Separate opinion of Judge Bhandari

Document Number
159-20161005-JUD-01-11-EN
Parent Document Number
159-20161005-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

S EPARATE OPINION OF J UDGE BHANDARI

Concur with the conclusions of the majority  Existence of a dispute is central to the
exercise of the Court’s jurisdiction  On the basis of documents and pleadings of the Parties, no
dispute existed  ICJ lacks jurisdiction  Greater emphasis ought to have been given that no

dispute existed and lesser on the Respondent’s awareness  Other preliminary objections ought to
have been adjudicated in the facts of this case  Monetary Gold principle  The Applicant lacks
standing to bring this case  The Judgment would amount to an advisory opinion.

1. I concur with the conclusions of the majority Judgment upholding the objection to
jurisdiction raised by Pakistan based on the absence of a dispute. However, I wish to append a

separate opinion to expand the basis of the reasoning of the Judgment. I also propose to deal with
another aspect of this case, that in the facts of this case, the Court ought to have dealt with the other
preliminary objections raised by Pakistan because the issues raised in the case affect not only the
Parties, but also the entire humanity. Additionally, adjudicating these objections would have
further crystallized the controversy involved in the case, particularly when all documents, pleadings
and submissions were placed on record in extenso.

2. The question, which needs to be decided, is whether from the documents, pleadings and
the conduct of the Parties it can be established that a dispute existed between them at the time of
filing the Application in the terms prescribed by the applicable legal instruments and the Court’s
jurisprudence.

3. Under Article 36, paragraph 2, and Article 38, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court, it
can only exercise its jurisdiction in case of a dispute between the Parties. The concept of “dispute”,
and more specifically “legal dispute”, is thus central to the exercise of the Court’s jurisdiction. The
majority Judgment acknowledges this and reflects on certain key aspects from the Court’s
jurisprudence on this concept.

4. Any analysis of the existence of a dispute should start with a definition of the term
“dispute”. The Black’s Law Dictionary offers the following definitions, which may help in guiding
the analysis:

“Dispute: A conflict or controversy; a conflict of claims or rights; an assertion
of a right, claim, or demand on one side, met by contrary claims or allegations on the
other.”

“Legal dispute: Contest / conflict / disagreement concerning lawful existence of
(1) a duty or right, or (2) compensation by extent or type, claimed by the injured party
for a breach of such duty or right.”

5. In Georgia v. Russian Federation, in determining whether a legal dispute existed between

the parties at the time of the filing of the Application, the Court undertook a detailed review of the
relevant diplomatic exchanges, documents and statements. The Court carried out an extensive
analysis of the evidence, covering numerous instances of official Georgian and Russian practice
from 1992 to 2008. The Court found that most of the documents and statements before it failed to
evidence the existence of a dispute, because they did not contain any “direct criticism” against the
Respondent, did not amount to an “allegation” against the Respondent or were not otherwise of a
character that was sufficient to found a justiciable dispute between the Parties, and in this case the - 2 -

Court also held that it is a matter of substance and not a question of form or procedure (Application
of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

(Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I),
pp. 84-91, paras. 30-46).

6. In Belgium v. Senegal, the Court similarly carried out a systematic review of the
diplomatic exchanges that had preceded the filing of the Application in order to ascertain if the
dispute had been properly notified to Senegal. The Court, in that case, concluded that at the time of
the filing of the Application, the dispute between the Parties did not relate to breaches of obligation

under customary international law and that it had thus no jurisdiction to decide Belgium’s claims
(Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), pp. 433-435, paras. 24-26).

7. In another important case, Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, the Court considered that
a dispute is “a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or of interests”
between parties (Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A,

No. 2, p. 11). In the South West Africa cases, the Court laid down the criterion for the existence of
a dispute, which is that the claim of one party be positively opposed by the other
(South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328).

8. On application of the Court’s Statute and its jurisprudence to the documents and pleadings
placed before the Court, the irresistible conclusion is the absence of any dispute between the

Parties, and consequently, on the facts of this case, the Court lacks jurisdiction to deal with this
case.

9. The majority Judgment, instead of looking into these aspects closely, chose to focus
mainly on the lack of awareness of the Respondent of the impending dispute. The Judgment
considers that “a dispute exists when it is demonstrated, on the basis of the evidence, that the

respondent was aware, or could not have been unaware, that its views were ‘positively opposed’ by
the applicant” (Judgment, paragraph 38).

10. The Court has the freedom to choose any preliminary objection when examining its own
jurisdiction. In doing so, it usually chooses the most “direct and conclusive one”. C. Tomuschat
summarized the situation in clear terms in his contribution on Article 36 to the handbook The
Statute of the International Court of Justice  A Commentary (Second Edition). He stated:

“The Court is free to choose the grounds on which to dismiss a case either for
lack of jurisdiction or as being inadmissible. It does not have to follow a specific
order, nor is there any rule making it compulsory to adjudge first issues of jurisdiction
before relying on lack of admissibility. The Court generally bases its decisions on the
ground which in its view is ‘more direct and conclusive’. In pure legal logic, it would
seem inescapable that the Court would have to rule by order of priority on objections

related to jurisdiction. However, such a strict procedural regime would be all the more - 3 -

infelicitous since the borderline between the two classes of preliminary objections is to
some extent dependent on subjective appreciation. The Court therefore chooses1the
ground which is best suited to dispose of the case (‘direct and conclusive’).”

11. This freedom of the Court was first stated in the Certain Norwegian Loans (France v.

Norway) case, where the Court considered that its jurisdiction was being challenged on two
grounds, and that the Court is free to base its decision on the ground which in its judgment is more
direct and conclusive (Certain Norwegian Loans (France v. Norway), I.C.J. Reports 1957, p. 25).

12. This position has consistently been taken by the Court in the years since the

Certain Norwegian Loans matter (see, for example, Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955
(Israel v. Bulgaria), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1959, p. 146; Aegean Sea Continental Shelf
(Greece v. Turkey), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1978, pp. 16-17; Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999
(Pakistan v. India), Jurisdiction, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2000, p. 24, para. 26; and Legality of
Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J.

Reports 2004 (I), p. 298, para. 46).

