Declaration of Judge Donoghue

Document Number
158-20161005-JUD-01-08-EN
Parent Document Number
158-20161005-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF J UDGE DONOGHUE

1. In contentious cases, the Court settles disputes between States (Article 36, paragraph 2,
and Article 38, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court). When the Court finds the absence of a
dispute in respect of a claim contained in an application, the consequence is dismissal of the claim.
However, the Statute of the Court does not define the term “dispute”. Instead, the meaning of that

term has been developed in the jurisprudence of this Court and its predecessor. Thus, the sound
administration of justice calls for clarity in the criteria that the Court applies in determining
whether there is a dispute and for consistent application of those criteria.

2. Beginning with the case concerning Application of the International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation) (Preliminary

Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), pp. 81-120, paras. 23-114), and continuing through
the case concerning Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v.
Senegal) (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), pp. 441-445, paras. 44-55) and the case concerning
Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v.
Colombia) (Preliminary Objections, Judgment of 17 March 2016, paras. 49-79), the Court’s
inquiry into the existence of a dispute has been more exacting than it had been in the earlier
jurisprudence of the Court and its predecessor. In my consideration of the Application in the

present case, I have been guided by the reasoning of the Court in these recent cases, thus promoting
procedural consistency.

3. As is well known, a dispute is “a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal
views or of interests” (Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J.,
Series A, No. 2, p. 11) between two States. A dispute exists only if “the claim of one party is

positively opposed by the other” (South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South
Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328). The existence (or not) of
a dispute is “a matter for objective determination by the Court” (paragraph 36 of today’s
Judgment).

4. Direct diplomatic exchanges between the parties prior to the filing of an application can

provide clear evidence of one party’s opposition to the other party’s claim against it. There were
no such exchanges in the present case, so the Marshall Islands asserts the existence of a dispute by
relying on two key propositions. The first is the contention that the statements of parties during
proceedings, taken alone, can suffice to demonstrate an opposition of views in respect of the claim
underlying an application. The second proposition, on which the Marshall Islands places greater
emphasis, is that the Court can infer the existence of a dispute in the present case from the

juxtaposition of the Marshall Islands’ statements in multilateral fora, on the one hand, with the
Respondent’s conduct, on the other hand. I submit this declaration in order to comment on each of
these points.

5. To support its contention that opposing statements of parties in proceedings before the
Court (and thus after the application) can suffice to establish the existence of a dispute, the
Marshall Islands relies in particular on three Judgments of the Court (see paragraph 50 of today’s

Judgment). Of these, the Judgment in the case concerning the Application of the Convention on the
Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia)
provides the strongest support for the position of the Marshall Islands, because the Court there
invoked statements in the proceedings in that case to support its conclusion that a dispute between
the Parties “persist[ed]”, without citing any specific evidence that a dispute existed prior to the - 2 -

Application (Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), pp. 614-615,
paras. 27-29). However, in its subsequent Judgments (see cases cited in paragraph 2 above), the

Court has not found the existence of a dispute based solely on the parties’ statements in Court, but
instead has adhered to the principle that the evidence must show that a dispute existed as of the date
of an application, as it does today. This principle is sound. An application in a contentious case
initiates proceedings to settle a dispute that is “submitted to [the Court]” (Article 38, paragraph 1,
of the Statute of the Court). It is not a means to elicit a respondent’s opposing views in order to
generate a dispute during those proceedings.

6. I turn next to the Marshall Islands’ contention that the Court should infer the existence of
a dispute from the juxtaposition of the Marshall Islands’ statements with the Respondent’s conduct.
With regard to this proposition, I offer some observations about the recent cases before the Court in
which the respondent sought dismissal of the applicant’s claims due to the absence of a dispute. In
these cases, the Court has examined the content and context of statement(s) made by one party
prior to the application, in comparison with any reaction by the other party, in order to determine
whether there was, prior to the application, a difference of views on the matter that would later be

presented to the Court in the application. Although the Court has used various formulations to
describe its inquiry and, of course, the facts of each case differ, I see a great deal of consistency in
the objective standard that the Court has applied to scrutinize the evidence presented to it.

7. In the case concerning Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of
All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), the Court stated that
exchanges between the parties must refer to the subject-matter of the claim made in the application

“with sufficient clarity to enable the State against which [that] claim is made to identify that there
is, or may be, a dispute with regard to that subject-matter” (I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 85, para. 30).
It found a dispute to exist (as of August 2008), taking into account claims that the Applicant made
directly against the Respondent, which were denied by the Respondent, in the United Nations
Security Council (ibid., pp. 118-119, para. 109 and p. 120, para. 113). In the case concerning
Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), the Court
found that diplomatic correspondence in which the Applicant set out its allegations that the

Respondent had breached a treaty sufficed to establish the existence of a dispute as to the
Applicant’s claim of treaty breach by the Respondent. By contrast, the Court concluded that there
was no dispute between the Parties in respect of violations of customary international law that were
also alleged in that Application, because there had been no mention in diplomatic correspondence
between the Parties of this claim.

