Separate opinion of Judge Bhandari

Document Number
158-20161005-JUD-01-11-EN
Parent Document Number
158-20161005-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

S EPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE B HANDARI

Concur with the conclusions of the majority  Existence of a dispute is central to the
exercise of the Court’s jurisdiction  On the basis of documents and pleadings of the Parties, no
dispute existed  ICJ lacks jurisdiction  Greater emphasis ought to have been given that no

dispute existed and lesser on the Respondent’s awareness  Other preliminary objections ought to
have been adjudicated in the facts of this case  Monetary Gold principle  Judgment will have
no concrete effect  Respondent’s reservation  Dispute relating to situation of hostilities or
self-defence  The Applicant accepted ICJ’s jurisdiction for this case only  Interpretation or
application of multilateral treaties.

1. I concur with the conclusions of the majority Judgment upholding the objection to
jurisdiction raised by India based on the absence of a dispute. However, I wish to append a
separate opinion to expand the basis of the reasoning of the Judgment. I also propose to deal with
another aspect of this case, that in the facts of this case, the Court ought to have dealt with the other
preliminary objections raised by India because the issues raised in the case affect not only the

Parties, but also the entire humanity. Additionally, adjudicating these objections would have
further crystallized the controversy involved in the case, particularly when all documents, pleadings
and submissions were placed on record in extenso.

2. The question, which needs to be decided, is whether from the documents, pleadings and
the conduct of the Parties it can be established that a dispute existed between them at the time of
filing the Application in the terms prescribed by the applicable legal instruments and the Court’s

jurisprudence.

3. Under Article 36, paragraph 2, and Article 38, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court, it
can only exercise its jurisdiction in case of a dispute between the parties. The concept of “dispute”,
and more specifically “legal dispute”, is thus central to the exercise of the Court’s jurisdiction. The
majority Judgment acknowledges this and reflects on certain key aspects from the Court’s

jurisprudence on this concept.

4. Any analysis of the existence of a dispute should start with a definition of the term
“dispute”. Black’s Law Dictionary offers the following definitions, which may help in guiding the
analysis:

“Dispute: A conflict or controversy; a conflict of claims or rights; an assertion
of a right, claim, or demand on one side, met by contrary claims or allegations on the
other.”

“Legal dispute: Contest / conflict / disagreement concerning lawful existence of
(1) a duty or right, or (2) compensation by extent or type, claimed by the injured party
for a breach of such duty or right.”

5. Mr. Harish Salve, appearing for the Respondent, submitted that in absence of a dispute
this Court has no jurisdiction to deal with this case. He further submitted that on the basis of
documents and pleadings of the Parties there is no legal dispute between them. Reliance has been
placed by him on the Judgment of this Court in the South West Africa cases. The relevant passage
is reproduced below: - 2 -

“The subject-matter of the dispute is a disagreement between the States on a
point of law or fact. Whether there is a dispute, and if so, what the dispute is, is a

matter for objective determination by the Court. In the South West Africa cases, this
Court held that it has to assess whether the ‘the claim of one party is positively
opposed by the other’. It is the claim and not the legal submissions in support of the
1
claim which would delineate the contours of the dispute.”

6. Mr. Salve also placed reliance on the Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada) case as

follows:

“[T]his Court referred to Article 40 (1) of the Statute and Article 38 (2) of the
Rules  provisions which have been characterized as essential from the point of view

of legal security and the good administration of justice  and came to the conclusion
that there may be uncertainties with regard to the real subject-matter of the dispute,
and the Court must for its objective evaluation give ‘particular attention to the
2
formulation of the dispute chosen by the Applicant’.”

7. Mr. Alain Pellet, also appearing for the Respondent India, submitted that the condition for

the exercise of jurisdiction of this Court is that there must a dispute between the Parties. He cited
the Nuclear Tests cases. The relevant passage is reproduced below:

“The Court, as a court of law, is called upon to resolve existing disputes

between States. Thus the existence of a dispute is the primary condition for the Court
to exercise its judicial function; it is not sufficient for one party to assert that there is a
dispute, since ‘whether there exists an international dispute is a matter for objective
determination’ by the Court.” 3

8. Mr. Pellet also relied on the following passage of the South West Africa cases of the Court:

“In other words it is not sufficient for one party to a contentious case to assert
that a dispute exists with the other party. A mere assertion is not sufficient to prove
the existence of a dispute any more than a mere denial of the existence of the dispute
proves its non-existence. Nor is it adequate to show that the interests of the two

parties to such a case are in conflic4. It must be shown that the claim of one party is
positively opposed by the other.”

9. In Georgia v. Russia, in determining whether a legal dispute existed between the Parties at
the time of the filing of the Application, the Court undertook a detailed review of the relevant
diplomatic exchanges, documents and statements. The Court has carried out an extensive analysis

of the evidence, covering numerous instances of official Georgian and Russian practice from 1992

1South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1962, p. 328; CR 2016/4, p. 27, para. 42.

2Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada), Jurisdiction of the Court, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 448,
para. 30; CR 2016/4, p. 27, para. 43; original emphasis.
3
Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, pp. 270-271, para. 55;Nuclear Tests
(New Zealand v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 476, para. 58, quoting Interpretation of Peace Treaties with
Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, First Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74; CR 2016/4, pp. 37-38,
para. 3.
4
South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1962, p. 328; CR 2016/4, p. 38, para. 4. - 3 -

to 2008. The Court found that most of the documents and statements before it failed to evidence
the existence of a dispute, because they did not contain any “direct criticism” against the

Respondent, did not amount to an “allegation” against the Respondent or were not otherwise of a
character that was sufficient to found a justiciable dispute between the parties, and in this case the
Court also held that it is a matter of substance and not a question of form or procedure (Application
of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I),
pp. 84-91, paras. 30-46).

10. In Belgium v. Senegal, the Court similarly carried out a systematic review of the
diplomatic exchanges that had preceded the filing of the Application in order to ascertain if the
dispute had been properly notified to Senegal. The Court, in that case, concluded that at the time of
the filing of the Application, the dispute between the Parties did not relate to breaches of obligation
under customary international law and that it had thus no jurisdiction to decide Belgium’s claims
(Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), pp. 433-435, paras. 24-26).

11. In another important case, Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, the Court considered
that a dispute is “a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or of interests”
between parties (Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 2, p. 11).

12. It would be appropriate to recapitulate the documents, pleadings and submissions of the

Parties to determine whether a dispute in fact existed between the Parties at the time of the filing of
the Application.

13. The Marshall Islands’ own submissions in its Application and during the oral
proceedings. At paragraphs 35 to 37 of its Application, the Republic of the Marshall Islands
(hereinafter “RMI”) summarizes its own understanding of India’s conduct with regard to nuclear

disarmament. They are reproduced for the benefit of the reader, verbatim as to show the
unambiguous character of the Applicant’s description:

“35. . . . India has consistently voted for the General Assembly resolution
welcoming the Court’s conclusion regarding the disarmament obligation. India states
that it has never contributed to the spread of sensitive technologies. It adds that it is
updating regulations relating to export controls and taking measures to strengthen
nuclear security in accord with international efforts to prevent the acquisition of

nuclear weapons by non-state actors and additional States.

36. India supports the commencement of negotiations on complete nuclear
disarmament in the Conference on Disarmament [(CD)]. It also votes for UN General
Assembly resolutions calling for negotiation of a Nuclear Weapons Convention,
including ‘Follow-up to the advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on
the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons’, and a resolution newly offered

in 2013 following up on the High-Level Meeting on Nuclear Disarmament. The latter
resolution calls for ‘the urgent commencement of negotiations, in the Conference on
Disarmament, for the early conclusion of a comprehensive convention’ to prohibit and
eliminate nuclear weapons. India abstained on the 2012 resolution establishing an
Open-Ended Working Group to take forward proposals for multilateral nuclear
disarmament negotiations, but subsequently participated in the Working Group. - 4 -

37. The first-ever UN General Assembly High-Level Meeting on Nuclear

Disarmament, referenced in the preceding paragraph, was held on 26 September 2013,
pursuant to a 2012 resolution which was supported by India. At that meeting,
Salman Khurshid, Minister of External Affairs of India, placed India’s support for
nuclear disarmament in the context of the 1988 Rajiv Gandhi ‘Action Plan for a

nuclear weapon free and non-violent world order’. He stated that India has a ‘posture
of no-first use’, maintained that India ‘refuse[s] to participate in an arms race,
including a nuclear arms race’, and noted that India’s ‘proposal for a Convention
5
banning the use of nuclear weapons remains on the table’.”

14. The RMI recognized in its submissions and oral proceedings that India’s conduct is in

fact pro-disarmament and that it has repeatedly and publicly stated so. The Agent of the Applicant
submitted on the Respondent’s conduct prior to the Application:

“I submit to you the following: ‘The production of weapons which have the

capacity to destroy all mankind cannot in any manner be considered to be justified or
permitted under international law.’ That quote . . ., while entirely endorsed by the
Marshall Islands, is a quote from India, and specifically from India’s submission to

this very Court  the International Court of Justice  on 20 June 1995, in the
Legality of Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons proceedings.

While the lawyers here will today address India’s claims regarding jurisdiction,
I wish to respectfully add here certain additional facts that I trust will be helpful to this
Court. Specifically, India also agreed in its official 1995 Statement that nuclear
weapons could not be produced for deterrence purposes because deterrence is

‘abhorrent to human sentiment’ and ‘disarmament must be given priority and has to
take precedence over deterrence’.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . the Marshall Islands officially and publicly declared in February 2014 at the
Conference on the Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons in Mexico, that the

States possessing nuclear arsenals are failing to fulfil their legal obligations under
customary international law. An official delegation from India attended this
Conference, and it is without question that India is a State possessing a nuclear
arsenal. India’s statement to this February 2014 Conference included the following

confirmation:

‘We cannot accept the logic that a few nations have the right to

pursue their security by threatening the survival of mankind. It is not
only those who live by the nuclear sword who, by design or default, shall
one day perish by it. All humanity will perish.’” 6

5Application of the Marshall Islands (AMI), paras. 35-37, citing A/RES/68/42, 5 December 2013; Statement of
India Prime Minister Manmohan Singh at Seoul Nuclear Security Summit, 27 March 2012,

http://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/19078/; Nuclear Security Summit National Progress Report,
27 March 2012, http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/19074/Statement by H.E. Mr. Salman Khushid,
Minister of External Affairs of India, at the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly
on Nuclear Disarmament, 68th United Nations General Assembly in New York, 26 September 2013,
http://www.un.org/en/ga/68meetings/nucleardisarmament/pdf/IN_en.pdf; A/RES/68/42, 5 December 2013;
A/RES/68/32, 5 December 2013; A/RES/67/56, 3 December 2012; UN doc. A/67/PV 48, pp. 20-21; A/RES/67/39,
3 December 2012.
6
CR 2016/1, pp. 18-19, paras. 11, 12 and 14. - 5 -

15. The Applicant acknowledges that in response to its alleged one instance where it
formulated its claim, such claim was not met with resistance from the Respondent. On the
contrary, India supported, as it has done continuously since the days before its independence, the
call for nuclear disarmament. This support, in fact, has taken the form of concrete steps and actions
at the appropriate international fora, notably the General Assembly and the Committee on

Disarmament. The Court’s 1996 Advisory Opinion on nuclear weapons clearly established that the
obligation to negotiate towards nuclear disarmament is an obligation of result and not one of
means. It thus requires concrete steps from the members of the international community. Such
concrete steps on the part of India are referenced in detail in the Annexes to the Counter-Memorial

filed by the Respondent.

16. The Minister of External Affairs of India stated before the General Assembly of the
United Nations in 2013 that even prior to the independence,

“from the days of [the] freedom struggle, [India] has been consistent in its support for
the global elimination of all weapons of mass destruction. Mahatma Gandhi, the
Father of [the] nation, was moved by the tragedy of Hiroshima and Nagasaki [when
nuclear weapons were used for the first time in 1945]. He wrote that he regarded the
employment of the atom bomb for the wholesale destruction of men, women and
7
children as the most diabolical use of science.”

17. This stance has remained unchanged until today, regardless of the different parties and
politicians who have at turns ruled and represented the country.

18. It was submitted that India is fully committed to the goal of nuclear-weapon-free world
through global verifiable and non-discriminatory nuclear disarmament. Co-Agent of India,
Mr. Gill, submitted that India’s stand is that all the States must work together for global,
non-discriminatory and verifiable nuclear disarmament. He also submitted that we need a

step-by-step process underwritten by a universal commitment of all States and agreed global and
non-discriminatory multilateral framework again for all States. He further submitted that India is
committed to a credible minimum deterrent, no-first use and non-use against non-nuclear weapons
States, such as the RMI.

19. India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, after India’s independence was among the
first world leaders to raise concern of the use of nuclear weapons and called for negotiations for the
prohibition and elimination of nuclear weapons. On 2 April 1954 he said in the Indian Parliament,
and I quote from his speech: “We know that its use threatens the existence of man and civilization”
(statement made by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in Lok Sabha (Lower House of the Indian

Parliament), 2 April 1954, Annex 3 to the Counter-Memorial of India).

20. India’s Co-Agent, Mr. Gill, submitted that “[i]t was on the combined urging of India and
Canada in 1961 that the Soviet Union and the United States became co-chairs of the first standing

negotiation forum on nuclear di8armament  the Eighteen Nation Disarmament Committee,
precursor to the CD of today” .

7
Statement by Salman Khurshid, Minister of External Affairs of India, at the High-level Meeting of the General
Assembly on Nuclear Disarmament, 68th United Nations General Assembly in New York, 26 September 2013;
Counter-Memorial of India (CMI), Annex 6.
CR 2016/4, p. 15, para. 5. - 6 -

21. Mr. Gill further addressed the Court in the following terms:

“India’s nuclear programme is one of the oldest in the world and India’s was the first
reactor to go critical in Asia in 1956. Apart from the four then nuclear-weapons

States, India was the only country in 1965 with a chemical reprocessing plant that
could separate significant quantities of plutonium. This was followed by India’s first
nuclear power plant in 1969. Among the nuclear-weapons States, India’s nuclear
programme is unique in being technology driven rather than weapons driven.

Historically, there has been a consensus in India on nuclear issues that has
revolved around support for universal and non-discriminatory global nuclear
disarmament and safeguarding of India’s security interests in a nuclearized world
through the guarding of India’s options and capabilities.”9

22. Mr. Gill, while concluding his submission, also stated that:

“This essentiality is also recognized in India’s position that the first step toward
a nuclear-weapons-free world is a universal commitment and an agreed global and

non-discriminatory multilateral framework. [India]10emain[s] ready to work for this
noble goal in the designated multilateral forums.” .

23. India’s Prime Minister, Ms Indira Gandhi, in 1968 addressed the Indian Parliament on

the question of whether to sign the NPT and described the situation in the following terms:

“Mankind today is at the crossroads of nuclear peace and nuclear war. There
can be no doubt that we should take the road to nuclear peace. But the first step in this
direction is not yet in sight. It is vitally important, therefore, for the nuclear weapon

Powers to undertake as soon as possible mean11gful negotiations on a series of
measures leading to nuclear disarmament.”

24. India’s negotiator, Mr. V.C. Trivedi, between 1965 and 1966, made several statements at

the Conference of the Eighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament (ENCD), where he again
reiterated India’s commitments to nuclear disarmament (statement by India’s negotiator,
Mr. V.C. Trivedi at the Conference of the Eighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament,
12 August 1965, 15 February 1966, 10 May 1966, 23 May 1967, 28 September 1967; CMI,
Annexes 13-17). In 1968, it was Ambassador Azim Husain who addressed the ENCD and the

Political Committee of the United Nations in similar terms. (Statement by Ambassador
Azim Husain at the Conference of the Eighteen-Nation Committee on Disarmament,
27 February 1968, CMI, Annex 19; and statement by Ambassador Azim Husain in the Political
committee of the United Nations, 14 May 1968, CMI, Annex 20.)