13. In the instant case, by choosing the lack of awareness on the part of the Respondent as
the main ground for the dismissal of the claim, it appears, with respect, that the Court has chosen
not to give emphasis to the most “direct and conclusive” element of that ground for the dismissal of

the claim. The consequence is serious: lack of awareness on the part of the Respondent can be
easily cured by the Applicant by giving proper notice of the dispute to the Respondent. In that
case, the Republic of the Marshall Islands could simply bring the case again before the Court. In
my view, that would be an undesirable result and should be discouraged. The real ground for the
dismissal of the case ought to have been the absence of a dispute between the Parties. The majority
Judgment has only dealt with preliminary objection number one, and even while dealing with that

objection greater emphasis was not placed on the analysis of the documents and pleadings of the
Parties, which reveals that there is no dispute between them.

14. The Parties have already submitted documents and pleadings in extenso. In the facts of
this case, this Court ought to have examined the other preliminary objections. Otherwise, a

re-submission of the case again would entail a waste of the efforts, time and resources already
spent by the Parties and the Court in adjudicating this matter.

15. On careful consideration of all documents and pleadings, the irresistible conclusion is
that no dispute exists between the Parties. The majority Judgment ought to have rejected the

Republic of the Marshall Islands’ Application mainly on this ground.

O THER PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS

16. In the facts of this case the Court should have examined other preliminary objections

taken by the Respondent, namely:

 the Republic of the Marshall Islands’ case against Pakistan was brought in bad faith;

1C. Tomuschat, The Statute of the International Court of Justice  A Commentary (Second Edition), p. 707,
para. 138, footnotes omitted. - 4 -

 the Republic of the Marshall Islands’ claims against Pakistan are manifestly without legal merit

or substance;

 the Republic of the Marshall Islands’ Memorial does not conform to the Rules of the Court and
the ICJ Practice Directions;

 the Republic of the Marshall Islands has the burden of proving that the Court has jurisdiction
and that its Application is admissible, and it has failed to discharge its burden of proof in its

Application and Memorial;

 the Republic of the Marshall Islands’ claims do not come within the scope of the Parties’
consent to the Court’s jurisdiction for reason of the reservations included with their
Article 36 (2) declarations;

 the Application is inadmissible because no dispute existed between the Republic of the

Marshall Islands and Pakistan at the time the Application was submitted to the Court;

 the Application is likewise inadmissible because the Republic of the Marshall Islands does not
have jus standi in connection with the claims as formulated in the Application;

 the Application of the Republic of the Marshall Islands is an impermissible attempt to re-open
the question of the legality of nuclear weapons and to obtain what would, in effect, amount to

an advisory opinion;

 the Application of the Republic of the Marshall Islands is inadmissible because it has failed to
bring indispensable parties before the Court;

 the judicial process is inherently incapable of resolving questions of nuclear disarmament
involving multiple States; and

 entertaining the Republic of the Marshall Islands’ claims would compromise the sound
administration of justice and judicial propriety and integrity.

17. Out of this long list of preliminary objections, in my considered view, three preliminary
objections ought to have been examined by the Court. These are:

(a) Monetary Gold principle, i.e., the absence of essential parties not party to the instant
proceedings;

(b) the Applicant lacks standing to bring this case; and

(c) the Judgment would amount to an advisory opinion.

18. Each of these is analysed in turn in the following paragraphs. - 5 -

Monetary Gold principle

19. I deem it proper to very briefly deal with the other preliminary objections to demonstrate
that the other objections are also substantial in character and should have been adjudicated by the
Court.

20. The Respondent argues that the adjudication of the Republic of the Marshall Islands
claims would necessarily implicate the rights and obligations of other States, i.e., that essential
parties are absent (Counter-Memorial of Pakistan, hereinafter “CMP”, Part 8, Chapter 4,
pp. 56-59). Pakistan stated in its Counter-Memorial that

“8.78. The RMI’s Application contravenes the principle of consent which bars
the adjudication of the legal obligations of States parties under the NPT and other

States without their agreement. Pakistan contends that the Monetary Gold principle is
directly applicable to the case brought by the RMI, because the Court cannot decide
this case without deciding whether the NWS [nuclear-weapon states] that are party to
the NPT are in breach of their obligations under Article VI of the NPT, which the RMI
seeks to enforce against Pakistan under the guise of customary international law
2
obligations.”

21. The Applicant in its Application submitted a chart, which indicates that India, Pakistan
and the United Kingdom, Respondents in these three proceedings put together, possess less than
3 per cent of the total nuclear weapons in the world (Application of the Marshall Islands, p. 9). The
other countries, who possess the other more than 97 per cent of the nuclear weapons in the world,

are not before the Court and consequently the Court is precluded from exercising its jurisdiction in
this matter with respect to those States (the States possessing 97 per cent of the nuclear weapons).
Therefore, it is indispensable to have the participation of the other countries who possess such a
large quantity of the world’s nuclear weapons.

22. The Court considered in its 1996 Advisory Opinion on nuclear weapons that any realistic
search for general and complete disarmament would require the co-operation of all States (Legality
of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (I), p. 264,
para. 100).

23. This preliminary objection is substantial in character and it ought to have been

adjudicated by the Court.

Lack of standing of the Applicant

24. Pakistan bases its arguments on this point on two grounds:

“8.50. First, the RMI has no standing to claim in its own right in this case,
because it has failed to (i) identify the existence of a legal dispute between the RMI
and Pakistan at the time of the filing of the Application and (ii) submit even
prima facie evidence of any concrete or imminent harm fairly traceable to the
challenged action or inaction of Pakistan that would be redressed by a favourable
decision by this Court.

CMP, para. 8.78. - 6 -

8.51. Second, given that the Court has not been presented with even prima facie
evidence of the existence of an obligation erga omnes to conduct negotiations and
1996 Advisory Opinion provides no support for the RMI’s ‘essential contention’ that

‘the customary obligation to conduct negotiations is an obligation erga omnes’ and
that, ‘[a]s such, every State [including the RMI] has a legal interest in its timely
performance,’ the RMI cannot claim a legal interest in the timely performance of a
non-existing obligation and hence has no right to an adjudication of its claims as
3
formulated in the Application.”

25. The Application of the Republic of the Marshall Islands is based on the premise that
there is an erga omnes obligation to negotiate nuclear disarmament, which entitles it to come

before the Court invoking the international responsibility of States that in its view have failed to
fulfil this obligation. The determination of the existence of such an obligation, independent of
Article VI of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, is a question more appropriate for an analysis of the
merits of this case. But even assuming, for the purposes of argument, that such an obligation
exists, the absence of any prima facie evidence of harm, realized or potential, deprives the applicant

of standing to bring this claim.

