Dissenting opinion of Vice-President Xue

Document Number
166-20191108-JUD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
166-20191108-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF VICE-PRESIDENT XUE
1. With much regret, I departed from the majority and voted against the decision on the jurisdiction of the Court with regard to the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (hereinafter the “ICSFT”). I firmly believe that the Court does not have jurisdiction under Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT in this case.
2. Ukraine’s claim as presented in its Application and Memorial, in my opinion, concerns more the alleged military and financial support by the Russian Federation to the armed groups in the course of armed conflict in eastern Ukraine, where violations of international humanitarian law may have occurred, than the Russian Federation’s failure in preventing and suppressing the financing of terrorism. The materials submitted by Ukraine do not present a plausible case that falls within the scope of the ICSFT.
3. Identification of the subject-matter of the dispute is essential for the Court to determine its jurisdiction ratione materiae. More often than not, a dispute arises from a complicated political context, where the legal question brought before the Court is mixed with various political aspects. That fact alone does not preclude the Court from founding its jurisdiction. As the Court pointed out in the case concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran, “legal disputes between sovereign States by their very nature are likely to occur in political contexts, and often form only one element in a wider and long-standing political dispute between the States concerned” (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1980, p. 20, para. 37). Moreover, “never has the view been put forward before that, because a legal dispute submitted to the Court is only one aspect of a political dispute, the Court should decline to resolve for the parties the legal questions at issue between them” (ibid.). What the Court had to take into account when determining the question of jurisdiction was whether there was connection, legal or factual, between the “overall problem” in the context and the particular events that gave rise to the dispute, which precluded the separate examination of the applicant’s claims by the Court.
4. The essential element in this criterion is the separability of the claim from the overall problem. In determining the question of jurisdiction ratione materiae, either proprio motu, or at the request of a party, the Court has to ascertain whether the dispute can be detached or separated from the overall political context and presented as a self-standing issue, either in law or fact, capable of judicial settlement by the Court. When the dispute constitutes an inseparable part of the overall problem and any legal pronouncement by the Court on that particular dispute would necessarily step into the area beyond its jurisdiction, judicial prudence and self-restraint is required. In international judicial settlement of disputes between States, the question of jurisdiction is just as important as merits. This policy is designed and reflected in each and every aspect of the jurisdictional system of the Court.
5. The dispute between Ukraine and the Russian Federation arose from the internal armed conflict in eastern Ukraine. Acts alleged by Ukraine all took place during this period. Apparently, attacks that targeted civilians with the intention to create “terror” in the event of an armed conflict are serious violations of international humanitarian law and human rights law. To draw a clear legal distinction between such violations and the acts of terrorism alleged by Ukraine in the present context, however, is likely difficult, if not impossible. To characterize military and financial support from Russia’s side, by whomever possible, as terrorism financing, would inevitably bear the legal implication of defining the nature of the armed conflict in eastern Ukraine, which, in my view, extends well beyond the limit of the Court’s jurisdiction under the ICSFT. In other words, Ukraine’s allegations against the Russian Federation under the ICSFT bear an inseparable
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connection with the overall situation of the ongoing armed conflict in eastern Ukraine. Factually, documents before the Court do not demonstrate that the alleged terrorism financing can be discretely examined without passing a judgment on the overall situation of the armed conflict in the area; Ukraine’s claim under the ICSFT forms an integral part of the whole issue in eastern Ukraine. Judicially, the Court is not in a position to resolve the dispute as presented by Ukraine.