25. The External Affairs Minister M.C. Chagla, reporting on these appearances before the
ENCD in March 1967, informed the Indian Parliament of the progress made at the ENCD, whose
work to negotiate an international treaty to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons is based on
the main principles laid down by the General Assembly in its Resolution No. 2028 (XX) of

19 November 1965. He recalled that “[India’s] views on the question of non-proliferation of

9
CR 2016/4, p. 16, paras. 7-8.
1CR 2016/4, p. 19, para. 12.

1Statement by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, Lok Sabha, 5 April 1968; CMI, Annex 21. - 7 -

nuclear weapons have been stated from time to time in the ENDC and at the forum of the
United Nations. These views remain unchanged.” 12

26. Mr. Chagla further stated that

“The Government of India share[s] with the international community the
anxiety arising from the proliferation of nuclear weapons. They favour an early
agreement on such a treaty and will be willing to sign one which fulfills the basic

principles laid down by the United Nations. They are of the view that any such treaty
should be a significant step towards general and complete and, particularly nuclear
disarmament, and must meet the points of view of both nuclear weapon and
non-nuclear weapon Powers.” 13

27. The Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, on 9 June 1988, made a very important and
significant speech before the General Assembly of the United Nations where he suggested a
concrete action plan for elimination of all nuclear weapons in three stages over the next 22 years
beginning now. He stated:

“The heart of our Action Plan is the elimination of all nuclear weapons, in three
stages over the next twenty-two years, beginning now. We put this Plan to the
United Nations as a programme to be launched at once.

While nuclear disarmament constitutes the centrepiece of each stage of the Plan,
this is buttressed by collateral and other measures to further the process of
disarmament. We have made proposals for banning other weapons of mass
destruction. We have suggested steps for precluding the development of new weapon
systems based on emerging technologies. We have addressed ourselves to the task of

reducing conventional arms and forces to minimum levels required for defensive
purposes. We have outlined ideas for the conduct of international relations in a world
free of nuclear weapons.” 14

28. Had the action plan suggested by the Indian Prime Minister been accepted, all nuclear
weapons would have been destroyed by 2010.

29. India’s nuclear policy was again articulated by India’s Prime Minister,

Atal Bihari Vajpayee, on 27 May 1998 before the General Assembly of the United Nations. I
quote the relevant part of the speech:

“Our nuclear policy has been marked by restraint and openness. It has not
violated any International agreements either in 1974 or now, in 1998. Our concerns

have been made known to our interlocutors in recent years. The restraint exercised for
24 years, after having demonstrated our capability in 1974, is in itself a unique
example. Restraint, however, has to arise from strength. It cannot be based upon
indecision or doubt. Restraint is valid only when doubts are removed. The series of
tests undertaken by India have led to the removal of doubts. The action involved was

12
Statement made by External Affairs Minister M.C. Chagla in the Indian Parliament, 27 March 1967; CMI,
Annex 18.
1Ibid.

1“A World Free of Nuclear Weapons: An Action Plan”, tabled at the Third Special Session on Disarmament of
the UN General Assembly, 9 June 1988, p. 5; CMI, Annex 4. - 8 -

balanced in that it was the minimum necessary to maintain what is an irreducible
component of our national security calculus. This government’s decision has,
therefore, to be seen as part of a tradition of restraint that has characterised our policy
in the past 50 years.”5

30. Mr. Vajpayee also reiterated that global nuclear disarmament is India’s preferred
approach.

31. The Indian External Affairs Minister on 9 May 2000 made this statement before the

parliament that India holds a genuine and lasting non-proliferation that can only be achieved
through agreements that are based upon equality and non-discrimination for only those can
contribute to the global peace and stability. The cabinet committee on security reviewed progress
in operationalizing India’s nuclear doctrine on 4 January 2003 and declared India’s nuclear policy
satisfactory. In reply to the submissions of the Applicant, the RMI, it was suggested that all States

possessing nuclear weapons need to intensify efforts to address the responsibilities in moving
towards an effective and secure disarmament.

32. India’s 2006 Working Paper on Nuclear Disarmament strongly urges “the complete

elimination of nuclear weapons” (India Working Paper on Nuclear Disarmament, p. 4; originally
issued in the First Committee in 2006 under the symbol A/C.1/61/5 and submitted to the CD as
CD/1816 of 20 February 2007, Annex 1).

33. India’s Minister of External Affairs on 26 September 2013 stated before the General

Assembly of the United Nations:

“As a responsible nuclear power, we have a credible minimum deterrence
policy and a posture of no-first use. We refuse to participate in an arms race,
including a nuclear arms race. We are prepared to negotiate a global No-first use

treaty and our proposal for a convention banning the use of nuclear weapons remains
on the table. As we see no contradiction between nuclear Disarmament and
non-proliferation, we are also committed to working with the international community
to advance our common objectives of non-proliferation, including through strong
export controls and membership of the multilateral export regimes.

Mr. President, the Non-Aligned movement, of which India is a proud founding
member, has proposed today the early commencement of negotiations in the CD on
nuclear disarmament. We support this call. Without prejudice to the priority we
attach to nuclear disarmament, we also support the negotiation in the CD of a

non-discriminatory and internationally verifiable treaty banning the future production
of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices that meet
India’s national security interests. It should be our collective endeavor to return
the CD, which remains the single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum, to
substantive work as early as possible.”16

15
“Evolution of India’s Nuclear Policy”, paper presented in the Lok Sabha by Prime Minister
Atal Bihari Vajpayee, 27 May 1998, p. 6; CMI, Annex 5.
1Statement by Salman Khurshid, External Affairs Minister of India, at the High-level Meeting of the General
Assembly on Nuclear Disarmament, 68th Session of the United Nations General Assembly, 26 September 2013; CMI,
Annex 6. - 9 -

34. India was a party to the resolution adopted on 7 December 2015 by the

General Assembly of the United Nations. In the resolution it is mentioned “[c]onvinced that the
continuing existence of nuclear weapons poses a threat to humanity and all life on Earth”, and
“[r]ecognizing that the only defence against a nuclear catastrophe is the total elimination of nuclear
weapons and the certainty that they will never be produced again”.

35. India’s Co-Agent, Mr. Gill, in referring to Annex 9 to the Counter-Memorial of India,

presented the situation in clear terms when he summarized the Parties’ voting patterns on this issue
during the oral proceedings:

“In closing, I would like to reiterate that there is no dispute between the
Republic of the Marshall Islands and India. Annex 9 to India’s Counter-Memorial
shows without the shadow of a doubt that while India consistently voted for, in fact
even co-sponsored, the resolution on the Advisory Opinion of the ICJ calling upon ‘all

States immediately to fulfil that obligation by commencing multilateral negotiations
leading to an early conclusion of a nuclear weapons convention prohibiting the
development, production, testing, deployment, stockpiling, transfer, threat or use of
nuclear weapons and providing for their elimination’, the Republic of the
Marshall Islands mostly abstained and once even voted ‘No’ on that resolution. This
underlines like no other fact the contrived nature of this dispute.”

36. The chart submitted by the Respondent as Annex 9 is reproduced here for ease of
reference:

Voting pattern on ICJ Resolution (2003-2012)

Year India Co-sponsorship India’s Vote Marshall Island’s Vote
2003 Yes Yes No
2004 Yes Yes Yes
2005 Yes Yes Abstained
2006 Yes Yes Abstained

2007 Yes Yes Abstained
2008 Yes Yes Abstained
2009 Yes Yes Abstained
2010 Yes Yes Abstained
2011 Yes Yes Abstained

2012 Yes Yes Abstained

37. India’s permanent representative on 24 February 2015 made this statement before the CD
regarding nuclear disarmament policy of India:

“India has been unwavering in its commitment to universal, non-discriminatory,
verifiable nuclear disarmament. In our view, nuclear disarmament can be achieved

through a step-by-step process underwritten by a universal commitment and an agreed
global and non-discriminatory multilateral framework. We have called for a
meaningful dialogue among all states possessing nuclear weapons to build trust and
confidence and for reducing the salience of nuclear weapons in international affairs
and security doctrines. We believe that increasing restraints on use of nuclear
weapons would reduce the probability of their use  whether deliberate, unintentional

or accidental and this process could contribute to the progressive de-legitimization of

1CR 2016/4, p. 18, para. 11. - 10 -

nuclear weapons, an essential step for their eventual elimination, as has been the
experience for chemical and biological weapons.” 18

38. India’s nuclear policy was thus reflected by the statement of India’s permanent
representative, Mr. Varma, to the CD.

39. The position taken by the Respondent in its Counter-Memorial and during the oral
proceedings. Specifically responding to the Applicant’s contention that it had raised the dispute
with all nuclear States, including India, during the 2nd Conference on the Humanitarian Impact of

Nuclear Weapons at Nayarit in February 2014, the Respondent described how in fact the positions
of the Parties are aligned and no dispute exists:

“The reading of . . . India’s and the RMI’s statements at this conference clearly

shows that their positions on the issue of nuclear disarmament, far from being
‘positively opposed’, in fact converge. If the RMI called on ‘all states possessing
nuclear weapons to intensify efforts to address their responsibilities in moving towards
an effective and secure disarmament’, India expressed its support for nuclear

disarmament and reiterated its commitment to the complete elimination of nuclear
weapons in a time-bound, universal, non-discriminatory, phased and verifiable
manner.” 19

40. The Respondent’s Agent, Ms Neeru Chadha reiterated the convergence of the Parties’
positions during the oral proceedings when she stated that “the position of the parties at that
conference [the Nayarit February 2014 conference] regarding the need for nuclear disarmament

actually coincided” (CR 2016/4, pp. 10-11, para. 12).

41. It is evident from the excerpts transcribed, there is more convergence than divergence in

the Parties’ stated positions. Nuclear disarmament is a complex issue and it is clear that the
Parties’ positions are not identical. But they are very far from being so distant as to qualify for the
existence of a dispute.

42. The RMI and India have been chasing the same goal of disarmament and how the world
can become free of nuclear weapons. Both countries are making serious efforts in this direction,
therefore by no stretch of the imagination can it be concluded that there is any dispute between the

RMI and India.

18
Statement on Nuclear Disarmament delivered by Ambassador D. B. Venkatesh Varma, Permanent
Representative of India to the CD at the CD Plenary meeting, 24 February 2015; CMI, Annex 10.
1CMI, para. 13, citing MMI, para. 18; India’s Statement at the Second Conference on Humanitarian Impact of
Nuclear Weapons, available at: http://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/22936/Statement_by_In…
at_the_Second_Conference_on_the_Humanitarian_Impact_of_Nuclear_Weapons_at_Nayarit_Mexico; Republic of the
Marshall Island’s Statement at the Second Conference on Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons, available at:

http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/n…;
South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1962, p. 328; Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the
Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 40, para. 90; Application of the
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), pp. 84-85, para. 30; and Questions relating to the Obligation
to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 442, para. 46. - 11 -

43. On application of the Court’s Statute and its jurisprudence to the documents and

pleadings placed before the Court, the irresistible conclusion is the absence of any dispute between
the Parties, and consequently, on the facts of this case, the Court lacks jurisdiction to deal with this
case.

44. The majority Judgment, instead of looking into these aspects closely, chose to focus

mainly on the lack of awareness of the Respondent of the impending dispute. The Judgment
considers that what is required is that “[t]he evidence must show that . . . the respondent was aware,
or could not have been unaware, that its views were ‘positively opposed’ by the applicant”
(Judgment, paragraph 38).

45. The Court has the freedom to choose any preliminary objection when examining its own

jurisdiction. In doing so, it usually chooses the most “direct and conclusive one”. C. Tomuschat
summarized the situation in clear terms in his contribution on Article 36 to the handbook The
Statute of the International Court of Justice  A Commentary (Second Edition). He stated:

“The Court is free to choose the grounds on which to dismiss a case either for

lack of jurisdiction or as being inadmissible. It does not have to follow a specific
order, nor is there any rule making it compulsory to adjudge first issues of jurisdiction
before relying on lack of admissibility. The Court generally bases its decisions on the
ground which in its view is ‘more direct and conclusive’. In pure legal logic, it would
seem inescapable that the Court would have to rule by order of priority on objections
related to jurisdiction. However, such a strict procedural regime would be all the more

infelicitous since the borderline between the two classes of preliminary objections is to
some extent dependent on subjective appreciation. The Court therefore chooses 20e
ground which is best suited to dispose of the case (‘direct and conclusive’).”

46. This freedom of the Court was first stated in the Certain Norwegian Loans (France v.
Norway) case, where the Court considered that its jurisdiction was being challenged on two

grounds, and that the Court is free to base its decision on the ground which in its judgment is more
direct and conclusive (Certain Norwegian Loans (France v. Norway), Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1957, p. 25).

47. This position has consistently been taken by the Court in the years since the Certain

Norwegian Loans matter (see, for example, Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1959, p. 146; Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1978, pp. 16-17; Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India),
Jurisdiction, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2000, p. 24, para. 26; Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and
Montenegro v. Belgium), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2004 (I), p. 298,
para. 46).

48. In the instant case, by choosing the lack of awareness on the part of Respondent as the
main ground for the dismissal of the claim, it appears, with respect, that the Court has chosen not to
give emphasis to the most “direct and conclusive” element of that ground for the dismissal of the
claim. The consequence is serious: lack of awareness on the part of the Respondent can be easily

cured by the Applicant by giving proper notice of the dispute to the Respondent. In that case, the
RMI could simply bring the case again before the Court. In my view, that would be an undesirable

2C. Tomuschat, The Statute of the International Court of Justice  A Commentary (Second Edition), p. 707,
para. 138, footnotes omitted. - 12 -

result and should be discouraged. The real ground for the dismissal of the case ought to have been

the absence of a dispute between the Parties. The majority has only dealt with preliminary
objection number one, and even while dealing with that objection greater emphasis was not placed
on the analysis of the documents and pleadings of the Parties, which reveals that there is no dispute
between them.

49. The Parties have already submitted documents, pleadings and submissions in extenso. In

the facts of this case, this Court ought to have examined the other preliminary objections.
Otherwise, a re-submission of the case again would entail a waste of the efforts, time and resources
already spent by the Parties and the Court in the treatment of this matter.

50. On careful consideration of all documents, pleadings and submissions the irresistible
conclusion is that no dispute exists between the Parties. The majority Judgment ought to have

rejected the RMI’s Application mainly on this ground.

PART T WO : OTHER PRELIMINARY OBJECTIONS

51. In the facts of this case the Court should have examined other preliminary objections
taken by the Respondent, namely:

1. Monetary Gold principle, i.e., absence of essential parties not party to the instant proceedings;

2. The Judgment would serve no practical purpose; and

3. The application of reservations numbers 4, 5, 7 and 11 to India’s optional clause declaration
under Article 36 (2) of the Statute of the Court, recognizing the Court’s compulsory
jurisdiction.

Monetary Gold principle

52. I deem it proper to very briefly deal with the other preliminary objections to demonstrate
that the other objections are also substantial in character and should have been adjudicated by the
Court.

53. In relation to the application of the Monetary Gold principle, on behalf of India it was
submitted that a judgment of the Court would serve no legitimate purpose in the absence of other
indispensable parties.

54. The Applicant in its Application submitted a chart, which indicates that India, Pakistan
and the United Kingdom, Respondents in these three proceedings put together, possess less than

3 per cent of the total nuclear weapons in the world (RMI’s chart in its Application at p. 14). The
other countries, who possess the other more than 97 per cent of the nuclear weapons in the world,
are not before the Court and consequently the Court is precluded from exercising its jurisdiction in
this matter with respect to those States (the States possessing 97 per cent of the nuclear weapons).
Therefore, it is indispensable to have the participation of the other countries who possess such a
large quantity of the world’s nuclear weapons.

55. It was further contended on behalf of the Respondent that it cannot unilaterally enter into
negotiations in the absence of other major nuclear powers. - 13 -

56. The Court considered in its 1996 Advisory Opinion on nuclear weapons that any realistic

search for general and complete disarmament would require the co-operation of all States (Legality
of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (I), p. 264,
para. 100). This was also stated by India’s Agent, Ms Neeru Chadha, in her introductory
submissions (CR 2016/4, 10 March 2016, p. 11, para. 18).

57. In the Respondent’s view, the question of nuclear disarmament must be the
subject-matter of a multilateral treaty and such a legislative function is not within the province of
the Court, but “is strictly the preserve of the UN inter-governmental forums” (CMI, para. 42).

58. This preliminary objection is substantial in character and it ought to have been
adjudicated by the Court.

The Court’s Judgment would not have any concrete effect

59. In another preliminary objection, India contends in its Counter-Memorial that a
Judgment by the Court in the present case would serve no legitimate purpose and have no practical

consequence. It first points out that the majority of nuclear-weapon States which refuse to consent
to the Court’s jurisdiction could not be bound by such a Judgment to negotiate with India, and that
“a unilateral direction to India to carry out negotiations without the same decision being equally
applicable to other States would be meaningless”. India further notes that such a Judgment would
be purposeless, since it has always firmly indicated its willingness to proceed to negotiations on
comprehensive nuclear disarmament in the Conference on Disarmament (CMI, paras. 88-90).

60. This preliminary objection also deserved adjudication by the Court.

Reservations

Applicability of India’s fourth reservation (disputes relating to

situations of hostilities or self-defence)

61. India’s fourth reservation excludes the jurisdiction of the Court for:

“[D]isputes relating to or connected with facts or situations of hostilities, armed
conflicts, individual or collective actions taken in self-defence, resistance to

aggression, fulfilment of obligations imposed by international bodies, and other
similar or related a21s, measures or situations in which India is, has been or may in
future be involved.”

