation
jouit de la capacite juridique necessaire a l'exercice de ses
fonctions. La pleine personnalite juridique lui est accordee
partout ou elle est compatible avec la constitution et Jes lois de
l'Etat interesse.
CHAPITRE VIII
L' ASSEMBLEE
Article 48
Sessions de l'Assemblee et vote
a) L' Assemblee se reunit au moins une fois tous les trois
ans et est convoquee par le Conseil en temps et lieu utiles. Elle
peut tenir une session extraordinaire a tout moment sur convocation
du Conseil OU sur requete adressee au Secretaire general
par un nombre d'Etats contractants egal au cinquieme au moins
du nombre total de ces Etats*.
b) Tous les Etats contractants ont un droit egal d'etre
representes aux sessions de I' Assemblee et chaque Etat
* Ce texte est celui de !'article modifie !ors de la 14° session de
l'Assemblee, le 15 septembre 1962; ii est entre en vigueur le
11 septembre 1975. Le texte precedent de cet article etabli par
I' Assemblee a sa g• session, le 14 juin 1954, et qui est entre en
vigueur le 12 decembre 1956 se lisait comme suit:
«a) L' Assemblee se reunit au moins une fois tous Jes trois ans
et est convoquee par le Conseil en temps et lieu utiles. Elle peut tenir
des sessions extraordinaires a tout moment sur convocation du
Conseil ou sur requete adressee au Secretaire general par dix Etats
contractants.»
Le texte original de cet article se lisait comme suit:
«a) L' Assemblee se reunit chaque annee et est convoquee par
le Conseil en temps et lieu utiles. Elle peut tenir des sessions
extraordinaires a tout moment sur convocation du Conseil ou sur
requete adressee au Secretaire general par dix Etats contractants.»
Annex 3
Articulo 47
Capacidadjuddica
La Organizaci6n gozara en el territorio de todo Estado
contratante de la capacidad jurfdica necesaria para el ejercicio
de sus funcioncs. Se le conccdera plena pcrsonalidad jurfdica
en cualquicr lugar en que ello sea compatible con la constituci6n
y las lcyes <lei Estado de que se trate.
CAPiTULOVIII
LAASAMBLEA
Articulo 48
Reuniones de la Asamblea y votaciones
a) La Asamblea sc reunirU por lo menos una vcz cada tres
afios y serd convocada por el Consejo en la fecha y lugar
apropiados. La Asamblca podn.'i celcbrar reuniones cxtraordinarias
en todo momenta por convocatoria del Conscjo o a
pcticiOn de no mcnos de la quinta partc dcl nllmcro total de
Estados contratantes dirigida al Sccrctario General.*
b) Todos los Estados contratantcs tendr.in igual dcrccho
a estar representados en !as reunioncs de la Asamblea y cada
* Estc cs cl tcxto dcl articulo modificado por cl 14° pcriodo de scsioncs
de la Asamblca cl 15 de scptiembre de 1962; cntrO en vigor cl 11 de
scptiembre de 1975. El tcxto anterior de este articu!o, rnodificado por
cl 8" pcriodo de scsiones de !a Asamblca cl 14 de junio de 1954 y que
entrO en vigor cl 12 de dicicmbre de 1956, dccia lo siguiente:
"a) La Asamblea sc reunira por lo mcnos una vcz cada tres ai'ios
y sera convocada por el Const:io en la fecha y !ugar apropiados.
La Asamblca podra cc!cbrar rcuniones cxtraordinarias en todo
momenta por convocatoria de\ Conscjo o a petici6n de diez Estados
contratantes dirigida al Sccretario General. ..
E! texto original Jd Cunvenio previo a la cnrnienda. dccia lo
siguiente:
"a) La Asamb!ea se rcunira anualmente y scrit convocada por
cl Consejo en la fecha y lugar apropiados. La Asamblea podra
cc!cbrarreunioncs cxtraordinarias en todo momenta porconvocatoria
de! Consejo o a pctici6n de dicz Estados contratantcs dirigida al
Sccrctario Genera!."
22
CTaTbSI 47
[]paaocnoco611ocmb
Opram13aLurn noJih3YeTC51 Ha TeppHTopim KruK1wro )loroaapHamow:
eroc51 rocynapCTsa TaKoH npaaocnoco6HoCThIO, KaKrui.
MQ)l(eT 6b!Tb Heo6xonHMa )],JUI BblIT0JIHCH1151 ee qlyHKUHH. EH
npe.uocTaBJUleTC51 IT0JIH351. npasocyfrbeKTHOCTb IT0BCIO.UY, r.ue
3T0 C0BMCCTHM0 C KOHCTHT)'UHCH H 3aK0H0,UaTCJ1bCTB0M
C00TBeTCTBYIOlUCro racy .uapcrna.
DIABA VIII
ACCAM13JIE51.
CT3TbH 48
Ceccuu Accm16 . .wu u 20I1oco@m111e
a) AccaM6JIC51 co6ttpaCTC51 HC pC)l(C O)lH0fO pa.Ja B TpH
rona H C03bIBaCTC51 CoBeTOM B y no6Hoe BpCM51 H B IT0,llX0-
nmueM MCCTC. 4pe3Bbl'-IaHHhlC CCCClfH AccaM6JICH MoryT npoB0,
UHTbC51 B mo6oe speM51 no Tpe6oam-mIO Cosem HJIH no
npOCb6e HC Mettee O,llHOH IT51TOH OT o6wero '-IHCJJa )J:Oroaap11aaIOLUHXC51
rocynapCTB, ttanpaBJieHHOH fettepanbHOM)' ceKpcrapIO.*
b) Bee )],oroaapHBaIOLUHeC51 rocy,rrapcrna HMCIOT pam-me
npaB0 6bJTb npe.uCTaBJICHHbIMH Ha ceccrurx AccaM6J1eH H
TeKcr ,1Lll!!!Oil CTaTL!i. !l3:'11CHernn,1H m1 14-tt ccccm1 AccaM6nc11
!5 ccin}IGpH 1962 romi. uCTymu1 B crn1y 11 cenn16p}1 1975 rom1.
rlre;,(bl~l}lUl!fi TCKCT Tron CTaTbH C !llH!pmmon. B!-!CCCIJHOii !ILl
8-ii ceccm1 Acc::t,1611e1r 14 H!OH}I 1954 rnna. BCTY1m1,111>1i'.i u cwn·
12 ric1xa6p}1 1956 ro.'la. rnacw1 cne;1y1omcc: • •
"uJ \cca,1Ci_·reH cuGupacn;.11 l!e pe;1,:e o:umro pcr_w ll Tp11 rn;rn 11
e<nblBUen..:H CO!.l\.!TOM B )lt06Hoe Bpt.::.rn II U II0.1XUJJ5!!UCM Mec·1e.
LJpc·11J1,1c1;ifi111,1c Cl'CCllll .:\cear,16;1c11 _\!Ol')'I lipOIJO,lll'l'hCli B ;110601.'
1.iper.rn im ·1pcGoaan1110 CoucTa H.'IH no npoci,Ge mo6bL\ ;11;:cirrn
~1oronnp11umouu1xcH rocy;rnpcrn. 1-ianpas11c111101! l'c11cp,un,110My
CCKpCTapto''.
ncpHO!lal{(L'!L!lbli'I !ICJ!3c\·!CflC!-!Hbli1 rcKCT Krnmel!Ul!H rnaClL'I nc:
ty1ou1ee
Cl} /\cca.\16:1c51 co6upaeTC51 C)KCHUllO H CO]L!Bi:!CTCH CoBCTO,\l
B y,·.to61-10c BpCl.151 ll B flO,'.IXO,Jj!!JlCM MCCTe. LJpe3Bh!CJaJ'1l!b1C ceccrn1
Acca:;16:1e11 .,roryr npoBODJ!TLUI B ;uo6oe npcM,1 no rpe6oaann10
Ccrncra 1u11 !!U 11poc1,6c ;11061,ix ,-t-:um1 JloroBaprmrno11UL\'.n1 rncy.
crnpcTB. 11ar1pa1l.'ICH1-1ol! rc11cpct11,11m1y ceKpcTap10''
Annex 3
contracting State shall be entitled to one vote. Delegates representing
contracting States may be assisted by technical
advisers who may participate in the meetings but shall have no
vote.
c) A majority of the contracting States is required to
constitute a quorum for the meetings of the Assembly. Unless
otherwise provided in this Convention, decisions of the
Assembly shall be taken by a majority of the votes cast.
Article 49
Powers and duties of Assembly
The powers and duties of the Assembly shall be to:
a) Elect at each meeting its President and other
officers;
b) Elect the contracting States to be represented on
the Council, in accordance with the provisions of
Chapter IX;
c) Examine and take appropriate action on the reports
of the Council and decide on any matter referred to it by the
Council;
d) Determine its own rules of procedure and establish
such subsidiary commissions as it may consider to be
necessary or desirable;
e) Vote annual budgets and determine the financial
arrangements of the Organization, in accordance with the
provisions of Chapter XII;*
f) Review expenditures and approve the accounts of
the Organization;
g) Refer, at its discretion, to the Council, to
subsidiary commissions, or to any other body any matter
within its sphere of action;
* This is the text of the Article as amended by the 8th Session of the
Assembly on 14 June 1954; it entered into force on 12 December
1956. The original text read as follows:
"e) Vote an annual budget and determine the financial
arrangements of the Organization, in accordance with the provisions
of Chapter XII;".
23
contractant a droit a une voix. Les delegues representant Jes
Etats contractants peuvent etre assistes de conseillers techniques,
qui peuvent participer aux seances mais n'ont pas droit
de vote.
c) La majorite des Etats contractants est requise pour
constituer le quorum !ors des reunions de I' Assemblee. Sauf
dispositions contraires de la presente Convention, Jes decisions
de I' Assemblee sont prises a la majorite des votes emis.
Article 49
Pouvoirs et obligations de l'Assemblee
Les pouvoirs et obligations de I' Assemblee sont Jes
suivants:
a) elire a chaque session son President et Jes autres
membres du bureau;
b) elire Jes Etats contractants qui seront representes
au Conseil, conformement aux dispositions du Chapitre IX;
c) examiner Jes rapports du Conseil, leur donner la
suite qui convient et statuer sur toute question dont elle est
saisie par le Conseil;
d) etablir son propre reglement interieur et instituer
Jes commissions subsidiaires qu'elle pourra juger necessaires
ou souhaitables;
e) voter des budgets annuels et determiner le regime
financier de I 'Organisation, conformement aux dispositions
du Chapitre XII*;
f) examiner Jes depenses et approuver Jes comptes de
)'Organisation;
g) renvoyer, a sa discretion, au Conseil, aux commissions
subsidiaires ou a tout autre organe, toute question de
sa competence;
* Ce texte est celui de !'article modifie !ors de la s• session de
I' Assemblee, le 14 juin I 954; ii est entre en vigueur le 12 decembre
1956. Le texte original se lisait comme suit:
«e) voter un budget annuel et determiner le regime financier de
!'Organisation, conformement aux dispositions du Chapitre XII;».
Annex 3
Estado contratante tendni derecho a un voto. Los delegados que
representen a los Estados contratantes podran ser asistidos por
asesores tecnicos, quienes podran participar en las reuniones,
pero sin derecho a voto.
c) En las reuniones de la Asamblea, sera necesaria la
mayorfa de los Estados contratantes para constituir quorum.
Salvo disposici6n en contrario de! presente Convenio, !as
decisiones de la Asamblea se tomaran por mayorfa de votos
emitidos.
Articulo 49
Facultades y deberes de la Asamblea
Seran facultades y deberes de la Asamblea:
a) elegir en cada reunion a su Presidente y otros
dignatarios;
b) elegir los Estados contratantes que estaran representados
en el Consejo, de acuerdo con las disposiciones
del Capitulo IX;
c) examinar los informes de! Consejo y actuar segun
convenga y decidir en cualquier asunto que este someta a su
consideraci6n;
d) establecer su propio reglamento intemo y crear las
comisiones auxiliares que juzgue necesario y conveniente;
e) aprobar presupuestos anuales y determinar el
regimen financiero de la Organizaci6n de acuerdo con lo
dispuesto en el Capftulo XII;*
f) examinar los gastos y aprobar las cuentas de la
Organizaci6n;
g) a su discreci6n referir al Consejo, a ]as comisiones
auxiliares o a cualquier otro 6rgano toda cuesti6n que este
dentro de su esfera de acci6n;
* Este es e\ texto del articu\o modificado pore\ 8 ° periodo de sesiones
de la Asamblea el 14 de junio de 1954; entr6 en vigor el 12 de
diciembre de 1956. El texto original es el siguiente:
"e) aprobar un presupuesto anual y determinar el regimen
financiero de la Organizaci6n de acuerdo con lo dispuesto en el
Capitulo Xll;".
23
K~oe ,l],oroaapwaruomeecHr ocy .uapcTBo HMeeTn paao Ha
O)UfHr oJIOC., l],eneraTOBn, pe,uCTaBJIHIOIU,lH],oXr oaapHBaJOIUHecH
rocy .uapCTBaM, OryTc onp0B0)K,!laTTbe XHHqecKHCe0 BeTHHKHK,
OT0pblMe OryTy qaCTB0BaTBb 3 ace.uaHHHHXO, H e HMelOT
npaaa ronoca.
c) Ha 3ace.uaHHHAXc caM6JieH, nJIH nonyqeHHHK B0pyMa
Tpe6yeTCH 60JiblllHHCTBO,l] ,oroaapHBalOIUHXCroHcy .uapCTB.
Ecnw HHoe He npe.uycM0TPeHoH aCTOHIUeKHo HBeHQHeH,
pellleHHHA ccaM6JieHn pHHHMaJOT6C0HJi blllHHCTBOnoM,U aHHblX
f0JI0C0B.
CTaTbH 49
flpaea u o6R3aHHocmuA ccaM6neu
Tipaaa H o6H3aHHOCTAHcc aM6JieHC OCT0HBTT OMq, T06b1:
a) H36HpaTbH a K~OH ceCCHHe e Tipe.uce,uaTeJIwH
.upymx .U0JDKH0CTHJIbHIXI.1 ;
b) H36HpaTb, l],oroaapHBaJOIUHerCoHcy .uapcTBa. nJIH
npe,uCTaBHTeJibCTBB Ca ose-re B C0OTBeTCTBCH Hno Jio:iKeHHHMrHna
ab1 IX;
c) paccMaTpHBaT0b~ eTbl Coae-ra H npHHHMaTnbo
HHMC 0OTBeTCTBYIOMIUeHpbe l,a TaIOKBe bIH0CHTpbel lleHHH
no n1060Mya onpocy, nepe,uaHH0MeYH Coae-roM;
d) onpe.ueJIHTbC BOHc o6CTBeHHb1nep aaHJia npoue.
uypbI H yqpe)K.!laTbT aKHe BCnoMoraTeJibHbKleO MHCCHH,
KaKHeO Ha MO)KecTq eCTb He06XO.UHMbIHMJHIH ) KeJiaTeJibHblMH;
e) yTBep)K,!laTnby TeM roJIOCOBaHHrOH. UOBbi6eI O}l)
KeTblH onpe.ueJIHTbq >HHaHCOBMble ponpHHTHOHp raHH-
3aQHHB COOTBeTCTBCH nOHJ IO)KeHHH1MJiaHB blX II*;
j) npoaepHTb paCXO.UbHl yTBep)K,!laT<bp HHaHCOBbie
OTqeTbOl praHH3aQHH;
g) nepe.uaaaTb no caoeMy ycMOTPeHHIOC oae-ry,
BCflOMOraTeJibHKbl0MM HCCHHHMJIH K aKoMy-nH6Ao pyroMy
opraHy n1060H aonpoc, BXO.!lHIUHB Hee cqiepy .ueHTenbH0CTH;
* T eKCT. Uaf!HOH(," 'faThH1,1 3MeHeHHhHlHa 8-l! cecc1m AccaM6JJeH
14 11IOH1/l9 54 ro.ua, BCTyn11sJ JC l1JJY12 L(eKa6pl1l 956 ro.ua. IIepB0Ha'-!
aJJbHbTleHK CTrr racim cne.uymmee:
"e) yrneplK.UaTbn yreM fOJJ0C0BaHl1rl0l .UOB0H6 IO)l)KeT1 1
onpe.ueJJ/lTbc pttHaHCOBbMlee ponpttllTH/Ol praHH3filU1B11 C 00TBeTCTBl1C11
0 0JJ0lKeHH/lMfJHJa BhlX JJ;".
Annex 3
h) Delegate to the Council the powers and authority
necessary or desirable for the discharge of the duties of the
Organization and revoke or modify the delegations of
authority at any time;
i) Carry out the appropriate provisions of
Chapter XIII;
j) Consider proposals for the modification or
amendment of the provisions of this Convention and, if it
approves of the proposals, recommend them to the
contracting States in accordance with the provisions of
Chapter XXI;
k) Deal with any matter within the sphere of action of
the Organization not specifically assigned to the Council.
CHAPTER IX
THE COUNCIL
Article 50
Composition and election of Council
a) The Council shall be a permanent body responsible to
the Assembly. It shall be composed of thirty-six contracting
States elected by the Assembly. An election shall be held at the
first meeting of the Assembly and thereafter every three years,
and the members of the Council so elected shall hold office
until the next following election.*
b) In electing the members of the Council, the Assembly
shall give adequate representation to 1) the States of chief
importance in air transport; 2) the States not otherwise included
which make the largest contribution to the provision of
facilities for international civil air navigation; and 3) the States
not otherwise included whose designation will insure that all
* This is the text of the Article as amended by the 28th (Extraordinary)
Session of the Assembly on 26 October 1990; it entered into force on
28 November 2002. The original text of the Convention provided for
twenty-one members of the Council. That text was subsequently
amended by the 13th (Extraordinary) Session of the Assembly on
21 June 1961 ; this amendment entered into force on I 7 July 1962
and provided for twenty-seven members of the Council. A second
amendment was adopted by the 17th (A) (Extraordinary) Session of
the Assembly on 12 March 1971; this amendment entered into force
on 16 January 1973 and provided for thirty members of the Council.
A third amendment was adopted by the 21 st Session of the Assembly
on 16 October 1974; this amendment entered into force on
15 February 1980 and provided for thirty-three members of the
Council.
24
h) deleguer au Conseil Jes pouvoirs et l'autorite
necessaires ou souhaitables pour I'exercice des fonctions
de !'Organisation et revoquer ou modifier a tout moment
ces delegations de pouvoirs;
i) donner effet aux dispositions appropriees du
Chapitre XIII;
j) examiner Jes propositions tendant a modifier ou a
amender Jes dispositions de la presente Convention et, si
elle Jes approuve, Jes recommander aux Etats contractants
conformement aux dispositions du Chapitre XXI;
k) traiter de toute question relevant de la competence
de I' Organisation et dont le Conseil n' est pas expressement
charge.
CHAPITRE IX
LECONSEIL
Article 50
Composition et election du Conseil
a) Le Conseil est un organe permanent responsable devant
I' Assemblee. Ilse compose de trente-six Etats contractants elus
par. I' Assemblee. II est procede a une election !ors de la
premiere session de I' Assemblee et ensuite tous les trois ans;
les membres du Conseil ainsi elus restent en fonctionjusqu'a
!'election suivante*.
b) En elisant les membres du Conseil, I' Assemblee donne
une representation adequate: 1) aux Etats d'importance majeure
dans le transport aerien; 2) aux Etats, non inclus a un
autre titre, qui contribuent le plus a foumir des installations et
services pour la navigation aerienne civile intemationale;
3) aux £tats, non inclus a un autre titre, dont la designation
* Ce texte est celui de !'article modifie !ors de la 28° session (extraordinaire)
de I' Assemblee, le 26 octobre 1990; ii est entre en vigueur
le 28 novembre 2002. Le texte original de la Convention prevoyait
21 sieges au Conseil. II a ete modifie !ors de la 13• session
{ extraordinaire) de I' Assemblee, le 21 juin 1961; cet amendement
est entre en vigueur le 17 juillet 1962 et prevoyait 27 sieges au
Conseil. Un deuxieme amendement, adopte !ors de la 17• session
( extraordinaire) de I' Assemblee, le 12 mars 1971, est entre en
vigueur le 16 janvier 1973 et prevoyait 30 sieges au Conseil. Un
troisieme amendement, adopte !ors de la 21• session de l'Assemblee,
le 16 octobre 1974, est entre en vigueur le 15 fevrier 1980 et'
prevoyait 33 sieges au Conseil.
Annex 3
h) delegar en el Consejo !as facultades y autoridad
necesarias o convenientes para el desempefio de !as
funciones de la Organizaci6n y revocar o modificar en
cualquier momento ta! delegaci6n de autoridad;
i) llevar a efecto !as disposiciones apropiadas de!
Capftulo XIII;
j) considerar las propuestas de modificaci6n o
enmienda de !as disposiciones del presente Convenio y, si
!as aprueba, recomendarlas a los Estados contratantes de
acuerdo con !as disposiciones de! Capftulo XXI;
k) entender en toda cuesti6n gue este dentro de la
esfera de acci6n de la Organizaci6n, no asignada expresamente
al Consejo.
CAPITULOIX
ELCONSEJO
Articulo 50
Composici6n y elecci6n del Consejo
a) El Consejo sera un organo permanente, responsable
ante la Asamblea. Se compondra de treinta y seis Estados
contratantes, elegidos por la Asamblea. Se efectuara una
eleccion en la primera reunion de la Asamblea y, despues, cada
tres afios. Los miembros de! ConseJo asi elegidos permaneceran
en funciones hasta la eleccion siguiente. *
b) Al elegir los miembros de! Consejo, la Asamblea dani
representaci6n adecuada: I) a los Estados de mayor importancia
en el transporte aereo; 2) a los Estados, no incluidos de
otra man era, gue contribuyan en mayor medida al suministro de
instalaciones y servicios para la navegaci6n aerea civil
intemacional; y 3) a los Estados, no incluidos de otra manera,
* Este es el texto del articulo modi fie ado por el 28° periodo de sesiones
( extraordinario) de la Asamblea el 26 de octubre de I 990; entr6 en
vigor el 28 de noviembre de 2002. El texto inicial del Convenio
preveia que el Consejo estaria integrado por veintiun miembros. Ese
texto fue posteriormente modificado por el 13° periodo de sesiones
(extraordinario) de la Asamblea el 21 de junio de 1961; dicha
enmienda entr6 en vigor el 17 de julio de 1962 y disponia que
el Consejo estaria integrado por veintisiete miembros; el 17° (A)
periodo de sesiones (extraordinario) de la Asamblea adopt6 una
segunda enmienda el 12 de marzo de 1971. Esa enmienda entr6 en
vigor el 16 de enero de 1973 y en ella se preveia que el Consejo
estaria integrado por treinta miembros. El 21 ° periodo de sesiones de
la Asamblea adopt6 una tercera enmienda el 16 de octubre de 1974;
esa enmienda entr6 en vigor el 15 de febrero de 1980 y en ella se
preveia que el consejo estaria integrado por treinta y tres miembros.
24
h) HaJI.CJll!Tb CoBCT npaBaMl1 11 Il0JIHOM01Jl1l!Ml1, HCo6XOA11MblM11
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CTaTbH 50
Cocmae 11 6b16opb1 Coeema
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* TeKCT AaHHOH CTaTb11, 113MCHCHHbIH Ha 28-H ('1pe3Bh.l'laHHOH)
cecc1111 AccaM6ne11 26 01m16pll 1990 ro,1:1a, scrynnn B cnny
28 HOll6pl! 2002 ro,1:1a. IlepBOHa'!anbHbIH TeKCT K0HBeHI.11111 npeAYCMaTp11Ban
COBCT B COCTaBe ABa,IU.laTH 0AH0ro 'lneHa. 3aTeM
2111l0Hll 1961 ro,1:1a Ha 13-n ('1pC3Bbl'laHHOH) cecc11H AccaM6ne11 B
TeKCT 6h!na BHeceHa rrorrpasKa; :rra norrpasKa scry,mna B cnny
17 11l0nll 1962 ro,L\a 11 rrpe,L\yCMaTp11Bana COBCT B COCTaBe ABll,IJ,llaTH
ceM11 '!neHoB. BTOpall rrorrpaBKa 6brna np11Hl!Ta 12 MapTa 1971 ro,1:1a
Ha 17-n (A) (t.ipe3Bbl'laifttoii) cecc1111 AccaM6ne11; :na norrpaBKa
scrynnna B cnny 16 l!HBapll 1973 ro,[\a 11 npeL1yCMaTP11Bana CoseT s
C0CTaBe TPHAnaTH '!neH0B. TpCThll rronpasKa 6hlna np11Hl!Ta
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scryn11na s cnny 15 <pespanl! 1980 ro,1:1a 11 rrpe,1:1ycMaTP11sana CoBCT
B COCTaBe TP11AQaTH TPeX '!neH0B.
Annex 3
the major geographic areas of the world are represented on the
Council. Any vacancy on the Council shall be filled by the
Assembly as soon as possible; any contracting State so elected
to the Council shall hold office for the unexpired portion of its
predecessor's term of office.
c) No representative of a contracting State on the Council
shall be actively associated with the operation of an international
air service or financially interested in such a service.
Article 51
President of Council
The Council shall elect its President for a term of three
years. He may be reelected. He shall have no vote. The Council
shall elect from among its members one or more Vice
Presidents who shall retain their right to vote when serving as
acting President. The President need not be selected from
among the representatives of the members of the Council but,
if a representative is elected, his seat shall be deemed vacant
and it shall be filled by the State which he represented. The
duties of the President shall be to:
a) Convene meetings of the Council, the Air
Transport Committee, and the Air Navigation Commission;
b) Serve as representative of the Council; and
c) Carry out on behalf of the Council the functions
which the Council assigns to him.
Article 52
Voting in Council
Decisions by the Council shall require approval by a
majority of its members. The Council may delegate authority
with respect to any particular matter to a committee of its
members. Decisions of any committee of the Council may be
appealed to the Council by any interested contracting State.
Article 53
Participation without a vote
Any contracting State may participate, without a vote, in the
consideration by the Council and by its committees and
commissions of any question· which especially affects its
25
assure la representation au Conseil de toutes les grandes
regions geographiques du monde. L' Assemblee pourvoit
aussit6t que possible a toute vacance au Conseil; tout Etat
contractant ainsi e\u au Conseil reste en fonction jusqu'a
I' expiration du mandat de son predecesseur.
c) Aucun representant d 'un Etat contractant au Conseil ne
peutetre activement associe al' exploitation d'un service aerien
international ou avoir des interets financiers dans un tel
service.
Article 51
President du Conseil
Le Conseil elit son President pour une periode de trois ans.
Celui-ci est reeligible. II n'a pas droit de vote. Le Conseil elit
parmi ses membres un ou plusieurs Vice-Presidents, qui
conservent leur droit de vote lorsqu'ils remplissent Jes
fonctions de President. Le President n'est pas necessairement
choisi parmi Jes representants des membres du Conseil mais,
si un representant est elu, son siege est repute vacant et l'Etat
qu'il representait pourvoit a la vacance. Les fonctions du
President s-:mt Jes suivantes:
a) convoquer le Conseil, le Comite du transport
aerien et la Commission de navigation aerienne;
b) agir comme representant du Conseil;
c) ex.ercer au nom du Conseil Jes fonctions que
celui-ci Jui assigne.
Article 52
Vote au Conseil
Les decisions du Conseil sont prises a la majorite de ses
membres. Le Conseil peut deleguer ses pouvoirs, pour tout
sujet determine, a un comite compose de membres du Conseil.
Les decisions de tout co mite du Conseil peuvent etre portees en
appel devant le Conseil par tout Etat contractant interesse.
Article 53
Participation sans droit de vote
Tout Etat contractant peut participer, sans droit de vote, a
!'ex.amen par le Conseil ainsi que parses comites et commissions
de toute question qui touche particulierement ses interets.
Annex 3
cuya designaci6n asegure la representaci6n en el Consejo de
todas !as principales regiones geograficas de! mundo. Toda
vacante en el Consejo sera cubierta por la Asamblea lo antes
posible; el Estado contratante asf elegido para el Consejo
permanecera en funciones hasta la expiraci6n de! mandato de
su predecesor.
c) Nin gun representante de un Estado contratante en el
Consejo podra estar activamente vinculado con la explotaci6n
de un servicio aereo intemacional. o estar financieramente
interesado en ta! servicio.
Articulo 51
Presidente del Consejo
El Consejo elegira su Presidente por un perfodo de tres
afios. Puede ser reelegido. No tendra derecho a voto. El
Consejo elegira entre sus miembros uno a mas vicepresidentes,
quienes conservanin su derecho a voto cuando actuen
como Presidente. No se requiere que el Presidente sea elegido
entre los representantes de los miembros del Consejo pero si se
elige a un representante su puesto se considerara vacante y sera
cubierto por el Estado que representaba. Las funciones de!
Presidente seran:
a) convocar !as reuniones del Consejo, del Comite de
Transporte Aereo y de la Comisi6n de Aeronavegaci6n;
b) actuar como representante de! Consejo; y
c) desempefiar en nombre del Consejo las funciones
que este le asigne.
Articulo 52
Votaciones en el Consejo
Las decisiones de! Consejo deberan ser aprobadas por
mayorfa de sus miembros. El Consejo podra delegar su autoridad,
respecto a determinada cuesti6n, en un comite elegido
entre sus miembros. Todo Estado contratante interesado
podra apelar ante el Consejo de las decisiones tomadas por
cualquiera de los comites del Consejo.
Articulo 53
Participaci6n sin derecho a voto
Todo Estado contratante puede participar, sin derecho a
voto, en la consideraci6n por el Consejo y por sus comites y
comisiones de toda cuesti6n que afecte especialmente a sus
25
» 3) rocy.napc-rBaM,H e BKJUoqeHHbIMHa lfHOMO CHOBamm,
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CTaTbH 51
flpe3UOeHmC oeema
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OH MO)KeT6 bITb rrepeH36paH. OH He HMeeTr rpaea ronoca.
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b) .nettCTBOBaTBb K a4eCTBerr pe.ncTaBHTeJCIJoIe eTa;
c) BbIIIOJIHlITObT HMeHMC oeera Te cflYHKUlfKMO, T0-
pb!e BOJJiaraeTH a Hero Coaer.
CTaTbH 52
I'oJ1ocoeaHu6e Coeeme
PellleHHllC oee'I'a TPe6y10To .no6peHlfll6 oJiblllMHCTBOerMo
qneHOB.C oBeT MO)KeT.n enerMpOBaTbC BOlfI IOJIHOMOqMITJOI
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lf3 ero qneH0B. PellleHMllJ II060ro K0MlfTeTaC oBeTa MOryT
6bITb0 6)KaJIOBaHBbl C OBeTm o6bIM3 aMHTepecoeaHHb)l]M,o roBapttBa!
OllllfMCrolcl y .napc-rBOM.
CTaTbH 53
Y<tacmue6 e3 npaea cOfloca
Jl106oe )],oroeapttBa!OllleecJIr ocy .uapc-rao MO)KC'yf qac-rB0BaTb6
e3 npaea ronoca B paCCMOTPeHMCMoB eTOMIi ero
K0MITTeTaMMM K OMMCCHJmIMo6Mo ro aonpoca, oco6o JaTPamAnnex
3
interests. No member of the Council shall vote in the
consideration by the Council of a dispute to which it is a party.
Article 54
Mandatory functions of Council
The Council shall:
a) Submit annual reports to the Assembly;
b) Carry out the directions of the Assembly and
discharge the duties and obligations which are laid on it by
this Convention;
c) Determine its organization and rules of procedure;
d) Appoint and define the duties of an Air Transport
Committee, which shall be chosen from among the
representatives of the members of the Council, and which
shall be responsible to it;
e) Establish an Air Navigation Commission, in
accordance with the provisions of Chapter X;
f) Administer the finances of the Organization in
accordance with the provisions of Chapters XII and XV;
g) Determine the emoluments of the President of the
Council;
h) Appoint a chief executive officer who shall be
called the Secretary General, and make provision for the
appointment of such other personnel as may be necessary,
in accordance with the provisions of Chapter XI;
i) Request, collect, examine and publish information
relating to the advancement of air navigation and the operation
of international air services, including information
about the costs of operation and particulars of subsidies
paid to airlines from public funds;
j) Report to contracting States any infraction of
this Convention, as well as any failure to carry out
recommendations or determinations of the Council;
k) Report to the Assembly any infraction of this
Convention where a contracting State has failed to take
appropriate action within a reasonable time after notice of
the infraction;
l) Adopt, in accordance with the provisions of
Chapter VI of this Convention, international standards and
26
Aucun membre du Conseil ne peut voter !ors de I' examen par
le Conseil d'un differend auquel ii est partie.
Article 54
Fonctions obligatoires du Conseil
Le Conseil doit:
a) soumettre des rapports annuels al' Assemblee;
b) executer Jes instructions de I' Assemblee et
s'acquitter des fonctions et obligations que Jui assigne la
presente Convention;
c) arreter son organisation et son reglement interieur;
d) nommer un Comite du transport aerien dont Jes
membres sont choisis parmi Jes representants des membres
du Conseil et qui est responsable devant celui-ci et definir
Jes fonctions de ce Comite;
e) instituer une Commission de navigation aerienne,
conformement aux dispositions du Chapitre X;
f) gerer Jes finances de I' Organisation conformement
aux dispositions des Chapitres XII et XV;
g) fixer Jes emoluments du President du Conseil;
h) nommer un agent executif principal, qui porte le
titre de Secretaire general, et prendre des dispositions pour
la nomination de tout autre personnel necessaire, conformement
aux dispositions du Chapitre XI;
i) demander, reunir, examiner et publier des renseignements
relatifs au progres de la navigation aerienne et a
I' exploitation des services aeriens intemationaux, y compris
des renseignements sur Jes cofits d'exploitation et sur le
detail des subventions versees aux entreprises de transport
aerien et provenant de fonds publics;
j) signaler aux Etats contractants toute infraction a la
presente Convention, ainsi que tout cas de non-application
de recommandations ou decisions du Conseil;
k) rendre compte a I' Assemblee de toute infraction a
la presente Convention, lorsqu'un Etat contractant n'a pas
pris Jes mesures appropriees dans un delai raisonnable apres
notification de !'infraction;
l) adopter, conformement aux dispositions du
Chapitre VI de la presente Convention, des normes et des
Annex 3
intereses. Ningun miembro del Consejo podra votar en Ja
consideraci6n por el Consejo de una controversia en la que
aquel sea parte.
Articulo 54
Funciones obligatorias de! Consejo
El Consejo debe:
a) someter informes anuales a la Asamblea;
b) ejecutar las instrucciones de la Asamblea y cumplir
con los deberes y obligaciones que le asigna el presente
Convenio;
c) determinar su organizaci6n y reglamento intemo;
d) nombrar y definir las funciones de un Comite de
Transporte Aereo, que sera elegido entre los representantes
de los miembros del Consejo y ante el cual sera responsable
el Comite;
e) establecer una Comisi6n de Aeronavegaci6n, de
acuerdo con las disposiciones del Capftulo X;
j) administrar los fondos de la Organizaci6n, de
acuerdo con las disposiciones de los Capftulos XII y XV;
g) fijar los emolumentos del Presidente del Consejo;
h) nombrar un funcionario ejecutivo principal, que se
denominara Secretario General, y adoptar medidas para el
nombramiento del personal necesario, de acuerdo con las
disposiciones del Capftulo XI;
i) solicitar, compilar, examinar y publicar informaci6n
relativa al progreso de Ja navegaci6n aerea y a la
operaci6n de los servicios aereos intemacionales, incluyendo
informaci6n sobre Jos costos de explotaci6n y datos
sobre subvenciones pagadas por el erario publico a las
lfneas aereas;
}) comunicar a los Estados contratantes toda infracci6n
del presente Convenio, asf como toda inobservancia
de las recomendaciones o decisiones del Consejo;
k) comunicar a la Asamblea toda infracci6n del
presente Convenio, cuando un Estado contratante no haya
tornado las medidas pertinentes en un lapso razonable,
despues de notificada la infracci6n;
l) adoptar, normas y metodos recomendados intemacionales,
de acuerdo con las disposiciones del Capftulo VI
26
aruoLQero ero 1rnrepech1. Hmcro tt3 'lJleHOB Coae-ra He yqaCTayer
a ronocoaaHttlf np11 paccMo-rpeHtttt CoaeroM cnopa,
CTOp0HOKHO T0poroO HJ IBJlJieTCJI.
CTaThH 54
06R3ameJ1bHb1<e/ JYHKIJUCUo 6ema
Coaer:
a) npe)J,CTaBJlJiAeTcc aM6J1eer O)J,0Bbl)eJ ,0KJia)J.hI;
b) Bhin0JlHJieTy KaJaHHJIA ccaM6Jiett tt Bhin0JlHJieT
o6JI3aHHOCTIf lfo 6JI3aTeJihCTBBa0, 3JI0)KeHHhHiea Hero HacT0JII.
IleKHo ttseH11ttett;
c) onpe,neJIJierc soJO opraHtt3al..ltt0HHYCJOTP YKTYPttY
cso11 npasHJia npo11e.nyphl;
d) HaJHa'laeTA stta-rpaHcnopTHhIHK 0MHTeTK,O TOphIH
qiopMwpyercJIH J 'lHCJian pe,nCTasHTeJie1ttJ JieH0BC oaera 11
0TBeTCTBeHneeHp e.n HHMH, onpe,neJIJieTer o 06Jl3aHHOCTH;
e) yqpe)K)J,aeTA 3pOHas11ra11110HHYKI0OM HCCHKB)
C00TBeTCTBCH IHl0 JIO)KeHHJIfMJilafB hl X;
j} pacnopJI)KaeTCqJJIH HaHCaMOHp raHma1111Btt C0OTBeTCTBHcH
n ono)KeHHJIMrnHa a XII 11X V;
g) onpe,neJIJieT)K aJl0BaHhTe ipe3tt)J,eHTCao sern;
h) HaJHa'laeT rJiaBH0e HCilOJIHHTeJibH)J0,e0 JI)KHOCTH0e
n11110H, MettyeMoef eHepanhHhIMc eKperapeM,a TaJOKe
B C00TBeTCTBHClf Il0JI0)KeHHJIMfHna Bhl XI npHHHMaeT
Mepbl )J,JlJI HaJHa'leHHJTI aK0ro .npyroro nepC0HaJla,K aK0H
M0)KeT0K aJaThCJHI eo6xo)J.HMhIM;
iJ Janpanmsaer, co6ttpaer, ttJyqaer tt ny6nttKyer
cse,neHHJI,O TH0CHI.IllfeCKJ Ip a3BlfTlflOr opoHas11ra11ttHIf
3KCITJiyarn111M11e)1K )J,yHap0.LlHBh0IX3) ).YIIIHhclXoo 6meHHH,
BKJIIO'laJcIs e.n.eHttJI0 6 1Kcnnyarn11110HHhpIXac xo.n.ax tt
no.n.po6Hhle,n aHHhieO cy6cH)J,HJIXB,h IITJialJHBaeMahsIHXa npe.
nnpttJITHJIlMf3 rocy.napCTBeHHhqlXJO H)J,OB;
j) coo6maer )],oroaapttsruomttMCJIr ocy .napcTBaMo
JII060M HapyweHttlf HaCTOHI.IleKHo HBeHQHHa, TaJOKe0
JII060M HeBhlilOJJHeHHplfe KOMeH)J,aJ-llHfHJI H peweHHH
Cosera;
k) ,noKJia,nhrnaeAr ccaM6Jiee o JJK>6oMH apyweHtttt
HaCTOJII.IlKeHo HBeHUHHK, or.na )],orosapusmomeecJI rocy.
napCTsoH e npttHHJI0H a)J,Jle)Kal.IlMHXep B Te'leHtte pmyMH0ro
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l) npttHHMaeT B C00TBeTCTBHClf IlOJIO)KeHttJIMH
fJJaBhlV I HaCTOJII.IlKeHo HBeHl..llfMlf e)K)J,yHap0)J,HChTiea HAnnex
3
recommended practices; for convenience, designate them as
Annexes to this Convention; and notify all contracting
States of the action taken;
m) Consider recommendations of the Air Navigation
Commission for amendment of the Annexes and take action
in accordance with the provisions of Chapter XX;
n) Consider any matter relating to the Convention
which any contracting State refers to it.
Article 55
Permissive functions of Council
The Council may:
a) Where appropriate and as experience may show to
be desirable, create subordinate air transport commissions
on a regional or other basis and define groups of states or
airlines with or through which it may deal to facilitate the
carrying out of the aims of this Convention;
b) Delegate to the Air Navigation Commission duties
additional to those set forth in the Convention and revoke or
modify such delegations of authority at any time;
c) Conduct research into all aspects of air transport
and air navigation which are of international importance,
communicate the results of its research to the contracting
States, and facilitate the exchange of information between
contracting States on air transport and air navigation
matters;
d) Study any matters affecting the organization and
operation of international air transport, including the international
ownership and operation of international air
services on trunk routes, and submit to the Assembly plans
in relation thereto;
e) Investigate, at the request of any contracting State,
any situation which may appear to present avoidable
obstacles to the development of international air navigation;
and, after such investigation, issue such reports as may
appear to it desirable.
27
pratiques recommandees internationales; pour des raisons
de commodite, Jes designer comme Annexes a la presente
Convention et notifier a tous Jes Etats contractants Jes
dispositions prises;
m) examiner Jes recommandations de la Commission
de navigation aerienne tendant a amender Jes Annexes
et prendre toutes mesures utiles conformement aux
dispositions du Chapitre XX;
n) examiner toute question relative a la Convention
dont ii est saisi par un Etat contractant.
Article 55
Fonctions facultatives du Conseil
Le Conseil peut:
a) s'il y a lieu et lorsque cela se revele souhaitable a
I' experience, creer, sur une base regionale ou autre, des
commissions de transport aerien subordonnees et definir
des groupes d'Etats ou d'entreprises de transport aerien
avec lesquels ou par l'intermediaire desquels ii pourra
s'employer a faciliter la realisation des fins de la presente
Convention;
b) deleguer des fonctions a la Commission de navigation
aerienne en sus de celles que prevoit la Convention
et revoquer OU modifier a tout moment ces delegations de
pouvoirs;
c) men er des recherches sur tous Jes aspects du
transport aerien et de la navigation aerienne qui sont
d'importance internationale, communiquer Jes resultats de
ses recherches aux Etats contractants et faciliter l'echange,
entre Etats contractants, de renseignements sur des questions
de transport aerien et de navigation aerienne;
d) etudier toutes questions touchant I' organisation et
)'exploitation du transport aerien international, y compris la
propriete et I' exploitation internationales de services aeriens
internationaux sur Jes routes principales, et soumettre a
I' Assemblee des propositions s 'y rapportant;
e) enqueter, a la demande d'un Etat contractant, sur
toute situation qui paraitrait comporter, pour le developpement
de la navigation aerienne internationale, des obstacles
qui peuvent etre evites et, apres enquete, publier Jes rapports
qui Jui semblent indiques.
Annex 3
de! presente Convenio, designandolos, por razones de conveniencia,
como Anexos al presente Convenio, y notificar
a todos los Estados contratantes !as medidas adoptadas;
m) considerar !as recomendaciones de la Comisi6n
de Aeronavegaci6n para enmendar los Anexos y tomar
medidas de acuerdo con !as disposiciones de! Capftulo XX;
n) examinar todo asunto relativo al Convenio que le
someta a su consideraci6n un Estado contratante.
Articulo 55
Funciones facultativas de[ Consejo
El Consejo puede:
a) cuando sea conveniente y lo aconseje la experiencia,
crear comisiones subordinadas de transporte aereo
sobre base regional o de otro modo y designar grupos de
Estados o lfneas aereas con los cuales, o por su conducto,
pueda tratar para facilitar la realizaci6n de los fines de!
presente Convenio;
b) delegar en la Comisi6n de Aeronavegaci6n otras
funciones, ademas de !as previstas en el presente Convenio,
y revocar o modificar en cualquier momento ta! delegaci6n;
c) realizar investigaciones en todos los aspectos de!
transporte aereo y de la navegaci6n aerea que sean de
importancia intemacional, comunicar los resultados de sus
investigaciones a los Estados contratantes y facilitar entre
estos el intercambio de informaci6n sobre asuntos de
transporte aereo y navegaci6n aerea;
d) estudiar todos los asuntos relacionados con la
organizaci6n y explotaci6n del transporte aereo internacional,
incluso la propiedad y explotaci6n intemacionales
de servicios aereos intemacionales en !as rutas troncales, y
presentar a la Asamblea proyectos sobre tales cuestiones;
e) investigar, a petici6n de cualquier Estado contratante,
toda situaci6n que pueda presentar obstaculos
evitables al desarrollo de la navegaci6n aerea intemacional
y, despues de ta! investigaci6n, emitir los informes que
considere convenientes.
27
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bmycKaTbT aKHeo TqeTbl,K OTOpbiOe HM O,KecTq eCTb
)l(eJiaTCflbHblMH.
Annex 3
CHAPTERX
THE AIR NAVIGATION COMMISSION
Article 56
Nomination and appointment of Commission
The Air Navigation Commission shall be composed of
nineteen members appointed by the Council from among
persons nominated by contracting States. These persons shall
have suitable qualifications and experience in the science and
practice of aeronautics. The Council shall request all
contracting States to submit nominations. The President of the
Air Navigation Commission shall be appointed by the
Council.*
Article 57
Duties of Commission
The Air Navigation Commission shall:
a) Consider, and recommend to the Council for
adoption, modifications of the Annexes to this Convention;
b) Establish technical subcommissions on which any
contracting State may be represented, if it so desires;
c) Advise the Council concerning the collection and
communication to the contracting States of all information
which it considers necessary and useful for the advancement
of air navigation.
* This is the text of the Article as amended by the 27th Session of the
Assembly on 6 October 1989; it entered into force on 18 April 2005.
The original text of the Convention provided for twelve members of
the Air Navigation Commission. That text was subsequently
amended by the 18th Session of the Assembly on 7 July 1971; this
amendment entered into force on 19 December 1974 and provided
for fifteen members of the Air Navigation Commission.
28
CHAPITREX
LA COMMISSION DE NAVIGATION AERIENNE
Article 56
Nomination de la Commission
La Commission de navigation aerienne se compose de dixneuf
membres nommes par le Conseil parmi des personnes
proposees par des Etats contractants. Ces personnes doivent
posseder les titres et qualites, ainsi que l 'experience voulus en
matiere de science et de pratique de l'aeronautique. Le Conseil
invite tous les Etats contractants a soumettre des candidatures.
Le President de la Commission de navigation aerienne est
nomme par le Conseil*.
Article 57
Fonctions de la Commission
La Commission de navigation aerienne doit:
a) examiner et recommander au Conseil, pour
adoption, des modifications aux Annexes a la presente
Convention;
b) instituer des sous-commissions techniques, auxquelles
tout Etat contractant peut etre represente, s'il le
desire;
c) donner des avis au Conseil sur la collecte et la
communication aux Etats contractants de tous les renseignements
qu'elle juge necessaires et utiles au progres de
la navigation aerienne.
* Ce texte est celui de !'article modifie !ors de la 27" session de
I' Assemblee, le 6 octobre 1989; ii est entre en vigueur le 18 avril
2005. Le texte original de la Convention prevoyait 12 sieges a la
Commission de navigation aerienne. II a ete modifie !ors de la
18' session de l'Assemblee, le 7 juillet 1971; cet amendement est
entre en vigueur le 19 decembre 197 4 et prevoyait 15 sieges a la
Commission de navigation aerienne.
Annex 3
CAPiTULOX
LA COM!Sf6N DE AERONAVEGAC!6N
Articulo 56
Nombramiento de la Comisi6n
La Comisi6n de Aeronavcgaci6n sc compondni de diccinuevc
micmbros, nornbrados por el Conscjo cntrc las pcrsonas
propucstas por los Estados contratantcs. Dichas personas dcbcr{
m posccr ]as ca!ificacioncs y cxpcriencia apropiadas en la
cicncia y prilctica acron:iuticas. El Conscjo invitari a todos los
Estados contratantes a quc prcsentcn candidaturas. El Prcsidcntc
de la Comisi6n de Acronavcgaci6n seri nombrado por cl
Conscjo.*
Articulo 57
Obligaciones de la Comision
La Comisi6n de Aeronavegaci6n debe:
a) considerar y recornendar a! Consejo, a efectos de
adopci6n, modificaciones a los Anexos de! presente
Convenio;
h) estab!ecersubcomisiones tE:cnicas en las que podr;i
estar representado todo Estado contratante, si asi lo desea;
c) asesorar al Consejo sobre la compilaci6n y comunicaci6n
a los Estados contratantes de toda infonnaci6n que
considere necesaria y Util para el progreso de la navegaci6n
aerea.
* Tcxto rcsultuntc de la modificaci6n rcalizada por cl 27° periodo <le
sesiones de la Asamblea cl 6 de octubre de 1989, que entr6 en vigor
cl 18 de abril del 2005. El texto inicial de\ Convenio disponia quc la
Comisi6n de Aeronavegaci6n cstaria intcgrada por doce miembros.
Luego csc tcxto fuc cnmendado por cl 18° pcriodo de scsiones de
la Asamb!ca cl 7 de julio de 1971; esa enmicnda cntr6 en vigor el
19 de diciembre de 1974 yen el!a se disponia que la ComisiOn de
Aeronavegaci6n cstaria intcgrada por quince micmbros.
28
fJIABA X
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CraTbH 57
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KOMHCCHIO B COCTaBC llHTHanuaTH 'iJICHOB.
Annex 3
CHAPTERXI
PERSONNEL
Article 58
Appointment of personnel
Subject to any rules laid down by the Assembly and to the
provisions of this Convention, the Council shall determine the
method of appointment and of termination of appointment, the
training, and the salaries, allowances, and conditions of service
of the Secretary General and other personnel of the Organization,
and may employ or make use of the services of nationals
of any contracting State.
Article 59
International character of personnel
The President of the Council, the Secretary General, and
other personnel shall not seek or receive instructions in regard
to the discharge of their responsibilities from any authority
external to the Organization. Each contracting State undertakes
fully to respect the international character of the responsibilities
of the personnel and not to seek to influence any of its
nationals in the discharge of their responsibilities.
Article 60
Immunities and privileges of personnel
Each contracting State undertakes, so far as possible under
its constitutional procedure, to accord to the President of the
Council, the Secretary General, and the other personnel of the
Organization, the immunities and privileges which are
accorded to corresponding personnel of other public international
organizations. If a general international agreement on
the immunities and privileges of international civil servants is
arrived at, the immunities and privileges accorded to the
President, the Secretary General, and the other personnel of the
Organization shall be the immunities and privileges accorded
under that general international agreement.
29
CHAPITRE XI
PERSONNEL
Article 58
Nomination du personnel
Sous reserve des regles etablies par I' Assemblee et des
dispositions de la presente Convention, le Conseil determine
le mode de nomination et de cessation d'emploi, la formation
et Jes traitements, indemnites et conditions de service du
Secretaire general et des autres membres du personnel de
l'Organisation et peut employer des ressortissants de tout Etat
contractant ou utiliser leurs services.
Article 59
Caractere international du personnel
Le President du Conseil, le Secretaire general et Jes autres
membres du personnel ne doivent ni solliciter ni accepter
d' instructions, dans I' execution de leur tac he, d' aucune autorite
exterieure a )'Organisation. Chaque Etat contractant s'engage
a respecter pleinement le caractere international des fonctions
du personnel et a ne chercher a influencer aucun de ses
ressortissants dans )'execution de sa tache.
Article 60
Immunites et privileges du personnel
Chaque Etat contractant s'engage, dans la mesure ou son
regime constitutionnel le permet, a accorder au President du
Conseil, au Secretaire general et aux autres membres du
personnel de )'Organisation Jes immunites et privileges
accordes au personnel correspondant d'autres organisations
internationales publiques. Si un accord international general
sur Jes immunites et privileges des fonctionnaires internationaux
intervient, Jes immunites et privileges accordes au
President du Conseil, au Secretaire general et aux autres
membres du personnel de )'Organisation seront Jes immunites
et privileges accordes aux termes de cet accord international
general.
Annex 3
CAPITULOXI
PERSONAL
Articulo 58
Nombramiento del personal
Con sujeci6n a los reglamentos establecidos por la
Asamblea y a las disposiciones del presente Convenio, el
Consejo determinara el metodo de nombramiento y cese en el
servicio, la formaci6n profesional, los sueldos, bonificaciones
y condiciones de empleo de! Secretario General y demas
personal de la Organizaci6n, pudiendo emplear o utilizar los
servicios de subditos de cualquier Estado contratante.
Articulo 59
Cardcter internacional del personal
En el desempefio de sus funciones, el Presidente del
Consejo, el Secretario General y demas personal no deberan
solicitar ni recibir instrucciones de ninguna autoridad extema
a la Organizaci6n. Cada Estado contratante se compromete
plenamente a respetar el caracter intemacional de las funciones
del personal y a no tratar de ejercer influencia sobre sus
subditos en el desempefio de sus funciones.
Articulo 60
lnmunidades y privilegios del personal
Cada Estado contratante se compromete, en la medida que
lo permita su sistema constitucional, a conceder al Presidente
del Consejo, al Secretario General y demas personal de la
Organizaci6n las inmunidades y privilegios que se concedan al
personal correspondiente de otros organismos intemacionales
publicos. Sise llegase a un acuerdo intemacional general sobre
las inmunidades y privilegios de los funcionarios civiles
intemacionales, las inmunidades y privilegios concedidos al
Presidente, al Secretario General y demas personal de la
Organizaci6n, seran los otorgados de conformidad con dicho
acuerdo intemacional general.
29
DIABAXI
ITEPCOHAJI
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n0Jib30BaTbCHJIX y cnyraMH.
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npyroMy nepC0HaJIYO praHH3al..lHHH MMYHHTeTHb l npHBHJierHH,
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HMMYHHTeTaHM npHBHJierHJIMn, peA0CTaBJIJieMbITMaK HM
06111HMe ~yHap0AHbIMc ornaweHHeM.
Annex 3
CHAPTER XII
FINANCE
Article 61*
Budget and apportionment of expenses
The Council shall submit to the Assembly annual budgets,
annual statements of accounts and estimates of all receipts and
expenditures. The Assembly shall vote the budgets with
whatever modification it sees fit to prescribe, and, with the
exception of assessments under Chapter XV to States
consenting thereto, shall apportion the expenses of the Organization
among the contracting States on the basis which it shall
from time to time determine.
Article 62
Suspension of voting power
The Assembly may suspend the voting power in the
Assembly and in the Council of any contracting State that fails
to discharge within a reasonable period its financial obligations
to the Organization.
Article 63
Expenses of delegations and other representatives
Each contracting State shall bear the expenses of its own
delegation to the Assembly and the remuneration, travel, and
other expenses of any person whom it appoints to serve on the
Council, and of its nominees or representatives on any
subsidiary committees or commissions of the Organization.
* This is the text of the Article as amended by the 8th Session of the
Assembly on 14 June 1954; it entered into force on 12 December
1956. The original text read as follows:
"The Council shall submit to the Assembly an annual budget,
annual statements of accounts and estimates of all receipts and
expenditures. The Assembly shall vote the budget with whatever
modification it sees fit to prescribe, and, with the exception of
assessments under Chapter XV to States consenting thereto, shall
apportion the expenses of the Organization among the contracting
States on the basis which it shall from time to time determine."
30
CHAPITRE XII
FINANCES
Article 61*
Budget et repartition des depenses
Le Conseil soumet a I' Assemblee des budgets annuels, ainsi
que des etats de comptes et des previsions de recettes et de
depenses annuelles. L' Assemblee vote Jes budgets en y apportant
Jes modifications qu'elle juge apropos et, exception faite
des contributions fixees en vertu du Chapitre XV a I' egard des
Etats qui y consentent, repartit Jes depenses de !'Organisation
entre Jes Etats contractants sur la base qu' elle determine en tant
que de besoin.
Article 62
Suspension du droit de vote
L' Assemblee peut suspendre le droit de vote a I' Assemblee
et au Conseil de tout Etat contractant qui ne s'acquitte pas,
dans un delai raisonnable, de ses obligations financieres envers
!'Organisation.
Article 63
Depenses des delegations
et des autres representants
Chaque Etat contractant prend a sa charge Jes depenses
de sa propre delegation a I' Assemblee ainsi que la remuneration,
Jes frais de deplacement et autres depenses de toute
personne qu' ii nomme pour sieger au Conseil, et des personnes
qu'il propose comme membres ou designe comme representants
dans tous comites ou commissions subsidiaires de
!'Organisation.
* Ce texte est celui de !'article modifie !ors de la 8' session de
I' Assemblee, le 14 juin 1954; ii est entre en vigueur le 12 decembre
1956. Le texte original se lisait cornme suit:
«Le Conseil soumet a I' Assemblee un budget annuel, des etats
de comptes annuels et des previsions annuelles de toutes recettes
et depenses. L' Assemblee vote le budget en y apportant Jes modifications
qu'elle juge apropos et, exception faite des contributions
fixees en vc; tu du Chapitre XV a I' egard des Etats qui y consentent,
repartit Jes depenses de !'Organisation entre Jes Etats contractants
sur la base qu'elle detennine en tant que de besoin.»
Annex 3
CAPITULO XII
FINANZAS
Articulo 61 *
Presupuesto y distribuci6n de gastos
El Consejo sometera a la Asamblea presupuestos, estados de
cuentas y calculos de todos los ingresos y egresos por perfodos
anuales. La Asamblea aprobara los presupuestos con las
modificaciones que considere conveniente introducir y, a
excepci6n del prorrateo de contribuciones que se haga de
acuerdo con el Capftulo XV entre los Estados que consientan
en ello, distribuira los gastos de la Organizaci6n entre los
Estados contratantes en la forma que oportunamente determine.
Articulo 62
Suspension del derecho de voto
La Asamblea puede suspender el derecho de voto en la
Asamblea yen el Consejo a todo Estado contratante que, en un
perfodo razonable, no cumpla sus obligaciones financieras para
con la Organizaci6n.
Articulo 63
Gastos de Las delegaciones y otros representantes
Cada Estado contratante sufragara los gastos de su propia
delegaci6n en la Asamblea y la remuneraci6n, gastos de viaje
y otros de toda persona que nombre para actuar en el Consejo,
asf como de !as que representen o actuen por designaci6n de
ta! Estado en cualquier comite o comisi6n subsidiaria de la
Organizaci6n.
* Este es el texto del articulo modificado por el 8 ° periodo de sesiones
de la Asamblea el 14 de junio de 1954; entr6 en vigor el 12 de
diciembre de 1956. El texto original es el siguiente:
"El Consejo sometera a la Asamblea un presupuesto anual,
estados de cuentas y calculos anuales de todos los ingresos y egresos.
La Asamblea votara el presupuesto con !as modificaciones que
considere conveniente introducir y, a excepci6n del prorrateo de
contribuciones que se haga de acuerdo con el Capitulo XV entre
los Estados que consientan en ello, distribuira los gastos de la
Organizaci6n entre los Estados contratantes en la forma que
oportunamente determine."
30
rJIABAXII
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Annex 3
CHAPTER XIII
OTHER INTERNATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
Article 64
Security arrangements
The Organization may, with respect to air matters within its
competence directly affecting world security, by vote of the
Assembly enter into appropriate arrangements with any general
organization set up by the nations of the world to preserve
peace.
Article 65
Arrangements with other international bodies
The Council, on behalf of the Organization, may enter into
agreements with other international bodies for the maintenance
of common services and for common arrangements concerning
personnel and, with the approval of the Assembly, may enter
into such other arrangements as may facilitate the work of the
Organization.
Article 66
Functions relating to other agreements
a) The Organization shall also carry out the functions
placed upon it by the International Air Services Transit Agreement
and by the International Air Transport Agreement drawn
up at Chicago on December 7, I 944, in accordance with the
terms and conditions therein set forlh.
b) Members of the Assemblv and the Council who
have not accepted the Internatio~al Air Services Transit
Agreement or the International Air Transpo11 Agreement
drawn up at Chicago on December 7, 1944 shall not have
the right to vote on any questions referred to the Assembly
or Council under the provisions of the relevant Agreement.
31
CHAPITRE XIII
AUTRES ARRANGEMENTS lNTERNATIONAUX
Article 64
Arrangements en matiere de sicuriti
Pour les questions aCfiennes de sa compCtence qui conccrnent
directement la sCcuritC rnondiale, I 'Organisation peut, par
un vote de I' AssernblCe, conclure des arrangements appropriCs
avec toute organisation gCnCrale Ctablie par Jes nations du
monde pour preserver la paix.
Article 65
Arrangements avec d'autres organismes
internationaux
Le Conseil peut, au nom de !'Organisation, conclure avec
d' autres organismes internationaux des accords en vue d' entretenir
des services communs et d'Ctablir des arrangements
communs au sujet du personnel et peut, avec l'approbation de
I' Assemb!Ce, conclure tous autres arrangements de nature a
faciliter le travail de !'Organisation.
Article 66
Functions relatives Q d'atllres accords
a) L'Organisation exerce Cgalcment les fonctions que Jui
confCrent 1' Accord relatif au transit des services aCfiens internationaux
et I' Accord relatif au transport aCrien international,
Ctablis a Chicago le 7 dCcembre I 944, conformCrnent aux dispositions
dcsdits accords.
b) Les rnembres de l'Assemb16e et du Conscil qui n'ont
pas accepte I' Accord relatif au transit des services aeriens internationaux
ou !'Accord. relatif au transport aCrien international
Ctablis a Chicago le 7 dCcernbre 1944, n'ont pas droit de vote
sur les questions sournises a I' Assemb!Cc ou au Conseil en
vertu des dispositions de I' Accord en cause.
Annex 3
CAPiTULO XIII
OTR0S ARREGL0S INTERNACI0NALES
Articulo 64
Arreglos sabre seguridad
La Organizaci6n puede, por voto de la Asamblea, en lo que
respecta a cuestiones aereas de su competencia que afecten
directamente a la seguridad mundial, concluir arreglos apropiados
con toda organizaci6n general que establezcan ]as
naciones del mundo para preservar la paz.
Articulo 65
Arreglos con otros organismos internacionales
El Consejo, en nombre de la Organizaci6n, podra concluir
acuerdos con otros organismos intemacionales para el
mantenimiento de servicios comunes y para arreglos comunes
concemientes al personal y, con la aprobaci6n de la Asamblea,
podra participar en todos aquellos arreglos susceptibles de
facilitar la labor de la Organizaci6n.
Articulo 66
Funciones relativas a otros acuerdos
a) La Organizaci6n, asimismo, desempefiara !as funciones,
asignadas por el Acuerdo de Transito de los Servicios
Aereos Intemacionales y por el Acuerdo de Transporte Aereo
Internacional, redactados en Chicago el 7 de diciembre de
1944, segtin los terminos y condiciones establecidos en ellos.
b) Los miembros de la Asamblea y del Consejo, que no
hayan aceptado el Acuerdo de Transito de los Servicios Aereos
Intemacionales o el Acuerdo de Transporte Aereo Internacional,
redactados en Chicago el 7 de diciembre de 1944, no
tendran derecho a votar sobre ninguna cuesti6n referida a la
Asamblea o al Consejo de conformidad con !as disposiciones
de! Acuerdo de que se trate.
31
DIABAXIII
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nepe)laHHblM AccaM6nee HJJH Coaery Ha 0CH0BaHHH
nono)KeHHH cooTBeTCTBYJOillero CornaUieHHll.
Annex 3
PART Ill
INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT
CHAPTER XIV
INFORMATION AND REPORTS
Article 67
File reports with Council
Each contracting State undertakes that its international
airlines shall, in accordance with requirements laid·down by
the Council, file with the Council traffic reports, cost statistics
and financial statements showing among other things all
receipts and the sources thereof.
CHAPTER XV
AIRPORTS AND OTHER AIR NAVIGATION FACILITIES
Article 68
Designation of routes and airports
Each contracting State may, subject to the provisions of this
Convention, designate the route to be followed within its
territory by any international air service and the airports which
any such service may use.
Article 69
Improvement of air navigation facilities
If the Council is of the opinion that the airports or other air
navigation facilities, including radio and meteorological
services, of a contracting State are not reasonably adequate for
the safe, regular, efficient, and economical operation of
international air services, present or contemplated, the Council
shall consult with the State directly concerned, and other States
32
TROISIEME PARTIE
TRANSPORT AERIEN INTERNATIONAL
CHAPITRE XIV
RENSEIGNEMENTS ET RAPPORTS
Article 67
Communication de rapports au Conseil
Chaque Etat contractant s'engage ace que ses entreprises
de transport aerien international communiquent au Conseil,
conformement aux regles etablies par celui-ci, des rapports sur
leur trafic, des statistiques sur leur prix de revient et des etats
financiers indiquant, notamment, le montant et la source de
tous leurs revenus.
CHAPITREXV
AEROPORTS ET AUTRES INSTALLATIONS
ET SERVICES DE NAVIGATION AERIENNE
Article 68
Designation des itineraires et des aeroports
Chaque Etat contractant peut, sous reserve des dispositions
de la presente Convention, designer l'itineraire que doit suivre
tout service aerien international a l'interieur de son territoire,
ainsi que Jes aeroports que ce service peut utiliser.
Article 69
Amelioration des installations et services
de navigation aerienne
Si le Conseil estime que Jes aeroports ou autres installations
et services de navigation aerienne d'un Etat contractant, y
compris ses services radioelectriques et meteorologiques, ne
suffisent pas a assurer I' exploitation sure, reguliere, efficace et
economique des services aeriens internationaux existants ou
projetes, ii consulte l'Etat directement en cause et Jes autres
Annex 3
TERCERA PARTE
TRANSPORTE ABREO
INTERNACIONAL
CAPITULO XIV
DATOS E INFORMES
Articulo 67
Transmision de informes al Consejo
Cada Estado contratante se compromete a que sus lineas
aereas intemacionales comuniquen al Consejo, segun !as
prescripciones establecidas por el mismo, informes sobre
trafico, estadisticas de costos y estados financieros que
muestren, entre otras cosas, todos los ingresos y las fuentes de
su procedencia.
CAPITULOXV
AEROPUERTOS Y OTRAS INSTALACIONES
Y SERVICIOS PARA LA NAVEGACION AEREA
Articulo 68
Designacion de rutas y aeropuertos
Cada Estado contratante puede, con sujeci6n a las disposiciones
del presente Convenio, designar la ruta que debera
seguir en su territorio cualquier servicio aereo intemacional
asi como los aeropuertos que podra utilizar.
Articulo 69
Mejora de las instalaciones y
servicios para la navegacion aerea
Si el Consejo estima que los aeropuertos u otras inst_alaciones
y servicios para la navegaci6n aerea de un Estado
contratante, incluso los servicios de radio y meteorol6gicos, no
son razonablemente adecuados para el funcionamiento seguro,
regular, eficaz y econ6mico de los servicios aereos internacionales,
existentes o en proyecto, el Consejo consultara con
32
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3
affected, with a view to finding means by which the situation
may be remedied, and may make recommendations for that
purpose. No contracting State shall be guilty of an infraction of
this Convention if it fails to carry out these recommendations.
Article 70
Financing of air navigation facilities
A contracting State, in the circumstances arising under the
provisions of Article 69, may conclude an arrangement with the
Council for giving effect to such recommendations. The State
may elect to bear all of the costs involved in any such arrangement.
If the State does not so elect, the Council may agree, at
the request of the State, to provide for all or a portion of the
costs.
Article 71
Provision and maintenance of facilities
by Council
If a contracting State so requests, the Council may agree to
provide, man, maintain, and administer any or all of the
airports and other air navigation facilities including radio and
meteorological services, required in its territory for the safe,
regular, efficient and economical operation of the international
air services of the other contracting States, and may specify just
and reasonable charges for the use of the facilities provided.
Article 72
Acquisition or use of land
Where land is needed for facilities financed in whole or in
part by the Council at the request of a contracting State, that
State shall either provide the land itself, retaining title if it
wishes, or facilitate the use of the land by the Council on just
and reasonable terms and in accordance with the laws of the
State concerned.
33
Etats interesses afin de trouver le moyen de remedier a la
situation et ii peut formuler des recommandations a cet effet.
Aucun Etat contractant n 'est coupable d' infraction a la presente
Convention s'il omet de donner suite aces recommandations.
Article 70
Financement des installations et services
de navigation aerienne
Un Etat contractant peut, dans Jes circonstances envisagees
a ]'article 69, conclure un arrangement avec le Conseil afin de
donner effet a de telles recommandations. L'Etat peut choisir
de prendre a sa charge tous Jes frais resultant dudit arrangement;
dans le cas contraire, le Conseil peut accepter, a la
demande de l'Etat, de pourvoir a la totalite ou a une partie des
frais.
Article 71
Fourniture et entretien d'installations
et services par le Conseil
Si un Etat contractant le demande, le Conseil peut accepter
de fournir, pourvoir en personnel, entretenir et administrer
en totalite ou en partie les aeroports et autres installations
et services de navigation aerienne, y compris Jes services radioelectriques
et meteorologiques requis sur le territoire dudit Etat
pour !'exploitation sure, reguliere, efficace et economique des
services aeriens internationaux des autres Etats contractants et
peut fixer des redevances justes et raisonnables pour !'utilisation
des installations et services fournis.
Article 72
Acquisition ou utilisation de terrain
Lorsqu'un terrain est necessaire pour des installations et
-services finances en totalite ou en partie par le Conseil a la
demande d'un Etat contractant, cet Etat doit, soit foumir luimeme
ce terrain, dont ii conservera la propriete s'il le desire,
soit en faciliter !'utilisation par le Conseil a des conditions
justes et raisonnables et conformement a ses Jois.
Annex 3
el Estado en cuesti6n y con otros Estados afectados, con miras
a encontrar los medios por los cuales la situaci6n pueda
remediarse y podra hacer recomendaciones a tal efecto. Ningun
Estado contratante sera culpable de infracci6n del presente
Convenio si no pone en practica tales recomendaciones.
Articulo 70
Financiaci6n de !as instalaciones
y servicios para la navegaci6n aerea
Un Estado contratante, en las circunstancias resultantes de
las disposiciones del Artfculo 69, puede concluir un arreglo
con el Consejo para dar efecto a tales recomendaciones. El
Estado podra optar por hacerse cargo de todos los gastos que
implique ta! arreglo; en caso contrario el Consejo puede
convenir, a petici6n de! Estado, en sufragar la totalidad o parte
de los gastos.
Articulo 71
Provision y mantenimiento de instalaciones
y servicios par el Consejo
Si un Estado contratante asf lo solicita, el Consejo puede
convenir en proveer, dotar de personal, mantener y administrar
en su totalidad o en parte los aeropuertos y otras instalaciones
y servicios para la navegaci6n aerea, incluso los servicios de
radio y meteorol6gicos requeridos en su territorio para el
funcionamiento seguro, regular, eficaz y econ6mico de Ios
servicios aereos internacionales de los demas Estados contratantes
y podra fijar derechos justos y razonables por el uso de
!as instalaciones y servicios proporcionados.
Articulo 72
Adquisici6n o uso de terrenos
Cuando se necesiten terrenos para instalaciones y servicios
financiados en su totalidad o en parte por el Consejo a petici6n
de un Estado contratante, ta! Estado debera proveerlos,
conservando su titulo si lo desea, o bien facilitar al Consejo su
uso en condiciones justas y razonables y de acuerdo con Ias
!eyes de dicho Estado.
33
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MO)KeT )IaTh cornacwe Ha npe,a:oCTaBJieHHe, YKOMnJieKToBaHtte
nepcOHaJIOM, conep)KaHHe H a,IJ:MHHHCTpaTHBHOe PYKOBO,
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cpe,a:CTB, nOJJHOCTblO HJJH qaCTttqHo, BKJJIOqaH cpe,ii:CTBa
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3rpcjJeKTttBHOH )KOHOMHqHott 3KcnJiyarnQHH Me)K,IJ:yHapo,a:HhIX
BO3,IJ:YWHhIX coo6rueHHH npyrnx .D:oroaapttBalO[UHXCH rocy.
n,apcTB, w MO)KeT yCTaHOBHTb cnpase,ll)IHBbie w pa3yMHbJe c6opbl
3a nOJJb3OBaHHe npe,a:oCTaBJJeHHblMH cpe,a:CTBaMH.
CTaTbH72
Ilpuo6peme11ue UJIU ucno.%1oeaHue 1eMeJ1bHblX y•mcmKoe
ECJJH TPe6y10TCH 3eMeJibHbie yqaCTKH non cpe,a:CTBa, noJJHOCTblO
HJIH qaCTHqHO ipHHaHCHpyeMble CoBeTOM no npOCh6e
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ii:apCTBO JJH6o npe,a:oCTaBJJHeT caMH 3eMeJJbHbie yqaCTKH, coxpaHllll
no csoeMy )KeJiaHHIO npaso co6CTBeHHOCTH, Jitt6o conei1-
cTBYeT HCnOJJb3OBaHHIO 3THX 3eMeJJbHbIX yqaCTKOB CoBeTOM Ha
cnpaBe,ll)IHBblX H pa3yMHhlX ycJJOBHHX H B COOTBeTCTBHH C
3aKOHO,IJ:aTeJibCTBOM )TOro rocynapCTBa.
Annex 3
Article 73
Expenditure and assessment o_f funds
Within the limit of the funds which may be made available
to ii by the Assembly under Chapter XII, the Council may
make current expenditures for the purposes of this Chapter
from the general funds of the Organization. The Council shall
assess the capital funds required for the purposes of this
Chapter in previously agreed proportions over a reasonable
period of time to the contracting States consenting thereto
whose airlines use the facilities. The Council may also assess
to States that consent any working funds that are required.
Article 74
Technical assistance and utili::.ation of revenues
When the Council, at the request of a contracting State,
adv,.mces funds or provides airports or other facilities in whole
or in part. the arrangement may provide, with the consent of
that State, for technical assistance in the supervision and
operation of the airports and other facilities, and for the
payment. from the revenues derived from the operation of the
airports and other facilities. of the operating expenses of the
airports and the other facilities, and of interest and amortization
charges.
Article 75
Taking over of facilities from Council
A contracting State may at any time discharge any
obligation into which it has entered under Article 70, and take
over airports and other facilities which the Council has
provided in its territory pursuant to the provisions of Articles
71 and 72, by paying to the Council an amount which in the
opinion of the Council is reasonable in the circumstances. If
the State considers that the amount fixed by the Council is
unreasonable it may appeal to the Assembly against the
decision of the Council and the Assembly may confirm or
amend the decision of the Council.
34
Article 73
Depenses et repartition des fonds
Dans la limite des fonds qui peuvent etre mis a sa disposition
par I' Assemblee en vertu du Chapitre XII, le Conseil
peut pourvoir aux depenses courantes aux fins du present
chapitre en prelevant sur les fonds generaux de !'Organisation.
Le Conseil fixe Jes contributions au capital requis aux fins du
present chapitre, scion des proportions prealablement convenues
pour une periode de temps raisonnable, entre les Etats
contractants qui y consentent et dont les entreprises de transport
aerien utilisent les installations et services en cause. Le
Conseil peut egalement fixer Jes contributions des Etats qui y
consentent a tous fonds de roulement necessaires.
Article 74
Assistance technique et utilisation des revenus
Lorsque le Conseil, a la demande d'un Etat contractant,
avance des fonds ou foumit des aeroports ou d'autres installations
et services en totalite ou en partie, !'arrangement peut
prevoir, avec le consentement de cet Etat, une assistance
technique dans la direction et I' exploitation des aeroports et
autres installations et services, ainsi que le paiement, par prelevement
sur Jes revenus d'exploitation de ces aeroports et autres
installations et services, des frais d'exploitation desdits aeroports
et autres installations et services et des charges d'interet
et d'amortissement.
Article 75
Reprise des installations et services
fournis par le Conseil
Un Etat contractant peut a tout moment se degager de toute
obligation contractee par Jui en vertu de I' article 70 et prendre
en charge Jes aeroports et autres installations et services etablis
par le Conseil sur son territoire en vertu des dispositions des
articles 71 et 72, en versant au Conseil une somme qui, de
l'avis du Conseil, est raisonnable en !'occurrence. Si l'Etat
estime que la somme fixee par le Conseil n' est pas raisonnable,
ii peut appeler de la decision du Conseil a I' Assemblee et
I' Assemblee peut con firmer ou modifier la decision du Conseil.
Annex 3
Articulo 73
Gastos y prorrateo de fondos
El Consejo, dentro del lfmite de los fondos que ponga a su
disposicion la Asamblea de acuerdo con el Capftulo XII, puede
efectuar los gastos ordinarios para los fines del presente
Capftulo, con los fondos generales de la Organizacion. A los
fines del presente Capftulo, el Consejo fijara, en la proporcion
previamente acordada y por un plazo razonable, las aportaciones
al capital necesario entre los Estados contratantes
que consienta en ello y cuyas lfneas aereas utilicen !as
instalaciones y servicios. El Consejo puede tambien prorratear,
entre los Estados que lo consientan, cualquier capital circulante
requerido.
Articulo 74
Ayuda tecnica y destino de los ingresos
Cuando, a peticion de un Estado contratante, el Consejo
adelante fondos, o proporcione aeropuertos u otras instalaciones
y servicios en su totalidad o en parte, cl acuerdo puede
prever, si ta! Estado consiente en ello, asistencia tecnica en la
supervision y funcionamiento de tales aeropuertos y otras
instalaciones y servicios y el pago, por medio de los ingresos
derivados de la explotacion de los aeropuertos y de !as
instalaciones y servicios, de los gastos de funcionamiento de
dichos aeropuertos e instalaciones y servicios, asf como de los
intereses y de la amortizacion.
Articulo 75
Adquisici6n de fas instalaciones y servicios
suministrados por el Consejo
Un Estado contratante puede en cualquier momento Iiberarse
de toda obligacion contrafda en virtud de! Artfculo 70
y hacerse cargo de los aeropuertos y otras instalaciones y
servicios provistos por el Consejo en su territorio segun Ias
disposiciones de los Artfculos 71 y 72, mediante pago al
1 Consejo de una suma que, en opinion de este, sea razonable en
tales circunstancias. Si el Estado considera que la suma fijada
por el Consejo es irrazonable, puede apelar de la decision de!
Consejo ante la Asamblea, la que podra confirmar o enmendar
ta! decision.
34
CTaTbH73
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mo6hJX HC06XO.L(HMhlX o6opOTHhlX cpOH.L(OB.
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CTaTbH75
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np11 .naHHhIX o6CTOilTCJlhCTBax. Ecntt rocy.napCTBO COlJTCT, '!TO
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OHO MO)l(CT o6JKaJIOBaTh pelllCHl1C CoBCTa nepe.n AccaM6Jieett,
11 AccaM6Jieil M0)l(CT YTBCp.Ll11Tb 11Jll1 113MCHHTh pelllCH11C
CosCTa.
Annex 3
Article 76
Return of funds
Funds obtained by the Council through reimbursement
under Article 7 5 and from receipts of interest and amortization
payments under Article 74 shall, in the case of advances
originally financed by States under Article 73, be returned to
the States which were originally assessed in the proportion of
their assessments, as determined by the Council.
CHAPTER XVI
JOINT OPERATING ORGANIZATIONS
AND POOLED SERVICES
Article 77
Joint operating organizations permitted
Nothing in this Convention shall prevent two or more
contracting States from constituting joint air transport operating
organizations or international operating agencies and
from pooling their air services on any routes or in any regions,
but such organizations or agencies and such pooled services
shall be subject to all the provisions of this Convention,
including those relating to the registration of agreements with
the Council. The Council shall determine in what manner the
provisions of this Convention relating to nationality of aircraft
shall apply to aircraft operated by international operating
agencies.
Article 78
Function of Council
The Council may suggest to contracting States concerned
that they form joint organizations to operate air services on any
routes or in any regions.
Article 79
Participation in operating organizations
A State may participate in joint operating organizations or
in pooling arrangements, either through its government or
through an airline company or companies designated by its
government. The companies may, at the sole discretion of the
State concerned, be state-owned or partly state-owned or
privately owned.
35
Article 76
Restitution de fonds
Les fonds reunis par le Conseil par voie de remboursement
effectue en vertu de !'article 75 et provenant de paiements
d'interet et d'amortissement en vertu de !'article 74 sont, dans
le cas des avances financees a I' origine par des Etats en vertu
de !'article 73, restitues aux Etats pour lesquels des contributions
ont ete fixees a l'origine, proportionnellement a leurs
contributions, selon la decision du Conseil.
CHAPITRE XVI
ORGANISATIONS D'EXPLOITATI0N EN COMMUN
ET SERVICES EN POOL
Article 77
Organisations d'exploitation en commun autorisees
Aucune disposition de la presente Convention n'empeche
deux ou plusieurs Etats contractants de constituer, pour Jes
transports aeriens, des organisations d' exploitation en commun
ou des organismes internationaux d'exploitation, ni de mettre
en pool leurs services aeriens sur toute route ou dans toute
region. Toutefois, ces organisations ou organismes et ces
services en pool sont soumis a toutes Jes dispositions de la
presente Convention, y compris celles qui ont trait a l'enregistrement
des accords au Conseil. Le Conseil determine
Jes modalites d'application des dispositions de la presente
Convention concernant la nationalite des aeronefs aux aeronefs
exploites par des organismes intemationaux d'exploitation.
Article 78
Role du Conseil
Le Conseil peut suggerer aux Etats contractants interesses
de former des organisations conjointes pour exploiter des
services aeriens sur toute route ou dans toute region.
Article 79
Participation aux organisations d' exploitation
Un Etat peut participer a des organisations d 'exploitation en
commun ou a des arrangements de pool par I' intermediaire soit
de son gouvernement, soit d'une ou de plusieurs compagnies
de transport aerien designees par son gouvernement. Ces compagnies
peuvent, a la discretion exclusive de l'Etat interesse,
etre propriete d'Etat, en tout OU partie, OU propriete privee.
Annex 3
Articulo 76
Restituci6n de fondos
Los fondos obtenidos por el Consejo, por reembolsos en
virtud de! Artfculo 75 y por ingresos de intereses y amortizaciones
segun el Artfculo 74 seran, en el caso de adelantos
financiados originariamente por los Estados de acuerdo con el
Artfculo 73, restituidos a los Estados entre los cuales se
prorratearon originariamente en proporci6n a sus contribuciones,
segun lo determinado por el Consejo.
CAPITULO XVI
ORGANIZACI0NES DE EXPLOTACI0N
C0NJUNTA Y SERVICIOS MANC0MUNAD0S
Articulo 77
Organizaciones de explotaci6n conjunta autorizadas
Ninguna disposici6n de! presente Convenio impide que dos
o mas Estados contratantes constituyan organizaciones de
explotaci6n conjunta de! transporte aereo ni organismos internacionales
de explotaci6n, ni que mancomunen sus servicios
aereos en cualquier ruta o region, pero tales organizaciones u
organismos y tales servicios mancomunados estaran sujetos
a todas !as disposiciones de! presente Convenio, incluso [as
relativas al registro de acuerdos en el Consejo. Este determinara
la forma en que las disposiciones de! presente Convenio
sobre nacionalidad de aeronaves se aplicaran a !as utilizadas
por organismos intemacionales de explotaci6n.
Articulo 78
Funci6n de[ Consejo
El Consejo podra sugerir a los Estados contratantes interesados
la formaci6n de organizaciones conjuntas para efectuar
servicios aereos en cualesquiera rutas o regiones.
Articulo 79
Participaci6n en organizaciones de explotaci6n
Un Estado podra participar en organizaciones de explotaci6n
con junta o en arreglos de mancomun por conducto de su
gobiemo o de una o varias compafifas de transporte aereo
designadas por este. Las compafifas, a discreci6n exclusiva de!
Estado interesado, podran ser estatales, parcialmente estatales
o de propiedad privada.
35
CT3Tl,H76
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DIABAXVI
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CTaTl,H 79
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qaCTHOH co6CTBCHHOCTl1.
Annex 3
PARTIV
FINAL PROVISIONS
CHAPTER XVII
OTHER AERONAUTICAL AGREEMENTS
AND ARRANGEMENTS
Article 80
Paris and Habana Conventions
Each contracting State undertakes, immediately upon the
coming into force of this Convention, to give notice of
denunciation of the Convention relating to the Regulation of
Aerial Navigation signed at Paris on October 13, 1919 or the
Convention on Commercial Aviation signed at Habana on
February 20, 1928, if it is a party to either. As between
contracting States, this Convention supersedes the Conventions
of Paris and Habana previously referred to.
Article 81
Registration of existing agreements
All aeronautical agreements which are in existence on the
coming into force of this Convention, and which are between
a contracting State and any other State or between an airline of
a contracting State and any other State or the airline of any
other State, shall be forthwith registered with the Council.
Article 82
Abrogation of inconsistent arrangements
The contracting States accept this Convention as abrogating
all obligations and understandings between them which are
inconsistent with its terms, and undertake not to enter into any
such obligations and understandings. A contracting State
which, before becoming a member of the Organization has
undertaken any obligations toward a non-contracting State or
a national of a contracting State or of a non-contracting State
inconsistent with the terms of this Convention, shall take
immediate steps to procure its release from the obligations. If
an airline of any contracting State has entered into any such
inconsistent obligations, the State of which it is a national shall
36
QUATRIEME PARTIE
DISPOSITIONS FINALES
CHAPITRE XVII
AUTRES ACCORDS ET
ARRANGEMENTS AERONAUTIQUES
Article 80
Conventions de Paris et de La Havane
Chaque Etat contractant s'engage a denoncer, des I'entree
en vigueur de la presente Convention, la Convention portant
reglementation de la navigation aerienne, signee a Paris le
13 octobre 1919, ou la Convention relative a !'aviation commerciale,
signee a La Havane le 20 fevrier 1928, s'il est partie
a l'une ou l'autre de ces Conventions. Entre Etats contractants,
la presente Convention remplace Jes Conventions de Paris et de
La Havane ci-dessus mentionnees.
Article 81
Enregistrement des accords existants
Tous Jes accords aeronautiques existant au moment de
l'entree en vigueur de la presente Convention entre un Etat
contractant et tout autre Etat, ou entre une entreprise de
transport aerien d'un Etat contractant et tout autre Etat ou une
entreprise de transport aerien de tout autre Etat, doivent etre
enregistres immediatement au Conseil.
Article 82
Abrogation d'arrangements incompatibles
Les Etats contractants reconnaissent que la presente
Convention abroge toutes Jes obligations et ententes entre eux
qui sont incompatibles avec ses dispositions et s'engagent a
ne pas contracter de telles obligations ni conclure de telles
ententes. Un Etat contractant qui, avant de devenir membre de
!'Organisation, a contracte envers un Etat non contractant ou
un ressortissant d'un Etat contractant ou d'un Etat non
contractant des obligations incompatibles avec Jes dispositions
de la presente Convention, doit prendre sans delai des mesures
pour se liberer desdites obligations. Si une entreprise de transport
aerien d'un Etat contractant a assume de telles obligations
Annex 3
CUARTA PARTE
DISPOSICIONES F1NALES
CAPITULOX VII
OTR0S ACUERD0S Y ARREGL0S
AER0NA.UTIC0S
Articulo 80
Convenciones de Paris y de La Habana
Cada Estado contratante se compromete, tan pronto como
entre en vigor el presente Convenio, a notificar la denuncia de
la Convenci6n sobre la Reglamentaci6n de la Navegaci6n
Aerea, suscrita en Paris el 13 de octubre de 1919, o de la
Convenci6n sobre Aviaci6n Comercial, suscrita en La Habana
el 20 de febrero de 1928, si es parte de una u otra. El presente
Convenio reemplaza, entre los Estados contratantes, las Convenciones
de Paris y de La Habana anteriormente mencionadas.
Articulo 81
Registro de acuerdos existentes
Todos los acuerdos aeronauticos que existan al entrar en
vigor el presente Convenio, entre un Estado contratante y
cualquier otro Estado o entre una linea aerea de un Estado
contratante y cualquier otro Estado o linea aerea de otro
Estado, se registraran inmediatamente en el Consejo.
Articulo 82
Abrogaci6n de arreglos incompatibles
Los Estados contratantes acuerdan que el presente Convenio
abroga todas !as obligaciones y entendimientos mutuos que
sean incompatibles con sus disposiciones y se comprometen a
no contraer tales obligaciones o entendimientos. Un Estado
contratante que antes de ser miembro de la Organizaci6n haya
contrafdo con un Estado no contratante o un subdito de un
Estado contratante o no, obligaciones incompatibles con las
disposiciones del presente Convenio, tomara medidas inmediatas
para liberarse de dichas obligaciones. Si una linea aerea
de un Estado contratante ha contrafdo tales obligaciones
incompatibles, el Estado de! cual sea nacional hara cuanto
36
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13 OKTl!6p1ll9 19 ro,na, linli KoHBeHUHoH K OMMepqecKaOBHH aUHH,
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napCTBan,o ATte)l(aHTe MeATteHHpOeHm crpauHH B CoueTe.
,CT8TbH82
OmMeHa HeC0BMecmUMblX COZ.1/aUteHUU
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al!K OHBeHUHOllT MeHJleBTe e o6l!3aTenhCTBHa cornallleHHl!
Me:lK,llHy HMHH, eeOBMeCTHMeh ieee nono)l(eHHl!MH" , 06J1JylOTeJH1
e ripHHHMaTHba ee6l! n106h1eT aKHeo 6ll3aTenhCTB"a He
ucrynaTh B no,no6Hbiee ornallleHHll., l],orouapHBaIOUJ,ereoeeJyI JlapCTBOK,
OTOpo.en o ucrynneHHllB OpraH"3aUHIOn pHHllnOH a
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H eCOBMeCTHMeb ineo nO)l(eHHl!MHHa CTOl!IUeKHO HBeHUHHH,
eMe.[(JleHHnpOH MeTM ephlK TOMYq, To6hIo euo6o,nHThCll
Annex 3
use its best efforts to secure their termination forthwith and
shall in any event cause them to be terminated as soon as such
action can lawfully be taken after the coming into force of this
Convention.
Article 83
Registration of new arrangements
Subject to the provisions of the preceding Article, any
contracting State may make arrangements not inconsistent with
the provisions of this Convention. Any such arrangement shall
be forthwith registered with the Council, which shall make it
public as soon as possible.
Article 83 his*
Transfer of certain functions and duties
a) Notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 12, 30, 31
and 32 a), when an aircraft registered in a contracting State is
operated pursuant to an agreement for the lease, charter or
interchange of the aircraft or any similar arrangement by an
operator who has his principal place of business or, ifhe has no
such place of business, his permanent residence in another
contracting State, the State of registry may, by agreement with
such other State, transfer to it all or part of its functions and
duties as State of registry in respect of that aircraft under
Articles 12, 30, 31 and 32 a). The State of registry shall be
relieved of responsibility in respect of the functions and duties
transferred.
b) The transfer shall not have effect in respect of other
contracting States before either the agreement between States
in which it is embodied has been registered with the Council
* The 23rd Session of the Assembly on 6 October 1980 amended
the Chicago Convention by introducing Article 83 bis. This
amendment came into force on 20 June 1997.
37
incompatibles, l'Etat dont elle a la nationalite s'emploiera de
son mieux pour qu'il soit mis fin immediatement aces obligations
et en tout cas fera en sorte qu'il y soit mis fin aussit6t que
cela sera juridiquement possible apres I' en tree en vigueur de la
presente Convention.
Article 83
Enregistrement des nouveaux arrangements
Sous reserve des dispositions de !'article precedent, tout
Etat contractant peut conclure des arrangements qui ne soient
pas incompatibles avec Jes dispositions de la presente
Convention. Tout arrangement de cette nature doit etre
enregistre immediatement au Conseil, qui le rend public
aussit6t que possible.
Article 83 his*
Transfer! de certaines fonctions et obligations
a) Nonobstant Jes dispositions des articles 12, 30, 31 et
32 a), lorsqu'un aeronef immatricule dans un Etat contractant
est exploite en vertu d'un accord de location, d'affretement ou
de banalisation de l'aeronef, ou de tout autre arrangement
similaire, par un exploitant qui a le siege principal de son
exploitation, ou a defaut, sa residence permanente dans un
autre Etat contractant, l' Etat d' immatriculation peut, par accord
avec cet autre Etat, transferer a celui-ci tout ou partie des
fonctions et obligations que les articles 12, 30, 31 et 32 a) lui
conferent, a l'egard de cet aeronef, en sa qualite d'Etat
d'immatriculation. L'Etat d'immatriculation sera degage de sa
responsabilite en ce qui conceme les fonctions et obligations
transferees.
b) Le transfert ne portera pas effet a l'egard des autres