6. My second reason for upholding the Russian Federation’s objection to the jurisdiction of the Court under Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT relates to the scope of the Convention. The term “any person” in Article 2, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT must be interpreted within the framework of the Convention to which States parties agreed to accept. Under Articles 3 and 7 of the ICSFT, State parties undertake to establish in their domestic law territorial, national and universal criminal jurisdiction over offences defined in Article 2, paragraph 1, thereof. As the Court recalls in the Judgment, the drafting history of the Convention demonstrates that the Convention only addresses offences committed by individuals and does not cover the financing by a State of acts of terrorism, which lies outside the scope of the Convention (Judgment, paragraph 59). During the proceedings this point was not contested between the Parties. This interpretation, however, becomes blurred when the meaning of the term “any person” in Article 2, paragraph 1, is given. According to the majority’s view,
“[t]he Convention contains no exclusion of any category of persons. It applies both to persons who are acting in a private capacity and to those who are State agents. As the Court noted . . . State financing of acts of terrorism is outside the scope of the ICSFT; therefore, the commission by a State official of an offence described in Article 2 does not in itself engage the responsibility of the State concerned under the Convention. However, all States parties to the ICSFT are under an obligation to take appropriate measures to co-operate in the prevention and suppression of offences of financing acts of terrorism committed by whichever person. Should a State breach such an obligation, its responsibility under the Convention would arise.” (Judgment, paragraph 61.)
This seemingly straightforward statement unfortunately cannot be sustained by the rules of State responsibility.
7. I agree that the term “any person” does not preclude State officials and there is no question about jurisdictional immunity. There are possible cases where a State official’s act may invoke the application of the Convention. For example, when a State official of State A has allegedly committed an offence of terrorism financing to a group located in State B for conducting terrorist acts, State A, as a party to the ICSFT, is obliged to provide legal assistance to another State party, State B, and take measures to suppress the crime. If such State official is found in the territory of State C, State C has to take measures to bring him to criminal justice and provide legal assistance to State B, if the latter so requests. In either situation, no State act is alleged.
8. The situation in the present case is an entirely different one; every act of terrorism financing alleged by Ukraine points at the Russian Federation itself. In its Application, Ukraine requests the Court to adjudge and declare that
“the Russian Federation, through its State organs, State agents, and other persons and entities exercising governmental authority, and through other agents acting on its instructions or under its direction and control, has violated its obligations under the Terrorism Financing Convention by:
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(a) supplying funds, including in-kind contributions of weapons and training, to illegal armed groups that engage in acts of terrorism in Ukraine, including the DPR, the LPR, the Kharkiv Partisans, and associated groups and individuals, in violation of Article 18” (emphasis added).
Although Ukraine subsequently deleted this submission in the Memorial, instead, accusing the Russian Federation of allowing and encouraging its own officials to finance terrorism, the substance of its claim under the ICSFT remains unchanged. Factually, Ukraine does not draw any distinction between its initial allegation of terrorism financing under the Russian Federation’s instruction and direction, and its subsequent claim based on the Russian Federation’s permission and encouragement. It is evident that what Ukraine has in mind is primarily the State responsibility of the Russian Federation for the acts done by its officials or agencies, or acts allegedly instructed or directed by the Russian Federation. This intention can be observed from Ukraine’s Memorial, where it states that “[w]hen a State allows or encourages its own officials to finance terrorism, it necessarily fails to take all ‘practicable measures’ to prevent the financing of terrorism” (emphasis added). Apparently, this is a case concerning the allegations of the financing by a State of terrorist acts, which, as the Court stated in the Judgment, is explicitly precluded from the scope of the ICSFT.
9. By virtue of the rules of attribution for the invocation of State responsibility, acts done by State officials in the exercise of their functions and acts instructed or directed by the State are regarded as acts of the State in international law. In case the acts alleged by Ukraine were proven, it would be the Russian Federation as the State that should be held responsible for such acts under international law, regardless of individual criminal responsibility under domestic law. The Court should not simply, by relying on Ukraine’s amendment of its submissions, come to the conclusion that this case is not about State’s financing of terrorist acts without examining the relevant elements of the scope of the Convention, such as the term “funds”, and the nature of the alleged acts in light of Article 2, paragraph 1, of the Convention. By narrowly focusing on the obligations in preventing and suppressing terrorism financing, the Court not just unduly expands the scope of its jurisdiction ratione materiae, but also creates confusion and uncertainty in the law of State responsibility.