62. India contends that its measures of self-defence are covered by the fourth reservation. In
the Respondent’s view, all disputes concerning any weapons, including nuclear weapons, which it

might choose to possess or develop to protect itself from hostilities, armed conflicts, aggression and
other similar or related acts or situations, are therefore excluded from the Court’s jurisdiction.

2India’s declaration accepting the Court’s compulsory jurisdiction. - 14 -

63. India adds that the RMI has sought to limit the scope of India’s reservation artificially to
specific situations of use of force. In its view, such an interpretation of the reservation is not in
keeping with the plain meaning of the language used  in particular, India deliberately used very
broad language  and runs counter to the intention underlying this reservation, which was to

exclude from the Court’s jurisdiction any matter pertaining to national security and self-defence
(CMI, paras. 54-62).

64. This preliminary objection is substantial in character and it ought to have been
adjudicated by the Court.

Applicability of India’s fifth reservation (acceptance of jurisdiction exclusively
for the purposes of the dispute or less than 12 months
prior to the filing of the application)

65. India’s fifth reservation excludes from the Court’s jurisdiction:

“[D]isputes with regard to which any other party to a dispute has accepted the
compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice exclusively for or in
relation to the purposes of such dispute; or where the acceptance of the Court’s
compulsory jurisdiction on behalf of a party to the dispute was deposited or ratified

less than 122months prior to the filing of the application bringing the dispute before
the Court.”

66. India claims in its Counter-Memorial that the RMI accepted the jurisdiction of the Court
for the sole purpose of the dispute, and that India’s fifth reservation therefore applies. The

Respondent notes in this respect that the RMI deposited its declaration recognizing the compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court on 24 April 2013, and filed the Application in the present case on
24 April 2014; in its view, this demonstrates that “the Declaration was carefully devised so as to
permit the [RMI] to lodge its Application on this artificial dispute as it did with an undue haste”
(Counter-Memorial of India, paras. 64-71).

67. The Respondent further argues that this chronology in any event shows that the said
Application was filed one day before the expiry of the 12-month time-limit set in the fifth
reservation of its declaration, which, by itself, constitutes grounds to reject the Application of the
RMI (CMI, para. 72).

68. This preliminary objection also deserved to be considered.

2India’s declaration accepting the Court’s compulsory jurisdiction. - 15 -

Applicability of India’s seventh reservation (interpretation or
application of a multilateral treaty)

69. India’s seventh reservation provides that the Court has no jurisdiction to settle: “disputes
concerning the interpretation or application of a multilateral treaty unless all the parties to the treaty

are also parties to the case before23he Court or [the] Government of India specially agree[s] to
jurisdiction [over such disputes]” .

70. India is of the view that, since the real purpose of the Application is to induce the Court

to declare that India is in breach of obligations stemming from Article VI of the NPT, its seventh
reservation is also applicable in the present case. It contends that the subject-matter of the case, as
defined by the RMI in its Memorial, concerns the question of whether Article VI of the NPT gives
rise to a general principle of disarmament applicable erga omnes, the alleged disputes therefore
concerns the interpretation and application of the NPT.

71. India further argues that the legal context in the present case differs in two respects from
that in the case concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua
(Nicaragua v. United States of America): (i) whereas, in the latter case, the United States invoked
the violation of treaties which “codified” customary international law, in the present case the RMI

is invoking an obligation of customary international law “rooted” in Article VI of the NPT, which
thus necessarily requires interpretation by the Court; (ii) while the American reservation excluded
“disputes arising under a multilateral treaty”, that of India, which is wider, excludes “disputes
concerning the interpretation or application of a multilateral treaty”, and therefore bars the
jurisdiction of the Court to entertain disputes which, as in the present case, concern the

interpretation of a treaty or imply such an interpretation (CMI, paras. 74-82).

72. This preliminary objection deserved consideration by the Court.

Applicability of India’s eleventh reservation (disputes the foundations
of which existed prior to the date of India’s declaration)

73. India’s eleventh reservation excludes from the jurisdiction of the Court: “disputes prior
to the date of this declaration, including any dispute the foundations, reasons, facts, causes, origins,

definitions, allegations or bases of which existed p24or to this date, even if they are submitted or
brought to the knowledge of the Court hereafter” .

74. India claims in its Counter-Memorial that this reservation is particularly wide and
excludes from the Court’s jurisdiction any dispute whose origin is prior to the date on which it filed

its 1974 declaration as in the present case. It recalls in this respect that it refused to sign the NPT
and to assume obligations under that Treaty in 1968; it concludes that its alleged failure to
negotiate nuclear disarmament is a cause which existed prior to its 1974 declaration and,
consequently, cannot be the subject-matter of an application before the Court (CMI, paras. 83-87).

75. The Respondent’s preliminary objection is substantial in character and it ought to have
been adjudicated by the Court.

23
India’s declaration accepting the Court’s compulsory jurisdiction.
2Ibid. - 16 -

76. On the basis of the entire materials on record, it can be safely observed that India has

been unwavering in its commitment to disarmament. The majority Judgment ought to have held
clearly that, on the basis of documents and pleadings of the Parties, no dispute existed between
them at the time of filing the Application, while upholding India’s first preliminary objection.

(Signed) Dalveer B HANDARI .