“Under those circumstances, there was no reason for Senegal to address at all in

its relations with Belgium the issue of the prosecution of alleged crimes of Mr. Habré
under customary international law.” (I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 445, para. 54.)

When the Court concluded that there was a dispute concerning Colombia’s alleged violation of
Nicaragua’s rights in maritime zones in the case concerning Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights
and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), it observed that, in light of
public statements by the highest representatives of the two States, the Respondent “could not have

misunderstood” the position of the Applicant (Preliminary Objections, Judgment of
17 March 2016, para. 73).

8. The Court’s reasoning in these recent Judgments carries forward to the approach that the
Court takes today. The essential question is not whether the Respondent knew of statements made
by the Applicant; we can assume such knowledge, for present purposes. Instead, the Court asks
whether the Applicant’s statements referred to the subject-matter of its claim against the - 3 -

Respondent — i.e., “the issue brought before the Court” in the Application — with sufficient

clarity that the Respondent “was aware, or could not have been unaware,” of the Applicant’s claim
against it (paragraphs 38 and 46 of today’s Judgment). If so, there would have been reason to
expect a response from the Respondent, and thus, even in the absence of an explicit statement of
the Respondent’s opposition to the claim, there would have been a basis for the Court to infer
opposition from an unaltered course of conduct. For the reasons set forth in the Judgment,
however, the statements on which the Marshall Islands relies did not set out the Applicant’s claim
against the Respondent with sufficient clarity to allow the Court to draw such an inference.

Accordingly, as of the date of the Application, there was no opposition of views, and thus no
dispute, in respect of the claims against the Respondent contained in the Application.

(Signed) Joan E. D ONOGHUE .