26. I would like to point out, for the sake of completeness, that these considerations do not
ignore the serious effects of nuclear testing in the past the territory of the Republic of the

Marshall Islands when it was a protectorate of the United States of America. However, such
unfortunate circumstances are not and cannot be the basis for their claims as they would be
excluded from the temporal scope of the alleged dispute.

27. This preliminary objection is also of a substantial character and it ought to have been
adjudicated by the Court.

Any Judgment given by the Court would amount to an advisory opinion

28. Pakistan submits that “[t]he RMI’s assertion that the ‘Application is not an attempt to
re-open the question of the legality of nuclear weapons’ must be rejected as self-serving” . It 4
further contends that the Statute of the Court does not provide a basis for revisiting or appealing

from the Court’s advisory opinions. Of course, the Respondent is here making reference to the
1996 Advisory Opinion issued by the Court on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear
Weapons, which was requested by the United Nations General Assembly and where 22 countries
participated, including the Republic of the Marshall Islands but not Pakistan.

29. In Pakistan’s submission, “[the] Court has already exhaustively addressed the question of
the legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons in the exercise of its advisory jurisdiction, after
hearing a large number of States and intergovernmental organizations, including the RMI” . 5

3
CMP, paras. 8.50-8.51, citing Memorial of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (MMI), para. 31.
4CMP, para. 8.64, citing Application of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (AMI), para. 2.

5CMP, para. 8.71. - 7 -

30. As I have discussed above, the absence of essential parties for achieving effective global

disarmament from these proceedings renders any potential decision by this Court on the claims
submitted devoid of any practical effect. In such circumstances, it appears that indeed a decision
from this Court in this matter would more closely resemble an advisory opinion as a general
statement from the Court on a particular aspect of international law without any immediate binding
effect on the Parties.

31. This preliminary objection also deserved to be considered.

32. The majority Judgment ought to have held clearly that, on the basis of documents and
pleadings of the Parties, no dispute existed between the Parties at the time of filing the Application
while upholding Pakistan’s first preliminary objection.

(Signed) Dalveer B HANDARI .