___________

Bilingual Content

469
218
SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE BHANDARI
Concur with the conclusions of the majority — Existence of a dispute is central
to the exercise of the Court’s jurisdiction — On the basis of documents and
pleadings of the Parties, no dispute existed — International Court of Justice lacks
jurisdiction — Greater emphasis ought to have been given that no dispute existed
and lesser on the Respondent’s awareness — Other preliminary objections ought to
have been adjudicated in the facts of this case — Monetary Gold principle —
Judgment will have no concrete effect — Respondent’s reservation — Dispute
relating to situation of hostilities or self‑defence — The Applicant accepted
International Court of Justice’s jurisdiction for this case only — Interpretation or
application of multilateral treaties.
1. I concur with the conclusions of the majority Judgment upholding
the objection to jurisdiction raised by India based on the absence of a
dispute. However, I wish to append a separate opinion to expand the
basis of the reasoning of the Judgment. I also propose to deal with
another aspect of this case, that in the facts of this case, the Court ought
to have dealt with the other preliminary objections raised by India because
the issues raised in the case affect not only the Parties, but also the
entire humanity. Additionally, adjudicating these objections would have
further crystallized the controversy involved in the case, particularly when
all documents, pleadings and submissions were placed on record
in extenso.
2. The question, which needs to be decided, is whether from the documents,
pleadings and the conduct of the Parties it can be established that
a dispute existed between them at the time of filing the Application in the
terms prescribed by the applicable legal instruments and the Court’s jurisprudence.
3. Under Article 36, paragraph 2, and Article 38, paragraph 1, of the
Statute of the Court, it can only exercise its jurisdiction in case of a dispute
between the parties. The concept of “dispute”, and more specifically
“legal dispute”, is thus central to the exercise of the Court’s jurisdiction.
The majority Judgment acknowledges this and reflects on certain key
aspects from the Court’s jurisprudence on this concept.
4. Any analysis of the existence of a dispute should start with a definition
of the term “dispute”. Black’s Law Dictionary offers the following
definitions, which may help in guiding the analysis:
“Dispute: A conflict or controversy; a conflict of claims or rights;
an assertion of a right, claim, or demand on one side, met by contrary
claims or allegations on the other.”
469
218
OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. LE JUGE BHANDARI
[Traduction]
Accord avec les conclusions de la majorité — Existence d’un différend étant
fondamentale pour l’exercice de la compétence de la Cour — Documents et pièces
de procédure des Parties n’attestant pas l’existence d’un différend — Cour n’ayant
pas compétence — Arrêt n’insistant pas suffisamment sur l’absence de différend et
insistant trop sur la nécessité que le défendeur ait connaissance du différend —
Cour ayant eu tort de n’avoir pas statué sur les autres exceptions préliminaires
— Principe de l’Or monétaire — Absence d’effet concret de tout arrêt sur le
fond — Réserve du défendeur — Différend relatif à des situations d’hostilités ou à
la légitime défense — Demandeur n’ayant accepté la juridiction de la Cour qu’aux
fins de la présente affaire — Interprétation ou application de traités multilatéraux.
1. Je souscris aux conclusions de la majorité des Membres de la Cour tendant
à retenir l’exception d’incompétence soulevée par l’Inde au motif de
l’absence de différend. Je souhaite cependant joindre à l’arrêt l’exposé de
mon opinion individuelle pour asseoir sur une base plus large le raisonnement
qui y est développé. Je me propose également d’aborder un autre aspect
de l’affaire, à savoir que, dans le cas d’espèce, la Cour aurait dû répondre aux
autres exceptions préliminaires soulevées par l’Inde, parce que les questions
dont il s’agit dans cette affaire ne concernent pas les seules Parties, mais l’humanité
tout entière. En outre, en se prononçant sur ces exceptions, la Cour
aurait permis de « cristalliser » davantage la controverse en cause en la présente
affaire, étant donné, en particulier, que tous les documents, pièces de
procédure et arguments avaient été versés in extenso au dossier.
2. La question à trancher était de savoir si les documents, les pièces de
procédure et le comportement des Parties permettaient d’établir qu’il existait
entre elles, au moment du dépôt de la requête, un différend répondant
aux conditions prévues par les instruments juridiques applicables et par la
jurisprudence de la Cour.
3. En vertu du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 et du paragraphe 1 de l’article
38 du Statut de la Cour, celle‑ci ne peut exercer sa compétence que
s’il existe un différend entre les parties. La notion de « différend », et plus
particulièrement celle de « différend d’ordre juridique », est donc fondamentale
pour l’exercice de la compétence de la Cour. L’arrêt le reconnaît
et examine certains aspects essentiels de la jurisprudence de la Cour à cet
égard.
4. Toute analyse de l’existence ou non d’un différend devrait commencer
par une définition de ce dernier terme. Le Black’s Law Dictionary propose
les définitions suivantes, susceptibles de nous guider dans notre analyse.
« Différend : conflit ou litige ; conflit de prétentions ou de droits ;
affirmation d’un droit, prétention ou exigence d’une partie qui se
heurte aux prétentions ou allégations contraires d’une autre partie. »
470 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bhandari)
219
“Legal dispute: Contest/conflict/disagreement concerning lawful
existence of (1) a duty or right, or (2) compensation by extent or type,
claimed by the injured party for a breach of such duty or right.”
5. Mr. Harish Salve, appearing for the Respondent, submitted that in
absence of a dispute this Court has no jurisdiction to deal with this case.
He further submitted that on the basis of documents and pleadings of the
Parties there is no legal dispute between them. Reliance has been placed
by him on the Judgment of this Court in the South West Africa cases. The
relevant passage is reproduced below:
“The subject‑matter of the dispute is a disagreement between the
States on a point of law or fact. Whether there is a dispute, and if so,
what the dispute is, is a matter for objective determination by the
Court. In the South West Africa cases, this Court held that it has to
assess whether ‘the claim of one party is positively opposed by the
other’. It is the claim and not the legal submissions in support of the
claim which would delineate the contours of the dispute.” 1
6. Mr. Salve also placed reliance on the Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v.
Canada) case as follows:
“[T]his Court referred to Article 40 (1) of the Statute and Article
38 (2) of the Rules — provisions which have been characterized
as essential from the point of view of legal security and the good
administration of justice — and came to the conclusion that there may
be uncertainties with regard to the real subject‑matter of the dispute,
and the Court must for its objective evaluation give ‘particular attention
to the formulation of the dispute chosen by the Applicant’.” 2
7. Mr. Alain Pellet, also appearing for the Respondent India, submitted
that the condition for the exercise of jurisdiction of this Court is that
there must a dispute between the Parties. He cited the Nuclear Tests cases.
The relevant passage is reproduced below:
“The Court, as a court of law, is called upon to resolve existing
disputes between States. Thus the existence of a dispute is the primary
condition for the Court to exercise its judicial function; it is not sufficient
for one party to assert that there is a dispute, since ‘whether
there exists an international dispute is a matter for objective determination’
by the Court.” 3
1 CR 2016/4, p. 27, para. 42.
2 Ibid., p. 43, original emphasis, quoting Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada), Jurisdiction
of the Court, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 448, para. 30.
3 Ibid., pp. 37‑38, para. 3, quoting Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1974, pp. 270‑271, para. 55; Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France), Judg-
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bhandari) 470
219
« Différend juridique : contestation/conflit/désaccord concernant
l’existence légale 1) d’une obligation ou d’un droit, ou 2) de la nature
ou de l’étendue de la réparation demandée par la partie lésée pour la
rupture d’une obligation ou d’un droit. »
5. M. Harish Salve, qui a plaidé au nom du défendeur, a soutenu qu’en
l’absence de différend la Cour n’avait pas compétence pour connaître de
l’affaire et que les documents et pièces de procédure des Parties ne permettaient
pas d’établir l’existence d’un différend d’ordre juridique entre elles.
Il s’est appuyé sur l’arrêt rendu par la Cour dans les affaires du Sud‑Ouest
africain. Le passage pertinent de son exposé est reproduit ci‑après :
« Un différend doit avoir pour objet un point de droit ou de fait sur
lequel les parties sont en désaccord. C’est à la Cour qu’il appartient
d’établir objectivement s’il existe un différend et quel en est l’objet.
Dans les affaires du Sud‑Ouest africain, la Cour a dit qu’il lui revenait
de déterminer si « la réclamation de l’une des parties se heurt[ait] à
l’opposition manifeste de l’autre ». C’est donc d’après les réclamations
du demandeur, et non les moyens de droit qu’il invoque pour les justifier,
qu’il convient de déterminer quel est l’objet d’un différend. » 1
6. M. Salve a également évoqué comme suit l’affaire de la Compétence
en matière de pêcheries (Espagne c. Canada) :
« [L]a Cour, faisant référence au paragraphe 1 de l’article 40 de son
Statut et au paragraphe 2 de l’article 38 de son Règlement, dont elle
considère les dispositions comme essentielles au regard de la sécurité
juridique et de la bonne administration de la justice, est parvenue à
la conclusion qu’il arrivait que des incertitudes surgissent quant à
l’objet d’un différend, et qu’il lui incombait en pareil cas, pour se
prononcer objectivement, de consacrer « une attention particulière à
la formulation du différend utilisée par le demandeur ». » 2
7. M. Alain Pellet, qui plaidait également au nom de l’Inde, a déclaré
que la condition mise à l’exercice de la compétence de la Cour était qu’il
existe un différend entre les Parties. Il a cité les affaires des Essais
nucléaires, dont le passage ci‑après :
« La Cour, comme organe juridictionnel, a pour tâche de résoudre
des différends existant entre Etats. L’existence d’un différend est
donc la condition première de l’exercice de sa fonction judiciaire ; on
ne peut se contenter à cet égard des affirmations d’une partie car
« l’existence d’un différend international demande à être établie
objectivement » par la Cour. » 3
1 CR 2016/4, p. 27, par. 42.
2 Ibid., par. 43 (les italiques sont de l’orateur) citant l’affaire de la Compétence
en matière de pêcheries (Espagne c. Canada), compétence de la Cour, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 1998, p. 448, par. 30.
3 Ibid., p. 37, par. 3, citant Essais nucléaires (Australie c. France), arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 1974, p. 270‑271, par. 55 ; Essais nucléaires (Nouvelle‑Zélande c. France), arrêt,
471 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bhandari)
220
8. Mr. Pellet also relied on the following passage of the South West
Africa cases of the Court:
“In other words it is not sufficient for one party to a contentious
case to assert that a dispute exists with the other party. A mere assertion
is not sufficient to prove the existence of a dispute any more than
a mere denial of the existence of the dispute proves its non‑existence.
Nor is it adequate to show that the interests of the two parties to such
a case are in conflict. It must be shown that the claim of one party is
positively opposed by the other.” 4
9. In Georgia v. Russia, in determining whether a legal dispute existed
between the Parties at the time of the filing of the Application, the Court
undertook a detailed review of the relevant diplomatic exchanges, documents
and statements. The Court has carried out an extensive analysis of
the evidence, covering numerous instances of official Georgian and
Russian
practice from 1992 to 2008. The Court found that most of the
documents and statements before it failed to evidence the existence of a
dispute, because they did not contain any “direct criticism” against
the Respondent, did not amount to an “allegation” against the Respondent
or were not otherwise of a character that was sufficient to found a
justiciable dispute between the parties, and in this case the Court also
held that it is a matter of substance and not a question of form or procedure
(Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), pp. 84‑91,
paras. 30‑46).
10. In Belgium v. Senegal, the Court similarly carried out a systematic
review of the diplomatic exchanges that had preceded the filing of the
Application in order to ascertain if the dispute had been properly notified
to Senegal. The Court, in that case, concluded that at the time of the filing
of the Application, the dispute between the parties did not relate to
breaches of obligation under customary international law and that it had
thus no jurisdiction to decide Belgium’s claims (Questions relating to the
Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), pp. 433‑435, paras. 24‑26).
11. In another important case, Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions,
the Court considered that a dispute is “a disagreement on a point of law
or fact, a conflict of legal views or of interests” between parties (Mavromment,
I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 476, para. 58, and quoting Interpretation of Peace Treaties
with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, First Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950,
p. 74.
4 Ibid., p. 38, para. 4, quoting South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v.
South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bhandari) 471
220
8. M. Pellet a également cité les affaires du Sud‑Ouest africain :
« En d’autres termes, il ne suffit pas que l’une des parties à une
affaire contentieuse affirme l’existence d’un différend avec l’autre partie.
La simple affirmation ne suffit pas pour prouver l’existence d’un
différend, tout comme le simple fait que l’existence d’un différend est
contestée ne prouve pas que ce différend n’existe pas. Il n’est pas suffisant
non plus de démontrer que les intérêts des deux parties à une
telle affaire sont en conflit. Il faut démontrer que la réclamation de
l’une des parties se heurte à l’opposition manifeste de l’autre. » 4
9. Dans l’affaire Géorgie c. Russie, pour déterminer s’il existait un différend
juridique entre ces deux Etats au moment du dépôt de la requête,
la Cour a procédé à un examen détaillé des échanges diplomatiques,
documents et déclarations pertinents. Elle a effectué une analyse approfondie
des éléments de preuve, qui comprenaient de nombreux exemples
de la pratique officielle géorgienne et russe entre 1992 et 2008. Elle a jugé
que la plupart des documents et déclarations qui lui avaient été soumis ne
prouvaient pas l’existence d’un différend, car ils « ne cont[enaient] aucune
critique à l’encontre » du défendeur, ne s’apparentaient pas à une « allégation
» à l’encontre de celui‑ci, et n’étaient en aucune autre façon de nature
à attester l’existence entre les parties d’un différend susceptible de faire
l’objet d’un règlement judiciaire ; dans cette affaire, la Cour a également
estimé que l’existence d’un différend était une question de fond et non de
forme ou de procédure (Application de la convention internationale sur
l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération
de Russie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I),
p. 84‑91, par. 30‑46).
10. En l’affaire Belgique c. Sénégal, la Cour a, de la même façon, examiné
méthodiquement les échanges diplomatiques qui avaient précédé le
dépôt de la requête afin de vérifier si le Sénégal avait été dûment avisé du
différend. Elle a conclu que, au moment du dépôt de la requête, le différend
qui opposait les parties n’était pas relatif à des manquements à des
obligations relevant du droit international coutumier, et qu’elle n’avait
donc pas compétence pour statuer sur les demandes de la Belgique qui s’y
rapportaient (Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader
(Belgique c. Sénégal), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 433‑435,
par. 24‑26).
11. Dans une autre affaire importante, celle des Concessions Mavrommatis
en Palestine, la Cour permanente de Justice internationale a considéré
qu’un différend était « un désaccord sur un point de droit ou de fait,
C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 476, par. 58, citant Interprétation des traités de paix conclus avec la
Bulgarie, la Hongrie et la Roumanie, première phase, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1950,
p. 74.
4 Ibid., p. 38, par. 4, citant Sud-Ouest africain (Ethiopie c. Afrique du Sud ; Libéria
c. Afrique du Sud), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 328.
472 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bhandari)
221
matis Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A,
No. 2, p. 11).
12. It would be appropriate to recapitulate the documents, pleadings
and submissions of the Parties to determine whether a dispute in fact
existed between the Parties at the time of the filing of the Application.
13. The Marshall Islands’ own submissions in its Application and during
the oral proceedings. At paragraphs 35 to 37 of its Application, the
Republic of the Marshall Islands (hereinafter “RMI”) summarizes its
own understanding of India’s conduct with regard to nuclear disarmament.
They are reproduced for the benefit of the reader, verbatim as to
show the unambiguous character of the Applicant’s description:
“India has consistently voted for the General Assembly resolution
welcoming the Court’s conclusion regarding the disarmament obligation.
India states that it has never contributed to the spread of sensitive
technologies. It adds that it is updating regulations relating to
export controls and taking measures to strengthen nuclear security in
accord with international efforts to prevent the acquisition of nuclear
weapons by non‑state actors and additional States.
India supports the commencement of negotiations on complete
nuclear disarmament in the Conference on Disarmament [(CD)]. It
also votes for United National General Assembly resolutions calling
for negotiation of a Nuclear Weapons Convention, including
‘Follow‑up
to the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of
Justice on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons’,
and a resolution newly offered in 2013 following up on the High‑Level
Meeting on Nuclear Disarmament. The latter resolution calls
for ‘the urgent commencement of negotiations, in the Conference on
Disarmament, for the early conclusion of a comprehensive convention’
to prohibit and eliminate nuclear weapons. India abstained on
the 2012 resolution establishing an Open‑Ended Working Group to
take forward proposals for multilateral nuclear disarmament negotiations,
but subsequently participated in the Working Group.
The first‑ever United Nations General Assembly High‑Level Meeting
on Nuclear Disarmament, referenced in the preceding paragraph,
was held on 26 September 2013, pursuant to a 2012 resolution which
was supported by India. At that meeting, Salman Khurshid, Minister
of External Affairs of India, placed India’s support for nuclear disarmament
in the context of the 1988 Rajiv Gandhi ‘Action Plan for a
nuclear weapon free and non‑violent world order’. He stated that
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bhandari) 472
221
une contradiction, une opposition de thèses juridiques ou d’intérêts »
entre des parties (Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine, arrêt no 2, 1924,
C.P.J.I. série A no 2, p. 11).
12. Il convenait donc de reprendre les documents, pièces de procédure
et arguments des Parties pour déterminer s’il existait effectivement un différend
entre elles au moment du dépôt de la requête.
13. Les déclarations faites par les Iles Marshall dans leur requête et à
l’audience. Aux paragraphes 35 à 37 de sa requête, la République des
Iles Marshall (ci‑après, les « Iles Marshall ») résume son interprétation du
comportement de l’Inde en matière de désarmement nucléaire. Pour le
bénéfice du lecteur, ces paragraphes sont reproduits ci‑après in extenso
afin de montrer que la description du demandeur était dépourvue de toute
ambiguïté.