Etats contractants avant que !'accord dont ii fait l'objet ait
ete enregistre au Conseil et rendu public conformement a
* Le 6 octobre 1980, a sa 23• session, I' Assemblee a amende la
Convention de Chicago en ajoutant l'article 83 bis. Cet amendement
est entre en vigueur le 20 juin 1997.
Annex 3
pueda para conseguir su rescisi6n inmediata y, en todo caso,
hara que se rescindan tan pronto como sea legalmente posible
despues de la entrada en vigor del presente Convenio.
Articulo 83
Registro de nuevos arreglos
Con sujeci6n a lo dispuesto en el artfculo precedente, todo
Estado contratante puede concertar arreglos que no sean
incompatibles con las disposiciones del presente Convenio.
Todo arreglo de esta naturaleza se registrara inmediatamente en
el Consejo, el cual lo hara publico a la mayor brevedad posible.
Articulo 83 bis*
Transferencia de ciertas funciones y obligaciones
a) No obstante lo dispuesto en los Artfculos I 2, 30, 31 y
32 a), cuando una aeronave matriculada en un Estado contratante
sea explotada de conformidad con un contrato de
arrendamiento, fletamento o intercambio de aeronaves, o
cualquier arreglo similar, por un explotador que tenga su
oficina principal o, de no tener tal oficina, su residencia
permanente en otro Estado contratante, el Estado de matrfcula,
mediante acuerdo con ese otro Estado, podra transferirle todas
o parte de sus funciones y obligaciones como Estado de
matrfcula con respecto a dicha aeronave, segun los Artfculos
12, 30, 31 y 32 a). El Estado de matrfcula quedara relevado de
su responsabilidad con respecto a !as funciones y obligaciones
transferidas.
b) La transferencia no producira efectos con respecto a los
demas Estados contratantes antes de que el acuerdo entre
Estados sobre la transferencia se haya registrado ante el
* El 6 de octubre de 1980, el 23° periodo de sesiones de la Asamblea
enmend6 el Convenio de Chicago, incluyendo el Articulo 83 bis. Esa
enmienda entr6 en vigor el 20 de junio de 1997.
37
OT 3THX 06i1JaTeJ1bCTB. Ecn11 aB11anpe.L1.npm1rne mo6oro )];oroBap11BruomerocJ1
rocy .LJ.apCTBa np11HJ1JIO Ha ce6J1 mo6b1e ra1rne
HeCOBMeCTHMbie 06J13aTeJibCTBa, rocy .LJ.apCTBO ero Hal.l,11OHaJibHOCTl1
.LJ.eJiaeT Bee BOJMO:lKHOe, 'IT06bl 06ecne'111Tb HX HeMe.LJ.neHHOe
npeKpameH11e, 11 B mo6oM cnytJae .LJ.0611BaeTCJ1 11x
npeKpameHHJI, KaK TOJlbKO TaKOe .LJ.eiiCTBHe MOlKeT 6bITb ocymec-
rnneHo Ha JaKOHHOM OCHOBaHHH nocne BCTynneHHJI B c1my
HaCTOJ11I.1efi KoHBeHu1111.
CTaTbH83
Pe2UcmpazJUfl H06blX co211a1UeHuii
TipH ycnOB1111 co6mo.L1.eH11J1 nonolKeHHH npe.LJ.bI.LJ.ymefi CraTbH
mo6oe )];oroBap11BaJOmeecJ1 rocyJlapCTBo MOlKeT JaKJIJOtJaTb
cornaweHHJI, He JIBJ1JII01I.111eCJI HeCOBMeCTHMblMH C noJJO)
KeHHJIMH HaCTOJIII.leH KOHBeHUHH. J1J06oe TaKOe cornaweHHe
no.LJ.JJe)KHT HeMe.LJ.JJeHHOH perm;rpau1rn B CoBeTe, KOTOpblH ,ueJJaeT
O HeM ny6JJ11KaUHJO B BO3MO)KHO KOpOTKHH cpoK.
CTaTbSI 83 bis*
flepeoa1Ja onpeoeJ1eHHb1x <jJyHKlJUU u o6R3aHHocmeii
a) HecMOTPll Ha noJJO:lKeHHJI CTaTefi 12, 30, 31 H 32 a), B
TOM cnyqae, KOr)'.la BO3.LJ.YWHOe cy .LI.HO, 3apemc-rp11pOBaHHoe B
AoroBap11BaJ0111eMcJ1 rocy.LJ.apCTBe, 3KcnnyaTwpyeTcJ1 B cooTBeTCTB1111
C .LJ.OfOBOpOM apeH.LJ.bl, ct>paxTOBaHHJI HJIH BJaHMHOro
o6MeHa BO3.LJ.YWHbIMH cy .LJ.aMHJIH B COOTBeTCTBHH C JJJ06bJM
nO.LJ.06HblM .LJ.OfOBOpOM 3KCnJJyaraHTOM, OCHOBHOe MeCTO )leJITeJJbHOCTH
KOToporo HJIH, ecJJH OH He HMeeT TaKOro MeCTa
,uellTeJJbHOCTH, noCTOJIHHOe MeCTonpe6bJBaHHe KOToporo HaXO.
LJ.HTCJI B .LJ.pyroM AoroBapwBruomeMCJI rocy.LJ.apCTBe, rocy.
LJ.apCTBo pemc-rpauw11 MOlKeT no cornaweHHJO c TaKHM .L1.pyr11M
rocy .LJ.apCTBOM nepe.LJ.aTb eMy BCe 11Jll1 tJaCTb CBOHX cpyHKUHH 11
06J1JaHHOCTeH KaK rocy .napCTBa perttc-rpau1m B OTHOWem-111
3Toro BO3.LJ.YWHOfO cy.n:Ha, npe.nyCMOTPeHHblX CraTbJIMH 12, 30,
3 I J,f 32 a). rocy .napCTBO pemc-rpau11H OCB06o)l(,!(aeTCJI OT OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH
B OTHOWeHHH nepe,naHHbIX cpyHKUHH tt o6Jl-
3aHHOCTeH.
b) ITepe.LJ.a'la He 6y,neT HMeTh .LJ.eHCTBHJI B OTHOllleHHH APYmx
)];oroBapttBaJOUlHXCJI rocy,napCTB .LJ.O Tex nop, noKa comaweHwe
Me)KJJ:Y rocy.LJ.apCTBaMH, B KoTopoM nepe.LJ.a'la npe)ly-
* AccaM6J1el! Ha csoeil 23-il cecc1m 6 OKTll6pll 1980 ro.ua BHeCJla
nonpaBKy B YHKaTCKYIO KOHBeH~HIO, BKJllO'IIIB CT3Thl0 83 bis.
)IaHHM nonpaBKa BCTYITHJla B CHJlY 20 IIIOllll 1997 ro.ua.
Annex 3
and made public pursuant to Article 83 or the existence and
scope of the agreement have been directly communicated to the
authorities of the other contracting State or States concerned by
a State party to the agreement.
c) The provisions of paragraphs a) and b) above shall also
be applicable to cases covered by Article 77.
CHAPTER XVIII
DISPUTES AND DEFAULT
Article 84
Settlement of disputes
If any disagreement between two or more contracting States
relating to the interpretation or application of this Convention
and its Annexes cannot be settled by negotiation, it shall, on
the application of any State concerned in the disagreement, be
decided by the Council. No member of the Council shall vote
in the consideration by the Council of any dispute to which it
is a party. Any contracting State may, subject to Article 85,
appeal from the decision of the Council to an ad hoe arbitral
tribunal agreed upon with the other parties to the dispute or to
the Permanent Court of International Justice. Any such appeal
shall be notified to the Council within sixty days of receipt of
notification of the decision of the Council.
Article 85
Arbitration procedure
If any contracting State party to a dispute in which the
decision of the Council is under appeal has not accepted the
Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and the
contracting States parties to the dispute cannot agree on the
choice of the arbitral tribunal, each of the contracting States
parties to the dispute shall name a single arbitrator who shall
name an umpire. If either contracting State party to the dispute
fails to name an arbitrator within a period of three months from
the date of the appeal, an arbitrator shall be named on behalf of
that State by the President of the Council from a list of
qualified and available persons maintained by the Council. If,
within thirty days, the arbitrators cannot agree on an umpire,
the President of the Council shall designate an umpire from the
list previously referred to. The arbitrators and the umpire shall
then jointly constitute an arbitral tribunal. Any arbitral tribunal
38
!'article 83 ou que I' existence et la portee de !'accord aient ete
notifiees directement aux autorites de l 'Etat ou des autres Etats
contractants interesses par un Etat partie a !'accord.
c) Les dispositions des alineas a) et b) ci-dessus sont
egalement applicables dans Jes cas envisages al'article 77.
CHAPITRE XVIII
DIFFERENDS ET MANQUEMENTS
Article 84
Reglement des differends
Si un desaccord entre deux ou plusieurs Etats contractants
apropos de !'interpretation ou de !'application de la presente
Convention et de ses Annexes ne peut etre regle par voie de
negociation, le Conseil statue a la requete de tout Etat implique
dans ce desaccord. Aucun membre du Conseil ne peut voter
!ors de l'examen par le Conseil d'un differend auquel il est
partie. Tout Etat contractant peut, sous reserve de I' article 85,
appeler de la decision du Conseil a un tribunal d'arbitrage
ad hoe etabli en accord avec Jes autres parties au differend ou
a la Cour permanente de Justice internationale. Un tel appel
doit etre notifie au Conseil dans Jes soixante jours a compter de
la reception de la notification de la decision du Conseil.
Article 85
Procedure d'arbitrage
Si un Etat contractant, partie a un differend dans lequel la
decision du Conseil est en instance d'appel, n'a pas accepte le
Statut de la Cour permanente de Justice internationale et si les
Etats contractants parties a ce differend ne peuvent se mettre
d'accord sur le choix du tribunal d'arbitrage, chacun des Etats
contractants parties au differend designe un arbitre et ces arbitres
designent un surarbitre. Si l'un des Etats contractants parties au
differend n' a pas designe d' arbitre dans Jes trois mois a compter
de la date de I' appel, un arbitre sera choisi au nom de cet Etat par
le President du Conseil sur une liste de personnes qualifiees et
disponibles tenue par le Conseil. Si, dans Jes trente jours, les
arbitres ne peuvent se mettre d'accord sur un surarbitre, le
President du Conseil designe un surarbitre choisi sur la liste
susmentionnee. Les arbitres et le surarbitre se constituent al ors en
tribunal d'arbitrage. Tout tribunal d'arbitrage etabli en vertu du
Annex 3
Consejo y hecho publico de conformidad con el Artfculo 83 o
de que un Estado parte en dicho acuerdo haya comunicado
directamente Ja existencia y alcance del acuerdo a Jos demas
Estados contratantes interesados.
c) Las disposiciones de los parrafos a) y b) anteriores
tambien seran aplicables en los casos previstos por el
Artfculo 77.
CAPITULOX VIII
CONTROVERSIAS E INCUMPLIMIENTO
Articulo 84
Soluci6n de controversias
Si surge un desacuerdo entre dos o mas Estados contratantes
sobre la interpretacion o la aplicacion del presente Convenio y
de sus Anexos que no pueda ser solucionado mediante negociaciones,
sera decidido por el Consejo, a peticion de cualquier
Estado interesado en el desacuerdo. Ningun miembro del
Consejo votara cuando este trate de una controversia en la que
dicho miembro sea parte. Todo Estado contratante podra, con
sujecion al Articulo 85, apelar de la decision del Consejo ante
un tribunal de arbitraje ad hoe aceptado por las otras partes en
la controversia, o ante la Corte Permanente Internacional de
Justicia. Tai apelacion se notificara al Consejo dentro de los
sesenta dfas de recibida la notificacion de la decision del
Consejo.
Articulo 85
Procedimiento de arbitraje
Si un Estado contratante, parte en una controversia en que
se ha apelado de la decision del Consejo, no ha aceptado el
Estatuto de la Corte Permanente Internacional de Justicia y
si los Estados contratantes partes en la controversia no pueden
concordar en la eleccion del tribunal de arbitraje, cada
uno de los Estados contratantes partes en Ja controversia designara
un arbitro y estos nombraran un tercero. Si cualquier
Estado contratante parte en la controversia no nombra un
arbitro dentro de tres meses desde la fecha de apelacion, el
Presidente del Consejo designara portal Estado un arbitro, de
una Jista de personas calificadas y disponibles que lleve el
Consejo. Si dentro de treinta dfas los arbitros no pueden
convenir en el tercero, el Presidente del Consejo lo designara
de la lista antedicha. Los arbitros y el tercero se constituiran
entonces en tribunal de arbitraje. Todo tribunal de arbitraje
38
CMa-rpHBaeTCHHe, 6 y,neTJ apemc-rpHpOBaHOa CoBeTe H ony6-
JUIKOBaHBo COOTBeTCTBcHo HC TaTbeH8 3 HJJH,n o Toro, KaK0
cymecTBoBaHHHH npe,nMeTe cornaweHHH He 6y, neT Henocpe,
nCTBeHHcOoo 6rueHo BJiaCTHM,np yroro JaHHTepecoaaHHoro
)],oroaapHaa10meroc» rocy)].apcTBa HJJH rocy,napCTB rocy,napCTBO-
MC TOpOHOcoHr naweHHH.
c) floJIO)KeHHnHy HKTOaB) " b), ynoMHHYTbIBXb IIIIeT, aK)
Ken pHMeHIIIOTKCC HJ IY'laHMnp, e,nycMo-rpeHHhlCMT aTbeH7 7.
DIABAXVIII
CTTOPbl H HEBhlTTOJIHEHHE 06R3A TEJibCTB
CT3Tl»H84
PmpemeHue cnopoe
EcnH KaKoe-im6o paJHornacHe Me)K)].yn ayMH HJJH6 onee
L{oroaapHBaJOIUHMHroCcHy ) ],apCTBaMHK,a caJOmeecHT OJIKOBaHHHH
JIHn pttMeHeHHHH aCTOHIUeKHo HBeHUHHH ee ITpHJIO)
KeHHHH, e MO)KeT6b ITh yperynttpoBaHO nyTeM neperOBOpOB,
OHOn o npoch6e n106oro rocy ,napCTBaB, OBJie'!eHHorBo 3 TOp mHornacHe,
p mpewaeTCHC oBeTOMH. H O)].H'HIJ ieHC oaeTa, HBJIHJOIUHHCCHT
OpOHOaH K aKOM-JIH6cnoo pe, He yqaCTBYeTB ronoCOBaHHnHp
H paccMo-rpeHHHCO BeTOM3T OfOc nopa. J1106oe, UoroBapHBa10rueecHro
cy,napCTBOM O)KeTn pH ycnoBHH co6n10-
neHHHn oJIO)KeHHCHT aTbH8 5 06,KaJIOBaTpbe weHHe CoseTa
B- rpeTettcKHHcy ,n ad hoe, o6pmosaHHhIH no cornacosaHHJO
C, npymMH CTOpOHaMBH c nope, HJIH B ITOCTOllHHYflJaOna ry
Me)K,LlyHapO.LlHCOTrpoa socy,L lHH0. JIJ060MT aKOM0 6,KaJIOBaHHHC
oBeTy se,noMJIHeTCBH T e'!eHHew eCTH,LleCH,LTlHH eHno cne
noJiy'leHHHy se,noMJieHHoH p eweHHHC ose-ra.
CrnnH85
IlpolJeOypa mpemeitcK020 cyiJa
EcnH KaKoe-JIH6o)] ,orosapHBaJOU1eecro»c y ,napCTBO- CTOpoHa
B cnope, no KOTOpOMoYfo KanyeTCHpe weHHe COBeTa,H e
npHJHaeT CTaTyTa floCTOHHHOfHla naTbI Me)K,LlyHapo,nttoro
Tipaaocy,nHHH ecJm ,UoroaapHBaJOIUttecrlol cy,napCTBa- CTOpoHbI
B cnope He MOryT npHHTH K cornaweHHIO O BbI6ope
-rpeTeHCKOrcoy ,na, TO Ka.JK)lOHe J ,UoroaapHBalOIUHXrCoHcy ,
napCTB- CTOpOHB cnope HaJbIBaeTn o 0,LlHOMaYp6 H-rpy,a ap-
611-rpbHl J6ttpaIOTc ynepap611-rpaE. cJIHK aKoe-n116H0 J ,UorosapttBaIOIUHXCroHcy
,napCTB- CTOpOHs cnope He HaJOBeTap 6HTpa
a Te'!eHHe- rpexMeCll'IHOrnoe ptto,na co .LlHlol 6)KaJIOBaHHH
peweHHHT, Oa p611-rpO TH MeHH3T OfOr ocy ,napCTBHa aJHa'laeTCH
Tipe3H,LleHTCOoMse -ra 113B e)].ymerocHC oBeTOMcn HCKaK BaJIHq>
HUHpOBaHHJbIIHXU , KOTOpblMCHO BeTM O)KeTp acnonaraTb.
EcJIHs TeqeHHe' fPHJIUaTH,L lHeHap 6H-rpblH e CMOryTJI OfOBOpHTbCHo
cynepap611Tpe,I TpeJH.LleHCTo seTa HaJHa'!aeTe ro HJ
Annex 3
established under this or the preceding Article shall settle its
own procedure and give its decisions by majority vote,
provided that the Council may determine procedural questions
in the event of any delay which in the opinion of the Council is
excessive.
Article 86
Appeals
Unless the Council decides otherwise any decision by the
Council on whether an international airline is operating in
conformity with the provisions of this Convention shall remain
in effect unless reversed on appeal. On any other matter,
decisions of the Council shall, if appealed from, be suspended
until the appeal is decided. The decisions of the Permanent
Court of International Justice and of an arbitral tribunal shall
be final and binding.
Article 87
Penalty for non-conformity of airline
Each contracting State undertakes not to allow the operation
of an airline of a contracting State through the airspace above
its territory if the Council has decided that the airline
concerned is not conforming to a final decision rendered in
accordance with the previous Article.
Article 88
Penalty for non-conformity by State
The Assembly shall suspend the voting power in the
Assembly and in the Council of any contracting State that is
found in default under the provisions of this Chapter.
39
present article OU de !'article precedent determine ses regles de
procedure et rend ses decisions a la majorite des voix, etant
entendu que le Conseil peut decider des questions de procedure
dans le cas d'un retard qu'il estimerait excessif.
Article 86
Appels
A moins que le Conseil n' en decide autrement, toute
decision du Conseil sur la question de savoir si !'exploitation
d'une entreprise de transport aerien international est conforme
aux dispositions de la presente Convention conserve son effet,
tant qu'elle n'a pas ete infirmee en appel. Sur toute autre
question, Jes decisions du Conseil sont suspendues en cas
d'appel, jusqu'a ce qu'il soit statue sur l'appel. Les decisions
de la Cour permanente de Justice intemationale et celles d'un
tribunal d'arbitrage sont definitives et obligatoires.
Article 87
Sanctions a l'encontre d'une entreprise
de transport aerien qui ne se conforme
pas aux dispositions prevues
Chaque Etat contractant s'engage a ne pas permettre, dans
l'espace aerien au-dessus de son territoire, l'explottation d'une
entreprise de transport aerien d'un Etat contractant, si le
Conseil a decide que cette entreprise ne se conforme pas a une
decision definitive rendue conformement aux dispositions de
!'article precedent.
Article 88
Sanctions a l'encontre d'un £tat qui ne
se conforme pas aux dispositions prevues
L' Assemblee suspend le droit de vote a I' Assemblee et au
Conseil de tout Etat contractant trouve en infraction au regard
des dispositions du present chapitre.
Annex 3
establecido segun el presente artfculo o el anterior adoptani su
propio procedimiento y pronunciara sus decisiones por mayoria
de votos, entendiendose que el Consejo podra decidir
cuestiones de procedimiento en caso de dilaciones que, en su
opinion fuesen excesivas.
Articulo 86
Apelaciones
Salvo que el Consejo decida otra cosa, toda decision de este
sobre si una lfnea aerea intemacional funciona de acuerdo con
las disposiciones del presente Convenio continuara en vigor a
menos que sea revocada en apelacion. Sobre toda otra cuestion,
las decisiones del Consejo, si se apelan, se suspenderan hasta
que se falle la apelacion. Las decisiones de la Corte Permanente
Internacional de Justicia o de un tribunal de arbitraje
seran firme~ y obligatorias.
Articulo 87 .
Sanciones en caso de incumplimiento
por fas lineas aereas
Todo Estado contratante se compromete a no permitir los
vuelos de una lfnea aerea de un Estado contratante en el espacio
aereo situado sobre su territorio si el Consejo ha decidido
que la lfnea aerea en cuestion no cumple con una decision
firme pronunciada segun el artfculo precedente.
Articulo 88
Sanciones a los Estados en caso de incumplimiento
La Asamblea suspendera el derecho de voto en la Asamblea
y en el Consejo a todo Estado contratante que se encuentre en
falta con respecto a las disposiciones del presente Capftulo.
39
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Annex 3
CHAPTER XIX
WAR
Article 89
War and emergency conditions
In case of war, the provisions of this Convention shall not
affect the freedom of action of any of the contracting States
affected, whether as belligerents or as neutrals. The same
principle shall apply in the case of any contracting State which
declares a state of national emergency and notifies the fact to
the Council.
CHAPTERXX
ANNEXES
Article 90
Adoption and amendment of Annexes
a) The adoption by the Council of the Annexes described
in Article 54, subparagraph l), shall require the vote of twothirds
of the Council at a meeting called for that purpose and
shall then be submitted by the Council to each contracting
State. Any such Annex or any amendment of an Annex shall
become effective within three months after its submission to
the contracting States or at the end of such longer period of
time as the Council may prescribe, unless in the meantime a
majority of the contracting States register their disapproval
with the Council.
b) The Council shall immediately notify all contracting
States of the coming into force of any Annex or amendment
thereto.
CHAPTER XXI
RATIFICATIONS, ADHERENCES, AMENDMENTS,
AND DENUNCIATIONS
Article 91
Ratification of Convention
a) This Convention shall be subject to ratification by the
signatory States. The instruments of ratification shall be
deposited in the archives of the Government of the United
40
CHAPITRE XIX
GUERRE
Article 89
Guerre et etat de crise
En cas de guerre, Jes dispositions de la presente Convention
ne portent atteinte a la liberte d'action d'aucun des Etats
contractants concemes, qu'ils soient belligerants ou neutres.
Le meme principe s 'applique dans le cas de tout Etat contractant
qui proclame l'etat de crise nationale et notifie ce fait au
Conseil.
CHAPITRE XX
ANNEXES
Article 90
Adoption et amendement des Annexes
a) L'adoption par le Conseil des Annexes v1sees a
l'alinea l) de !'article 54 requiert Jes voix des deux tiers du
Conseil lors d'une reunion convoquee a cette fin et lesdites
Annexes sont ensuite soumises par le Conseil a chaque Etat
contractant. Toute Annexe ou tout amendement a une Annexe
prend effet dans Jes trois mois qui suivent sa communication
aux Etats contractants ou a la fin d'une periode plus longue
fixee par le Conseil, a mains qu'entre-temps la majorite des
Etats contractants n'ait fait connaitre sa desapprobation au
Conseil.
b) Le Conseil notifie immediatement a tous Jes Etats
contractants l'entree en vigueur de toute Annexe ou de tout
amendement a une Annexe.
CHAPITRE XXI
RATIFICATIONS, ADHESIONS, AMENDEMENTS
ET DENONCIATIONS
Article 91
Ratification de la Convention
a) La presente Convention est soumise a la ratification
des Etats signataires. Les instruments de ratification sont
deposes dans Jes archives du Gouvemement des Etats-Unis
Annex 3
CAPITULO XIX
GUERRA
Articulo 89
Estado de guerra y situaciones de emergencia
En caso de guerra, las disposiciones del presente Convenio
no afectaran la Iibertad de acci6n de los Estados contratantes
afectados, ya sean beligerantes o neutrales. El mismo principio
se aplicara cuando un Estado contratante declare estado de
emergencia nacional y lo comunique al Consejo.
CAPITULOXX
ANEXOS
Articulo 90
Adopci6n y enmienda de Los Anexos
a) La adopci6n por el Consejo de los Anexos previstos en
el parrafo l) del Artfculo 54, requerira el voto de dos tercios del
Consejo en sesi6n convocada a ese fin; luego seran so~etidos
por el Consejo a cada Estado contratante. Todo Anexo o
enmienda a uno de ellos, surtira efecto a los tres meses de ser
transmitido a los Estados contratantes o a la expiraci6n de un
perfodo mayor que prescriba el Consejo, a menos que en el
fnterin la mayorfa de los Estados contratantes registren en el
Consejo su desaprobaci6n.
b) El Consejo notificara inmediatamente a todos los
Estados contratantes la entrada en vigor de todo Anexo o
enmienda a este.
CAPITULXOX I
RATIFICACIONES, ADHESIONES,
ENMIENDAS Y DENUNCIAS
Articulo 91
Ratificaci6n de! Convenio
a) El presente Convenio debera ser ratificado por Ios
Estados signatarios. Los instrumentos de ratificaci6n se depositaran
en los archivos del Gobiemo de los Estados Unidos de
40
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Annex 3
States of America, which shall give notice of the date of the
deposit to each of the signatory and adhering States.
b) As soon as this Convention has been ratified or adhered
to by twenty-six States it shall come into force between them
on the thirtieth day after deposit of the twenty-sixth instrument.
It shall come into force for each State ratifying thereafter on the
thirtieth day after the deposit of its instrument of ratification.
c) It shall be the duty of the Government of the United
States of America to notify the government of each of the
signatory and adhering States of the date on which this
Convention comes into force.
Article 92
Adherence to Convention
a) This Convention shall be open for adherence by
members of the United Nations and States associated with
them, and States which remained neutral during the present
world conflict.
b) Adherence shall be effected by a notification addressed
to the Government of the United States of America and shall
take effect as from the thirtieth day from the receipt of the
notification by the Government of the United States of
America, which shall notify all the contracting States.
Article 93
Admission of other States
States other than those provided for in Articles 91 and 92 a)
may, subject to approval by any general international organization
set up by the nations of the world to preserve peace, be
admitted to participation in this Convention by means of a
four-fifths vote of the Assembly and on such conditions as the
Assembly may prescribe: provided that in each case the assent
of any State invaded or attacked during the present war by the
State seeking admission shall be necessary.
41
d' Amerique, qui notifie la date du depot a chacun des Etats
signataires et adherents.
b) Des que la presente Convention aura reuni Jes ratifications
ou adhesions de vingt-six Etats, elle entrera en vigueur
entre ces Etats le trentieme jour apres le depot du vingt-sixieme
instrument. Elle entrera en vigueur, a l'egard de chaque Etat
qui la ratifiera par la suite, le trentieme jour apres le depot de
son instrument de ratification.
c) II incombe au Gouvemement des Etats-Unis d' Amerique
de notifier au Gouvemement de chacun des Etats signataires et
adherents la date d'entree en vigueur de la presente Convention.
Article 92
Adhesion a la Convention
a) La presente Convention est ouverte a !'adhesion des
Etats membres des Nations Unies, des Etats associes a ceux-ci et
des Etats demeures neutres pendant le present conflit mondial.
b) L' adhesion s' effectue par une notification adressee au
Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d' Amerique et prend effet le
trentieme jour qui suit la reception de la notification par le
Gouvemement des Etats-Unis d' Amerique, lequel en avise tous
Jes Etats contractants.
Article 93
Admission d'autres £tats
Les Etats autres que ceux auxquels s'appliquent Jes
articles 91 et 92 a) peuvent, sous reserve de !'approbation de
toute organisation internationale generale creee par Jes nations
du monde pour preserver la paix, etre admis a participer a la
presente Convention par un vote des quatre cinquiemes de
I' Assemblee dans Jes conditions que I' Assemblee pourra
prescrire, etant entendu que dans chaque cas !'assentiment de
tout Etat envahi ou attaque au cours de la presente guerre par
l'Etat qui demande son admission sera necessaire.
Annex 3
America, el cual notificara la fecha de deposito a cada uno de
los Estados signatarios y adherentes.
b) Tan pronto como veintiseis Estados hayan ratificado o
se hayan adherido al presente Convenio, este entrani en vigor
entre ellos al trigesimo dfa despues de! deposito de! vigesimo
sexto instrumento. Entrara en vigor para cada Estado que lo
ratifique posteriormente, al trigesimo dfa despues de! deposito
de! correspondiente instrumento de ratificacion.
c) Sera obligacion de! Gobi em? de los Estados Unidos de
America notificar al Gobiemo de cada uno de los Estados
signatarios y adherentes la fecha de entrada en vigor de!
presente Convenio.
Articulo 92
Adhesion al Convenio
a) El presente Convenio quedara abierto a la adhesion de
los miembros de !as Naciones Unidas, de los Estados asociados
a ellos y de los Estados que permanecieron neutrales durante el
presente conflicto mundial.
b) La adhesion se efectuara por notificacion dirigida al
Gobiemo de los Estados Unidos de America y surtira efecto al
trigesimo dfa de la fecha de recibo de la notificacion por el
Gobiemo de los Estados Unidos de America, el cual notificara
a todos los Estados contratantes.
Articulo 93
Admisi6n de otros Estados
Los Estados no previstos en los Artfculos 91 y 92 a), con el
voto de los cuatro quintos de la Asamblea yen !as condiciones
que esta fije, podran participar en el presente Convenio, previo
consentimiento de! organismo internacional general que
para preservar la paz establezcan !as naciones de! mundo;
entendiendose que en cada caso sera necesario el asentimiento
de todo Estado invadido o atacado durante la guerra actual por
el Estado que solicite su ingreso.
41
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Annex 3
Article 93 bis*
a) Notwithstanding the provisions of Articles 91, 92 and
93 above:
I) A State whose government the General Assembly
of the United Nations has recommended be debarred from
membership in international agencies established by or
brought into relationship with the United Nations shall
automatically cease to be a member of the International
Civil Aviation Organization;
2) A State which has been expelled from membership
in the United Nations shall automatically cease to be a
member of the International Civil Aviation Organization
unless the General Assembly of the United Nations attaches
to its act of expulsion a recommendation to the contrary.
b) A State which ceases to be a member of the
International Civil Aviation Organization as a result of the
provisions of paragraph a) above may, after approval by the
General Assembly of the United Nations, be readmitted to the
International Civil Aviation Organization upon application and
upon approval by a majority of the Council.
c) Members of the Organization which are suspended
from the exercise of the rights and privileges of membership in
the United Nations shall, upon the request of the latter, be
suspended from the rights and privileges of membership in this
Organization.
Article 94
Amendment of Convention·
a) Any proposed amendment to this Convention must be
approved by a two-thirds vote of the Assembly and shall then
come into force in respect of States which have ratified such
amendment when ratified by the number of contracting States
specified by the Assembly. The number so specified shall not
be less than two-thirds of the total number of contracting
States.
* The 1st Session of the Assembly on 27 May 1947 amended the
Chicago Convention by introducing Article 93 bis. This amendment
came into force on 20 March 1961.
42
Article 93 bis*
a) Nonobstant Jes dispositions des articles 91, 92 et 93
ci-dessus,
I) Tout Etat dont le gouvernement fait l'objet de la
part de l' Assemblee generale de !'Organisation des Nations
Unies d'une recommandation tendant a le priver de sa
qualite de membre d'institutions internationales, etablies
par !'Organisation des Nations Unies ou reliees a celle-ci,
cesse automatiquement d'etre membre de I' Organisation de
!'aviation civile internationale;
2) Tout Etat qui est exclu de )'Organisation des
Nations Unies cesse automatiquement d'etre membre de
!'Organisation de !'aviation civile intemationale a moins
que I' Assemblee generale de !'Organisation des Nations
Unies joigne a son acte d'exclusion une recommandation
contraire.
b) Tout Etat qui cesse d'etre membre de !'Organisation de
!'aviation civile intemationale, en application des dispositions
du paragraphea) ci-dessus, peut, avec !'accord de I' Assemblee
generale de !'Organisation des Nations Unies, etre admis a
nouveau dans !'Organisation de ]'aviation civile intemationale
sur sa demande, et avec !'approbation du Conseil votee a la
majorite.
c) Les membres de !'Organisation qui sont suspendus de
J'exercice des droits et privileges inherents a la qualite de
membre de I 'Organisation des Nations Unies, sont, a la requete
de cette derniere, suspendus des droits et privileges inherents
a la qualite de membre de Ja presente Organisation.
Article 94
Amendement de la Convention
a) Toute proposition d' amendement a la presente Convention
doit etre approuvee par Jes deux tiers de I' Assemblee et
entre al ors en vigueur a I' egard des Etats qui ont ratifie cet
amendement, apres sa ratification par le nombre d'Etats
contractants fixe par I' Assemblee. Le nombre ainsi fixe ne doit
pas etre inferieur aux deux tiers du nombre total des Etats
contractants.
* Le 27 mai 1947, a sa I"' session, l'Assemblee a amende la Convention
de Chicago en ajoutant !'article 93 bis. Cet amendement est
entre en vigueur le 20 mars I 961.
Annex 3
Articulo 93 bis*
a) A pesar de )as disposiciones de los Artfculos 91, 92 y
93, que anteceden,
1) un Estado cuyo gobiemo la Asamblea General de
las Naciones Unidas ha recomendado que sea excluido de
los organismos intemacionales, establecidos por las
Naciones Unidas o vinculados con ellas, dejara automaticamente
de ser miembro de la Organizaci6n de Aviaci6n
Civil Internacional;
2) un Estado que haya sido expulsado de las
Naciones Unidas dejara automaticamente de ser miembro de
la Organizaci6n de Aviaci6n Civil Internacional, a no ser
que la Asamblea General de Ias Naciones Unidas incluya
en su acta de expulsion una recomendaci6n en sentido
contrario.
b) Un Estado que deje de ser miembro de la Organizaci6n
de Aviaci6n Civil Internacional como resultado de lo dispuesto
en el parrafo a) que antecede, puede, previa aprobaci6n de la
Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, ser readmitido en
la Organizaci6n de Aviaci6n Civil Internacional mediante
solicitud y con la aprobaci6n de la mayorfa del Consejo.
c) Los miembros de la Organizaci6n que sean suspendidos
en el ejercicio de sus derechos y privilegios como miembros de
las Naciones Unidas, seran, si lo piden Ias Naciones Unidas,
suspendidos en sus derechos y privilegios como miembros de
esta Organizaci6n.
Articulo 94
Enmiendas de[ Convenio
a) Toda enmienda que se proponga al presente Convenio
debera ser aprobada por voto de dos tercios de la Asamblea y
entrara en vigor con respecto a los Estados que la hayan
ratificado, cuando la ratifique el mimero de Estados contratantes
fijado por la Asamblea. Este numero no sera inferior a
los dos tercios del total de Estados contratantes.
* El 27 de rnayo de I 947, el I er periodo de sesiones de la Asarnblea
enrnend6 el Convenio de Chicago, incluyendo el Articulo 93 bis.
Esa enmienda entr6 en vigor el 20 de rnarzo de 1961.
42
CTaTbff 93 bis*
a) He3aBHCHMO OT H3JlO)l(eHHblX BbIUie n0JJ0)l(eHHH BblUieyKaJaHHblX
CTaTefi 91, 92 H 93:
I) rocy.napcTBo, npae1neJ1hCTB0 KOToporo rettepaJJbHall
AccaM6JJell OpraHH3aUHH O6be,nHHeHHhIX HauHfi peK0MeH.
noeaJJa JlHUIHTb npaea '{JleHCTBa B Me)l(.[(yttapo,nHblX
y'ipe'lK.[(eHHllX, C03.[(aHHhIX OpraHH3aUHefi O6be.[(HHeHHbIX
Hauufi HJ!H BCTynHBUIHX C Hefi B 0TH0llleHHll, aBT0MaTH'{
eCKH nepeCTaeT 6bITb '{JleH0M Me)l(.nyttapo,nHOH opraHH-
3aUHH rpa)l(.[(aHCKOH aeHamm;
2) rocy .napCTB0, HCKJ!IO'ieHH0e H3 '{JleH0B OpraHH-
3aUHtl O6be.[(HHeHHblX Hau11fi, aBT0MaTH'ieCKH nepeCTaeT
6bITb '{JleH0M Me'lK.[(yHapo.[(HOH opraHH3al.(HH rpa)l(.[(aHCK0H
aBHaUHH, eCJIH T0JlbK0 rettepaJJbHall AccaM6Jlell OpraHH-
3al.(HH O6be.[(HHeHHblX HaUHH He .[(0n0J!HHT CBOH aKT 06
HCKJ!IO'ieHHH peK0MeH.nauHefi 06 o6paTHOM.
b) rocy.napCTBO, K0T0poe nepeCTaeT 6hrrb '{JleH0M Me)l(.
nyttapo,nH0H opraHH3aUHH rpa)l(.[(aHCK0H aeHaUHH B CHJ!Y noJlO)
l(eHHH BhIUieyKaJaHHoro nyttKTa a), M0)l(eT nocne o.no6peHHll
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3aUHIO rpa)l(.[(aHCK0H aeHaUHfl no ero npocb6e H C o.no6peHHll
6oJJblllHHCTBa CoeeTa.
c) EcnH ocy1.1.1eCTBJ1eHHe 'iJlettaMH ,naHHofi OpraHH3aUHH
npae H npttBHJJernfi, npHH3,!J,Jle)l(al.l.lHX HM KaK 'iJlettaM OpraHH3aUHff
O6be.[(ffHeHHblX HauHfi, npff0CTaH0BJJeHo, TO, no TPe-
6oeaHHIO nocne.nttefi, npHoCTaHaBJJHBaeTcll ocy1.1.1eCTeJ1eHffe
ffMff npae ff npHBHJJernfi, BbITeKalOl.l.lffX ff3 'iJJeHCTBa B ,naHHOH
OpraHff3al.(ffff.
CTaTbH94
llonpaeKu K KoHeeHlfUU
a) J1106all npe.[(Jlo)l(eHHilll nonpaeKa K ttaCToJ11.1.1eli KottBeHUHH
.[(OJl)l(Ha 6hITb o.no6peHa ABYMJI TPeTJIMH rOJJ0COB
AccaM6JJeH ff 3aTeM BCTynaeT B CHJJY B OTH0llieHHH rocy.
napCTB, paTffqlflUffPOBaBUIHX TaKYIO nonpaBKY' nocne Toro, KaK
ee paTffqlflUffpyeT yCTaH0BJJeHH0e AccaM6neefi 'lHCJI0 JJ,oroeapffBa!
Oll(ffXCJI rocy ,napCTB. y CTaH0BJTeHH0e TaKHM o6pa30M
"IHCJI0 coCTaBJIJleT He Mettee ,neyx rpeTefi o6mero 'lffCna JJ,oroeapttBa!
Oll(ffXCll rocy .napCTB.
* AccaM6JJel! Ha ceoeii I-ii cecc1m 27 Mall 1947 ro.na BHecna
nonpaBKY B l.JuKarCK}'IO KOHBeaumo, BKJUO'll!B CTaTb!O 93 bis.
.[(aHHall nonpaeKa BCTynl!Jla a CIIJIY 20 MapTa 1961 rona.
Annex 3
b) If in its opinion the amendment is of such a nature as to
justify this course, the Assembly in its resolution recommending
adoption may provide that any State which has not ratified
within a specified period after the amendment has come into
force shall thereupon cease to be a member of the Organization
and a party to the Convention.
Article 95
Denunciation of Convention
a) Any contracting State may give notice of denunciation
of this Convention three years after its coming into effect by
notification addressed to the Government of the United States
of America, which shall at once inform each of the contracting
States.
b) Denunciation shall take effect one year from the date of
the receipt of the notification and shall operate only as regards
the State effecting the denunciation.
CHAPTER XXII
DEANITIONS
Article 96
For the purpose of this Convention the expression:
a) "Air service" means any scheduled air service
performed by aircraft for the public transport of passengers,
mail or cargo.
b) "International air service" means an air service
which passes through the air space over the territory of more
than one State.
c) "Airline" means any air transport enterprise
offering or operating an international air service.
d) "Stop for non-traffic purposes" means a landing
for any purpose other than taking on or discharging
passengers, cargo or mail.
43
b) Si a son avis l'amendement est de nature a justifier
cette mesure, I' Assemblee peut, dans sa resolution qui en
recommande !'adoption, stipuler que tout Etat qui n'aura pas
ratifie !edit amendement dans un delai determine apres que cet
amendement sera entre en vigueur cessera al ors d'etre membre
de !'Organisation et partie a la Convention.
Article 95
Denonciation de la Convention
a) Tout Etat contractant peut denoncer Ja presente
Convention trois ans apres son entree en vigueur au moyen
d'une notification adressee au Gouvernement des Etats-Unis
d' Amerique, qui en informe immediatement chacun des Etats
contractants.
b) La denonciation prend effet un an apres la date de
reception de Ja notification et ne vaut qu 'a I' egard de l'Etat qui
a effectue la denonciation.
CHAPITRE XXII
DEANITIONS
Article 96
Aux fins de la presente Convention:
a) «Service aerien» signifie tout service aerien regulier
assure par aeronef pour le transport public de passagers, de
courrier ou de marchandises;
b) «Service aerien international» signifie un service
aerien qui traverse I' espace aerien au-dessus du territoire de
deux ou plusieurs Etats;
c) «Entreprise de transport aenen» signifie toute
entreprise de transport aerien offrant ou exploitant un
service aerien international;
d) «Escale non commerciale» signifie un atterrissage
ayant un but autre que l' embarquement ou le debarquement
de passagers, de marchandises ou de courrier.
Annex 3
b) Si la Asamblea opina que la enmienda es de naturaleza
tal que justifique esta medida, puede disponer, en la resoluci6n
que recomiende su adopci6n, que todo Estado que no la haya
ratificado dentro de determinado perfodo despues de que esta
entre en vigor, cese ipso facto de ser miembro de la Organizaci6n
y parte en el Convenio.
Articulo 95
Denuncia del Convenio
a) Todo Estado contratante puede comunicar la denuncia
de! presente Convenio tres afios despues de su entrada en vigor,
por notificaci6n dirigida al Gobiemo de los Estados Unidos de
America, quien inmediatamente lo informara a cada uno de los
Estados contratantes.
b) La denuncia surtira efecto un afio despues de la fee ha
de recibo de la notificaci6n y solo se aplicara al Estado que
haya hecho· tal denuncia.
CAPiTULO XXII
DEFINICIONES
Artkulo 96
A los fines de! presente Convenio se entiende por:
a) "Servicio aereo", todo servicio aereo regular realizado
por aeronaves de transporte publico de pasajeros,
correo o carga.
b) "Servicio aereo intemacional", el servicio aereo
que pasa por el espacio aereo sobre el territorio de mas de
un Estado.
c) "Linea aerea", toda empresa de transporte aereo
que ofrezca o explote un servicio aereo intemacional.
d) "Escala para fines no comerciales", el aterrizaje
para fines ajenos al embarque o desembarque de pasajeros,
carga o correo.
43
b) Ecn11,n o MHeHHIAOc caM6JieH,x apaKTepn onpaBKHo npaB.
D.hIBa:enTy Mepy, TO AccaM6JiellB CBOeHp e30JIIOUHHpe, KOMCH.
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B Te11ett11yeC TaH0BJieHttornoe pwo.na nocne scrynneHHll ee B
CHJIYB, CJIC)J.CTBnHorCo nepeCTaeT6 1,rrb lJJICH0MM e)K)J.yHapo)
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Kottsettu1111.
CT3Tbst95
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)];orosap11sa101.U,eMryoccJy1 . napcTBy.
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e)].0MJieHHHJI . nefiCTBYCTT0 JibK0B 0TH0llleHHHro cy
.napCTBa)J, .CHOHCHposasweKroo HBCHUHIO.
fJIABA XXII
OnPE.[lE.JlEHIDI
CT3Tbst96
B uenllx ttacTOlll.I.ICKHoH BCHUHH:
a) "803.nywttoe coo6mett11e" 0JHa11ae-JrI 106oep eryJillpttoe
803.lJ.YllIHc0oCo 61.l.leHHoe,c yl.l.leCTBJIJICM8003e.D .YlllHblMHc
y.naMHC ueJihlO 061.l.leCTBeHHnbelXpe B030Kn acca)
KHp0BI,l 0lJTblH JIHr py3a.
b) "Me)K)J.yttapo.nttoBe 03.D.YllIHc0oeo 61.l.lett110eJ"H a-
11ae-r8 03.lJ.YllIH0coe o61.l.leHHeo,c ymecrsnlleMoe 11epe3B 03-
.nywttoe npoCTPaHCTBH0M TeppHTOpHe6Ho nee IJeM0 )J.H0ro
rocy .napcrsa.
c) "As11anpe.nnp11J1TH0Jet"t a11ae-JrI I06oe asHaTPaHcnopTttoe
npe.nnpHllTHen, pe)J.JlaraIOI.l.lHeeJ IH3 KcnnyaT11py-
10l.l.leMe e)K)J.yttap0)J.H8b0[3e. D.YWHChl0e0 61.l.leHHJI.
d) "OCTaHOBKCa HeK0MMep11eCKHuMeJHIJ IMH0" 3HaIJaeT
00CMKYC JII060H ueJihlO, HH0H,I JeM npHHJITHHe a
6opT HJIHB hirpy3Kan acc~Hp0B, rpy3a HJIHn 0IJTl,I.
Annex 3
SIGNATURE OF CONVENTION
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned plenipotentiaries,
having been duly authorized, sign this Convention on behalf of
their respective governments on the dates appearing opposite
their signatures.
DONE at Chicago the seventh day of December 1944 in the
English language. The texts of this Convention drawn up in the
English, French, Russian and Spanish languages are of equal
authenticity. These texts shall be deposited in the archives of
the Government of the United States of America, and certified
copies shall be transmitted by that Government to the
Governments of all the States which may sign or adhere to this
Convention. This Convention shall be open for signature at
Washington, D.C. *
* This is the text of the final paragraph as amended by the 22nd
Session of the Assembly on 30 September 1977; it entered into force
on 17 August 1999. The original text read as follows:
"DONE at Chicago the seventh day of December 1944 in the
English language. A text drawn up in the English, French and
Spanish languages, each of which shall be of equal authenticity, shall
be open for signature at Washington, D.C. Both texts shall be
deposited in the archives of the Government of the United States of
America, and certified copies shall be transmitted by that
Government to the governments of all the States which may sign or
adhere to this Convention."
44
SIGNATURE DE LA CONVENTION
EN FOi DE QUOI, Jes pJenipotentiaires soussignes, dument
autorises, signent la presente Convention au nom de leurs
Gouvernements respectifs aux dates figurant en regard de Jeurs
signatures.
FAIT a Chicago, le septieme jour du mois de decembre 1944,
en Iangue angJaise. Les textes de la presente Convention rediges
dans Jes langues fran~aise, anglaise, espagnoJe et russe
font egalement foi. Ces textes seront deposes aux archives du
Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d'Amerique et des copies certifiees
conformes seront transmises par ce Gouvernement aux
Gouvernements de tous Jes Etats qui signeront la presente
Convention ou y adhereront. La presente Convention sera
ouverte a la signature a Washington (D.C.)*.
* Ce texte est celui du demier paragraphe amende par I' Assemblee a
sa 22' session, le 30 septembre 1977; ii est entre en vigueur le
17 aoiit 1999. Le texte original se lisait comme suit:
«FAIT a Chicago, le septieme jour du mois de decembre 1944,
en langue anglaise. Un texte redige dans Jes langues fram;:aise,
anglaise et espagnole, chacune faisant egalement foi, sera ouvert
a la signature a Washington (D.C.). Les deux textes seront deposes
aux archives du Gouvemement des Etats-Unis d'Amerique et des
copies certifiees conformes seront transmises par ce Gouvemement
aux Gouvemements de tous Jes Etats qui signeront la presente
Convention ou y adhereront.»
Annex 3
FIRMA DEL CONVENIO
EN FE DE LO CUAL, los plenipotenciarios que suscriben,
debidamente autorizados, firman el presente Convenio en
nombre de sus Gobiemos respectivos en las fechas que
aparecen frente a sus firmas.
HECHO en Chicago, el dfa siete de diciembre de 1944, en el
idioma ingles. Los textos del presente Convenio, redactados en
los idiomas espafiol, frances, ingles y ruso, tendran igual
autenticidad. Dichos textos seran depositados en los archivos
del Gobiemo de los Estados Unidos de America, el cual
transmitira copias certificadas a los Gobiernos de todos los
Estados que firmen o se adhieran a el. El presente Convenio
quedara abierto para la firma en Washington, D.C. *
* Este es el texto del parrafo final enmendado por el 22° periodo de
sesiones de la Asamblea el 30 de septiembre de 1977; entr6 en vigor
el 17 de agosto de 1999. El texto original es el siguiente:
"HECHO en Chicago, el dia siete de diciembre de mil novecientos
cuarenta y cuatro, en el idioma ingles. Un texto redactado en
los idiomas espafiol, frances e ingles, cada uno de los cuales tendra
igual autenticidad, quedara abierto para la finna en Washington, D.C.
Ambos textos seran depositados en Jos archivos de) Gobiemo de los
Estados Uni dos de America, el cual transmitira copias certificadas a
los Gobiemos de todos Jos Estados que finnen o se adhieran al
presente Convenio."
44
TTO~TTHCAHHEKOHBEHUHH
8 YJ].OCTOBEPEH4MErEo HIDKeno,nnttcaewHeCTllT OJJHOM04-
Hble npe,nCTaBHTeJJ)HlO, JDKHbIMo6 pa30M ynoJJHOMOt:teHHbie,
no,nnHCaJJHa CTOlllllYKIOo HBeHI.(HOIOT H MeHHC BOHCXO OTBeTCTBYIOlllHTXip
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aHrJJHHCKOllM3b IKe.T eKCTblH aCTOllll(eKHo HBeHI..(HCHO, CTaBJleHHbieH
a pyccKOMa, HrJJHHCKOHMc,n aHCKOHM c ppaHUY3CKOM
ll3bIKaxl,l BJllllOTCplalB HOa yTeHTH4HbIM3HT.H TeKCTbCl )lalOTCll
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AMepHKHa, 3aeepeHHbieK OTTHHHa npaBJllllOTC)lTl HMn paBHTeJJbCTBOnMpa
BHTeJJbCTBaeMce x rocy ,napCTBK, OTOpbiMe OryT
no,nnHCaTbH aCTOlllllYIKOo HBeHUHIHOJ JHn pwcoe,nHHHTbCKJ I
HeH.H aCTOlllllalKl oHBeHUHOJIT KpbIBaeTC)lJlllJI no.nnttcaHHJBI
BawHHITOHeo,K pyr KoJJyM6ttll*.
* TeKCT 33KJIIO'-ll1TeJlbHOro 11)'HKTa C !1011paBK0it BHCCCHHOH Ha
22-H cecc1m AccaM6HeH 30 cettrn6pJI 1977 rona, BCTYITHJJ B c1111y
17 asrycrn 1999 ro)la. flepsoHa'-laJJbHbIH TeKCT rnacHJJ cJ1eJly101Uee:
"COBEPUJEHO B ll!JKaro ceJlbM0ro mm neKa6pJI 1944 rona Ha
a!ff/ll!HCKOM ll3b1Ke. TeKCT. COCTaBJlCl!HhlH Ha a11r:11111cK0M. IIC!laIJCK0M
11 cjipaHLIY3Cl(O~I 5l3bIKax. Ka)!(J].blll 113 K0T0pblX llBJJHCTCll paBH0
ayre11Tll'lllbl:vt. 0TKpbrnaeTCH ;1.m1 no,1n11caH11" B BaUJ11Hl70He. Ql(py1
KtrnyMforn. O6a reKcTa CJlalOTCll Ha xpaHeHHt: B apXHBbl 11paBH'I'eJlbCTBa
Coe)ll1HCl!HblX lliTaTOB AMep11Kl1, a 3aBepeHHblC K011Hl1
11anpaBJ1lllOTCll 3THM fipaBHTeJlbCTBOM TTpaBHTCJlbCTBaM BCCX rocynapCTB,
K0TOpbIC M0fYT IT0M11C3Tb 1!3CTOlllUYIO KoHBeHUHIO HJlll
npHCOC,'!HHl!TbCll K Hett".
Annex 3
PROTOCOL1
ON THE AUTHENTIC TRILINGUAL TEXT OF
THE CONVENTION ON
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION
(CHICAGO, 1944)
Signed at Buenos Aires on 24 September 1968
THE UNDERSIGNED GOVERNMENTS
CONSIDERING that the last paragraph of the Convention on
International Civil Aviation, hereinafter called "the Convention",
provides that a text of the Convention, drawn up in the
English, French and Spanish languages, each of which shall be
of equal authenticity, shall be open for signature;
CONSIDERING that the Convention was opened for signature,
at Chicago, on the seventh day of December, 1944, in a text in
the English language;
CONSIDERING, accordingly, that it is appropriate to make the
necessary provision for the text to exist in three languages as
contemplated in the Convention;
CONSIDERING that in making such provision, it should be
taken into account that there exist amendments to the Convention
in the English, Fn;nch and Spanish languages, and that the
text of the Convention in the French and Spanish languages
should not incorporate those amendments because, in
accordance with Article 94 a) of the Convention, each such
amendment can come into force only in respect of any State
which has ratified it;
HA VE AGREED as follows:
Article 12
The text of the Convention in the French and Spanish
languages annexed to this Protocol, together with the text of
the Convention in the English language, constitutes the text
equally authentic in the three languages as specifically referred
to in the last paragraph of the Convention.
I. Came into force on 24 October 1968.
2. The text of the Convention in the French and Spanish languages
mentioned in this Article will be found in the second and third
columns at pages 1 to 44 of this document, subject to what is stated
in the second paragraph of the Foreword at page (ii).
45
PROTOCOLE 1
CONCERNANT LE TEXTE AUTHENTIQUE
TRILINGUE DE LA CONVENTION RELATIVE
A L'AVIATION CIVILE INTERNATIONALE
(CHICAGO, 1944)
Signe a Buenos Aires le 24 septembre 1968
LES GOUVERNEMENTS SOUSSIGNES
CONSIDERANT que le demier paragraphe de la Convention
relative a J'aviati_on civile intemationale, appelee ci-apres
«la Convention», stipule qu'un texte de la Convention, redige
en langues fran<;aise, anglaise et espagnole, chacune faisant
egalement foi, sera ouvert a la signature;
CoNSIDERANT que la Convention a ete ouverte a la signature
a Chicago, le sept decembre mil neuf cent quarante-quatre,
dans un texte en langue anglaise;
CONSIDERANT, en consequence, qu' ii convient de prendre Jes
dispositions necessaires pour qu' existe le texte en trois Iangues
tel que prevu dans la Convention;
CONSIDERANT qu 'ii devrait etre tenu compte, en prenant ces
dispositions, de ce que des amendements a la Convention
existent en langues fran~aise, anglaise et espagnole, et de ce
que le texte de la Convention en langues fran~aise et espagnole
ne devrait pas comporter ces amendements, car chacun desdits
amendements n'entre en vigueur, conformement aux dispositions
de !'article 94 a) de la Convention, qu'a l'egard de tout
Etat qui l'a-ratifie;
SONT CONVENUS de ce qui suit:
Article 1er 2
Le texte en langues fran~aise et espagnole de la Convention
annexe au present Protocole constitue, conjointement avec
le texte en langue anglaise de la Convention, le texte faisant
egalement foi dans Jes trois langues, tel que prevu expressement
au demier paragraphe de la Convention.
I. Entre en vigueur le 24 octobre I 968.
2. Le texte en langues fran~aise et espagnole de la Convention, vise au
present article, figure dans les deuxieme et troisieme colonnes du
present document, pages 1 a 44, sous reserve de ce qui est <lit au
deuxieme paragraphe de I' Avant-propos, page (ii).
Annex 3
PROTOCOL0 1
RELATIVO AL TEXTO AUTENTICO
TRILINGUE DEL CONVENIO SOBRE
AVIACION CIVIL INTERNACIONAL
(CHICAGO, 1944)
Firmado en Buenos Aires
el 24 de septiembre de 1968
Los GOBIERNOSA RMANTES
CONSIDERANDO que el parrafo final de! Convenio sabre
Aviaci6n Civil Internacional, en adelante llamado "el
Convenio", dispone que un texto del Convenio, redactado en
los idiomas espafiol, frances o ingles, cada uno de los cuales
tendra igual autenticidad, quedara abierto a la firma;
CONSIDERANDO que el Convenio fue abierto a la firma en
Chicago el siete de. diciembre de mil novecientos cuarenta y
cuatro, en un texto en idioma ingles;
CONSIDERANDO que, par lo tanto, conviene adoptar )as
disposiciones necesarias para que exista el texto en tres
idiomas, ta! coma se preve en el Convenio;
CONSIDERANDO que, al adoptar tales disposiciones, se
deberia tener en cuenta que existen enmiendas al Convenio en
los idiomas espafiol, frances e ingles, y que el texto de!
Convenio en los idiomas espafiol y frances no deberfa incluir
dichas enmiendas, ya que, de acuerdo con el Articulo 94 a) de!
Convenio, cada una de tales enmiendas solamente entra en
vigor para los Estados que las hayan ratificado;
HAN ACORDADO lo siguiente:
Articulo 12
EI texto en los idiomas espafiol y frances del Convenio
adjunto al presente Protocolo constituye, con el texto en el
idioma ingles del Convenio, el texto igualmente autentico en
tres idiomas, tal como se preve expresamente en el parrafo
final del Convenio.
1. Entr6 en vigor el 24 de octubre de 1968.
2. Vease el texto de! Convenio en los idiomas frances y espaiiol a que
se hace referencia en este artfculo en las columnas segunda y tercera
de !as paginas 1 a 44 de este documento, segun lo previsto en el
segundo parrafo de! Pr61ogo en la pagina (ii).
45
ITPOTOKOJl 1
Oli AYTEHTHqffOM TPEXb.HJhlqffOM TEKCTE
KOHBEHil,HH
0 ME)l()];YHAPO.L(HOH fPAJK.L(AHCKOH ABHAil,HH
(qHKAfO, 1944 roro
llo,o;nucauB 6puoc-Aiipece 24 cenTH6pH1 968 ro,o;a
HIDKETTO,lUlMCABUIHETCTA~P B HTEJlbCTBA,
TIPl1.l-IHMNBI O BHHMAHHE,' ITO nocne,o;HHHn yHKT KoHBeHUHH
O Me)KJJ;yHapOAHOrpHa )KJJ;aHCKOaHe ttat.um, HMeHyeMOH
HIDKe 11KOHBeH1.uu1n"p, e,o;ycMaTpHBaeT'IT, O TeKCTK oHBCHUHH,
COCTaBJieHHhIHHa aHrJIHHCKOMH, CITaHCKOHM qipauuyJCKOM
UhIKax, Ka)KJJ;h!HJ KOTOphIXll BJilleTCll paBHOa yTeHTH'IHhIM,
OTKph!BaeTCAllJ ill ITOAIIHCaHHJI;
TIPl1.l-IHMNBI O BIIBMAHHE, 'ITO KoHBeHUHll6 hma OTKphrra
AJill ITOAITHCaHHe lllJ .ttKaro CC,/J;hMOAroH ll ,o;eKa6pl1l 944 ro,o;ae
BHAeT eKCTaH a aHrJIHHCKOlMl3 hIKe;
TIPl1.l-IHMNBI O BIIBMAHHE COOTBeTCTBeHH'ITOO, uenecoo6-
pa3HO npe,o;ycMOTPeTHh eo6XOAHMhJeIT OJIO)KeHHOll cymeCTBOBaHHHTe
KCTaH a Tpex llJhJKax,K aK 3TOn pe,o;ycMaTPHBaeTBC ll
KoHeemmw;
TTP11HHMAB5O1 B HHMAHHE,' ITO nptt npHHllTHHT aKHXD OJIO)
KCHHHc ne,o;ye-Yr 'IHThIBaTh,'I TO cymeCTBYJOnTo npaBKHK KoHBCHUHHH
a aHrJIHHCKOMH,C ITaHCKOHM q ipaHUYJCKOMll3 hIKax H
'ITO TCKCTK oHBCHUHHH a HCITaHCKOHM q ipaHUYJCKOMll3 hIKax
He ,lJ;OJI)KeBHK JIJO'laTh3 TH nonpaBKH, ITOCKOJihKBY COOTBeTCTBHHc
o CTaThCH9 4 a) KoHBCHUHHK a)KJJ;aTlla Kall nonpaBKa
MO)KC'fB CTYITHTBh CHJiy TOJihKOB OTHOIIJCHHrHoc y,o;apcrea,
parnqittuwpoeaeIIJero ee;
COrJIACHJIHCbO HIDKCCJICAYJOtUeM:
CTaTbH 12
TeKCTK OHBCHUHHH a HCITaHCKOHM q ipaHuyJCKOMll 3hIKax,
npHJIO)l(CHHhlKH HaCTOlllUCMTYT poTOKOJIYB,M eCTeC TCKCTOM
KoHBCHUHHH a aHrJIHHCKOMll3 hIKe COCTaBJilleTC KCTp aBHO
ayTeHTH'IHhlHH a 3THX TPCXl lJhIKax, KaK 3TO KOHKpeTHOyK aJhIBaeTClBl
DOCJICAHCnMyH KTeK OHBCHUHH.
I. Bcrymm B cHJJy 24 mm16pll 1968 ro.na.
2. TeKCTK OHBeHlJ,HHHa 4JpaHuy3CKOHM H CTiaHCKOll3MhJ KaxY, TIOMllHYThlllB
.naHHOiCi TaThe,n pHBO,!IHTCBlOl BTOpoiiH TPeThell KOJJOHKaHx
a CTPaHHUa1x- 44 HaCTOll[Uer.!oI OK)'MeHcT ay •ieTOMo roBOpKHB
OB TOpOMa6 3aue npe,!IHCJIOBHHall C TPaHHU(eti ).
Annex 3
Article II
If a State party to this Protocol has ratified or in the future
ratifies any amendment made to the Convention in accordance
with Article 94 a) thereof, then the text of such amendment in
the English, French and Spanish languages shall be deemed to
refer to the text, equally authentic in the three languages, which
results from this Protocol.
Article III
1) The States members of the International Civil Aviation
Organization may become parties to this Protocol either by:
a) signature without reservation as to acceptance, or
b) signature with reservation as to acceptance
followed by acceptance, or
c) acceptance.
2) This Protocol shall remain open for signature at Buenos
Aires until the twenty-seventh day of September 1968 and
thereafter at Washington, D.C.
3) Acceptance shall be effected by the deposit of an
instrument of acceptance with the Government of the United
States of America.
4) Adherence to or ratification or approval of this Protocol
shall be deemed to be acceptance thereof.
Article IV
1) This Protocol shall come into force on the thirtieth day
after twelve States shall, in accordance with the provisions of
Article III, have signed it without reservation as to acceptance
or accepted it.
2) As regards any State which shall subsequently become
a party to this Protocol, in accordance with Article III, the
Protocol shall come into force on the date of its signature
without reservation as to acceptance or of its acceptance.
46
Article II
Lorsqu' un Etat partie au present Protocole a ratifie ou ratifie
ulterieurement un amendement apporte a la Convention,
conformement aux dispositions de )'article 94 a) de celle-ci,
le texte en langues franfaise, anglaise et espagnole de cet
amendement est repute se referer au texte faisant egalement foi
dans les trois langues qui resulte du present Protocole.
Article III
I) Les Etats membres de I 'Organisation de I' aviation civile
intemationale peuvent devenir parties au present Protocole:
a) soit en le signant, sans reserve d'acceptation,
b) soit en le signant, sous reserve d'acceptation, suivie
d' acceptation,
c) soit en !'acceptant.
2) Le present Protocole restera ouvert a la signature a
Buenos Aires jusqu' au 27 septembre 1968 et apres cette date
a Washington (D.C.).
3) L'acceptation est effectuee par le depot d'un instrument
d'acceptation aupres du Gouvemement des Etats-Unis
d' Amerique.
4) L' adhesion au present Protocole, sa ratification ou son
approbation est consideree comme acceptation du Protocole.
Article IV
I) Le present Protocole entrera en vigueur le trentieme
jour apres que douze Etats l'auront signe sans reserve
d'acceptation ou accepte, conformement aux dispositions de
I' article III.
2) En ce qui conceme tout Etat qui deviendra ulterieurement
partie au present Protocole, conformement aux
dispositions de !'article III, le Protocole entrera en vigueur a
la date de sa signature sans reserve ou de son acceptation.
Annex 3
ArticuJo II
Si un Estado parte en el presente Protocolo ha ratificado
o en el futuro ratifica cualquier enrnienda hecha al Convenio
de acuerdo con el Artfculo 94 a) del rnismo, se considerara
que el texto en los idiomas espafiol, frances e ingles de tal
enrnienda se refiere al texto de igual autenticidad en los tres
idiomas que resulta del presente Protocolo.
Articulo III
I) Los Estados rniembros de la Organizaci6n de
Aviaci6n Civil Internacional pueden ser partes en el presente
Protocolo ya sea mediante:
a) la firma, sin reserva de aceptaci6n,
b) la firma, bajo reserva de aceptaci6n, seguida de
aceptaci6n,
c) la aceptaci6n.
2) El presente Protocolo quedara abierto a la firma en
Buenos Aires hasta el veintisiete de septiembre de 1968 y
despues de esta fecha en Washington, D.C.
3) La aceptaci6n se llevara a cabo mediante el dep6sito
de un instrumento de aceptaci6n ante el Gobierno de los
Estados Unidos de America.
4) La adhesion al presente Protocolo o su ratificaci6n o
aprobaci6n se consideraran como aceptaci6n del rnismo.
ArticuJo IV
I) El presente Protocolo entrara en vigor el trigesimo dfa
despues de que doce Estados, de acuerdo con las disposiciones
del Artfculo III, lo hayan firmado sin reserva de
aceptaci6n o lo hayan aceptado.
2) Por lo que se refiere a cualquier Estado que sea
posteriormente parte en el presente Protocolo, de acuerdo con
las disposiciones del Artfculo III, el Protocolo entrara en
vigor en la fecha de la firma sin reserva de aceptaci6n o de la
aceptaci6n.
46
CTaTbH II
Ecm-1 rocy)lapCTBO - CTOpoHa HaCTOlllUero TipoTOKOJia paTHQlHUHpOBaJIO
HJIH B 6yAyIUeM paTHQlHI..IHPYeT mo6y10 nonpaeKY,
C)leJiaHHYIO K KoHeeHI.(HH B coOTBeTCTBHH co CTaTbeH 94 a)
KoHBeHI..IHH, TO TeKCT TaKOH rrorrpaBKH Ha aiffJIHHCKOM, HCIIaHCKOM
H qipaHI..IY3CKOM ll3bIKax 6y )leT cqHTaTbCll OTH@CllIUHMCll K
TeKCTy, paBHO ayTeHTHqHoMy Ha TPeX ll3bIKax, npeJJ,yCMOTPeHHOMY
HaCTOllll{HM TipoTOKOJIOM.
CTaTbH III
I) rocy AapCTea - qJieHhI Me)l()lyHapoJJ.HOH opramna1..1HH
rpa)l()laHCKOH aeHal..lHH MOryT CTaTb yqaCTHHKaMH HaCTOllll{ero
TipOTOKOJia nyTeM:
a) IIO)lIIHCaHHll 6e3 oroeopKH B OTHOilleHHH npttHllTHll,
HJIH
b) IIO)lIIHCaHHll C oroeopKOH B OTHOilleHHH npHHllTHll
C ITOCJie)ly!OIUHM npHHHTHeM, HJIH
c) npHHHTHH.
2) HaCTOllll{HH TipOTOKOJI OCTaHeTCll OTKpb!TbIM )lJill IIO)lITHCaHHH
B liy:moc-Aiipece ,LIO )lBa)ll..13Tb Ce)lbMOro )lHH ceHTH6pH
1968 ro,aa H ITOCJie 3Toro - B BallIHHITOHe, OKpyr KoJIYM6Hll.
3) TipHHllTHe ocymeCTBJilleTCH nyTeM C)laqH Ha xpaHeHHe
)lOKyMeHTa O npHHllTHH Tipae1:neJibCTBY Coe)lHHeHHblX lliTaTOB
AMepHKH.
4) TipHcoe)lHHeHHe K HaCTOHIUeMy TipOTOKOJIY, HJIH paTHQlHKal..
lHH, HJIH yTBep)l(,'leHHe HaCTOllll{ero TipoTOKOJia paccMaTpHBaIOTCll
KaK ero npHHllTHe.
CTaTbHIV
I) HaCTOHIUHH TipoTOKOJI ecrynHT B CHJIY Ha TPHAl..laTbIH
)leHb IIOCJie Toro, KaK )lBeHa)ll..laTh rocy )lapCTB B COOTBeTCTBHH
C IIOJIOiKeHHHMH CTaTbH III IIO)lIIHillYT ero 6e3 oroeopKH B OTHOilleHHH
npHHllTHll HJIH npHMYT ero.
2) B OTHOilleHHH JII06oro rocy)lapCTBa, KOTOpoe BIIOCJie)lCTBHH
CTaHOBHTCH CTOpOHOH HaCTOllll{ero ITpOTOKOJia B COOTBeTCTBHH
co CTaTheH III, ITpoTOKOJI ecrynHT e cHJiy Ha ,aary
ero IIO)lIIHCaHHH 6e3 oroeopKH B OTHOilleHHH npHHllTHll HJIH Ha
)lary ero npHHllTHll.
Annex 3
Article V
Any future adherence of a State to the Convention shall be
deemed to be acceptance of this Protocol.
Article VI
As soon as this Protocol comes into force, it shall be
registered with the United Nations and with the International
Civil Aviation Organization by the Government of the United
States of America.
Article VII
I) This Protocol shall remain in force so long as the
Convention is in force.
2) This Protocol shall cease to be in force for a State only
when that State ceases to be a party to the Convention.
Article VIII
The Government of the United States of America shall give
notice to all States members of the International Civil Aviation
Organization and to the Organization itself:
a) of any signature of this Protocol and the date
thereof, with an indication whether the signature is with or
without reservation as to acceptance;
b) of the deposit of any instrument of acceptance and
the date thereof;
c) of the date on which this Protocol comes into force
in accordance with the provisions of Article IV,
paragraph 1 ).
Article IX
This Protocol, drawn up in the English, French and Spanish
languages, each text being equally authentic, shall be deposited
in the archives of the Government of the United States of
America, which shall transmit duly certified copies thereof to
the Government of the States members of the International
Civil Aviation Organization.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned Plenipotentiaries,
duly authorized, have signed this Protocol.
DONE at Buenos Aires this twenty-fourth day of
September, one thousand nine hundred and sixty-eight.
47
Article V
L'adhesion future d'un Etat a la Convention vaut acceptation
du present Protocole.
Article VI
Des son entree en vigueur, le present Protocole sera
enregistre par le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d' Amerique
aupres de )'Organisation des Nations Unies et aupres de
l'Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale.
Article VII
1) Le present Protocole reste en .vigueur aussi longtemps
que la Convention est en vigueur.
2) Le present Protocole cesse d'etre en vigueur a I'egard
d' un Etat, seulement lorsque cet Etat cesse d'etre partie a la
Convention.
Article VIII
Le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d' Amerique notifie a tous
Jes Etats membres de )'Organisation de l'aviation civile
internationale et a l'Organisation elle-meme:
a) toute signature du present Protocole et la date de
cette signature, en indiquant si la signature a ete apposee
sans ou sous reserve d'acceptation;
b) le depot de tout instrument d' acceptation et la date
de ce depot;
c) la date a laquelle le present Protocole est entre en
vigueur, conformement aux dispositions de son article IV,
paragraphe 1.
Article IX
Le present Protocole, redige dans Jes langues fran~aise,
anglaise et espagnole, chaque texte faisant egalement foi,
sera depose aux archives du Gouvernement des Etats-Unis
d' Amerique qui en transmettra des copies certifiees conformes
aux Gouvernements des Etats membres de l'Organisation de
I' aviation civile internationale.
EN FOi DE QUOI, Jes Plenipotentiaires soussignes, dGment
autorises, ont appose leur signature au present Protocole.
FAIT a Buenos Aires le vingt-quatre septembre mil neuf
cent soixante-huit.
Annex 3
Articulo V
La futura adhesion de un Estado al Convenio seni
considerada como aceptaci6n de! presente Protocolo.
Articulo VI
Tan pronto como el presente Protocolo entre en vigor, seni
registrado en !as Naciones Unidas yen la Organizaci6n de
Aviaci6n Civil Internacional por el Gobierno de Ios Estados
Unidos de America.
Articulo VII
I) El presente Protocolo permanecera en vigor rnientras
lo este el Convenio.
2) El presente Protocolo cesara de estar en vigor con
respecto a un Estado solamente cuando dicho Estado cese de
ser Parte en el Convenio.
Articulo VIII
El Gobierno de los Estados U nidos de America comunicara
a todos los Estados rniembros de la Organizaci6n de
Aviaci6n Civil Internacional y a la Organizaci6n rnisma:
a) Toda firma de! presente Protocolo y la fecha de
la rnisma, indicando si la firma se hace sin reserva o bajo
reserva de aceptaci6n;
b) EI dep6sito de cualquier instrumento de aceptaci6n
y la fecha del rnismo;
c) La fecha en que el presente Protocolo entre en
vigor de acuerdo con el Artfculo IV, parrafo I.
Articulo IX
El presente Protocolo, redactado en los idiomas espafiol,
frances e ingles, teniendo cada texto igual autenticidad, sera
depositado en los archivos de! Gobierno de los Estados
Unidos de America, el cual transrnitira copias debidamente
certificadas de! rnismo a los Gobiernos de los Estados
rniembros de la Organizaci6n de Aviaci6n Civil Internacional.
EN TESTIM0NI0 DE LO CUAL, Ios Plenipotenciarios abajo
firmantes, debidamente autorizados, han firmado el presente
Protocolo.
HECH0 en Buenos Aires, el veinticuatro de septiembre de
mi! novecientos sesenta y ocho.
47
Cnn,HV
J1io6oe 6y.uymee np1-1coe.u1-1HeHHe rocy.uapcrna K KoHBeHUHH
6y LleT paccMaTJ)HBaTbC» KaK npHH»THe HaCTo»mero TTpoTOKOJla.
CTaTLHVI
TTocne BCTyillleHH» HaCTo»mero TTpOTOKOJla a CHJIY OH 6yLleT
3aperHCTpHpoBaH B OpraHHJaI.-IHH O6be,llHHeHHbIX HaUHH
H B Me)l(JlyHapOLIHOH opraHHJaUHH rpa)l(JlaHCKOH aBHaUHH
TTpaBHTeJlbCTBOM Coe,llHHeHHbIX lliTaTOB AMepHKH.
CTaTLH VII
1) HaCTO»lllHH TTpOTOKOJI 6y LleT OCTaBaTbC» B CHJ!e LIO Tex
nop, noKa 6y.uer HaxO,llHTbC» a CHJ!e KOHBeHUH».
2) HaCTO»lllHH TTpoTOKOJI y-rpaTHT CHJIY LIM rocy.uapCTBa
TOJlbK0 B TOM CJ!y<Iae, eCJIH 3TO rocy.uapCTBO rrepeCTaHeT 6bITb
CrnpoHott KoHaeHUHH.
CTaTLH VIII
TTpaBHTeJlbCTBO Coe,llHHeHHbIX lliTaTOB AMepHKH yae.uoMJUleT
Bee rocy .uapCTBa - '-!JleHbl Me)l(JlyHap0LIHOH opraHHJaUHH
rpa)l(JlaHCKOH aBHaUHH H caMy OpraHH3aUHIO o:
a) Ka)l(Jl0M no.un1-1caHHH HaCTo»mero TTpOTOKOJla H
,llaTe IlOLIITHCaHH» C YKaJaHHeM, »BJl»eTC» JIH no.unHCaHHe C
orOBOpKOH HJIH 6e3 oroaopKH B OTH0llleHHH npHH»TH»;
b) C,lla'-!e Ha xpaHeHHe Ka)l(JlOro LI0KyMeHTa O npHH
»THH H .uaTe ero;
c) ,llaTe BCTyillleHH» B CHJIY HaCTo»mero TTpOTOKOJla
B CO0TBeTCTBHH c IlOJIOlKeHH»MH nyttKTa 1 CTaTbH IV.
CTaTLHIX
HaCTO»IUHH TTpoTOKOJI, COCTaBJleHHbIH Ha aHfJIHHCKOM, HCrraHCKOM
H cppaHUYJCKOM j(JbIKax, npH'-leM Ka)l(JlbIH TeKCT »BJl
»eTC» paBHO ayTeHTH'-IHbIM, c.uaerc» Ha xpaHeHHe B apXHBbl
TTpm;mTeJlbCTBa Coe,llHHeHHbIX lliTaTOB AMepHKH, K0Topoe
HarrpaBHT ,llOJl)l(Hb!M o6pa30M JaBepeHHbie KOITHH ero TTpaBHTeJlbCTBaM
rocy.uapCTB - '-IJleHOB Me)l(JlyttapO.!lH0H opramnaUHH
rpa)l(JlaHCKOH aBHaUHH.
B YL\OCTOBEPEHME '-!HO HHlKeno.unttcasumec» IlOJIHOM0'-1-
Hbie npe.uCTaBHTeJIH, ,llOJl)l(HbIM o6pa30M ynOJIHOMO'-leHHbie,
IlO.!lilHCaJIH HaCTO»IUHH TTpoTOKOJI.
COBEPWEHO B Ey3HOC-Attpece .usa.nuaTb '-leTBeprnro LIH»
cettrn6p» O,llHa TbIC»'-la .nes»TbC0T llleCTb.!leC»T B0CbMOf0 ro.ua.
Annex 3
PROTOCOV
ON THE AUTHENTIC QUADRILINGUAL TEXT OF
THE CONVENTION ON
INTERNATIONAL CIVIL AVIATION
(CHICAGO, 1944)
Signed at Montreal on 30 September 1977
THE UNDERSIGNEDG OVERNMENTS
CONSIDERINGth at the 21 st Session of the Assembly of the
International Civil Aviation Organization requested the
Council of this Organization "to undertake the necessary
measures for the preparation of the authentic text of the
Convention on International Civil Aviation in the Russian
language, with the aim of having it approved not later than the
year 1977";
CONSIDERINGth at the English text of the Convention on
International Civil Aviation was opened for signature at
Chicago on 7 December 1944;
CONSIDERING that, pursuant to the Protocol signed at
Buenos Aires on 24 September 1968 on the authentic trilingual
text of the Convention on International Civil Aviation done at
Chicago, 7 December 1944, the text of the Convention on
International Civil Aviation (hereinafter called the Convention)
was adopted in the French and Spanish languages and, together
with the text of the Convention in the English language,
constitutes the text equally authentic in the three languages as
provided for in the final clause of the Convention;
CONSIDERINGac cordingly, that it is appropriate to make the
necessary provision for the text of the Convention to exist in
the Russian language;
CONSIDERINGth at in making such provision account must
be taken of the existing amendments to the Convention in the
English, French and Spanish languages, the texts of which are
equally authentic and that, according to Article 94 a) of the
Convention, any amendment can come into force only in
respect of any State which has ratified it;
I. Came into force on 16 September 1999.
48
PROTOCOLE 1
CONCERNANT LE TEXTE AUTHENTIQUE
QUADRILINGUE DE LA CONVENTION RELATIVE
A. L'AVIATION CIVILE INTERNATIONALE
(CHICAGO, 1944)
Signe a Montreal le 30 septembre 1977
LES GOUVERNEMENTSO USSIGNES
CONSIDERANT que I' Assemblee de !'Organisation de
!'aviation civile internationale, a sa vingt et unieme session, a
demande au Conseil de cette Organisation «de prendre les
mesures necessaires pour que soit elabore le texte authentique
de la Convention relative a !'aviation civile internationale en
langue russe, en vue de le faire approuver d' ici a 1977 au plus
tard»;
CONSIDERANTqu e la Convention relative a I' aviation civile
internationale a ete ouverte a la signature a Chicago, le sept
decembre mi! neuf cent quarante-quatre, dans un texte en
langue anglaise;
C0NSIDERANT que, en vertu du Protocole signe a Buenos
Aires le vingt-quatre septembre mi! neuf cent soixante-huit
concernant le texte authentique trilingue de la Convention
relative a !'aviation civile internationale, conclue a Chicago le
sept decembre mi! neuf cent quarante-quatre, le texte de cette
Convention (nommee ci-apres «la Convention»), a ete adopte
en langues fran~aise et espagnole et constitue, conjointement
avec le texte en langue anglaise de la Convention, le texte
faisant egalement foi dans ces trois langues tel qu' ii est prevu
dans Jes dispositions protocolaires de la Convention;
C0NSIDERANTen consequence qu 'ii convient de prendre Jes
dispositions necessaires pour qu 'existe un texte de la
Convention en langue russe;
ESTIMANTq ue !ors de I' adoption desdites dispositions ii est
necessaire de tenir compte de !'existence d'amendements a la
Convention en langues fran~aise, anglaise et espagnole, ces
textes faisant egalement foi et chacun de ces amendements ne
pouvant, en vertu de !'article 94 a) de la Convention, entreren
vigueur qu'a I'egard des Etats qui l'ont ratifie;
I. Entre en vigueur le 16 septembre 1999.
Annex 3
PROTOCOL0 1
RELATIVO AL TEXTO AUTENTICO
CUADRILINGUE DEL CONVENIO SOBRE
AVIACION CIVIL INTERNACIONAL
(CHICAGO, 1944)
Firmado en Montreal
el 30 de septiembre de 1977
Los GOBIERNOAS RMANTES,
C0NSIDERANDOq ue la Asamblea de la Organizaci6n de
Aviaci6n Civil Internacional, en su 21 ° perfodo de sesiones
solicit6 de! Consejo de dicha Organizaci6n "que tome !as
medidas necesarias para preparar el texto autentico del
Convenio sobre Aviaci6n Civil Internacional en idioma ruso,
de ta! manera que pueda ser aprobado en el afio 1977 a mas
tardar";
C0NSIDERANDOq ue el Convenio sobre Aviaci6n Civil
Internacional fue abierto a la firma en Chicago el 7 de
diciembre de 1944, en un texto en idioma ingles;
CONSIDERANDOq ue, de conforrnidad con el Protocolo
firmado en Buenos Aires, el 24 de septiembre de 1968, sobre
el texto autentico trilingi.ie de! Convenio sabre Aviaci6n Civil
Internacional, hecho en Chicago el 7 de diciembre de 1944, se
adopt6 el texto de! Convenio sobre Aviaci6n Civil
Internacional (en adelante llamado "el Convenio") en los
idiomas espafiol y frances, los que, junto con el texto del
Convenio en idioma ingles, tienen igual autenticidad ta! como
se estipula en la disposici6n final de! Convenio;
C0NSIDERAND0 que, por lo tanto, conviene adoptar las
disposiciones necesarias para que exista el texto de! Convenio
en idioma ruso;
CONSIDERAND0q ue, al adoptar tales disposiciones, debe
tenerse en cuenta que existen enmiendas al Convenio en los
idiomas espafiol, frances e ingles, cuyos textos son igualmente
autenticos y que, de acuerdo con el Articulo 94 a) del
Convenio, toda enmienda solamente entrara en vigor con
respecto a los Estados que la hayan ratificado;
l. Entr6 en vigor el 16 de septiembre de 1999.
48
IIPOTOKOJI1
01, AYTEHTHllHOM llEThIPEXMl3hlllHOM
TEKCTE KOHBEHQHH
0 ME)K)],YHAPO)],HOH rPA)K)],AHCKOH ABHAQHH
(llHKAro, 1944 rom
fio)lnucau B MoupeaJie 30 ceun16pH 1977 ro)la
HI-OKEnO)UU1CABllllf1lPE AOBI l1TEJlhCTBA,
TTPl1Hl1MNBIO BHHMAHHE'!,T O 21-ll cecCl1llA ccaM6Jieli
Me,K,llyHapo,'lHOoHpr aHli3aUJm rpa,K,llaHCKOaHau autttt npe,'lJIOJKHJCiao
eeTY :nofi OpraHli3aUlili "npoaeCTtt Heo6xo)lttMhie
Meponpl1l!Tl1IlTl OI TO)lfOTOBKayeT eHTli'IHOroT eKCTaK OHBeHUlili
O Me,K,llyHapO,'lHOrpHal K,'laHCKOaHe ttaUlili Ha pyccKOM
ll3bIKeC ueJihlOn pliHllTHlelr o He IT03,'lHeIe 9 77 ro,'la";
TTPl1Hl1MNBIO BHHMAHHE'!,T OT eKCTK oHBeHUlilOi MeJKeyHapO)
lHOHrp a,K,llaHCKOaHaH aUHH6 bIJI OTKpbITJJl l}l ITO)lITHcaHl1lel
lJ.ttKaro7 ,'leKa6pll1 944 ro)la Ha aHrJiliHCKOllM3b IKe;
TTPl1HJ1MtBjiO BHHMAHHE4,T O B COOTBeTCTBCH IlTi O)lITlicaHHbIM2
4 ceHrn6p11I 968 ro)la e 5y:moc-Afipece TTpoToKoJIOM0
6 ayTeHTli'IHOMTp eXbll3bl4HOMTe KCTeK oHBeHUlil0i
Me,K,llyHapo,'lHOrpHa, K,llaHCKOaHet taUlili, coeepweHHOHB Y.ttKaro
7 )leKa6pll 1944 fO)la, 6hIJI npliHSITT eKCTK oHBeHUliloi
Me,K,llyttapo,'lHOrHpa ,K,llaHCKOaHe ttaUlili (liMeHyeMOHH liJKe
"KoueeHUH»")H a HCITaHCKOIi Mc ppaHUY3CKOllM3b IKax,K OTOpblH
BMeCTCe TeKCTOMKo HBeHUlilHi a aHrJiliHCKOlMl3b IKec oCTaBJilleTTe
KCTp,a BHOa yTeHTH'IHblHa 3THXT pex ll3bIKaxK, aK
3TO npeeycMOTpeHOB 3aKJII041iTeJibHOIMTO JIOJKeHlKiloi HeeHUHli;
TTPI1HMMBAO51B H11MAHIC1EO OTBeTCTBeH4HTO,u enecoo6-
pa3HOn pe,'lyCMOTpeTHbe o6XO.!lliMbIiTe OJIOJKeHOH clyl iueCTBOBaHHlTi
eKCTKa oHBeHUHHlia pyccKOMll 3bIKe;
TTPI1HHMMBOI BHHMAHHE4,T O npH npliHllTHHT aKHXn oJIOJKeHliHHe
o6XO)lliMYO4 ITTbIBaTchy iueCTBOBaHlnieo npaBOKK
KoHBeHUHHHa aHrJIHHCKOHMC, ITaHCKOIi Mcp paHUY3CKOll3Mbl Kax,
TeKCTblK OTOpbIXll BJlll!OTCplla BHO ayTeHTWIHb[MIli i
Ka,K,llallli 3 KOTOpbIBX COOTBeTCTBcHol iC TaTbeH9 4 a) KoHBeHUliliM
OJKeBT CTYITliTBb C HJIYT OJibKOB OTHOllleHlirloi cy,'
lapcTBap, aTHcpttuttpoeaeweroe e;
I. Bcrymm B CIU!Y1 6 ce1m16pJ11 999 ro1.1a
Annex 3
HAYEA GREEDa s follows:
Article 12
The text of the Convention and of the amendments thereto
in the Russian language annexed to this Protocol, together with
the text of the Convention and of the amendments thereto in
the English, French and Spanish languages, constitutes the text
equally authentic in the four languages.
Article II
If a State party to this Protocol has ratified or in the future
ratifies any amendment made to the Convention in accordance
with Article 94 a) thereof, then the text of such amendment in
the Russian, English, French and Spanish languages shall be
deemed to refer to the text equally authentic in the four
languages, which results from this Protocol.
Article III
I) The States members of the International Civil Aviation
Organization may become parties to this Protocol either by:
a) signature without reservation as to acceptance, or
b) signature with reservation as to acceptance
followed by acceptance, or
c) acceptance.
2) This Protocol shall remain open for signature at
Montreal until the 5th of October 1977 and thereafter at
Washington, D.C.
3) Acceptance shall be effected by the deposit of an
instrument of acceptance with the Government of the United
States of America.
4) Adherence to or ratification or approval of this Protocol
shall be deemed to be acceptance thereof.
2. The text of the Convention in the Russian language mentioned in this
Article will be found in the fourth column at pages l to 44 of this
document, subject to what is stated in the second paragraph of the
Foreword at page (ii).
49
S0NT C0NVENUSd e ce qui suit:
Article 1er 2
Le texte en langue russe de la Convention et des amendements
annexe au present Protocole, constitue, conjointement
avec le texte en langues fran~aise, anglaise et espagnole de la
Convention et des amendements a cette Convention, un texte
faisant egalement foi dans les quatre langues.
Article II
Lorsqu 'un Etat partie au present Protocole a ratifie ou ratifie
ulterieurement un amendement apporte a la Convention,
conformement aux dispositions de l' article 94 a) de celle-ci, le
texte en langues fran~aise, anglaise, espagnole et russe de cet
amendement est repute se referer au texte faisant egalement foi
dans Jes quatre langues qui resulte du present Protocole.
Article III
I) Les Etats membres de I' Organisation de l' aviation civile
intemationale peuvent devenir parties au present Protocole:
a) soit en le signant, sans reserve d'acceptation,
b) soit en le signant, sous reserved' acceptation, suivie
d' acceptation,
c) soit en !'acceptant.
2) Le present Protocole restera ouvert a la signature
a Montreal jusqu 'au 5 octobre 1977 et apres cette da:te a
Washington (D.C.).
3) L'acceptation est effectuee par le depot d'un instrument
d'acceptation aupres du Gouvemement des Etats-Unis
d' Amerique.
4) L'adhesion au present Protocole, sa ratification ou son
approbation est consideree comme acceptation du Protocole.
2. Le texte en langue russe de la Convention, vise au present article,
figure dans la quatrieme colonne du present document, pages I a 44,
sous reserve de ce qui est <lit au deuxieme paragraphe de l'Avantpropos,
page (ii).
Annex 3
HAN ACORDADO lo siguiente:
Articulo 12
El texto en idioma ruso del Convenio y de las enmiendas al
mismo adjunto al presente Protocolo constituye, con el texto
de! Convenio y de las enmie:-idas ~I mismo en los idiomas
espafiol, frances e ingles, un texto igualmente autentico en los
cuatro idiomas.
Articulo II
Si un Estado Parte en el presente Protocolo ha ratificado o
en el futuro ratifica cualquier enmienda hecha al Convenio de
acuerdo con el Artfculo 94 a) de! mismo, se considerara que el
texto en los idiomas espafiol, frances, ingles y ruso de tal
enmienda se refiere al texto de igual autenticidad en los cuatro
idiomas que resulta del presente Protocolo.
Articulo III
1) Los Estados miembros de la Organizaci6n de Aviaci6n
Civil Internacional podran ser Partes en el presente Protocolo
mediante:
a) la firma, sin reserva de aceptaci6n,
b) la firma, bajo reserva de aceptaci6n, seguida de
aceptaci6n, o
c) la aceptaci6n.
2) El presente Protocolo quedara abierto a la firma en
Montreal hasta el 5 de octubre de 1977 y despues de esta fecha
en Washington, D.C.
3) La aceptaci6n se llevara a cabo mediante el dep6sito de
un instrumento de aceptaci6n en poder de! Gobiemo de Ios
Estados Unidos de America.
4) La adhesion al presente Protocolo o su ratificaci6n o
aprobaci6n se consideraran como aceptaci6n del mismo.
2. Vease el texto de! Convenio en el idioma ruso a que se hace
referenda en este artfculo en la cuarta columna de !as paginas I a 44
de este documento, segun lo previsto en el segundo parrafo de!
Pr6logo en la pagina (ii).
49
CorJIACl1JU1COb H IDKeCJie,a:ylOW:eM:
CTaTbH I2
TeKCTK OHBeHUHHH T eKCTbnl onpaBOKK Hett Ha pyccKOM
ll3bJKe,n pHJI0)KeHHhJKe HaCT0llW:eMTyi pOTOKOJIBYM, eCTeC
TeKCTaMHK oHBeHUHHH nonpaB0K K Hett Ha aHrJIHttCKOM,
HCnaHCK0MH <ppaHUY3CKOll3MhJ KaxC 0CTaBJilllOTTeK CTp, aBH0
ayTeHTH'IHblHlla )THX'l eTblpex ll3b!Kax.
CTaTbH II
EcJIHr ocy ,a:apCTB-0C T0p0HaH aCT0llW:erToi pOTOKOpJiaaT H(
pHUHPOBaJHIOJI HB 6y,a:yw:eMp am<pHUHPYenT1 06y10n onpaBKY,
c ,a:enaHHYIKOK oHBeHUHBH c ooTBeTCTBHcoH C TaTbet9t 4 a)
KoHBeHUHHT,O TeKCTT aKOlln onpaBKHH a pyccKOM,a HrnHilCK0M,
H CnaHCK0MH <ppaH~Y3CKOllM3b IKax6 y ,a:er C'IHTaTI,Cll
0THOCllW:HMKC lTl eKcry, paBHO ayTeHTJft{H0MHYa 'leTblpex
ll3b!Kaxn, pe,a:ycM0TpeHH0MHYaC T0JllllHTMT pOTOKOJIOM.
CTaTbH III
I) rocy,a:apCTea-'IJieHbI Me)l()lyHapo,a:Hooilp raHH3aUHH
rp8)KJJ:aHCKaOBtHt aUHHM 0ryT CTaTby 'laCTHHKaMHHa CT0llW:ero
TipoTOKOJniya TeM:
a) no,a:m1caHH6lle 3 0roB0pKHB OTHOWeHHnHpH HllTHll,
HJIH
b) no,a:nttcaHHCll or0BOpKOlBl 0THOWeHHnHpH HllTHll
C nocne,a:y!OW:HnMptt HllTHeMH, JIH
c) npHHllTHll.
2) HaCTOllW:HTtitp OTOKOOJCI TaHeTCOllT KpblTblJMl) Illn o,a:ITHCaHHBl
lM ottpeane ,a:o5 oKrn6pll 1977 ro,na H nocne 3Toro -
B BawttHITOHe0, Kpyr KonyM6Hll.
3) TipttHllTHoe cymeCTBJLlleTCnyllT eM c,na'!HH a xpaHeHHe
,noKyMeHT0a npHHllTHHT ipaBHTeJlbCTBCYoe ,nttHeHHblWX rnTOB
AMepHKH.
4) TipHcoemrneHHeK HaCTOllW:eMTiyp oTOKOJiHy,J lHp aTH(
pHKaUHlHl,J IHy TBep)l()leHHHe aCT0llIUerTo TpOTOKOpJaicac MaTp,
rnalOTClKl aKe ro npHHllTHe.
2. TeKCT KoHBemum Ha pyccKOM .113h1Ke, YllOM»HYThlH B )laHHOH crnTue,
11p11BO)UfTCll B '-leTBeproii KOJIOHKe Ha CTPaHJu.1ax 1-44 HacrollIUero
)IOKYMCHTa C Y'-ICTOM oroBOpKII BO BTOpOM afoaue 11pe.!1.11-
CJIOBlfJI Ha CTPaHttue{ ii).
Annex 3
Article IV
I) This Protocol shall come into force on the thirtieth day
after twelve States shall, in accordance with the provisions of
Article III, have signed it without reservation as to acceptance
or accepted it and after entry into force of the amendment to the
final clause of the Convention, which provides that the text of
the Convention in the Russian language is of equal
authenticity.
2) As regards any State which shall subsequently become
a party to this Protocol in accordance with Article III, the
Protocol shall come into force on the date of its signature
without reservation as to acceptance or of its acceptance.
Article V
Any adherence of a State to the Convention after this
Protocol has entered into force shall be deemed to be
acceptance of this Protocol.
Article VI
Acceptance by a State of this Protocol shall not be regarded
as ratification by it of any amendment to the Convention.
Article VII
As soon as this Protocol comes into force, it shall be
registered with the United Nations and with the International
Civil Aviation Organization by the Government of the United
States of America.
Article VIII
I) This Protocol shall remain in force so long as the
Convention is in force.
2) This Protocol shall cease to be in force for a State only
when that State ceases to be a party to the Convention.
Article IX
The Government of the United States of America shall give
notice to all States members of the International Civil Aviation
Organization and to the Organization itself:
a) of any signature of this Protocol and the date
thereof, with an indication whether the signature is with or
without reservation as to acceptance;
50
Article IV
I) Le present Protocole entrera en vigueur le trentieme
jour apres que douze Etats l'auront signe sans reserve
d' acceptation ou accepte, conformement aux dispositions de
I' article III, et apres que I' amendement a la disposition finale
de la Convention, selon lequel le texte de la Convention en
langue russe fait egalement foi, sera entre en vigueur.
2) En ce qui concerne tout Etat qui deviendra ulterieurement
partie au present Protocole, conformement aux
dispositions de I' article III, le Protocole entrera en vigueur a la
date de sa signature sans reserve ou de son acceptation.
Article V
L'adhesion d'un Etat a la Convention apres l'entree en
vigueur du present Protocole vaut acceptation du present
Protocol e.
Article VI
L'acceptation du present Protocole par un Etat n'est pas
consideree comme ratification par cet Etat d'un amendement
quelconque a la Convention.
Article VII
Des son entree en vigueur, le present Protocole sera
enregistre par le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d'Amerique
aupres de !'Organisation des Nations Unies et aupres de
!'Organisation de !'aviation civile internationale.
Article VIII
1) Le present Protocole reste en vigueur aussi longtemps
que la Convention est en vigueur.
2) Le present Protocole cesse d'etre en vigueur a I'egard
d'un Etat, seulement lorsque cet Etat cesse d'etre partie a la
Convention.
Article IX
Le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d' Amerique notifie a tous
Jes Etats membres de !'Organisation de !'aviation civile internationale
et a !'Organisation elle-meme:
a) toute signature du present Protocole et la date de
cette signature, en indiquant si la signature a ete apposee
sans ou sous reserve d'acceptation;
Annex 3
Articulo IV
1) El presente Protocolo entrani en vigor el trigesimo dfa
despues de que doce Estados, de acuerdo con las disposiciones
del Artfculo III, lo hayan firmado sin reserva de aceptaci6n o
lo hayan aceptado y despues de que haya entrado en vigor la
enmienda a la disposici6n final de! Convenio que dispone que
el texto de! Convenio en idioma ruso se considerara igualmente
autentico.
2) Por lo que se refiere a cualquier Estado que sea
posteriormente Parte en el presente Protocolo, de acuerdo con !as
disposiciones de! Artfculo III, el Protocolo entrara en vigor en la
fecha de la firma sin reserva de aceptaci6n o 'de la aceptaci6n.
Articulo V
La adhesi6n de un Estado al Convenio despues de que el
presente Protocolo haya entrado en vigor sera considerada
como aceptaci6n de! mismo.
Articulo VI
La aceptaci6n de! presente Protocolo por un Estado no se
considerara como ratificaci6n de ninguna enmienda del
Convenio.
Articulo VII
Tan pronto como el presente Protocolo entre en vigor, sera
registrado en las Naciones Unidas y en la Organizaci6n de
Aviaci6n Civil Internacional por el Gobierno de los Estados
Unidos de America.
Articulo VIII
1) El presente Protocolo permanecera en vigor mientras lo
este el Convenio.
2) El presente Protocolo cesara de estar en vigor con
respecto a un Estado solamente cuando dicho Estado cese de
ser Parte en el Convenio.
Articulo IX
El Gobiemo de los Estados Unidos de America comunicara
a todos los Estados miembros de la Organizaci6n de Aviaci6n
Civil Internacional y a la Organizaci6n misma:
a) Toda firma de! presente Protocolo y la fecha de la
misma, indicando si la firma se hizo sin reserva o bajo
reserva de aceptaci6n;
50
CTaTbH IV
l) HaCTOllll.lHHfl poroKon BCTymtTB cHJ1yH a TPH,IJ.QaTbIH
LICH!r, rocne TOfO, KaKJ :1BeHa,1u..r{oacTyb i :1apCTB COOTBeTCTBHH
C ITOJIO)KeHHllMCHT aTbHI II ITOJ:IITHWYeTro 6e3 0fOB0pKH B
0TH0WCHHHrr pHHllTHll HJIH rrpHMYT ero, 11 rrocne Toro, KaK
BCTyITHTB CHJIYr rorrpaBKa K 3aKJ110'l11TCJlbHOITM0yJ IO)KCHHIO
KOHBCHUHHrr, pei:1ycMaTPHBaJOU1'laTlOl, TCKCTK OHBCHUHH a
pyccKOMl l3b!Kel lBJllleTClpl aBHOa yTeHTH'lHb!M.
2) B OTHOWeHHmHo 6oro rocyi:1apCTBaK, 0TopoeB IT0CJle):1-
CTBHHC TaHOBHTCCllT OpoHOHH aCTOJill.lerfolp OTOK0JlaB C0OTBeTCTBHHco
CTaTbeHI II, flpOTOKOJBI CTyITHTB CHJIYH a i:1ary
ero ITOAITHCaH6Hell3 OfOB0pKHB 0THOWeHHHrr pttHl!Tllll HJIHH a
Lla'I)' ero rrpttHllTHll.
CTaTbHV
J1106oer rp11coei:1HHeH1ro1cey AapCTBa K KoHBeHu111n1o cne
BCTyITJJeHHBl cl ~ HaCTOllIUerofl poTOKOJJ6ay i:1eTp accMaTPHBaTbClKl
aKr rpHHllTHeH aCTOl!IUeroflp OTOKOJJa.
CT3TbH VI
flpttHllTHe rocyi:1apCTB0MH aCT0llI.Qeroflp OTOKOJlaH e J:I0Jl)KH0
paccMaTPHBaTbCKlla K paTHq>HKaUHHllM JJI060Hr ronpaBKHK
KOHBeHUHH.
CTaTbH VII
flocne BCTyITJJeHHHlal CTOl!IUCfOflp oTOKOJlaB c~ OH 6yLleT
3apernCTpttpoBaHB OpraHH3aUHHO 61>e):IHHeHHbHIXa UHH
H B Me)l(AyHapOLIHOHo praHHJaUHH rpa)l(AaHCKOHa BHaUHH
flpaBHTCJlbCTBOCMo e):IHHCHHblIlXiT aTOB AMepttKH.
CT3TbH VIII
I) HaCTOllIUHHflp OTOKOJ6I y J:leT0 CTaBaTbCBll CHJICJ: 10T eX
nop, ITOKa6 yi:1eTH ax0):IHTbCBll CHJleK oHBCHUHll.
2) HaCTOllIUHHflp oTOKOJJY TPaTHTc 1rny Afill rocyti.apCTBa
TOJlbKOB TOMc nyqae, eCJJH:n o rocy i:1apCTBrOre peCTaHe6Tb ITb
CTOpoHoit KoHBeHUHH.
CTaTbH IX
flpaBHTCJlbCTBCOo eAHHCHHblXlli TaTOB AMepHKH yae):IOMJllleT
Bee rocyi:1apcTBa-•rneHbI Me)l(AyHapoi:1Hoiot praHHJaUttH
rpa)l(AaHCKOaHB ttaUHHH caMy OpraHH3aUHIOo :
a) Ka)KAOMI lOJ:IITHCaHHHHa CTOllIUCfOflp oTOKOJJaH
AaTe IlOJ:IIlHCaHHCll YKaJaHHCMll,B JllleTCllJ ill IlO):IITHCaHHCe
oroaopKOHH JIH6 e3 Of0BOpKHB OTHOWCHHrrHp HHl!THll;
Annex 3
b) of the deposit of any instrument of acceptance and
the date thereof;
c) of the date on which this Protocol comes into force
in accordance with the provisions of Article IV,
paragraph 1.
Article X
This Protocol, drawn up in the English, French, Russian
and Spanish languages, each text being equally authentic, shall
be deposited in the archives of the Government of the United
States of America, which shall transmit duly certified copies
thereof to the Governments of the States members of the
International Civil Aviation Organization.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned Plenipotentiaries,
duly authorized, have signed this Protocol.
DONE at Montreal this thirtieth day of September, one
thousand nine hundred and seventy-seven.
-END-
51
b) le depot de tout instrument d' acceptation et la date
de ce depot;
c) la date a laquelle le present Protocole est entre en
vigueur, conformement aux dispositions de son Article IV,
paragraphe I.
Article X
Le present Protocole, redige dans Jes langues frarn;:aise,
anglaise, espagnole et russe, chaque texte faisant egalement foi,
sera depose aux archives du Gouvernement des Etats-Unis
d' Amerique qui en transmettra des copies certifiees conformes
aux Gouvernements des Etats membres de l'Organisation de
!'aviation civile internationale.
EN FOi DE QUOI, Jes Plenipotentiaires soussignes, dument
autorises, ont appose leur signature au present Protocole.
FAIT a Montreal, le trente septembre mil neuf cent soixantedix-
sept.
-FINAnnex
3
b) el dep6sito de cualquier instrumento de aceptaci6n
y la fecha del mismo;
c) la fecha en que el presente Protocolo entre en vigor
de acuerdo con el Articulo IV, parrafo 1.
Articulo X
El presente Protocolo, redactado en los idiomas espafiol,
frances, ingles y ruso, cada texto con igual autenticidad, sera
depositado en los archivos de! Gobiemo de los Estados Unidos
de America, el cual transmitira copias debidamente certificadas
de! mismo a los Gobiemos de los Estados miembros de la
Organizaci6n de Aviaci6n Civil Internacional.
EN TESTIMONIOD E LO CUAL,l os Plenipotenciarios abajo
firmantes, debidamente autorizados, han firmado el presente
Protocol 0.
HECHO en Montreal, el treinta de septiembre de mil
novecientos setenta y siete.
-FIN-
51
b) c,naqe Ha xpaHeHHeK IDK,nor.on oKyMeHToa npHHJI•
THH H ,naTe ero;
c) ,naTe BCTyruieHHBJI CilllYH aCT0JIIJ.(eIrTop oTOKOJla
B C00TBeTCTBcH OH0 JlOlKeHHJInMyH KTa1 CTaTbHIV .
CTaTbH X
HaCT0JIIUHTHip OTOKOCJlO, CTaBJleHHHblaH p yccKOMa, HrnHHCK0M,
H CnaHCK0MH qipaHUY3CKOJMl3 bIKax,n pH'IeM KIDK,!lblH
TeKCTJ IBJlJleTCpJaIB H0 ayTeHTH'IHbIMc,,n aeTCJHI a xpaHeHHeB
apXHBbTl ipaBHTeJlbCTCBoa e,nHHeHHbllXliT aTOBA MepHKHK, 0-
T0poe HanpaBHT, nOJDKHbloM6p a30M JaBepeHHbieK 00HHe ro
TipaBHTeJlbCTBraoMcy .napCTB- 'IJleH0BM e~yHapo,nHOHo praHH3aUHrHp
IDK,naHCKaOBHH aUHH.
B Y~OCTOBEPEHHqEEr o HIDKeno,nnHCaBllIHOeC0JJIl H0M0'lHbie
npe,nCTaBHTeJlH.D, :0JDKHbolM6p a30M yn0JlH0MO'leHHbie,
no,nnHCaJlH aCT0JIIUHTHip oTOKOJl.
COBEPIIIEHBO MoHpeane TPH.D:UaTO.Dr0: HJcIe HTJ16pJo1,n Ha
Tb!CJl'l.an eBJITbC0cTeM b,neCJIcTe ,nbM0ror o.na.
-KOHEUAnnex
4
Email from Olumuyiwa Benard Aliu, President of the ICAO Council, to All Council Delegations
(19 June 2017)