10. Moreover, in the present case, the question whether or not the Russian Federation allowed or encouraged military and financial support to the armed groups in eastern Ukraine is not a matter for the Court to consider, as it falls outside the scope of its jurisdiction under the ICSFT. Should the case proceed to the merits phase, however, the Court may find itself in a position where it has to pronounce on the above question, which, in my view, may raise the issue of judicial propriety.
11. Judicial policy requires the Court to avoid unnecessary prolongation of the legal process if the case does not present itself as plausible. Proper identification of the subject-matter of the dispute that falls within the scope of the jurisdiction ratione materiae of the Court is essential for the purposes of good administration of justice and judicial economy. Loose expansion of the scope of the Court’s jurisdiction will not be conducive to the peaceful settlement of international disputes, when judicial restraint is clearly called for under the circumstances. To allow this case to proceed to the merits phase, in my view, would neither serve the object and purpose of the ICSFT, nor contribute to the peace process in the region.
(Signed) XUE Hanqin.
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Bilingual Content

609
55
DISSENTING OPINION OF VICE- PRESIDENT XUE
1. With much regret, I departed from the majority and voted against
the decision on the jurisdiction of the Court with regard to the International
Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism
(hereinafter the “ICSFT”). I firmly believe that the Court does not have
jurisdiction under Article 24, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT in this case.
2. Ukraine’s claim as presented in its Application and Memorial, in my
opinion, concerns more the alleged military and financial support by the
Russian Federation to the armed groups in the course of armed conflict
in eastern Ukraine, where violations of international humanitarian law
may have occurred, than the Russian Federation’s failure in preventing
and suppressing the financing of terrorism. The materials submitted by
Ukraine do not present a plausible case that falls within the scope of the
ICSFT.
3. Identification of the subject-matter of the dispute is essential for the
Court to determine its jurisdiction ratione materiae. More often than not,
a dispute arises from a complicated political context, where the legal
question brought before the Court is mixed with various political aspects.
That fact alone does not preclude the Court from founding its jurisdiction.
As the Court pointed out in the case concerning United States Diplomatic
and Consular Staff in Tehran (United States of America v. Iran),
“legal disputes between sovereign States by their very nature are likely to
occur in political contexts, and often form only one element in a wider
and long- standing political dispute between the States concerned” (Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1980, p. 20, para. 37). Moreover, “never has the view
been put forward before that, because a legal dispute submitted to the
Court is only one aspect of a political dispute, the Court should decline to
resolve for the parties the legal questions at issue between them” (ibid.).
What the Court had to take into account when determining the question
of jurisdiction was whether there was connection, legal or factual, between
the “overall problem” in the context and the particular events that gave
rise to the dispute, which precluded the separate examination of the applicant’s
claims by the Court.
4. The essential element in this criterion is the separability of the claim
from the overall problem. In determining the question of jurisdiction
ratione materiae, either proprio motu, or at the request of a party, the
Court has to ascertain whether the dispute can be detached or separated
609
55
OPINION DISSIDENTE DE Mme LA JUGE XUE,
VICE- PRÉSIDENTE
[Traduction]
1. A mon grand regret, je n’ai pu m’associer à la majorité et j’ai voté
contre la décision concernant la compétence de la Cour au regard de la
convention internationale pour la répression du financement du terrorisme
( ci-après la « CIRFT »). Je suis convaincue que, en l’espèce, la Cour
n’a pas compétence au titre du paragraphe 1 de l’article 24 de cet instrument.
2. Les demandes de l’Ukraine, telles que présentées dans la requête et
le mémoire, concernent, de mon point de vue, davantage l’appui militaire
et financier que la Fédération de Russie aurait fourni aux groupes armés
dans le cadre du conflit armé en Ukraine orientale, qui a pu être le théâtre
de violations du droit international humanitaire, que le manquement de
la Fédération de Russie à l’obligation lui incombant de prévenir et de
réprimer le financement du terrorisme. Les éléments soumis par le demandeur
ne permettent pas d’établir la plausibilité d’infractions entrant dans
le champ de la CIRFT.