« L’Inde a … toujours voté en faveur de la résolution de l’Assemblée
générale dans laquelle celle‑ci se félicitait de la conclusion de la
Cour relative à l’obligation de désarmement. Elle affirme qu’elle n’a
jamais contribué à la diffusion des technologies sensibles et ajoute
qu’elle met à jour ses réglementations concernant les contrôles à l’exportation
et prend des mesures pour renforcer la sécurité nucléaire,
se conformant ainsi aux efforts internationaux pour empêcher que
d’autres Etats et entités ne se procurent des armes nucléaires.
L’Inde soutient l’ouverture de négociations sur un désarmement
nucléaire complet dans le cadre de la conférence du désarmement.
Elle vote également en faveur des résolutions de l’Assemblée générale
des Nations Unies exhortant les Etats à négocier une convention
relative aux armes nucléaires, notamment les résolutions intitulées
« Suite donnée à l’avis consultatif de la Cour internationale de Justice
sur la licéité de la menace ou de l’emploi d’armes nucléaires » et celle
récemment soumise au vote en 2013 et portant sur le suivi de la réunion
de haut niveau de l’Assemblée générale sur le désarmement
nucléaire. Dans cette dernière résolution, l’Assemblée générale
demande « que des négociations commencent au plus tôt, dans le
cadre de la conférence du désarmement, en vue de l’adoption rapide
d’une convention globale » relative à l’interdiction et à l’élimination
des armes nucléaires. Lors du vote de la résolution de 2012 créant un
groupe de travail à composition non limitée chargé de faire avancer
les propositions visant des négociations multilatérales sur le désarmement
nucléaire, l’Inde s’est abstenue, avant de prendre part, par la
suite, à ce groupe de travail.
La toute première réunion de haut niveau de l’Assemblée générale
des Nations Unies sur le désarmement nucléaire, que nous avons
mentionnée au paragraphe précédent, s’est tenue le 26 septembre
2013, en application d’une résolution de 2012 qui a reçu le
soutien de l’Inde. Lors de cette réunion, M. Salman Khurshid,
ministre des affaires extérieures de l’Inde, a replacé le soutien de
celle‑ci au désarmement nucléaire dans le contexte du « plan d’action
473 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bhandari)
222
India has a ‘posture of no‑first use’, maintained that India ‘refuse[s]
to participate in an arms race, including a nuclear arms race’, and
noted that India’s ‘proposal for a Convention banning the use of
nuclear weapons remains on the table’.” 5
14. The Marshall Islands recognized in its submissions and oral proceedings
that India’s conduct is in fact pro‑disarmament and that it has
repeatedly and publicly stated so. The Agent of the Applicant submitted
on the Respondent’s conduct prior to the Application:
“I submit to you the following: ‘The production of weapons which
have the capacity to destroy all mankind cannot in any manner be
considered to be justified or permitted under international law.’ That
quote . . ., while entirely endorsed by the Marshall Islands, is a quote
from India, and specifically from India’s submission to this very
Court — the International Court of Justice — on 20 June 1995, in
the Legality of Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons proceedings.
While the lawyers here will today address India’s claims regarding
jurisdiction, I wish to respectfully add here certain additional facts
that I trust will be helpful to this Court. Specifically, India also agreed
in its official 1995 Statement that nuclear weapons could not be produced
for deterrence purposes because deterrence is ‘abhorrent to
human sentiment’ and ‘disarmament must be given priority and has
to take precedence over deterrence’
�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
The Marshall Islands officially and publicly declared in February
2014 at the Conference on the Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear
Weapons in Mexico, that the States possessing nuclear arsenals are
5 Application of the Marshall Islands (AMI), paras. 35‑37, citing A/RES/68/42,
5 December 2013; Statement of India’s Prime Minister Manmohan Singh at Seoul
Nuclear Security Summit, 27 March 2012, http://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.
htm?dtl/19078/; Nuclear Security Summit National Progress Report,
27 March 2012, http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.
htm?dtl/19074/; Statement
by H.E. Mr. Salman Khurshid, Minister of External Affairs of India, at the High‑Level
Meeting of the General Assembly on Nuclear Disarmament, 68th United Nations General
Assembly in New York, 26 September 2013, http://www.un.org/en/ga/68/meetings/
nucleardisarmament/pdf/IN_en.pdf; A/RES/68/42, 5 December 2013; A/RES/68/32,
5 December 2013; A/RES/67/56, 3 December 2012; UN doc. A/67/PV 48, pp. 20‑21; A/
RES/67/39, 3 December 2012.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bhandari) 473
222
[de M. Rajiv Gandhi] pour hâter l’avènement d’un ordre mondial
non violent et exempt d’armes nucléaires » de 1988. Il a précisé que la
position de l’Inde était celle du « non‑recours en premier à l’arme
nucléaire », soutenu que l’Inde « refus[ait] de prendre part à une
course à l’armement, y compris à une course aux armements
nucléaires » et fait observer que « la proposition [de l’Inde] visant
l’adoption d’une convention interdisant l’emploi des armes nucléaires
était toujours valide ». » 5
14. Les Iles Marshall ont reconnu dans leurs écritures et plaidoiries
que le comportement de l’Inde était en effet favorable au désarmement et
que celle‑ci l’avait affirmé publiquement à plusieurs reprises. Par la voix
de leur agent, elles ont déclaré ce qui suit au sujet de ce comportement
avant le dépôt de la requête :
« A cet égard, je soumets à la Cour la citation suivante : « La production
d’armes capables de faire disparaître l’humanité tout entière
ne peut se justifier d’aucune manière, ni être autorisée par le droit
international. » [Cette] citation … à laquelle les Iles Marshall souscrivent
pleinement, n’est autre qu’une citation de l’Inde et, plus précisément,
de l’exposé écrit que cet Etat avait présenté à la Cour
le 20 juin 1995, dans le cadre de la procédure consultative sur la
Licéité de la menace ou de l’emploi d’armes nucléaires.
Les juristes qui sont présents aujourd’hui examineront les arguments
du défendeur concernant la compétence, mais je souhaite pour
ma part exposer quelques faits supplémentaires qui, je pense, seront
utiles à la Cour. Ainsi, l’Inde est également convenue dans son
exposé officiel de 1995 que les armes nucléaires ne pouvaient être
produites à des fins de dissuasion parce que celle‑ci « fait horreur à la
conscience de l’humanité » et « qu’il faut commencer par le désarmement,
… celui‑ci d[evant] prendre le pas sur la dissuasion »
�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
Les Iles Marshall ont officiellement et publiquement déclaré, à la
conférence sur l’impact humanitaire des armes nucléaires qui s’est
tenue au Mexique au mois de février 2014, que les Etats dotés d’arse-
5 Requête des Iles Marshall (RIM), par. 35‑37, citant la résolution A/RES/68/42 du
5 décembre 2013 de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies ; déclaration du premier
ministre de l’Inde, M. Manmohan Singh, au sommet de Séoul sur la sécurité nucléaire,
27 mars 2012, consultable en anglais à l’adresse http://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.
htm?dtl/19078/ ; « Nuclear Security Summit National Progress Report »,
27 mars 2012, consultable en anglais à l’adresse http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.
htm?dtl/19074/; déclaration du ministre des affaires extérieures de l’Inde,
M. Salman Khurshid, à la réunion de haut niveau de l’Assemblée générale sur le désarmement
nucléaire, 68e session de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, New York,
26 septembre 2013, consultable en anglais à l’adresse http://www.un.org/en/ga/
68meetings/nucleardisarmament/pdf/IN_en.pdf ; résolutions A/RES/68/42, 5 décembre
2013 ; A/RES/68/32, 5 décembre 2013 ; A/RES/67/56, 3 décembre 2012 ; Nations Unies,
doc. A/67/PV 48, p. 20‑21 ; A/RES/67/39, 3 décembre 2012.
474 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bhandari)
223
failing to fulfil their legal obligations under customary international
law. An official delegation from India attended this Conference, and
it is without question that India is a State possessing a nuclear arsenal.
India’s statement to this February 2014 Conference included the following
confirmation:
‘We cannot accept the logic that a few nations have the right to
pursue their security by threatening the survival of mankind. It is
not only those who live by the nuclear sword who, by design or
default, shall one day perish by it. All humanity will perish’.” 6
15. The Applicant acknowledges that in response to its alleged one
instance where it formulated its claim, such claim was not met with resistance
from the Respondent. On the contrary, India supported, as it has
done continuously since the days before its independence, the call for
nuclear disarmament. This support, in fact, has taken the form of concrete
steps and actions at the appropriate international fora, notably the
General Assembly and the Committee on Disarmament. The Court’s
1996 Advisory Opinion on nuclear weapons clearly established that the
obligation to negotiate towards nuclear disarmament is an obligation of
result and not one of means. It thus requires concrete steps from the
members of the international community. Such concrete steps on the part
of India are referenced in detail in the Annexes to the Counter‑Memorial
filed by the Respondent.
16. The Minister of External Affairs of India stated before the General
Assembly of the United Nations in 2013 that even prior to the independence,
“from the days of [the] freedom struggle [. . .] [India] has been consistent
in [its] support for the global elimination of all weapons of
mass destruction. Mahatma Gandhi, the Father of [the] nation, was
moved by the tragedy of Hiroshima and Nagasaki [when nuclear
weapons were used for the first time in 1945]. He wrote that he
regarded the employment of the atom bomb for the wholesale destruction
of men, women and children as the most diabolical use of
science.”
7
17. This stance has remained unchanged until today, regardless of the
different parties and politicians who have at turns ruled and represented
the country.
18. It was submitted that India is fully committed to the goal of a
nuclear‑weapon‑free world through globally verifiable and non‑discrimi-
6 CR 2016/1, pp. 18‑19, paras. 11, 12 and 14.
7 Statement by Salman Khurshid, Minister of External Affairs of India, at the
High‑Level Meeting of the General Assembly on Nuclear Disarmament, 68th United
Nations General Assembly in New York, 26 September 2013; Counter‑Memorial of India
(CMI), Annex 6.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bhandari) 474
223
naux nucléaires manquaient à leurs obligations juridiques au regard
du droit international coutumier. Une délégation officielle de l’Inde
— Etat possédant sans conteste un arsenal nucléaire — participait à
cette conférence. Or, dans la déclaration qu’elle a faite devant cette
conférence, l’Inde a notamment confirmé ce qui suit :
« Nous ne saurions accepter la logique suivant laquelle quelques
nations auraient le droit d’assurer leur sécurité en menaçant la
survie de l’humanité. Ce ne sont pas seulement ceux qui vivent par
l’épée nucléaire qui, à dessein ou par défaillance, périront un jour
par l’épée ; c’est l’humanité tout entière qui périra. ». » 6
15. Le demandeur reconnaît que, en cette unique occasion où il aurait
formulé sa réclamation, celle‑ci ne s’est pas heurtée à l’opposition du
défendeur. Au contraire, l’Inde a soutenu sans interruption, et dès avant
son indépendance, la cause du désarmement nucléaire, soutien qui s’est
exprimé sous la forme de mesures et d’actions concrètes dans les instances
internationales concernées, notamment l’Assemblée générale et le Comité
du désarmement. L’avis consultatif de la Cour de 1996 sur les armes
nucléaires a clairement établi que l’obligation de négocier en vue du
désarmement nucléaire était une obligation de résultat et non de moyens.
Elle impose donc aux membres de la communauté internationale de
prendre des mesures concrètes à cette fin ; celles que l’Inde a adoptées sont
détaillées dans les annexes de son contre‑mémoire.
16. En 2013, le ministre des affaires extérieures de l’Inde a déclaré
devant l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies que, même avant l’indépendance,
« depuis l’époque où nous luttions pour notre liberté, nous nous
sommes toujours engagés en faveur de l’élimination totale de toutes
les armes de destruction massive. Le Mahatma Gandhi, père de notre
Nation, a été touché par la tragédie d’Hiroshima et de Nagasaki
[lorsque des armes nucléaires ont été utilisées pour la première fois en
1945]. Dans ses écrits, il a estimé que le recours à la bombe atomique
pour détruire à grande échelle les hommes, les femmes et les enfants
était à ses yeux la forme la plus diabolique d’utilisation de la science. » 7
17. Cette position n’a pas varié depuis, quels que soient les partis et les
responsables politiques qui se sont succédé pour gouverner et représenter
le pays.
18. L’Inde a affirmé qu’elle souscrivait pleinement à l’objectif d’un
monde exempt d’armes nucléaires devant être atteint par un désarmement
6 CR 2016/1, p. 18‑19, par. 11, 12 et 14.
7 Déclaration du ministre des affaires extérieures de l’Inde, M. Salman Khurshid, à la
réunion de haut niveau de l’Assemblée générale sur le désarmement nucléaire, 68e session
de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, New York, 26 septembre 2013 ; contre-mémoire
de l’Inde (CMI), annexe 6.
475 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bhandari)
224
natory nuclear disarmament. The Co‑Agent of India, Mr. Gill, submitted
that India’s stand is that all States must work together for global, non‑discriminatory
and verifiable nuclear disarmament. He also submitted
that India needs a step‑by‑step process underwritten by a universal commitment
of all States and agreed global and non‑discriminatory multilateral
framework. He further submitted that India is committed to a
credible minimum deterrent, no‑first use and non‑use against non‑nuclear
weapons States, such as the Marshall Islands.
19. India’s first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, who after India’s
independence was among the first world leaders to raise concern of the
use of nuclear weapons, called for negotiations for the prohibition and
elimination of nuclear weapons. On 2 April 1954 he said in the Indian
Parliament, and I quote from his speech: “We know that its use threatens
the existence of man and civilization” (statement made by Prime Minister
Jawaharlal Nehru in Lok Sabha (Lower House of the Indian Parliament),
2 April 1954, Annex 3 to the Counter‑Memorial of India).
20. India’s Co‑Agent, Mr. Gill, submitted that
“[i]t was on the combined urging of India and Canada in 1961 that
the Soviet Union and the United States became co‑chairs of the first
standing negotiation forum on nuclear disarmament — the Eighteen
Nation Disarmament Committee, precursor to the CD of today.” 8
21. Mr. Gill further addressed the Court in the following terms:
“India’s nuclear programme is one of the oldest in the world and
India’s was the first reactor to go critical in Asia in 1956. Apart from
the four then nuclear‑weapon States, India was the only country in
1965 with a chemical reprocessing plant that could separate significant
quantities of plutonium. This was followed by India’s first
nuclear power plant in 1969. Among the nuclear‑weapons States,
India’s nuclear programme is unique in being technology driven
rather than weapons driven.
Historically, there has been a consensus in India on nuclear issues
that has revolved around support for universal and non‑discriminatory
global nuclear disarmament and safeguarding of India’s security
interests in a nuclearized world through the guarding of India’s
options and capabilities.” 9
8 CR 2016/4, p. 15, para. 5.
9 Ibid., p. 16, paras. 7‑8.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bhandari) 475
224
nucléaire universel, vérifiable et non discriminatoire. Son coagent,
M. Gill, a déclaré que l’Inde avait pour position que tous les Etats
devaient oeuvrer de concert à la réalisation d’un désarmement nucléaire
mondial, non discriminatoire et vérifiable, et ajouté qu’il fallait mettre en
place un processus échelonné procédant d’un engagement universel souscrit
par tous les Etats et s’inscrivant dans un cadre multilatéral non discriminatoire
et convenu, par tous les Etats également, au niveau mondial. Il
a en outre fait valoir que l’Inde souscrivait aux principes d’une force de
dissuasion minimale crédible, du non‑recours en premier et du non‑recours
aux armes nucléaires contre des Etats qui n’en sont pas dotés,
tels que la République des Iles Marshall.
19. Le premier premier ministre de l’Inde indépendante, Jawaharlal
Nehru, a aussi été parmi les premiers dirigeants du monde à se préoccuper
de l’utilisation des armes nucléaires et à appeler à des négociations
en vue de leur interdiction et de leur élimination. Ainsi, dès le 2 avril 1954,
il déclarait devant le Parlement indien : « Nous savons que leur utilisation
menace l’existence de l’homme et de la civilisation » (déclaration devant la
Lok Sabha (chambre basse du Parlement indien), 2 avril 1954, annexe 3
du contre‑mémoire de l’Inde).
20. Le coagent de l’Inde, M. Gill, a rappelé que,
« [e]n 1961, c’est à l’instigation de l’Inde et du Canada que l’Union
soviétique et les Etats‑Unis ont assumé la coprésidence du premier
organe permanent de négociation du désarmement nucléaire, le
Comité des dix‑huit puissances sur le désarmement, ancêtre de
l’actuelle
conférence du désarmement » 8.
21. Il a également déclaré ce qui suit à la Cour :
« [L]e programme nucléaire de l’Inde est parmi les plus anciens, et
c’est dans un réacteur indien que la masse critique a été atteinte pour
la première fois, en Asie, en 1956. En dehors des quatre Etats qui
étaient alors dotés de l’arme nucléaire, l’Inde, en 1965, était le seul
pays à être équipé d’installations de retraitement chimique permettant
d’obtenir par séparation isotopique d’importantes quantités de
plutonium. L’Inde s’est ensuite dotée en 1969 de sa première centrale
nucléaire. Son programme nucléaire se distingue de ceux des autres
Etats dotés de l’arme nucléaire en ce qu’il privilégie les avancées
technologiques plutôt que la production d’armes.
Il y a de longue date en Inde un consensus sur les questions
nucléaires, qui se manifeste par l’adhésion au principe du désarmement
nucléaire universel et non discriminatoire et le souci de sauvegarder
la sécurité du pays dans un monde nucléarisé en réservant les
choix qui s’offrent à lui et préservant les moyens dont il dispose. » 9
8 CR 2016/4, p. 15, par. 5.
9 Ibid., p. 16, par. 7‑8.
476 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bhandari)
225
22. Mr. Gill, while concluding his submission, also stated that:
“This essentiality is also recognized in India’s position that the first
step toward a nuclear‑weapons‑free world is a universal commitment
and an agreed global and non‑discriminatory multilateral framework.
[India] remain[s] ready to work for this noble goal in the designated
multilateral forums.” 10
23. India’s Prime Minister, Ms Indira Gandhi, in 1968 addressed the
Indian Parliament on the question of whether to sign the NPT and
described the situation in the following terms:
“Mankind today is at the crossroads of nuclear peace and nuclear
war. There can be no doubt that we should take the road to nuclear
peace. But the first step in this direction is not yet in sight. It is vitally
important, therefore, for the nuclear weapon powers to undertake as
soon as possible meaningful negotiations on a series of measures leading
to nuclear disarmament.” 11
24. India’s negotiator, Mr. V. C. Trivedi, between 1965 and 1966, made
several statements at the Conference of the Eighteen‑Nation Committee on
Disarmament (ENCD), where he again reiterated India’s commitments to
nuclear disarmament (statement by India’s negotiator, Mr. V. C. Trivedi at
the Conference of the Eighteen‑Nation Committee on Disarmament,
12 August 1965, 15 February 1966, 10 May 1966, 23 May 1967, 28 September
1967; CMI, Annexes 13‑17). In 1968, it was Ambassador Azim Husain
who addressed the ENCD and the Political Committee of the United Nations
in similar terms. (Statement by Ambassador Azim Husain at the Conference
of the Eighteen‑Nation Committee on Disarmament, 27 February 1968,
CMI, Annex 19; and statement by Ambassador Azim Husain in the Political
Committee of the United Nations, 14 May 1968, CMI, Annex 20.)
25. The External Affairs Minister M. C. Chagla, reporting on these
appearances before the ENCD in March 1967, informed the Indian Parliament
of the progress made at the ENCD, whose work to negotiate an
international treaty to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons is