___________

Bilingual Content

762
214
SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE BHANDARI
Concur with the conclusions of the majority — Existence of a dispute is central
to the exercise of the Court’s jurisdiction — On the basis of documents and
pleadings of the Parties, no dispute existed — ICJ lacks jurisdiction — Greater
emphasis ought to have been given that no dispute existed and lesser on the
Respondent’s awareness — Other preliminary objections ought to have been
adjudicated in the facts of this case — Monetary Gold principle — The Applicant
lacks standing to bring this case — The Judgment would amount to an advisory
opinion.
1. I concur with the conclusions of the majority Judgment upholding
the objection to jurisdiction raised by Pakistan based on the absence of a
dispute. However, I wish to append a separate opinion to expand the
basis of the reasoning of the Judgment. I also propose to deal with
another aspect of this case, that in the facts of this case, the Court ought
to have dealt with the other preliminary objections raised by Pakistan
because the issues raised in the case affect not only the Parties, but also
the entire humanity. Additionally, adjudicating these objections would
have further crystallized the controversy involved in the case, particularly
when all documents, pleadings and submissions were placed on record
in extenso.
2. The question, which needs to be decided, is whether from the documents,
pleadings and the conduct of the Parties it can be established that
a dispute existed between them at the time of filing the Application in the
terms prescribed by the applicable legal instruments and the Court’s jurisprudence.
3. Under Article 36, paragraph 2, and Article 38, paragraph 1, of the
Statute of the Court, it can only exercise its jurisdiction in case of a dispute
between the parties. The concept of “dispute”, and more specifically
“legal dispute”, is thus central to the exercise of the Court’s jurisdiction.
The majority Judgment acknowledges this and reflects on certain key
aspects from the Court’s jurisprudence on this concept.
4. Any analysis of the existence of a dispute should start with a definition
of the term “dispute”. Black’s Law Dictionary offers the following
definitions, which may help in guiding the analysis:
“Dispute: A conflict or controversy; a conflict of claims or rights;
an assertion of a right, claim, or demand on one side, met by contrary
claims or allegations on the other.”
762
214
OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. LE JUGE BHANDARI
Accord avec les conclusions de la majorité — Existence d’un différend étant
fondamentale pour l’exercice de la compétence de la Cour — Documents et pièces
de procédure des Parties n’attestant pas l’existence d’un différend — Cour n’ayant
pas compétence — Arrêt n’insistant pas suffisamment sur l’absence de différend et
insistant trop sur la nécessité que le défendeur ait connaissance du différend — Cour
ayant eu tort de n’avoir pas statué sur les autres exceptions préliminaires — Principe
de l’Or monétaire — Absence de qualité du demandeur pour porter cette affaire
devant la Cour — Valeur d’avis consultatif d’un éventuel arrêt sur le fond.
1. Je souscris aux conclusions de la majorité de la Cour tendant à retenir
l’exception d’incompétence soulevée par le Pakistan au motif de l’absence
de différend. Je souhaite cependant joindre à l’arrêt l’exposé de mon
opinion individuelle pour asseoir sur une base plus large le raisonnement
qui y est développé. Je me propose également d’aborder un autre aspect
de l’affaire, à savoir que, dans le cas d’espèce, la Cour aurait dû répondre
aux autres exceptions préliminaires soulevées par le Pakistan, parce que
les questions dont il s’agit dans cette affaire ne concernent pas les seules
Parties, mais l’humanité tout entière. En outre, en se prononçant sur ces
exceptions, la Cour aurait permis de « cristalliser » davantage la controverse
en cause en la présente affaire, étant donné, en particulier, que tous
les documents, pièces de procédure et arguments avaient été versés
in extenso au dossier.
2. La question à trancher était de savoir si les documents, les pièces de
procédure et le comportement des Parties permettaient d’établir qu’il existait
entre elles, au moment du dépôt de la requête, un différend répondant
aux conditions prévues par les instruments juridiques applicables et par la
jurisprudence de la Cour.
3. En vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 et du paragraphe 1 de l’article
38 du Statut de la Cour, celle-ci ne peut exercer sa compétence que
s’il existe un différend entre les parties. La notion de « différend », et plus
particulièrement celle de « différend d’ordre juridique », est donc fondamentale
pour l’exercice de la compétence de la Cour. L’arrêt le reconnaît
et examine certains aspects essentiels de la jurisprudence de la Cour à cet
égard.
4. Toute analyse de l’existence ou non d’un différend devrait commencer
par une définition de ce dernier terme. Le Black’s Law Dictionary propose
les définitions suivantes, susceptibles de nous guider dans notre
analyse.
« Différend : conflit ou litige ; conflit de prétentions ou de droits ;
affirmation d’un droit, prétention ou exigence d’une partie qui se
heurte aux prétentions ou allégations contraires d’une autre partie. »
763 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bandhari)
215
“Legal dispute: Contest / conflict / disagreement concerning lawful
existence of (1) a duty or right, or (2) compensation by extent or type,
claimed by the injured party for a breach of such duty or right.”
5. In Georgia v. Russian Federation, in determining whether a legal dispute
existed between the Parties at the time of the filing of the Application,
the Court undertook a detailed review of the relevant diplomatic
exchanges, documents and statements. The Court carried out an extensive
analysis of the evidence, covering numerous instances of official Georgian
and Russian practice from 1992 to 2008. The Court found that most of
the documents and statements before it failed to evidence the existence of
a dispute, because they did not contain any “direct criticism” against the
Respondent, did not amount to an “allegation” against the Respondent
or were not otherwise of a character that was sufficient to found a justiciable
dispute between the Parties, and in this case the Court also held
that it is a matter of substance and not a question of form or procedure
(Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation),
Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), pp. 84‑91,
paras. 30‑46).
6. In Belgium v. Senegal, the Court similarly carried out a systematic
review of the diplomatic exchanges that had preceded the filing of the
Application in order to ascertain if the dispute had been properly notified
to Senegal. The Court, in that case, concluded that at the time of the filing
of the Application, the dispute between the parties did not relate to
breaches of obligation under customary international law and that it had
thus no jurisdiction to decide Belgium’s claims (Questions relating to the
Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), pp. 433‑435, paras. 24‑26).
7. In another important case, Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, the
Court considered that a dispute is “a disagreement on a point of law or
fact, a conflict of legal views or of interests” between parties (Mavrommatis
Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 2, p. 11). In the South West Africa cases, the Court laid down the
criterion for the existence of a dispute, which is that the claim of one
party be positively opposed by the other (South West Africa (Ethiopia v.
South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328).
8. On application of the Court’s Statute and its jurisprudence to the
documents and pleadings placed before the Court, the irresistible conclusion
is the absence of any dispute between the Parties, and consequently,