3. La détermination de l’objet du différend est essentielle pour permettre
à la Cour de se prononcer sur sa compétence ratione materiae. Un
différend survient, fort souvent, dans un contexte politique complexe où,
à la question juridique dont la Cour est saisie, viennent se mêler diverses
considérations d’un autre ordre. La Cour n’en sera pas, pour autant,
empêchée de se déclarer compétente. Ainsi, dans l’arrêt qu’elle a rendu en
l’affaire relative au Personnel diplomatique et consulaire des Etats-Unis à
Téhéran, elle a dit que « les différends juridiques entre Etats souverains
[avaient], par leur nature même, toutes chances de surgir dans des
contextes politiques et ne représent[aient] souvent qu’un élément d’un différend
politique plus vaste et existant de longue date entre les Etats
concernés » (C.I.J. Recueil 1980, p. 20, par. 37). Elle a ensuite souligné
que « [n]ul n’a[vait] … jamais prétendu que, parce qu’un différend juridique
soumis à la Cour ne constitu[ait] qu’un aspect d’un différend politique,
la Cour d[evait] se refuser à résoudre dans l’intérêt des parties les
questions juridiques qui les oppos[aient] » (ibid.). Pour trancher la question
de sa compétence, la Cour avait alors dû rechercher s’il existait, en
droit ou en fait, un rapport entre le « problème d’ensemble » et les faits
particuliers à l’origine du différend qui lui aurait interdit d’examiner indépendamment
les réclamations du demandeur.
4. L’élément fondamental aux fins de cette analyse réside dans la possibilité
de séparer la réclamation du « problème d’ensemble ». Lorsqu’elle
examine, d’office ou à la demande d’une partie, la question de sa compétence
ratione materiae, la Cour doit rechercher si le différend peut être
610 application of the icsft and cerd (diss. op. xue)
56
from the overall political context and presented as a self-standing issue,
either in law or fact, capable of judicial settlement by the Court. When
the dispute constitutes an inseparable part of the overall problem and any
legal pronouncement by the Court on that particular dispute would necessarily
step into the area beyond its jurisdiction, judicial prudence and
self-restraint is required. In international judicial settlement of disputes
between States, the question of jurisdiction is just as important as merits.
This policy is designed and reflected in each and every aspect of the jurisdictional
system of the Court.
5. The dispute between Ukraine and the Russian Federation arose
from the internal armed conflict in eastern Ukraine. Acts alleged by
Ukraine all took place during this period. Apparently, attacks that targeted
civilians with the intention to create “terror” in the event of an
armed conflict are serious violations of international humanitarian law
and human rights law. To draw a clear legal distinction between such
violations and the acts of terrorism alleged by Ukraine in the present context,
however, is likely difficult, if not impossible. To characterize military
and financial support from Russia’s side, by whomever possible, as terrorism
financing, would inevitably bear the legal implication of defining
the nature of the armed conflict in eastern Ukraine, which, in my view,
extends well beyond the limit of the Court’s jurisdiction under the ICSFT.
In other words, Ukraine’s allegations against the Russian Federation
under the ICSFT bear an inseparable connection with the overall situation
of the ongoing armed conflict in eastern Ukraine. Factually, documents
before the Court do not demonstrate that the alleged terrorism
financing can be discretely examined without passing a judgment on the
overall situation of the armed conflict in the area ; Ukraine’s claim under
the ICSFT forms an integral part of the whole issue in eastern Ukraine.
Judicially, the Court is not in a position to resolve the dispute as presented
by Ukraine.
6. My second reason for upholding the Russian Federation’s objection
to the jurisdiction of the Court under Article 24, paragraph 1, of the
ICSFT relates to the scope of the Convention. The term “any person” in
Article 2, paragraph 1, of the ICSFT must be interpreted within the
framework of the Convention to which States parties agreed to accept.