Annex 4
-- --- ----- --------
From: LEB
Sent: 19-Jun-17 2:23 PM
To: All Council Delegations Docs
Cc: Office of the President; Office of the Secretary General
Subject: Request by the State of Qatar under Article 54(n) of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago,
1944 - "the Chicago Convention'')
I wish to infonn you that I have received a letter dated 17 June 2017 reference 2017/16032 from the Chairman of the
Civil Aviation Authority of the State of Qatar confirming "the decision of the State of Qatar to invoke Article 54 (n)" of
the Chicago Convention. The letter requests the Council to include this matter on a "top-urgent" basis as an item in the
Work Programme of the current 211 th Session. The letter references earlier correspondence as listed below from the State
of Qatar which request the intervention of the Council under Article 54 (n) "in the Matter of the Actions of the Arab
Republic of Egypt, the Kingdom of Bahrain, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates to Close their
Airspace to Aircraft Registered in the State of Qatar":
1. Letter from the Chairman of the Civil Aviation Authority of the State of Qatar dated 5 June 2017, reference
ANS.02/502/17;
2. Letter from the Chairman of the Civil Aviation Authority of the State of Qatar dated 8 June 2017, reference
15984/2017;
3. Letter from the Minister of Transport and Communications of the State of Qatar dated 13 June 2017,
reference 2017/15993;
4. Letter from the Chairman.of the Civil Aviation Authority of the State of Qatar dated 13 June 2017, reference
2017/15994 with attachments;
5. Letter from the Chairman of the Civil Aviation Authority of the State of Qatar dated 15 June 2017, reference
2017/15995 and its supplement of the same date; and
The relevant correspondence Is attached.
Under Article 54 (n) of the Chicago Convention, the Council shall "consider any matter relating to the Convention which
any contracting State refers to it". While it is a mandatory function of the Council to consider such a request, the approval
of a majority of the Members of the Council is necessary on the decision as to when to meet on the matter, and in
particular, whether or not to include a new item in the Work Programme for this Session. It will therefore be appreciated
if you could inform me urgently but not later than by noon on Wednesday, 21 June 2017 if you agree to the inclusion of
. the subject of the said request in the Work Programme of the Council for the current Session.
Olumuyiwa Benard Aliu
President of the Council