based on the main principles laid down by the General Assembly in its
Resolution No. 2028 (XX) of 19 November 1965. He recalled that
“[India’s] views on the question of non‑proliferation of nuclear weapons
have been stated from time to time in the ENDC and at the forum of the
United Nations. These views remain unchanged.” 12
10 CR 2016/4, p. 19, para. 12.
11 Statement by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, Lok Sabha, 5 April 1968; CMI,
Annex 21.
12 Statement made by External Affairs Minister M. C. Chagla in the Indian Parliament,
27 March 1967; CMI, Annex 18.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bhandari) 476
225
22. Et M. Gill de conclure :
« Le caractère essentiel de ce fait est également illustré par la position
de l’Inde selon laquelle la première étape sur la voie conduisant
à un monde exempt d’armes nucléaires consiste à prendre un engagement
universel et à s’accorder sur un cadre multilatéral mondial et
non discriminatoire. [L’Inde reste prête] à concourir à la concrétisation
de ce noble objectif par [son] action au sein des instances multilatérales
compétentes. » 10
23. En 1968, la première ministre Indira Gandhi s’est exprimée devant
le Parlement indien sur la question de la signature du traité sur la non‑prolifération
et a décrit la situation en ces termes :
« L’humanité se trouve aujourd’hui à la croisée des chemins, en ce
qu’elle doit choisir entre la paix nucléaire et la guerre nucléaire. Il ne
fait aucun doute qu’elle doit suivre la voie de la paix, mais le premier
pas en ce sens semble encore bien loin. Il est donc indispensable que
les Etats dotés d’armes nucléaires engagent le plus tôt possible des
négociations sérieuses en vue d’adopter un ensemble de mesures
menant au désarmement nucléaire. » 11
24. En 1965 et 1966, le négociateur de l’Inde, V. C. Trivedi, a fait plusieurs
déclarations à la conférence du comité des dix‑huit puissances sur
le désarmement, dans lesquelles il a réitéré l’engagement de l’Inde en
faveur du désarmement nucléaire (déclarations du négociateur de l’Inde,
V. C. Trivedi, à la conférence du comité des dix‑huit puissances sur le
désarmement, les 12 août 1965, 15 février 1966, 10 mai 1966, 23 mai 1967
et 28 septembre 1967 ; CMI, annexes 13-17). En 1968, c’est l’ambassadeur
Azim Husain qui s’est exprimé dans le même sens devant cette conférence
ainsi que devant la commission politique des Nations Unies (déclarations
du 27 février 1968 à la conférence du comité des dix‑huit puissances sur le
désarmement, CMI, annexe 19, et du 14 mai 1968 à la commission politique
des Nations Unies, CMI, annexe 20).
25. En mars 1967, rendant compte des déclarations faites devant le comité
des dix‑huit puissances sur le désarmement, le ministre des affaires étrangères,
M. C. Chagla, a informé le Parlement indien des progrès accomplis
par ce comité, qui avait été chargé de négocier un traité international pour
prévenir la prolifération des armes nucléaires sur la base des grands principes
énoncés par l’Assemblée générale dans sa résolution 2028 (XX)
du 19 novembre 1965. Il a rappelé que « la position [de l’Inde] sur la question
de la non‑prolifération des armes nucléaires a[vait] été communiquée à
plusieurs reprises au comité des dix‑huit puissances sur le désarmement et à
l’Organisation des Nations Unies. Cette position demeur[ait] inchangée » 12.
10 CR 2016/4, p. 19, par. 12.
11 Déclaration faite le 5 avril 1968 par la première ministre Indira Gandhi devant la
Lok Sabha ; CMI, annexe 21.
12 Déclaration du ministre des affaires étrangères M. C. Chagla devant le Parlement
indien, 27 mars 1967 ; CMI, annexe 18.
477 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bhandari)
226
26. Mr. Chagla further stated that
“The Government of India share[s] with the international community
the anxiety arising from the proliferation of nuclear weapons.
They favour an early agreement on such a treaty and will be willing
to sign one which fulfils the basic principles laid down by the United
Nations. They are of the view that any such treaty should be a significant
step towards general and complete and, particularly nuclear
disarmament, and must meet the points of view of both nuclear
weapon and non‑nuclear weapon Powers.” 13
27. The Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi, on 9 June 1988, made a
very important and significant speech before the General Assembly of the
United Nations where he suggested a concrete action plan for elimination
of all nuclear weapons in three stages over the next 22 years beginning
now. He stated:
“The heart of our Action Plan is the elimination of all nuclear
weapons, in three stages over the next twenty‑two years, beginning
now. We put this Plan to the United Nations as a programme to be
launched at once.
While nuclear disarmament constitutes the centrepiece of each
stage of the Plan, this is buttressed by collateral and other measures
to further the process of disarmament. We have made proposals for
banning other weapons of mass destruction. We have suggested steps
for precluding the development of new weapon systems based on
emerging technologies. We have addressed ourselves to the task of
reducing conventional arms and forces to the minimum levels required
for defensive purposes. We have outlined ideas for the conduct of
international relations in a world free of nuclear weapons.” 14
28. Had the action plan suggested by the Indian Prime Minister been
accepted, all nuclear weapons would have been destroyed by 2010.
29. India’s nuclear policy was again articulated by India’s Prime
Minister,
Atal Bihari Vajpayee, on 27 May 1998 before the General
Assembly of the United Nations. I quote the relevant part of the speech:
“Our nuclear policy has been marked by restraint and openness. It
has not violated any international agreements either in 1974 or now,
in 1998. Our concerns have been made known to our interlocutors in
13 CMI, Annex 18.
14 “A World Free of Nuclear Weapons: An Action Plan”, tabled at the Third Special
Session on Disarmament of the UN General Assembly, 9 June 1988, p. 5; CMI, Annex 4.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bhandari) 477
226
26. M. Chagla a en outre déclaré :
« Le Gouvernement indien partage la vive inquiétude de la communauté
internationale quant à la prolifération des armes nucléaires.
Il souhaite qu’un accord soit rapidement dégagé sur un traité dans ce
domaine, qu’il serait disposé à signer s’il répond aux principes de
base établis par les Nations Unies. Il estime qu’un tel traité constituerait
un grand pas vers un désarmement général et complet, notamment
en ce qui concerne les armes nucléaires, et doit concilier les
points de vue tant des Etats dotés que des Etats non dotés d’armes
nucléaires. » 13
27. Le 9 juin 1988, le premier ministre Rajiv Gandhi a prononcé une
allocution très importante devant l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies,
dans laquelle il proposait un plan d’action concret tendant à éliminer en
trois étapes et en vingt-deux ans toutes les armes nucléaires :
« L’objectif de notre plan d’action est d’éliminer en trois étapes, au
cours des vingt-deux prochaines années, toutes les armes nucléaires.
Nous proposons ce plan à l’Organisation des Nations Unies en vue
d’une mise en oeuvre immédiate.
Le désarmement nucléaire constitue certes l’élément central de
chaque étape du plan, mais il est renforcé par des mesures complémentaires
et d’autres dispositions visant à élargir ce processus à
d’autres catégories d’armes. Ainsi, nous avons fait des propositions
en vue d’interdire d’autres types d’armes de destruction massive.
Nous avons suggéré des mesures tendant à empêcher la mise au point
de nouveaux systèmes d’armes basés sur les nouvelles technologies.
Nous nous sommes proposés de réduire le niveau des armes et des
forces conventionnelles pour les ramener aux minimums requis par
les impératifs de la défense. Nous avons avancé des idées susceptibles
de faciliter la conduite des relations internationales dans un monde
exempt d’armes nucléaires. » 14
28. Si le plan d’action proposé par le premier ministre indien avait été
adopté, toutes les armes nucléaires auraient été détruites en 2010.
29. Le 27 mai 1998, le premier ministre de l’Inde, M. Atal Bihari
Vajpayee,
a prononcé devant l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies un
discours dans lequel il a de nouveau évoqué la politique nucléaire de son
pays. Le passage pertinent en est reproduit ci‑après :
« Retenue et ouverture sont les maîtres mots de notre politique
nucléaire, qui n’a violé aucun accord international ni en 1974 ni
aujourd’hui en 1998. Au cours des dernières années, nos interlocu-
13 CMI, annexe 18.
14 Plan d’action pour un monde exempt d’armes nucléaires, soumis le 9 juin 1988 à la
troisième session extraordinaire de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies sur le désarmement,
p. 5 ; CMI, annexe 4.
478 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bhandari)
227
recent years. The restraint exercised for 24 years, after having demonstrated
our capability in 1974, is in itself a unique example. Restraint,
however, has to arise from strength. It cannot be based upon indecision
or doubt. Restraint is valid only when doubts are removed. The
series of tests undertaken by India have led to the removal of doubts.
The action involved was balanced in that it was the minimum necessary
to maintain what is an irreducible component of our national
security calculus. This Government’s decision has, therefore, to be
seen as part of a tradition of restraint that has characterized our policy
in the past 50 years.” 15
30. Mr. Vajpayee also reiterated that global nuclear disarmament is
India’s preferred approach.
31. The Indian External Affairs Minister on 9 May 2000 made this
statement before the parliament that India holds a genuine and lasting
non‑proliferation that can only be achieved through agreements that are
based upon equality and non‑discrimination for only those can contribute
to the global peace and stability. The cabinet committee on security
reviewed progress in operationalizing India’s nuclear doctrine on 4 January
2003 and declared India’s nuclear policy satisfactory. In reply to the
submissions of the Applicant, the RMI, it was suggested that all States
possessing nuclear weapons need to intensify efforts to address the responsibilities
in moving towards an effective and secure disarmament.
32. India’s 2006 Working Paper on Nuclear Disarmament strongly
urges “the complete elimination of nuclear weapons” (India Working
Paper on Nuclear Disarmament, p. 4; originally issued in the First Committee
in 2006 under the symbol A/C.1/61/5 and submitted to the CD as
CD/1816 of 20 February 2007, Annex 1).
33. India’s Minister of External Affairs on 26 September 2013 stated
before the General Assembly of the United Nations:
“As a responsible nuclear power, we have a credible minimum
deterrence policy and a posture of no‑first use. We refuse to participate
in an arms race, including a nuclear arms race. We are prepared
to negotiate a global No-First-Use treaty and our proposal for a Convention
banning the use of nuclear weapons remains on the table.
As we see no contradiction between nuclear disarmament and non‑proliferation,
we are also committed to working with the international
15 “Evolution of India’s Nuclear Policy”, paper presented in the Lok Sabha by Prime
Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee, 27 May 1998, p. 6; CMI, Annex 5, para. 18.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bhandari) 478
227
teurs ont été informés de nos préoccupations. La retenue dont nous
avons fait preuve pendant vingt-quatre ans, après avoir fait connaître
nos capacités en 1974, constitue en elle‑même un exemple unique. La
retenue, cependant, doit naître de la force. Elle ne doit pas naître de
l’indécision ou du doute. La retenue ne vaut que lorsque le doute a
été éliminé. La série d’essais menée par l’Inde a permis d’éliminer le
doute. C’était une décision équilibrée dans la mesure où elle correspondait
au minimum nécessaire pour maintenir ce qui constitue un
élément irréductible de notre stratégie de sécurité nationale. Cette
décision de notre Gouvernement s’inscrit donc dans la tradition de
retenue qui caractérise notre politique depuis cinquante ans et doit
être perçue comme telle. » 15
30. M. Vajpayee a également réaffirmé que le désarmement nucléaire
mondial était le premier choix de l’Inde.
31. Le 9 mai 2000, le ministre des affaires extérieures a déclaré devant
le Parlement que l’Inde considérait que la non‑prolifération ne pourrait
être réelle et durable que si elle reposait sur des accords fondés sur l’égalité
et la non‑discrimination, qui seuls pouvaient contribuer à instaurer la
paix et la stabilité mondiales. Le 4 janvier 2003, le conseil des ministres
restreint chargé de la sécurité a examiné les progrès accomplis dans l’opérationnalisation
de la doctrine nucléaire de l’Inde et déclaré satisfaisante
la politique nucléaire du pays. En réponse aux déclarations du demandeur
— les Iles Marshall —, tous les Etats dotés d’armes nucléaires ont
été invités à intensifier leurs efforts pour assumer leurs responsabilités en
vue d’un désarmement effectif réalisé en toute sécurité.
32. Le document de travail relatif au désarmement nucléaire établi par
l’Inde en 2006 appelle instamment à « l’élimination complète [des] armes
[nucléaires] » (Inde, document de travail relatif au désarmement nucléaire,
p. 4, initialement publié en 2006 comme document de la première Commission
de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies sous la cote A/C.1/61/5
et soumis à la Conférence du désarmement sous la cote CD/1816 en date
du 20 février 2007 ; CMI, annexe 1).
33. Le 26 septembre 2013, le ministre des affaires extérieures de
l’Inde a tenu les propos suivants devant l’Assemblée générale des Nations
Unies :
« En tant que puissance nucléaire responsable, nous avons opté
pour une politique de dissuasion minimale crédible et de non‑recours
en premier à l’arme nucléaire. Nous refusons de prendre part à la
course aux armements, y compris dans le domaine nucléaire. Nous
sommes disposés à négocier un traité global de non‑recours en premier
à l’arme nucléaire et notre proposition tendant à l’adoption
d’une convention interdisant l’emploi des armes nucléaires est tou-
15 « Evolution de la politique nucléaire de l’Inde », document présenté devant la
Lok Sabha par le premier ministre Atal Bihari Vajpayee le 27 mai 1998, p. 6 ; CMI,
annexe 5, par. 18.
479 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bhandari)
228
community to advance our common objectives of non‑proliferation,
including through strong export controls and membership of the
multilateral
export regimes.
Mr. President, the Non‑Aligned Movement, of which India is a
proud founding member, has proposed today the early commencement
of negotiations in the CD on nuclear disarmament. We support
this call. Without prejudice to the priority we attach to nuclear disarmament,
we also support the negotiation in the CD of a non‑discriminatory
and internationally verifiable treaty banning the future
production of fissile material for nuclear weapons and other nuclear
explosive devices that meet India’s national security interests. It
should be our collective endeavour to return the CD, which remains
the single multilateral disarmament negotiating forum, to substantive
work as early as possible.” 16
34. India was a party to the resolution adopted on 7 December 2015
by the General Assembly of the United Nations. In the resolution it is
mentioned “[c]onvinced that the continuing existence of nuclear weapons
poses a threat to humanity and all life on Earth”, and “[r]ecognizing that
the only defence against a nuclear catastrophe is the total elimination of
nuclear weapons and the certainty that they will never be produced
again”.
35. India’s Co‑Agent, Mr. Gill, in referring to Annex 9 to the Counter‑Memorial
of India, presented the situation in clear terms when he
summarized
the Parties’ voting patterns on this issue during the oral proceedings:
“In closing, I would like to reiterate that there is no dispute between
the Republic of the Marshall Islands and India. Annex 9 to India’s
Counter‑Memorial shows without the shadow of a doubt that while
India consistently voted for, in fact even co‑sponsored, the resolution
on the Advisory Opinion of the ICJ calling upon ‘all States immediately
to fulfil that obligation by commencing multilateral negotiations
leading to an early conclusion of a nuclear weapons convention prohibiting
the development, production, testing, deployment, stockpiling,
transfer, threat or use of nuclear weapons and providing for their
elimination’, the Republic of the Marshall Islands mostly abstained
16 Statement by Salman Khurshid, Minister of External Affairs of India, at the
High‑Level Meeting of the General Assembly on Nuclear Disarmament, 68th Session of
the United Nations General Assembly, 26 September 2013; CMI, Annex 6.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bhandari) 479
228
jours valable. Considérant par ailleurs que le désarmement nucléaire
et la non‑prolifération ne sont pas des objectifs contradictoires,
nous sommes également résolus à oeuvrer, de concert avec la communauté
internationale, pour atteindre notre objectif commun de non‑prolifération,
notamment par l’établissement de contrôles stricts à
l’exportation des armes nucléaires et l’adhésion aux accords multilatéraux
instaurant de tels régimes.
Monsieur le président, le Mouvement des non‑alignés, dont l’Inde
est fière d’être l’un des fondateurs, a proposé aujourd’hui d’engager
sans tarder des négociations sur le désarmement nucléaire au sein de
la conférence du désarmement. Nous nous joignons à cet appel. Tout
en continuant d’accorder la priorité au désarmement nucléaire, nous
sommes également favorables à la négociation, au sein de cette même
instance et dans le respect des intérêts nationaux de l’Inde en matière
de sécurité, d’un traité non discriminatoire et dont l’application
pourra faire l’objet d’un contrôle international interdisant à l’avenir
la production de matières fissiles destinées à des armes nucléaires et
à d’autres engins explosifs nucléaires. A cet effet, nous oeuvrerons
pour que la conférence du désarmement, qui demeure l’enceinte multilatérale
unique de négociation en la matière, puisse reprendre dès
que possible ses travaux sur le fond. » 16
34. L’Inde a voté pour une résolution adoptée le 7 décembre 2015
par l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies qui débute ainsi : « [c]onvaincue
que la persistance des armes nucléaires fait planer une menace sur
l’humanité et sur toutes les formes de vie sur terre et considérant que la
seule protection contre une catastrophe nucléaire est l’élimination
complète
des armes nucléaires et la certitude qu’il n’en sera plus jamais
fabriqué ».
35. Renvoyant à l’annexe 9 du contre‑mémoire, le coagent de l’Inde,
M. Gill, a clairement décrit la situation lorsqu’il a commenté ainsi à l’audience
les choix de vote sur cette question :
« En conclusion, je tiens à réaffirmer qu’il n’existe aucun différend
entre les Iles Marshall et l’Inde. Il ressort sans l’ombre d’un doute de
l’annexe 9 du contre‑mémoire de l’Inde que celle‑ci a constamment
voté pour les résolutions relatives à l’avis consultatif de la Cour par
lesquelles l’Assemblée générale demande « à tous les Etats de s’acquitter
immédiatement de cette obligation en engageant des négociations
multilatérales afin de parvenir sans tarder à la conclusion d’une
convention relative aux armes nucléaires interdisant la mise au point,
la fabrication, l’essai, le déploiement, le stockage, le transfert, la
menace ou l’emploi de ces armes et prévoyant leur élimination », et
16 Déclaration du ministre des affaires extérieures de l’Inde, M. Salman Khurshid, à la
réunion de haut niveau de l’Assemblée générale sur le désarmement nucléaire, 68e session
de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies, 26 septembre 2013 ; CMI, annexe 6.
480 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bhandari)
229
and once even voted ‘No’ on that resolution. This underlines like no
other fact the contrived nature of this dispute.” 17
36. The chart submitted by the Respondent as Annex 9 is reproduced
here for ease of reference:
Voting Patterns on ICJ Resolutions (2003‑2012)
Year India
Co‑sponsorship
India’s
Vote
Marshall Island’s
Vote
2003 Yes Yes No
2004 Yes Yes Yes
2005 Yes Yes Abstained
2006 Yes Yes Abstained
2007 Yes Yes Abstained
2008 Yes Yes Abstained
2009 Yes Yes Abstained
2010 Yes Yes Abstained
2011 Yes Yes Abstained
2012 Yes Yes Abstained
37. India’s permanent representative on 24 February 2015 made
this statement before the CD regarding nuclear disarmament policy of
India:
“India has been unwavering in its commitment to universal,
non‑discriminatory, verifiable nuclear disarmament. In our view,
nuclear disarmament can be achieved through a step‑by‑step process
underwritten by a universal commitment and an agreed global and