Under Articles 3 and 7 of the ICSFT, State parties undertake to establish
in their domestic law territorial, national and universal criminal jurisdiction
over offences defined in Article 2, paragraph 1, thereof. As the Court
recalls in the Judgment, the drafting history of the Convention demonstrates
that the Convention only addresses offences committed by individuals
and does not cover the financing by a State of acts of terrorism,
which lies outside the scope of the Convention (Judgment, para. 59). During
the proceedings this point was not contested between the Parties. This
interpretation, however, becomes blurred when the meaning of the term
application de la cirft et de la ciedr (op. diss. xue) 610
56
dissocié du contexte politique global et appréhendé comme une question
indépendante, en droit ou en fait, susceptible de faire l’objet d’un règlement
judiciaire. Dès lors que le différend est indissociable du problème
d’ensemble, et que, en statuant sur tel ou tel point de droit dans ce cadre
particulier, la Cour déborderait nécessairement le champ de sa compétence,
prudence et réserve judiciaires s’imposent. Dans le cadre du règlement
judiciaire international des différends entre Etats, la question de la
compétence revêt autant d’importance que le fond. Cette approche
imprègne tous les aspects de la politique judiciaire de la Cour.
5. Le différend entre l’Ukraine et la Fédération de Russie est né du
conflit armé interne sévissant en Ukraine orientale. Les faits allégués par
le demandeur s’inscrivent tous dans ce cadre. Lors d’un conflit armé, les
attaques perpétrées contre des civils dans l’intention de créer un climat de
« terreur » constituent de toute évidence des violations graves du droit
international humanitaire et du droit international des droits de l’homme.
Il est toutefois difficile, si ce n’est impossible, d’établir une distinction
juridique claire entre de telles violations et les actes de terrorisme allégués
par l’Ukraine dans la présente espèce. Qualifier d’actes de financement du
terrorisme l’appui militaire et financier en provenance de la Russie, quelles
qu’en soient les sources, impliquerait nécessairement, en droit, une qualification
de la nature du conflit armé en Ukraine orientale qui, à mon avis,
dépasserait largement les limites de la compétence conférée à la Cour par
la CIRFT. En d’autres termes, les allégations formulées par l’Ukraine
contre la Fédération de Russie sur le fondement de cet instrument sont
indissociablement liées à la situation d’ensemble que constitue le conflit
armé en cours en Ukraine orientale. D’un point de vue factuel, les éléments
versés au dossier de l’affaire ne permettent pas de penser que la
Cour pourrait examiner les allégations de financement du terrorisme
indépendamment, sans se prononcer sur cette situation d’ensemble. Les
demandes formulées par l’Ukraine sur le fondement de la CIRFT sont
inséparables de la question globale de l’Ukraine orientale. La Cour n’est
donc pas en mesure, d’un point de vue judiciaire, de régler le différend tel
que présenté par l’Ukraine.
6. La seconde raison qui milite, selon moi, en faveur de l’exception
soulevée par la Fédération de Russie s’agissant de la compétence de la
Cour au titre du paragraphe 1 de l’article 24 de la CIRFT tient au champ
d’application de cet instrument. L’expression « toute personne » employée
au paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 doit être interprétée dans le contexte de la
convention dont les Etats parties ont accepté les dispositions. Aux termes
des articles 3 et 7, ceux-ci se sont engagés à établir dans leur droit interne
leur compétence territoriale, nationale et universelle en matière pénale, à
l’égard des infractions définies au paragraphe 1 de l’article 2. Ainsi que la
Cour le rappelle dans l’arrêt, il ressort des travaux préparatoires de la
convention que celle-ci ne porte que sur les infractions commises par des
individus et non sur le financement par un Etat d’actes de terrorisme, qui
n’entre pas dans le champ d’application de cet instrument (arrêt, par. 59).
Ce point n’a donné lieu à aucun désaccord entre les Parties lors de la
611 application of the icsft and cerd (diss. op. xue)
57
“any person” in Article 2, paragraph 1, is given. According to the majority’s
view,
“[t]he Convention contains no exclusion of any category of persons.