Annex 5
Letter from Abdulla Nasser Turki Al-Subaey, President of Qatar Civil Aviation Authority, to Dr.
Olumuyiwa Benard Aliu, President of ICAO Council (20 Feb. 2019)

Annex 5
tt'!:vJl 01~ dd~I ~I
~ CML AVIATIOANU THORITY
Ref. No. CAA/ASD/GEN/FF/19/005
20 February 2019
H.E Dr.O lumuylwaB enard Allu
President of the Council
International Civil Aviation Organization
Sublect: RecenMt flY lnddfnll In V!t BahrainF IR
Dear Mr. President,
I write to express concern about a troubling rise In safety Incidents tnvolving military aircraft
operating In close proximity to Qatart civilian aln::raft in the Bahrain FIR. The month of December
2018 saw a steep lncntase In both their frequency and severity. Whether these or similar lapses
may have affecteda ir camers of other natfonalltlesIs unknown.W e believet hat the situation
le aufflclently serious that an urgent response, Including appropria1e mitigation
menures, Is required.
A technfcal analysis of Incidents that occurred In December 2018, with supporting annexes, Is
attached. One of the Incidents occurred In the Teheran FIR Immediately after a handoff from
Bahrain. The analysis concludes that there Is a lack of clvll-rnllitary coordination.
You wmre call that Qatar pn>posed in August 2018 to estabRshi ts own FIR/UIR In accord with
establishedp rocedures for amendmenot f the Middle East AJrN avigationP lan, MID ANP, ICAO
Doc 9708. A task force was established and had its first meeting at the ICAO Middle East
Regional office In Cairo on 8-10 January 2019. It will meet again on 13-14 April In Cairo.
Permitting Qatar to control afr traffic In both Its aovaretgn airspace and an appropriate area of
adjacent intemallonal aln,pace wll go a long way toward reducing these kinds of Incidents.
In January 2018. we asked Bahrain to alow the QCAA to audit ltS air traffic control operation
with respect to Its handing of traffic In Qatar's tenttorial alnlpace, to ascertain Bahrain's
comphnce wfth Standards and Recommended Practices. Bahrain has not yet responded to the
request, but In light of these lncklente It would be appropriate to add the area of clvll-mlllary
coordination to the scope of our proposed audit.
Yours sincerely,
cc: H.E Or. FlftQ UU SecNlalyGelllral
I,C.M,_>l• llDl Offlfltcl MIH'on of ..._ of Qllw' tolCAO
+wu 1oonn: .,.ru.
fax: +974 •U552233
1
Technical Analysis of reported Airprox occurrences
within Bahrain FIR between civil and military aircraft in
December 2018
Glos sary . ..................................................................................................................................... 2
In t roduct ion. ............................................................................................................................ 3
1. General outline of occurrences. ................................................................................................... 3
2. Risk Assessment -- Technical analysis .......................................................................................... 4
3. Facts ……………………........................................................................................................................... 5
Attachments
Attachment A (Radar image of QR 540) ………………………………………….……………….………………………………6
Attachment B (Radar image of QR 506) ……………………………………………………………….………………………….7
Attachment C (Image of QR 8954 Flight on Radar24 tool) …………………………………………….………………….…...8
Annex 5
2
Technical Analysis of Reported Aircraft Proximity Occurrences
between Civil and Military Aircraft within the Bahrain FIR
in December 2018
Glossary
ACC: Area Control Center
ATC: Air Traffic Control
ATCO: Air Traffic Control Officer
ATS: Air Traffic Services
CA: Conflict Alert
FIR: Flight Information Region
FL: Flight level
MAC: Mid-Air Collision. Alerts of Near Mid-Air Collision events include AIRPROX (Aircraft Proximity)
and TCAS (Traffic Collision Avoidance System)
NM: Nautical Mile
PANS ATM: Procedure for Air Navigation Services – Air Traffic Management
PIC: Pilot in Command
QR: Qatar Airways
SMS: Safety Management System
SSP: State Safety Programme
TCAS: Traffic Collision Avoidance System, which provides TA (Traffic Alerts) and RA (Resolution
Advisories)
TSA: Total System Approach
UTC: Coordinated Universal Time
Annex 5
3
INTRODUCTION
Qatar takes very seriously its international obligations for aviation safety, as expressed in the
Convention on International Aviation (the Chicago Convention) and its Annexes. The Qatar Civil
Aviation Authority maintains a Total System Approach over a methodology that encompasses all
domains and sectors of the aviation industry. Safety management activities are undertaken in a
holistic, coherent manner.
Qatar’s State Safety Programme (SSP) establishes a framework for an integrated total system
approach that addresses the safety performance delivered by the State overall, relying upon the
total system performance of both the regulator and all service providers working together for a safe
outcome.
The SSP has a number of regulatory and practical aspects. Of importance to this analysis, the
reporting system allows real-time interactivity across all aviation stakeholders (service providers, the
regulator, the Accident Investigation Authority, and others).
Using this approach, the analysis of safety data has recorded an increase in occurrences categorized
as MAC (Mid-Air Collision) events within the Bahrain FIR involving Qatari civil aircraft and foreign
military traffic. Consequently, a technical analysis was launched to determine the root cause.
1. GENERAL OUTLINE OF OCCURRENCES
The study relates to events within the Bahrain FIR, involving foreign military traffic and Qatari civil
aircraft where a TCAS report (TA /RA) has been notified.
There were 5 TCAS events which occurred during the last 6 months involving Qatari civil aircraft with
military traffic within Bahrain FIR. The analysis of these events revealed that trend line is rising, and
their severity is gaining more importance that requires immediate actions to preserve the safety of
international civil aviation. Accordingly, the following 3 serious occurrences are highlighted.
• (QR 540) File O30645-18 of 22/12/2018 16:27UTC: Significant risk of collision
In this incident, QR 540 flight (A7-ACK / Airbus 330-200) transferred to Bahrain ATC. Upon transfer,
a TCAS RA occurred in the Bahrain FIR involving with two military aircraft, both identified as A#0040.
This RA has been classified as serious incident. The military aircraft were operating in the block
FL220-FL270. The QR 540 crew got a TCAS RA “descend” and performed a descent without delay.
Shortly after, crew got a corrective TCAS “climb” followed by a “level off”. The closest point of
proximity during the TCAS event occurred at 16.26.41 UTC with one of the military aircraft head-on
to QR 540, starting at almost the same level, but with zero lateral spacing. Bahrain Authority
confirmed that it was facing difficulties in handling military aircraft operating outside the safety
afforded by civilian air traffic control. For the radar image, see attachment A.
• (QR 506) File O30674-18 of 22/12/2018 16:55UTC
Annex 5
4
This TCAS RA event occurred in the Teheran FIR on 22 Dec 2018 at 16:55 UTC. It involved QR 506
(A7-AID / Airbus 321-231) and two military aircraft, identified as A#0052 and A#0035 and operating
at FL 240 and FL229 respectively. The event occurred when the A#0052 passed down the right
hand side of QR 506 at FL 240 with approximately 2 NM of lateral spacing and almost 2000 feet
vertically. At that time the A#0035 aircraft was approximately at 4 NM and FL223, only 600 feet of
vertical spacing. The pilot in command did not receive any traffic information on that traffic from
the ATC. Later, Teheran ATC informed the PIC that it was unknown traffic and Bahrain ATC did not
give them information about the traffic when QR 506 was handed over to them. For the radar
image see attachment B. Bahrain’s failure to provide that information was the key reason that the
incident took place.
• (QR 8954) File O31270-18 of 28/12/2018 17:15UTC
This TCAS event occurred in the Bahrain FIR on 28 Dec 2018 at 17:17 UTC involving QR 8954 (A7-
AFY / Airbus 330-200F) with a military aircraft, identified as A#0041 operating at FL224. The TCAS
TA occurred when the military aircraft passed down the left-hand side of QR 8954 at FL 228 with
approximately 4 NM of lateral spacing at the same level. Prior to the TA, the Pilot in Command
requested information on the concerned traffic, but ATC informed him that they had no
information on the traffic. See attachment C.
2. RISK ASSESSMENT - TECHNICAL ANALYSIS
The purpose of this technical analysis is to determine the risk level presented by these incidents,
including likelihood and severity, and to identify the root cause. The estimated proximity between
civil and military aircraft has been analyzed taking into account all data available, including radar
(CA), TCAS (TA and RA), and other available reports.
This assessment covers only known occurrences received involving QR flights. It is unknown
whether additional events or other similar events involving civil and military traffic have occurred
and whether they have been reported to BAH ACC.
In any case, the ATC unit seems to have ignored the applicable provision of PANS ATM, ICAO
Doc 4444, para. 16.1, which provides: “the ATC unit is to accept a reduction of separation minima
required by military necessity only when a specific request has been obtained from authority having
jurisdiction over the aircraft concerned and the lower minima then to be observed shall apply only
between those aircraft”.
3. FACTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Annex 5
5
The results of the analysis led the Qatar Civil Aviation Authority (QCAA) to conclude that:
a. The principles of due regard in conformance with article 3.d of the Chicago Convention were
not applied to prevent the occurrence of these events.
b. The PANS ATM procedures for responsibility regarding military traffic appear to have
been ignored (QR 506).
c. The safety margins were significantly reduced, and the safety of occupants was seriously
affected (QR 540).
d. Despite the information on military traffic being provided by the ATC the measures taken
by Bahrain ATC were not enough to ensure a reasonable level of safety of civil aviation
(QR 540).
e. The many recent civil-military conflict events demonstrate a lack of civil-military coordination
within the concerned airspaces. This lack of civil-military coordination may lead to
increased pressure on airspace resources, including pilots and ATCOs, and lead to
inefficient airspace use.
f. The military traffic operating around the cross-border area between two adjacent FIRs is
increasing the safety risk level.
g. The limited access to and from Qatari airspace and restrictions imposed on Qatariregistered
operators on top of the evident lack of civil-military coordination may lead to
increase likelihood of a collision.
h. The combination of such incidents and the political situation in the region may seriously
jeopardize the safety of civil aviation, calling for urgent action from the international civil
aviation organization bodies.
i. The high risk calls for immediate mitigating measures to reduce the risk to an acceptable
level.
------------------------------------
Annex 5
6
ATTACHMENT A (Radar image of QR 540)
Annex 5
7
ATTACHMENT B (Radar image of QR 506)
Annex 5
8
ATTACHMENT C (Air traffic picture of QR 8954- source from Flight Radar24 tool)
Annex 5

Annex 6
Qatar Civil Aviation Authority, Air Navigation Department, Reply to Conclusion 17/19
MIDANPIRG/17, Assessment of Contingency Routes (7 July 2019)

STATE OF QATAR
CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY
AIR NAVIGATION DEPARTMENT
Doc. ref.: ICAO Letter AN 6/1.2.1-19/200 dated 2 July 2019
MIDANPIRG/17 Date: 07/07/2019
Name of WP Reply to Conclusion 17/19 MIDANPIRG/17
Subject of WP Assessment of Contingency Routes
1. INTRODUCTION
During the MIDANPIRG/17 meeting held in Cairo, Egypt, 15-18 April 2019, conclusion 17/19
stated that Bahrain, Iran, Oman, Qatar and the UAE were to provide “ outcomes of their safety
assessment of the contingency routes and/or changes to the ATS Routes Network to the ICAO
MID Office”
Despite tremendous efforts made by Oman and Iran to provide access to airspace over the
‘high seas’, traffic to/from the State of Qatar remains highly restricted for Qatar registered
aircraft, although other traffic in the region appears to be largely unaffected by the current
contingency measures imposed.
It is the State of Qatar’s belief that proposals for the implementation of appropriate contingency
measures to assure sustainability of safe and efficient operations should be strongly
recommended by ICAO Airspace Management and Optimization Section (AMO), and wholly
supported by ICAO MID Region to ensure non-discriminatory application of ICAO principles.
The State of Qatar does not discount the safety assessments conducted by the States for the
implementation of the limited current contingency measures; however, it is of the opinion that
the assessments were undertaken on the assumption that no other traffic flows were to be
affected. If at any time a safety assessment is undertaken by a State(s) to review a proposed
‘contingency measure’, whether at the request of an airline or another State, and the outcome of
the assessment does not deliver a suitable resolution then ICAO should not hesitate to address
the issue to provide an alternative solution.
ICAO and States should commit to undertake a review of the airspace in its entirety to ensure a
safe and efficient airspace that will meet the revised traffic flows resulting from the illegal
airspace restrictions imposed on 5 June 2017, which limit the operations of one of the major
carriers in the region. ICAO should not focus on trying to fit a new ‘traffic flow’ into an ‘old
structure’.
Changes should not be limited to merely providing a ‘temporary and restricted’ airspace that
overly restricts one airspace user over another.
The State of Qatar recommends that this the next MIDANPIRG meeting agrees to effectively
deliver a coordinated approach for managing this ongoing situation, commit to a further review
of the current proposals for airspace utilization, and address the need to provide a robust
contingency planning framework should a similar situation arise in the ICAO Mid Region in the
Annex 6
STATE OF QATAR
CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY
AIR NAVIGATION DEPARTMENT
Doc. ref.: ICAO Letter AN 6/1.2.1-19/200 dated 2 July 2019
MIDANPIRG/17 Date: 07/07/2019
future. The framework should consider all stakeholders to be part of coordination activities,
including adjacent States and airspace users.
– ADDRESSING SHORT TERM MEASURES
The present contingency arrangements do not support current operating traffic levels and
therefore do not support predicted traffic growth within the Region.
Routinely, and particularly with regard to inbound traffic peak periods to Doha, it is obvious that
existing contingency routes are “not fit for purpose” result in regular overload situations
(inbound) and significant delays to outbound traffic from Doha.
This, in addition to managing the traffic with increased coordination outside of the current
Letters of Agreement (LOAs) poses a Significant Safety Concern.
Supported by ICAO MID Region, the State of Qatar strongly recommends that a review by all
States on current arrangements be undertaken as a priority.
This should include, not limited to, the following points:
1. Managing the diverse demands within the airspace (including the restrictions
imposed due to constraints in adjacent airspace)
2. Maximize the airspace potential above Qatar (territory) this cannot be achieved
without a review of all airspace.
3. Considerations of the constraints in Qatar (sovereign airspace) should be
addressed (limited access to potential efficient route options for overflying traffic),
FUA/FRA/CDR need to be part of this review.
4. Cross border cooperation to manage airspace demand without unnecessary
constraints applied to the operator.
5. Reduction in complex coordination between ATC Units during peak operating
periods when the Contingency Routes do not support the traffic demands/flows.
6. A review of current LOAs and their appropriateness considering traffic flows (time
banded to meet peak and off peak periods)
7. Traffic Orientation/Traffic Flow restrictions to be considered.
8. Flexible sectorisation to ensure airspace can adapt to demands.
Annex 6
STATE OF QATAR
CIVIL AVIATION AUTHORITY
AIR NAVIGATION DEPARTMENT
Doc. ref.: ICAO Letter AN 6/1.2.1-19/200 dated 2 July 2019
MIDANPIRG/17 Date: 07/07/2019
The priority for all States within the Region is to maintain or improve safety levels with an
increase in capacity and avoid delays during peak periods. It should therefore be a priority,
without prejudice, of the ICAO MID Regional office to support continued coordinated cross state
activities to assure greater predictability for arriving traffic, avoid unnecessary level capping
through possible FRTO (ASBU) and support a unified airspace approach (GANP ASBU)
– ADDRESSING - MID TERM MEASURES
ICAO and States should commit to undertake a review of the airspace in its entirety to ensure a
safe and efficient airspace to meet the revised traffic flows resulting from the illegal airspace
restrictions imposed on 5 June 2017, which limit the operations of one of the major carriers in
the region.
ICAO Mid Region and the States should not focus on trying to fit a new ‘traffic flow’ into an ‘old
structure’.
There is an significant Safety Requirement, to address airspace demands resulting in predicted
traffic associated with World Cup 2022 and affecting the entire region.
– ADDRESSING REGIONAL CONTINGENCY PLANNNG –
LONG TERM MEASURES
The current ‘Qatar CCT’ has been limited in its impact to affecting only one major carrier in the
region. If the circumstances of contingency had been different, i.e. had impacted more than one
operator, the impact to regional operations might have been catastrophic.
The ATM regional contingency plan is weak, and the States, airlines, and representatives of the
carriers of the region should take action to deliver a robust regional contingency plan that
supports the sustainability of safety and efficiency for the region.
Without a suitable framework for managing the dynamics of the region in a coordinated and
harmonized manner, the region is at risk.
Annex 6

Annex 7
“Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques welcomes Islamic personalities and heads of Hajj
delegations at the annual reception in Mina”, Al Riyadh (28 Oct. 2012), available at http://www.
alriyadh.com/779832#

(foll/) الرئيسية (/) / متابعات
الاحد 12 ذو الحجة 1433 ه - 28 اكتوبر 2012 م - العدد 16197 
خادم الحرمين يرحب بالشخصيات الإسلامية ورؤساء بعثات الحج في حفل الاستقبال
السنوي بمنى
الملك عبدلله: حوار الأمة مع نفسها واجب شرعي.. والشتات والجهل
والغلو تهدد آمال المسلمين
الملك عبدلله يخاطب كبار الشخصيات من ضيوف الرحمن (و.ا.س)
منى - و.ا.س
  تغيير الخط
أقام خادم الحرمين الشريفين الملك عبدلله بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود حفظه لله في الديوان الملكي
بقصر منى أمس حفل الاستقبال السنوي للشخصيات الإسلامية ورؤساء بعثات الحج الذين يؤدون
فريضة الحج هذا العام.
Annex 7
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􀁡􀁯􀁠􀁿􀀩 􀀟􀁠􀂑􀁴􀂚􀀍 􀁶􀂨􀀘􀀩 􀀇􀀍􀀗􀀘􀂥􀂚􀀍 􀁸􀂛􀁭􀂝 􀁸􀂩􀁞􀀗 􀁡􀁞􀁠􀂠 􀁴􀂤􀂌􀂚􀀍 􀂧􀂚􀀩 􀀕􀂥􀂌􀁹 􀀥􀀈 􀁷􀂨􀁷􀂌􀂚􀀍􀁴􀁣􀂋 􀂟􀁢 􀀧􀁠􀂞􀂛􀁹 􀁶􀂩􀂝􀂬􀀍
􀁤􀂨􀁷􀂗􀁶􀂞􀂚􀀍 􀁫􀁰􀂚􀀍 􀁤􀂡􀁭􀂚 􀁸􀂩􀁞􀀗 􀁤􀂝􀁶􀂘􀂞􀂚􀀍 􀁤􀂘􀂝 􀁤􀂕􀂆􀂡􀂝 􀁶􀂩􀂝􀀉 􀁷􀂨􀁷􀂌􀂚􀀍􀁴􀁣􀂋 􀂟􀁢 􀂙􀂀􀂩􀂒􀂚􀀍 􀁴􀂚􀁠􀁲 􀁶􀂩􀂝􀂬􀀍 􀂧􀂘􀂛􀂞􀂚􀀍 􀂥􀂞􀁺􀂚􀀍
􀁡􀁯􀁠􀁿􀀩 􀂟􀂩􀂒􀂨􀁶􀁽􀂚􀀍 􀂟􀂩􀂝􀁶􀁰􀂚􀀍 􀀦􀀕􀁠􀁲 􀀗􀁠􀁽􀁧􀁺􀂝 􀁷􀂨􀁷􀂌􀂚􀀍􀁴􀁣􀂋 􀂟􀁢 􀂢􀂚􀂮􀀍􀁴􀁣􀂋 􀁶􀂩􀂝􀂬􀀍 􀂧􀂘􀂛􀂞􀂚􀀍 􀂥􀂞􀁺􀂚􀀍 􀁡􀁯􀁠􀁿􀀩
􀁶􀂩􀂝􀂬􀀍 􀂥􀂞􀁺􀂚􀀍 􀁡􀁯􀁠􀁿􀀩 􀁠􀂩􀂛􀂌􀂚􀀍 􀁫􀁰􀂚􀀍 􀁤􀂡􀁭􀂚 􀁸􀂩􀁞􀀗 􀁤􀂩􀂛􀁲􀀍􀁴􀂚􀀍 􀁶􀂨􀀘􀀩 􀁷􀂨􀁷􀂌􀂚􀀍􀁴􀁣􀂋 􀂟􀁢 􀁴􀂞􀁯􀀉 􀁶􀂩􀂝􀂬􀀍 􀂧􀂘􀂛􀂞􀂚􀀍 􀂥􀂞􀁺􀂚􀀍
􀀗􀁠􀁽􀁧􀁺􀂞􀂚􀀍 􀁷􀂨􀁷􀂌􀂚􀀍􀁴􀁣􀂋 􀂟􀁢 􀀧􀁶􀂕􀂝 􀁶􀂩􀂝􀂬􀀍 􀂧􀂘􀂛􀂞􀂚􀀍 􀂥􀂞􀁺􀂚􀀍 􀁡􀁯􀁠􀁿􀀩 􀁶􀂩􀁣􀂘􀂚􀀍 􀀕􀂥􀂌􀁹 􀂟􀁢 􀁴􀂞􀁰􀂝 􀂟􀁢 􀂙􀂀􀂩􀂑
.􀀇􀀍􀁶􀂝􀂬􀀍 􀂧􀂘􀂛􀂞􀂚􀀍 􀂥􀂞􀁺􀂚􀀍 􀀎􀁠􀁰􀁿􀀉􀀩 􀂟􀂩􀂒􀂨􀁶􀁽􀂚􀀍 􀂟􀂩􀂝􀁶􀁰􀂚􀀍 􀀦􀀕􀁠􀁳􀂚 􀀛􀁠􀁳􀂚􀀍 􀀑􀂥􀂌􀁣􀂞􀂚􀀍􀀩
􀀇􀁠􀂩􀁣􀂠􀂬􀀍􀀩 􀁤􀂨􀀩􀁠􀂞􀁺􀂚􀀍 􀀧􀁠􀂨􀀕􀂭􀂚 􀀜􀁶􀂌􀁧􀁦 􀁤􀂋􀂥􀂞􀁭􀂝 􀀩􀀉 􀁤􀂚􀀩􀀕 􀀫􀀉 􀂟􀂨􀁴􀂨 􀀟􀀩􀁶􀁽􀂞􀁢 􀀏􀁴􀁰􀁧􀂞􀂚􀀍 􀂜􀂝􀂬􀀍 􀁡􀂚􀁠􀂆􀂨 􀂖􀂛􀂞􀂚􀀍
􀂧􀂝􀂱􀁹􀂮􀀍 􀀧􀀩􀁠􀂌􀁧􀂚􀀍 􀁤􀂞􀂉􀂡􀂝 􀀦􀁠􀂋 􀂟􀂩􀂝􀀉 􀂧􀂚􀁠􀂌􀂝􀀩 􀀇􀀍􀀗􀀘􀂥􀂚􀀍 􀂧􀂚􀁠􀂌􀂞􀂚􀀍􀀩 􀀇􀁠􀂞􀂛􀂌􀂚􀀍 􀁤􀂛􀂩􀂃􀂒􀂚􀀍 􀀎􀁠􀁰􀁿􀀉 􀀨􀁶􀂃􀁯 􀁠􀂞􀂗
􀁤􀂩􀁢􀁶􀂌􀂚􀀍 􀀥􀀩􀁴􀂚􀀍 􀀇􀀍􀁶􀂒􀁹􀀩 􀂟􀂩􀂚􀀩􀁛􀁺􀂞􀂚􀀍 􀀗􀁠􀁣􀂗􀀩 􀁤􀂩􀁢􀁶􀂌􀂚􀀍 􀁫􀂩􀂛􀁳􀂚􀀍 􀀥􀀩􀁴􀂚 􀀧􀀩􀁠􀂌􀁧􀂚􀀍 􀁸􀂛􀁭􀂝 􀀦􀁠􀂋 􀂟􀂩􀂝􀀉 􀂧􀂚􀁠􀂌􀂝􀀩
.􀁤􀂩􀂝􀂱􀁹􀂮􀀍􀀩
.􀂜􀂨􀁶􀂘􀂚􀀍 􀀧􀀈􀁶􀂕􀂚􀀍 􀂟􀂝 􀀐􀁠􀂨􀀈 􀀏􀀩􀂱􀁧􀁢 􀁤􀁣􀁹􀁠􀂡􀂞􀂚􀀍 􀀨􀁵􀂤􀁢 􀁴􀂌􀂞􀂚􀀍 􀂧􀁢􀁠􀂆􀁳􀂚􀀍 􀂙􀂒􀁰􀂚􀀍 􀀌􀁴􀁢 􀁴􀂔􀀩
:􀁤􀂩􀂚􀁠􀁧􀂚􀀍 􀁤􀂞􀂛􀂘􀂚􀀍 - 􀁘 􀂢􀂉􀂒􀁯 - 􀂟􀂩􀂒􀂨􀁶􀁽􀂚􀀍 􀂟􀂩􀂝􀁶􀁰􀂚􀀍 􀀦􀀕􀁠􀁲 􀂦􀂕􀂚􀀉 􀂜􀁩
.􀂟􀂩􀂌􀂞􀁬􀀉 􀂢􀁣􀁰􀁿􀀩 􀂢􀂚􀀈 􀂦􀂛􀂋􀀩 􀁘 􀀥􀂥􀁹􀀗 􀂦􀂛􀂋 􀀦􀂱􀁺􀂚􀀍􀀩 􀀏􀂱􀂀􀂚􀀍􀀩 􀀄􀂜􀂩􀁯􀁶􀂚􀀍 􀂟􀂞􀁯􀁶􀂚􀀍 􀁘 􀂜􀁺􀁢
􀁷􀂨􀁷􀂌􀂚􀀍􀁴􀁣􀂋 􀂖􀂛􀂞􀂚􀀍 􀁫􀂤􀂡􀂚 􀀕􀀍􀁴􀁧􀂝􀀍 􀂟􀂞􀁯􀁶􀂚􀀍 􀀢􀂥􀂩􀂂􀀩 􀂟􀂩􀂝􀁶􀁰􀂚􀀍 􀁤􀂝􀁴􀁲 􀂧􀂑 􀂜􀂘􀁭􀂤􀂠 :􀁫􀁰􀂚􀀍 􀁶􀂨􀀘􀀩
:􀀗􀂥􀂃􀁰􀂚􀀍 􀀏􀂥􀁲􀂬􀀍 􀁠􀂤􀂨􀀉
:􀂢􀁦􀁠􀂗􀁶􀁢􀀩 􀁘 􀁤􀂞􀁯􀀗􀀩 􀂜􀂘􀂩􀂛􀂋 􀀦􀂱􀁺􀂚􀀍
􀂜􀁧􀂠􀀉􀀩 􀀦􀁠􀂋 􀂙􀂗􀀩 􀀄􀀍􀀗􀂥􀂘􀁽􀂝 􀁠􀂩􀂌􀁹􀀩 􀀍􀀗􀂥􀂒􀂏􀂝 􀁠􀁣􀂠􀀖􀀩 􀀍􀀗􀀩􀁶􀁣􀂝 􀁠􀁭􀁯 􀂜􀂘􀂚 􀂦􀂡􀂞􀁦􀀉􀀩 􀀄􀀤􀀗􀁠􀁣􀂞􀂚􀀍 􀂦􀁰􀂂􀂬􀀍 􀁴􀂩􀂌􀁢 􀂜􀂘􀁟􀂡􀂣􀀉
.􀁶􀂩􀁳􀁢
􀀄􀀦􀂱􀁺􀂚􀀍􀀩 􀀏􀂱􀂀􀂚􀀍 􀂙􀂃􀂑􀀉 􀂢􀂩􀂛􀂋 􀁴􀂞􀁰􀂝 􀁠􀂡􀂩􀁣􀂠 􀁴􀂤􀂌􀁢 􀀍􀀗􀀩􀁶􀂝􀀩 􀀄􀀦􀂱􀁺􀂚􀀍 􀂢􀂩􀂛􀂋 􀂙􀂩􀂛􀁳􀂚􀀍 􀂜􀂩􀂣􀀍􀁶􀁢􀀋 􀁠􀂠􀁴􀂩􀁹 􀁴􀂤􀂋 􀁵􀂡􀂝
􀁴􀁺􀁭􀂨 􀂜􀂩􀂉􀂋 􀁴􀂤􀁽􀂝 􀂧􀂑 􀂓􀁰􀂚􀀍 􀀇􀀍􀁴􀂠 􀂟􀂩􀁣􀂛􀂝 􀀦􀀍􀁶􀁰􀂚􀀍 􀁘 􀁥􀂩􀁢 􀂦􀂛􀂋 􀀧􀀩􀁴􀂑􀀍􀂥􀁧􀂨 􀀧􀂥􀂡􀂝􀁛􀂞􀂚􀀍􀀩 􀀄􀀨􀁵􀂣 􀁠􀂡􀂝􀁠􀂨􀀉 􀂦􀂚􀀋
􀀦􀁠􀁰􀁧􀂚􀀍􀀩 􀁤􀂔􀁶􀂒􀂚􀀍 􀁵􀁣􀂠􀀩 􀀄􀁤􀂩􀂝􀂱􀁹􀂮􀀍 􀁤􀂝􀂬􀀍 􀀏􀁴􀁯􀀩 􀂧􀂑 «􀂢􀂚􀂱􀁬 􀂙􀁬» 􀂢􀂛􀂚􀁠􀁢 􀂙􀂝􀂬􀁠􀁢 􀂟􀂩􀂘􀁺􀂞􀁧􀂝 􀀄􀀏􀀍􀀩􀁠􀁺􀂞􀂚􀀍 􀀏􀁶􀂘􀂑
.􀁠􀂤􀁢 􀂟􀂩􀂀􀁢􀁶􀁧􀂞􀂚􀀍􀀩 􀁤􀂝􀂬􀀍 􀀇􀀍􀁴􀂋􀀉 􀂢􀁬􀀩 􀂧􀂑 􀂧􀂝􀂱􀁹􀂮􀀍 􀂐􀂀􀂚􀀍
􀀕􀁴􀂤􀁦 􀀐􀁠􀁣􀂕􀂋 􀀄􀂥􀂛􀂏􀂚􀀍􀀩 􀀄􀀎􀁷􀁰􀁧􀂚􀀍􀀩 􀀄􀂙􀂤􀁭􀂚􀀍􀀩 􀀄􀀐􀁠􀁧􀁽􀂚􀁠􀂑 􀀄􀂧􀂋􀁶􀁼 􀁡􀁬􀀍􀀩 􀁠􀂤􀁺􀂒􀂠 􀂊􀂝 􀁤􀂩􀂝􀂱􀁹􀂮􀀍 􀁤􀂝􀂬􀀍 􀀗􀀍􀂥􀁯 􀀧􀀋
􀀒􀁶􀁳􀂝 􀂰􀀩 􀀄􀀢􀁶􀂆􀁧􀂚􀀍􀀩 􀀄􀀟􀀍􀁷􀂡􀂚􀀍 􀀎􀁠􀁣􀁹􀀉 􀂦􀂛􀂋 􀀇􀁠􀂃􀂕􀂚􀀍􀀩 􀀄􀁤􀂩􀂆􀁹􀂥􀂚􀀍􀀩 􀀥􀀍􀁴􀁧􀂋􀂱􀂚 􀁷􀂨􀁷􀂌􀁦 􀀗􀀍􀂥􀁰􀂚􀀍 􀀧􀀋 􀀄􀂟􀂩􀂞􀂛􀁺􀂞􀂚􀀍 􀀥􀁠􀂝􀀈
􀁒􀂰􀀱 􀀋
􀀱 􀂢􀁒􀂛􀂚􀀍 􀀱 􀀓
􀀳 􀀩 􀀯􀀗 􀀳 􀂟 􀀱 􀂝 􀀰􀁸􀀯 􀁟
􀀳􀂨􀁠􀀯􀂨 􀂰 􀀰 􀂢􀁒 􀂠
􀀱 􀀋
􀀱 􀂢􀁒􀂛􀂚􀀍 􀀱 􀀓
􀀳 􀀩 􀀯􀀗 􀀳 􀂟 􀀱 􀂝 􀀍􀂥 􀀰 􀁺􀀯 􀁟
􀀳􀂨􀁠􀀯 􀁦
􀂰􀀩􀀯 » 􀂙􀁞􀁠􀂕􀂚􀀍 􀂥􀂤􀂑 􀀄􀂢􀂛􀂚􀁠􀁢 􀁠􀂡􀂚􀁠􀂝􀀈 􀂓􀂛􀂌􀂠 􀀧􀀉 􀂰􀀋 􀂖􀂚􀀖 􀂟􀂝
.􀁥􀂠􀁠􀂗 􀁠􀂞􀂤􀂝 􀀐􀀍􀁶􀁪􀂌􀂚􀁠􀁢 􀀢􀁶􀁧􀂌􀁦 􀂰 􀁤􀂡􀂝􀁛􀂝 􀁤􀂞􀂨􀁷􀂌􀁢 􀂙􀂗􀂥􀁧􀂚􀀍 􀂜􀁩 􀂟􀂝􀀩 « 􀀯 􀀧􀀩􀀰􀁶 􀀱 􀂒􀀯 􀂘
􀂚􀀍 􀀰 􀀦 􀀳 􀂥􀀯 􀂕
􀂚􀀳 􀀍
Annex 7
التركي: الأمل في خادم الحرمين والمخلصين من قادة الأمة أن يضاعفوا الجهود في مواجهة ما يهددها
أيها الاخوة الكرام:
إن فكرة مركز الحوار بين المذاهب الإسلامية، والذي أعلنا عنه في مكة المكرمة لا يعني بالضرورة
الاتفاق على أمور العقيدة، بل الهدف منه الوصول إلى حلول للفرقة وإحلال التعايش بين المذاهب
بعيدا عن الدسائس أو غيرها، الأمر الذي سيعود نفعه لصالح أمتنا الإسلامية وجمع كلمتها.
من مكاني هذا وبجوار بيت لله الحرام أطالب هيئة الأمم المتحدة بمشروع يُدين أي دولة أو مجموعة
تتعرض للأديان السماوية والأنبياء عليهم الصلاة والسلام، وهذا واجب علينا وعلى كل مسلم تجاه
الذود عن حياض ديننا الإسلامي والدفاع عن رسل الحق.
خادم الحرمين يتوسط المدعوين من كبار الشخصيات ورؤساء بعثات الحج (و.ا.س)
هذا وأسأل لله أن يعزز الأمل في قلوبنا المعلقة به، وأن يثبتنا على الحق والطاعة.
والسلام عليكم ورحمة لله وبركاته.
كلمة وزير الحج
ثم ألقى معالي وزير الحج الدكتور بندر بن محمد حجار كلمة قال فيها:
بسم لله الرحمن الرحيم
(سبح اسم ربك الأعلى، الذي خلق فسوى، والذي قدر فهدى).
والصلاة والسلام على رسول لله سيدنا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه أجمعين.
خادم الحرمين الشريفين الملك عبدلله بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود.
Annex 7
صاحب السمو الملكي الأمير سلمان بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود ولي العهد نائب رئيس مجلس الوزراء
وزير الدفاع.
أصحاب الجلالة والفخامة والسمو والفضيلة والمعالي والسعادة.
أيها الحفل الكريم:
السلام عليكم ورحمة لله وبركاته:
سيدي في مثل هذا اليوم من شهر ذي الحجة عام 1432 ه وجهتم حفظكم لله كلمة سامية حيث أكدتم
أن الأمن والاستقرار من أسباب نماء المجتمعات وازدهار الاقتصاد وبهما يعم الرخاء وتتقدم الأمة.
كما دعوتم أيدكم لله المسلمين إلى أن يتخذوا من الحج وسيلة للتعلم لنبذ الفرقة والتشاحن وتبيان
أن هذه الأرض الطيبة وما تشهده من إقبال الحاج والمعتمر إليها إنما لأنها تنعم بنعمة الأمن
والاستقرار استجابة لدعوة أبي الأنبياء إبراهيم الخليل عليه السلام، وإنه من فضل لله تبارك وتعالى أن
شرف المملكة العربية السعودية بخدمة حجاج بيت لله الحرام، وإنها تستشعر في ذلك عظمة الأمانة
الملقاة على عاتقها، ونحن على ذلك محتسبين الأجر والمثوبة من لله سبحانه وتعالى ماضين في ذلك
مستمدين العون من رب العزة والجلال جاعلين خدمة الحاج وأمنه من أعظم المسؤوليات.
حديث بين الملك عبدلله وكبار الضيوف خلال حفل الإستقبال (و.ا.س)
Annex 7
وأنا إذ أشير إلى تلك الكلمة الضافية لأستذكر أيضاً مبادراتكم الخيرة لمصلحة أمة الإسلام وبخاصة
والإنسانية بعامة، ويأتي في المقدمة الدعوة لعقد قمة التضامن الإسلامي التي اجتمعت في رحاب
مكة المكرمة إبان ذروة موسم العمرة يومي السادس والعشرين والسابع والعشرين من شهر
رمضان المبارك 1433 ه الموافق الرابع عشر والخامس عشر من شهر آب أغسطس 2012 م ، حيث
وجهتم كلمة سامية تعد بمثابة خارطة طريق على درب التمكين للتضامن والتسامح والاعتدال
ومحاربة الغلو وإخماد الفتن ومن ضمن آليات تحقيق هذا التوجه الطيب مقترح تأسيس مركز للحوار
بين المذاهب الإسلامية للوصول إلى كلمة سواء الذي تم تبنيه وعلى أساس أن يعين أعضاؤه من
مؤتمر القمة الإسلامية ، وفي خضم هذا الزخم من المكاسب العظيمة التي لها ما بعدها، بما يدعو
للتفاؤل بمستقبل واعد لأمة الإسلام، فجزاكم لله خير الجزاء.
كما أغتنم هذه المناسبة الطيبة لأرفع لمقامكم الكريم كلمات الشكر والامتنان، وذلك اعترافاً لما
تتفضلون به من دعم غير محدود، ومن حسن توجيه، الأمر الذي مكن ولله الحمد من إصابة النجاحات
لتلبية احتياجات ضيوف الرحمن بكل كفاية ليؤدوا نسكهم بكل يسر وسهولة، وأن هذا النهج الذي
تمضون فيه قدماً حفظكم لله هو امتداد لما أرساه الراحل العظيم والدكم جلالة الملك عبدالعزيز بن
عبدالرحمن الفيصل آل سعود طيب لله ثراه ، حيث نسج على منواله من بعده خلفاؤه البررة رحمهم
لله وحتى هذا العهد الزاهر الذي يشهد نقلة تنموية وحضارية غير مسبوقة، وذلك بفضل من لله، ثم
بفضل السياسة الحكيمة المتزنة والمتوازنة للحكومة السعودية الرشيدة، التي تأخذ بالأسباب لتحقيق
الأهداف وفق ما يخطط لها من أجل الوطن والمواطن والحاج والمعتمر والزائر على حد سواء.
الملك يرحب بالشيخ القرضاوي (و.ا.س)
Annex 7
وحقيقة الأمر أن جملة ما يخطط له يأتي من منطلق إيماني، هو شغلكم الشاغل، الذي تنفقون من
أجله الملايين، بل البلايين من الريالات السعودية، وفي الطليعة التوسعات المتتالية في الحرمين
الشريفين وفتح المزيد من الطرق والجسور للحافلات والأنفاق والأعمار في مكة المكرمة والمدينة
المنورة، والأخذ بنظام النقل الترددي بالحافلات ومن ثماره بيئة نظيفة واختصار عامل الوقت في نقل
الحجاج، إلى جانب قطار المشاعر المقدسة الذي يسهم في نقل نحو خمسمائة ألف حاج وفي وقت
قياسي، إضافة إلى استكمال جسر الجمرات بأدواره المتعددة الذي هو عبارة عن مدينة تضم العديد
من المرافق الإدارية والإشرافية والأمنية والصحية ومهابط للطائرات، لضمان إنجاح ما يعد من خطط
لإدارة الحشود البشرية وصولاً إلى بر الأمان.
وكذلك فإن قطار الحرمين الذي سيدخل الخدمة إن شاء لله خلال العامين المقبلين لنقل الحجاج
والزائرين بين المدينتين المقدستين مكة المكرمة والمدينة المنورة عبر مدينة جدة.
الأمير متعب والأمير أحمد والأمير خالد الفيصل وطارق الهاشمي وعدد من كبار الشخصيات أثناء
الحفل (و.ا.س)
وأن أيقونة المشروعات العملاقة هو مشروع التوسعة الجديدة للمسجد الحرام الذي أنجز منها الكثير
ليتسع لمليون وستمائة ألف مصل، وكذلك مشروع التوسعة للمسجد النبوي الشريف الذي ستبلغ
مساحته بناءً وساحات عند إتمامه نحو مليون وواحد وعشرين ألف متر مربع.
كما اختم حديثي بمقتطف من الكلمة الضافية التي وجهتموها حفظكم لله في المدينة المنورة إبان
وضع حجر الأساس لمشروع التوسعة لما تنطوي عليه من مدلولات جوهرية ذات صلة بالثوابت،
لقد أكرمنا لله سبحانه وتعالى بشرف خدمة الحرمين الشريفين وما أعظمها وأجلها » : ومنها ما قلتم
من خدمة، وأن إيماننا بالحق تعالى نستمد منه عزيمتنا وقوتنا في الدفاع عن شريعتنا وعقيدتنا، وعن
نبينا محمد صلى لله عليه وسلم، وسنبقى ثابتين على ذلك لا نتراجع عنه إلى يوم الدين إن شاء لله،
فهو الشرف والكرامة والإباء.
Annex 7
كما ناشدتم عقلاء العالم للتصدي لكل من يحاول الإساءة إلى الديانات السماوية أو إلى الأنبياء
وبعد فهذا قليل من كثير مما رغبت أن أعرض له تقديراً لوقتكم الثمين، سائلاً المولى جل ،« والرسل
وعلا أن يهبكم، وسمو ولي عهدكم الأمين، والحكومة السعودية الرشيدة، مزيدًا من التوفيق والتوجه
والسداد لكل ما فيه الخير والصلاح للإسلام والمسلمين.
الأمراء وكبار الشخصيات خلال حفل الإستقبال (و.ا.س)
والسلام عليكم ورحمة لله وبركاته.
كلمة التركي
إثر ذلك ألقى معالي الأمين العام لرابطة العالم الإسلامي الدكتور عبدلله بن عبدالمحسن التركي كلمة
هنأ في مستهلها خادم الحرمين الشريفين، وسمو ولي عهده الأمين، وأصحاب السمو الملكي الأمراء
وأصحاب الفضيلة والمعالي، وحجاج بيت لله الحرام بعيد الأضحى المبارك.
وقال: يسر رابطة العالم الإسلامي أن تعرب عن إشادتها وضيوف خادم الحرمين الشريفين لديها،
بالجهود العظيمة التي تبذلها المملكة، لتيسير الحج ومتطلباته في مختلف المجالات، ومع التطوير
المستمر للخطط والمشاريع في الحرمين الشريفين والمشاعر.
Annex 7
خادم الحرمين يتبادل الحديث مع البروفيسور إحسان أوغلي وطارق الهاشمي (و.ا.س)
وأوضح أن توجه خادم الحرمين الشريفين - أيده لله - إلى المدينة النبوية مباشرة، عند عودته الميمونة
إلى المملكة، لبدء توسعة ضخمة للمسجد النبوي، بحيث يستوعب أكثر من ثلاثة ملايين مصل، له
عظيم الأثر في نفوس المسلمين، سائلاً لله تعالى أن يجزل له المثوبة ولولي عهده الأمين، وأن يبقي
المملكة شامخة عزيزة الجانب ، قدوة للمسلمين في السير على الكتاب والسنة، وتطبيق شرع لله،
وخدمة الحرمين الشريفين، والدفاع عن الإسلام، والحرص على جمع كلمة الأمة، وحل مشكلات
المسلمين، والوقوف إلى جنبهم في محنهم: (الذين إن مكناهم في الأرض أقاموا الصلاة وآتوا الزكاة
.( وأمروا بالمعروف ونهوا عن المنكر ولله عاقبة الأمور). (الحج - 41
وبين أن من تعظيم شعائر لله وحرماته، أن يعمل كل ذي مسؤولية في الحج، على إشاعة الأخوة
والمحبة بين الحجاج، والمحافظة على ربانية الموسم، فلا يرفع فيه شعار إلا توحيد لله وعبادته،
ووحدة الأمة وتآلفها في ظل أخوة الإسلام وسمو رسالته الخالدة.
Annex 7
وأفاد معاليه أن رابطة العالم الإسلامي تتابع بقلق واهتمام بالغين ما يجري في بعض البلدان
الإسلامية، وفي مقدمتها سوريا، داعية إلى تكثيف الجهود الرسمية والشعبية في معالجة الأوضاع
المأساوية فيها، وإيقاف نزيف الدم الذي تمادى النظام السوري في إراقته.
وقال معاليه: وإن الرابطة لتستنكر إثارة الفتنة الطائفية بين المسلمين، والتذرع بها للتدخل في
الشؤون الداخلية في بعض الدول الإٍسلامية، مما يزيد الأمة تمزقاً وضعفًا. والأمل في خادم الحرمين
الشريفين، والمخلصين من قادة الأمة أن يضاعفوا الجهود في مواجهة ما يهدد الأمة ويستهدف
وحدتها واستقرارها، وينسقوا جهودهم من خلال المنظمات الجامعة للأمة، وهيئاتها الثقافية
والفقهية والقانونية.
Annex 7
كبار شخصيات الحج يتشرفون بالسلام على خادم الحرمين (و.ا.س)
وأضاف قائلاً: إن الرابطة والهيئات والمراكز الإسلامية، ليشيدون بمؤتمر القمة الإسلامية الاستثنائي
الرابع، الذي انعقد في مكة المكرمة في أواخر شهر رمضان المبارك، وميثاق مكة المكرمة لتعزيز
التضامن الإسلامي، الصادر عنه، وتعتبره الرابطة قاعدة انطلاق نحو بناء قدرات الأمة ومؤسساتها،
وتحقيق نهضتها واستعادة تضامنها، وإقامة الحكم الرشيد بما يعمق قيم الشورى والحوار والعدل.
وأردف معاليه قائلا: إن الأمة المسلمة، على الرغم مما تمر به من المحن، تظل الحارس الأمين للحق
الذي بعث لله به رسله الكرام إلى الأمم الغابرة، ثم ورثه هذه الأمة واستحفظها عليه: (ثم أورثنا الكتاب
الذي اصطفينا من عبادنا) (فاطر- 32 )، وبذلك جعلها شاهدة على الناس: (وكذلك جعلناكم أمة وسطا
لتكونوا شهداء على الناس ويكون الرسول عليكم شهيدًا) (البقرة - 143 ). وفي أوطانها من الثروات
وفي أبنائها من الطاقات المتخصصة، ما يغنيها ويؤهلها للتعافي من ضعفها وتجاوز محنها،
والنهوض بمجتمعاتها، إذا أخذت بأسباب التلاحم فيما بينها لأداء رسالتها وبناء نهضتها على أساس
إعطاء الأهمية اللائقة به تعليماً وتطبيقاً، وتعريفاً به في الآفاق العالمية، ونفي الشبهات المنسوبة
إليه جهلاً أو عمداً.
Annex 7
ولفت معاليه النظر إلى أن رابطة العالم الإٍسلامي أنجزت إنجازات كبيرة في خدمة الدعوة والإغاثة
والتعلم بين الشعوب والأقليات والجاليات المسلمة، وأصبحت منبراً للحوار والوسطية والاعتدال في
التعريف بالإسلام والدفاع عنه وعن أمته، وملتقىً عالمياً للشخصيات الإٍسلامية البارزة وذلك بتوفيق
لله ثم بدعم خادم الحرمين الشريفين، وسمو ولي عهده الأمين، والتعاون مع المسلمين حكومات
وشعوباً، فلله الحمد والشكر، ونسأله المزيد من الفضل والنعم.
Annex 7
كلمة بعثات الحج
بعد ذلك ألقيت كلمة بعثات الحج ألقاها نيابة عنهم معالي وزير الأوقاف والإرشاد بالجمهورية اليمنية
حمود محمد عباد عبر فيها باسمه ونيابة عن رؤساء بعثات الحج لخادم الحرمين الشريفين ولشعب
وحكومة المملكة العربية السعودية عن عظيم الشكر وجزيل التقدير على الجهود الكبيرة والعزائم
المباركة في خدمة حجاج بيته الحرام والزائرين لمسجد رسول لله عليه أفضل الصلاة والتسليم، وعلى
الإنجازات العظيمة التي شملت الحرمين الشريفين والمشاعر المقدسة.
وقال: ياخادم الحرمين الشريفين لقد تجلى من ملامح بدايات عهدك وكوامن إرادتك وقوة عزمك أنك
تحمل هم المسلمين لتيسير الصعوبات، وإقالة العثرات لأداء عبادات الحج والعمرة والزيارة في سعة
وراحة وسلامة واطمئنان خاصة وأن أعداد الحجيج والعمار تتزايد عاما بعد عام، وفي كل عام نشهد
.« إنجازاً وتوسعاً في المشاعر والحرمين تجاوزت قياسات الزمن
Annex 7
وزير الحج يلقي كلمته بين يدي خادم الحرمين (و.ا.س)
وأضاف: فمنذ أن كتب لله في أزله غزير خيراته على هذا البلد، وصدع نوره في واد غير ذي زرع بمقدم أبي
الأنبياء إبراهيم عليه السلام، وخط جل وعلا في لوحه المحفوظ وقدره المتحقق الملحوظ، دعوة خالدة
غيّرت مسار التاريخ بهذا البلد الذي ما جاءت قبل هذه الدعوة المباركة بزرع أو عطاء ضرع فهي دعوة
قلبت الجفاء إلى وفاء، والوعود إلى وجود، دعوة مباركة أطلقها الخليل عليه السلام من قلبه وضميره
إلى ربه الكريم ومولاه المانح العليم، فكانت هذه الدعوة في لظى الصحراء القاحلة والمعاناة الهائلة
خيراً وأمناً، مثلما جعل لله النار على إبراهيم برداً وسلاماً، ولأن لله قد جعل مقاديره جارية فإنه جعل
سننه سارية، فأخذتم ياخادم الحرمين الشريفين بأسباب السنن وحققتم بإبداعاتكم نهضة الوطن،
وسرتم على منهج الرحمن في ترسيخ الأمان، وسابقتم الزمان بما ابدعتموه من بناء نهضة الأوطان،
.« فعملتم بما وفقكم لله مالم يكن مع قصر المدة يخطر في بال أو مقدور أحد
وأكد وزير الأوقاف والإرشاد اليمني أن خدمة حجاج بيت لله الحرام، وترسيخ عوامل الأمن والسلام
وبناء نهضة الأوطان ومعالجة مخاطر التكفير، ومواجهة شياطين التفجير منهجًا، سيثيب لله خادم
الحرمين الشريفين على فعله ويسدده على تنفيذه.
وقال: فكما أن لله قد أحاطك بفضل عنايته ونور هدايته، فقد جبل روحك على نقاء الفطرة وعمق
البصيرة وصفاء البادية، وقوة ومراس وإرادة أبنائها الأتقياء الأنقياء الأوفياء، ليكن ذلك زادك في
مسيرة خيرك وإنجازات سيرك.
Annex 7