non‑discriminatory multilateral framework. We have called for a
meaningful dialogue among all States possessing nuclear weapons to
build trust and confidence and for reducing the salience of nuclear
weapons in international affairs and security doctrines. We believe
that increasing restraints on use of nuclear weapons would reduce the
probability of their use — whether deliberate, unintentional or accidental
and this process could contribute to the progressive delegitimization
of nuclear weapons, an essential step for their eventual
elimination, as has been the experience for chemical and biological
weapons.” 18
17 CR 2016/4, p. 18, para. 11.
18 Statement on Nuclear Disarmament delivered by Ambassador D. B. Venkatesh
Varma, Permanent Representative of India to the CD at the CD plenary meeting,
24 February 2015; CMI, Annex 10, para. 2.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bhandari) 480
229
qu’elle est même allée jusqu’à se joindre à ses auteurs, alors que les
Iles Marshall se sont la plupart du temps abstenues lors du vote, et
ont même une fois voté contre. Ce fait illustre mieux que tout autre
le caractère artificiel du prétendu différend. » 17
36. Par commodité, le tableau produit par le défendeur à l’annexe 9 du
contre‑mémoire est reproduit ci‑après :
Vote sur la résolution relative à l’avis consultatif de la CIJ (2003‑2012)
Année Inde coauteur
de la résolution
Vote
de l’Inde
Vote
des Iles Marshall
2003 Oui Pour Contre
2004 Oui Pour Pour
2005 Oui Pour Abstention
2006 Oui Pour Abstention
2007 Oui Pour Abstention
2008 Oui Pour Abstention
2009 Oui Pour Abstention
2010 Oui Pour Abstention
2011 Oui Pour Abstention
2012 Oui Pour Abstention
37. Le 24 février 2015, le représentant permanent de l’Inde a fait la
déclaration suivante à la conférence du désarmement au sujet de la politique
de désarmement nucléaire de son pays :
« L’Inde est fermement déterminée à mettre en oeuvre un désarmement
nucléaire universel, applicable à tous sans discrimination et
vérifiable. Elle estime que cet objectif peut être atteint par un processus
progressif, fondé sur un engagement universel et s’inscrivant dans
un cadre multilatéral, consensuel et non discriminatoire. Ainsi que
nous l’avons déjà dit, il importe d’engager un dialogue constructif
permettant d’instaurer un climat de confiance entre tous les Etats
dotés d’armes nucléaires et de réduire la place que celles‑ci occupent
dans les doctrines relatives à la sécurité et aux affaires internationales.
Nous sommes d’avis que, en restreignant davantage l’utilisation
des armes nucléaires, on peut rendre d’autant moins probable
cette utilisation, qu’elle soit délibérée, non intentionnelle ou accidentelle,
et contribuer ainsi à priver progressivement les armes nucléaires
de leur légitimité, étape essentielle à leur élimination finale, comme
on l’a vu avec les armes biologiques et chimiques. » 18
17 CR 2016/4, p. 18, par. 11.
18 Déclaration du représentant permanent de l’Inde auprès de la conférence du désarmement,
M. D. B. Venkatesh Varma, 24 février 2015 ; CMI, annexe 10, par. 2.
481 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bhandari)
230
38. India’s nuclear policy was thus reflected by the statement of India’s
permanent representative, Mr. Varma, to the CD.
39. The position taken by the Respondent in its Counter‑Memorial and
during the oral proceedings. Specifically responding to the Applicant’s
contention that it had raised the dispute with all nuclear States, including
India, during the Second Conference on the Humanitarian Impact of
Nuclear Weapons at Nayarit in February 2014, the Respondent described
how in fact the positions of the Parties are aligned and no dispute exists:
“The reading of . . . India’s and the Marshall Islands’ statements
at this conference clearly shows that their positions on the issue of
nuclear disarmament, far from being ‘positively opposed’, in fact converge.
If the Marshall Islands called on ‘all States possessing nuclear
weapons to intensify efforts to address their responsibilities in moving
towards an effective and secure disarmament’, India expressed its support
for nuclear disarmament and reiterated its commitment to the
complete elimination of nuclear weapons in a time-bound, universal,
non‑discriminatory, phased and verifiable manner.” 19
40. The Respondent’s Agent, Ms Neeru Chadha reiterated the convergence
of the Parties’ positions during the oral proceedings when she stated
that “the position of the parties at that conference [the Nayarit February
2014 conference] regarding the need for nuclear disarmament actually
coincided” (CR 2016/4, pp. 10‑11, para. 12).
41. It is evident from the excerpts transcribed, there is more convergence
than divergence in the Parties’ stated positions. Nuclear disarmament
is a complex issue and it is clear that the Parties’ positions are not
identical. But they are very far from being so distant as to qualify for the
existence of a dispute.
19 CMI, p. 9, para. 13, citing MMI, para. 18; India’s Statement at the Second Conference
on Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons, available at: http://www.mea.gov.
in/Speeches-Statements.
htm?dtl/22936/Statement_by_India_at_the_Second_Conference_
on_the_Humanitarian_Impact_of_Nuclear_Weapons_at_Nayarit_Mexico; Republic of
the Marshall Island’s Statement at the Second Conference on the Humanitarian Impact
of Nuclear Weapons, available at: http://www.reachingcriticalwill.org/images/documents/
Disarmament-fora/nayarit-2014/statements/MarshallIslands.pdf; South West Africa
(Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328; Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application:
2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda), Jurisdiction and Admissibility,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2006, p. 40, para. 90; Application of the International Convention
on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), pp. 84‑85, para. 30; and Questions
relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 442, para. 46.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bhandari) 481
230
38. Cette déclaration de M. Varma exprimait fidèlement la politique
nucléaire de l’Inde.
39. La position adoptée par le défendeur dans son contre‑mémoire et à
l’audience. Répondant en particulier à l’assertion du demandeur selon
laquelle celui‑ci aurait mentionné le différend qui l’oppose à tous les
autres Etats dotés d’armes nucléaires, y compris l’Inde, au cours de la
deuxième conférence sur l’impact humanitaire des armes nucléaires, tenue
à Nayarit en février 2014, le défendeur a montré qu’en fait les positions
des Parties concordaient et qu’il n’existait pas de différend :
« Or, à la lecture des déclarations faites par l’Inde et la République
des Iles Marshall à cette conférence, il apparaît en réalité clairement
que les positions exprimées par chacun des deux Etats sur la question
du désarmement nucléaire, loin de « se heurte[r] à l’opposition manifeste
de l’autre », se rejoignaient. Ainsi, alors que la République des
Iles Marshall appelait « toutes les puissances nucléaires [à] intensifier
leurs efforts pour assumer leurs responsabilités en vue d’un désarmement
effectif réalisé en toute sérénité », l’Inde exprimait son soutien
à la cause du désarmement nucléaire et réitérait son engagement
en faveur de l’élimination totale des armes nucléaires de manière universelle,
non discriminatoire, progressive et vérifiable, selon un calendrier
précis. » 19
40. A l’audience, l’agent du défendeur, Mme Neeru Chadha, a réaffirmé
cette convergence de vues lorsqu’elle a déclaré que « les positions exprimées
par les Parties lors de la conférence [de Nayarit en février 2014]
quant à la nécessité du désarmement nucléaire se trouvaient coïncider »
(CR 2016/4, p. 10‑11, par. 12).
41. Il ressort à l’évidence des extraits cités qu’il y a plus de convergence
que de divergence entre les positions déclarées des Parties. Le désarmement
nucléaire est certes une question complexe, et les positions des Parties
ne sont bien sûr pas identiques. Elles sont toutefois loin d’être
suffisamment divergentes pour accréditer l’existence d’un différend.
19 CMI, p. 9, par. 13, citant MIM, par. 18 ; la déclaration de l’Inde à la deuxième
conférence sur l’impact humanitaire des armes nucléaires peut être consultée, en anglais, à
l’adresse http://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.
htm?dtl/22936/Statement_by_India_
at_the_Second_Conference_on_the_Humanitarian_Impact_of_Nuclear_Weapons_at_
Nayarit_Mexico ; celle des Iles Marshall peut l’être à l’adresse http://www.reachingcritical
will.org/images/documents/Disarmament-fora/nayarit-2014/statements/MarshallIslands.
pdf ; Sud-Ouest africain (Ethiopie c. Afrique du Sud ; Libéria c. Afrique du Sud), exceptions
préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 328 ; Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo
(nouvelle requête : 2002) (République démocratique du Congo c. Rwanda), compétence et
recevabilité, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2006, p. 40, par. 90 ; Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération
de Russie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 84‑85, par. 30 ; et
Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgique c. Sénégal), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 442, par. 46.
482 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bhandari)
231
42. The Marshall Islands and India have been chasing the same goal of
disarmament and how the world can become free of nuclear weapons.
Both countries are making serious efforts in this direction, therefore by
no stretch of the imagination can it be concluded that there is any dispute
between the Marshall Islands and India.
43. On application of the Court’s Statute and its jurisprudence to
the documents and pleadings placed before the Court, the irresistible conclusion
is the absence of any dispute between the Parties, and consequently,
on the facts of this case, the Court lacks jurisdiction to deal with
this case.
44. The majority Judgment, instead of looking into these aspects
closely, chose to focus mainly on the lack of awareness of the Respondent
of the impending dispute. The Judgment considers that what is required
is that “[t]he evidence must show that . . . the respondent was aware, or
could not have been unaware, that its views were ‘positively opposed’ by
the applicant” (Judgment, para. 38).
45. The Court has the freedom to choose any preliminary objection
when examining its own jurisdiction. In doing so, it usually chooses the
most “direct and conclusive one”. Christian Tomuschat summarized the
situation in clear terms in his contribution on Article 36 to the handbook
The Statute of the International Court of Justice — A Commentary. He
stated:
“The Court is free to choose the grounds on which to dismiss a case
either for lack of jurisdiction or as being inadmissible. It does not
have to follow a specific order, nor is there any rule making it compulsory
to adjudge first issues of jurisdiction before relying on lack of
admissibility. The Court generally bases its decisions on the ground
which in its view is ‘more direct and conclusive’. In pure legal logic,
it would seem inescapable that the Court would have to rule by order
of priority on objections related to jurisdiction. However, such a strict
procedural regime would be all the more infelicitous since the borderline
between the two classes of preliminary objections is to some
extent dependent on subjective appreciation. The Court therefore
chooses the ground which is best suited to dispose of the case (‘direct
and conclusive’).” 20
46. This freedom of the Court was first stated in the Certain Norwegian
Loans (France v. Norway) case, where the Court considered that its jurisdiction
was being challenged on two grounds, and that the Court is free
to base its decision on the ground which in its judgment is more direct
and conclusive (Certain Norwegian Loans (France v. Norway), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1957, p. 25).
20 Christian Tomuschat, The Statute of the International Court of Justice — A Commentary
(Second Edition), p. 707, para. 138, footnotes omitted.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bhandari) 482
231
42. La République des Iles Marshall et l’Inde poursuivent le même
objectif de désarmement et cherchent toutes les deux les moyens de parvenir
à un monde exempt d’armes nucléaires. Elles déploient toutes les deux
d’importants efforts en ce sens, et absolument rien ne permet de conclure
à l’existence d’un quelconque différend entre elles.
43. Si l’on applique le Statut et la jurisprudence de la Cour aux documents
et pièces de procédure qui lui ont été présentés, on parvient à l’incontestable
conclusion qu’il n’existait pas de différend entre les Parties et
que, compte tenu des faits de l’espèce, la Cour n’avait pas compétence
pour statuer.
44. Or, dans le présent arrêt, au lieu d’examiner ces aspects de près, la
majorité de la Cour a décidé de s’intéresser principalement au fait que le
défendeur n’avait pas connaissance du différend allégué, considérant que
ce qui était requis était que « [l]es éléments de preuve … montre[nt] que …
le défendeur avait connaissance, ou ne pouvait pas ne pas avoir connaissance,
de ce que ses vues se heurtaient à l’« opposition manifeste » du
demandeur » (arrêt, par. 38).
45. La Cour, lorsqu’elle examine la question de sa compétence, est
libre de choisir n’importe quelle exception soulevée par le défendeur,
et elle choisit habituellement la plus « directe et décisive ». Christian
Tomuschat a clairement résumé la situation dans son commentaire
de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour dans un manuel intitulé The Statute of
the International Court of Justice — A Commentary :
« La Cour est libre de choisir les motifs d’incompétence ou
d’
irrecevabilité
sur la base desquels elle rejettera une affaire. Elle
n’est pas tenue de suivre un ordre spécifique, ni de se prononcer sur
les questions de compétence avant les questions de recevabilité. Elle
fonde généralement ses décisions sur le motif qu’elle estime le plus
« direct et décisif ». Il semblerait logique que la Cour doive se prononcer
par ordre de priorité sur les exceptions d’incompétence. Toutefois,
un régime procédural aussi strict serait d’autant plus fâcheux
que la limite entre les deux catégories d’exceptions dépend dans une
certaine mesure d’une appréciation subjective. La Cour choisit donc
le motif le plus approprié (« direct et décisif ») pour rejeter une
affaire. » 20
46. Cette liberté a été affirmée pour la première fois dans l’affaire relative
à Certains emprunts norvégiens (France c. Norvège), dans laquelle la
Cour a considéré que sa compétence était contestée pour deux motifs et
qu’elle était libre de fonder sa décision sur le motif qui, selon elle, était le
plus direct et décisif (Certains emprunts norvégiens (France c. Norvège),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1957, p. 25).
20 C. Tomuschat, The Statute of the International Court of Justice — A Commentary
(2e éd.), p. 707, par. 138 ; notes de bas de page omises.
483 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bhandari)
232
47. This position has consistently been taken by the Court in the years
since the Certain Norwegian Loans matter (see, for example, Aerial Incident
of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1959,
p. 146; Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1978, pp. 16‑17; Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan
v. India), Jurisdiction, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2000, p. 24, para. 26;
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2004 (I), p. 298, para. 46).
48. In the instant case, by choosing the lack of awareness on the part
of Respondent as the main ground for the dismissal of the claim, it
appears, with respect, that the Court has chosen not to give emphasis to
the most “direct and conclusive” element of that ground for the dismissal
of the claim. The consequence is serious: lack of awareness on the part of
the Respondent can be easily cured by the Applicant by giving proper
notice of the dispute to the Respondent. In that case, the Marshall Islands
could simply bring the case again before the Court. In my view, that
would be an undesirable result and should be discouraged. The real
ground for the dismissal of the case ought to have been the absence of a
dispute between the Parties. The majority has only dealt with preliminary
objection number one, and even while dealing with that objection greater
emphasis was not placed on the analysis of the documents and pleadings
of the Parties, which reveals that there is no dispute between them.
49. The Parties have already submitted documents, pleadings and
submissions
in extenso. In the facts of this case, this Court ought to
have examined the other preliminary objections. Otherwise, a re‑submission
of the case again would entail a waste of the efforts, time and
resources already spent by the Parties and the Court in the treatment of
this matter.
50. On careful consideration of all documents, pleadings and submissions
the irresistible conclusion is that no dispute exists between the Parties.
The majority Judgment ought to have rejected the RMI’s Application
mainly on this ground.
Part Two: Other Preliminary Objections
51. In the facts of this case the Court should have examined other preliminary
objections taken by the Respondent, namely:
1. Monetary Gold principle, i.e., absence of essential parties not party to
the instant proceedings;
2. The Judgment would serve no practical purpose; and
3. The application of reservations numbers 4, 5, 7 and 11 to India’s
optional clause declaration under Article 36 (2) of the Statute of the
Court, recognizing the Court’s compulsory jurisdiction.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bhandari) 483
232
47. Depuis cette affaire, la Cour a régulièrement confirmé cette position
(voir, par exemple, Incident aérien du 27 juillet 1955 (Israël c. Bulgarie),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1959, p. 146 ; Plateau continental de la mer
Egée (Grèce c. Turquie), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1978, p. 16‑17 ; Incident
aérien du 10 août 1999 (Pakistan c. Inde), compétence de la Cour, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2000, p. 24, par. 26 ; Licéité de l’emploi de la force
(Serbie‑et‑Monténégro
c. Belgique), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2004 (I), p. 298, par. 46).
48. En la présente espèce, lorsqu’elle a retenu le défaut de connaissance
du différend chez le défendeur comme motif principal de rejet de la
demande, la Cour semble, sauf le respect que je lui dois, avoir choisi de ne
pas privilégier l’élément le plus « direct et décisif ». Ce choix peut entraîner
de graves conséquences, car le demandeur pourra facilement mettre
fin à ce défaut de connaissance en notifiant formellement le différend au
défendeur. Dans ce cas, les Iles Marshall pourraient simplement introduire
à nouveau la même instance devant la Cour. A mon sens, un tel
résultat n’était guère souhaitable et il aurait fallu l’empêcher. Le véritable
motif de rejet de l’affaire aurait dû être l’absence de différend entre les
Parties. La majorité n’a examiné que la première exception présentée par
l’Inde et, même dans son examen de cette exception, elle n’a pas suffisamment
mis l’accent sur l’analyse des documents et pièces de procédure des
Parties, qui révélaient qu’il n’existait pas de différend entre elles.
49. Les Parties ont déjà soumis une profusion de documents, pièces de
procédure et arguments. Compte tenu des faits de l’espèce, la Cour aurait
dû examiner les autres exceptions de l’Inde. Faute de quoi, une réintroduction
de l’instance signifierait que les efforts, le temps et les moyens que
les Parties et la Cour ont dépensés pour régler cette question l’ont été en
pure perte.
50. Un examen minutieux de l’ensemble des documents, pièces de procédure
et arguments aboutit à l’irréfragable conclusion d’une absence de
différend entre les Parties. La majorité de la Cour aurait dû rejeter la
requête des Iles Marshall principalement pour ce motif.
Deuxième partie : les autres exceptions
51. Compte tenu des faits de l’espèce, la Cour aurait dû examiner les
autres exceptions soulevées par le défendeur, à savoir :
1. le principe de l’Or monétaire, c’est‑à‑dire l’absence à l’instance de parties
indispensables ;
2. le fait qu’un arrêt de la Cour en l’espèce n’aurait aucune conséquence
pratique ; et
3. l’application des réserves nos 4, 5, 7 et 11 dont l’Inde a assorti la déclaration
qu’elle a faite en vertu de la clause facultative du paragraphe 2
de l’article 36 du Statut de la Cour pour reconnaître comme obligatoire
la juridiction de celle‑ci.
484 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bhandari)
233
Monetary Gold Principle
52. I deem it proper to very briefly deal with the other preliminary
objections to demonstrate that the other objections are also substantial in