It applies both to persons who are acting in a private capacity and to
those who are State agents. As the Court noted . . . State financing
of acts of terrorism is outside the scope of the ICSFT; therefore, the
commission by a State official of an offence described in Article 2 does
not in itself engage the responsibility of the State concerned under the
Convention. However, all States parties to the ICSFT are under an
obligation to take appropriate measures and to co- operate in the prevention
and suppression of offences of financing acts of terrorism
committed by whichever person. Should a State breach such an obligation,
its responsibility under the Convention would arise.” (Judgment,
para. 61.)
This seemingly straightforward statement unfortunately cannot be sustained
by the rules of State responsibility.
7. I agree that the term “any person” does not preclude State officials
and there is no question about jurisdictional immunity. There are possible
cases where a State official’s act may invoke the application of the Convention.
For example, when a State official of State A has allegedly committed
an offence of terrorism financing to a group located in State B for
conducting terrorist acts, State A, as a party to the ICSFT, is obliged to
provide legal assistance to another State party, State B, and take measures
to suppress the crime. If such State official is found in the territory
of State C, State C has to take measures to bring him to criminal justice
and provide legal assistance to State B, if the latter so requests. In either
situation, no State act is alleged.
8. The situation in the present case is an entirely different one ; every
act of terrorism financing alleged by Ukraine points at the Russian Federation
itself. In its Application, Ukraine requests the Court to adjudge
and declare that
“the Russian Federation, through its State organs, State agents, and
other persons and entities exercising governmental authority, and
through other agents acting on its instructions or under its direction and
control, has violated its obligations under the Terrorism Financing
Convention by:
(a) supplying funds, including in-kind contributions of weapons and
training, to illegal armed groups that engage in acts of terrorism
in Ukraine, including the DPR, the LPR, the Kharkiv Partisans,
and associated groups and individuals, in violation of Article 18”
(emphasis added).
application de la cirft et de la ciedr (op. diss. xue) 611
57
procédure. Une telle interprétation perd toutefois de sa limpidité si l’on
envisage le sens de l’expression « toute personne » employée au paragraphe
1 de l’article 2. De l’avis de la majorité,
« [l]a convention ne contient aucun élément de nature à exclure
quelque catégorie de personnes que ce soit. Elle s’applique tant aux
personnes agissant à titre privé qu’à celles ayant le statut d’agent d’un
Etat. Comme l’a relevé la Cour …, le financement étatique d’actes de
terrorisme n’entre pas dans le champ d’application de la CIRFT ; partant,
la commission par l’agent d’un Etat d’une infraction visée à l’article
2 n’engage pas par elle-même la responsabilité de l’Etat concerné
au titre de la convention. Toutefois, les Etats parties à la CIRFT sont
tenus de prendre les mesures nécessaires et de coopérer pour prévenir
et réprimer les infractions de financement d’actes de terrorisme commises
par quelque personne que ce soit. Dans l’éventualité où un Etat
manquerait à cette obligation, sa responsabilité au titre de la convention
se trouverait engagée. » (Arrêt, par. 61.)
Cet énoncé en apparence évident ne peut malheureusement, au regard des
règles relatives à la responsabilité de l’Etat, se voir donner effet.
7. Je conviens que les agents de l’Etat ne sauraient être exclus de l’expression
« toute personne », l’immunité de juridiction ne trouvant en aucun cas à
s’appliquer. Il existe en effet diverses situations dans lesquelles leurs actes
peuvent déclencher l’application de la convention. Ainsi, dans le cas où
l’agent d’un Etat A est accusé d’avoir fourni un appui financier à un groupe
présent dans un Etat B pour y mener des activités de terrorisme, l’Etat A est
tenu, en vertu de la CIRFT, d’accorder l’entraide judiciaire à l’Etat B et de
prendre des mesures visant à réprimer l’acte illicite. Si l’auteur de l’infraction
est arrêté sur le territoire d’un Etat C, celui-ci a l’obligation de prendre des
dispositions pour engager des poursuites pénales contre l’intéressé et accorder
l’entraide judiciaire à l’Etat B, si ce dernier en fait la demande. Aucune
de ces deux situations ne donne lieu à l’invocation de faits de l’Etat.