on the facts of this case, the Court lacks jurisdiction to deal with this case.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bandhari) 763
215
« Différend juridique : contestation/conflit/désaccord concernant
l’existence légale 1) d’une obligation ou d’un droit, ou 2) de la nature
ou de l’étendue de la réparation demandée par la partie lésée pour la
rupture d’une obligation ou d’un droit. »
5. Dans l’affaire Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie, pour déterminer s’il
existait un différend juridique entre ces deux Etats au moment du dépôt
de la requête, la Cour a procédé à un examen détaillé des échanges diplomatiques,
documents et déclarations pertinents. Elle a effectué une analyse
approfondie des éléments de preuve, qui comprenaient de nombreux
exemples de la pratique officielle géorgienne et russe entre 1992 et 2008.
Elle a jugé que la plupart des documents et déclarations qui lui avaient été
soumis ne prouvaient pas l’existence d’un différend, car ils « ne cont[enaient]
aucune critique à l’encontre » du défendeur, ne s’apparentaient
pas à une « allégation » à l’encontre de celui-ci, et n’étaient en aucune
autre façon de nature à attester l’existence entre les parties d’un différend
susceptible de faire l’objet d’un règlement judiciaire ; dans cette affaire, la
Cour a également estimé que l’existence d’un différend était une question
de fond et non de forme ou de procédure (Application de la convention
internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale
(Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2011 (I), p. 84‑91, par. 30‑46).
6. En l’affaire Belgique c. Sénégal, la Cour a, de la même façon, examiné
méthodiquement les échanges diplomatiques qui avaient précédé le
dépôt de la requête afin de vérifier si le Sénégal avait été dûment avisé du
différend. Elle a conclu que, au moment du dépôt de la requête, le différend
qui opposait les parties n’était pas relatif à des manquements à des
obligations relevant du droit international coutumier, et qu’elle n’avait
donc pas compétence pour statuer sur les demandes de la Belgique qui
s’y rapportaient (Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader
(Belgique c. Sénégal), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 433‑435,
par. 24‑26).
7. Dans une autre affaire importante, celle des Concessions Mavrommatis
en Palestine, la Cour permanente de Justice internationale a considéré
qu’un différend était « un désaccord sur un point de droit ou de fait,
une contradiction, une opposition de thèses juridiques ou d’intérêts »
entre des parties (Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine, arrêt n° 2, 1924,
C.P.J.I. série A no 2, p. 11). Dans les affaires du Sud‑Ouest africain, la
Cour internationale de Justice a énoncé le critère de l’existence d’un différend,
à savoir que la réclamation de l’une des parties doit se heurter à
l’opposition manifeste de l’autre (Sud‑Ouest africain (Ethiopie c. Afrique
du Sud ; Libéria c. Afrique du Sud), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 328).
8. Si l’on applique le Statut et la jurisprudence de la Cour aux documents
et pièces de procédure qui lui ont été présentés, on parvient à l’incontestable
conclusion qu’il n’existait pas de différend entre les Parties et que, compte
tenu des faits de l’espèce, la Cour n’avait pas compétence pour statuer.
764 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bandhari)
216
9. The majority Judgment, instead of looking into these aspects closely,
chose to focus mainly on the lack of awareness of the Respondent of the
impending dispute. The Judgment considers that “a dispute exists when it
is demonstrated, on the basis of the evidence, that the respondent was
aware, or could not have been unaware, that its views were ‘positively
opposed’ by the applicant” (Judgment, para. 38).
10. The Court has the freedom to choose any preliminary objection
when examining its own jurisdiction. In doing so, it usually chooses the
most “direct and conclusive one”. Christian Tomuschat summarized the
situation in clear terms in his contribution on Article 36 to the handbook
The Statute of the International Court of Justice — A Commentary (Second
Edition). He stated:
“The Court is free to choose the grounds on which to dismiss a case
either for lack of jurisdiction or as being inadmissible. It does not have
to follow a specific order, nor is there any rule making it compulsory to
adjudge first issues of jurisdiction before relying on lack of admissibility.
The Court generally bases its decisions on the ground which in its view
is ‘more direct and conclusive’. In pure legal logic, it would seem inescapable
that the Court would have to rule by order of priority on objections
related to jurisdiction. However, such a strict procedural regime
would be all the more infelicitous since the borderline between the two
classes of preliminary objections is to some extent dependent on subjective
appreciation. The Court therefore chooses the ground which is best
suited to dispose of the case (‘direct and conclusive’).” 1
11. This freedom of the Court was first stated in the Certain Norwegian
Loans (France v. Norway) case, where the Court considered that its
jurisdiction was being challenged on two grounds, and that the Court is
free to base its decision on the ground which in its judgment is more
direct and conclusive (Certain Norwegian Loans (France v. Norway),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1957, p. 25).
12. This position has consistently been taken by the Court in the years
since the Certain Norwegian Loans matter (see, for example, Aerial Incident
of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1959,
p. 146; Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1978, pp. 16‑17; Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan
v. India), Jurisdiction, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2000, p. 24, para. 26;
and Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2004 (I), p. 298, para. 46).
13. In the instant case, by choosing the lack of awareness on the part of
the Respondent as the main ground for the dismissal of the claim, it
appears, with respect, that the Court has chosen not to give emphasis to the
most “direct and conclusive” element of that ground for the dismissal of
1 Christian Tomuschat, The Statute of the International Court of Justice — A Commentary
(Second Edition), p. 707, para. 138, footnotes omitted.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bandhari) 764
216
9. Or, dans le présent arrêt, au lieu d’examiner ces aspects de près, la
majorité de la Cour a décidé de s’intéresser principalement au fait que le
défendeur n’avait pas connaissance du différend allégué, considérant
qu’« un différend exist[ait] lorsqu’il [était] démontré, sur la base des éléments
de preuve, que le défendeur avait connaissance, ou ne pouvait pas
ne pas avoir connaissance, de ce que ses vues se heurtaient à l’« opposition
manifeste » du demandeur » (arrêt, par. 38).
10. La Cour, lorsqu’elle examine la question de sa compétence, est
libre de choisir n’importe quelle exception soulevée par le défendeur, et
elle choisit habituellement la plus « directe et décisive ». Christian
Tomuschat a clairement résumé la situation dans son commentaire de
l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour dans un manuel intitulé The Statute of the
International Court of Justice — A Commentary :
« La Cour est libre de choisir les motifs d’incompétence ou d’irrecevabilité
sur la base desquels elle rejettera une affaire. Elle n’est pas
tenue de suivre un ordre spécifique, ni de se prononcer sur les questions
de compétence avant les questions de recevabilité. Elle fonde
généralement ses décisions sur le motif qu’elle estime le plus « direct
et décisif ». Il semblerait logique que la Cour doive se prononcer par
ordre de priorité sur les exceptions d’incompétence. Toutefois, un
régime procédural aussi strict serait d’autant plus fâcheux que la
limite entre les deux catégories d’exceptions dépend dans une
certaine