character and should have been adjudicated by the Court.
53. In relation to the application of the Monetary Gold principle, on
behalf of India it was submitted that a judgment of the Court would serve
no legitimate purpose in the absence of other indispensable parties.
54. The Applicant in its Application submitted a chart, which indicates
that India, Pakistan and the United Kingdom, Respondents in these three
proceedings put together, possess less than 3 per cent of the total nuclear
weapons in the world (RMI’s chart in its Application at page 14). The
other countries, who possess the other more than 97 per cent of the
nuclear weapons in the world, are not before the Court and consequently
the Court is precluded from exercising its jurisdiction in this matter with
respect to those States (the States possessing 97 per cent of the nuclear
weapons). Therefore, it is indispensable to have the participation of the
other countries who possess such a large quantity of the world’s nuclear
weapons.
55. It was further contended on behalf of the Respondent that it cannot
unilaterally enter into negotiations in the absence of other major
nuclear powers.
56. The Court considered in its 1996 Advisory Opinion on nuclear
weapons that any realistic search for general and complete disarmament
would require the co‑operation of all States (Legality of the Threat or Use
of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (I), p. 264,
para. 100). This was also stated by India’s Agent, Ms Neeru Chadha,
in her introductory submissions (CR 2016/4, 10 March 2016, p. 11,
para. 18).
57. In the Respondent’s view, the question of nuclear disarmament
must be the subject‑matter of a multilateral treaty and such a legislative
function is not within the province of the Court, but “is strictly the preserve
of the UN inter‑governmental forums” (CMI, para. 42).
58. This preliminary objection is substantial in character and it ought
to have been adjudicated by the Court.
The Court’s Judgment Would Not Have any Concrete Effect
59. In another preliminary objection, India contends in its Counter‑Memorial
that a Judgment by the Court in the present case would
serve no legitimate purpose and have no practical consequence. It first
points out that the majority of nuclear‑weapon States which refuse to
consent to the Court’s jurisdiction could not be bound by such a Judgment
to negotiate with India, and that “a unilateral direction to India to
carry out negotiations without the same decision being equally applicable
to other States would be meaningless”. India further notes that such a
Judgment would be purposeless, since it has always firmly indicated its
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bhandari) 484
233
Principe de l’Or monétaire
52. J’estime opportun de traiter très brièvement des autres exceptions
afin de démontrer que celles‑ci sont elles aussi fondamentales et que la
Cour aurait dû se prononcer sur elles.
53. En ce qui concerne le principe de l’Or monétaire, l’Inde a fait valoir
qu’un arrêt de la Cour n’aurait aucune conséquence pratique en l’absence
d’autres parties indispensables.
54. Dans leur requête, les Iles Marshall ont présenté un tableau qui
indique que l’Inde, le Pakistan et le Royaume‑Uni, défendeurs dans les
trois affaires en cause, possèdent moins de 3 % de l’ensemble des armes
nucléaires dans le monde (requête des Iles Marshall, p. 14). Les autres
pays, qui possèdent plus de 97 % de ces armes, n’étaient pas présents
devant la Cour, laquelle ne pouvait donc exercer sa compétence sur cette
question à leur égard. Or, il aurait été indispensable que ces autres pays,
qui possèdent une proportion aussi considérable de l’arsenal nucléaire
mondial, participent à l’instance.
55. Le défendeur a en outre affirmé qu’il ne pouvait unilatéralement
entamer des négociations en l’absence des autres grandes puissances
nucléaires.
56. Comme l’a déclaré la Cour dans son avis consultatif de 1996 sur les
armes nucléaires, toute recherche réaliste d’un désarmement général et
complet nécessite la coopération de tous les Etats (Licéité de la menace ou
de l’emploi d’armes nucléaires, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (I),
p. 264, par. 100). Ce point a également été souligné par l’agent de l’Inde,
Mme Neeru Chadha, dans son introduction (CR 2016/4, 10 mars 2016,
p. 11, par. 18).
57. Pour le défendeur, la question du désarmement nucléaire doit faire
l’objet d’un traité multilatéral, et une telle fonction législative n’est pas du
ressort de la Cour, mais « relève strictement de la compétence des instances
intergouvernementales des Nations Unies » (CMI, par. 42).
58. Cette exception était fondamentale, et la Cour aurait dû statuer sur
elle.
Un arrêt de la Cour sur le fond n’aurait pas d’effet concret
59. Dans une autre exception soulevée dans son contre-mémoire,
l’Inde
affirme qu’un arrêt de la Cour en l’espèce ne servirait aucun objectif légitime
et n’aurait aucune conséquence pratique. Elle fait tout d’abord valoir
qu’un tel arrêt ne pourrait contraindre la majorité des Etats dotés d’armes
nucléaires qui n’acceptent pas la compétence de la Cour à négocier avec
l’Inde ; et que « [p]rescrire unilatéralement à [celle‑ci] de mener des négociations
sans que cette décision ne s’applique également à d’autres Etats
n’aurait pas de sens ». L’Inde ajoute qu’au demeurant un tel arrêt serait
sans objet, étant donné qu’elle a toujours fait fermement part de sa
485 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bhandari)
234
willingness to proceed to negotiations on comprehensive nuclear disarmament
in the Conference on Disarmament (CMI, paras. 88‑90).
60. This preliminary objection also deserved adjudication by the Court.
Reservations
Applicability of India’s Fourth Reservation (Disputes relating to
Situations of Hostilities or Self‑Defence)
61. India’s fourth reservation excludes the jurisdiction of the Court
for:
“[D]isputes relating to or connected with facts or situations of hostilities,
armed conflicts, individual or collective actions taken in self-defence,
resistance to aggression, fulfilment of obligations imposed by
international bodies, and other similar or related acts, measures or
situations in which India is, has been or may in future be involved.” 21
62. India contends that its measures of self‑defence are covered by the
fourth reservation. In the Respondent’s view, all disputes concerning any
weapons, including nuclear weapons, which it might choose to possess or
develop to protect itself from hostilities, armed conflicts, aggression and
other similar or related acts or situations, are therefore excluded from the
Court’s jurisdiction.
63. India adds that the Marshall Islands has sought to limit the scope
of India’s reservation artificially to specific situations of use of force.
In its view, such an interpretation of the reservation is not in keeping
with the plain meaning of the language used — in particular, India deliberately
used very broad language — and runs counter to the intention
underlying this reservation, which was to exclude from the Court’s jurisdiction
any matter pertaining to national security and self‑defence (CMI,
paras. 54‑62).
64. This preliminary objection is substantial in character and it ought
to have been adjudicated by the Court.
Applicability of India’s Fifth Reservation
(Acceptance of Jurisdiction Exclusively for the Purposes of the Dispute or
less than 12 Months prior to the Filing of the Application)
65. India’s fifth reservation excludes from the Court’s jurisdiction:
“[D]isputes with regard to which any other party to a dispute has
accepted the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of
Justice exclusively for or in relation to the purposes of such dispute;
or where the acceptance of the Court’s compulsory jurisdiction on
21 India’s declaration accepting the Court’s compulsory jurisdiction.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bhandari) 485
234
volonté de poursuivre des négociations sur un désarmement nucléaire
complet dans le cadre de la Conférence du désarmement (CMI, par. 88‑90).
60. Cette exception méritait également que la Cour statue sur elle.
Réserves
Applicabilité de la quatrième réserve de l’Inde (différends relatifs
à des situations d’hostilités ou à la légitime défense)
61. La quatrième réserve de l’Inde exclut de la juridiction de la Cour
« [l]es différends relatifs ou ayant trait à des faits ou à des situations
d’hostilités, à des conflits armés, à des actes individuels ou collectifs
accomplis en légitime défense, à la résistance à l’agression, à l’exécution
d’obligations imposées par des organes internationaux et autres
faits, mesures ou situations connexes ou de même nature qui concernent
ou ont concerné l’Inde ou peuvent la concerner dans l’avenir » 21.
62. L’Inde soutient que les mesures prises pour assurer sa légitime
défense sont couvertes par cette quatrième réserve. De l’avis du défendeur,
sont donc exclus de la compétence de la Cour tous les différends
relatifs aux armes quelles qu’elles soient, y compris nucléaires, que l’Inde
pourrait décider de posséder ou développer aux fins de se protéger contre
des actes d’hostilités, des conflits armés, des actes d’agression et autres
faits ou situations connexes.
63. L’Inde ajoute que les Iles Marshall ont cherché à limiter de manière
artificielle le champ d’application de sa réserve à des situations particulières
d’emploi de la force. Or, selon elle, une telle interprétation ne respecte
pas le sens ordinaire des termes employés dans ladite réserve — en
particulier, l’Inde a délibérément employé des termes d’une portée très
large — et est contraire à l’intention qui la sous‑tend, à savoir d’exclure
de la compétence de la Cour toute question concernant la sécurité nationale
et la légitime défense (CMI, par. 54‑62).
64. Cette exception était fondamentale, et la Cour aurait dû statuer sur
elle.
Applicabilité de la cinquième réserve de l’Inde
(acceptation de la juridiction uniquement aux fins du différend ou moins
de douze mois avant le dépôt de la requête)
65. La cinquième réserve de l’Inde exclut de la compétence de la Cour
« [l]es différends à l’égard desquels toute autre partie en cause a
accepté la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour internationale de Justice
uniquement pour ce qui concerne lesdits différends ou aux fins de
ceux‑ci ; ou lorsque l’acceptation de la juridiction obligatoire de la
21 Déclaration d’acceptation par l’Inde de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour.
486 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bhandari)
235
behalf of a party to the dispute was deposited or ratified less than
12 months prior to the filing of the application bringing the dispute
before the Court.” 22
66. India claims in its Counter‑Memorial that the Marshall Islands
accepted the jurisdiction of the Court for the sole purpose of the dispute,
and that India’s fifth reservation therefore applies. The Respondent notes
in this respect that the Marshall Islands deposited its declaration recognizing
the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court on 24 April 2013, and
filed the Application in the present case on 24 April 2014; in its view, this
demonstrates that “the Declaration was carefully devised so as to permit
the [RMI] to lodge its Application on this artificial dispute as it did with
an undue haste” (CMI, paras. 64‑71).
67. The Respondent further argues that this chronology in any event
shows that the said Application was filed one day before the expiry of the
12‑month time‑limit set in the fifth reservation of its declaration, which,
by itself, constitutes grounds to reject the Application of the Marshall
Islands (ibid., para. 72).
68. This preliminary objection also deserved to be considered.
Applicability of India’s Seventh Reservation (Interpretation or
Application of a Multilateral Treaty)
69. India’s seventh reservation provides that the Court has no jurisdiction
to settle: “disputes concerning the interpretation or application of a
multilateral treaty unless all the parties to the treaty are also parties to the
case before the Court or [the] Government of India specially agree[s] to
jurisdiction [over such disputes]” 23.
70. India is of the view that, since the real purpose of the Application
is to induce the Court to declare that India is in breach of obligations
stemming from Article VI of the NPT, its seventh reservation is also
applicable in the present case. It contends that the subject‑matter of the
case, as defined by the Marshall Islands in its Memorial, concerns the
question of whether Article VI of the NPT gives rise to a general principle
of disarmament applicable erga omnes, the alleged disputes therefore concerns
the interpretation and application of the NPT.
71. India further argues that the legal context in the present case differs
in two respects from that in the case concerning Military and Paramilitary
Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America):
(i) whereas, in the latter case, the United States invoked the violation
of treaties which “codified” customary international law, in the
present case the Marshall Islands is invoking an obligation of customary
international law “rooted” in Article VI of the NPT, which thus necessarily
requires interpretation by the Court; (ii) while the American reserva-
22 India’s declaration accepting the Court’s compulsory jurisdiction.
23 Ibid.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bhandari) 486
235
Cour au nom d’une autre partie au différend a été déposée ou ratifiée
moins de douze mois avant la date du dépôt de la requête par laquelle
la Cour est saisie du différend » 22.
66. L’Inde soutient dans son contre‑mémoire que les Iles Marshall ont
accepté la juridiction de la Cour aux seules fins du différend en cause et
que sa cinquième réserve trouve donc à s’appliquer. Elle note à cet égard
que les Iles Marshall ont déposé leur déclaration d’acceptation de la juridiction
obligatoire de la Cour le 24 avril 2013 et la requête en la présente
affaire, le 24 avril 2014 ; cela démontre à son avis que « la déclaration
avait été soigneusement conçue pour permettre à la République des
Iles Marshall de déposer sa requête concernant ce différend artificiel, ce
qu’elle a fait avec une précipitation tout à fait indue » (CMI, par. 64‑71).
67. Le défendeur ajoute que cette chronologie révèle au demeurant
que la requête des Iles Marshall a été déposée un jour avant l’expiration
du délai de douze mois fixé dans la cinquième réserve de sa déclaration,
ce qui constitue, à lui seul, un motif de rejet de ladite requête (ibid.,
par. 72).
68. Cette exception aurait également dû être examinée.
Applicabilité de la septième réserve de l’Inde (interprétation
ou application d’un traité multilatéral)
69. La septième réserve de l’Inde prévoit que la Cour n’est pas compétente
pour trancher « [l]es différends relatifs à l’interprétation ou à l’application
d’un traité multilatéral, à moins que toutes les parties au traité ne
soient également parties à l’affaire dont la Cour est saisie ou que le Gouvernement
indien n’accepte spécialement la juridiction de la Cour » 23.
70. L’Inde considère que sa septième réserve est également applicable
en l’espèce, du fait que le véritable objectif poursuivi par la requête est
d’amener la Cour à déclarer qu’elle viole des obligations découlant de
l’article VI du TNP. Elle soutient que l’objet de l’affaire, tel que les
Iles Marshall l’ont défini dans leur mémoire, concerne la question de
savoir si l’article VI du TNP a donné naissance à un principe général de
désarmement applicable erga omnes ; le différend allégué est donc relatif à
l’interprétation et l’application du TNP.
71. L’Inde ajoute que le contexte juridique de la présente espèce diffère
sur deux points de celui de l’affaire des Activités militaires et paramilitaires
au Nicaragua et contre celui‑ci (Nicaragua c. Etats‑Unis d’Amérique)
: i) alors que, dans cette dernière affaire, les Etats‑Unis invoquaient
la violation de traités ayant « codifié » le droit international coutumier, les
Iles Marshall invoquaient en l’espèce une obligation du droit international
coutumier « ancré[e] » dans l’article VI du TNP, dont l’interprétation
était ainsi nécessairement attendue de la Cour ; ii) tandis que la réserve
22 Déclaration d’acceptation par l’Inde de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour.
23 Ibid.
487 nuclear arms and disarmament (sep. op. bhandari)
236
tion excluded “disputes arising under a multilateral treaty”, that of India,
which is wider, excludes “disputes concerning the interpretation or application
of a multilateral treaty”, and therefore bars the jurisdiction of the
Court to entertain disputes which, as in the present case, concern the
interpretation of a treaty or imply such an interpretation (CMI,
paras. 74‑82).
72. This preliminary objection deserved consideration by the Court.
Applicability of India’s Eleventh Reservation (Disputes the Foundations
of which Existed prior to the Date of India’s Declaration)
73. India’s eleventh reservation excludes from the jurisdiction of the
Court: “disputes prior to the date of this declaration, including any dispute
the foundations, reasons, facts, causes, origins, definitions, allegations
or bases of which existed prior to this date, even if they are
submitted or brought to the knowledge of the Court hereafter” 24.
74. India claims in its Counter‑Memorial that this reservation is particularly
wide and excludes from the Court’s jurisdiction any dispute
whose origin is prior to the date on which it filed its 1974 declaration as
in the present case. It recalls in this respect that it refused to sign the NPT
and to assume obligations under that Treaty in 1968; it concludes that its
alleged failure to negotiate nuclear disarmament is a cause which existed
prior to its 1974 declaration and, consequently, cannot be the subject‑matter
of an application before the Court (ibid., paras. 83‑87).
75. The Respondent’s preliminary objection is substantial in character
and it ought to have been adjudicated by the Court.
76. On the basis of the entire materials on record, it can be safely
observed that India has been unwavering in its commitment to disarmament.
The majority Judgment ought to have held clearly that, on the
basis of documents and pleadings of the Parties, no dispute existed
between them at the time of filing the Application, while upholding
India’s first preliminary objection.
(Signed) Dalveer Bhandari.
24 India’s declaration accepting the Court’s compulsory jurisdiction.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (op. ind. bhandari) 487
236
américaine excluait les « différends résultant d’un traité multilatéral »,
celle de l’Inde, plus générale, excluait les « différends relatifs à l’interprétation
ou à l’application d’un traité multilatéral », et constituait par
conséquent un obstacle à la compétence de la Cour pour connaître de
différends qui, comme c’était le cas en l’espèce, portent sur l’interprétation
d’un traité ou supposent une telle interprétation (CMI, par. 74‑82).
72. Cette exception aurait dû être examinée par la Cour.
Applicabilité de la onzième réserve de l’Inde (différends dont
les fondements seraient antérieurs à la date de la déclaration de l’Inde)
73. La onzième réserve de l’Inde exclut de la compétence de la Cour
« [l]es différends antérieurs à la date de la présente déclaration, y compris
les différends dont les fondements, les motifs, les faits, les causes, les origines,
les définitions, les raisons ou les bases existaient avant cette date,
quand bien même la Cour en serait saisie ou avisée à une date ultérieure » 24.
74. L’Inde soutenait dans son contre‑mémoire que cette réserve avait
une portée particulièrement étendue et excluait de la juridiction de la
Cour tout différend dont l’origine était antérieure à la date du dépôt de sa
déclaration en 1974, comme c’était le cas en l’espèce. Elle rappelait à cet
égard que c’est en 1968 qu’elle a refusé de signer le TNP et d’assumer les
obligations qui en découlaient ; elle en concluait que son prétendu manquement
à l’obligation de négocier le désarmement nucléaire constituait
une cause qui existait avant sa déclaration de 1974 et ne pouvait, par
conséquent, faire l’objet d’une requête devant la Cour (ibid., par. 83‑87).
75. Cette exception soulevée par le défendeur était fondamentale, et la
Cour aurait dû statuer sur elle.
76. Sur la base de l’ensemble des pièces versées au dossier, on peut
affirmer sans risque d’erreur que l’engagement de l’Inde en faveur du
désarmement a été constant. En faisant droit à la première exception soulevée
par l’Inde, la majorité de la Cour aurait dû dire clairement dans
l’arrêt que les documents et pièces de procédure des Parties ne permettaient
pas d’établir qu’existait entre elles un différend au moment du
dépôt de la requête.
(Signé) Dalveer Bhandari.
24 Déclaration d’acceptation par l’Inde de la juridiction obligatoire de la Cour.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Separate opinion of Judge Bhandari

Links