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التعليقات
ونوه عباد بما قام به خادم الحرمين الشريفين من دور جليل وفعل جميل، لم شمل الأخوة وربط أواصر
الحكمة والإيمان، وفي علاقته -أيده لله - بأخيه الرئيس عبد ربه هادي منصور رئيس « الأحبة في يمن
الجمهورية اليمنية الذي ما نسي في كل حين نبل مواقفه - رعاه لله - مع أهله وأحبائه اليمانيين.
وسأل لله أن يجزي خادم الحرمين الشريفين وسمو ولي عهده الأمين، وسمو وزير الداخلية رئيس
اللجنة العليا للحج ورجال الأمن الأوفياء خير الجزاء.
وقدم الشكر لمعالي وزير الحج ولجميع العاملين معه في الوزارة وفي جميع مرافق الدولة والأمن على
الخدمات الجليلة والجهود العظيمة والأداء الرائع الذي جمع في عمقه بين القيم الإسلامية والتقنية
الحديثة لخدمة حجاج بيت لله الحرام.
إثر ذلك تشرف الجميع بالسلام على خادم الحرمين الشريفين الملك عبدلله بن عبدالعزيز آل سعود.
ثم تناول الحضور طعام الغداء مع خادم الحرمين الشريفين.
بعد ذلك ودع الملك المفدى ضيوفه من أصحاب الجلالة والفخامة والدولة متمنياً لهم حجاً مبروراً
وسعياً مشكوراً .
07:04:46 2012-10- صل على سيدنا محمد 29  1
لله يطول عمرك يا ملكنا الغالي ولله مافي احد من حكام فاهم شعبو غير ابو متعب لله يحمي
ويبعد عنا الفتن ويحمي المملكة العربية
Annex 7
Main News (cont.)
Sunday, 12 Dhul Hijjah 1433H - October 28, 2012G - no. 16197
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques welcomes Islamic personalities and heads of Hajj
delegations at the annual reception in Mina
King Abdullah: the Muslim nation’s dialogue with itself is a religious duty. Disagreement,
ignorance and exaggeration threaten the hopes of Muslims
King Abdullah speaks to senior personalities performing the pilgrimage [SPA]
Mina - Saudi Press Agency (SPA)
The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, may God preserve him, held
the annual reception for Islamic personalities and heads of Hajj delegations performing the Hajj this year at
the Royal Court at Mina Palace.
Change font
Annex 7
Among the most prominent personalities who attended the reception were His Excellency Sultan Al-
Mu’tassimu Billahi Muhibbuddin Tuanku Al-Haj Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah, King of Malaysia; His
Excellency Professor Alpha Condé, President of the Republic of Guinea; Vice President of the Republic of
Indonesia Dr. Boediono; Vice President of the Republic of Iraq Tariq al-Hashimi; Prime Minister of the Islamic
Republic of Pakistan Raja Pervaiz Ashraf; and the Prime Minister of the Republic of Djibouti, Delita
Mohammed Delita.
“A center for dialogue between Islamic denominations” does not necessarily mean agreement on issues
related to creed; the aim is to reach solutions on points of difference.”
The reception was attended by HRH Prince Mutaib bin Abdulaziz Al Saud; HRH Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz
Al Saud, Crown Prince, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense; HRH Prince Khalid Faisal bin
Abdulaziz, Governor of Makkah Province and President of the Central Hajj Committee; HRH Prince Abdul
Elah bin Abdulaziz, Advisor to the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques; HH Prince Ahmed bin Abdulaziz,
Minister of Interior and President of the Supreme Hajj Committee; HH Prince Faisal bin Mohammed bin
Saud Al-Kabir; and HH Muqrin bin Abdulaziz, Advisor and Special Envoy of the Custodian of the Two Holy
Mosques, and their highnesses the Princes.
The King calls upon the United Nations for a draft condemning any state or group that insults the revealed
religions and prophets.
It was also attended by religious scholars, ministers, the Secretary General of the Organization of the Islamic
Conference, the Secretary General of the Gulf Cooperation Council, and senior officials and ambassadors of
Arab and Islamic states.
The ceremonial speeches prepared for the reception were prefaced with a recital of verses from the Holy
Quran.
The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, may God preserve him, then gave the following speech:
In the name of God, the Most Merciful, the Most Compassionate, and may prayers and blessings be upon
the Messenger of God and all of his family and companions.
The Minister of Hajj: Your approach to serving the Two Holy Mosques and the pilgrims is an extension of the
approach of King Abdulaziz.
Dear brothers present today:
May peace be upon you and the mercy of God and His blessings be upon you.
I congratulate you on the occasion of the blessed Eid Al-Adha. I wish you a successful Hajj, forgiveness of
sins and a commendable effort. May every year find you in good health.
Since the time of Abraham, peace be upon him, to the time of Prophet Mohammed, peace be upon him, to
our time, believers have flocked to the Sacred House of God, answering the call to truth in a great scene that
embodies the idea of equality, holding on to hope in God the Almighty for the unity of the Islamic nation,
rejecting dissent, and maintaining order in the Islamic ranks against the enemies of the nation and those
who lie in wait [for an opportunity to attack it].
Dialogue in the Muslim nation is a religious duty. Disagreement, partisanship, ignorance and exaggeration
are obstacles that threaten the hopes of Muslims. Dialogue strengthens moderation and the middle path
and puts an end to the causes of conflict and extremism. The only way out of this situation is to place our
hope in God. He has said, “and despair not of the Spirit of Allah. Lo! none despaireth of the Spirit of Allah
save disbelieving folk.” Consequently, resolute and faithful trust in God does not give heed to obstacles,
whatever they may be.
Annex 7
Al-Turki: We hope that the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques and the sincere leaders of the nation will
redouble their efforts to deal with the threats.
Dear brothers:
The idea of a center for dialogue among Islamic denominations, which we have announced in Mecca, does
not necessarily mean agreement on issues related to creed. Indeed, the aim is to reach solutions on points
of difference and to establish co-existence among the denominations away from intrigues and other such
matters. This will benefit our Islamic nation and unite it.
From my position, here, next to the Sacred House of God, I call upon the United Nations to draw up a draft
that condemns any state or group that insults the revealed religions and prophets. This is our duty and a
duty of every Muslim in defense of our Islamic religion and the messengers of Truth.
The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques sits amidst senior personalities and heads of Hajj delegations (SPA)
In addition, I ask God to strengthen hope in our hearts that rely on Him and to make us steadfast in adhering
to the truth and obedience [to Him].
Thank you.
The Minister of Hajj’s speech:
Then HH Minister of Hajj Bandar bin Mohammed Al Hajjar gave a speech in which he said:
In the name of God, the Most Merciful, the most Compassionate,
“Praise the name of thy Lord the Most High, who creates and fashions in due proportions, who hath
ordained laws and granted guidance.”
Prayers and blessings be on the Apostle of God, our Master Muhammad, and all of his family and
companions.
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
Annex 7
Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, the Crown Prince, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defense
Your Excellencies, honorable guests,
Dear honorable gathering,
May peace be upon you and the mercy of God and His blessings.
Sire, on a similar day in the month of Dhul Hijjah 1432H, you made a royal statement in which you stated
that security and stability are among the reasons for the growth of societies and the prosperity of their
economies, and that through them prosperity prevails, and the nation moves forward.
You also called upon the Muslims to use the Hajj as a means to learn to reject dissent and conflict. You
explained that this good land in which the pilgrims are eager to perform the minor and major pilgrimages is
blessed with security and stability as a result of the supplications of the Father of the Prophets, Abraham,
and the grace of God Almighty. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has the honor of serving the pilgrims to the
Sacred House of God. It appreciates the magnitude of the trust given to it. Consequently, we are hopeful of
reward and recompense from God the Almighty and proceed with the help of the Almighty Lord and
consider serving the pilgrims and their safety to be one of the greatest responsibilities we bear.
Discussion between King Abdullah and senior guests during the reception (SPA)
Annex 7
I refer to this extensive speech to also recall your charitable initiative for the interest of the nation in
particular and humanity in general. First came the invitation to hold an Islamic Solidarity Summit, which was
held in Mecca during the peak of the Umrah season on 26-27 Ramadan 1433H (14-15 August 2012G), during
which you made a royal statement that proposed a roadmap for facilitating solidarity, tolerance, and
moderation, combating extremism, and suppression of sedition. The mechanisms for achieving this good
initiative included a proposal to establish a center for dialogue among Islamic denominations to reach a
common position that will be adopted, based on the plan that its members will be appointed by the Islamic
Summit Conference. Amidst the momentum of the large gains it has since made, which include a sense of
optimism for a promising future for the Muslim nation, I thank you very much.
I will also use this good opportunity to present to Your Majesty my thanks and gratitude in
acknowledgement of your kind and unlimited support and guidance. This has, thanks be to God, enabled
success in adequately meeting the needs of pilgrims so they can perform the rituals in ease and comfort.
This approach in which you are proceeding is an expansion of what was established by your great late
father, HRH King Abdulaziz Bin Abdulrahman Faisal Al Saud, which has been followed by his distinguished
successors until this prosperous era, which itself is witnessing an unprecedented developmental and
civilizational shift. This is due to the grace of God and the wise and balanced policy of the judicious
government of Saudi Arabia, which considers the means for achieving its goals in accordance with its plan
for the nation, its citizens, the pilgrims and its visitors, equally.
The King welcomes Sheikh Al-Qaradawi (SPA)
Annex 7
The truth of the matter is that everything that is planned is based on faith. This is what motivates you to
spend millions, nay, billions of Saudi riyals. At the forefront of this were the successive expansions of the two
Holy Mosques, opening more roads and bridges to buses, opening tunnels, and construction in Mecca and
Medina, and the establishment of a bus shuttle service. This has resulted in a clean environment and
reducing the time taken to transport pilgrims. This is in addition to the train at the holy sites which helps to
transport some 500,000 pilgrims in record time and the completion of the multi-level Al-Jamaraat Bridge,
which is a town that includes numerous administrative, supervisory, security, and health facilities and air
craft landing strips to ensure the success of the plans to safely manage human crowds.
In addition, the Two Holy Mosques Train will enter into service in the next two years to transport pilgrims
and visitors between the two holy cities of Mecca and Medina via Jeddah.
Prince Mutaib, Prince Ahmed, Prince Khalid Faisal, Tariq Al-Hashimi and a number of VIPs during the reception (SPA)
The most iconic of the giant projects is the new project for expansion of the Holy Mosque in Mecca, much of
which has been completed to extend it to hold 1.6 million worshippers. Also iconic is the project for
expansion of the Prophet’s Mosque, the area of the buildings and courtyards of which, when complete, will
be approximately 1,021,000 square meters.
I will conclude my speech with a selection from the generous speech that you made, may God preserve you,
in Medina, on the occasion of the laying of the foundation stone for the expansion project, due to the
essential implications that it contains for fundamental issues. For example, you said, “God has blessed us
with the honor of serving the Two Holy Mosques—and what a great and worthy service it is. Our belief in
the Truth is the basis of our resolve and strength in defending our religious law and creed and our Prophet
Mohammed, may the peace and blessings of God be upon him. We will remain steadfast in this and will not
fall back until the Day of Judgement, God willing, because it is an honor, dignity, and pride.
Annex 7
You also called upon the rational people of the world to confront anyone who attempts to insult the
revealed religions or the prophets and apostles. This is just a little of much that I wanted to present in
appreciation of your precious time. I ask the Almighty to grant you, HRH the Crown prince and the wise
Saudi Government more success, guidance and accomplishment toward everything that is good and
righteous for Islam and the Muslims.
Princes and VIPs during the reception (SPA)
Peace be upon you and the mercy of God and His blessings.
Al-Turki’s speech
Afterward, HE the Secretary General of the Muslim World League, Dr. Abdullah Bin Abdulmohsen Al-Turki
gave a speech, which he began by extending his best wishes to the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, the
Crown Prince, HRH the Royal Princes, the distinguished attendees, and pilgrims on the occasion of the
blessed Eid Al-Adha.
He said: “The Muslim World League is pleased to express its praise and the praise of the guests of the
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques for the great efforts that Saudi Arabia has made to facilitate the Hajj
and its requirements in all areas, and the constant development of plans and projects at the two Holy
Mosques and the religious sites.”
Annex 7
The custodian of the Holy Mosques speaks with Professor İhsanoğlu and Tariq Al-Hashimi (SPA)
He said: “The Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques went straight to Medina upon his auspicious return to
Saudi Arabia to inaugurate the immense expansion of the Prophet’s Mosque to allow it to hold more than
three million worshippers. He has a tremendous impact on Muslims and I ask God to reward him and the
Crown Prince and to keep Saudi Arabia proud as an example to the Muslims of how to follow the Quran and
the Sunnah, apply God’s Law, serve the two Holy Mosques, defend Islam, strive to unite the nation, solve
the problems of the Muslims and stand alongside them in their trials: ‘Those who, if We give them power in
the land, establish worship and pay the poor-due and enjoin goodness and forbid iniquity. And Allah’s is the
sequel of events.’” (Al-Hajj: 41).
He stated that to glorify God’s rituals and sacred places, every person responsible for the Hajj is working to
spread brotherhood and love among the pilgrims and to preserve the holiness of the season, as no slogans
are raised except oneness of God and worship of Him, unity and harmony of the nation through the
brotherhood of Islam, and the loftiness of its eternal message.
Annex 7
His Excellency stated that the Muslim World League is following the events in some Muslim countries with
great interest and concern, particularly Syria, and that it is calling on official and popular efforts to be
increased to deal with the catastrophic situation there and to bring an end to the bloodshed that Syrian
regime has taken too far.
His Excellency said: “The League denounces the stirring of sectarian strife between Muslims as a pretext to
interfere in the internal affairs of some Islamic states, which makes the nation more fragmented and
weaker. I hope that the custodian of the Two Holy Mosques and the faithful leaders of the nation will
increase efforts to deal with the threats to the nation that are targeting its unity and stability and that they
coordinate their efforts through organizations that will bring the nation together and their cultural,
jurisprudential and legal bodies.”
Annex 7
Senior Hajj officials have the honor of greeting the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques (SPA)
He added: “The League and Islamic centers and bodies praise the Fourth Extraordinary Islamic Summit
Conference held in Mecca at the end of Ramadan and the Mecca Charter on Strengthening Islamic Solidarity
issued there. The League considers it a basis for launching capacity building for the nation and its
establishments to achieve its revival, restore its solidarity and establish good governance to promote the
values of shura, dialogue and justice.”
He added that “In spite of the trials it is experiencing, the Muslim nation remains an active guardian of the
truth sent by God with his messengers to past nations, which was then inherited by this nation which seeks
to protect it: ‘Then We gave the Scripture as inheritance unto those whom We elected of Our bondmen’
(Fatir: 32). In this way, He has made this nation a witness for people: ‘Thus We have appointed you a middle
nation, that ye may be witnesses against mankind, and that the messenger may be a witness against you.’
(Al-Baqara: 143). In our countries, we have resources and people with special abilities that enrich them and
are qualified to cure their weaknesses and overcome their trials, and thus revive our communities. We must
look at the reasons for cohesion among us to carry out our nation’s mission and build its revival on a
foundation of assigning proper importance to teaching, applying and introducing it around the world, and
refuting the suspicions attributed to it ignorantly or deliberately.”
Annex 7
He mentioned that the Muslim World League has had major achievements in serving the call to the religion
and providing aid and education to Muslim peoples, minorities and communities. It has become a platform
for dialogue and moderation in introducing people to Islam, defending both Islam and the nation, and
providing an international meeting place for prominent Muslim personalities. This was done by the grace of
God and the support of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques and HRH the Crown Prince, and with the
cooperation of Muslim governments and people. All praise and thanks be to God and we ask Him for more
grace and blessings.
Annex 7
Speech of Hajj delegations:
After that, the speech of the hajj delegations was given on their behalf by HE the Minister of Religious
Endowments and Guidance of the Republic of Yemen, Hamoud Mohammed Abbad, in which he expressed
on his own behalf and on behalf of the heads of the Hajj delegations great thanks and appreciation to the
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques and the people and government of Saudi Arabia for their major efforts
and determination in providing services to the pilgrims to God’s sacred house and visitors to the mosque of
the Apostle of God, as well as the great achievements at the Two Holy Mosques and the holy sites.
He said: “O custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, it was clear from the features of the beginning of your reign
by your interest and the strength of your resolve that you have an interest in facilitating the difficulties of
Muslims, reducing the obstacles to performing the rituals of Hajj and Umrah and visiting [the religious sites]
in safety, comfort and certainty, particularly with the numbers of pilgrims that increase every year. Every
year we witness an accomplishment and expansion of the sites and the Two Holy Mosques, which are done
in record time.”
Annex 7
The Minister of Hajj delivers his speech before the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques (SPA)
He added, “Since God wrote His timeless blessings for this country and sent forth his light in the barren
valley with the arrival of Father of the Prophets Abraham and wrote in His blessed Book and set forth with
His decree an eternal call that changed the history of this land in which there was no agriculture or fertility.
It is a call that transformed this barren land into a land of fulfilment and potential into reality. It was a
blessed call that Abraham made from his heart and his conscience to his All-Knowing Lord and Master. This
call for goodness and safety was made in the blazing, arid desert amid enormous suffering. Just as God
made the fire cool and safe for Abraham, God made its abundance ongoing and his traditions lasting. You, o
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, have taken the reasons for these traditions and, through your
creativity, have achieved the revival of the nation. You have continued on the path of the Almighty by
establishing safety and have raced against time in your creativity to build the revival of nations. You have
done what God has destined for you despite the shortness of time what has never occurred to anybody and
what nobody else could have done.”
The Yemeni Minister of Religious Endowments and Guidance stated that for his service to pilgrims to the
House of God, his establishment of peace and safety, his building of the revival of nations, his dealing with
the risks of calling Muslims disbelievers and dealing with those who have adopted violence as a practice,
God will reward the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques and bless him for what he has done.
He said: “Just as God has granted you the grace of His care and the light of His guidance, He has created in
your soul the pureness of instinct, depth of vision, clarity, strength, power and will of its devout, pure and
faithful people in order to be your provisions on the path of goodness and the achievement of your labors.”
Annex 7
Abbad praised the role played and the good actions of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques in reestablishing
brotherhood and ties of affection with Yemen with wisdom and faith and through his
relationship with his brother, President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, President of the Republic of Yemen, who
will not forget the nobility of his position towards his Yemeni family and loved ones.
He asked God to bless the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, HRH the Crown Prince, HRH the Minister of
Interior and President of the Supreme Committee for the Hajj, and the loyal security officers.
He offered his thanks to HE the Minister of the Hajj and everyone working with him at the Ministry and all
agencies of the state and the security services for the important services, great efforts and wonderful
actions that combine Islamic values and modern technology to serve the pilgrims to the sacred House of
God.
Thereafter, all people present were honored to greet the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, King Abdullah
Bin Abdulaziz Al Saud.
The attendees then had lunch with the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques.
After that, the beloved King bade farewell to his eminent guests and wished them a successful Hajj and
divine acceptance of their efforts.
Annex 7
Annex 7
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Annex 8
David D. Kirkpatrick, “Journalist Joins His Jailer’s Side in a Bizarre Persian Gulf Feud”,
The New York Times (1 July 2017), available at https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/01/world/
middleeast/qatar-egypt-united-arab-emirates-mohamed-fahmy.html

Journalist Joins His Jailer’s Side in a Bizarre Persian Gulf Feud
The New York Times
July 1, 2017 Saturday 00:00 EST
Copyright 2017 The New York Times Company All Rights Reserved
Section: WORLD; middleeast
Length: 1636 words
Byline: DAVID D. KIRKPATRICK
Highlight: Mohamed Fahmy, who was working for the Qatari-owned Al Jazeera when the Egyptian authorities jailed him in
2013, has become a pawn in an intra-gulf rivalry.
Body
LONDON — The journalist Mohamed Fahmy had been working in Cairo for Al Jazeera when the Egyptian authorities threw
him in prison for more than a year, accusing him of stirring up unrest as an agent of the channel’s owner, the Qatari
government.
Now, less than two years after his release, he has filed a lawsuit for more than $100 million. But the target of the suit is not
Egypt; it is his former employers: Al Jazeera and Qatar.
And a recent campaign of surveillance and computer hacking against Mr. Fahmy, for Qatar’s benefit, revealed that a senior
official of the United Arab Emirates later provided $250,000 to help pay for the legal action.
Behind these bizarre twists and turns is a Persian Gulf family feud, pitting Qatar against the United Arab Emirates and its
regional clients, including Egypt.
Mr. Fahmy, no longer a neutral bystander, has become a pawn exploited and abused by both sides.
The intra-gulf rivalry erupted into open hostility last month as the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia and Egypt severed all
trade, travel and diplomatic ties with Qatar, accusing it of using Al Jazeera broadcasts and financial support to promote Islamist
extremism and interfere in the affairs of its neighbors. Qatar disputed those allegations and said its own internal affairs had
become the targets of Saudi and Emirati meddling.
Mr. Fahmy, 43, has eagerly joined in, holding a recent news conference in Washington to add his voice to Saudi and Emirati
accusations that Qatar and Al Jazeera conspire with Islamist extremists. “Qatar has been given so many chances, and they have
been warned so many times,” he said, commending the Saudi and Emirati blockade.
Asked at the news conference if he had consulted Saudi or Emirati officials, or if he was close to the Emirati ambassador to
Washington, Yousef al-Otaiba, Mr. Fahmy said, falsely, “To simply answer your question, no.” (Mr. Fahmy said this past week
that he was protecting a friend.)
Mr. Fahmy, an Egyptian-Canadian, now lives in Vancouver, British Columbia. He acknowledged in a recent telephone
interview that he had received what he described as a “loan” from Mr. Otaiba to finance the legal action against Qatar. The
ambassador had been a friend since they attended high school together in Egypt, at the Cairo American College, and he was
one of several people asked for financial support, Mr. Fahmy said.
He insisted that the money for the lawsuit had gone to a third party, whom Mr. Fahmy refused to name. “I have not received a
penny from Yousef,” he said.
Annex 8
Journalist Joins His Jailer’s Side in a Bizarre Persian Gulf Feud
But he dismissed many of the other claims raised by investigators who conducted the surveillance against him. He called the
assertions in their resulting report “absurd,” saying they were “fabrications” by Al Jazeera and Qatar in “a systematic campaign
to smear my reputation.”
The investigation raised far-fetched allegations that Mr. Fahmy had worked covertly for nearly two decades as a spy for Italy,
beginning when he was still a full-time college student in Vancouver. The report included many handwritten observations,
presented as originating with Israeli intelligence, that describe dozens of sightings of Mr. Fahmy in Rome and at Italian
diplomatic facilities in Paris, Cairo and Morocco.
But in an interview this past week, Mr. Fahmy said he had never been to Italy or Morocco, nor to the other Italian diplomatic
facilities mentioned in the report. For several of the dates in question, he provided detailed evidence that he had been far from
the alleged meeting locations.
The investigative report — hundreds of pages in length — was provided to The New York Times and other journalists by
intermediaries sympathetic to Qatar in an apparent attempt to discredit Mr. Fahmy. The name of the client who commissioned
the research was deleted from the copy provided to The Times. But the report indicates that the anonymous client had given the
investigators a copy of Mr. Fahmy’s Canadian passport and already had a “comprehensive knowledge of the subject and his
activities,” as a former employer might.
The report is also the latest in a series of cases when emails from Mr. Otaiba’s account have appeared in leaks embarrassing the
United Arab Emirates and benefiting Qatar. All are widely believed to be the work of hackers working for Qatar.
A spokesman for the government of Qatar said it had no knowledge of any investigation of Mr. Fahmy, and a representative of
the Emirati Embassy in Washington did not respond to a request for comment.
Mr. Fahmy worked for a few months in 2007 as a freelance reporter for the Cairo bureau of The Times. He went on to work as
a reporter and producer for CNN, where he helped cover the Arab Spring revolts of 2011 in Egypt and Libya.
Al Jazeera was known in Egypt for its sympathetic coverage of Mohamed Morsi, the ousted Egyptian president, and his
political faction, the Muslim Brotherhood. Egypt’s Emirati-backed military government, which removed Mr. Morsi from power
in July 2013, considered Al Jazeera a tool of Qatar and the Brotherhood, and Egyptian security forces had already raided the
offices of Al Jazeera’s Arabic language channels before the network hired Mr. Fahmy, in September 2013.
Mr. Fahmy, a nominal Muslim who drank alcohol and seldom prayed, personally opposed the Brotherhood and cheered for the
military takeover, he told friends at the time.
But Al Jazeera offered him a job as the Cairo bureau chief for its English-language arm, which was less conspicuously
supportive of the Muslim Brotherhood than its Arabic-language counterparts. Mr. Fahmy later wrote in a memoir that he had
been convinced that Al Jazeera would maintain, and the Egyptian government would accept, a bright-line distinction between
the sister Arabic and English networks. His lawsuit centers on claims that Al Jazeera broke promises to uphold that separation
and to secure a proper Egyptian broadcasting license.
The Egyptian police arrested Mr. Fahmy and two colleagues in Cairo in December 2013 on charges that they had conspired
with the Muslim Brotherhood to broadcast false reports of unrest in Egypt. (Prosecutors never presented any evidence to
support the charges.)
Former fellow inmates say Mr. Fahmy started talking avidly of suing Al Jazeera almost as soon as he was arrested. He soon
also echoed the claims of the Egyptian government and its Emirati patrons that Al Jazeera had been conspiring with the
Brotherhood and promoting dangerous extremism. He initiated his lawsuit against Al Jazeera in a Canadian court in May 2015,
before he was released from jail in September of that year.
His fellow prisoners said the lawsuit appeared motivated in part by a desire for a big payoff from Qatar and was in part a
strategy to win over the Egyptian authorities.
After his release, Mr. Fahmy also began corresponding with Mr. Otaiba. When Mr. Fahmy gave a news conference in Cairo in
May 2015, for example, Mr. Otaiba emailed an offer to arrange coverage by the Emirati-linked news network SkyNews Arabia.
Annex 8
Journalist Joins His Jailer’s Side in a Bizarre Persian Gulf Feud
“SkyNews to take it live would be awesome, I think a nudge to their C.E.O. could make it happen,” Mr. Fahmy wrote back.
“Already done,” Mr. Otaiba responded. “Let’s hope they can get there.”
After the news conference, Mr. Fahmy wrote to the ambassador, “I plan to keep the pressure on through the media,” and he
alluded to documents from the Qatari opposition that would “embarrass the government.”
He asked for money, too. “I am looking for a personal loan with a written agreement to pay back on success plus interest, and
or a profit margin,” Mr. Fahmy wrote in the same email.
His appeal seems to have worked. That October, Mr. Otaiba emailed an Egyptian businessman, Tawfik Diab, a relative, to
arrange a transfer of $250,000 to an account under Mr. Fahmy’s name at the Royal Bank of Canada in Montreal. (Mr. Fahmy
said in the interview that the Montreal account had belonged to the unnamed third party and that he had been unaware until
now of Mr. Diab’s involvement.)
A few days later, Mr. Fahmy confirmed the transaction. “The money is in,” he wrote, and he promised “a progress report that
we were planning to send to AD” — presumably Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates. “My team here will start
working on the media blitz to revive the case in U.S. media,” he added.
The next May, in 2016, Mr. Fahmy emailed information about his personal checking account, in Vancouver, to Mr. Otaiba. But
it is unclear how Mr. Otaiba responded. Mr. Fahmy said in the interview that there had been no payment, and he provided
corroborating bank statements.
The investigation into Mr. Fahmy began in late November, according to a footnote to the report. The investigators obtained
telephone bills, call lists, credit reports, court records, electronic communications, and photographs of Mr. Fahmy’s residences
and workplaces. They also compiled a list of places where his wife likes to shop.
A second report by the same investigators mixed in the handwritten notes, allegedly compiled by Israeli intelligence, claiming
that Mr. Fahmy had worked as a spy for Italy since as early as 1997. Other handwritten documents, also unconfirmed, purport
to indicate a secret account in his name in the Vatican Bank.
Mr. Fahmy called the report defamation and said he would add it to his lawsuit. There is no turning back, he said. “I am in too
deep now.”
PHOTO: From left, the journalists Peter Greste, Mohamed Fahmy and Baher Mohamed during their 2014 trial in Cairo. Mr.
Fahmy was accused of stirring up unrest as an agent of the Qatari government. (PHOTOGRAPH BY KHALED
DESOUKI/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE — GETTY IMAGES)
Related Articles
• Egypt Pardons Al Jazeera Journalists Mohamed Fahmy and Baher Mohamed
• How Qatar Used and Abused Its Al Jazeera Journalists
• Al Jazeera Journalists Are Not Egypt’s Enemies
• 5 Arab Nations Move to Isolate Qatar, Putting the U.S. in a Bind
Load-Date: July 3, 2017
End of Document
Annex 8

Annex 9
J. Malsin & S. Said, “Saudi Arabia Promised Support to Libyan Warlord in Push to Seize
Tripoli”, The Wall Street Journal (12 Apr. 2019), available at https://www.wsj.com/articles/
saudi-arabia-promised-support-to-libyan-warlord-in-push-to-seize-tripoli-11555077600

Annex 9
This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. To order presentation-ready copies for distribution to your colleagues, clients or customers visit
https://www.djreprints.com.
https://www.wsj.com/articles/saudi-arabia-promised-support-to-li byan-warlord-in-push-to-seize-tripoli-11555077600
MIDDLEE AST
Saudi Arabia Promised Support to Libyan
Warlord in Push to Seize Tripoli
As some nations looked to Khalifa Haftar for stability in Libya, others backed his army
By Jared Malsin in Cairo and Summer Said in Dubai
Updated April 12, 20191:30 pm ET
Days before Libyan military commander Khalifa Haftar launched an offensive to seize the
capital and attempt to unite the divided country under his rule, Saudi Arabia promised tens of
millions of dollars to help pay for the operation, according to senior advisers to the Saudi
government.
The offer came during a visit to Saudi Arabia that was just one of several meetings Mr. Haftar
had with foreign dignitaries in the weeks and days before he began the military campaign on
April 4.
Foreign powers including the U.S. and the European Union have looked to Mr. Haftar, whose
forces control much of eastern Libya, as a necessary participant in peace negotiations with the
United Nations-backed government in Tripoli.
While the U.S. and EU called on Mr. Haftar to avoid military conflict, other powers have
provided weapons, funds and other support that aided his quest to take control of the oilrich
North African state.
Foreign contacts-even to encourage peace-have secured the status of the Libyan warlord.
"They thought he was agreeing to a diplomatic process. He thought he was building up his
power," said Jonathan M. Winer, the former U.S. special envoy to Libya.
Mr. Haftar accepted the recent Saudi offer of funds, according to the senior Saudi advisers, who
said the money was intended for buying the loyalty of tribal leaders, recruiting and paying
Annex 9
fighters, and other military purposes.
"We were quite generous," one of the advisers said.
The Saudi government didn't respond to a request for comment on the offer. A spokesman for
Mr. Haftar didn't respond to a request for comment on the Saudi pledge and other foreign
contacts.
The offensive on Tripoli represents the latest upheaval in a country that has lurched from crisis
to crisis since longtime leader Moammar Gadhafi was overthrown and killed in a 2011 armed
uprising. The chaos that ensued provided ground for Islamic State to operate and offered a
route for hundreds of thousands of migrants to reach Europe in recent years.
SHARE YOUR THOUGHTS
Libya is now
split
between the
What should a political settlement look like in Libya? Join the conversation below. internationa
lly
recognized
government in Tripoli and a government allied with Mr. Haftar based in eastern Libya.
"Haftar would not be a player today without the foreign support he has received," said Wolfram
Lacher, a Libya expert at the German Institute for International and Security Affairs. "The last
few months, pretty much everyone jumped on the Haftar train."
On the day after Mr. Haftar launched the assault on Tripoli, U.N. Secretary General Antonio
Guterres visited the commander to urge him to abandon any offensive and help revive a U.N.sponsored
peace process. Mr. Guterres said he left the country "with a heavy heart and deeply
concerned."
Such visits have become more frequent as Mr. Haftar's influence in Libya has grown. Days
earlier, Mr. Haftar had hosted a delegation of ambassadors and officials from 13 European states
and the EU, who urged him to stand down.
The following day, on March 27, he was welcomed in Riyadh by Saudi King Salman and Crown
Prince Mohammed Bin Salman. Undisclosed by the Saudi government at the time, he also met
with Saudi Arabia's interior minister and intelligence chief, according to the Saudi advisers.
The Saudi government didn't respond to a request for comment about Mr. Haftar's meetings in
the kingdom.
"King Salman stressed the kingdom's eagerness for security and stability in Libya," the Saudi
Ministry of Foreign Affairs tweeted afterward.
Annex 9
Members of Khalifa Haftar's Libyan National Army head out of Benghazi on April 7 to reinforce troops advancing to Tripoli.
PHOTO: ESAM OM RAN AL-FETORI/REUTERS
The Saudis and some other Middle Eastern states have backed Mr. Haftar as a bulwark against
Islamist groups, notably the Muslim Brotherhood, who took on a prominent role in Libya
following the 2011 uprising and continue to participate in political life under the Tripoli
government.
Mr. Haftar has received air support from the United Arab Emirates and Egypt, according to a
U.N. panel monitoring the international arms embargo on Libya. Egypt denies this, and the
U.A.E. hasn't acknowledged or commented on the presence of its aircraft in Libya as
documented by the U.N.
U.S. officials say Russia has sent weapons and military advisers, which the Kremlin denies.
A handout photo made available by the Libyan Army Media office shows United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres,
left, meeting with Mr. Haftar in Benghazi on April 5. PHOTO: LIBYAN ARMY MEDIA OFFICE HANDOUT/SHUTTERSTOCK
Annex 9
The U.S., meanwhile, has backed Mr. Haftar's rivals in Tripoli. But before the attack on the
capital, Trump administration officials expressed a willingness for Mr. Haftar to play a role in
Libya's future under a possible political settlement.
President Trump's national security adviser, John Bolton, spoke with Mr. Haftar by phone the
day before the attack on Tripoli and urged him to stand down, according to a senior Trump
administration official.
"I suspect he was on the move already" when Mr. Bolton spoke to him, the official said.
After the attack began, the U.S. responded with a public call for Mr. Haftar to halt his offensive.
"There is no military solution to the Libya conflict," Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said on
Sunday. The following day, the U.S. military said it had pulled its small contingent of forces
from the country.
Saudi Arabia's King Salman bin Abdulaziz met with Libyan military commander Khalifa Haftar in Riyadh on March 27. PHOTO:
BANDAR ALGALOUD/SAUDI ROYAL COURT/REUTERS
Mr. Haftar has showed no signs of backing down. In recent days, his forces, attacking the
outskirts of Tripoli from the south and west, have been slowed by resistance from militias that
have often been at odds with one another but have united in opposition to a common foe.
The fighting has driven more than 6,000 people from their homes since April 4, according to the
U.N. At least 58 people have died and 275 wounded, the U.N. said.
Mr. Haftar's quest to consolidate power in Libya has deep roots, nourished over the years by
various foreign governments.
As a military commander, Mr. Haftar broke with Ghaddafi in the 1980s and became part of a
C.I.A.-backed effort to destabilize the Libyan regime. He then spent two decades in exile in the
U.S., before returning to join the rebellion in 2011.
Annex 9
In 2014, Mr. Haftar launched a military campaign he said was intended to snuff out terrorists, a
term he applied to a swath of Islamist groups and other opponents. Foreign air power and
hardware gave him an edge in a country divided among an array of lightly armed factions.
In 2016, France sent special forces to fight Islamist militants around the city of Benghazi in
cooperation with Mr. Haftar's troops.
Russia flew Mr. Haftar to an aircraft carrier in the Mediterranean in 2017 in a display of
support. The Kremlin has cultivated ties with both sides of the Libyan conflict as it seeks to
expand its regional influence to the southern shores of Europe.
With the foreign backing, Mr. Haftar's forces established loose control over a huge section of
the country, including the eastern city of Benghazi and much of its physical oil infrastructure.
In recent months his forces swept into southern Libya before turning north toward the capital.
Close observers of Libya say that Mr. Haftar has interpreted increased international attention
as a sign of his legitimacy.
"Haftar did not want to be part of the solution. He wanted to be the solution," said Mr. Lacher.
Libyan fighters loyal to the Tripoli-based government are shown on Wednesday during clashes with forces loyal to Khalifa
Haftar. PHOTO: MAHMUD TURKIA/AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE/GETTY IMAGES
-Laurence Norman in Brussels and Vivian Salama in Washington contributed to this article.
Write to Jared Malsin [email protected] and Summer Said at [email protected]
Annex 9
LIBYA DIVIDED
Since the 2011 death of Libyan strongman Moammar Gadhafi, this oil-rich North African
country has become a theater of rival, foreign-backed governments and militias pushing
different agendas. In the chaos, Islamic State has taken root and migrants from the Middle East
and Africa are flowing through to Europe. At stake now as fighting heats up again isn't just
Libya's stability but billions of dollars in oil revenue. Here are the main rival players in the
country's volatile political mix:
• •The Government of National Accord: Established through a United Nations-brokered political deal in 2015,
the Tripoli-based government is headed by Prime Minister Faiez Serraj. It is backed by militias, including
powerful ones in Misrata, and security forces under the government's nominal control. The Tripoli
government also controls the central bank and the country's vast oil revenues under the auspices of the
National oil company. Aside from the U.N., its international backers include the U.S. and the European Union,
with which the government cooperates to halt illegal migration across the Mediterranean. The U.S. has
launched hundreds of airstrikes to help the government drive Islamic State from its foothold in Sirte city in
2016.
• •The Eastern government: A rival government is based in the eastern cities of Tobruk and Bayda, including a
Parliament in Bayda. It is allied with Khalifa Haflar, the renegade military commander whose self-proclaimed
Libyan National Army launched an assault on Tripoli on Friday. His militias have gradually established control
over a huge swath of Libya. The group's international backers include Egypt, Russia, and the United Arab
Emirates. Libya's oil revenues still go to government in Tripoli, which also controls the central bank, but Mr.
Haflar and his militias control most of the oil infrastructure. Their attempts to independently export the oil last
year were blocked by a U.N. embargo on illicit sales.
Appeared in the April 13, 2019, print edition as 'Saudis Helped to Fund Libyan Assault.'
Copyright© 2019 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved
This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. To order presentation-ready copies for distribution to your colleagues, clients or customers visit
https://www.djreprints.com.
Annex 10
Patrick Wintour, “Libya crisis: Egypt’s Sisi backs Haftar assault on Tripoli”, The Guardian
(14 Apr. 2019), available at https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/14/libya-crisisegypt-
sisi-backs-haftar-assault-on-tripoli

Patrick Wintour Diplomatic
editor
April 13,
2019
Libya crisis: Egypt’s Sisi backs Haftar assault on Tripoli
theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/14/libya-crisis-egypt-sisi-backs-haftar-assault-on-tripoli
Khalifa Haftar, the Libyan warlord
bombarding Tripoli in an attempt to oust the
country’s UN-recognised government, has
won unequivocal support from the Egyptian
leader, Abdel Fatah al-Sisi, his closest political
ally.
“The president affirmed Egypt’s support in
efforts to fight terrorism and extremist
militias to achieve security and stability for
Libyan citizens throughout the country,” Sisi’s office said on Sunday.
It is thought Haftar also has the private support of leaders in Saudi Arabia and the United
Arab Emirates.
The Cairo meeting came amid reports the Italian security services were warning that Libya
could become “another Syria”, as fighting and general instability could prompt thousands
more people to try to flee across the Mediterranean to Europe.
Haftar has defied international calls to halt his battle against fighters loyal to the
government of national accord (GNA) based in Tripoli, the capital. The warlord supports a
parallel administration based in Libya’s east. Egypt has provided funding and arms to
Haftar’s “Libyan National Army”, seeing him as a bulwark against Islamist militants.
As fighting raged in the capital, the death toll since Haftar’s assault began on Thursday was
put at 121 by the UN World Health Organization, with nearly 600 wounded. More than
13,000 civilians have been displaced by the fighting, which has included air raids that have
hit schools.
In a message directed at Haftar, the UN’s special envoy for Libya, Ghassan Salamé, said:
“Our position will not change. You’ve learned and tasted war. No matter how obstinate one
becomes, there is no solution except a political one.”
Before last week, Salamé believed he had finally negotiated a deal that would have seen a
painful reunification of Haftar’s forces in the east with the government in the west, thereby
creating a single set of economic and political institutions across the country for the first
time in four years.
1/2
Annex 10
Haftar’s assault, as well as thwarting that plan, threatens to disrupt oil supplies. The
chairman of the Libyan National Oil Corporation warned that supplies faced their biggest
threat since 2011, when Nato-backed Libyan forces ousted Muammar Gaddafi.
With Haftar seemingly bogged down on the outskirts of Tripoli, Sisi was probably the single
external leader who might have persuaded the Libyan warlord to accept a ceasefire.
Italy, the former colonial power in Libya, with extensive oil investments, is trying to protect
the Tripoli-based government, led by Fayez al-Sarraj. Italy’s coalition government has ruled
out any use of military force.
Italian newspapers reported that Italian security services had warned that 6,000 people
might try to flee the fighting, and that human traffickers were trying to take advantage of
the chaos. The International Organization for Migration said it was impossible to predict the
numbers that might try to leave detention camps, some of which are administered by the
UN. The Italian interior minister, Matteo Salvini, has insisted Italian ports will remain closed
to all migrants.
Italy’s already fraught diplomatic relations with France have been put under further
pressure by Haftar’s attack. Last week France blocked a draft EU resolution that would have
condemned him and called for him to retreat.
The GNA vice-president, Ahmed Maiteeq, was due in Rome on Monday as part of a tour of
Europe including Berlin and London, where he will try to enlist support for a ceasefire – only
if Haftar’s forces retreat to pre-existing positions.
2/2
Annex 10
Annex 11
Ramadan Al Sherbini, “Iran to face ‘strong response’ if it closes Strait of Hormuz”, Gulf News
(20 June 2019) available at https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/iran-to-face-strong-responseif-
it-closes-strait-of-hormuz-1.64730838

Annex 11
GULF NEWS~
CULF
Iran to face 'strong response' if it closes Strait
of Hormuz
Al Jubeir pins dialogue with Qatar on behaviour change
Published: June 20, 201917:36
Ramadan Al Sherbini, CorresAondent
I
Saudi Arabia's Foreign Minister Adel al-Jubeir speaks at a briefing with reporters in London, Britain June 20, 2019.
Im age Credit: REUTERS
Riyadh: Iran would face a "very, very strong" response if it closed the vital Strait of Hormuz, Saudi Minister of State
for Foreign Affairs Adel Al Jubeir said on Thursday.
His warning comes shortly after the US said that Iran had shot down a US drone in the international airspace over
the strait.
"The situation in the region is very dangerous because of Iran's behaviour," Al Jubeir said.
Last week, two tankers were attacked in the Gulf of Oman near the Strait of Hormuz. Last month, four commercial
ships, including two Saudi oil tankers, were sabotaged off the coast of the United Arab Emirates.
The US has blamed Iran for the attacks.
Al Jubeir cited an increase in the Iranian attacks in the region in recent weeks.
Annex 11
"Saudi Arabia does not want war with Iran. [But] the international community is determined to confront Tehran's
hostile behaviour," he added.
Al Jubeir, meanwhile, ruled out dialogue with Qatar unless it changes its behaviour.
"We demand Qatar to stop its support for the radical groups and interference in other countries' affairs," the Saudi
official said. "Patience is running thin with Qatar."
In June 2017, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Egypt severed diplomatic and transportation
links with the tiny Gulf emirate over its sponsorship of militant groups.
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Annex 12
BBC, About the BBC (last accessed: 8 July 2019), available at https://www.bbc.com/
aboutthebbc

About the BBC Menu
The BBC is the world’s leading public service broadcaster
We’re impartial and independent, and every day we create distinctive, world-class programmes
and content which inform, educate and entertain millions of people in the UK and around the
world.
We do this across:
A portfolio of television services, including the UK’s most-watched channel BBC One, the
pioneering online-only youth service BBC Three, and our multi award-winning channels for
children, as well as national and regional television programmes and services across England.
Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales
Ten UK-wide radio networks, providing the best live music broadcasting in the UK, as well as
speech radio which informs, educates and entertains. We also have two national radio services
each in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland and 39 local radio stations across England and
the Channel Islands, providing an invaluable and unique service to listeners across the UK
Our digital services including BBC News, Sport, Weather CBBC and CBeebies, iPlayer and BBC
Sounds, BBC Red Button and our vast archive
BBC World Service television, radio and online on more than 40 languages
Home News Sport Weather Shop Reel Travel M
Annex 12
Established by a Royal Charter, the BBC is principally funded through the licence fee paid by
UK households. Our role is to fulfil our mission and promote our Public Purposes.
Our commercial operations including BBC Studios, the BBC’s award-winning production
company and world-class distributor, provide additional revenue for investment in new
programming and services for UK audiences.
The BBC’s Board ensures that we deliver our mission and public purposes which are set out in
the Charter. The Executive Committee is responsible for day-to-day management. We are
regulated by Ofcom.
Annual Report 2018/19
Our assessment of the BBC’s performance over the last 12
months
ANNUAL REPORT
What we do
UK public services
We provide a wide range of programmes, content and services on television, radio and online for
Annex 12
Annex 13
Al Jazeera, About Us (last accessed: 8 July 2019), available at https://www.aljazeera.com/
aboutus/

Who we are
A Truly Global Network
Leadership at Al Jazeera
The Voice of the People
A Truly Global Network
Al Jazeera is an independent news organization funded in part by the Qatari government.
In 2006 Al Jazeera Satellite Network was changed to a public utility, private corporation by a public memorandum and articles of association in
accordance with the provisions of (Qatar) Law No. 21 of 2006, and was re-named “Al Jazeera Media Network”.
Thus, it is private corporation established for the public benefit.
The Board of Directors of Al Jazeera Media Network issues directives, decisions and related regulations.
Al Jazeera English is part of a growing network comprising more than 10 channels and divisions. Launched in 1996, Al Jazeera Arabic was the
first independent news channel in the Arab world dedicated to providing comprehensive news and live debate.
The network challenged established narratives and gave a global audience an alternative voice one that put the people back at the centre of the
news agenda and quickly made it one of the world's most influential news networks.
Each subsidiary in the Al Jazeera Media Network follows the same principles and values that inspire it to be challenging and bold, and to provide
a voice for the voiceless in some of the most unreported places on the planet.
It's a responsibility shared by every employee at the Al Jazeera Media Network. From our headquarters to our broadcast centres. In more than
70 bureaus around the world, we strive to deliver content that captivates, informs, inspires and entertains
L
TRENDING: Libya Iran India
News Documentaries Shows Opinion
More
Live
Annex 13
Americas
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Caracas, Venezuela
Chicago, United States
Dallas, United States
Los Angeles, United States
Miami, United States
New Orleans, United States
San Francisco, United States
Sao Paulo, Brazil
Toronto, Canada
Europe
Ankara, Turkey
Belgrade, Serbia
Berlin, Germany
Istanbul, Turkey
London, United Kingdom
Madrid, Spain
Moscow, Russia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Abuja, Nigeria
Harare, Zimbabwe
Johannesburg, South Africa
Nairobi, Kenya
Ndjamena, Chad
Middle East
Amman, Jordan
Arbil, Iraq
Baghdad, ,Iraq
Beirut, Lebanon
Cairo, Egypt
Damascus, Syria
Doha, Qatar
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Gaza, Palestine
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Jerusalem, Palestine
Kuwait, Kuwait
Muscat, Oman
Ramallah, Palestine
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Sana, Yemen
Teheran, Iran
North Africa
Benghazi, Libya
Casablanca, Morocco
Juba, South Sudan
Khartoum, Sudan
Nouakchott, Mauritania
Mogadishu, Somalia
Tripoli, Libya
Tunis, Tunisia
Asia Pacific
Bangkok, Thailand
Beijing, China
Delhi, India
Islamabad, Pakistan
Jakarta, Indonesia
Kabul, Afghanistan
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Manila, Philippines
Seoul, South Korea
Sydney, Australia
Tokyo, Japan
Yangon, Myanmar
Where we are
We broadcast to more than 310 million households in more than 100 countries.
Al Jazeera Media Network has more than 3,000 highly experienced staff from over 70 nationalities, making our newsrooms the most diverse in the world.
Annex 13
Annex 14
Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed., 2009)