8. En la présente affaire, la situation est fort différente : toutes les allégations
d’actes de financement du terrorisme formulées par l’Ukraine
visent directement la Fédération de Russie. Dans sa requête, l’Ukraine
prie la Cour de dire et juger que
« la Fédération de Russie, par l’intermédiaire de ses organes et agents
d’Etat, d’autres personnes et entités exerçant des prérogatives de puissance
publique, ainsi que d’agents opérant sur ses instructions ou sous sa
direction et son contrôle, a manqué aux obligations qui lui incombent
au regard de la convention contre le financement du terrorisme :
a) en fournissant des fonds, y compris par des contributions en nature
sous la forme d’armes et de moyens d’entraînement, à des groupes
armés illégaux qui se livrent à des actes de terrorisme en Ukraine,
dont la RPD, la RPL, les Partisans de Kharkiv et d’autres groupes
ou personnes qui y sont associés, en violation de l’article 18 » (les
italiques sont de moi).
612 application of the icsft and cerd (diss. op. xue)
58
Although Ukraine subsequently deleted this submission in the Memorial,
instead, accusing the Russian Federation of allowing and encouraging its
own officials to finance terrorism, the substance of its claim under the
ICSFT remains unchanged. Factually, Ukraine does not draw any distinction
between its initial allegation of terrorism financing under the
Russian Federation’s instruction and direction, and its subsequent claim
based on the Russian Federation’s permission and encouragement. It is
evident that what Ukraine has in mind is primarily the State responsibility
of the Russian Federation for the acts done by its officials or agencies,
or acts allegedly instructed or directed by the Russian Federation. This
intention can be observed from Ukraine’s Memorial, where it states that
“[w]hen a State allows or encourages its own officials to finance terrorism,
it necessarily fails to take all ‘practicable measures’ to prevent the financing
of terrorism” (emphasis added). Apparently, this is a case concerning
the allegations of the financing by a State of terrorist acts, which, as the
Court stated in the Judgment, is explicitly precluded from the scope of the
ICSFT.
9. By virtue of the rules of attribution for the invocation of State
responsibility, acts done by State officials in the exercise of their functions
and acts instructed or directed by the State are regarded as acts of the
State in international law. In case the acts alleged by Ukraine were
proven, it would be the Russian Federation as the State that should be
held responsible for such acts under international law, regardless of individual
criminal responsibility under domestic law. The Court should not
simply, by relying on Ukraine’s amendment of its submissions, come to
the conclusion that this case is not about State’s financing of terrorist acts
without examining the relevant elements of the scope of the Convention,
such as the term “funds”, and the nature of the alleged acts in light
of Article 2, paragraph 1, of the Convention. By narrowly focusing on
the obligations in preventing and suppressing terrorism financing, the
Court not just unduly expands the scope of its jurisdiction ratione
materiae, but also creates confusion and uncertainty in the law of State
responsibility.
10. Moreover, in the present case, the question whether or not the
Russian Federation allowed or encouraged military and financial support
to the armed groups in eastern Ukraine is not a matter for the Court to
consider, as it falls outside the scope of its jurisdiction under the ICSFT.
Should the case proceed to the merits phase, however, the Court may find
itself in a position where it has to pronounce on the above question,
which, in my view, may raise the issue of judicial propriety.
11. Judicial policy requires the Court to avoid unnecessary prolongation
of the legal process if the case does not present itself as plausible.
