Declaration of Judge Gevorgian

Document Number
163-20161207-ORD-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
163-20161207-ORD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF JUDGE GEVORGIAN
Clarification on paragraph 49 of the Order  Relation between Article 4 of the Palermo
Convention and the principles of international law referred to therein  Immunities
ratione personae derive from the principle of sovereign equality of States.
1. I concur with the conclusions and reasoning of the Order. At the same time, I find it
necessary to clarify my views on the relation between Article 4 of the Palermo Convention and the
principles of international law referred to therein.
2. According to the first paragraph of this provision, “States Parties shall carry out their
obligations under this Convention in a manner consistent with the principles of sovereign equality
and territorial integrity of States and that of non-intervention in the domestic affairs of other
States.” Paragraph 49 of the Order indicates that this provision “does not appear to create new
rules concerning the immunities of holders of high-ranking office in the State or incorporate rules
of customary international law concerning those immunities”. In my understanding, this statement
does not mean that rules of immunity of State officials from foreign criminal jurisdiction do not
derive from the principles mentioned in Article 4 of the Palermo Convention. In fact, the opposite
is true: such immunities are deeply entrenched in the principle of sovereign equality. As the
International Law Commission has indicated in its commentary to Article 4 of the Draft Articles on
Immunity of State Officials from Foreign Criminal Jurisdiction (dealing with the scope of
immunity ratione personae), “the purpose of immunity ratione personae . . . relates . . . to
protection of the sovereign equality of the State” (ILC Commentary on Draft Article 4,
provisionally adopted by the Commission at the sixty-fifth session, doc. A/68/10, p. 69, paragraph 6
of the Commentary). A similar finding has been made by this Court with regard to State
immunities1
.
3. Thus, in my understanding, the above-mentioned statement made in paragraph 49 does not
refer to the link between immunities and sovereign equality, but rather to the link between the
principles of international law mentioned in Article 4 of the Palermo Convention and the
Convention itself. So from this perspective, in the present case I share the finding made in
paragraph 49 that the alleged dispute brought by Equatorial Guinea “does not relate to the manner
in which France performed its obligations under Articles 6, 12, 14 and 18” of the
Palermo Convention.
(Signed) Kirill GEVORGIAN.
___________

1
“The Court considers that the rule of State immunity occupies an important place in international law and
international relations. It derives from the principle of sovereign equality of States, which, as Article 2, paragraph 1, of
the Charter of the United Nations makes clear, is one of the fundamental principles of the international legal order. This
principle has to be viewed together with the principle that each State possesses sovereignty over its own territory and that
there flows from that sovereignty the jurisdiction of the State over events and persons within that territory. Exceptions to
the immunity of the State represent a departure from the principle of sovereign equality. Immunity may represent a
departure from the principle of territorial sovereignty and the jurisdiction which flows from it.” (Jurisdictional
Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (I), pp. 123-124,
para. 57.)