Annex 14
MerriamWebster's
Collegiate®
Dictionary
ELEVENTH
EDITION
Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Annex 14
.....----~-----,
A GENUINE MERRIAM-WEBSTER
The name Webster alone is no guarantee of excellence. It is used by a
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It carries the reputation of a company that has been publishing since
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Copyright© 2014 by Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary. - Eleventh ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-87779-807-l (Laminated unlndexed: alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-87779-808-8 (Jacketed hardcover unindexed : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-87779-809-5 (Jacketed hardcover with digital download : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-87779-810-l (Leatherlook with digital download: alk. paper)
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ISBN 978-0-87779-814-9 Ontemational)
I. English language-Dictionaries. I. Title: Collegiate dictionary. II. MerriamWebster,
Inc.
PE1628.M36
423-dc21
2003
2003003674
CIP
Merriam-Webster's Collegiate® Dictionary, Eleventh Edition, principal copyright
2003
COLLEGIATE is a registered trademark of Merriam-Webster, Incorporated
All rights reserved. No part of this book covered by the copyrights hereon may be
reproduced or copied in any form or by any means-graphic, electronic, or
mechanical, including photocopying, taping, or information storage and retrieval
systems-without written permission of the publisher.
Made in the United States of America
20th Printing Quad Graphics Versailles KY February 2016
Annex 14
.')a"a•tik\ a4i- ld•l-o-syn-crat-1-cal-ly \·'kra-ti-k(>)le\
:,t\ n (ME, fr. AF ydiote , fr . L idiota ignorant perso~, fr. G~
\'!4-ln a private station, layman, Ignorant person, fr . idws ones
oae . akin to L mus one 's own - more at SUJCIDB) (l4c) 1
. ', a person affected with extreme mental retardation 2 : a
tupld person - Idiot a4i
or 5
( 1955) : TBLBVISION
~•i-tik\ also ld•l-ot-1-cal \ •'i-tl-k:,J\ a4i (1713) 1 : char,
lc • 1,y ldlocY 2 : showiq complete lack of thought or common
fO()USH - ld•I-Ot-1-cal-ly \-tl-k(>)le\ ad,,
: \'I-de-> ti-z;,m\ n [MF idiotisme , fr. L idiotismus common
fr. Gk idwtismos. fr . idiiitis) (1588) 1 obs: IDIOM 1 2 : IDIOM
\'i-de->C,)tl-z;,m\ n Udiot + -um) (1592) archaic : IDIOCY 2
n (1966} : a colorcd light on an instrument panel (as of an
11 ) designed to give a warning (as of low oil pressure)
e \'i-de-:>t-,priif\ a4i (1976) : extremely easy to operate or
~ \'e-,dyo-si-'vi", or same as IDIOT and SAVANT for respecflll
~:':t pi forms\ n, pi Idiots savants \ -,dyo-si-'vi"(z)\ or Idiot
,,, .,. .lyi"{z)\ [F , lit., learned idiot) (1927) 1 : a person affected ~ \ tal disability (as autism or mental retardation) who exhibits
~ skill or brilliance in some limited field (as mathematics or
-.:- ,·-- called also savant 2 : a person who is highly knowledgeable
~ - subject but knows little about anything else
il[ID!_~ \'I-de-> tip\ n (1960) : the molecular structure and confor~
f an antl~y that confers its antigenic specificity - ld•loE
\,kle:>'tl-pik\ a4i
n suJfix pi -ldlums or -ldla [NL, fr. Gk -idion, dim. suffix)
!1111111 one (a,;theridium)
: \W'I\ a4i Idler \'id-1:.r, 'i-d"J-:,r\; Idlest \'id-1:,st, 'i-d"J-:,st\ [ME
fr OE ilk/· akin to OHG ilal worthless) (bef . 12c) 1 : lacking =--or basis :' vAIN (~chatter)(~ pleasure) 2: not occupied or
~ - as a : having no employment : INACTIVB <~ workers) b
- ~ to normal or appropriate use <~ farmland) c : not ~ to compete (the team will be ~ tomorrow) 3 a : SHIFl' -
LAZY b · having no evident lawful means of support syn sec
.... Cl1VB ._ ldle-ness \'"Hl"J-n:,s\ n - Idly \'id-le, 'i-d 01<\ ad,, 911,.1~; ldllng \'id-l llJ, 'i-d"I-IIJ\ 1li (1592) 1 a : to spend tl_me In
~ b : to move idly 2 : to run at low power and often ~~illlllld
usu. so that power is not used for useful work (the e!'&"'e is -. > ~ vt 1 : to pass in Idleness 2 : to make Idle (workers idhd by
,..ae ) 3: to cause to Idle - Idler \'id-1:.r , 'i-d"J-:,r\ n
D>LB. LOAF , LOUNOB, LOLL, LAZB mean to spend time doing
::..... D>LB may be used in reference to persons that move lazily or
....,. t purpose (idled the day away). LOAF suggests either resting or
~ about as though there were nothing to do (she does her
.-t and then /oqfs the rest of the day) . LOUNOB , though occaslonalt
.-1 as equal to idh or /oQ/, typically conveys an additional lmpllca•
of resting or reclin ing apinst a support or of physical comfort • case in relaxation (he lounged against the wall) . LOLL also carries
• m,pllcatlon of a posture similar to that of lounge, but places greater
- upon an Indolent or relaxed attitude (lolling on the couch) .
usu. implies the relaxation of a busy person _enjoyina a vacation
,. _nts of leisure (lazed about between appointments) . a pulley n (ea. 1890) : a guide or tightening pulley for a belt or c-...... n (1929) 1 : a wheel, gear, or roller used to transfer mo_
.. or to guide or support something 2 : IDLER PULLBY
- \'id-1:,s id-'les\ n [ME, fr. idh + -e.sse (as In richesse wealth) - -II IUCHES) (!Sc) : the quality or state of being idle : IDLENESS
..,._ \'i-<1>,kris, 'i-, -,kriz\ n [F , fr. Gk eidos form + lcrasis mix-
fr. kerannynai to mix - more at CRATBR] (1804) : a mineral that
_a, complex silicate esp . of calcium, magnesium, Iron , and alumlnum
. \'M'I\ n [ME, fr. AF idh, fr. LL idolum , fr. Gk eidolon Image, idol ;
'11111 to Gk eidos form - more at IDYLL) {13c) 1 : a representation or
aallol of an object of worship; broadly : a false aod 2 a : a likeness
411-u.tng b obs : PRBTBNDBR, IMPOSTOR 3 : a form or appear-
visible but without substance (an enchanted phantom , a lifeless
---P. B. Shelley) 4: an object of extreme devotion (a movie ~>;
• : D>BAL 2 5 : a false conception : FALLACY
...._ or ldol,a-tor \i-'di-l>t:>r\ n (14c) 1 : a worshiper of idols 2
,l ffflOD that admires intensely and often blindly one that Is not usu.
l l!lllocf of worship
~ \j-'di•l>tr:>s\ a4i (ea. 1500) 1 : of or relating to idolatry
I: lllvina the character of Idolatry (the religion of ~ nationalism
~ Huxley) 3 : given to Idolatry - rdol•a•trouB•IY ad,, -
~••nessn . . .
\·tre\ n pi -tries [ME yd,J/atrte, fr . AF , fr. ML ido/atria, alter.
U. -"'lo/atria: fr. Gk eidololatreia, fr . eidolon Idol + -lalreia -latry)
I 1 : the worship of a physical object as a god 2 : Immoderate atI
or devotion to something
\'kl:>-,liz\ vb -izad; -lz•lng Ill (1S98) : to worship as a god;
: to love or admire to excess (the common people whom he so
-Times Lit . Supp .) ~ 11i : to practice Idolatry - ldol-l•zal>'
zi-sha\ n - ldol-lz-er \'i-d>,IT-z;,r\ n
international driving permit
.. ldyt \'i-d"J Bril usu 'i-(,)dll\ n [L idyll/um , fr. Gk eidylllon, fr .
of ddos form ; ~ to Gk idein to sec - more at wrr) (1586) 1 a
lalpie descriptive work in poetry or prose that deals with rustic life
lllllorat scenes or suggests a mood of peace and contentment b : a
,.._.., P<>Cm (as Tennyson's Idylls of tM King) treating an epic, roJlllic,
or tragic theme 2 a : a ll&hthearted carefree episode that is a !l!lilect for an idyll b : a romantic Interlude
\i·'dl-lik, chi,efly Bril i-\ a4i (1856) 1 : pleas ing or picturesque
!llllral simplicity 2 : of, relating to, or belna an Idyll - ldyt-11-calk(>)
le\ ad,,
0. Id est) that is
industrial engineer
"'I II sl(/fix [ME] 1 : little one : dear little one (birdie) (sonny)
belonging to : one having to do with (townie) b : one who is
) 3 : one of (such) a kind or quality (cutie) (toughle)
hnprovised explosive device
Idiosyncratically • Ignobly 617
IEEE abbr The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Enaineers
-ler - sec ·BR
1 If \'If, :if\ co'lf [ME , fr . OE gif; akin to OHG ibu If) (bef . 12c) 1 a : In
the event that b : allowing that c : on the assumption that d : on
condition that 2 : WHBTHBR (asked ~ the mall had come) (I doubt
~ I'll pass the course) 3 - used as a function word to introduce an
exclamation expressing a wish ( ~ it would only rain) 4 : even
though : although perhaps (an Interesting ~ untenable araument) 5
: and perhaps not even (few ~ any changes are expected) - often
used with not (difficult ~ not Impossible) - If anything : on the
contrary even : perhaps even (ii anything, you ought to apofo&lze) 2 lf \'if\ n (1513) 1 : coNDmoN, STIPULATION (the question . . . depends
on too many ~s to allow an answer -Encounter) 2 : SUPPOSfflON
-lferous a4i comb form [L -i/er, fr. -i- + -fer -ferous) : •FBRO US
lff \'lf-"n(d}-'0n -le-,if; 'if, sometimes read with a prolonged f\ co,v [alter.
of 'Ul (1955) : if and only If (two f'igurcs are congruent ~ one can be
placed over the other so that they coincide)
IFF abbr Identification , friend or foe
lf.ty \'l•fe\ a4i ['U] (1937) 1 : having many uncertain or unk nown qualities
or conditions (an ~ propos i tion) 2 : of Inconsisten t or unreliable
quality - lf•fl•nesa n
•lflcatlon n s,4Jix [L -i/ication- , -i/icatio, fr . -I- + -ficatio -fication)
: -FICATION (desertification)
IFO abbr Identified flying object
-lform a4i comb form [L -i/ormi.r, fr . -i- + -formi.r -form) : -FO RM (pateiliform)
I formation n (1951): an offensive football formation In which the running
backs line up In a line directly behind the quarterback - com-
~are T PORMATION
-lfY vb s,4Jix [ME -i/ien, fr . AF -if/er, fr . L -i/icare, fr . -1- + -jicare -fy)
: ·PY
lg abbr immunoglobulin
IG abbr inspector general
lgA \,J.(\)Je-'i\ n ClmmunOBlobulln) (1969) 1 : a class of lmmunoglobuTins
Inc uding antibodies found In external bodily secretions (as saliva,
tears , and sweat) 2 : an antibody of the class lgA
lgbo VQT of ISO . .
lgE \,i-{,)Je-'c\ n (1969) 1 : a class of lmmunoglobulins Including antibodies
that function esp . In allergic reactions 2 : an antibody of the
class laE
IGF abbr Insulin-like growth factor
lgG \-'Je\ n (1965) 1 : a class of lmmunogiobullns Including the most
common antibodies circulating In the blood that facilitate the phagocytic
destruction of microorganisms foreign to the body, that bind to
and activate complement, and that are the only immunoglobullns to
cross over the placenta from mother to fetus 2 : an antibody of the
class IgG
lg-loo \'1-{,)gJO\ n, pi Igloos Dnuit
lglu house) (1856) 1 : an Eskimo
house usu . made of sod, wood, or
stone when permanent or of blocks
of snow or Ice In the shape of a dome
when built for temporary purposes -
2 : a building or structure shaped
like a dome
igloo 1 lgM \,t-{,)Je-'em\ n (1969) 1 : a class
of immunogJobullns of hlah molecular
wei&ht Including the primary antibodies that are released into the
blood early In the immune response to be replaced later by lgG and
that are hi&hJy efficient in binding complement 2 : an antibody of the
classlgM
lg,na-oua \ 'ig-ne-:,s\ a4i [L ia,u!us, fr. i&nis fire ; akin to Skt agni fire)
{1664) 1 : of, relating to, or resembling rrre : FIBRY 2 a : relating to,
resulting from, or suggestive of the intrusion or extrusion of magma or
volcanic activity b : formed by solidification of magma ( ~ rock)
lg•nea-cent \ig-'ne-s'nt\ a4i [L ig,,e.scent-, ignescens , prp. of ignescere to
catch fire, fr. i&nis) (ea. 1828) : VOLA11LB
lg•nlm-brHe \'i&-n:.m-,brit\ n [G Jgnimbrit , fr . L i&nis + fmbr. (fr. imber
rain) + G -it '-ite - more at IMBRICATE) (1932) : a hard rock formed by
solidification of chiefly fine deposits of volcanic ash
lg-nls fat•U•US \ 1ig-n:,s-1fa-ch>W:>s, -'fach-w:,s\ n, pi lg-nes fat•UI
\-,nez-'fa-ch>,wl\ [ML, lit ., foolish fire) (1563) 1 : a light that sometimes
appears In the night over marshy ground and is often attributable
to the combustion of gas from decomposed orpnic matter 2 : a deceptive
goal or hope
lg•nlte \ig-'nit\ ,b lg-nlt-ed; lp-nlt•lng [L ignilus , pp. of ign/re to Ignite,
fr. i&nis) Ill (1666) 1 : to subJect to fire or intense heat : esp : to render
luminous by heat 2 a : to set afire: also : KJNDLB b : to cause (a
fuel) to bum 3 a : to heat up: BXCITB (oppression that /gnJled the ha·
trcd of the people) b : to set In motion : SFAllK <~ a debate)~ 1li
1 : to catch rrre 2 : to begin to &low - lp•nlt•abll•l:tv \jg-,nI-t>'bi-1>
te\ n - lg•nlt•able also lg•nlt;Jble \-'ni-t>bal\ a4i - fg-nlt-er also
lg•nl-tor x-'nI•t~r\ n
lg-nl-tlon \ig-'ni-sb~n\ n (1612) 1 : the act or action of igniting : as a
: the starting of a fire b : the beating of a plasma to a temperature
high enough to sustain nuclear fusion 2 e : the process or means (as
an electric spark) of Igniting a fuel mixture b : a device that activates
an ignition system (as In an automoblle) (put the key In the~>
lg-nt-tron \ig-'nl•,trin\ n [L i&nis rrre + £ -tron) (1933) : a merclll'Y"
containing rectifier tube In which the arc is struck apin at the beginning
of each cycle by a special electrode separately energized by an
auxiliary circuit . . .
lg-no-ble \ig-'no-bal\ a4i [ME, fr . MF , fr . L ignobi/u, fr. ,n- + OLgnob1-
lis noble) (!Sc) 1 : of low birth or common origin : PLBBBIAN 2
: characterized by baseness, lowness, or meanness syn sec MBAN -
lg-no.bll-l•ty \.18-no-'bl•l>te\ n - lg•no-bl•ness \ig-'no-1,Ql-n:,s\ n
- tg.no-bfy \..l,(e also -b>le\ ad,,
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\au\ oat \eh\ dain \e\ bet \e\ easy \g\ ao \I\ htt \I\ Ice \j\ Job
\IJ\ slas \o\ ao \o\ law \6 1\ boy \th\ tlain \lh\ dae \0\ loot \u\ foot
\y\ yet \zh\ vialon , belp \k , •, oe, ie , '\ see Gulde to Pronunciation

Annex 15
Kenneth L. Marcus, “Accusations in a Mirror”, Loyola University Chicago Law Journal,
Vol. 43 (2012)