Proper identification of the subject-matter of the dispute that falls within
the scope of the jurisdiction ratione materiae of the Court is essential for
application de la cirft et de la ciedr (op. diss. xue) 612
58
Si l’Ukraine n’a pas maintenu cette thèse dans son mémoire, reprochant
désormais à la Fédération de Russie d’autoriser et d’encourager ses propres
agents à financer le terrorisme, la teneur de ses réclamations sur le fondement
de la CIRFT demeure inchangée. Du point de vue des faits, l’Ukraine
ne fait aucune distinction entre son allégation initiale, à savoir que des
actes de financement du terrorisme auraient été commis sur les instructions
ou sous la direction de la Fédération de Russie, et celle qu’elle a par la
suite formulée, selon laquelle la Fédération de Russie aurait permis et
encouragé pareils actes. De toute évidence, elle entend essentiellement
invoquer la responsabilité de l’Etat, attribuant au défendeur des actes
accomplis par les agents ou organes de celui-ci, et d’autres dont elle soutient
qu’ils l’ont été sur ses instructions ou sous sa direction. C’est bien
cette intention qui ressort du mémoire, où le demandeur affirme que,
« [d]ès lors qu’il autorise ou encourage ses propres agents à financer le terrorisme,
l’Etat manque nécessairement à son obligation de prendre « toutes
les mesures possibles » afin d’empêcher le financement du terrorisme » (les
italiques sont de moi). La présente affaire met manifestement en cause le
financement par un Etat d’actes de terrorisme, qui, comme le dit la Cour
dans l’arrêt, est expressément exclu du champ d’application de la CIRFT.
9. Au regard des règles d’attribution d’un comportement aux fins de
l’invocation de la responsabilité de l’Etat, les actes accomplis par les
agents de l’Etat dans l’exercice de leurs fonctions ou sur les instructions
ou les directives de l’Etat sont considérés, en droit international, comme
un fait de l’Etat. Si les allégations de l’Ukraine devaient être établies, c’est
la Fédération de Russie en tant qu’Etat qui devrait, au regard du droit
international, en être tenue pour responsable, indépendamment des responsabilités
individuelles qui pourraient être retenues par les juridictions
pénales internes. La Cour ne peut se contenter de conclure, sur la base du
revirement de l’Ukraine, que la présente affaire ne porte pas sur le financement
par l’Etat d’actes de terrorisme, sans examiner les éléments pertinents
du champ de la convention — notamment le terme « fonds » et la
nature des actes allégués — à la lumière du paragraphe 1 de l’article 2 de
cet instrument. En concentrant son analyse sur les obligations de prévention
et de répression du financement du terrorisme, la Cour, outre qu’elle
étend indûment le champ de sa compétence ratione materiae, sème le
trouble et l’incertitude dans le droit de la responsabilité de l’Etat.
10. J’ajoute qu’il ne lui appartient pas, dans la présente espèce, de
déterminer si la Fédération de Russie a autorisé ou encouragé l’apport
d’un appui militaire et financier à des groupes armés en Ukraine orientale
car la CIRFT ne lui confère pas compétence à cet égard. Si l’affaire devait
se poursuivre jusqu’à la phase de l’examen au fond, la Cour pourrait toutefois
être amenée à devoir trancher cette question, et celle de l’opportunité
judiciaire risquerait alors, selon moi, de se poser.
11. La bonne administration de la justice impose à la Cour d’éviter de
prolonger inutilement la procédure judiciaire lorsque l’élément de plausibilité
semble faire défaut. Dans cette optique et dans un souci d’économie
judiciaire, il est indispensable de déterminer correctement l’objet du diffé-
613 application of the icsft and cerd (diss. op. xue)
59
the purposes of good administration of justice and judicial economy.
Loose expansion of the scope of the Court’s jurisdiction will not be conducive
to the peaceful settlement of international disputes, when judicial
restraint is clearly called for under the circumstances. To allow this case
to proceed to the merits phase, in my view, would neither serve the object
and purpose of the ICSFT, nor contribute to the peace process in the
region.
(Signed) Xue Hanqin.
application de la cirft et de la ciedr (op. diss. xue) 613
59
rend et de s’assurer que celui-ci relève de la compétence ratione materiae
de la Cour. Gonfler artificiellement le champ de cette compétence est peu
propice au règlement pacifique des différends internationaux, a fortiori
dans les circonstances de la présente instance, où la réserve judiciaire est
clairement requise. La décision d’autoriser la poursuite de la présente
affaire au fond ne sert ni la réalisation de l’objet et du but de la CIRFT ni
le processus de paix dans la région.
(Signé) Xue Hanqin.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting opinion of Vice-President Xue

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