mesure d’une appréciation subjective. La Cour choisit donc
le motif le plus approprié (« direct et décisif ») pour rejeter une
affaire. » 1
11. Cette liberté a été affirmée pour la première fois dans l’affaire relative
à Certains emprunts norvégiens (France c. Norvège), dans laquelle la
Cour a considéré que sa compétence était contestée pour deux motifs et
qu’elle était libre de fonder sa décision sur le motif qui, selon elle, était le
plus direct et décisif (Certains emprunts norvégiens (France c. Norvège),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1957, p. 25).
12. Depuis cette affaire, la Cour a régulièrement confirmé cette position
(voir, par exemple, Incident aérien du 27 juillet 1955 (Israël c. Bulgarie),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1959, p. 146 ; Plateau continental de la mer
Egée (Grèce c. Turquie), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1978, p. 16‑17 ; Incident
aérien du 10 août 1999 (Pakistan c. Inde), compétence de la Cour,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2000, p. 24, par. 26 ; Licéité de l’emploi de la force
(Serbie‑et‑Monténégro c. Belgique), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2004 (I), p. 298, par. 46).
13. En la présente espèce, lorsqu’elle a retenu le défaut de connaissance
du différend chez le défendeur comme motif principal de rejet de la
demande, la Cour semble, sauf le respect que je lui dois, avoir choisi de ne
pas privilégier l’élément le plus « direct et décisif ». Ce choix peut entraîner
1 C. Tomuschat, The Statute of the International Court of Justice — A Commentary
(2e éd.), p. 707, par. 138 ; notes de bas de page omises.
765 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bandhari)
217
the claim. The consequence is serious: lack of awareness on the part of the
Respondent can be easily cured by the Applicant by giving proper notice of
the dispute to the Respondent. In that case, the Marshall Islands could
simply bring the case again before the Court. In my view, that would be an
undesirable result and should be discouraged. The real ground for the dismissal
of the case ought to have been the absence of a dispute between the
Parties. The majority Judgment has only dealt with preliminary objection
number one, and even while dealing with that objection greater emphasis
was not placed on the analysis of the documents and pleadings of the Parties,
which reveals that there is no dispute between them.
14. The Parties have already submitted documents and pleadings
in extenso. In the facts of this case, this Court ought to have examined the
other preliminary objections. Otherwise, a re‑submission of the case again
would entail a waste of the efforts, time and resources already spent by
the Parties and the Court in adjudicating this matter.
15. On careful consideration of all documents and pleadings, the irresistible
conclusion is that no dispute exists between the Parties. The
majority Judgment ought to have rejected the Marshall Islands’ Application
mainly on this ground.
Other Preliminary Objections
16. In the facts of this case the Court should have examined other preliminary
objections taken by the Respondent, namely:
— the Republic of the Marshall Islands’ case against Pakistan was
brought in bad faith;
— the Republic of the Marshall Islands’ claims against Pakistan are
manifestly without legal merit or substance;
— the Republic of the Marshall Islands’ Memorial does not conform to
the Rules of the Court and the ICJ Practice Directions;
— the Republic of the Marshall Islands has the burden of proving that
the Court has jurisdiction and that its Application is admissible, and
it has failed to discharge its burden of proof in its Application and
Memorial;
— the Republic of the Marshall Islands’ claims do not come within the
scope of the Parties’ consent to the Court’s jurisdiction for reason of
the reservations included with their Article 36 (2) declarations;
— the Application is inadmissible because no dispute existed between the
Republic of the Marshall Islands and Pakistan at the time the Application
was submitted to the Court;
— the Application is likewise inadmissible because the Republic of the
Marshall Islands does not have jus standi in connection with the
claims as formulated in the Application;
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bandhari) 765
217
de graves conséquences, car le demandeur pourra facilement mettre fin à ce
défaut de connaissance en notifiant formellement le différend au défendeur.
Dans ce cas, la République des Iles Marshall pourrait simplement introduire
à nouveau la même instance devant la Cour. A mon sens, un tel résultat
n’était guère souhaitable et il aurait fallu l’empêcher. Le véritable motif
de rejet de l’affaire aurait dû être l’absence de différend entre les Parties. La
majorité de la Cour n’a examiné que la première exception présentée par le
Pakistan et, même dans son examen de cette exception, elle n’a pas suffisamment
mis l’accent sur l’analyse des documents et pièces de procédure
des Parties, qui révélaient qu’il n’existait pas de différend entre elles.
14. Les Parties ont déjà soumis une profusion de documents et de pièces
de procédure. Compte tenu des faits de l’espèce, la Cour aurait dû examiner
les autres exceptions du Pakistan. Faute de quoi, une réintroduction de
l’instance signifierait que les efforts, le temps et les moyens que les Parties
et la Cour ont dépensés pour régler cette question l’ont été en pure perte.
15. Un examen minutieux de l’ensemble des documents et pièces de
procédure aboutit à l’irréfragable conclusion d’une absence de différend
entre les Parties. La majorité de la Cour aurait dû rejeter la requête des
Iles Marshall principalement pour ce motif.
Les autres exceptions
16. Compte tenu des faits de l’espèce, la Cour aurait dû examiner les
autres exceptions soulevées par le défendeur, à savoir :
— la République des Iles Marshall, en introduisant l’instance contre le
Pakistan, a fait preuve de mauvaise foi ;
— les allégations formulées par la République des Iles Marshall contre le
Pakistan sont manifestement dépourvues de tout fondement ;
— le mémoire de la République des Iles Marshall ne répond pas aux
conditions énoncées dans le Règlement ni aux instructions de
procédure de la Cour ;
— c’est à la République des Iles Marshall qu’il incombe de démontrer
que la Cour a compétence et que sa requête est recevable ; or, pas plus
dans sa requête que dans son mémoire, elle ne s’est acquittée de la
charge de la preuve lui incombant ;
— les griefs de la République des Iles Marshall ne rentrent pas dans le
cadre du consentement à la compétence de la Cour exprimé par les
Parties en raison des réserves dont elles ont assorti leurs déclarations
en vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut ;
— la requête est irrecevable parce qu’il n’existait aucun différend entre la
République des Iles Marshall et le Pakistan au moment où elle a été
soumise à la Cour ;
— la requête est également irrecevable parce que la République des
Iles Marshall n’a pas qualité pour saisir la Cour des demandes qui
figurent dans sa requête ;
766 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bandhari)
218
— the Application of the Republic of the Marshall Islands is an impermissible
attempt to re‑open the question of the legality of nuclear weapons
and to obtain what would, in effect, amount to an advisory opinion;
— the Application of the Republic of the Marshall Islands is inadmissible
because it has failed to bring indispensable parties before the
Court;
— the judicial process is inherently incapable of resolving questions of
nuclear disarmament involving multiple States; and
— entertaining the Republic of the Marshall Islands’ claims would compromise
the sound administration of justice and judicial propriety and
integrity.
17. Out of this long list of preliminary objections, in my considered
view, three preliminary objections ought to have been examined by the
Court. These are:
(a) Monetary Gold principle, i.e., the absence of essential parties not party