___________

Bilingual Content

446
195
DECLARATION OF JUDGE DONOGHUE
1. In contentious cases, the Court settles disputes between States (Article
36, paragraph 2, and Article 38, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the
Court). When the Court finds the absence of a dispute in respect of a claim
contained in an application, the consequence is dismissal of the claim.
However, the Statute of the Court does not define the term “dispute”.
Instead, the meaning of that term has been developed in the jurisprudence
of this Court and its predecessor. Thus, the sound administration of justice
calls for clarity in the criteria that the Court applies in determining whether
there is a dispute and for consistent application of those criteria.
2. Beginning with the case concerning Application of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Georgia v. Russian Federation) (Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), pp. 81‑120, paras. 23‑114), and continuing
through the case concerning Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute
or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) (Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2012 (II), pp. 441‑445, paras. 44‑55) and the case concerning Alleged Violations
of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea
(Nicaragua v. Colombia) (Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
2016 (I), pp. 26‑34, paras. 49‑79), the Court’s inquiry into the existence
of a dispute has been more exacting than it had been in the earlier jurisprudence
of the Court and its predecessor. In my consideration of the
Application in the present case, I have been guided by the reasoning of
the Court in these recent cases, thus promoting procedural consistency.
3. As is well known, a dispute is “a disagreement on a point of law or
fact, a conflict of legal views or of interests” (Mavrommatis Palestine
Concessions,
Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 11)
between two States. A dispute exists only if “the claim of one party is
positively opposed by the other” (South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South
Africa ; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328). The existence (or not) of a dispute is “a matter
for objective determination by the Court” (paragraph 36 of today’s
Judgment).
4. Direct diplomatic exchanges between the parties prior to the filing
of an application can provide clear evidence of one party’s opposition to
the other party’s claim against it. There were no such exchanges in the
present case, so the Marshall Islands asserts the existence of a dispute by
relying on two key propositions. The first is the contention that the statements
of parties during proceedings, taken alone, can suffice to demonstrate
an opposition of views in respect of the claim underlying an
application. The second proposition, on which the Marshall Islands
places greater emphasis, is that the Court can infer the existence of a dis-
446
195
DÉCLARATION DE Mme LA JUGE DONOGHUE
[Traduction]
1. Dans les affaires contentieuses, la Cour règle des différends entre
Etats (paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 et paragraphe 1 de l’article 38 du Statut
de la Cour). Quand elle conclut à l’absence de différend au sujet d’une
réclamation énoncée dans une requête, la réclamation est rejetée en
conséquence.
Cependant, le Statut de la Cour ne définit pas le terme
« différend
». Le sens de ce terme a donc été construit par la jurisprudence
de la Cour et de sa devancière. Or, une bonne administration de
la justice exige que les critères qu’utilise la Cour pour établir l’existence
d’un différend soient clairs et que leur application soit cohérente.
2. Depuis l’affaire relative à l’Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Géorgie
c. Fédération de Russie) (exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2011 (I), p. 81‑120, par. 23‑114) jusqu’aux affaires relatives à des
Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgique
c. Sénégal) (arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 441‑445, par. 44‑55) et
à des Violations alléguées de droits souverains et d’espaces maritimes dans
la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Colombie) (exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I), p. 26‑34, par. 49-79), la Cour s’est montrée
plus exigeante, dans les recherches qu’elle mène pour établir l’existence
d’un différend, que sa devancière et elle-même ne l’avaient été auparavant.
Dans mon analyse de la requête en la présente espèce, j’ai suivi le
raisonnement qu’a tenu la Cour dans ces récentes affaires, mettant ainsi
l’accent sur la cohérence de la procédure.
3. Comme on le sait, un différend est « un désaccord sur un point de
droit ou de fait, une contradiction, une opposition de thèses juridiques ou
d’intérêts » entre deux Etats (Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine,
arrêt no 2, 1924, C.P.J.I. série A no 2, p. 11). Il n’y a différend que si « la
réclamation de l’une des parties se heurte à l’opposition manifeste de
l’autre » (Sud‑Ouest africain (Ethiopie c. Afrique du Sud ; Libéria c.
Afrique du Sud), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1962,
p. 328). L’existence (ou non) d’un différend « doit être établie objectivement
par la Cour » (paragraphe 36 du présent arrêt).
4. Des échanges diplomatiques directs entre les parties antérieurs au
dépôt de la requête peuvent offrir une preuve évidente de l’opposition
d’une partie à la réclamation de l’autre. Comme il n’y avait pas eu de tels
échanges en l’espèce, les Iles Marshall se sont appuyées, pour affirmer
qu’il existait un différend, sur deux arguments principaux. Le premier
voulait que les déclarations faites par les parties pendant l’instance
pussent à elles seules suffire pour démontrer qu’il y avait divergence de
vues sur la réclamation portée par la requête. Le second, sur lequel les
Iles Marshall ont davantage insisté, voulait que la Cour pût déduire
447 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. donoghue)
196
pute in the present case from the juxtaposition of the Marshall Islands’
statements in multilateral fora, on the one hand, with the Respondent’s
conduct, on the other hand. I submit this declaration in order to comment
on each of these points.
5. To support its contention that opposing statements of parties in
proceedings before the Court (and thus after the application) can suffice
to establish the existence of a dispute, the Marshall Islands relies in particular