Loyola University Chicago Law Journal
Volume 43
Issue 2 Winter 2012 Article 5
2012
Accusation in a Mirror
Kenneth L. Marcus
The Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law
Follow this and additional works at: http://lawecommons.luc.edu/luclj
Part of the Law Commons
This Article is brought to you for free and open access by LAW eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loyola University Chicago Law
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Recommended Citation
Kenneth L. Marcus, Accusation in a Mirror, 43 Loy. U. Chi. L. J. 357 (2012).
Available at: http://lawecommons.luc.edu/luclj/vol43/iss2/5
Annex 15
Annex 15
Accusation in a Mirror
Kenneth L. Marcus*
I. INTRODUCTION
One of the most astonishing discoveries in the history of genocide
studies was the Note Relative a la Propagande d'Expansion et de
Recrutement (the "Note"), a mimeographed document found in Butare
prefecture in the wake of the Rwandan genocide. The Note, which
draws from Goebbels, Lenin, and others, is a manual of the rhetorical
methods that could be used to inflame ordinary people to attack their
countrymen. 1 For jurists attempting to interpret or apply the
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of
Genocide (the "Genocide Convention")2 and related statutes,3 this
* President, The Louis D. Brandeis Center for Human Rights Under Law; senior research
associate, Institute for Jewish & Community Research. Former Staff Director, U.S. Commission
on Civil Rights (2004-2008). B.A., Williams College, 1988; .T.D., University of California at
Berkeley, 1991. This paper was delivered at the Loyola University Chicago Law Journal
Conference on "Hate Speech, Incitement & Genocide," which the author co-convened with Prof.
Alexander Tsesis. Some sections were presented previously at the Centre for Jewish Studies at
the University of Toronto's conference on "Emerging Trends in Anti-Semitism and Campus
Discourse," co-sponsored by the Canadian Academic Friends of Israel. Gregory Gordon,
Maurice Samuels, Gregory Stanton, Alexander Tsesis, Aryeh Weinberg, and Dennis Ybarra
provided helpful comments, but ultimate responsibility remains with the author.
1. See ALISON LIEBHAFSKY DES FORGES, LEAVE NONE TO TELL THE STORY: GENOCIDE
IN RWANDA 65 (1999) (describing the Note as a detailed analysis of how to use propaganda to
sway the public).
2. For purposes of this Article, the term "genocide" will be used as defined by the Convention
on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, simply because it is legally binding
on its signatories. The Genocide Convention defines "genocide" as:
[A]ny of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a
national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately
inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical
destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births
within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, G.A. Res. 260 (Ill) A,
U.N. GAOR, 3d Sess., U.N. Doc. A/RES/260, at 174 (Dec. 9, 1948) [hereinafter Genocide
Convention]. It should be noted, however, that many commentators have lamented the
narrowness of this definition. See William A. Schabas, Origins of the Genocide Convention:
From Nuremberg to Paris, 40 CASE W. RES. J. INT'L L. 35, 53-54 (2008) (summarizing these
criticisms).
3. The Rome Convention is also applicable here, as is Article 11 3(c) of the International
357
Annex 15
358 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal [Vol. 43
discovery has been illuminating because it demonstrates the
instrumentalities through which propaganda can be used to incite massmurder.
4 The Genocide Convention's prohibition of incitement is
central to efforts to prevent genocide, 5 so it is unfortunate that the
Note's principal rhetorical contribution-the method called "accusation
in a mirror" ("AiM")-has yet to receive the attention from legal
scholars 6 and tribunals 7 that it deserves. If properly understood, the
concept of AiM could assist jurists in correcting the Genocide
Convention's most conspicuous weakness (i.e., its utter failure to
prevent genocides before the killings occur). 8
Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Statute, which mirrors the Genocide Convention's Article lll (b).
See Gregory S. Gordon, "A War of Media, Words, Newspapers, and Radio Stations": The ICTR
Media Trial Verdict and a New Chapter in the International Law of Hate Speech, 45 VA. J.
INT'L L. 139, 150 (2004) [hereinafter Media Trial] (comparing statutes).
4. DES FORGES, supra note 1, at 57. As Alexander Tsesis has noted, it also demonstrates the
long-term effects of propaganda.
5. The other four acts punishable under the Genocide Convention are genocide, conspiracy to
commit genocide, attempt to commit genocide, and complicity in genocide. Genocide
Convention, supra note 2. See generally NEHEMIAH ROBINSON, THE GENOCIDE CONVENTION:
ITS ORIGINSA ND INTERPRETATION1 9-22 (1949), reprinted in 40 CASE W. RES. J. INT'L L. 315
(2008) (describing both the importance and the ambiguity of the "incitement" provision).
6. Indeed, these issues have been wholly unexamined except for a trilogy of articles by
Gregory Gordon and a single article by Susan Benesch. See Susan Benesch, Vile Crime or
Inalienable Right: Defining Incitement to Genocide, 48 VA. J. INT'L L. 485, 509 (2008)
(examining accusation in a mirror as one of the techniques used in incitement of genocide);
Gregory S. Gordon, From Incitement to Indictment? Prosecuting Iran's President for Advocating
Israel's Destruction and Piecing Together Incitement Law's Emerging Analytical Framework, 98
J. CRIM. L. & CRIMINOLOGY8 53, 900 (2008) [hereinafter Incitement to Indictment?] (explaining,
in the context of the ''direct element" of incitement, Ahmadinejad's use of accusation in a mirror
to pit the Hutus against the Tutsis); Media Trial, supra note 3, at 186--87 (discussing how the
Rwandan government appeared to use accusation in a mirror as a propaganda technique); Gregory
S. Gordon, Music and Genocide: Harmonizing Coherence, Freedom and Nonviolence in
Incitement Law, 50 SANTA CLARA L. REV. 607, 609 (2010) [hereinafter Music and Genocide]
(describing the failure of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to build upon the
framework for incitement law that had otherwise begun to take shape).
7. Gregory Gordon has repeatedly taken the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
(''ICTR") to task for failing to properly explain the significance of accusation in a mirror. See
Music and Genocide, supra note 6, at 638 (challenging the ICTR for failure to keep track of
incitement techniques, such as accusation in a mirror); Media Trial, supra note 3, at 186-87
( criticizing the ICTR for failing to consider an analysis of accusation in a mirror when issuing the
Nahimana judgment).
8. See W. Michael Reisman, Acting Before Victims Become Victims: Preventing and Arresting
Mass Murder, 40 CASE W. RES. J. INT'L L. 57, 78 (2008) ("For anyone who is horrified by the
prevalence of mass killing on our planet and expects the institutions of international law in the
twenty-first century to act-or to authorize someone to act-to prevent or arrest it, the legal
situation is not encouraging."); Michael P. Scharf & Brianne M. Draffin, Foreword: To Prevent
and to Punish: An International Coriference in Commemoration of the Sixtieth Anniversary of the
Genocide Convention, 40 CASE W. RES. J. INT'L L. I, 1-2 (2008) (lambasting the Genocide
Convention's "utter irrelevance" in the face of genocidal crimes committed subsequent to its
passage).
Annex 15
2012] Accusation in a Mirror 359
The basic idea of AiM is deceptively simple: propagandists must
"impute to enemies exactly what they and their own party are planning
to do."9 In other words, AiM is a rhetorical practice in which one
falsely accuses one's enemies of conducting, plotting, or desiring to
commit precisely the same transgressions that one plans to commit
against them. For example, if one plans to kill one's adversaries by
drowning them in a particular river, then one should accuse one's
adversaries of plotting precisely the same crime. As a result, one will
accuse one's enemies of doing the same thing despite their plans. 10 It is
similar to a false anticipatory tu quoque: before one's enemies accuse
one truthfully, one accuses them falsely of the same misdeed. 11
This may seem an unlikely means of inciting mass-murder, since it
would intuitively seem likely not only to fail but also to backfire by
publicly telegraphing its speakers' malicious intentions at times when
the speakers may lack the wherewithal to carry out their schemes. 12
The counter-intuitiveness of this method is best appreciated when one
grasps that its injunctions are to be taken literally. There is no
hyperbole in the Note's directive that the propagandist should "impute
to enemies exactly what they and their own party are planning to do." 13
The point is not merely to impute iniquities that are as bad as the
misdeeds that the propagandist's own party intends. Instead, AiM is the
more audacious idea of charging one's adversary with "exactly" the
misdeeds that the propagandist's party intends to commit. But why, out
9. DES FORGES, supra note 1, at 66.
I 0. As Alison Des Forges explains in her authoritative examination of the Note that presents a
detailed analysis of Psycholohie de la publicicite et de la propaganda that "[a propagandist]
advocates using lies, exaggeration, ridicule, and innuendo to attack the opponent, in both his
public and his private life." Id. The propagandist suggests that "moral considerations are
irrelevant, except when they happen to offer another weapon against the other side." id. A
propagandist "must persuade the public that the adversary stands for war, death, slavery,
repression, injustice, and sadistic cruelty." Id. The propagandist then suggests two techniques
that would later be used in the Rwanda genocide. id. The first is to create phony events that
could be used later to give credence to propaganda. id. The second is AiM: "In this way, the
party which is using terror will accuse the enemy of using terror." Id.
11. The tu quoque argument attempts to defeat an opponent's position by claiming that the
opponent has failed to comply with that position. Also known as an appeal to hypocrisy, the tu
quoque argument is a type of logical fallacy and may be considered to be a form of argumentum
ad hominem.
12. The intuition is that an Adolf Hitler who plans to destroy a particular ethnic population en
route to global domination should not go around talking about ethnic destruction and world
domination before he has the wherewithal to pull it off. Yet this is precisely what Hitler did, see
infra Part 11.B (describing the actions taken by Hitler to reach his goals), and others have done it
too. Some readers have challenged this intuition on the ground that the technique relies upon lies
that the listener will not be able to detect. But why is it so clear that the listeners will not be able
to see through the lies? Some, if not all, of the lies described are rather incredible. The point here
is that the success of these lies is counter-intuitive.
13. DES FORGES, supra note I, at 66 (emphasis added).
Annex 15
360 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal [Vol. 43
of all of the serious allegations that one might level at one's enemy,
should one accuse the adversary of precisely the wrongs that one's own
party intends to commit? After all, the risks are apparent. By revealing
the propagandist's own intentions, AiM deprives the propagandist's
party of the advantages of speed and surprise and gives the adversary an
opportunity to anticipate and prepare. At the same time, this method
provides independent observers and subsequent judicial tribunals with
evidence of intent. Moreover, AiM is not based on any evaluation of
what misdeeds are most plausibly ascribed to the enemy, such as those
that are based on traditional stereotypes, defamations, or actual
culpability, since it relies instead on the plans of the propagandist's
party.
Despite its counter-intuitive nature, AiM has proven to be one of the
central mechanisms by which genocidaires publicly and directly incite
genocide, in part because it turns out to be quite effective. Once AiM's
structure and functions are understood, its pervasive and efficacious
presence can be discerned not only in mass-murder but also in a host of
lesser persecutions. These qualities can make AiM an indispensable
tool for identifying and prosecuting incitement.
The Genocide Convention criminalizes "direct and public incitement
to commit genocide," 14 regardless of whether actual genocide occurs. 15
Nevertheless, actionable incitement must be a direct instigation to
commit an act of genocide rather than vague hate speech. 16 This
doctrinal element is important because it protects against prosecutions
that would otherwise intrude upon internationally and domestically
recognized norms of free speech. In light of the covert, coded, and
euphemistic manner in which genocidal appeals are generally
communicated, it is often difficult to determine what expressions may
be deemed sufficiently direct. 17 At the same time, it is critical for
judicial bodies to recognize incitement even when it takes such forms
because these bodies will otherwise fail to satisfy the Genocide
Convention's purpose of preventing genocide rather than merely
punishing its perpetrators. 18 In light of its common usage, false
14. Genocide Convention, supra note 2, at 174.
15. William A. Schabas, Hate Speech in Rwanda: The Road to Genocide, 46 MCGILL L..T.
141, 149 (2000).
16. Mugesera v. Canada, [2005] 2 S.C.R. 100 (Can.).
17. See Schabas, supra note 15, at 160 (''The problem with the requirement that incitement be
'direct' is that history shows that those who attempt to incite genocide speak in euphemisms. lt
would surely be contrary to the intent of the drafters to view such coded language as being
insufficiently direct.").
18. Some have argued that punishing genocidal crimes will deter potential future genocides.
See, e.g., Stephen J. Rapp, Achieving Accountability for the Greatest Crimes-The Legacy of the
International Tribunals, 55 DRAKE L. REV. 259, 285 (2007) (explaining the long process that the
Annex 15
2012] Accusation in a Mirror 361
genocidal claims leveled against a vulnerable population should be
deemed to satisfy the Genocide Convention's requirement that
incitement to genocide must be "direct." 19 This means that they can be
used to demonstrate that certain expressions call for the elimination of
target populations even though they do not do so in explicit terms.
The directness of AiM is hardly obvious: at first blush, it seems
unlikely that a false charge against an adversary-even if maliciously
intended-should be considered a direct incitement to the wrong-doing
that the speaker condemns. Indeed, nothing could seem more indirect.
After all, the speaker need not urge listeners to take any action; yet if
any actions are urged, the actions are likely to be framed in the language
of self-defense or the pursuit of just goals.20 When AiM is properly
understood, it is clear that this rhetorical method, while oblique in its
form, is actually quite direct in operation. 21
AiM's directness can be seen in both its widespread usage by
genocidaires and its effectiveness. First, AiM has historically been an
almost invariable harbinger of genocide. As this Article explains, AiM
has been commonly used in atrocities committed by Nazis, Serbs, and
Hutus, among others. This is a peculiar feature, not of genocide, but of
AiM since non-genocidal forms of AiM have also been ubiquitous with
respect to other forms of persecution. This can be seen in what this
Article will describe as the myths of the Indian giver, the black rapist,
and the murderous Jew.
Second, AiM is extraordinarily effective as a means of facilitating
genocide and other forms of persecution. This is largely because of the
manner in which it legitimizes the crimes it describes, but also because
AiM serves at least five other functions, both in genocidal and nongenocidal
contexts: to shock, to silence, to threaten, to insulate, and,
finally, to motivate or incite. The extraordinary efficacy of this method,
international community will go through to regulate incitement while arguing that this might be
difficult but it is necessary). This theory, however, has not been supported by the sorry history of
the post-Nuremburg period.
19. The "directness" requirement is explained irifra Part IV. The Rome Statute of the ICC
also prohibits direct and public incitement to commit genocide. The Rome Statute has been
criticized for weakening the criminal prohibition against incitement to genocide on the grounds
that ''the status of incitement from a crime in its own right to a mode of criminal participation in
genocide." Thomas E. Davies, Note, How the Rome Statute Weakens the International
Prohibition on Incitement to Genocide, 22 HARV. HUM. RTS. J. 245,245 (2009).
20. See Karen Eltis, A Constitutional "Right" to Deny and Promote Genocide? Preempting
the Usurpation of Human Rights Discourse Towards Incitement from a Canadian Perspective, 9
CARDOZO J. CONFLICT RESOL. 463, 464---65 (2008) (''[G]enocidal affirmations are increasingly
cast in human rights discourse as a religious right or a right of the oppressed to self-defense or
self-determination, often preceded by the denial of previous atrocities perpetrated against the
vilified group.").
21. See infra Part III.B (explaining how AiM functions).
Annex 15
362 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal [Vol. 43
combined with the great frequency of its usage, suggests that it should
raise the same flags as the more commonly discussed methods of
demonization and dehumanization. In contrast to these techniques,
however, AiM is more direct in the sense that it communicates a
specific message to its listeners (i.e., do unto others as they would do
unto you).
This Article demonstrates that AiM is sufficiently direct to constitute
incitement to genocide. In Part II, this Article will situate the surprising
ubiquity of AiM, both in modern genocide and in other persecutions.
This is important to understand because it shows two things. On the
one hand, it shows that the technique is sufficiently commonplace to be
readily understood-in its gruesome implications-by its hearers. On
the other hand, this frequency of usage suggests that genocide doctrine
needs to account for it carefully. Part Ill will show why AiM has
become so commonplace (i.e., because it works). AiM is strikingly
effective, not only at motivating genocide but also at meeting the
perpetrators' psychological needs and fulfilling a number of other
functions necessary to subject a victim population to the prospect of
mass-murder. Part IV will build on these demonstrations, showing that
this widespread and causally effective technique should be considered
sufficiently "direct" to meet the "directness" element for charging
incitement to genocide. Part V will show why other approaches to the
treatment of AiM are either too loose or too stringent.
II. THE OMNIPRESENCE OF ACCUSATION IN A MIRROR
A. The General Pervasiveness of the Practice
AiM' s genocidal directness can be seen first in the frequency with
which it is used as a precursor to mass-murder. As a general rule, the
more frequently a trope is repeated in common discourse, the more
readily its meaning is understood. It is in this sense that Judith Butler
observes, "[I]f a performative provisionally succeeds ... then it is ...
only because that action echoes prior actions, and accumulates the force
of authority through the repetition or citation of a prior and authoritative
set of practices." 22 AiM operates by issuing false claims against a
vulnerable population through repetition in a manner that listeners have
already been primed by prior practices to understand as a call to arms.
AiM has been widespread not only among those who intend to
perpetrate genocide, but also among a wide range of persons who
consciously or unconsciously defame persecuted minorities. This is
illustrated in the myths of the Indian giver, black racist, and murderous
22. JUDITH BUTLER, EXCITABLE SPEECH: A POLITICS OF THE PERFORMATIVE 51 (1997).
Annex 15
2012] Accusation in a Mirror 363
Jew.23 Genocide scholars will better understand the concept if they
situate it within a broader domestic and international human rights
context. Similarly, civil and human rights scholars will better
understand other forms of discrimination and persecution if they can
discern the continuities between domestic defamations and genocidal
murder.24 The commonness of the technique is important to appreciate,
not only because it underscores the need to identify its occurrence in
genocidal and pre-genocidal contexts and to respond with appropriate
alacrity, but also because it underscores how critical it is for courts to
recognize its relationship to incitement.
B. Pervasiveness in Twentieth Century Genocide
In its genocidal form, AiM has been used and refined by Nazi,
Serbian, and Hutu propagandists. 25 Adolf Hitler, for example, warned
that Jews intended to engage in mass-murder while he devised his own
plans for Aryan domination. 26 Similarly, the International Criminal
Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia observed this phenomenon in
Serbia: "In articles, announcements, television programs and public
proclamations, Serbs were told that they needed to protect themselves
from a fundamentalist Muslim threat ... that the Croats and Muslims
were preparing a plan of genocide against them." 27 Indeed, this form of
propaganda has been so widely used as a means of inciting genocide
that it can properly be classified with demonization and dehumanization
as a basic form of genocidal rhetoric. 28
23. See infra Part IT.D ( exploring the myths of the Indian giver, black racist, and murderous
Jew).
24. Some readers have cautioned that grouping genocidal incitement together with lesser
group defamations could create problems for the freedom of speech. This assumes, however, that
these parallels are drawn for regulatory or punitive purposes. In fact, a better understanding of
the commonness and efficacy of AiM---even in domestic, non-regulable contexts-can advance
our understanding of the consequences of certain forms of communication in ways that have little
to do with criminal prosecution. Among other implications, it may substantiate Alexander
Tsesis's argument regarding the long-term effects of hate speech. See Alexander Tsesis, The
Empirical Shortcomings of First Amendment Jurisprudence: A Historical Perspective on the
Power of Hate Speech, 40 SANTA CLARA L. REV. 729, 731 (2000) ("[H]ate speech is not only
dangerous when it poses an immediate threat of harm, but also when it is systematically
developed and thereby becomes part of culturally acceptable dialogue.").
25. Benesch, supra note 6, at 511.
26. ADOLF HITLER, MEIN KAMPF 65 (Ralph Manheim trans., Houghton Mifflin 1971)
(1927).
27. Prosecutor v. Tactic, Case No. IT-94-1-T, Opinion and Judgment, ,r 91 (Geneva
Convention, May 7, 1997), available at http://www.icty.org/x/cases/tadic/tjug/en/tad-tsj70507 JT2
-e.pdf.
28. Dehumanization impugns the target population with impaired biological capacity, while
demonization charges them with a depraved moral condition. See DANIEL JONAH GOLDHAGEN,
WORSET HANW AR: GENOCIDEE. LIMINATIONISMA.N DT HEO NGOINGA SSAULTO N HUMANITY
320 (2009).
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364 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal [Vol. 43
C. Genocide Cases
Some of the most important genocide law cases illustrate the tactic of
AiM, although they discuss it with varying degrees of explicitness. For
present purposes, these cases are interesting not only for their doctrinal
development, but also for their documentation of the relationship
between AiM and incitement to genocide. It is telling that the history of
modern incitement law is virtually coextensive with the modern history
of AiM: incitement is invariably accompanied by AiM in law as it is in
fact.
1. Nazi Genocide: The Nuremburg Trials
Adolf Hitler and the Nazis used AiM against the Jews during Hitler's
rise to power and throughout the Nazi regime. In Mein Kampf, Hitler
charged, "[I]f, with the help of his Marxist creed, the Jew is victorious
over the other peoples of the world, his crown will be the funeral wreath
of humanity and this planet will, as it did millions of years ago, move
through the ether devoid of men." 29 The Nazis' AiM technique evolved
in tandem with their human rights abuses leading up to genocide. 30
Early on, for example, Nazi propagandist Josef Goebbels wrote about
fictitious Jewish plans to sterilize Germans at a time when Germans
were actually sterilizing thousands of Jewish victims, as well as persons
with various disabilities. 31 Later, as the German government escalated
its persecution of Jews to mass-murder, Nazi AiM was similarly
upgraded. 32 Thus, Goebbels asked in a 1941 pamphlet, "Who should
die, the Germans or the Jews? ... You know what your eternal enemy
and opponent intends for you. There is only one instrument against his
plans for annihilation." 33
The International Military Tribunal ("IMT") at Nuremberg provides a
window into some of the Nazis' AiM technique, although Hitler and
many other Nazi perpetrators were able to avoid prosecution for their
crimes. The IMT tried two defendants, Julius Streicher, 34 editor of the
notoriously anti-Semitic Nazi tabloid Der Sturmer, and senior Nazi
propaganda official Hans Fritzsche, for acts that today would be
29. HITLER, supra note 26, at 65.
30. See Benesch, supra note 6, at 505 (asserting that as the genocide expanded, so too did
AiM).
31. See id. (noting that Goebbels emphasized the Jews' fictitious plan to sterilize the Germans
in his newspaper articles).
32. Id.
33. Id.
34. See THE TRIAL OF GERMAN MAJOR WAR CRIMINALS: PROCEEDINGS OF THE
INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL SITTING AT NUREMBERG GERMANY, PART 10, at 1 (H.M.
Attorney-General By His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1946) (restating the record between the
president of the tribunal and Streicher's defense counsel, Dr. Marx).
Annex 15
2012] Accusation in a Mirror 365
charged incitement to genocide. 35 Since the Nuremburg trials preceded
the Genocide Convention, the defendants were alternatively tried
instead for crimes against humanity. 36 Both Streicher and Fritzsche had
engaged in AiM.37 Streicher, for example, accused the Jews of
harboring genocidal intent against the Germans, writing in May 1939
that the Jews must be exterminated precisely for this reason:
A punitive expedition must come against the Jews in Russia. A
punitive expedition which will provide the same fate for them that
every murderer and criminal must expect. Death sentence and
execution. The Jews in Russia must be killed. They must be
exterminated root and branch.38
Fritzsche, head of the German Propaganda Ministry's Radio Division,
was accused of falsifying news to incite the German people to commit
atrocities. 39
Although Streicher denied that he was advocating the literal killing of
Jews, prosecutors established that he had continued his incitement after
he knew that thousands of Eastern European Jews had been
slaughtered. 40 Streicher was ultimately convicted by the Nuremburg
tribunal and executed in what has been called "the most famous
conviction for incitement." 41 Fritzsche, by contrast, was acquitted at
Nuremburg, on the grounds that his language was insufficiently direct
and his intent was insufficiently clear. Specifically, the court found that
Fritzche did not have control over the development of propaganda
policies, but was instead merely a conduit for directives from more
senior officials. 42 Nevertheless, a German court later convicted
Fritzsche on similar charges and sentenced him to nine years of hard
labor.43 The German appeals court affirmed the conviction,
emphasizing that Fritzsche had practiced what one might call AiM.44
35. See id. (discussing Streicher's involvements in demonstrations against the Jewish
population).
36. See Benesch, supra note 6, at 509 (explaining that because the crime of incitement to
genocide was not yet known, Streicher and Fritzsche were charged with crimes against
humanity).
37. See id. at 510-11 (asserting that both Streicher and Fritzsche used the AiM technique).
38. ld. at 510 (quoting MARTIN GILBERT, THE SECOND WORLD WAR: A COMPLETE
HISTORY 731 (2004)).
39. See id. at 510 (discussing Fritzche's accusation and subsequent acquittal).
40. See id. (recognizing that while Streicher claimed that he had only advocated for the
classification of the Jews as aliens, prosecutors were able to show that he had in fact called for the
their extermination by pointing to a series of inciting articles he drafted).
41. Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu, Case No. lCTR-96-4-T, Judgment, ,r 550 (Sept. 2,
1998); Media Trial, supra note 3, at 143.
42. Media Trial, supra note 3, at 144.
4 3. Benesch, supra note 6, at 511.
44. See id. (recognizing that in affirming the conviction. the court noted that Fritzche
practiced the AiM technique).
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366 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal [Vol. 43
2. Rwandan Genocide I: The Mugesera Case
Since the Nuremburg Trials, Mugesera v. Canada has become the
leading case on AiM.45 In this Canadian case, Rwandan politician Leon
Mugesera was charged with inciting his fellow Hutus to massacre the
Tutsis of Rwanda. 46 On November 22, 1992, Mugesera delivered a
long, passionate speech to over 1000 Hutus in Kabaya, Rwanda. 47 In
this oration, Mugesera warned the Hutus that they were about to be
exterminated by "inyenzi," a term that has been translated as
"cockroaches," and he urged the Hutus to kill the Tutsis. The next day,
several killings took place nearby. 48 Less than a year and a half later,
the Rwandan genocide began in earnest. 49 But it was not the Tutsis
who massacred the Hutus. Rather, it was the Hutus who attacked the
Tutsis, killing at least 500,000. 50
The AiM technique was used throughout the Rwandan massacre, not
only by Mugesera, but also by other Hutu leaders who falsely accused
Tutsis of plotting precisely the crimes that the Hutus were plotting
against them. 51 For example, in 1991, La Medaille Nyiramacibiri
claimed that Tuts is were conspiring to "clean up Rwanda . . . by
throwing Hutu in the Nyabarongo [River]." 52 This accusation would
become infamous when Leon Mugesera leveled it against Tutsis the
following year. 53 The specificity of the accusation is significant
because the Hutus did not merely charge Tutsis with murderous intent;
rather, they accused them specifically of wanting to throw Hutus to their
death in the Nyabarongo. This is a perfect example of mvers10n,
45. See Mugesera v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (2003), [2004] 1 F.C.
325 (Can. Que. Fed. Ct. App.) (ordering the deportation of Rwandan politician for using speech
to incite people to commit crimes against humanity).
46. See Mugesera v. Canada, (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) [2005] 2 S.C.R. 100
(Can.) (discussing how Mugesera used extremely violent language to incite the Hutus to
exterminate the Tutsi).
47. See Benesch, supra note 6, at 486 (citing DES FORGES, supra note 1, at 83-86;
Broadcasting Genocide: Censorship, Propaganda & State-Sponsored Violence in Rwanda !99{}-
1994, ARTICLE 19, 18-20, 38-40 (Oct. 15, 1996) [hereinafter ARTICLE 19], http://www.articlel9
.org/pdfs/publications/rwanda-broadcasting-genocide.pdf (analyzing the Mugesera speech and
deeming it "the most explicit call for violence against Tutsi civilians and Hutu opposition
supporters at that time").
48. Mugesera, [2004] 1 F.C. para. 7.
49. THE INTERNATIONAL PANEL OF EMINENT PERSONALITIES TO INVESTIGATE THE
1994 GENOCIDE IN RWANDA AND THE SURROUNDING EVENTS, RWANDA: THE
PREVENTABLE GENOCIDE§ 14.20 (1998) [hereinafter PREVENTABLE GENOCIDE], available
at http://www.scribd.com/Report-Rowanda-Genocide/ d/ 4 5636507.
50. Id. § 14.80.
51. DES FORGES, supra note 1, at 65 (recounting that Hutu leaders often "attributed to Tutsi
the words that Hutu themselves would eventually use in inciting the slaughter of Tutsi").
52. Mugesera, [2004] F.C. para. 227.
53. Id. para. 172.
Annex 15
2012] Accusation in a Mirror 367
considering many Tutsis were thrown to their deaths in the very same
nver.
Mugesera's speech is worth considering in detail, as it has become
paradigmatic of AiM. Charging the "inyenzis" with various capital
crimes, such as attempting to demoralize military troops, Mugesera
insisted that capital punishment must be meted out by the people if the
government did not take action:
I should like to tell you that we are now asking that these people be
placed on a list and be taken to court to be tried in our presence. If
they (the judges) refuse, it is written in the Constitution that
'ubutabera bubera abaturage.' In English, this means that
[TRANSLATION] 'JUSTICE IS RENDERED IN THE PEOPLE'S
NAME.' If justice therefore is no longer serving the feople ... we
must do something ourselves to exterminate this rabble. 4
Having urged the Hutus to exterminate the Tutsis because of the
Tutsis' purported criminality, Mugesera added urgency to his charge by
insisting that the Tutsis would otherwise exterminate them. "' Why do
they [the government] ... not exterminate all of them?' he asked, 'Are
we really waiting till they come to exterminate us?"' 55 He insisted the
issue was neither speculative nor distant. "'These people called
Inyenzis,' he emphasized, 'are now on their way to attack us."' 56
Moreover, he insisted that this lethal threat was central to the Tutsis'
being, "I am telling you, and I am not lying, ... they only want to
exterminate us. They only want to exterminate us: they have no other
aim. We must tell them the truth." 57 It was precisely to meet this
inverted genocidal threat that Mugesera urged his countrymen, "[W]e
must all rise, we must rise as one man .... "58
After the war, Mugesera moved to Quebec, where some of his
countrymen insisted that the government deport him for inciting
genocide and committing crimes against humanity. The Canadian
Minister of Citizenship and Immigration began deportation proceedings
against him, which were followed by a long and complicated process
through the Canadian immigration and judicial system. Under
Canadian law, statements constitute incitement to genocide if they are
"1) likely to incite, and 2) are made with a view to inciting the
commission of the offence." 59 An adjudicator determined that the
allegations against Mugesera were valid and issued a deportation order
54. Id. at para. 17 ( emphasis added).
55. Id.atpara.16.
56. Id. at para. 13.
57. Id. at para. 13.
58. Id. at para. 29.
59. Mugesera, [2005] 2 S.C.R. para. 6.
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368 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal [Vol. 43
against him, which Canada's Immigration and Refugee Board (Appeal
Division) upheld. Mugesera appealed next to a federal trial court,
which dismissed his application for judicial review on incitement to
commit murder, genocide or hatred, but affirmed with respect to the
allegation of crimes against humanity.
Nevertheless, a Canadian appeals court reversed the lower court's
decision, rejecting the Minister's argument that Mugesera's speech was
an incitement to genocide or a crime against humanity. More broadly,
the court was not convinced that Mugesera was motivated by ethnic
animus or that his intent was to incite murder. 60 However, the court
acknowledged that the prosecution's case could be taken to mean "that
the speech could be very valuable in establishing the presence of a
criminal intent when the perpetrators of the genocide were brought to
justice." 61
The Supreme Court of Canada reversed, finding that Mugesera's
speech "was likely to incite, and was made with a view to inciting
murder." 62 The Court held Mugesera culpable for his criminal acts
because he met the two criminal act requirements of incitement: his
words were direct and public. At the same time, the Court held
Mugesera had specific intent, since as an educated and sophisticated
man he must have known the import of his words, which were made at a
public event before a primed audience at a time when ethnic violence
was already occurrmg. Mugesera' s use of AiM was central to this
incitement.
3. Rwandan Genocide II: The Media Trial
The ICTR's 2003 tribunal decision and 2007 appellate decision in
Prosecutor v. Nahimana, et al., better known as the Media Trial, have
quickly joined the Nuremburg and Mugasera trials in the pantheon of
leading cases on incitement to genocide. 63 For present purposes, the
Media Trial is particularly important because the trial featured
considerable testimony on AiM. The three Media Trial defendants were
all prominent Rwandan media figures: Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza and
60. See Mugesera, [2004] F.C. paras. 44, 58 (arguing that there was nothing in the record to
suggest that the massacres that took place were coordinated and for a common purpose, nor was
there any evidence in the record that Mugesera's speech "was part of any strategy whatever").
61. Id. para. 43.
62. Mugesera, [2005] 2 S.C.R. para. 7 (stating that the elements of the actus reus were met, as
"Mugesera conveyed to his listeners, in extremely violent language, the message that they faced a
choice of either exterminating the Tutsi, the accomplices of the Tutsi, and their own political
opponents, or being exterminated by them").
63. See Media Trial, supra note 3, at 140-41 (pointing out that the Media Trial was the first
case since the trials at Nuremberg to face an international tribunal on the issue of free expression
in the media with respect to genocide).
Annex 15
2012] Accusation in a Mirror 369
Ferdinand Nahimana were founders of the notorious Radio Television
Libre des Mille Collines ("RTLM"), also known as "Radio Machete,"
while Hassan Ngeze was editor of the equally discredited newspaper
Kangura. 64
Hassan Ngeze, an experienced journalist, edited and published
Kangura (translated as "wake others up"), which was considered the
most popular newspaper in Rwanda for its time.65 In December 1990,
Kangura ran an article entitled "Appeal to the Conscience of the Hutu,"
which described the Tutsis as "bloodthirsty" and warned readers that
Tutsi "infiltrators" were conspiring to seize control of the country and
rule over the Hutus.66 Hutus were encouraged to "take all necessary
measures to deter the enemy from launching a fresh attack." 67 In other
issues, Kangura continued its drumbeat of anti-Tutsi propaganda. 68
Here again, a vulnerable population (Tutsis) was described as
"bloodthirsty" in terms that would better describe the views and
intentions of the writer towards that population. In the same way,
Kangura misreported that Tutsi soldiers captured by the government
forces confessed that they "had come to clean the county of the filth of
Hutu," when actually it was the Hutu who frequently spoke of cleansing
their communities of the Tutsi "filth." 69 Kangura was not, however,
alone in this approach. In April 1992, the Jyambere newspaper accused
Tutsi parties of arming their youth groups, demonstrating by AiM
precisely what Hutu forces were planning at the time.70
Ferdinand Nahimana was a prominent historian and university
administrator at the National University of Rwanda before being
appointed to the directorship of the Rwandan Office oflnformation. In
that position, he oversaw Radio Rwanda, the national radio station, from
1990 until 1992, during which he ordered five Radio Rwanda
broadcasts describing a supposed Tutsi plot to murder several Hutu
leaders.71 Hundreds of Tutsis were murdered because of these
broadcasts, 72 which led to Nahimana's termination. 73 Within months of
64. Nahimina v. Prosecutor, Case No. lCTR-99-52-T, Judgment, ,i 1 (Nov. 28, 2007),
http:/ /www.unictr.org/Portals/O/Case/English/N ahimana/decisions/071128 _judgement.pdf; see
also Media Trial, supra note 3, at 140--41.
65. See Media Trial, supra note 3, at 157 (illustrating that during its publication, the Kangura
newspaper was the most widely read Rwandan newspaper).
66. Nahimana, ICTR-99-52-T, iJ 259.
67. Id.
68. See Media Trial, supra note 3, at 157-58. The Tutsis were described as being
"biologically distinct" from Hutus due to their bloodthirsty and malicious nature. Id.
69. DES FORGES, supra note I, at 79.
70. Id.
71. Media Trial, supra note 3, at 158-59.
72. Nahimana Judgment, ICTR-99-52-T, Judgment, ,i 691 (Nov. 28, 2007).
73. Id. iJ 690.
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370 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal [Vol. 43
his firing, Nahimana co-founded and helped to develop and lead a new
radio station, RTLM, that he hoped would better reflect the views of his
party.74 During two formal meetings on November 26, 1993, and
February 10, 1994, Rwanda's Minister of Information warned
Nahimana and other RTLM leadership that they were inciting ethnic
violence and hatred against Tutsis.75 Nevertheless, RTLM continued to
broadcast flagrant propaganda encouraging such animus, including one
notorious episode in which RTLM announced that:
One hundred thousand young men must be recruited rapidly. They
should all stand up so that we kill the lnkotanyi and exterminate them
. . . . [T]he reason we will exterminate them is that they belong to one
ethnic group. Look at the person's height and his physical
appearance. Just look at his small nose and then break it.76
Jean-Bosco Barayagwiza, a lawyer by training, co-founded RTLM
with Nahimana and helped to lead the station while directing the
political affairs function as a senior official of the Rwandan Ministry of
Foreign Affairs. 77 If Nahimana was the "top man" at RTLM,
Barayagwiza was considered the "number two." 78 During the time of
the Rwandan genocide, Barayagwiza continued in his position with
RTLM.79
The Tribunal's judgment indicated that the Rwandan government had
deliberately and self-consciously used AiM. Alison Des Forges
testified at length about the Note, explaining the significance of its
methods in the Rwandan tragedy, and the Nahimana tribunal describes
Des Forges's testimony regarding AiM in detaiI.80 Nevertheless,
Professor Gregory Gordon, who acknowledges the Tribunal's one key
reference to a pre-genocide broadcast that warned of murderous Tutsi
intentions, criticizes the Tribunal for not adequately analyzing it since:
"[o]ut of the hundreds of RTLM tapes introduced into evidence, one
might expect to find genocide-period passages where Tutsis were
falsely accused of committing or planning to commit against Hutus the
types of atrocities extremist Hutus were actually committing against
Tutsis." 81
Ngeze, Barayagwiza, and Nahimana were all convicted of genocide,
direct and public incitement to commit genocide, conspiracy to commit
74. Id. ,i,i 489-90; Media Trial, supra note 3, at 159.
75. Nahimana Judgment, lCTR-99-52-T, ,i,i 573-607; Media Trial, supra note 3, at 161-62.
76. Nahimana Judgment, ICTR-99-52-T, ,i 396.
77. Id. ,i 6; Media Trial, supra note 3, at 165.
78. Nahimana Judgment, lCTR-99-52-T, ,i 511; Media Trial, supra note 3, at 165.
79. Nahimana Judgment, lCTR-99-52-T, ,i 541-42; Media Trial, supra note 3, at 166.
80. Nahimana Judgment, ICTR-99-52-T, iJ 11 I.
81. Media Trial, supra note 3, at 186-87.
Annex 15
2012] Accusation in a Mirror 371
genocide, and crimes against humanity. 82 Barayagwiza was sentenced
to thirty-five years incarceration, while Ngeze and Nahimana were
sentenced to life imprisonment. 83
On November 28, 2007, the Appeals Chamber affirmed the
Tribunal's judgment in part, reducing Ngeze's sentence to thirty-five
years' imprisonment, 84 Nahimana's to thirty, 85 and Barayagwiza's to
thirty-two. 86 The Appeals Chamber concluded that the appellants "were
consciously, deliberately and determinedly using the media to perpetrate
direct and public incitement to genocide." 87 Although the appeals court
was no less vulnerable than the original tribunal to Gordon's criticism
that it failed to properly catalog AiM, the appeals court nevertheless
identified this passage in the Kangura as inciteful:
If the Inkotanyi have decided to massacre us, the killing should be
mutually done. This boil must be burst. The present situation warrants
that we should be vigilant because they are difficult. ... It will be
necessary for the majority people and its army to defend itself ....
On that day, blood will be spilled. On that day, much blood must have
been spilled. 88
The Appeals Chamber noted that this article contained an appeal to
"the majority people" to kill the Inkotanyi and their "accomplices
within the country" (meaning the Tutsis) in case of an attack by the
RPF. Accordingly, the Appeals Chamber found that this article
constituted direct and public incitement to commit genocide. 89
D. Other Examples
To fully grasp the pervasiveness of AiM, it is helpful to consider not
only the handful of well-known twentieth-century genocide cases, but
also the range of other persecutions in which the technique is used. The
contemporary genocidal practice is merely a specific application of a
more general phenomenon. To choose just one current example from
today's newspaper headlines, 90 consider that much of the violent
persecution that Egypt's Coptic Christians now suffer is related to the
continually repeated but unfounded allegation that the Coptic Church is
82. Nahimana Judgment, lCTR-99-52-T, ,r,r11 05-08; Media Trial, supra note 3, at 140--41.
83. Nahimana Judgement, lCTR-99-52-T, ,r,r11 05-08.
84. Nahimina v. Prosecutor, Case No. ICTR 99-52-A, Appeal, ,r 1115 (Nov. 28, 2007).
85. Id. ,r I 052.
86. Id. ,r 1097.
87. Id. ,r 73 (Shahabuddeen, J ., partially dissenting).
88. Id. ,r 772.
89. Id.
90. See David D. Kirkpatrick, Egypt's Christians Fear Violence as Changes Embolden
Islamists, N. Y. TIMES, May 31, 2011, at Al (highlighting an unconfirmed case where a young
Muslim alleged that Coptic Christians abducted her and tattooed her with a cross).
Annex 15
372 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal [Vol. 43
abducting and abusing Coptic women who convert to Islam. Ironically,
the opposite is occurring-Egyptian Muslims are kidnapping Coptic
women and forcing them to convert to Islam.91 This is a textbook
example of AiM.
Historically, AiM prefigures many, if not all, of the worst
persecutions that despised groups have faced. They include, for
example, what will be described below as the myths of the black rapist,
the Indian giver, and the murderous Jew. In each case, the victim is
falsely accused of precisely the crimes that the perpetrator would visit
upon him or her.
Situating AiM within this broader context allows us to better
appreciate its nature, frequency, etiology, and function. In so doing, it
demonstrates that this practice often amounts to a direct, public, and
effective means of incitement. But at the same time, this
contextualization suggests an inconvenient insight obscured by the
association of the practice with its explicit elucidation in the Note-that
AiM, while sometimes a deliberate propagandistic tactic, also
sometimes expresses an unconscious impulse.
1. The Myth of the Indian Giver
Consider the term "Indian giver" with all that it signifies within
American idiomatic English: the notion that Indians have so frequently,
recklessly, and materially breached their promises to the white man as
to render promise-breaking a defining feature of their characterindeed,
a feature so defining of their character as to justify applying the
name to the promise-breaking of all the world's peoples. The Oxford
English Dictionary illustrates that the term has long signified an illusory
form of gift giving.92
It is not coincidental that promise-breaking is the evil that has been
uniquely visited upon Native Americans by the white man. Indeed, the
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights titled its most recent evaluation of
Native American health care policy Broken Promises. 93 Even a
91. See CHRISTIAN SOLIDARITY TNT'L & COPTIC FOUND. FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, THE
DISAPPEARANCE. FORCED CONVERSIONS. AND FORCED MARRIAGES OF COPTIC CHRISTIAN
WOMEN IN EGYPT (Nov. 2009) (asserting that the abduction, forcible marriage, and conversion
of Coptic Christian women by Muslim men is considered a crime against humanity); Raymond
Ibrahim, Jslamists Project Islam's Worst Traits onto Christians, MIDDLE EAST F. (May 25,
2011 ), http://www.meforum.org/2915/islamists-project-islam-worst-traits-onto (alleging that the
abduction and conversion of Coptic Christian women by Muslim men is a "notorious
phenomenon in Egypt").
92. See OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY 856-57 (2d ed. 1989) (substantiating the term's long
usage). When the material in this section was first delivered before an international audience in
Toronto, references to the term "Indian giver" were met with blank stares. In the United States,
audiences understand the term completely.
93. U.S. COMM'N ON CIVIL RIGHTS, BROKEN PROMISES: EVALUATING THE NATIVE
Annex 15
2012] Accusation in a Mirror 373
cursory Google search for the words "broken promises" and "Indians"
yields an extraordinary volume and range of materials documenting
promises broken against Native Americans. 94
The best-known example is the United States's historical breach of
promises with respect to Indian lands. For example, the Northwest
Ordinance ensured Indian tribes that "lands and property shall never be
taken from [the Indians] without their consent[,] and, in their property,
rights, and liberty, they shall never be invaded or disturbed, unless in
just and lawful wars authorized by Congress." 95 The United States
repeatedly and violently breached this promise. For example, during
the infamous "trail of tears," 96 the United States government compelled
the relocation of Indian tribes located east of the Mississippi River
under the Indian Removal Act.97
The stereotypical view of Indians as promise-breakers-a deeply
entrenched American English idiom-is a classic example of human
rights inversion, or AiM: white North Americans systematically broke
their promises to Native Americans while accusing Indians of precisely
this malfeasance, going so far as to name one form of promise-breaking
after them.
2. The Myth of the Black Rapist
A second example is the myth of the black rapist. This defamation
was so widespread in the Jim Crow South98 that it provided a leading
justification-perhaps the leading justification-for the practice of
lynching,99 which took over 3700 American lives through 1930.100
Many black men accused of raping white women were lynched, when
their only true crime may have been allegedly glancing for a moment
too long at a white woman. 101 Unsubstantiated allegations were
AMERICHAENA TLH C ARSEY STE(MSe pt2. 004).
94. See, e.g., ENCYCLOPEODFNI AA TIVAEM ERICAWNA RAS NDW ARFAR14E3 ( William
B. Kesse&l RoberWt oosteerd s.,2 005)( "Diseaseb,r okenp romisesc,o rruptionan, dt hep oor
landsr eservefdo rI ndianu sed ecimateNda tiveA mericapno pulations.").
95. NorthweOstr dinancIe ,S tat5. 0( 1787).
96. LindsayG launerT,h e Need for Accountability and Reparation: 1830-1976 The United
States Government's Role in the Promotion, implementation, and Execution of the Crime of
Genocide Against Native Americans, 51D EPAULL. R EV9. 11,9 31-32( 2002).
97. INDIARNE MOVAACLT O F 1830r, eprinted in DOCUMEONFTU SN ITESDT ATEINS DIAN
POLIC5Y2( FranciPsa ulP ruchae d.,3 de d.2 000).
98. See DIANME ILLESRO MMERVIRLLAEP,EA NDR ACEIN T HEN INETEENTH-CENTURY
SOUT2H23 ( 2004()' 'TheA mericaSno uth'sh ystericafel aro f blackm ena s rapistso, ftenr eferred
to as the 'rapem yth'o r 'rapec omplexi,s' welld ocumenteadn dh asb eenm emorializiend t he
pageso ff ictiona ndn onfictioanli kef oro vera hundreyde ars.").
99. Thisw asf amousltyh ep ointo ft hec lassicn ovelT o Kill a Mockingbird. HARPELRE ET, o
KILLA M OCKINGB(1I9R6D0) .
100. LAWRENMC.EF RIEDMAANM, ERICLAANW ITNH ET WENTIECTEHN TU1R1Y8( 2002).
IOI. See SOMMERVIsLupLrEa ,n ote9 8, at 224( "Tob e a blackm ana ccusedo f rapingo r
Annex 15
374 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal [Vol. 43
sufficient because "[w]hite supremacy norms did not permit white
jurors to believe a black man over a white woman . . . . Because most
southern white men believed that black males secretly lusted after
'their' women, they generally found rape allegations credible." 102
White men were willing to believe that black males secretly lusted after
and forcibly raped white women because, in numerous cases, they
harbored precisely these same desires and committed exactly these same
crimes against black women. 103
It is clearly not coincidental that rape was systematically inflicted
upon African-American women throughout and well after the long
period of slavery. 104 These rapes were almost never punished in the Jim
Crow South. 105 Until emancipation, black women lacked the right to
bring charges of rape, but some racial distinctions persisted in rape law
well into the later years of Reconstruction. 106 As recently as 1867,
Kentucky law defined a rapist as one who shall "unlawfully and
carnally know any white woman, against her will or consent." 107 Even
with the change in rape law, white men frequently used rape as a
"weapon of terror" against black women in the Reconstruction South. 108
3. The Myth of the Murderous Jew
Since ancient times, European anti-Semites constructed the Jew as a
murderous criminal. 109 This defamation was frequently the precursor to
anti-Jewish violence and mass-killings. 110 This can be seen in historical
examples, such as "blood libel," 111 which is the myth that Jews kill
attempting to rape a white woman in the American South was to face certain death, at the hands
of either the executioner or an angry mob.").
I 02. MICHAEL J. KLARMAN, FROM JIM CROW TO CIVIL RIGHTS: THE SUPREME COURT AND
THE STRUGGLE FOR RACIAL EQUALITY 118 (2004).
103. See, e.g., RANDALL KENNEDY, INTERRACIAL INTIMACIES: SEX, MARRIAGE,
IDENTITY, AND ADOPTION 178 (2003) ("[T]hroughout the Reconstruction period, violent white
supremacists used rape as a weapon of terror aimed at intimidating or punishing blacks who dared
to read, travel, work for themselves, or pursue politics.").
I 04. See, e.g., Osagie K. Obasogie, Anything but a Hypocrite: lnteractional Musings on Race,
Colorblindness, and the Redemption of Strom Thurmond, 18 YALE J.L. & FEMINISM 451, 464-69
& nn.37-63 (2006) (describing the widespread rape of African-American women by white
Southern men during the period slavery and throughout the Jim Crow South).
I 05. FRIEDMAN, supra note I 00, at 119.
106. SOMMERVILLE, supra note 98, at 148.
107. Id.
108. Id.
109. MARVIN PERRY & FREDERICK SCHWEITZER, ANTISEMITISM: MYTH AND HATE
FROM ANTIQUITY TO THE PRESENT 43-72 (2002).
110. ROBERT S. WISTRICH, A LETHAL OBSESSION: ANTI-SEMITISM FROM ANTIQUITY
TO THE GLOBAL JIHAD 90 (20 I 0).
111. See id. at 88-90 (noting that the term "blood libel" was invented in 1944 ). The term
arose after the murder of a twelve-year-old Christian boy just before Easter. Id. The crime was
attributed to local Jews without any evidence, with a claim that "the Jews of Norwich bought a
Annex 15
2012] Accusation in a Mirror 375
gentile children for ritual purposes. 112 Since twelfth-century England,
the primary version of the blood libel is that Jews kill Christian babies
in order to use their blood to bake traditional flatbread, or matzah, on
the holiday of Passover. 113 Throughout the Middle Ages, the recurrent
false accusation of Jewish ritual murder was invariably followed by the
actual murder of countless Jews. 114 The most salient, contemporary
form of the myth of the murderous Jew, however, has been the
Holocaust inversion defamation, which accuses Jews of perpetrating the
crimes that were perpetrated against them. 115 In some cases, the
speaker himself is intending to perpetrate such crimes against Jews,
especially Israeli Jews, in the future.
It has become commonplace in the Middle East for Israel's extremist
adversaries to accuse the Jewish state of harboring genocidal ambitions
while simultaneously urging the destruction of the Jewish state and the
Jewish people. Over the last several years, for example, Iranian
President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad has repeatedly engaged in AiM,116
insisting that Israelis "have no boundaries, limits, or taboos when it
comes to killing human beings," while simultaneously asserting that
Israel "should be wiped off the map." 117 As if to dispel any ambiguities
about his intentions, President Ahmadinejad paraded a Shahab-3 missile
through the streets of Tehran in 2008 with the message, "Israel must be
wiped off the map." 118 As historian Robert Wistrich observed, "There
is a compulsive annihilationist dimension to these declarations." 119
Christian child before Easter and tortured him .... " Id. Ritual crucifixion of a Christian was,
according to claimant Theobald, a way to expedite the coming of the Messiah. Id. ''The blood
libel was linked ... to the notion of an international Jewish conspiracy." id.; ANTISEMITIC
MYTHS: A HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY ANTHOLOGY 11-19 (Marvin Perry & Frederick
M. Schweitzer eds., 2008) ( collecting historical examples of the blood libel from ancient to early
modem times).
112. WALTER LAQUEUR, THE CHANGING FACE OF ANTI-SEMITISM: FROM ANCIENT
TIMES TO THE PRESENT 55 (2006).
113. See id. at 55-57 (describing this use of the blood libel beginning in 1144).
114. WISTRICH, supra note 110, at 90.
115. Paul Iganski and Abe Sweiry call this practice "playing the Nazi card." PAUL IGANSKI
& ABE SWEIRY, EUROPEAN INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF CONTEMPORARY
ANTISEMITISM, UNDERSTANDING AND ADDRESSING THE 'NAZI CARD' (2009).
116. Gordon, From Incitement to Indictment?, supra note 6, at 900-01; Kenneth L. Marcus,
Iran's Nuclear Anti-Zionism ls Genocidal, Not Political, INFOCUS Q., Winter 2009, available at
http://www.jewishpolicycenter.org/1521/iran-nuclear-anti-zionism-genoci…; Kenneth
L. Marcus, Iranian Incitement to Genocide 5 (unpublished manuscript), available at
http:// digital case. case. edu: 9000/fedora/ get/ks I: marira00/mari ra00. pd f.
117. There has been, however, substantial debate over the translations of Ahmadinejad's
pronouncements. See, e.g., Ethan Bronner, Just How Far Did They Go, Those Words Against
Israel?, N.Y. TIMES, June 11, 2006, at WK4 (noting that some translators argue that
Ahmadinejad was calling an end to the Jewish-Zionist state occupying Jerusalem, rather than
calling for Israel to be wiped off the map).
118. Irwin Cotler, Iran's Incitement to Genocide Can't Be Treated as Bombast, NAT' L POST
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376 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal [Vol. 43
Among its myriad variants, Holocaust inversion includes portraying
Jews-especially Israeli Jews-as Nazis, crypto-Nazis, Nazi
sympathizers, Holocaust perpetrators, or Holocaust "copycats." 120 As a
category of "Holocaust distortion," inversion is distinguished in part
from such kindred practices as Holocaust denial, minimization, and
trivialization by its precisely targeted offensive usage-such as its
tendency not only to disarm but to accuse. Several agencies and
commentators have characterized Holocaust inversion not only as a
form of anti-Semitism but also as a primary criterion by which
contemporary anti-Semitism can be discerned. 121 For example, the
(Canada) (Dec. 5, 2008), http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/fullcomment/archive/2008/
12/05/irwin-cotler-iran-s-incitement-of-genocide-can-t-be-treated-as-bombast.aspx.
119. WISTRICH, supra note 110, at 885. Such exhortations may constitute incitement to
genocide. See, e.g., Incitement to Indictment?, supra note 6, at 864---68 (commenting that
Ahmadinejad's hostile public statements about Israel, Jews, and the Holocaust can be ''divided
into seven categories: (1) calling for Israel's destruction; (2) predicting Israel's destruction; (3)
dehumanizing Israeli Jews; (4) accusing Israel of perpetrating mass murder; (5) condoning past
violence against Israel and issuing threats against those who would protect Israel; (6) advocating
expulsion of Israeli Jews from the Middle East; and (7) denying the Holocaust"); Marcus, Iran's
Nuclear Anti-Zionism, supra note 116; DAVID MATAS ET AL., B'NAI BRITH CAN., INDICTMENT
OF IRANIAN PRESIDENT MAHMOUD AHMADINEJAD FOR INCITEMENT TO GENOCIDE
AGAINST THE JEWISH PEOPLE (2007), available at http://www.bnaibrith.ca/pdf/institute/
IndictmentlranianPresidentMarch07.pdf (illustrating Jewish organization B'nai Brith's request
that Canada prosecute President Ahmadinejad for inciting genocide against the Jewish people).
Hassan Nasrallah, Secretary General of the Iranian-sponsored Hezbollah made the genocidal
element in such declarations more explicit when he explained in 2006, "If Jews all gather in
Israel, it will save us the trouble of going after them worldwide." Elena Lappin, The Enemy
Within, N.Y. TIMES, May 23, 2004, at V15. Nasrallah calls for "an open war until the elimination
oflsrael and until the death of the last Jew on earth." Michael Rubin, Nasrallah Urges Arabs to
Evacuate Haifa, NAT'L REVIEW ONLINE (Aug. 9, 2006), http://www.nationalreview.com/
corner/ 12 68 71 /nasrallah-urges-arabs-evacuate-haifa/michael-rubin.
120. In his useful taxonomy of Holocaust distortion, Manfred Gerstenfeld has catalogued
eleven distinct forms: Holocaust Promotion; Holocaust Denial; Holocaust Depreciation;
Holocaust Deflection; Holocaust Inversion; Prewar and Wartime Holocaust Equivalence; Postwar
Holocaust Equivalence; Accusations of Jewish Holocaust-Memory Abuse; Obliterating the
Holocaust Memory; Holocaust-Memory Silencing; and Universalizing/Trivializing the Holocaust.
Manfred Gerstenfeld, The Multiple Distortions of Holocaust Memory, 19 JEWISH POL. Snm.
REV. 3-4 (2007).
121. See, e.g., BERNARD HARRISON, AM. JEWISH COMM., ISRAEL, ANTI-SEMITISM, AND
FREE SPEECH 22-23 (2007) (discussing how the "Nazi Analogy" is factually flawed and how the
use of the analogy absent circumstances more akin to the Holocaust makes it a mere abusive
epithet of anti-Semitism, not a "serious political point"); Howard Jacobson, Wordsmiths and
Atrocities Against Language: The Incendiary Use of the Holocaust and Nazism Against Jews, in
A NEW ANIISEMITISM?D EBATINGJ UDEOPHOBIAIN 21ST CENTURYB RITAIN 102 (P. Iganski &
B. Kosmin eds., 2003) (criticizing other authors for their ··stupidity" for equating Zionism with
Nazism); U.S. DEP'T OF STATE, REPORT ON GLOBAL ANTI-SEMITISM 1 (2005); Working
Definition of Antisemitism, EUROPEAN FORUM ON ANIISEMITISM (Mar. 16, 2005),
http://www.european-forum-on-antisemitism.org/working-definition-of-ant… ish/
(providing a contemporary example of anti-Semitism by examining how in certain countries in
the Middle East the media has publicized "comparisons of Israeli leaders to Hitler and the Nazis"
without government response, whereas in other countries, such as France and Germany, laws that
Annex 15
2012] Accusation in a Mirror 377
European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia's ("EUMC")
authoritative 122 working definition of anti-Semitism correctly
characterizes Holocaust inversion as a discrete form of anti-Semitism.
Analogous practices have been used with other groups as well. For
example, Des Forges observed that Mugesera and Ngeze (in Kangura)
explicitly tried to connect the Tutsis with the Nazis in the course of
employing AiM. 123 The irony in this tactic, as Des Forges recognized,
is that it is the Hutu perpetrators who may have been admirers of Hitler
and Nazi Germany. 124 Indeed, films about Hitler and Nazism were
found in the residence of Rwandan President Juvenal Habyarimana after
he was assassinated in April 1994.125 Similarly, Holocaust inversion
appears more deeply ironic in the face of documented collaboration,
including genocidal conspiracy 126 between the Nazi regime and the
Palestinian leadership of the Holocaust era. 127 The continuing influence
of Nazi propaganda can be seen in the anti-Semitic doctrines of
extremist Islam from World War II to the present day. 128
punish those who publicly equate Israel with Nazism have been promoted).
122. The influence of this definition, and particularly of its examples, can be seen in its rapid
international adoption. See, e.g., U.S. DEP'T OF STATE, CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL ANTISEMITISM
6-7 (2008) (''[E]xamples of the ways in which anti-Semitism manifests itself with
regard to the state ofTsrael taking into account the overall context could include: ... [ d]rawing
comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis .... "); ALL-PARTY
PARLIAMENTARY GROUP AGAINST ANTISEMITISM, REPORT OF THE ALL-PARTY
PARLIAMENTARY INQUIRY INTO ANTISEMITISM 5 (2006) (recommending the adoption of the
EUMC's working definition). Increased international adoption of this definition is a goal of the
2009 London Declaration on Combating Antisemitism and the 20 I O Ottawa Protocol of the
Interparliamentary Coalition to Combat Antisemitism.
123. DES FORGES, supra note 1, at 79-81.
124. Id.
125. Id.
126. See KLAUS-MICHAEL MALLMANN & MARTIN COPPERS, NAZI PALESTINE: THE
PLANS FOR THE EXTERMINATION OF THE JEWS IN PALESTINE (Krista Smith, trans., 2010)
(examining the relations between the Third Reich in Germany and Arab nationalists and positing
the two shared common schemes to eradicate Jews).
127. See, e.g., MATTHIAS KUNTZEL, JIHAD AND JEW-HATRED: ISLAMISM, NAZISM AND
THE ROOTS OF 9/11 (C. Meade trans., 2007) (documenting Nazi collaboration with Palestinian
leadership and continuing influence of Nazi propaganda on extremist elements within Islamist
movement).
128. See, e.g., JEFFREY HERF, NAZI PROPAGANDA AND THE ARAB WORLD (2009)
(recounting the influence of Nazi propaganda on the development of anti-Semitic doctrines within
extremist elements of the Islamic world); PAUL BERMAN, THE FLIGHT OF THE
INTELLECTUALS (2010) (analyzing the continuing influence of Nazi anti-Semitism within radical
Islam).
Annex 15
378 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal [Vol. 43
Ill. EFFECTIVENESS
A. Effectiveness as a Means of Facilitating Persecution
Despite its evident drawbacks, AiM has turned out to be
extraordinarily effective. As Catharine MacKinnon observed of one
case before the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, "This
infamous 'accusation in a mirror'-the propaganda technique in which
one side falsely attributes attacks to the other in order to justify
retaliation in kind, casting aggression as self-defense-was especially
causally potent." 129 That is to say, the use of AiM has a direct causal
effect on the perpetration of genocide. Similarly, Des Forges explained
that this tactic was used quite effectively both in specific incidents, such
as the March 1992 Bugesera massacre and also more generally in the
propaganda campaign to convince Hutu to rise up against the Tutsi and
to exterminate them. 130 The Hutu officials and propagandists
repeatedly employed the Note's techniques, even if it cannot be proven
that that they were personally familiar with the actual document. 131
The technique's effectiveness is poignantly described by Coptic
activist Mounir Bishai, who describes the manner in which his
community has recently been subjected to abuse in Egypt:
Suddenly we have shifted from complaints to self-defense, from
demanding [our] rights to [trying to] convince the public that we are
not depriving others of their rights ... Before [Hurricane] Fitna we
were known as the weak and attacked [party], and now we are being
accused of amassing weapons ... How have we suddenly turned from
persecuted into persecutors, from the weak [party] into the strong and
tyrannical [one], from the attacked [party] into the infamous attackers,
and from the poor [party] into the rich exploiters? How did these lies
become widespread, without us gaining any ground or improving our
situation one whit? ... 132
The answer to Bishai's lament has been the rhetorical effectiveness of
AiM.
In order to fully understand AiM's effectiveness, however, one must
identify each of the functions that it plays. The effectiveness is most
frequently addressed in terms of its legitimizing function, but, in fact, it
serves at least five other primary functions, each of which must be
129. CatharineM acKinnonIn, ternational Decisions: Prosecutovr . NahimanaB, arayagwiz&a
Ngeze, 98 AM. J. lNT'L L. 325, 330 (2004).
130. DESF ORGEsSu,p ra note I, at 66.
131. Id.
132. L. AZURMI, EMRlI, NQUIR&Y ANALYSSISE RIERS EPORNT o.646,R ISINGTE NSIONS
BETWEEMNU SLIMCSH, RISTIAINES GYP(TN ov.1 5,2 010),a vailable at http://www.memri.org/
report/en/0/0/0/0/04/7 06 / 5. htm.
Annex 15
2012] Accusation in a Mirror 379
understood to fully appreciate the extent to which it can serve as an
effective form of incitement.
B. Functions in Facilitating Persecution
AiM has six interrelated functions: to shock, to silence, to threaten, to
insulate, to legitimize, and, finally, to motivate or incite. 133 First and
most unmistakably, it is shocking, even when it is frequently repeated,
which is why it is frequently repeated. No one tells Holocaust
survivors-or a nation of Holocaust survivors and their children-that
they are Nazis without expecting to shock. The same can be said of the
inversive accusations leveled at Bosnians, Tutsis, and Copts.
But AiM is shocking in a particular manner-a manner that tends to
silence. As Charles Lawrence has explained, the visceral "[f]ear, rage,
[ and] shock" of hate speech systematically preempts response. 134
Lawrence wrote about hate speech expressed in the United States
against African Americans and other American minorities, but his
observations are also applicable to other groups that have experienced
human rights inversion. Given the sensitivity of many Jews to issues
concerning the Shoah, for example, Holocaust inversions have the
power not only to shock, but also to silence expression of Jewish
viewpoints, including speech sympathetic to the State of Israel. 135
Moreover, the stereotype of Jewish conspiratorial power, combined
with the use of Nazi motifs, has a peculiarly chilling effect. As activist
Melanie Kaye-Kantrowitz explains, it "mutes our loud, proud Jewish
energy, make[ s] us afraid of seeming too powerful, too ... well, Jewish.
How can we fight injustice powerfully if we fear our power?" 136 The
silencing function of inciteful speech is worth noting in light of the
inevitable claims that those who oppose hate speech are the silencers. 137
Beyond silencing, AiM is also threatening. It is threatening, because
the ascription of guilt carries with it the threat of punishment. For
example, this can be seen in the warning that Jewish students at the
University of California at Irvine recently received from one recent
campus speaker who said, "[I]t's time for you to live in some fear now
133. See KENNETH L. MARCUS. JEWISH IDENTITY AND CIVIL RIGHTS IN AMERICA 63-64
(2010) ( introducing most of these functions).
134. Charles R. Lawrence TIT, If He Hailers, Let Him Go: Regulating Racist Speech on
Campus, 1990 DUKE L.J. 431, 452.
135. The point is amplified in Kenneth L. Marcus, Higher Education, Harassment, and First
Amendment Opportunism, 16 WM. & MARY BILL RTS. J. 1025, 1050-52 (2008).
136. Melanie Kaye/Kantrowitz, Some Notes on Anti-Semitism from a Progressive Jewish
Perspective, JEWISH CURRENTS (Mar. 2007), http://www.jewishcurrents.org/2007-markayekantrowiz.
htm.
137. See JEWISH IDENTITY, supra note 133, at 71-75 (analyzing such claims).
Annex 15
380 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal [Vol. 43
because you were so good at dispensing fear." 138 Significantly, it is not
only the target group that is threatened by such forms of expressive
conduct, but also bystanders who might be dissuaded from supporting
the out-group. 139
AiM's threatening function is also apparent in the United States's sad
history of lynching. By the most conservative estimates, the proportion
of black victims lynched for purportedly rape-related offenses varied
between 26.7% and 40.6%, but some authorities suggest that in
Georgia, sexual allegations were associated with more than 60% of
lynchings between 1880 and 1889 and approximately half of all
lynchings. 140 Moreover, when black men were accused of raping
women, the difference between lynching and "regular" justice was
sometimes more a matter of form than of substance. 141 Indeed, "guilt or
innocence was often beside the point when southern blacks were
accused of ... sexually assaulting white women." 142
Nevertheless, AiM is presented in a manner that is frequently
immune from criticism because its political guise is insulting. The
insulting function provides a means by which animus can be expressed
without provoking the resistance that post-World War II racism tends to
precipitate. Like other contemporary hate and bias modalities,
Holocaust inversion has been protected from normal anti-discrimination
enforcement by its ability to replicate or mimic the tropes of a dissident
political discourse. This masking effect has permitted the growth and
dissemination of hate and bias that would otherwise be checked by
138. Letter from Charles R. Love, Program Manager, U.S. Dep't of Educ., Office for Civil
Rights, Region IX, to Dr. Michael V. Drake, Chancellor, Univ. of Cali., Irvine, Jn re OCR Case
No. 09-05-2013 (Nov. 30, 2007) [hereinafter Jn re University of California at Irvine, OCR Case
No. 09-05-2013]. available at http://www.ocregister.com/newsimages/news/2007 /12/OCR
_Report_l20507-Z05145157-0001.pdf (quoting an unnamed campus speaker). In this case, the
speaker taunted, "You were so good at making people think that y'all was all that and the Islamic
tide started coming up." Id. For a discussion of the Irvine case, see JEWISH IDENTITY, supra
note 133 and Kenneth L. Marcus, Jurisprudence of the New Anti-Semitism, 44 WAKE FOREST
L. REV. 371, 383-93 (2009). The Israelis-as-Nazis analogy serves to justify not only anti-Israeli,
but also anti-Jewish activity, which is otherwise socially or legally repelled. In light of the social
stigma associated with anti-Semitism and racism, inversion serves to legitimate prejudice that
would otherwise be socially unacceptable. In many cases, Holocaust inversion is coupled with
suggestions that Jews should be treated in a manner consistent with their putative status as
genocidal criminals. This particular quotation is taken from the official report of the U.S.
Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights and investigation into charges of unlawful antiSemitic
harassment at the University of California at Irvine.
139. See STEVEN K. BAUM, THE PSYCHOLOGY OF GENOCIDE: PERPETRATORS,
BYSTANDERS AND RESCUERS 119 (2008) (noting that even if 80% of community members
may be compassionate and caring, a vocal 20% biased minority may nevertheless intimidate the
rest of the community).
140. SOMMERVILLEs,u pra note 98, at 223.
141. FRIEDMAN, supra note 100, at 118.
142. KLARMAN, supra note 102, at 118.
Annex 15
2012] Accusation in a Mirror 381
various social, political, administrative, and legal controls, including
human and civil rights law.
More significantly, AiM is legitimizing. In the genocidal context,
AiM's legitimizing function is particularly important because of the
enormity of the crime that must be justified. Des Forges has observed
that "[w]ith such a tactic, propagandists can persuade listeners and
'honest people' that they are being attacked and are justified in taking
whatever measures are necessary 'for legitimate [self-]defense."' 143 As
Joseph Goebbels put it, "The Jews are guilty [and] the punishment is
coming." Similarly, Heinrich Himmler, Reichsfuhrer of the SS, argued
that "we had the moral right vis-a-vis our people to annihilate this
people which wanted to annihilate us." 144 AiM has served the same
function in a wide range of contexts, whether the victims' purported
crimes are contemporaneous (as with the "black racist"), prospective
("Tutsi exterminators"), or retrospective ("Zionist Holocaust").
In the mind of Southern racists, the myth of the black rapist served to
legitimize Jim Crow lynchings. Similarly, it provided the Nazis with a
justification for their murder of the Jews. In the same way, Hutu claims
of Tutsi aggression "legitimized" the violence that Hutus would visit
upon them. For example, Mugesera warned his Hutu countrymen,
"[K]now that anyone whose neck you do not cut is the one who will cut
your neck. "145
Thus, as Susan Benesch explains, the propagandist understood at
least one aspect of genocide inversion's legitimizing function: it
provides a collective self-defense justification for mass atrocities in the
same way that individual self-defense provides a defense against the
crime of murder. 146 Even in its legitimizing function, however,
genocide inversion does more than provide a prospective defense
against subsequent charges. Beyond such persuasion, AiM also
functions as a means of constructing the identity of a despised other. In
the simplest sense, genocide AiM may be, as Benesch has defined it, the
technique of "claim[ing] (falsely) that the victims-to-be are planning to
commit atrocities against the genocidaires-to-be." 147 In a broader sense,
however, it is not merely a set of explicit claims, but rather a practice of
constructing the other in a particular manner. Specifically, genocide
inversion consists of constructing an identifiable other as so deeply and
ineradicably criminal as to justify and even to require extermination
143. DES FORGES, supra note 1, at 58
144. Id.
145. Mugesera v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (2003), [2004] I F.C. 325
(Can. Que. Fed. Ct. App.).
146. Id.
147. Benesch, supra note 6, at 504.
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382 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal [Vol. 43
precisely because the drive to exterminate is so central within the
constructed self of the other.
Finally, AiM is motivating or inciting. That is to say, AiM not only
provides a reason or justification for aggression, as other less effective
forms of incitement also do; more insidiously, it also communicates to
the listener that it is necessary to attack another group in order to avoid
having the same fate visited upon one's own community. As Benesch
has explained, other rhetorical techniques such as demonization can
make mass-murder seem acceptable, but AiM makes it appear
necessary. 148 This function follows in part from the functions described
above but also goes beyond them. Although this motivating quality is
useful in lesser forms of incitement, it is critical to those who are
inciting genocide because these perpetrators must overcome the strong
social prohibitions on such heinous deeds. 149 AiM is able to
accomplish this by redefining the target population as being guilty of
such a vile transgression as to lie outside the scope of mutual
obligations and lawful protections. 150 In his most infamous speech,
Mugesera repeatedly claimed that the "inyenzi" planned to commit
genocide against the Hutu: "These people called lnyenzis are now on
their way to attack us ... I am telling you, and I am not lying [that] ...
they only want to exterminate us. They only want to exterminate us:
they have no other aim." 151 Mugesera used this form of AiM precisely
because he understood its motivating quality: "Are we really waiting till
they come to exterminate us?" Mugesera demanded. 152
Similarly, Bernard-Henri Levy argues that Holocaust inversion,
together with other elements of the "new anti-Semitism," erodes the
inhibitions that have, for several decades, prevented most Europeans
from wanting to exterminate Jews. 153 Such defamations enable "people
to feel once again the desire and, above all, the right to burn all the
synagogues they want, to attack boys wearing yarmulkes, to harass
large numbers of rabbis, to kill not just one but many llan Halimis-in
in order for anti-Semitism to be reborn on a large scale." 154 The
directness of AiM can be seen, not only in its common usage, but in the
effectiveness with which it accomplishes its intention. Most
148. Id. at 506.
149. Id. at 486 (quoting FRANK CHALK & KURT JONASSOHN, THE HISTORY AND
SOCIOLOGY OF GENOCIDE 28 (1990)).
150. Id.
151. Mugesera v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), [2005] S.C.R. I 00, 93
paras. 16, 18 (Can.).
152. Id. para. 49.
153. BERNARD-HENRLI EVY, LEFT IN DARK TIMES 155 (Benjamin Moser trans., 2008).
154. Id.
Annex 15
2012] Accusation in a Mirror 383
importantly, AiM motivates people to commit precisely the
transgressions that are falsely attributed to the victim group. This is
particularly important in the case of heinous crimes such as genocide,
which require powerful motivation to overcome strong social bonds.
But it can also explain the way in which large numbers of people are
induced to engage in other forms of persecution, such as the systematic
rape of black women during the Jim Crow South or the United States
government's callous disregard for the rights of Indians during the Trail
of Tears. This direct motivation is, moreover, only one facet of the
complex efficacy through which AiM aids perpetrators in subjecting
target populations for persecution or destruction. In fulfilling the range
of functions described above, AiM facilitates aggression against its
victims with peculiar effectiveness. For this additional reason, the use
of AiM in genocidal or non-genocidal contexts cannot reasonably be
viewed as being anything but direct.
C. Psychological Functions
A full assessment of AiM's effectiveness must acknowledge that the
technique serves important psychological functions for the speaker as
well as critical functions for the speaker's party. In this sense, the
widespread use of AiM results not only from its effectiveness at
facilitating persecution, up to and including genocide, but also because
AiM fulfills independent psychological needs of the perpetrators who
use it.
First, there is no phenomenon that better exemplifies the defense
mechanism that prejudice, classically, has been understood to provide.
"Projection" is the process of displacing unwanted feelings onto
despised others, who may then appear to be external threats. 155 While
projection has been explained as a source of all prejudice, including
anti-Semitism, it is never more conspicuous than when it takes the form
of AiM. 156
Second, AiM is a paradigmatic form of what might be called
"secondary prejudice." Secondary prejudice is any form of bias that is
itself a reflection of the taboo of open bigotry. 157 For example, the
European Union's Agency for Fundamental Rights ("FRA") recently
noted that "secondary anti-Semitism" could be most broadly defined as
155. AVNER FALK, ANTI-SEMITISM: A HISTORY AND PSYCHOANALYSIS OF
CONTEMPORARY HATRED (2008) 67, 71-72, 83 (discussing the possible roots behind the
psychological projections that Christians place on Jews that manifest into anti-Semitism).
156. Id.
157. Clemens Heni, Secondary Anti-Semitism: From Hard-Core to Soft-Core Denial of the
Shoah, 20 JEWISH POL. STUD. REV. 3-4 (2008), available at http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/
Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBTD= I &LNGTD= I &TMTD= I I I &FTD=625&PTD=0&ITD=2675.
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384 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal [Vol. 43
"any form of anti-Semitism that is in itself a reflection of the taboo of
'open anti-Semitism."' 158 Peter Schonbach, a colleague of leading
Frankfurt School scholar Theodor Adorno, coined the increasingly used
concept of "secondary anti-Semitism." The classic example, prevalent
in post-War Germany and Austria, is the claim that Jews were
responsible for the Holocaust. 159 "Rather than constituting a form of
anti-Semitism that exists in spite of the history of National Socialism,"
the FRA explains, "it exists because of it." 160 In one pointed
formulation, "The Germans will never forgive the Jews for
Auschwitz." 161
Secondary prejudice is often directed at other persecuted groups as
well. For example, Jim Crow laws reflected the South's refusal to
forgive blacks for the sin of slavery. Similarly, when heterosexual
majorities deny certain rights or privileges, such as marriage, to gays
and lesbians-and then accuse gay rights activists of seeking "special
privileges"-they are engaging in AiM. These attitudes can be
described as a secondary prejudice because, to a certain extent, the
resentment that these majorities experience arises from subconscious
shame for their treatment of a disadvantaged minority. In general,
secondary prejudice arises from the guilt or shame that non-minority
groups experience in the face of their own present or prior hate or bias.
IV. ACCUSATIO1NN A MIRRORA NDG ENOCIDLEA WD OCTRINE
A. The Doctrinal Significance of Accusation in a Mirror
AiM is a primary form of incitement, like demonization and
dehumanization, which can be used to show the "directness" of
expressive conduct that intuitively might appear indirect. 162 The
Genocide Convention criminalizes "direct and public incitement to
commit genocide," 163 regardless of whether actual genocide results.164
Under the Genocide Convention, incitement is an autonomous
infraction that-like conspiracy-constitutes an inchoate crime, in the
158. EuropeaUn nionA gencyfo rF undamentRailg htsA, nti-SemitisSmu:m maroyv erviewof
the situationin the EuropeaUn nion2 001-2010a,t 25 (Apr.2 011)( FRAw orkingp aper),
available at http://fra.europa.eWu/efrbas ite/attachmAennttsi/s emiti_sUmp date2_0 11.pdf.
159. Id.
160. Id.
161. BenW einthaTl,h e Raging Bron.x Bull of German Journalism, JEWISDHA ILFYO RWARD
(June8 , 2007)h, ttp://www.forward.com/article(sq/1u0o8ti7np4gs/ ychologZisvt iR ex).
162. Thei mportancoef accusatioinn a mirrort o incitemenlat wi s discusseidn Music and
Genocide, supra note6 , at 638;B eneschsu,p ra note6 , at 504-06.
163. G.AR. es.2 60( III), at 174U, .N.G AOR3,d S ess.A, /810(P arIt ) (Dec9. , 1948).
164. Thek eyp oint hata ctuavl iolencnee edn otb e shownw asa uthoritativeelsyta blisheind
theM edia Case. Nahimanva. ProsecutoCr,a seN o.l CTR-99-52-AAp, pealJsu dgmennt,. 26,, r
720( Nov2. 8,2 007)a,f f'g NahimanBa,a rayagwi&za N gezeC, aseN o.I CTR9 9-52-T,r, 1015.
Annex 15
2012] Accusation in a Mirror 385
sense that the result need not be proven, as long as the incitement was
direct and public, as well as intentional, with the intent to destroy a
protected group completely or partially. 165 The conundrum for
genocide law is that incitement doctrine is squeezed between two
imperatives: on the one hand, the need to distinguish between genocidal
incitement and ordinary hate speech and, on the other hand, the need to
address genocidal incitement before it results in murder. By identifying
primary incitement techniques, such as AiM, courts can satisfy the latter
imperative while still respecting the former.
B. Accusation in a Mirror and the Elements of Incitement
Gregory Gordon has performed the admirable task of elucidating the
criteria that actionable incitement must meet under modern genocide
law. 166 First, the statements in question must be publicly uttered. 167
Needless to say, AiM may be used publicly or privately. For purposes
of applying genocide law, only public utterances are at issue here.
Second, and most importantly for present purposes, actionable
statements must be uttered in a sufficiently direct manner. 168 The
Genocide Convention and related authorities do not prohibit casual or
indirect utterances, nor do they provide a general prohibition on hate
speech. 169 As further discussed below, the legally critical aspect of
AiM is that it is a substantively direct form of incitement
notwithstanding the indirect appearance that it sometimes assumes.
Third, the utterance must be actual incitement rather than protected
speech. 170 This criterion overlaps considerably with the directness
element, since the directness requirement is intended in no small part to
distinguish protected speech from punishable incitement. The two
criteria can be distinguished for certain analytical purposes, however,
because the directness requirement should also be understood as a
creature of contemporary values regarding the freedom of speech.
Finally, an actionable statement must have an underlying intent to
provoke mass-murder. 171 This is an important independent requirement
that must be satisfied even in cases of AiM. Some advocates might
argue that the mirror itself can reveal the speaker's intent, but this is too
165. Schabas, supra note 15, at 149.
166. Gordon bases his analysis largely on the ICTR cases, which have been relatively detailed
in their analysis, since the applicable statute mirrors the Genoicde Convention. Incitement to
Indictment?, supra note 6, at 869-70.
167. Id. at 870.
168. Id.
169. Diane F. Orentlicher, Criminalizing Hate Speech in the Crucible of Trial: Prosecutor v.
Nahimana, 21 AM. U. lNI'L L. REV. 557,566 (2006).
170. Incitement to Indictment?, supra note 6, at 869-70.
171. Id.
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386 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal [Vol. 43
facile. As explained in Part II, AiM can be used consciously or
unconsciously and therefore can be either a deliberate propagandistic
technique or an expression of unconscious projection. 172 To the extent
that AiM is used in an unconscious manner, its communicative process
is no less direct, but it would be inaccurate to characterize what it
reveals as the speaker's "intent." In genocide cases, the directness is
not sufficient to provide a basis for prosecution without the presence of
intent.
C. Accusation in a Mirror as Evidence of Directness
Given the importance of protecting the freedom of speech, 173 courts
have been appropriately cautious in ensuring that only direct
incitements be proscribed. 174 Unfortunately it is often difficult to
determine what expressions may be deemed sufficiently direct in light
of the covert, coded, and euphemistic manner in which genocidal
appeals are generally communicated. 175 This is a serious problem
because the Genocide Convention is intended to prevent genocides
before they occur and not merely to punish the perpetrators after the
killing is done. 176
172. See infra Part TI (discussing how AiM, "while sometimes a deliberate propagandistic
tactic, also sometimes expresses an unconscious impulse" by examining the Nazi and Rwandan
genocides and the myths of the Indian giver, black racist, and murderous Jew).
173. Indeed, the United States was initially reluctant to enter into the Genocide Convention
for reasons relating to the freedom of speech. See Continuation of the Consideration of the Draft
Convention on Genocide [E/794]: Report of the Economic and Social Council [A/633], U.N.
GAOR 6th Comm., 3d Sess., 84th mtg. at 213 ( 1948) (discussing the debates over whether or not
to include incitement to genocide within the list of punishable acts). When the U.S. Senate
finally ratified the Genocide Convention, after decades of debate, it did so only with this
reservation: ''Nothing in the Convention requires or authorizes legislation or other action by the
United States of America prohibited by the Constitution of the United States as interpreted by the
United States." 132 CONG. REc. Sl252-54 (daily ed. Feb. 18, 1986) (Lugar/Helms/Hatch
Reservations to the Genocide Convention).
174. U.S. courts have been similarly cautious, requiring a ''directness" element in domestic
incitement cases. Compare, e.g., Masses Publ'g Co. v. Patten, 244 F. 535,542 (S.D.N.Y. 1917)
(''[I]ndirect result of the language might be to arouse a seditious disposition, [however, this]
would not be enough ... ?"), rev 'd, 246 F. 24 (2d. Cir. 1917) with Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul
Akayesu, Judgment, ICTR-96-4-T, ,r 557 (1998) ("[M]ore than mere vague or indirect suggestion
[is required to] constitute direct incitement."). Such comparisons are usefully explored in Ameer
F. Gopalani, The International Standard of Direct and Public Incitement to Commit Genocide:
An Obstacle to U.S. Ratification of the International Criminal Court Statute?, 32 CAL. W. lNI'L
L.J. 87, 102-04 (2001).
175. See Schabas, supra note 15, at 160 ("The problem with the requirement that incitement
be 'direct' is that history shows that those who attempt to incite genocide speak in euphemisms.
It would surely be contrary to the intent of the drafters to view such coded language as being
insufficiently direct.").
176. Michael P. Scharf & Brianne M. Draffin. Foreword: To Prevent and to Punish: An
International Conference in Commemoration of the Sixtieth Anniversary of the Genocide
Convention, 40 CASE w. RES. J. TNI'L L. I, 4 (2007).
Annex 15
2012] Accusation in a Mirror 387
Sadly, for reasons that are both legal and political, 177 the Genocide
Convention has failed to prevent or appreciably reduce the incidents of
mass-killings. 178 The Genocide Convention's passage has been justly
characterized as "utterly irrelevant" when the first half century
following its passage witnessed the slaughter of four million by Stalin's
Russia, five million in Mao's Chinese Cultural Revolution, two million
in Pol Pot's killing field, 750,000 in Uganda, etc. 179 This abject failure
prompted the United Nation's High Commissioner for Human Rights to
lament: "A person stands a better chance of being tried and judged for
killing one human being than for killing I 00,000." 180 In recent years,
the U.N. has committed to correcting this sorry history, for example, by
adopting its Responsibility to Protect doctrine. 181 If the Genocide
Convention is to merit its designation as the "Never Again" treaty, its
incitement provisions must be interpreted in ways that effectuate its
intent to prevent further tragedies. At a minimum this requires that
judicial bodies properly recognize the forms that incitement to genocide
habitually assume so that they can be properly addressed.
Given the frequency with which genocidal AiM presages actual
genocide, courts and tribunals must attribute proper significance to this
form of incitement. At a minimum, this requires an appreciation that
AiM is generally understood in pre-genocidal and genocidal contexts as
a direct call to commit mass-murder, whether it is accompanied by other
more explicit exhortations or not. This is important, because courts
have taken the directness requirement of incitement seriously. For
example, the Mugesera court cautioned that an equivocal speech, open
to differing interpretations, could not constitute direct and public
incitement to commit genocide. 182 Mugesera' s teaching that actionable
incitement must be a direct appeal to commit an act of genocide, 183
177. See generally SAMANTHA POWER, "A PROBLEM FROM HELL": AMERICA AND THE
AGE OF GENOCIDE (2002) (discussing why American leaders frequently promise to prevent
genocide yet repeatedly fail to do so).
178. See Scharf & Draffin, supra note 176, at 2 (describing the Genocide Convention's failure
to prevent genocide even after it was established).
179. Id.
180. MICHAELP . SCHARF,B ALKANJ USTICE: THE STORYB EHIND THE INTERNATIONALW AR
CRIMES TRIAL SINCE NUREMBERG xiv (1997).
181. Scharf & Draffin, supra note 176, at 4; see also Paul R. Williams & Meghan E. Stewart,
Humanitarian Intervention: The New Missing Link in the Fight to Prevent Crimes Against
Humanity and Genocide?, 40 CASE W. RES. J. TNT'L L 97, 105---06 (2008) (elucidating the
responsibility to protect, or "R2P"); David Scheffer, Atrocity Crimes Framing the Responsibility
to Protect, 40 CASE W. RES. J. INT'L L. 111 (2008) (drawing lines for determining which atrocity
crimes merit application of the R2P doctrine and which do not).
182. Mugesera v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration) (2003), [2004] F.C. 325
(Can.).
183. Id.
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388 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal [Vol. 43
rather than a vague advocacy of hate or discrimination, has been
influential. 184 Furthermore, the Media Case, carefully distinguished
between direct incitements and most other forms of hate speech:
Direct incitement to commit genocide assumes that the speech is a
direct appeal to commit an act referred to in Article 2(2) of the Statute;
it has to be more than a mere vague or indirect suggestion. In most
cases, direct and public incitement to commit genocide can be
preceded or accompanied by hate speech, but only direct and public
incitement to commit genocide is prohibited under Article 2(3)(c) of
the Statute. 185
Genocidal AiM is inciteful not because it is hate speech, but because
it is in fact-if not in form-an appeal to commit particular acts. In the
Media Case, the appeals court emphasized that while genocide is often
preceded by or coupled with hate speech, hate speech is not per se
actionable unless it directly calls for the commission of genocide. 186
Similarly, the International Law Commission explained, "The element
of direct incitement requires specifically urging another individual to
take immediate criminal action rather than merely making a vague or
indirect suggestion." 187
The meaning of coded speech may, however, be unequivocal. That is
to say, its meaning may be clear and definite when it is properly
decoded. In such cases, its meaning may be well understood to its
listeners. It is now well established that the directness element must be
"viewed in the light of its cultural and linguistic content." 188 Whether a
particular communication can be considered direct will vary depending
on local linguistic contexts. Most importantly, it is a basic principle of
genocide law that "incitement may be direct, and nonetheless
implicit." 189
The value of AiM, as a legal concept, is that it provides a means of
understanding how a major category of coded speech can meet the
directness element under the Genocide Convention and other laws
prohibiting incitement to genocide. The Genocide Convention
criminalizes "direct and public incitement to commit genocide." 190 The
184. See George William Mugwanya, Recent Trends in International Criminal Law:
Perspectives from the U.N. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, 6 Nw. U. J. TNT'L
HUM. RTS. 415,436 (2008) (describing influence of Mugesera on lCTR decisions).
185. Nahimana v. Prosecutor, Case No. ICTR-99-52-A, Appeals Judgment, n.26, ,i 693 (Nov.
28, 2007); Mugwanya, supra note 184, at 437.
186. Nahimana Judgment, lCTR-99-52-A, ,i 693 (Nov. 28, 2007); Mugwanya, supra note
184, at 437.
187. Rep. of the Int'I Law Comm'n, 48th Sess. May 6-July 26, 1996, at 22, U.N. Doc.
A/51/10; GAOR, 51st Sess., Supp. No. 10 (1996).
188. Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No. lCTR 96-4-T, Judgment, ,i 557 (Sept. 2, 1998).
189. Id.
190. Genocide Convention, supra note 2.
Annex 15
2012] Accusation in a Mirror 389
Convention makes genocidal incitement an inchoate crime, in the sense
that actual genocide need not occur for its incitement to be
actionable. 191 Nevertheless, actionable incitement must be a direct
appeal to commit an act of genocide rather than vague hate speech. 192
"Directness" is often difficult to discern in light of the covert, coded,
and euphemistic manner in which genocidal appeals are generally
communicated. 193 At the same time, it is critical for judicial bodies to
recognize incitement, even when it takes such forms, because otherwise
they will fail to satisfy the Genocide Convention's purpose of
preventing genocide rather than merely punishing its perpetrators. 194
At first blush, AiM appears to be entirely indirect. The speaker need
not urge the target audience to take any particular course of conduct;
moreover, if any actions are urged, they are veiled in the language of
self-defense. Nevertheless, as discussed earlier, the "directness"
requirement is not construed formalistically to require an explicit
exhortation, since that is not the form that genocidal incitement
characteristically takes. Indeed, genocide law cannot succeed in
preventing mass-killings-as opposed to punishing their perpetrators
after the fact-unless incitement doctrine is construed broadly to
encompass such ways in which genocidaires actually ply their craft.
For this reason, "directness" is interpreted contextually to require a
communication that reasonable listeners would understand-within
local conditions-as an appeal to undertake certain actions. As the
Rwanda tribunal has explained, "The Chamber will therefore consider
on a case-by-case basis whether, in light of the culture of Rwanda and
the specific circumstances of the instant case, acts of incitement can be
viewed as direct or not, by focusing mainly on the issue of whether the
persons for whom the message was intended immediately grasped the
implication thereof." 195 The Rwandan example demonstrates the clarity
with which implicit directives contained within AiM are understood and
executed.
In this sense, the directness element should be considered satisfied
when it can be shown that a defendant has publicly accused a particular
vulnerable population of genocidal practices, or genocidal intent, in a
191. Schabas, supra note 15, at 149.
192. Mugesera v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), [2005] S.C.R. I 00
(Can.).
193. See Schabas, supra note 15, at 160 ("The problem with the requirement that incitement
be 'direct' is that history shows that those who attempt to incite genocide speak in euphemisms. It
would surely be contrary to the intent of the drafters to view such coded language as being
insufficiently direct.").
194. Scharf & Draffin, supra note 176, at 4.
195. Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment, ,r 558 (Sept. 2, 1998).
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390 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal [Vol. 43
manner that mirrors practices that have been directed against them.
This approach does not push the boundaries impermissibly between
incitement and hate speech. This is important not only because
domestic constitutional considerations sometimes apply, 196 but also
because the Genocide Convention's history indicates an "unambiguous
determination" by the Convention's drafters to exclude hate speech
from the scope of the clause that criminalizes "direct and public
incitement to commit genocide." 197 This approach to AiM does not
criminalize speech that provokes hatred towards a protected group, but
instead punishes speech that advocates violence against members of the
group. 198 Indeed, one of the defining features of AiM is that it does not
merely stoke generalized feelings of racial hatred; rather, it incites very
specific forms of criminal conduct.
This conclusion follows from the essentially euphemistic character
that incitement characteristically assumes. For this reason, other
commentators have recommended that euphemisms used to mask
incitement should be considered "kinds of incitement." 199
V. ALTERNATIVEAPPROACHES
This approach to AiM is more stringent than some alternative
approaches and less stringent than others. This Part will evaluate two
roads not taken here. One alternative would be to treat the use of AiM,
at least under some circumstances, as a chargeable offense. The other
would be to consider it to constitute (and not merely to satisfy) an
element that must be met in a prosecution for incitement. This Section
will argue that the former approach is too loose and the latter too
stringent.
A. Accusation in a Mirror as a Form of Incitement
This proposal is more stringent than an alternative approach that
would recognize AiM as a form of incitement to commit genocide per
196. See, e.g., Audrey Golden, Comment, Monkey Read, Monkey Do: Why the First
Amendment Should Not Protect the Printed Speech of an International Genocide Inciter, 43
WAKE FORE ST L. REV. 1149 (2008) ( discussing the differences between international customary
law, under which genocide inciters would be found in violation ot: and the U.S. Constitution,
under which genocide inciters would be protected under the First Amendment guaranteeing free
speech).
197. Diane F. Orentlicher, Criminalizing Hate Speech in the Crucible of Trial: Prosecutor v.
Nahimana, 12 NEW ENG. J. TNT'L & COMP. L. 17, 22-28 (2005).
198. Id. at 39-40 (criticizing the ICTR for convicting defendants in the Media Case for crimes
against humanity based upon what she considered to be ''speech that constitutes incitement to
racial hatred but not incitement to violence"); Incitement to Indictment?, supra note 6, at 910-11
(arguing that incitement to genocide can be distinguished from speech that merely encourages
racial hatred).
199. Incitement to Indictment?, supra note 6, at 857.
Annex 15
2012] Accusation in a Mirror 391
se regardless of whether genocide actually ensures, as long as the basic
elements of genocide are met. For example, one commentator has
seemingly argued that AiM should be recognized as a "legally
chargeable form of incitement." 200 In other words, AiM should be
considered a category of chargeable offense rather than merely a
technique that satisfies only one element of the offense. 201
Thus, a person who specifically intends to motivate others to engage
in genocidal murder and furthers this plan by publicly and directly
accusing his or her would-be victims of genocidal intent, has committed
incitement to genocide. The virtue of recognizing this distinct category
of incitement is that it spares each adjudicator the burden of having to
determine in each instance whether this accusatory technique bears a
sufficient nexus to any actual or potential killing. The notion is that
certain forms of accusation are incitement per se.
This approach faces certain challenges, even aside from the usual
questions of expressive freedom that invariably surround the issue of
incitement. Can specific intent be inferred from the act itself, or must
one demonstrate that the accusation is motivated by genocidal intent?
Given the difficulty of proving intent, the tendency will be to infer it
from the circumstances in which the technique was used. This
inference is of limited persuasiveness, however. If the speaker urges the
elimination of a particular group at a time when members of that group
are notoriously being killed, one can infer that the speaker intends to
perpetuate the killing. But if the speaker merely accuses the victim
group of plotting similar crimes, can we assume that the speaker's intent
is similarly murderous? The challenge of determining intent is
200. This approach greatly simplifies the analysis in Music and Genocide, supra note 6, at
638. Gordon's approach is much more sophisticated and nuanced than these quotations convey.
Indeed, when his three major works on this topic are taken together, it appears that Gordon might
consider AiM to be chargeable only when certain other criteria are satisfied and perhaps only
when it is anchored in some other form of incitement. For example, in some places Gordon
argues that AiM, to be chargeable, must be "anchored to direct calls" to genocide, Incitement to
Indictment?, supra note 6, at 857, which if taken literally almost seems to imply that accusation
in a mirror is not itself a form of incitement per se. A full presentation of the complexities of
Gordon's analysis would however exceed the scope of this Article.
201. Gordon's nine categories are:
( 1) direct calls for destruction;
(2) predictions of destruction;
Id.
(3) verminization, pathologization, and demonization;
( 4) accusation in a mirror;
(5) euphemisms and metaphors;
(6) justification during contemporaneous violence;
(7) condoning and congratulating past violence;
(8) asking questions about violence; and
(9) victim-sympathizer conflation.
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392 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal [Vol. 43
exacerbated by the extent to which AiM often anses from the
subconscious process of "projection," rather than as a conscious
intention.
B. Accusation in a Mirror as an Element of Incitement
Susan Benesch argues, by contrast, that AiM supports an incitement
charge by demonstrating that the speaker not only dehumanized a target
population, but also justified mass-killing. 202 In this way, AiM would
be a persuasive means of meeting one prong in the six-prong test that
Benesch has proposed in place of the current doctrinal framework. 203
Specifically, it would provide an affirmative answer to the second half
of the first compound sentence in Benesch's fifth prong, which goes to
what has previously been identified as the requirement of
"effectiveness": Did the speaker describe the victims-to-be as
subhuman, or accuse them of plotting genocide? Had the audience been
conditioned by the use of these techniques in other, previous speech?204
In other words, accusation is one of three techniques-together with
dehumanization and repetition-that can be used to demonstrate
effectiveness. In Benesch's scheme, prosecution must establish all six
elements in order to achieve a conviction. 205 Thus, under Benesch's
scheme, these three common techniques would effectively become an
element of the crime; no matter how directly and forcefully a public
speaker urges genocide, it would not be chargeable unless AiM or
dehumanization is used, unless the crowd has been primed by prior use
of these techniques. 206
202. Benesch, supra note 6, at 523-24.
203. The six prongs Benesch proposes to identify incitement to commit genocide and to
distinguish it from lawfully protected speech are as follows:
I. Was the speech understood by the audience as a call to genocide? Did it use
language, explicit or coded, to justify and promote violence?
2. Did the speaker have authority or influence over the audience and did the audience
have the capacity to commit genocide?
3. Had the victims-to-be already suffered an outbreak ofrecent violence?
4. Were contrasting views still available at the time of the speech? Was it still safe to
express them publicly?
5. Did the speaker describe the victims-to-be as subhuman, or accuse them of plotting
genocide? Had the audience been conditioned by the use of these techniques in other,
previous speech?
6. Had the audience received similar messages before the speech?
Id. at 498.
204. Id.
205. Id. at 520.
206. For substantially similar reasons, Gordon has argued that Benesch's six-prong test is too
rigid and has also criticized it on additional grounds. See Music and Genocide, supra note 6, at
626-30 ( criticizing Benesch's test for failing to encompass scenarios that should pass the test,
such as a governmental official in a country experiencing inter-ethnic violence calling for the
Annex 15
2012] Accusation in a Mirror 393
Since dehumanization is by no means universally used prior to the
commitment of genocide, this places an untenable burden on AiM. 207
Goldhagen has provided a rather lengthy list of genocidaires who have
not relied on dehumanization, including the Turks against Armenians
and Serbs against Bosnians. 208 In these forms of genocide, which do
not involve dehumanization, Benesch's scheme makes accusation a
necessary condition for incitement. This approach is far too rigid, as it
would exculpate non-dehumanizing genocidaires who do not use AiM.
In short, AiM cannot be an element of incitement, because this
requirement would be impracticably rigid. On the other hand, it cannot
constitute the crime of incitement per se, as this would be too lenient.
Rather, it should be considered a primary technique for incitement, and
its presence should satisfy the directness requirement, but other
elements of incitement must also be met for the statement to be
actionable.
VI. CONCLUSION
AiM is an extraordinary concept that deserves closer attention than it
has thus far received. First, AiM has been very commonly or frequently
employed, both in genocidal and non-genocidal contexts, and in widely
differing times and places. Second, AiM is strange or counter-intuitive:
of all of the false accusations that one might level at one's adversaries,
it is surprising that one would draw public attention to precisely the
misdeeds that one intends to commit. Third, despite these drawbacks,
AiM has had a famous potency, to use Catharine MacKinnon's term. 209
That is to say, it has been oddly effective in serving several functions,
including those observed by propagandists. Finally, for jurists, this
strangely effective and widespread phenomenon has a peculiar utility; to
wit: it provides a means by which prosecutors can demonstrate the
"directness," which is requisite to a showing of genocidal incitement.
AiM should be closely considered in incitement cases, not because it is
a necessary or a sufficient condition of incitement to genocide, as some
have suggested, but rather because it is strong evidence of directness.
ethnic majority to "go to work" on the ethnic minority, being too final as a "self-contained
universe" and containing ambiguous terms).
207. Goldhagen demonstrates that genocide is commonly accompanied by dehumanization,
demonization, or both. GOLDHAGENs, upra note 28, at 319-30.
208. Id. at 331.
209. MacKinnon, supra note 129, at 330.
Annex 16
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 16th Extraordinary Session, Resolution on
Human Rights Abuses in Egypt, ACHPR Res. 287 (EXT.OS/XVI) (20-29 July 2014)

Page 1 of 749
RECOMMENDATIONS AND
RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY
THE AFRICAN COMMISSION ON
HUMAN AND PEOPLES’ RIGHTS
1988 - 2017
Published by the Secretariat of the African Commission on
Human and Peoples’ Rights
Annex 16
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Page 2 of 749
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RECOMMENDATIONS AND RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE AFRICAN COMMISSION ON
HUMAN AND PEOPLES’ RIGHTS
© African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
All rights reserved. This publication may be quoted for academic, research, or educational purposes as long as the sources are duly
acknowledged.
2017 Edition
Published in 2017 by
Secretariat of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
No. 31 Bijilo Annex Lay-Out, Kombo North District, Western Region,
P. O. Box 673, Banjul, The Gambia
Tel: (220) 441 05 05 /441 05 06,
Fax: (220) 441 05 04
[email protected];
www.achpr.org
Annex 16
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Page 518 of 749
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ACHPR/Res.287 (EXT.OS/XVI) 2014: Resolution on Human Rights Abuses in Egypt
The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (the Commission) meeting at its
16th Extraordinary Session held from 20 to 29 July 2014, in Kigali, Republic of Rwanda;
Recalling its mandate to promote and protect human and peoples’ rights in Africa
under the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (the African Charter);
Considering that the Arab Republic of Egypt is a party to the African Charter and
committed to ensuring respect for human and peoples’ rights within its territory;
Recalling Articles 4, 5, 6, 7 9, 10, 11 and 26 of the African Charter which guarantees
the right to life, the right to respect of the dignity of the person, the right to liberty
and security of person, the right to fair trial, the right to freedom of expression, the
right to freedom of association and assembly and independence of the judiciary
respectively;
Recalling also its Resolutions ACHPR/Res.136(XXXXIV)08 calling on State Parties to
observe a moratorium on the death penalty, ACHPR/Res.62(XXXII)02 on the
adoption of the Declaration of principles on Freedom of Expression in Africa,
ACHPR/Res.185 (XLIX)11 on the safety of journalists and media practitioners in
Africa, ACHPR/Res.281(LV)2014 on the right to peaceful demonstration and
ACHPR/Res. 111(XXXXII)07 on the Right to a remedy and reparation for Women
and Girls victims of sexual violence;
Alarmed by the grave and rapid deterioration of the human rights situation in Egypt
since the 2011 uprising, where human rights violations continue to occur such as
arbitrary detention acts of torture and ill-treatment in detention centers, violations of
rights of human rights defenders, sexual violence against women, violations of the
right to freedom of expression, association and assembly and death sentences;
Deploring the blatant disregard for the most basic guarantees of fair trial and due
process by courts and tribunals as well as the lack of independence of the judiciary;
Concerned about the overall continuous impunity for human rights violations
including security forces responsible for the excessive and often lethal use of force
against demonstrators which led to the death of thousands from January 2011 to
date;
Further concerned that the death penalty is still retained in the statute books of Egypt;
Deploring the fact that the Commission’s recommendations contained in its letter of
Urgent Appeal in April 2014 urging the Government of Egypt to uphold its
obligations under international human rights law, including granting those
sentenced to death an opportunity to appeal against the sentence have not been
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Page 519 of 749
ACHPR Recommendations and Resolutions
implemented to the letter;
Further deploring the attacks, harassment and arbitrary detention targeting human
rights defenders and groups;
Deeply concerned by the high level of sexual violence including sexual violence
perpetrated against arrested persons during pre-trial detention as well as the culture
of impunity which prevents victims especially women, from obtaining justice for acts
of sexual harassment, rape and sexual assault in public spaces and during protests.
Strongly denouncing the severe restrictions imposed on journalists and media
practitioners and their arbitrary arrest, detention and killing for carrying out their
work, and for having expressed dissenting views in violation of the right to freedom
of expression and freedom of opinion;
Deeply concerned by the government's draft law on Associations which include the
ban on cooperation or affiliation of local NGOs with international bodies, approval
for foreign funding without the prior permission of the government; a situation
which could hamper the work and independence of civil society organizations;
The Commission:
1. Condemns the flagrant violation of human rights such as harassments,
arbitrary arrests and detentions, sexual violence against women and acts of
torture;
2. Calls on the Egyptian authorities to take all necessary measures to put an
immediate end to human rights violations;
3. Further calls on the Egyptian Government to uphold the right to a fair trial for
all citizens before independent courts of law in accordance with international
law and standards;
4. Urges the Egyptian authorities to guarantee the right to peaceful protest,
association and assembly and to refrain from disproportionate use of force
against protesters as well review its laws on demonstrations and public rallies
on the use of firearms against protesters to bring them in line with
international standards;
5. Strongly urges the authorities to observe an immediate moratorium on the
death sentences and execution as a first step to abolishing the death penalty;
6. Invites the Government of Egypt to ratify the Second Optional Protocol to the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights aiming at the abolition of
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the death penalty; the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’
Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa and the Optional Protocol to
CEDAW; and to withdraw reservations to articles 2 and 16 of CEDAW;
7. Calls on the authorities to investigate and prosecute the perpetrators of
human rights violations in order to end the culture of impunity in the country;
8. Calls on the Egyptian authorities to respect and uphold provisions of the
African Charter and other regional and international human rights
instruments which it has ratified.
Adopted at the 16th Extraordinary Session of the African Commission on Human
and Peoples’ Rights held from 20 to 29 July 2014 in Kigali, Republic of Rwanda
Annex 16