Bilingual Content

1176
32
DECLARATION OF JUDGE GEVORGIAN
Clarification on paragraph 49 of the Order — Relation between Article 4 of the
Palermo Convention and the principles of international law referred to therein —
Immunities ratione personae derive from the principle of sovereign equality of
States.
1. I concur with the conclusions and reasoning of the Order. At the
same time, I find it necessary to clarify my views on the relation between
Article 4 of the Palermo Convention and the principles of international
law referred to therein.
2. According to the first paragraph of this provision, “States Parties
shall carry out their obligations under this Convention in a manner consistent
with the principles of sovereign equality and territorial integrity of
States and that of non‑intervention in the domestic affairs of other
States.” Paragraph 49 of the Order indicates that this provision “does not
appear to create new rules concerning the immunities of holders of
high‑ranking office in the State or incorporate rules of customary international
law concerning those immunities”. In my understanding, this statement
does not mean that rules of immunity of State officials from foreign
criminal jurisdiction do not derive from the principles mentioned in Article
4 of the Palermo Convention. In fact, the opposite is true : such immunities
are deeply entrenched in the principle of sovereign equality. As the
International Law Commission has indicated in its commentary to
Article
4 of the Draft Articles on Immunity of State Officials from Foreign
Criminal Jurisdiction (dealing with the scope of immunity ratione
personae), “the purpose of immunity ratione personae . . . relates . . . to
protection of the sovereign equality of the State” (ILC Commentary on
Draft Article 4, provisionally adopted by the Commission at the
Sixty‑Fifth Session, UN doc. A/68/10, p. 69, para. 6 of the Commentary).
A similar finding has been made by this Court with regard to State
immunities 1.
1 “The Court considers that the rule of State immunity occupies an important place
in international law and international relations. It derives from the principle of sovereign
equality of States, which, as Article 2, paragraph 1, of the Charter of the United
Nations makes clear, is one of the fundamental principles of the international
legal order. This principle has to be viewed together with the principle that each
State possesses sovereignty over its own territory and that there flows from that
sovereignty the jurisdiction of the State over events and persons within that territory.
Exceptions to the immunity of the State represent a departure from the principle
of sovereign equality. Immunity may represent a departure from the principle
of territorial sovereignty and the jurisdiction which flows from it.” (Jurisdictional
Immunities
of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2012 (I), pp. 123‑124, para. 57.)
1176
32
DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE GEVORGIAN
[Traduction]
Clarification concernant le paragraphe 49 de l’ordonnance — Lien entre
l’article 4 de la convention de Palerme et les principes de droit international qui y
sont visés — Immunités ratione personae découlant du principe de l’égalité
souveraine des Etats.
1. Je souscris aux conclusions et raisonnement exposés dans l’ordonnance.
J’estime néanmoins nécessaire de préciser mon point de vue sur le
lien entre l’article 4 de la convention de Palerme et les principes de droit
international qui y sont visés.
2. Aux termes du premier paragraphe de cet article, « [l]es Etats Parties
exécutent leurs obligations au titre de la présente Convention d’une manière
compatible avec les principes de l’égalité souveraine et de l’intégrité territoriale
des Etats et avec celui de la non‑intervention dans les affaires intérieures
d’autres Etats ». Au paragraphe 49 de l’ordonnance, la Cour a
considéré que cette disposition « n’appara[issait] pas créer de nouvelles
règles concernant les immunités des personnes de rang élevé dans l’Etat ou
incorporer des règles de droit international coutumier concernant de telles
immunités ». Ce faisant, elle ne dit pas, selon moi, que les règles d’immunité
de juridiction pénale étrangère des représentants de l’Etat ne découlent pas
des principes mentionnés à l’article 4 de la convention de Palerme. C’est du
reste précisément l’inverse qui est vrai : ce type d’immunités a ses racines
dans le principe de l’égalité souveraine. Comme l’a noté la Commission du
droit international dans son commentaire de l’article 4 des projets d’article
sur l’immunité de juridiction pénale étrangère des représentants de l’Etat
(concernant la portée de l’immunité ratione personae), « l’immunité
ratione personae … a trait … à la protection de l’égalité souveraine de
l’Etat » (Commission du droit international, paragraphe 6 du commentaire
du projet d’article 4, adopté provisoirement à la soixante‑cinquième session,
Nations Unies, doc. A/68/10, p. 69). La Cour est parvenue à une
conclusion similaire en ce qui concerne les immunités de l’Etat 1.
1 « La Cour considère que la règle de l’immunité de l’Etat joue un rôle important en
droit international et dans les relations internationales. Elle procède du principe de
l’égalité souveraine des Etats qui, ainsi que cela ressort clairement du paragraphe 1
de l’article 2 de la Charte des Nations Unies, est l’un des principes fondamentaux de
l’ordre juridique international. Ce principe doit être considéré conjointement avec celui
en vertu duquel chaque Etat détient la souveraineté sur son propre territoire, souveraineté
dont découle pour lui un pouvoir de juridiction à l’égard des faits qui se produisent
sur son sol et des personnes qui y sont présentes. Les exceptions à l’immunité de l’Etat
constituent une dérogation au principe de l’égalité souveraine. L’immunité peut constituer
une dérogation au principe de la souveraineté territoriale et au pouvoir de juridiction
qui en découle. » (Immunités juridictionnelles de l’Etat (Allemagne c. Italie ; Grèce
(intervenant)), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (I), p. 123-124, par. 57.)
1177 immunities and criminal proceedings (decl. gevorgian)
33
3. Thus, in my understanding, the above‑mentioned statement made
in paragraph 49 does not refer to the link between immunities and
sovereign
equality, but rather to the link between the principles of
international
law mentioned in Article 4 of the Palermo Convention
and the Convention itself. So from this perspective, in the present
case I share the finding made in paragraph 49 that the alleged dispute
brought by Equatorial Guinea “does not relate to the manner in which
France performed
its obligations under Articles 6, 12, 14 and 18” of the
Palermo
Convention.
(Signed) Kirill Gevorgian.
immunités et procédures pénales (décl. gevorgian) 1177
33
3. Par conséquent, la considération susmentionnée exprimée au paragraphe
49 renvoie, selon moi, non pas au lien entre immunités et égalité
souveraine, mais à la relation entre les principes de droit international
visés à l’article 4 de la convention de Palerme et la convention elle‑même.
C’est donc sous cet angle que je parviens en l’espèce moi aussi à la conclusion,
telle que formulée au paragraphe 49, que le différend allégué dont la
Guinée équatoriale a saisi la Cour « n’a pas trait à la manière dont la
France a exécuté ses obligations au titre des articles 6, 12, 14 et 18 de la
convention » de Palerme.
(Signé) Kirill Gevorgian.

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