on three Judgments of the Court (see paragraph 50 of today’s
Judgment). Of these, the Judgment in the case concerning the Application
of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia) provides the strongest support
for the position of the Marshall Islands, because the Court there
invoked statements in the proceedings in that case to support its conclusion
that a dispute between the parties “persist[ed]”, without citing
any specific evidence that a dispute existed prior to the Application
(Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (II), pp. 614‑615,
paras. 27‑29). However, in its subsequent Judgments (see cases cited in
paragraph 2 above), the Court has not found the existence of a dispute
based solely on the parties’ statements in Court, but instead has adhered
to the principle that the evidence must show that a dispute existed as of
the date of an application, as it does today. This principle is sound. An
application in a contentious case initiates proceedings to settle a dispute
that is “submitted to [the Court]” (Article 38, paragraph 1, of the Statute
of the Court). It is not a means to elicit a respondent’s opposing views in
order to generate a dispute during those proceedings.
6. I turn next to the Marshall Islands’ contention that the Court should
infer the existence of a dispute from the juxtaposition of the Marshall
Islands’ statements with the Respondent’s conduct. With regard to this
proposition, I offer some observations about the recent cases before the
Court in which the respondent sought dismissal of the applicant’s claims
due to the absence of a dispute. In these cases, the Court has examined
the content and context of statement(s) made by one party prior to the
application, in comparison with any reaction by the other party, in order
to determine whether there was, prior to the application, a difference of
views on the matter that would later be presented to the Court in the
application. Although the Court has used various formulations to describe
its inquiry and, of course, the facts of each case differ, I see a great deal
of consistency in the objective standard that the Court has applied to
scrutinize the evidence presented to it.
7. In the case concerning Application of the International Convention on
the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian
Federation), the Court stated that exchanges between the parties must
refer to the subject‑matter of the claim made in the application “with
sufficient
clarity to enable the State against which [that] claim is made
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. donoghue) 447
196
l’existence d’un différend en la présente espèce en juxtaposant les déclarations
faites par les Iles Marshall dans des enceintes internationales, d’une
part, et le comportement du défendeur, d’autre part. Dans la présente
déclaration, j’examinerai chacun de ces deux arguments.
5. A l’appui de leur affirmation selon laquelle les déclarations opposées
faites par les parties dans une instance portée devant la Cour (par conséquent
après le dépôt de la requête) peuvent suffire à établir l’existence d’un
différend, les Iles Marshall ont invoqué plus particulièrement trois arrêts
de la Cour (voir le paragraphe 50 du présent arrêt). De ces trois arrêts,
celui qui confortait le plus solidement leur position est celui qui a été rendu
dans l’affaire relative à l’Application de la convention pour la prévention et
la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie‑Herzégovine c. Yougoslavie),
parce que la Cour y a invoqué des déclarations faites au cours de la procédure
en cette affaire pour étayer sa conclusion selon laquelle un différend
entre les parties « persist[ait] », sans mentionner aucun élément précis
démontrant que ce différend existait avant le dépôt de la requête (exceptions
préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (II), p. 614‑615, par. 27‑29).
En revanche, dans les deux arrêts ultérieurs mentionnés au paragraphe 2
de la présente déclaration, la Cour ne s’est pas fondée exclusivement sur
les déclarations faites devant elle par les parties pour établir l’existence
d’un différend, mais a appliqué, comme elle l’a fait dans son arrêt de ce
jour, le principe selon lequel des éléments de preuve doivent attester l’existence
d’un différend à la date de la requête. C’est là un sage principe. En
matière contentieuse, la requête introduit une instance tendant à régler un
différend qui a été « soumis [à la Cour] » (paragraphe 1 de l’article 38 du
Statut de la Cour). Elle n’est pas un moyen de susciter, de la part du défendeur,
des vues divergentes afin de créer un différend en cours d’instance.
6. J’en viens maintenant à l’assertion des Iles Marshall selon laquelle la
Cour aurait dû, en juxtaposant les déclarations faites par elles dans des
enceintes internationales, d’une part, et le comportement du défendeur,
d’autre part, déduire l’existence d’un différend. A cet égard, je formulerai
quelques observations sur des affaires dont la Cour a eu récemment à
connaître et dans lesquelles le demandeur l’a priée de rejeter les demandes
du requérant au motif d’une absence de différend. Dans ces affaires, la Cour
a examiné la teneur et le contexte de la ou des déclarations faites par une
partie avant le dépôt de la requête en les rapprochant des réactions éventuelles
de l’autre partie pour déterminer s’il existait, avant la requête, une
divergence de vues sur la question qui devait ultérieurement être soumise à
la Cour dans la requête. Bien que la Cour ait utilisé diverses formules pour
décrire son examen et que, bien entendu, les faits de chaque espèce diffèrent,
je constate une forte cohérence en ce qui concerne le critère objectif que la
Cour applique pour analyser les éléments de preuve qui lui sont présentés.
7. Dans l’affaire relative à l’Application de la convention internationale sur
l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération
de Russie), la Cour a déclaré que les échanges entre les parties devaient
avoir trait à l’objet de la demande présentée dans la requête « assez clairement
… pour que l’Etat contre lequel [le demandeur] formule un grief puisse
448 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. donoghue)
197
to identify that there is, or may be, a dispute with regard to that subject‑matter”
(Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 85,
para. 30). It found a dispute to exist (as of August 2008), taking into
account claims that the Applicant made directly against the Respondent,