to the instant proceedings;
(b) the Applicant lacks standing to bring this case; and
(c) the Judgment would amount to an advisory opinion.
18. Each of these is analysed in turn in the following paragraphs.
Monetary Gold Principle
19. I deem it proper to very briefly deal with the other preliminary
objections to demonstrate that those objections are also substantial in
character and should have been adjudicated by the Court.
20. The Respondent argues that the adjudication of the Republic of
the Marshall Islands claims would necessarily implicate the rights
and obligations of other States, i.e., that essential parties are absent
(Counter‑Memorial of Pakistan, hereinafter “CMP”, Part 8, Chapter
4, pp. 56‑59). Pakistan stated in its Counter‑Memorial that
“The RMI’s Application contravenes the principle of consent
which bars the adjudication of the legal obligations of States parties
under the NPT and other States without their agreement. Pakistan
contends that the Monetary Gold principle is directly applicable to the
case brought by the RMI, because the Court cannot decide this case
without deciding whether the NWS [nuclear‑weapon states] that are
party to the NPT are in breach of their obligations under Article VI
of the NPT, which the RMI seeks to enforce against Pakistan under
the guise of customary international law obligations.” 2
2 CMP, para. 8.78.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bandhari) 766
218
— la requête de la République des Iles Marshall constitue une tentative
irrégulière de rouvrir la question de la licéité des armes nucléaires et
d’obtenir une décision qui, de fait, équivaudrait à un avis consultatif ;
— la requête de la République des Iles Marshall est irrecevable, car
celle‑ci n’est pas parvenue à attraire des parties indispensables devant
la Cour ;
— la voie judiciaire est, par nature, impropre au règlement de questions
de désarmement nucléaire mettant en cause plusieurs Etats ; et
— connaître des griefs de la République des Iles Marshall irait à
l’encontre de la bonne administration de la justice, de l’opportunité
judiciaire et de l’intégrité de la fonction judiciaire de la Cour.
17. Parmi cette longue liste d’exceptions, trois auraient dû à mon sens
être examinées par la Cour. Il s’agissait des exceptions suivantes :
a) le principe de l’Or monétaire, c’est-à-dire l’absence à l’instance de
parties indispensables ;
b) le défaut de qualité du demandeur pour porter cette affaire devant la
Cour ; et
c) le fait que l’arrêt aurait eu valeur d’avis consultatif.
18. Chacune de ces exceptions est analysée dans les paragraphes
ci‑après.
Principe de l’Or monétaire
19. J’estime opportun de traiter très brièvement des autres exceptions
afin de démontrer que celles-ci étaient elles aussi fondamentales et que la
Cour aurait dû statuer sur elles.
20. Le défendeur affirmait que toute décision sur les demandes des
Iles Marshall aurait nécessairement mis en cause les droits et les obligations
d’autres Etats, c’est-à-dire, de parties indispensables qui étaient
absentes à l’instance (contre-mémoire du Pakistan, ci-après « CMP », partie
8, chapitre 4, p. 56‑59). Il a déclaré dans son contre‑mémoire :
« La requête des Iles Marshall enfreint le principe du consentement,
qui empêche la Cour de se prononcer sur les obligations juridiques
des Etats parties au TNP et des autres Etats sans leur accord. Le
Pakistan soutient que le principe énoncé en l’affaire de l’Or monétaire
est directement applicable en l’instance introduite par les Iles Marshall,
car la Cour ne peut statuer en l’espèce sans déterminer si les
Etats dotés d’armes nucléaires qui sont parties au TNP manquent aux
obligations qui leur incombent en vertu de l’article VI dudit traité,
dont la République des Iles Marshall cherche à obtenir le respect par
le Pakistan en les assimilant à des obligations découlant du droit international
coutumier. » 2
2 CMP, par. 8.78.
767 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bandhari)
219
21. The Applicant in its Application submitted a chart, which indicates
that India, Pakistan and the United Kingdom, Respondents in these three
proceedings put together, possess less than 3 per cent of the total nuclear
weapons in the world (Application of the Marshall Islands, p. 9). The other
countries, who possess the other more than 97 per cent of the nuclear weapons
in the world, are not before the Court and consequently the Court is
precluded from exercising its jurisdiction in this matter with respect to
those States (the States possessing 97 per cent of the nuclear weapons).
Therefore, it is indispensable to have the participation of the other countries
who possess such a large quantity of the world’s nuclear weapons.
22. The Court considered in its 1996 Advisory Opinion on nuclear
weapons that any realistic search for general and complete disarmament
would require the co‑operation of all States (Legality of the Threat or Use
of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (I), p. 264,
para. 100).
23. This preliminary objection is substantial in character and it ought
to have been adjudicated by the Court.
Lack of Standing of the Applicant
24. Pakistan bases its arguments on this point on two grounds:
“First, the RMI has no standing to claim in its own right in this
case, because it has failed to (i) identify the existence of a legal dispute
between the RMI and Pakistan at the time of the filing of the Application
and (ii) submit even prima facie evidence of any concrete or
imminent harm fairly traceable to the challenged action or inaction
of Pakistan that would be redressed by a favourable decision by this
Court.
Second, given that the Court has not been presented with even
prima facie evidence of the existence of an obligation erga omnes to
conduct negotiations and 1996 Advisory Opinion provides no support
for the RMI’s ‘essential contention’ that ‘the customary obligation to
conduct negotiations is an obligation erga omnes’ and that, ‘[a]s such,
every State [including the RMI] has a legal interest in its timely performance’,
the RMI cannot claim a legal interest in the timely performance
of a non-existing obligation and hence has no right to an
adjudication of its claims as formulated in the Application.” 3
25. The Application of the Republic of the Marshall Islands is based
on the premise that there is an erga omnes obligation to negotiate nuclear
3 CMP, p. 52, paras. 8.50‑8.51, citing Memorial of the Republic of the Marshall Islands
(MMI), para. 31.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bandhari) 767
219
21. Dans leur requête, les Iles Marshall ont présenté un tableau qui
indique que l’Inde, le Pakistan et le Royaume-Uni, défendeurs dans les
trois affaires en cause, possèdent moins de 3 % de l’ensemble des armes
nucléaires dans le monde (requête des Iles Marshall, p. 9). Les autres
pays, qui possèdent plus de 97 % de ces armes, n’étaient pas présents
devant la Cour, laquelle ne pouvait donc exercer sa compétence sur cette
question à leur égard. Or, il aurait été indispensable que ces autres pays,
qui possèdent une proportion aussi considérable de l’arsenal nucléaire
mondial, participent à l’instance.
22. Comme l’a déclaré la Cour dans son avis consultatif de 1996 sur les
armes nucléaires, toute recherche réaliste d’un désarmement général et
complet nécessite la coopération de tous les Etats (Licéité de la menace ou
de l’emploi d’armes nucléaires, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (I),
p. 264, par. 100).
23. Cette exception était fondamentale, et la Cour aurait dû statuer sur
elle.
Défaut de qualité pour agir du demandeur
24. Le Pakistan fondait ses arguments à cet égard sur deux points :
« Premièrement, la République des Iles Marshall n’a pas qualité
pour agir en son nom propre en la présente espèce, car i) elle n’a pas
établi qu’un différend juridique l’opposait au Pakistan au moment
du dépôt de la requête et ii) elle n’a pas présenté d’éléments de
preuve, même prima facie, attestant qu’un quelconque préjudice