Annex 17
International Commission of Jurists, Egypt’s Judiciary: A Tool of Repression (Sept. 2016),
available at https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Egypt-Tool-of-repression-
Publications-Reports-Thematic-reports-2016-ENG-1.pdf

Egypt’s Judiciary:
A Tool of Repression
Lack of Effective Guarantees of
Independence and Accountability
Annex 17
Composed of 60 eminent judges and lawyers from all regions of the world, the International
Commission of Jurists promotes and protects human rights through the Rule of Law, by using its
unique legal expertise to develop and strengthen national and international justice systems.
Established in 1952 and active on the five continents, the ICJ aims to ensure the progressive
development and effective implementation of international human rights and international
humanitarian law; secure the realization of civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights;
safeguard the separation of powers; and guarantee the independence of the judiciary and legal
profession.
® Egypt’s Judiciary: A Tool of Repression
Lack of Effective Guarantees of Independence and Accountability
© Copyright International Commission of Jurists
Published in September 2016
The International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) permits free reproduction of extracts from any of its publications
provided that due acknowledgment is given and a copy of the publication carrying the extract is sent to its
headquarters at the following address:
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This report was made possible with the support of the Open Society Foundations.
Annex 17
Egypt’s Judiciary:
A Tool of Repression
Lack of Effective Guarantees of
Independence and Accountability
Annex 17
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND KEY RECOMMENDATIONS ................................... 7
GLOSSARY ................................................................................................... 18
CHRONOLOGY .............................................................................................. 19
CHAPTER ONE : THE JUDICIARY IN TIMES OF CRISIS ................................. 26
I. ATTACKS ON THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY SINCE 2011 ................................ 26
II. THE JUDICIARY AS A TOOL OF REPRESSION ..............................................................30
A. PRE-TRIAL ISSUES ..................................................................................................30
i. Prosecutors initiating and judges continuing prosecutions when the charges are unfounded 30
ii. Incommunicado detention ........................................................................................34
iii. Presumption in favour of pre-trial detention applied by prosecutors and judges............... 36
iv. Failure to respect the right to counsel and to ensure adequate time and
facilities to prepare a defence .......................................................................................40
B. RIGHTS AT A TRIAL ................................................................................................44
i. Judges’ application of laws that violate human rights and refusing to permit constitutional
challenges .................................................................................................................44
ii. Judges’ failure to ensure the presumption of innocence, equality of arms, rights of defence
and right to be present ................................................................................................49
iii. Judges’ failure to ensure a public hearing ...................................................................................... 56
iv. Judges’ failure to ensure the presumption of innocence: convictions based on poorly reasoned
judgments and without individual findings of guilt, and convictions in the absence of
credible evidence of the guilt .......................................................................................58
v. Imposition of the death penalty following blatantly unfair trials .....................................63
III. DISCIPLINE AND PROSECUTION OF JUDGES ............................................................70
IV. RECOMMENDATIONS ..............................................................................................74
CHAPTER TWO : OVERVIEW OF THE COURTS ............................................... 77
I. ORDINARY COURTS .................................................................................................77
II. ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS ......................................................................................78
III. MILITARY AND EMERGENCY COURTS .......................................................................78
CHAPTER THREE : HIGH JUDICIAL COUNCIL ............................................... 79
I. CURRENT STATUS ...................................................................................................79
II. ASSESSMENT IN LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ............................................82
III. RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................84
CHAPTER FOUR : JUDICIAL AUTHORITY LAW .......................................................... 86
I. CURRENT STATUS ...................................................................................................86
i. Appointment and promotion ......................................................................................86
ii. Women in the judiciary ............................................................................................88
iii. Security of tenure and transfer .................................................................................89
iv. Assessment and discipline ......................................................................................91
Annex 17
II. ASSESSMENT IN LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ............................................94
i. Appointment and promotion .....................................................................................95
ii. Women in the judiciary ............................................................................................98
iii. Security of tenure and transfer ............................................................................... 100
iv. Assessment and discipline ..................................................................................... 101
III. RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................... 103
CHAPTER FIVE : SUPREME CONSTITUTIONAL COURT ............................................ 104
I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 104
II. INDEPENDENCE ................................................................................................... 105
i. Appointment and composition ................................................................................. 105
ii. Discipline ............................................................................................................. 108
III. FUNCTIONS ........................................................................................................ 108
i. Jurisdiction ........................................................................................................... 108
ii. Access ................................................................................................................. 109
IV. ASSESSMENT IN LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS .......................................... 110
i. Independence ....................................................................................................... 110
ii. Function .............................................................................................................. 111
V. RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................. 113
CHAPTER SIX : OFFICE OF THE PUBLIC PROSECUTOR ............................... 114
I. CURRENT STATUS ................................................................................................. 114
i. Appointment, promotion, transfer and discipline ....................................................... 114
ii. Functions of prosecutors and relationship with other branches of government ............... 118
iii. Prosecutors facilitating impunity for human rights violations ....................................... 119
II. ASSESSMENT IN LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS .......................................... 121
i. International standards ......................................................................................... 121
ii. Appointment, structure and discipline ..................................................................... 122
iii. Functions of prosecutors and relationship with other branches of ............................... 124
government ............................................................................................................. 124
III. RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................... 130
CHAPTER SEVEN : MILITARY AND EMERGENCY COURTS ............................ 132
I. MILITARY COURTS ................................................................................................. 133
i. Formation and appointment .................................................................................... 133
ii. Personal and subject matter jurisdiction .................................................................. 134
iii. Trials before military courts ................................................................................... 136
II. ASSESSMENT IN LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS .......................................... 138
i. Subject matter jurisdiction: trial of non-military related offences .................................. 138
ii. Personal jurisdiction: trial of civilians and juveniles .................................................... 141
iii. Fair trial before an independent and impartial tribunal ............................................... 143
III. EMERGENCY STATE SECURITY COURTS .................................................................. 146
i. Formation ............................................................................................................. 146
ii. Jurisdiction ........................................................................................................... 148
iii. Proceedings under the Emergency Law and before the ESSC ...................................... 148
IV. ASSESSMENT IN LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS .......................................... 150
V. RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................ 152
ANNEX I – PRESIDENTIAL DECREES AGAINST JUDGES .......................................... 154
Annex 17
4 | EGYPT’S JUDICIARY : A TOOL OF REPRESSION
INTRODUCTION
In this time of crisis in Egypt, one of the last lines of defence, the judiciary, is failing in its essential
task of upholding the Rule of Law and protecting human rights.
In May 2014, following a second wave of mass death sentences, a group of UN independent experts
highlighted the “continuing and unacceptable mockery of justice that casts a big shadow
over the Egyptian legal system”.1 Two months later, the African Commission on Human and
Peoples’ Rights issued a resolution “[d]eploring the blatant disregard for the most basic guarantees
of fair trial and due process by courts and tribunals as well as the lack of independence
of the judiciary” in Egypt.2
This report examines how longstanding interference by the executive power in the judicial
system in Egypt and legal provisions that bolster such interference have undermined the judiciary’s
ability to act as independent and impartial arbiters of justice, upholding human rights.
Following the overthrow of the autocratic regime of Hosni Mubarak in February 2011, through
widespread popular protests, those that have served as the authorities have consistently failed
to uphold the Rule of Law and enact reforms that are consistent with respect for human rights.
The vacuum of power left by President Mubarak’s departure was initially filled by the army, in
the form of the unelected and unaccountable Supreme Council of Armed Forces (SCAF), which
ruled through a series of unilateral decrees, called “Constitutional Declarations”. Parliamentary
elections were held in January 2012 but six months later were ruled unlawful by the Supreme
Constitutional Court. The People’s Assembly, Egypt’s lower parliamentary chamber, was dissolved,
thereby consolidating power in the hands of the military.
Following, the election of President Mohamed Morsi in June 2012, executive decrees continued
to be used as the basis to rule the country and a series of legal struggles between President
Morsi and the courts ensued, including President Morsi attempting to immunize his decrees
from judicial review and, in response to frustration over the lack of successful prosecutions
of those responsible for human rights violations, to reopen investigations into the attacks on
protestors that occurred in the context of the 2011 uprising.
A flawed constitution-drafting process resulted in the Constitution that was adopted in a referendum
held in December 2012. Six months later, in another significant decision, the Supreme
Constitutional Court ruled that the Constituent Assembly, which drafted the Constitution, and
Egypt’s upper parliamentary chamber, the Shura Council, were unlawful on the basis that the
electoral law violated the principles of equality and non-discrimination; however, the Court authorized
the Shura Council to continue to sit until the election of a new legislative body.
Mass protests against President Morsi culminated in July 2013 when the army ousted him from
power. Additionally, the the 2012 Constitution was suspended and the Chief Justice of the Constitutional
Court, Adly Mansour, was installed as interim President. Days after taking power,
Mansour’s government dissolved the Shura Council, concentrating power, once again, in the
Executive.
Decrees issued by interim President Mansour paved the way for another flawed constitutiondrafting
process, which culminated in the adoption of a new Constitution in January 2014. The
presidential elections that followed, in May 2014, resulted in the election of the former head of
1 “Egypt: Justice and reconciliation increasingly failing after second wave of mass death sentences”,
15 May 2014, joint press release of African and UN human rights experts.
2 Resolution on Human Rights Abuses in Egypt, No. 287, African Commission on Human and
Peoples’ Rights, 16th Extraordinary Session held from 20 to 29 July 2014.
Annex 17
LACK OF EFFECTIVE GUARANTEES OF INDEPENDENCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY | 5
the army, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi, as President. Both Presidents Mansour and Sisi have used their
unchecked power to crackdown on political dissent, including by introducing draconian restrictions
on fundamental freedoms and expanding the jurisdiction of military courts to try civilians.
Judges and prosecutors have not escaped this crackdown. Those that have spoken out against
erosions of the rule of law and human rights have faced disciplinary proceedings, been transferred
to non-judicial positions and been dismissed from office. At the same time, judges and
prosecutors have been targeted by armed groups. For example, in June 2015, the Prosecutor-
General, Hisham Barakat, was assassinated.
Amid this backdrop, on 5 December 2015, the results of elections for a new House of Representatives
was announced, with 94% of parliamentarians reported as supporting President Sisi. It
remains to be seen whether the new legislature can help engender a return to the rule of law
and foster much needed reforms to bolster the independence of the judiciary.
Through this report, the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ) strives to contribute to the
efforts of those who seek the enhancement of human rights and the rule of law in Egypt, including
by developing and strengthening the independence and impartiality of the Egyptian
judiciary and reforming the national legal framework in line with international standards.
The fundamental right to a competent, independent and impartial tribunal established by law,
is widely recognized in international law and standards, including Article 14 of the International
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and Article 7 of the African Charter on Human
and Peoples’ Rights. In addition, any individual accused of a criminal offence has the right to
a fair trial before such a court.3
Egypt has ratified the ICCPR, the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the CRC.4
In addition, pursuant to Article 93 of the Constitution, international treaties ratified by Egypt
are binding and have the force of law. Egypt is therefore obligated to respect and ensure respect
for these rights as well as to provide for necessary legislative and other safeguards to
secure their realization.5
This report also relies on declaratory instruments such as the United Nations Basic Principles on
the Independence of the Judiciary, the UN Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors and the Principles
and Guidelines on the Right to Legal Assistance and Fair Trial in Africa that, although these
are not legally binding in themselves, they are widely accepted as authoritative and reflect or
elaborate upon legal obligations of the States under treaty or customary international law.
Both treaties and declaratory instruments are important sources for international human rights
monitoring mechanisms, such as the United Nations Human Rights Committee (the body of
independent experts mandated by the ICCPR to monitor State’s Parties implementation of that
treaty), the United Nations Human Rights Council and its expert special procedures, and the
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights.
This report was written on the basis of research carried out by the ICJ in Egypt from 2011 to
2015. In September 2012, April and August 2013 and January 2015, the ICJ met with a range
of officials, including government ministers, members of parliament, heads of the Cassation
3 In situations where an individual is under the age of 18 at the time of the alleged crime specific
rights, including those enshrined in Articles 37 and 40 of the Convention on the Rights of Child (CRC), also
apply.
4 Egypt ratified the ICCPR on 14 January 1982, the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights
on 20 March 1984 and the CRC on 6 July 1990.
5 ICCPR, Article 2.
Annex 17
6 | EGYPT’S JUDICIARY : A TOOL OF REPRESSION
Court, Supreme Constitutional Court and the State Council, other judges, members of the National
Council for Human Rights, as well as representatives of Egyptian non-governmental organizations
focusing on human rights, lawyers, and families of victims of human rights violations.
Analysis of individual cases were conducted by reviewing case files and through meetings with judges,
lawyers, trial observers and victims of human rights violations.
This report builds on three earlier papers published by the ICJ, ‘Upholding the Rule of Law and Human
Rights Following the Ouster of President Morsi’, ‘the Draft Egyptian Constitution in Light of International
Law and Standards’ and ‘Egypt’s new Constitution: a flawed process; uncertain outcomes’.6
As described in Chapter One of this report, “The judiciary in times of crisis”, instead of introducing
much needed reforms to buttress the independence of the judiciary, the various authorities in power
since the ouster of President Mubarak in February 2011 have continued their attempts to control and
use the judiciary to gain political advantage. With reference to specific cases. Chapter One also highlights
how the period from February 2011 onward, in particular since the ouster of President Mohamed
Morsi in July 2013, has seen both civilian and military courts preside over unfair trials and impose
punishment on political opponents, journalists and human rights defenders, often for the peaceful exercise
of their rights to freedom of expression, association and assembly. This Chapter also highlights
how judges who have dared to speak out in favour of judicial independence and the rule of law have
been subjected to unfair disciplinary proceedings resulting in transfers or dismals from office.
Chapter Two of the report provides a brief overview of the court system in Egypt and the subsequent
chapters analyse the legal framework under which the Egyptian judiciary operates in light of international
standards that aim to safeguard the independence of the judiciary and the role of prosecutors.7
They highlight how constitutional provisions, laws, policies and practices impede the ability of the
judiciary to function in an independent and impartial manner and makes recommendations to amend
them. These chapters concern: The High Judicial Council, the Judicial Authority Law, the Supreme
Constitutional Court, the Office of the Public Prosecutor, and Military and Emergency Courts.
6 ICJ Position Paper, 13 January 2014, http://icj.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/
2014/01/Egypt_PolicyPaper_13-Jan.pdf ; ICJ Legal Briefing Paper, 14 December 2012, http://icj.wpengine.
netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Legal-Briefing-Paper-FINAL-14.12.12.pdf ; ICJ report, 13
November 2012, http://icj.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/EGYPT-CON…-
w-COVER.pdf
7 Under the Constitution and Egyptian law prosecutors are considered to be an “integral part of the judiciary”
(2014 Constitution, Art. 189). In this report however, the term “judges” does not include prosecutors.
Annex 17
LACK OF EFFECTIVE GUARANTEES OF INDEPENDENCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY | 7
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND KEY
RECOMMENDATIONS
Judiciary in times of crisis
Given the fundamental role played by the judiciary in upholding the rule of law and human rights,
the right to a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal is clearly
enshrined in international law and standards, including Article 14 of the International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), to which Egypt is party.8 This right is absolute and is not subject to
any exception. Egypt is obligated to respect and ensure respect of this right as well as to provide for
necessary safeguards to secure its realisation.9
In times of crisis, the judiciary should act as a check on the arbitrary exercise of power by the other
branches of government, in particular by ensuring that laws and measures adopted to address the
crisis comply with the rule of law and human rights.
Instead of respecting and reinforcing this role, since the overthrow of President Mubarak in February
2011, Egyptian governing authorities, both civilian and military, have attempted to control and
use the judiciary for political gain, including by expanding the jurisdiction of military and emergency
courts, unilaterally dismissing the Prosecutor-General, and attempting to immunize executive decrees
from judicial review. Such decisions have served to further undermine the independence of Egypt’s
judiciary and erode human rights protections.
Egypt’s judiciary has frequently failed to fulfil its essential role in upholding the rule of law and safeguarding
human rights throughout the transition period. An analysis of recent cases, in particular
those initiated or decided since the overthrow of President Morsi, demonstrates that Egypt’s judges
and prosecutors have become to be seen as a primary tool in the repression of political opponents,
journalists and human rights defenders.
Furthermore, an examination of individual cases demonstrates that criminal proceedings against political
opponents, journalists and human rights defenders have been marred by a litany of violations
of internationally recognised rights. More specifically, prosecutions have been initiated by prosecutors
and, in many instances, continued by judges, where the charges are unfounded. A presumption in
favour of pre-trial detention has routinely been applied by both prosecutors and judges, as seen in
the cases of Yara Sallam and 22 others and Alaa Abdel Fattah and 24 others.
The accused in many cases have not been given adequate time and facilities to prepare a defence, for
example in the case of Alaa Abdel Fattah and 24 others, the first accused was restricted to meeting
his lawyers once every 30 days and was denied any confidential access to them. In addition, judges
have refused to refer constitutional challenges to laws to the Constitutional Court and have instead
applied laws that violate human rights, notably the Demonstration Law (Law No.107 of 2013).
Judges have also failed to ensure equality of arms and rights of defence during trial and to ensure
public hearings in such trials. Convictions have frequently been based on a lack of credible evidence
of the individualized guilt of each of the accused despite the absence of proof beyond a reasonable
doubt. Thousands have been convicted following unfair trials and, of them, hundreds have been sentenced
to death in violation of the right to life. As such, some of the most egregious examples of fair
trial violations have involved trials involving hundreds of accused, dozens or hundreds of whom have
been sentenced to death or life imprisonment.
At the same time, judges who are considered to be opponents of the current regime and/or have
8 Egypt ratified the ICCPR on 14 January 1982.
9 ICCPR, Article 2.
Annex 17
8 | EGYPT’S JUDICIARY : A TOOL OF REPRESSION
spoken out against attacks on the rule of law and human rights violations, have been subjected to unfair
disciplinary proceedings. These proceedings have frequently been pursued in violation of judges’
rights to freedom of expression, association and assembly and have been marred by due process
violations and well as violations of the right to a fair hearing.
Urgent measures are required to prevent a complete collapse of the rule of law in Egypt,
including measures to ensure that the judiciary is independent and serves to safeguard
human rights, such as the right to a fair trial and the right to life. To this end, the Egyptian
authorities must ensure that:
i. Executive interference in judicial affairs ends, including the unilateral removal
of prosecutors and the imposition of restrictions on the jurisdiction of ordinary
courts aimed at immunizing Executive decisions from judicial review.
ii. The use of military courts to try civilians ends, and that Presidential Decree No.
136 of 27 October 2014 is abolished.
iii. The convictions and sentences of all civilians tried by military courts and those
of individuals convicted following unfair trials in civilian courts are quashed.
Those against whom there is reasonable suspicion that they have committed a
recognizable criminal offence (under national and international law) should be
afforded a retrial within a reasonable time before an independent and impartial
civilian tribunal in proceedings that meet international standards of fairness.
iv. Prosecutorial guidelines require prosecutors:
a. To perform their duties fairly, consistently and expeditiously, and respect
and protect human dignity and uphold human rights;
b. Not to initiate or continue prosecutions where an impartial investigation
shows the charges are unfounded.
v. A code of judicial conduct and ethics, established by judges, includes obligations
on judges to:
a. ensure that judicial proceedings are conducted fairly and that the rights
of the parties are respected; and
b. safeguard and uphold human rights.
vi. The Code of Criminal Procedure, including Articles 125, 233 and 374, is amended
to ensure that the law enshrines the rights of all persons suspected or accused
of an offence to:
a. access to legal counsel as soon as they are deprived of their liberty and on
an ongoing and regular basis;
b. adequate time and facilities to consult their lawyer in confidence;
c. the right to have their lawyer present and to assistance of their lawyer,
including during all questioning by the authorities;
d. the right to adequate time and facilities to prepare their defence;
e. that those charged with a criminal offence or their lawyers are given access
to documents and other evidence in sufficient time, including all materials
the prosecutor intends to rely on and exculpatory evidence;
f. sufficient notice for the accused and their legal counsel of the dates, time
and location of court hearings.
vii. Judges refer challenges to laws on constitutional grounds to the Supreme Constitutional
Court and do not apply laws that are in conflict with either the Constitution
or with international human rights treaties to which Egypt is party.
viii. The Code of Criminal Procedure is amended to clearly enshrine the right of the
accused to be present during criminal proceedings and assisted by defence counsel
of his or her choosing or in cases where the interest of justice requires, appropriately
qualified and experienced appointed counsel, free of charge where
the individual does not have sufficient means to pay.
ix. The Code of Criminal Procedure is reformed to fully enshrine the principle of
equality of arms and to ensure this principle is recognized and enforced by judges.
x. The Criminal Code of Procedure is amended to fully enshrine the presumption of
innocence and individual criminal responsibility in law such that any individual
Annex 17
LACK OF EFFECTIVE GUARANTEES OF INDEPENDENCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY | 9
is presumed innocent and treated as such until his or her individual guilt for the
crime(s) he or she is charged with are proven beyond reasonable doubt through
admissible evidence in the course of fair proceedings.
xi. Egyptian law is amended to abolish the use of the death penalty and, until the
death penalty is abolished, an immediate moratorium on all executions is imposed.
xii. Disciplinary proceedings initiated against judges for the legitimate exercise of
their right to freedom of expression, association and assembly should be dropped
and sanctions imposed pursuant to such proceedings and to proceedings that
failed to ensure judges’ right to a fair hearing should be quashed.
High Judicial Council
The United Nations Human Rights Committee, interpreting the requirements of Article 14 of the ICCPR,
has noted the obligation on States to protect “judges from any form of political influence in their
decision-making” by “establishing clear procedures and objective criteria” in matters relating to the
careers of judges.10 Furthermore, the Human Rights Committee and the UN Special Rapporteur on the
independence of judges and lawyers have raised concerns about the involvement of the Executive in
such matters and have recommended that an independent body undertake these decisions.
Although Egypt’s High Judicial Council (HJC) is mandated by the Constitution to be the primary body
tasked with oversight of the judiciary, it falls short of the mark of a safeguard of judicial independence.
Rather, the HJC predominantly acts as a rubber stamp for the Minister of Justice, whose control
over the courts and careers of judges in Egypt, as prescribed by law, is inconsistent with respect for
the independence of the judiciary.
While, most decisions relating to appointments, assignments and disciplining are subject by law to
the final consent of the HJC, the HJC’s role is largely limited to providing approval to the Minister’s
decisions.
The Minister of Justice is legally empowered to assign judges to specific courts, to the Office of the
Public Prosecutor and to non-judicial posts. The Minister of Justice also determines the membership
and rules of the Judicial Inspection Department, an administration within the Ministry of Justice that
acts under his direct authority and is charged with investigating and appraising the work of judges for
the purposes of promotion, transfer and disciplinary decisions. By law, the Minister of Justice can also
request the Prosecutor-General to initiate disciplinary proceedings against judges and prosecutors
and is tasked with implementing the disciplinary decisions issued by the disciplinary board against
judges.
Aside from its powers of approval, the HJC is tasked, by law, with interviewing judicial candidates,
conducting investigations into and deciding whether a written warning against a judge is well-founded
and ordering the commencement of an investigation in disciplinary cases against judges. The HJC
must also be consulted on draft laws concerning the judiciary and the prosecution service.
The composition of the HJC, although made up entirely of judges is not, as international standards
recommend, freely chosen by judges and widely representative of the judiciary. The members of the
HJC are assigned by virtue of their official positions. None of them are elected by their peers, nor are
the members required to meet any objective criteria. The HJC is presided over by the Chief Justice of
the Court of Cassation. The six other members are the Prosecutor-General, the President of the Cairo
Court of Appeal, the two most senior vice-presidents of the Court of Cassation, and the two most
senior presidents of the other appellate courts. No woman has ever served on the HJC; women have
been predominantly excluded from judicial office.
10 Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 32, Article 14: Right to equality before courts and
tribunals and to a fair trial, UN Doc. CCPR/C/GC/32 (2007), para.19.
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10 | EGYPT’S JUDICIARY : A TOOL OF REPRESSION
In order to strengthen the HJC and its capacity to safeguard the independence of the judiciary
and of individual judges, laws governing the High Judicial Council should be amended
to ensure that:
i. The independence of the HJC is guaranteed in law.
ii. The composition of the HJC is such that at least half the members are judges who
are elected by their peers.
iii. The powers of the Minister of Justice with regard to managing the careers of
judges, including selection, appointment, assignment, secondment and discipline,
are transferred to the HJC.
iv. The Judicial Inspection Department is considered an element of the HJC, and is
supervised by the HJC rather than by the Ministry of Justice.
v. The HJC has sufficient staff and resources to carry out its duties with regard to
the selection and appointment of judges and the management of their careers,
including the disciplining of judges.
vi. The HJC is responsible for initiating and conducting any disciplinary proceedings
against judges.
Judicial Authority Law
All aspects of the careers of judges are governed by the Judicial Authority Law (JAL) of 1972, last
amended in 2008.11
The JAL grants the Ministry of Justice extensive powers to take decisions affecting both courts and
individual judges, especially in terms of appointment, assignment, judicial inspection, and discipline,
that undermine the independence of the judiciary.
As explained by the UN Human Rights Committee the requirement of an independent judiciary set
out in Article 14 of the ICCPR encompasses “the procedure and qualifications for the appointment of
judges, and guarantees relating to their security of tenure until a mandatory retirement age or the expiry
of their term of office, where such exist, the conditions governing promotion, transfer, suspension
and cessation of their functions.”12 To comply with Article 14, the Human Rights Committee affirmed
that States should establish “clear procedures and objective criteria for the appointment, remuneration,
tenure, promotion, suspension and dismissal of the members of the judiciary and disciplinary
sanctions taken against them.”13
The absence of specific criteria or a prescribed and transparent procedure in the JAL for the appointment
of judges to the bench makes the appointment process both vulnerable to political taint and
overly dependent on personal connections, or nepotism, which the ICJ was told is pervasive and systematic.
The fact that the Office of the Public Prosecutor is the primary avenue for individuals to become
judges means that there is a very close relationship between the two functions, to the detriment of
the independence of both. Indeed, prosecutors are considered part of the judiciary in Egypt. The fact
that the Minister of Justice, pursuant to the JAL, controls and administratively supervises the Office
of the Public Prosecutor and all its members further undermines judicial independence when these
prosecutors are appointed to the bench.
The under representation of women in the judiciary and their complete absence from the HJC is also
11 Law No.192 of 2008, amending Law No.46 of 1972, the Judicial Authority Law (JAL).
12 Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 32, Article 14: Right to equality before courts and
tribunals and to a fair trial, UN Doc. CCPR/C/GC/32 (2007), para. 19.
13 Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 32, Article 14: Right to equality before courts and
tribunals and to a fair trial, UN Doc. CCPR/C/GC/32 (2007), para. 19.
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LACK OF EFFECTIVE GUARANTEES OF INDEPENDENCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY | 11
inconsistent with international standards that guarantee equality and freedom from discrimination.
This also undermines the credibility as well as the independence and impartiality of the judiciary. Even
though the Egyptian legal framework does not prohibit women from appointment to the judiciary, the
number of women judges is shockingly low. Women were first appointed to judicial office as a result
of a unilateral decision of the government in 2006. Between 2006 and 2015 there were less than 45
female judges across Egypt, for a population of 90.2 million. In June 2015, 28 additional women were
appointed as judges.
The disciplinary process for judges and the way this process is implemented, is also inconsistent with
the requirement, found both in the Egyptian Constitution and international standards, that the authorities
guarantee and ensure the independence of the judiciary. With regard to the procedure, the
Minister of Justice chooses the staff of the Judicial Inspection Department, which investigates and
appraises the work of judges. The Inspection Department is under the Minister’s authority.
Further, the Minister can request the Prosecutor-General to initiate disciplinary proceedings against
judges. The rules stipulating proceedings in disciplinary matters also do not guarantee a fair procedure.
Judges who are subject to them are not guaranteed the right to legal representation of their
choice and adequate time and information to prepare a defence.
The disciplinary system in Egypt has been used to punish judges who publicly raised concerns about
the human rights situation and lack of respect for the rule of law in Egypt, including the lack of the
independence of the judiciary, in violation of their rights, under international standards, to freedom
of expression and association.
With a view to ensuring respect for and enhancing the independence of the judiciary, the
ICJ recommends that the Judicial Authority Law should be amended to ensure that:
i. There are fair, open and transparent procedures for appointing judges, which are
overseen by the HJC.
ii. The process for the appointment of judges is non-discriminatory and is based
on objective merit-based criteria and on redressing past discrimination that has
resulted, among other things in the under representation of qualified women and
individuals from diverse socio-economic backgrounds on the bench.
iii. Assessments, promotions as well as transfers of judges are based on objective
criteria and follow fair and transparent procedures, and are carried out under the
authority of the HJC.
iv. All assignments, secondments and other transfers of judges are based on the
consent of the judge and the court President concerned, such consents shall not
be unreasonably withheld, and decision-making power is vested in the HJC.
v. The Minister of Justice’s powers to appoint and supervise the Judicial Inspection
Department are transferred to the HJC.
vi. A code of ethics and judicial conduct that is consistent with international standards
is established by the judiciary and used as the basis on which judges are
disciplined and subject to removal from office.
vii. The Disciplinary Board and Superior Disciplinary Board are overseen by the HJC.
viii. Disciplinary proceedings are held before an independent and impartial body and
afford the judge concerned a fair hearing that is consistent with international
standards of due process, guaranteeing that the judge concerned:
a. is given sufficient notice of the allegations of misconduct;
b. has the right to adequate time and facilities to prepare and present defence,
including the right to be represented by counsel of choice; and
c. has the right to appeal any adverse decision and sanction to an independent
judicial body.
ix. Sanctions against judges are proportionate to the misconduct in question that
a judge may only be removed from office, including by way of dismissal, forced
retirement and transfer to non-judicial positions, on proven grounds of incapacity
or behaviour that renders the judge unfit to discharge the duties of his or her
judicial office.
x. The rights of judges, to freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly,
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12 | EGYPT’S JUDICIARY : A TOOL OF REPRESSION
exercised in a manner that is consistent with preservation of the dignity of their office
and the independence and impartiality of the judiciary, are respected and protected.
Supreme Constitutional Court
Where a Constitutional Court determines “any criminal charge” or “rights and obligations in a suit at
law” it must meet the requirements set out at Article 14 of the ICCPR, namely competence, independence
and impartiality. Procedures and qualifications must therefore be put in place regarding the
appointment, promotion, security of tenure, transfer and disciplining of judges of such courts.
Given the role played by the Supreme Constitutional Court (SCC) in Egypt, the SCC must meet the
requirements of Article 14.
Prior to the 2012 Constitution, the Supreme Constitutional Court (SCC) was composed of a flexible
number of judges; however, the 2012 Constitution restricted judges on the SCC to 11, resulting in the
automatic removal of seven judges, including the Court’s only female judge. The 2014 Constitution
reinstated the former situation of a Court President and a “sufficient number” of Vice-Presidents. At
present the Court comprises 12 judges, all of whom are male.
The General Assembly of the Court selects the judges of the SCC, who are then appointed by a Presidential
decree. Although judges of the Court must meet certain age and seniority requirements, SCC
fails to meet international standards by not including in the law additional selection criteria and providing
for transparent procedures for appointments, including guaranteeing non-discrimination. The
absence of any women on the SCC is inconsistent with international standards and undermines the
credibility of the SCC.
In addition, the basis on which decisions can be made to investigate allegations of misconduct against
judges of the SCC is both broad in scope and ill-defined. The disciplinary process grants a wide discretion
to decision-makers as to whether disciplinary proceedings should be instituted and whether a
judge has engaged in misconduct, and is therefore open to being abused.
Under the SCC Law, the SCC has the power to review the constitutionality of laws and regulations,
interpret legislative texts, and adjudicate in disputes between judicial bodies and agencies. It cannot
review the constitutionality of laws ex ante.
In the long-running battle between the military and the Muslim Brotherhood, the SCC issued several
important court decisions that shaped the transition process. In June 2012, following the parliamentary
elections of November 2011 resulting in a plurality victory for the Muslim Brotherhood’s Freedom
and Justice Party, the SCC found that the law on parliamentary elections was unconstitutional and
the formation of the People’s Assembly null and void. It also held that the amendments to the political
exclusion law, which would have banned individuals who had served in the Mubarak regime from
standing as candidates for election in the presidential elections, were unconstitutional. In July 2012,
shortly after the election of the Freedom and Justice Party candidate, Mohamed Morsi, as president,
it suspended President Morsi’s decree reinstating the People’s Assembly. In June 2013, a few weeks
before the ouster of President Morsi by the army, the SCC ruled that both the Shura Council and the
second Constituent Assembly, the body that drafted the 2012 Constitution, were unconstitutional.
Because of these decisions, many view the SCC as a politicized body. The fact that the Executive had
extensive powers in appointing the judges of the Court, in particular the President, has further contributed
to this perspective.
Under the 2014 Constitution, the SCC’s General Assembly, rather than the President of the Republic,
chooses the Chief Justice from among the three most senior vice-presidents of the Supreme Constitutional
Court. While this can serve as a safeguard for the judges from political pressure, the lack of
diversity in the judiciary, including on the SCC, has resulted in the SCC being viewed as isolated from
the general concerns and realities of the population at large.
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LACK OF EFFECTIVE GUARANTEES OF INDEPENDENCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY | 13
This is particularly so because, under the SCC Law, individuals have no direct access to the Court.
Instead, only lower tribunals may refer a question concerning the constitutionality of a law to the
SCC. The lower courts therefore function as gate-keepers to the SCC. As a result, this system is very
much dependent on the willingness of lower courts to exercise their considerable discretion to raise
constitutional questions. As a number of recent cases highlight,14 lower courts have frequently proved
reluctant to exercise their discretion to refer cases involving challenges of constitutionality of provisions
alleged to violate human rights to the SCC.
In light of the above, the SCC Law should be amended to ensure that:
i. There is a transparent and open procedure for the appointment of members of
the SCC and members of the Commissioner’s Board.
ii. The process for the appointment of members of the SCC and the Commissioner’s
Board is based on objective merit-based criteria and on redressing past discrimination.
iii. Any decrease in the number of SCC judges is only given prospective effect.
iv. Without prejudice to ex post review, the SCC has jurisdiction to review ex ante
the constitutionality of laws and their compliance with international standards.
v. There is a clear and transparent procedure for bringing constitutional challenges
before the SCC and that the standard applied by lower courts in referring cases
is not unduly burdensome or restrictive.
vi. Any decision by a lower court not to refer a case is subject to review by an independent
body, either by another court or a different panel of the same court.
vii. The law provides avenues for individuals to directly petition the SCC without
having lower courts act as “gatekeepers”.
viii. Individuals or organizations who are not parties may participate as interveners
or amicus curiae, provided they show a sufficient expertise or interest in a legal
issue before the court.
ix. The SCC is required to issue reasoned judgments in a timely manner.
The Office of the Public Prosecutor
The independence and impartiality of the Office of the Public Prosecutor (OPP) is crucial to respect for
the rule of law, the administration of justice and upholding human rights. Under international standards
prosecutors are required to carry out their functions impartially, protect the public interest and
not to initiate or continue prosecution, or to make every effort to stay proceedings, when an impartial
investigation shows the charge to be unfounded. They are also under a duty to refuse to use evidence
known or believed to have been obtained by recourse to torture and ill-treatment or other unlawful
means and must take steps to ensure that persons responsible for the use of such unlawful means
are brought to justice.
Prosecutors in Egypt are appointed by presidential decree upon the approval of the HJC. Aside from
basic eligibility criteria, which broadly mirror those for judges, there is a lack of objective and meritbased
criteria for prosecutors. The law is also silent as to the criteria and procedure for the promotion
of prosecutors. This is inconsistent with international standards which require the selection and
promotion of prosecutors to be based on objective criteria and fair and impartial procedures.
The 2014 Constitution marked a step forward by removing the President of the Republic’s power to
select the Prosecutor-General and transferring this to the HJC, which must select from among highlevel
judges and prosecutors. However, once again, no selection criteria are enshrined in law.
Under Egyptian law, prosecutors are considered part of the judicial corps. As with judges, there is no
code of conduct for prosecutors upon which they can be held accountable to.
Organizationally, the OPP is part of the Ministry of Justice, which is responsible for the administrative
14 For example, the case of Ahmed Maher, Ahmed Douma and Mohamed Adel and the case of Yara Sallam and 22
others, detailed in Chapters One and Five.
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14 | EGYPT’S JUDICIARY : A TOOL OF REPRESSION
supervision of the OPP and also retains ultimate control over all criminal investigations. In certain
circumstances, the Ministry of Justice may remove investigations from the OPP. The Minister of Justice
may also transfer prosecutors to other positions and can refer cases of allegations of misconduct
against prosecutors to the Prosecutor-General to initiate disciplinary proceedings. Thus all aspects
of the work of the OPP and conduct of prosecutors appears to be subject to the influence of the Executive.
Such a system runs contrary to the requirement in international standards that the lines of
authority for the prosecution service must be clear and transparent and that prosecutors should be
impartial in carrying out their duties.
The lack of independence of the OPP from the Ministry of Justice has, for decades, resulted in a lack
of investigations into serious human rights violations by law enforcement agents and the military. Despite
the overthrow of former President Mubarak, officials suspected of involvement in serious human
rights violations committed under the Mubarak regime and during the uprising, including unlawful
killings of and injuries to protesters, have still not been investigated and prosecuted.
Since the ouster of President Morsi and the military-supported government that followed, little has
been done to reform the OPP and to end subordination under Executive. The OPP has also systematically
failed to effectively investigate and prosecute past and ongoing cases of serious human rights
violations committed during the transition period and under the rule of President Sisi.
In Egypt, the requisite safeguards for the functional independence and impartiality of the
prosecutorial system are currently inconsistent with international standards. Reforms
should be introduced, to the JAL and Code of Criminal Procedure, to:
i. Establish fair, clear and transparent procedures set out in law for the selection of
prosecutors and remove the role of the Minister of Justice in setting and administering
the exam for Assistant Prosecutors.
ii. Establish additional merit-based criteria for the selection of prosecutors to ensure
that individuals who are appointed have appropriate training and qualifications
in law, ability, integrity and experience.
iii. Ensure that selection criteria embody safeguards against appointments based
on partiality or prejudice and that selections are free of discrimination on any
ground.
iv. Require appropriate training, including training on the rights of the suspect and
the victim, and of human rights and fundamental freedoms enshrined in national
and international law.
v. Establish clear criteria for promotion based on objective merit-based factors, in
particular professional qualifications, ability, experience and integrity.
vi. Ensure that decisions on promotions are made the context of fair and impartial
procedures by a branch of the HJC composed predominantly of prosecutors.
vii. Ensure that prosecutors are able to perform their functions independently and
objectively and are protected from intimidation, hindrance, harassment, and improper
interference, including by:
a. Rescinding the authority of the Minister of Justice to remove investigations
from the OPP and to request the Court of Appeal to assign an investigative
judge;
b. Ensuring that the Minister of Justice has no authority to interfere with
prosecutorial decision-making in individual cases;
c. Ensuring that the Minister of Justice has no role in investigating or disciplining
of prosecutors; and
d. Ensuring the President of the Republic has no role in identifying and selecting
prosecutors for secondment to foreign governments or international
bodies;
viii. Guarantee a clear separation of the prosecutorial function from that of judges
and preserve the independence of prosecutors and investigative judges, including
by:
a. Adopting clear and transparent criteria to define the circumstances in
which the Prosecutor-General can request an investigative judge be assigned
to any particular case or type of crimes;
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LACK OF EFFECTIVE GUARANTEES OF INDEPENDENCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY | 15
b. Amending Article 64 of the Code of Criminal Procedure to ensure that the
decision to assign a particular investigative judge to a case is taken by the
General Assembly of the Court; and
c. Removing the power of the Minister of Justice to temporarily assign Court
of Appeal judges to the prosecution service.
ix. Ensure that any decision by a prosecutor not to prosecute or to close a criminal
investigation may be challenged by an interested party before a court in the context
of an independent and impartial judicial review.
x. Prohibit the use of illegally obtained evidence, including confessions obtained
through illegal means, including torture or other ill-treatment or conduct that
amounts to unlawful coercion.
In addition to the specific reforms to the JAL and the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Egyptian
authorities should:
i. Ensure that clear and transparent prosecutorial guidelines are established that
require prosecutors to give due attention to the prosecution of crimes committed
by public officials, including corruption, human rights violations, and crimes
under international law.
ii. Provide for the development and adoption of a code of conduct for prosecutors
that is consistent with international standards, with the active participation of
prosecutors themselves, as well as defence counsel and judges.
Military and Emergency Courts
Under international law, everyone has the right to be tried by an ordinary court and not an exceptional
court.15 Furthermore, the rights under Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights (ICCPR), that are minimum requirements for fair trials that State’s Parties to this treaty, such
as Egypt, are required to respect and ensure, extend to all courts, including military and emergency
courts.16
While Article 14 is not included in the list of non-derogable rights under the ICCPR, the Human Rights
Committee has noted that the fundamental principles of fair trial, including the right to be tried by
an independent and impartial court, may never be suspended and “guarantees of fair trial may never
be made subject to measures of derogation that would circumvent the protection of non-derogable
rights”.17
Due to concerns that military courts frequently are not independent or impartial and that proceedings
before them fail to respect fair trial guarantees that are applicable to criminal proceedings before all
courts, there is a growing consensus that the jurisdiction of military courts should be limited to the
trial of military personnel for military related offences, to the exclusion of human rights violations and
other crimes under international law.18
Furthermore, there has been a push by some scholars and experts of international law to expand
international standards to argue that that military courts should not have jurisdiction over civilians.19
15 UN Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary, Principle 5.
16 Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 32, Article 14: Right to equality before courts and
tribunals and to a fair trial, UN Doc. CCPR/C/GC/32 (2007), para. 22.
17 Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 32, Article 14: Right to equality before courts and
tribunals and to a fair trial, UN Doc. CCPR/C/GC/32 (2007, para. 6.
18 Principles and Guidelines on the Right to Fair Trial and Legal Assistance in Africa, Principle L(a); IACHR
Annual Report 1997, OAS Doc. OEA/Ser.L/V/II.98, doc. 6 rev., 13 April 1998, Ch. VII Recommendation I; Draft
Principles Governing the Administration of Justice through Military Tribunals, UN Doc. E/CN.4/2006/58 (hereafter
“Decaux Principles”), Principle 9.
19 Reports of the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers: UN Doc. A/68/285,
para.54; and UN Doc. E/CN.4/1998/39/Add.1, paras. 78-79. See also, Principles and Guidelines on the Right to
a Fair Trial and Legal Assistance in Africa, Principle L(c); Decaux Principles, Principle 5. And see Human Rights
Committee Concluding Observations: Slovakia, UN Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.79 (1997), para. 20; see also Concluding
Observations: Lebanon, UN Doc. CCPR/C/79/Add.78 (1997), para. 14; http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.
asp?symbol=CCPR/C/CHL/CO/5, (2007), para. 12; Tajikistan, UN Doc. CCPR/CO/84/TJK (2004), para. 18; Ecuador,
UN Doc. CCPR/C/ECU/CO/5 (2009), para.5.
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16 | EGYPT’S JUDICIARY : A TOOL OF REPRESSION
Special courts, including military and emergency courts have long-existed in Egypt and have been
used by a succession of regimes as a means to evade many of the guarantees of due process applicable
in the ordinary court system. The Military Justice Law and the Emergency Law provide for civilians
to be tried by military or emergency courts in a wide variety of circumstances.
Although the Mubarak regime used military and emergency courts during the continuous state of
emergency that characterized his rule, the use of military courts has actually increased after his relinquishment
of power. Under the Supreme Council of Armed Forces (SCAF), nearly 12,000 civilians
were tried in such courts in a seven-month period. Attempts under President Morsi to limit the use
of military and emergency courts were largely ineffective. By Presidential Decree, President Sisi expanded
the jurisdiction of military courts to encompass all crimes committed on public property or at
public facilities resulting in the referral of thousands more civilians to military courts.
The military and state emergency courts are not independent and flout due process guarantees.
Contrary to international standards safeguarding judicial independence, judges of these courts are
subject to the control of either military authorities or the Executive. The guarantees of the right to
defence are very limited and often include only a short notice period before the first trial hearing,
which is far from meeting the right under international standards to adequate time and facilities to
prepare and present a defence. In practice, confidential access to counsel is frequently denied and
reliance on evidence obtained through torture and other ill-treatment is reported to be often used in
obtaining convictions. Furthermore, the right to appeal is limited in military courts and is non-existent
in state emergency courts.
In light of the above, Egyptian authorities should annul Presidential Decree No.136 of 2014
and amend the Military Judiciary law to ensure that:
i. The jurisdiction of military courts is limited to trials of military personnel only for
breaches of military discipline.
ii. Military courts do not have jurisdiction over crimes under international law or
other human rights violations, such as torture or enforced disappearance or unlawful
killing.
iii. Military courts have no jurisdiction to try civilians, even where the victim is a
member of the Armed Forces or equivalent body or the conduct is alleged to have
occurred in territory controlled by the military.
iv. The law safeguards the independence and impartiality of judges sitting on military
courts, including by:
a. Establishing clear criteria for the selection of military judges to ensure
that individuals who are appointed are chosen on the basis of legal training,
qualifications, integrity and merit; and an open, fair and transparent
appointment procedure;
b. Ensuring that they are outside the military chain of command and military
authority in respect of matters concerning the exercise of their judicial
functions; and
c. Ensuring that the procedures and criteria relating to the conditions of
tenure and disciplining of military judges guarantee their statutory independence
vis-à-vis the military hierarchy and avoid any direct or indirect
subordination.
v. Proceedings against all persons before military courts are carried out in a manner
consistent with minimum guarantees of fair trial, including by:
a. Ensuring a person arrested or detained has immediate, regular and confidential
access to and assistance of an independent and suitably qualified
and experienced lawyer following arrest, during questioning, and prior to,
during and following trial and appeal;
b. Ensuring and respecting the right to adequate time and facilities for the
preparation of their defence; and
c. Ensuring that decisions limiting disclosure of “classified” information to
the defence are made by a judge and that restrictions on disclosure are
exceptional and do not unduly prejudice the rights of the defence or the
Annex 17
LACK OF EFFECTIVE GUARANTEES OF INDEPENDENCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY | 17
overall fairness of the proceedings.
vi. All persons have the right to appeal a conviction and sentence on all grounds,
both evidentiary and legal, to a higher independent and impartial civilian tribunal
that has the power to reverse the conviction and sentence.
In addition, given the documented flaws of the Emergency Law and the emergency state
security courts, the Emergency Law should be amended to:
i. Preclude the establishment of all types of emergency state security courts.
ii. Require that all civilians arrested during a state of emergency are tried before
ordinary, independent and impartial courts in proceedings that meet international
standards of fairness, including the right to appeal a conviction and sentence
before a higher independent and impartial tribunal.
iii. Explicitly prohibit the use or reliance on statements or other evidence claimed to
have been extracted under torture or other ill-treatment or duress, unless such
allegations of ill-treatment or duress are proven not to be true.
Annex 17

Annex 18
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Egypt: Justice
and reconciliation increasingly failing after second wave of mass death sentences (15
May 2014), available at https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.
aspx?NewsID=14596&LangID=E

Egypt: Justice and reconciliation increasingly failing after
second wave of mass death sentences
ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx
256K 5836
Egypt: Justice and reconciliation
increasingly failing after second wave of
mass death sentences
BANJUL / GENEVA (15 May 2014) – A group of African and UN human rights experts* today
called on the Egyptian authorities to bring its legal system into compliance with international
and regional standards so as to ensure long-term justice and contribute to reconciliation
efforts in Egypt.
The appeal by nine United Nations independent experts, together with the Chairperson of
the Working Group on Death Penalty and Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Killings in
Africa, comes after the second wave of mass death sentences pronounced in Egypt last
month.
“Following the two mass trials, Egypt’s legal system is in critical need of being reformed, in
line with international and regional standards,” the international experts stressed. “A failure
to do so is likely to undermine any prospects for long-term reconciliation and justice in the
country.”
On 28 April 2014, a group of 683 individuals were sentenced to death in Egypt, on charges
related to the events in Al-Minya in August 2013. The verdicts were pronounced in the
aftermath of a first round of mass death penalties imposed upon 529 individuals on 24
March 2014.
As in the previous case, the new death sentences were pronounced, reportedly under
similar charges, after proceedings that seriously violated international standards of fair trial
and ‘the most serious crimes’ provisions. Among them, reports indicate lack of clarity on the
precise charges against each individual, conduct of the trials in the absence of the
defendants and their lawyers, and mass sentencing.
“We are shocked at the extent to which the international and domestic outcries and calls
following the first case were ignored by the authorities in Egypt,” the UN human rights
experts said, recalling their previous statement of 31 March 2014 when they jointly urged for
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Annex 18
the quashing of the 529 death sentences and for new and fair trials for all defendants.
“We stress once again that the imposition of these mass death sentences in both March and
April for crimes that may not be punishable by death and after a grossly unfair trial is a
staggering violation of international human rights law by Egypt,” they said.
“This is a continuing and unacceptable mockery of justice that casts a big shadow over the
Egyptian legal system,” the UN independent experts reiterated.
The Chairperson of the Working Group on the Death Penalty and Extrajudicial, Summary or
Arbitrary Killings in Africa, Ms. Sylvie Kayitesi Zaïnabo, noted with concern that the
sentencing to death of the 529 people would constitute gross violation of the provisions of
the African Charter, in particular Articles 4 and 5, as expressed in an urgent appeal sent by
the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights to the Government of Egypt in
March 2014.
“The number of people allegedly sentenced to death is the highest recorded in the recent
past from two mass trials,” Ms. Kayitesi Zaïnabo stated. “While there is a possibility of an
appeal, it is highly unlikely that the mass trials observed the standards of a fair trial. The
manner in which the death penalty was imposed may therefore violate international and
regional standards.”
Noting that the matter is currently being considered by the African Commission and its
earlier call that the 529 death sentences are suspended, the Commissioner urged the
Egyptian authorities to fully investigate the circumstances under which the death sentences
were imposed.
Ms. Kayitesi Zaïnabo also called on the Government “to take all necessary measures to
implement the African Commission’s Resolution on a moratorium on the death penalty and
to fully commit itself to upholding the rights in its own Constitution and its obligations
under international human rights law.”
The African and UN human rights experts further called upon Egypt’s authorities to commit
immediately that all the death sentences will be quashed and new and fair trials will be
given to all defendants.
(*) The experts: Ms. Sylvie Kayitesi Zaïnabo, Chairperson of the Working Group on the Death
Penalty and Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Killings in Africa; Mr. Chaloka Beyani,
Chair of the Coordination Committee of the United Nations Special Procedures and
United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Internally Displaced Persons;
Mr. Christof Heyns, United Nations Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or
arbitrary executions; Ms. Gabriela Knaul, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the
independence of judges and lawyers; Mr. Juan Méndez, United Nations Special
Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment;
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Annex 18
Mr. Pablo de Greiff, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the promotion of truth, justice,
reparation and guarantees of non-recurrence; Mr. Mads Andenas, Chair-Rapporteur of
the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention; Mr. Maina Kiai, United Nations
Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association;
Mr. Frank La Rue, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of
the right to freedom of opinion and expression; Mr. Ben Emmerson, United Nations
Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights while countering
terrorism.
ENDS
The United Nations human rights experts are part of what it is known as the Special Procedures
of the Human Rights Council. Special Procedures, the largest body of independent experts in the
UN Human Rights, is the general name of the independent fact-finding and monitoring
mechanisms of the Human Rights Council that address either specific country situations or
thematic issues in all parts of the world. Learn more, log on to:
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/SP/Pages/Welcomepage.aspx
The African Charter established the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. The
Commission was inaugurated on 2 November 1987 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The Commission’s
Secretariat has subsequently been located in Banjul, The Gambia.
The Commission is officially charged, among other things, with the protection and promotion of
human and peoples’ rights, and the interpretation of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’
Rights. Learn more, long on to: http://www.achpr.org/
UN Human Rights, country page – Egypt:
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/MENARegion/Pages/EGIndex.aspx
For United Nations Special Procedures experts: Irina Tabirta (+41 22 917 9125 /
[email protected]) or write to [email protected]
For the Working Group on Death Penalty and Extra-Judicial, Summary or Arbitrary Killings
in Africa: Paul Ogendi ([email protected])
UN Human Rights, follow us on social media:
Facebook:
Twitter: http://twitter.com/UNrightswire
Google+ gplus.to/unitednationshumanrights
YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/UNOHCHR
Storify: http://storify.com/UNrightswire
Watch Navi Pillay’s Human Rights Day message: http://youtu.be/dhX-KbVbEQ0
3/4
Annex 18

Annex 19
“Libya detention centre airstrike could amount to a war crime says UN, as Guterres calls
for independent investigation”, UN News (3 July 2019), available at https://news.un.org/en/
story/2019/07/1041792

UN News (/en/)
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IOM/Moad Laswed The aftermath of the devastating airstrike on the Tajoura Detention Centre, in the suburbs of the Libyan capital,
Tripoli, on 2 July.
Libya detention centre airstrike could amount to a war crime
says UN, as Guterres calls for independent investigation
3 July 2019 Peace and Security (/en/news/topic/peace-and-security)
An airstrike on a detention centre in Tripoli that killed scores of migrants and refugees
“deserves more than condemnation”, UN agencies said on Wednesday, as both the UN High
Commissioner for Human Rights and the head of the UN mission in Libya (UNSMIL
(https://unsmil.unmissions.org/)), insisted that it may amount to a war crime.
Search 
Annex 19
António Guterres
@antonioguterres
I am outraged by reports that dozens of refugees and migrants,
including women and children, have been killed and injured by
airstrikes on a migrant detention centre near Tripoli, Libya.
I condemn this horrendous incident and call for an independent
investigation.
2,408 1:31 PM - Jul 3, 2019
1,150 people are talking about this
In a joint call for an investigation to bring those responsible to justice, UN migration agency, IOM
(https://www.iom.int/) , and UNHCR (http://www.unhcr.org/) , the UN refugee agency, spoke of the “appalling
toll” caused by Tuesday’s reported airstrike on the Tajoura Detention Centre in a suburb of the Libyan capital.
Secretary-General António Guterres, said in a statement
(https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2019-07-03/statement-attr…-
general-libya) that he was "outraged by reports that at least 44 migrants and refugees, including
women and children, have been killed and more than 130 injured". He condemned "this horrendous incident in
the strongest terms", and expressed his deepest condolences to the families of the victims, wishing the injured a
speedy recovery.
“The airstrike that left scores dead,
also left dozens injured,” IOM and
UNHCR said, noting that they
expected the 􀃘nal death toll to
include many more victims.
“Such an attack deserves more than
condemnation,” both agencies
added, in an appeal for a probe “to
determine how this happened and
who was responsible, and to bring
those individuals to account”.
According to one report, a cell was
hit containing more than 120 people, some of the more than 600 men, women and children being held at the
centre.
This is despite the fact that the coordinates of this detention facility “and the knowledge that it housed civilians
had been communicated to the parties to the con􀃙ict”, the UN’s top human rights of􀃘cial, Michelle Bachelet, said
(https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24784…), in reference to
ongoing clashes between the UN-recognised Government and forces loyal to Khalifa Haftar.
“(This) indicates that this attack may, depending on the precise circumstances, amount to a war crime,” she
insisted, before urging all parties to the con􀃙ict “to abide by their obligations under international humanitarian
law, and to take all possible measures to protect civilians and civilian infrastructure, including schools, hospitals
and detention facilities”.
Also noting the exact coordinates had been given, the UN chief called for an independent investigation, "to
ensure that the perpetrators are brought to justice".
"The Secretary-General further reminds all parties of their obligations under international humanitarian law to
take all feasible precautions to avoid, and in any event to minimize, incidental loss of civilian life, injury to civilians
and damage to civilian objects, and to refrain from directing attacks against civilians", said the UN
chief's statement. "This incident underscores the urgency to provide all refugees and migrants with safe shelter
until their asylum claims can be processed or they can be safely repatriated."
Annex 19
Ghassan Salamé, head of the UN Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL (https://unsmil.unmissions.org/) ) and
Special Representative of the Secretary-General, echoed the High Commissioner’s assessment of the attack,
describing it as a “cowardly act”.
He added: "This attack clearly could constitute a war crime, as it killed by surprise innocent people whose dire
conditions forced them to be in that shelter.”
He said that “the absurdity of this ongoing war today has led this bloody carnage to its most hideous and most
tragic consequences”, calling on the international community to denounce the crime and pursue justice for the
victims, mostly believed to be migrants - men, women and children - from other African nations, hoping to reach
Europe.
In addition to the detainees at Tajoura, some 3,300 migrants and refugees remain arbitrarily detained inside and
around Tripoli, according to IOM and UNHCR.
They are held in “in conditions that can only be described as inhumane”, the agencies said, while highlighting the
dangers posed by intensifying clashes nearby.
Echoing their call for these centres to be closed, UN High Commissioner Michelle Bachelet explained that UN
staff have documented severe overcrowding, torture, ill-treatment, forced labour, rape and acute malnutrition in
the troubled country’s facilities.
“I also repeat my call for the release of detained migrants and refugees as a matter of urgency, and for their
access to humanitarian protection, collective shelters or other safe places, well away from areas that are likely to
be affected by the hostilities,” she said.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO (http://www.who.int/en/) ), intensi􀃘ed airstrikes and heavy
shelling in and around Tripoli have displaced at least 104,000 people.
For the past several months, the forces of the self-styled Libyan National Army, which holds sway in eastern and
parts of the country, have laid siege to the outskirts of the Libyan capital, where the UN-recognized Government
of National Accord under Prime Minister Fayez al-Sarraj is based.
According to news reports, the forces loyal to LNA Commander Haftar, threatened new air strikes on Tripoli in
recent days, after their advance stalled, although the LNA has reportedly denied responsibility for the direct
airstrike on the centre.
Military targets have included Mitiga airport – targeted with shelling four times since the latest escalation began,
while 􀃘eld ambulance and 􀃘eld hospital teams continue to be hampered by “continuous shelling and armed
clashes”.
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Around 3,300 migrants, refugees, remain arbitrarily detained
Annex 19

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