which were denied by the Respondent, in the United Nations Security
Council (ibid., pp. 118‑119, para. 109 and p. 120, para. 113). In the case
concerning Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite
(Belgium v. Senegal), the Court found that diplomatic correspondence in
which the Applicant set out its allegations that the Respondent had
breached a treaty sufficed to establish the existence of a dispute as to the
Applicant’s claim of treaty breach by the Respondent. By contrast, the
Court concluded that there was no dispute between the parties in respect
of violations of customary international law that were also alleged in that
Application, because there had been no mention in diplomatic correspondence
between the parties of this claim. “Under those circumstances, there
was no reason for Senegal to address at all in its relations with Belgium the
issue of the prosecution of alleged crimes of Mr. Habré under customary
international law.” (I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 445, para. 54.) When the
Court concluded that there was a dispute concerning Colombia’s alleged
violation of Nicaragua’s rights in maritime zones in the case concerning
Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean
Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), it observed that, in light of public
statements by the highest representatives of the two States, the Respondent
“could not have misunderstood” the position of the Applicant
(Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 33, para. 73).
8. The Court’s reasoning in these recent Judgments carries forward to
the approach that the Court takes today. The essential question is not
whether the Respondent knew of statements made by the Applicant ; we
can assume such knowledge, for present purposes. Instead, the Court
asks whether the Applicant’s statements referred to the subject‑matter of
its claim against the Respondent — i.e., “the issue brought before the
Court” in the Application — with sufficient clarity that the Respondent
“was aware, or could not have been unaware”, of the Applicant’s claim
against it (paragraphs 38 and 48 of today’s Judgment). If so, there would
have been reason to expect a response from the Respondent, and thus,
even in the absence of an explicit statement of the Respondent’s opposition
to the claim, there would have been a basis for the Court to infer
opposition from an unaltered course of conduct. For the reasons set forth
in the Judgment, however, the statements on which the Marshall Islands
relies did not set out the Applicant’s claim against the Respondent with
sufficient clarity to allow the Court to draw such an inference. Accordingly,
as of the date of the Application, there was no opposition of views,
and thus no dispute, in respect of the claims against the Respondent contained
in the Application.
(Signed) Joan E. Donoghue.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. donoghue) 448
197
savoir qu’un différend existe ou peut exister à cet égard » (exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 85, par. 30). Elle a conclu qu’un
différend existait (dès août 2008) en se fondant sur le fait que, devant le
Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies, le demandeur avait formulé directement
des griefs contre le défendeur, qui les avait rejetés (ibid., p. 118‑119,
par. 109, et p. 120, par. 113). Dans l’affaire des Questions concernant l’obligation
de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgique c. Sénégal), la Cour a considéré
que la correspondance diplomatique dans laquelle le demandeur exposait
ses allégations de violation d’un traité par le défendeur était suffisante pour
établir l’existence d’un différend concernant ces allégations. En revanche, la
Cour a conclu qu’il n’existait pas de différend entre les parties au sujet des
violations du droit international coutumier qui étaient également mentionnées
dans la requête, parce qu’il n’avait pas été fait référence à ce droit dans
la correspondance diplomatique entre les parties. « Dès lors, le Sénégal
n’avait aucune raison de prendre position, dans ses relations avec la Belgique,
sur la question de la poursuite de M. Habré pour des crimes que
celui‑ci aurait commis au regard du droit international coutumier. »
(C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 445, par. 54.) Lorsque, dans l’affaire relative à
des Violations alléguées de droits souverains et d’espaces maritimes dans la
mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Colombie), elle a conclu qu’il existait un
différend au sujet de l’allégation de violation par la Colombie des droits du
Nicaragua dans des espaces maritimes, la Cour a relevé que, compte tenu
des déclarations publiques faites par les plus hauts représentants de ces deux
Etats, le défendeur « n’aurait pu se méprendre » sur la position du demandeur
(exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I), p. 33, par. 73).
8. Le raisonnement qu’a tenu la Cour dans ces récents arrêts explique la
méthode qu’elle a suivie aujourd’hui. La question essentielle n’était pas de
savoir si le défendeur avait connaissance des déclarations faites par le
demandeur ; il est permis, pour notre propos, de le supposer. La Cour a
plutôt cherché à savoir si les déclarations du demandeur évoquaient l’objet
de la réclamation formée par celui‑ci contre le défendeur — c’est‑à‑dire « la
question portée devant la Cour » par la requête — de façon suffisamment
claire pour que le défendeur « [ait eu] connaissance, ou [n’ait pas pu] ne pas
avoir connaissance » de cette réclamation (paragraphes 38 et 48 de l’arrêt
de ce jour). Si tel avait été le cas, on aurait pu raisonnablement s’attendre
à une réaction du défendeur et, par conséquent, même en l’absence de
déclaration expresse de ce dernier faisant état de son opposition à la réclamation,
la Cour aurait pu déduire cette opposition d’une ligne de conduite
restée constante. Pour les raisons mentionnées dans l’arrêt, cependant, les
déclarations invoquées par les Iles Marshall n’ont pas exposé la réclamation
du demandeur contre le défendeur assez clairement pour que la Cour
puisse faire cette déduction. En conséquence, à la date de la requête, il
n’existait pas de divergence de vues, et donc pas de différend, au sujet des
réclamations formulées dans la requête à l’encontre du défendeur.
(Signé) Joan E. Donoghue.

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Declaration of Judge Donoghue

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