objectivement imputable aux prétendus actes ou omissions du Pakistan
lui aurait été causé ou pourrait lui être causé de façon imminente,
et qu’il y serait remédié par une décision de la Cour en sa faveur.
Deuxièmement, étant donné que la Cour ne s’est pas vu présenter
d’éléments de preuve, même prima facie, de l’existence d’une obligation
erga omnes de mener des négociations et que l’avis consultatif
qu’elle a rendu en 1996 n’étaye en rien l’argument « essentiel » de la
République des Iles Marshall selon lequel « l’obligation coutumière
de procéder à des négociations [étant] une obligation erga omnes »,
« [c]haque Etat [y compris elle-même] a … un intérêt juridique à ce
qu’il [y] soit satisfait … en temps opportun », le demandeur ne saurait
prétendre avoir un intérêt juridique à ce qu’il soit satisfait en
temps opportun à une obligation inexistante et, partant, n’est pas
fondé à ce que la Cour se prononce sur les demandes qu’il a formulées
dans sa requête. » 3
25. La requête de la République des Iles Marshall avait pour prémisse
qu’il existerait une obligation erga omnes de négocier en vue du désarme-
3 CMP, p. 52, par. 8.50‑8.51, citant le mémoire de la République des Iles Marshall
(MIM), par. 31.
768 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bandhari)
220
disarmament, which entitles it to come before the Court invoking the
international responsibility of States that in its view have failed to fulfil
this obligation. The determination of the existence of such an obligation,
independent of Article VI of the Non‑Proliferation Treaty, is a question
more appropriate for an analysis of the merits of this case. But even
assuming, for the purposes of argument, that such an obligation exists,
the absence of any prima facie evidence of harm, realized or potential,
deprives the applicant of standing to bring this claim.
26. I would like to point out, for the sake of completeness, that these
considerations do not ignore the serious effects of nuclear testing in the
past in the territory of the Republic of the Marshall Islands when it was
a protectorate of the United States of America. However, such unfortunate
circumstances are not and cannot be the basis for their claims as they
would be excluded from the temporal scope of the alleged dispute.
27. This preliminary objection is also of a substantial character and it
ought to have been adjudicated by the Court.
Any Judgment Given by the Court Would Amount
to an Advisory Opinion
28. Pakistan submits that “[t]he RMI’s assertion that the ‘Application
is not an attempt to re‑open the question of the legality of nuclear weapons’
must be rejected as self‑serving” 4. It further contends that the Statute
of the Court does not provide a basis for revisiting or appealing from the
Court’s advisory opinions. Of course, the Respondent is here making reference
to the 1996 Advisory Opinion issued by the Court on the Legality
of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, which was requested by the
United Nations General Assembly and where 22 countries participated,
including the Republic of the Marshall Islands but not Pakistan.
29. In Pakistan’s submission,
“[the] Court has already exhaustively addressed the question of the
legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons in the exercise of its
advisory jurisdiction, after hearing a large number of States and intergovernmental
organizations, including the RMI” 5.
30. As I have discussed above, the absence of essential parties for
achieving effective global disarmament from these proceedings renders
any potential decision by this Court on the claims submitted devoid of
any practical effect. In such circumstances, it appears that indeed a decision
from this Court in this matter would more closely resemble an advi-
4 CMP, p. 55, para. 8.64, citing Application of the Republic of the Marshall Islands
(AMI), para. 2.
5 Ibid., p. 56, para. 8.71.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bandhari) 768
220
ment nucléaire l’autorisant à invoquer devant la Cour la responsabilité
internationale des Etats qui, selon elle, manquaient à cette obligation.
L’existence d’une telle obligation, indépendante de l’article VI du traité de
non‑prolifération, est une question qui relevait de l’examen au fond de la
présente espèce. Cependant, même à supposer, pour les besoins de l’argumentation,
que pareille obligation existe, l’absence de tout élément de
preuve attestant prima facie d’un préjudice effectif ou potentiel privait le
demandeur de la qualité voulue pour saisir la Cour.
26. Je tiens à souligner, par souci d’exhaustivité, que ces considérations
ne méconnaissent pas les graves effets des essais nucléaires qui ont été
menés par le passé sur le territoire de la République des Iles Marshall,
alors sous protectorat des Etats‑Unis d’Amérique. Ces circonstances,
aussi regrettables soient-elles, ne fondaient toutefois pas et ne sauraient
fonder les demandes des Iles Marshall, puisqu’elles n’entrent pas dans le
cadre temporel du différend allégué.
27. Cette exception était elle aussi fondamentale, et la Cour aurait dû
statuer sur elle.
Fait qu’un arrêt de la Cour aurait eu valeur
d’avis consultatif
28. Le Pakistan affirmait qu’« [i]l conv[enait] de rejeter l’affirmation du
demandeur selon laquelle « la … requête ne vis[ait] pas à rouvrir la question
de la licéité des armes nucléaires », car elle [était] mensongère et uniquement
destinée à servir ses intérêts » 4. Il faisait également valoir que
rien dans le Statut de la Cour ne permet de faire appel ou d’obtenir la
revision des avis consultatifs donnés par elle. Il se référait bien entendu ici
à l’avis consultatif sur la Licéité de la menace ou de l’emploi d’armes
nucléaires que la Cour a donné en 1996 à la demande de l’Assemblée
générale des Nations Unies et auquel ont participé vingt-deux pays, dont
la République des Iles Marshall, mais auquel lui-même n’a pas pris part.
29. Selon le Pakistan,
« [d]ans le cadre de l’exercice de sa compétence consultative, la Cour,
après avoir entendu un grand nombre d’Etats, dont la République
des Iles Marshall, et d’organisations intergouvernementales, a déjà
eu l’occasion de traiter en détail de la question de la licéité de la
menace ou de l’emploi des armes nucléaires » 5.
30. Comme je l’ai exposé ci‑dessus, l’absence de parties indispensables
pour que les instances en cause aboutissent à un désarmement mondial
effectif aurait privé d’effet pratique tout arrêt de la Cour sur les griefs qui
lui avaient été soumis. Dès lors, il semble que pareille décision se serait
davantage apparentée à un avis consultatif, au sens où la Cour aurait
4 CMP, p. 55, par. 8.64, citant la requête de la République des Iles Marshall (RIM),
par. 2.
5 Ibid., p. 56, par. 8.71.
769 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bandhari)
221
sory opinion as a general statement from the Court on a particular aspect
of international law without any immediate binding effect on the Parties.
31. This preliminary objection also deserved to be considered.
32. The majority Judgment ought to have held clearly that, on the
basis of documents and pleadings of the Parties, no dispute existed
between the Parties at the time of filing the Application while upholding
Pakistan’s first preliminary objection.
(Signed) Dalveer Bhandari.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bandhari) 769
221
prononcé une déclaration générale sur un aspect particulier du droit international,
sans effet contraignant immédiat sur les Parties.
31. Cette exception méritait également que la Cour l’examine.
32. En faisant droit à la première exception soulevée par le Pakistan, la
majorité de la Cour aurait dû dire clairement dans l’arrêt que les documents
et pièces de procédure des Parties ne permettaient pas d’établir
qu’existait entre elles un différend au moment du dépôt de la requête.
(Signé) Dalveer Bhandari.

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Separate opinion of Judge Bhandari

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