Declaration of Judge Xue

Document Number
158-20161005-JUD-01-07-EN
Parent Document Number
158-20161005-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

D ECLARATION OF JUDGE X UE

1. I have voted in favour of the Judgment because I agree with the decision of the Court to
dismiss the case for lack of jurisdiction. Notwithstanding my vote, I wish to make two points on
the Judgment.

2. My first point relates to the approach taken by the Court. In the Judgment, the Court finds

that the evidence submitted to it fails to demonstrate that there existed between the Parties a dispute
concerning the subject of the Application at the time the Marshall Islands instituted proceedings in
the Court. Consequently, the condition for the Court’s jurisdiction is not met. The Court reaches
this conclusion primarily on the ground that, in all the circumstances, the Marshall Islands never
offered any particulars to India, either in words or by conduct, which could have made India aware
that the Marshall Islands held a legal claim against it for breach of its international obligation to

negotiate on nuclear disarmament.

3. According to the jurisprudence of the Court, a dispute must in principle exist on the date at
which the application is filed in the Court (Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime
Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment of
17 March 2016, para. 52; Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections,

Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 85, para. 30; Questions of Interpretation and Application of
the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998,
pp. 25-26, paras. 43-45; Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal
Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States
of America), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, pp. 130-131, paras. 42-44). It

is for the Court to determine the matter objectively on the basis of the positions and conduct of the
parties (Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea
(Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment of 17 March 2016, para. 50;
Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 442, para. 46;Application of the International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary

Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30; Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 271, para. 55; Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 476, para. 58; Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria,
Hungary and Romania, First Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74). When the title
of jurisdiction is the parties’ declarations accepting compulsory jurisdiction of the Court under
Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute, prior notice or a formal diplomatic Note setting out one
party’s complaint against the other is not taken as a requisite condition. The determination of the

existence of a dispute is a matter of substance, not of form (Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights
and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment of 17 March 2016, para. 50; Application of the International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30). What the Court shall look at and
determine is whether there was an opposition of views between the parties with regard to the legal

issues in question.

4. In the present case, the Court duly follows that jurisprudence. As the Court does not deal
with the other objections raised by the Respondent, but solely relies on this finding to dismiss the
case, it is not unpredicted that questions arise as to the propriety of this formal and restrictive
approach. Given its past practice of judicial flexibility in handling procedural defects (see - 2 -

Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 438, para. 81;

Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of
America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 428-429, para. 83;
Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v. United Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1963, p. 28; Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia, Jurisdiction, Judgment
No. 6, 1925, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 6, p. 14; Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2,
1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 34), it may be arguable that the non-existence of a dispute
between the Parties at the time of the filing of the Application could by itself constitute a solid

ground for the Court to reject the case; the Marshall Islands might readily come back and file a
new case to the same effect, as by now the dispute is indeed crystallized. For judicial economy,
realism and flexibility seem called for under the present circumstances.

5. The reason for my support of the Court’s decision is three-fold. First of all, in my
opinion, there must be a minimum requirement for the Applicant to demonstrate to the Court that
there existed a dispute between the Parties before the case is instituted. The evidence submitted by

the Marshall Islands regarding the existence of a dispute between the Parties is noticeably
insufficient. Apart from its two statements made at international conferences, calling on the
nuclear-weapon States to commence immediately negotiations on nuclear disarmament, which
would normally be taken as political statements by other States, the Marshall Islands presents no
evidence indicating bilateral contacts of any kind on the matter between the Parties before the
Court is seised. The Marshall Islands heavily relies on the positions expressed by the Parties
during the current proceedings to demonstrate that one Party’s claim was positively opposed by the

other. As is pointed out by the Court, should that argument be accepted, it would virtually render
the condition of the existence of a dispute without any meaning and value. More fundamentally, in
my opinion, it would undermine the confidence of States in accepting the compulsory jurisdiction
of the Court.

6. Secondly, even though prior notice and diplomatic exchanges are not required as a
condition for the existence of a dispute, “surprise” litigation should nevertheless be discouraged.

Any peaceful means of settlement, including judicial recourse, is aimed at the resolution of the
dispute. Whenever the circumstances permit, a clear demonstration of a legal claim to the
responsible party would facilitate the process of negotiation and settlement. The Marshall Islands,
being a victim of nuclear weapons development, has every reason to criticize the nuclear-weapon
States for failing to make joint efforts in pursuing negotiations on the cessation of nuclear arms
race and nuclear disarmament. That legitimacy, nevertheless, does not override the legal
conditions for the exercise of the Court’s jurisdiction.

7. Although the meaning of a dispute has never formally been defined and the test for the
determination of its existence is usually low, the State against whom proceedings are instituted
should at least be aware beforehand that it had had a legal dispute with another State who may
submit the dispute to the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court for settlement. The Court may take
into account the post-application conduct of the parties as supplementary evidence to satisfy itself
for the purpose of jurisdiction and admissibility, but judicial flexibility has to be exercised within a

reasonable limit.

8. Thirdly, the Court’s jurisdiction is built on mutuality and reciprocity. The present case, in
my opinion, is different in character from the previous cases where the Court took a flexible
approach in dealing with some procedural defects. The Marshall Islands’ statements at
international conferences are of themselves insufficient to demonstrate that there existed a legal
dispute in its bilateral relations with each nuclear-weapon State; indeed, the Marshall Islands could - 3 -

not have meant that this was a bilateral issue. The Marshall Islands did not institute the
proceedings merely for the protection of its own interest, albeit a victim of nuclear weapons.

Rather the case serves more the interest of the international community. Although the Court
recognized obligations erga omnes in international law in the Barcelona Traction case (Barcelona
Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain), Second Phase, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1970, p. 32, para. 33), it did not address the question of standing, locus standi, an issue that
is yet to be developed in international law.

9. That brings me to the second point I wish to make on the Judgment. I regret very much

that the Court does not proceed further to deal with some other objections raised by the
Respondent. In its pleadings, India argues, inter alia, that on the basis of the Monetary Gold rule,
the alleged dispute cannot be decided by the Court in the absence of the other States possessing
nuclear weapons against which the Marshall Islands has seised the Court, as the Court lacks
jurisdiction in six of these cases. In its view, the Court lacks jurisdiction in the present case,
because any decision of the Court would imply “‘an evaluation of the lawfulness of the conduct’ of
other States which are not party to the case” (CR 2016/4, p. 44, para. 17). Moreover, it maintains

that the alleged obligation to negotiate requires the participation of all nuclear-weapon States 
and others. A decision binding the Marshall Islands and India therefore could not have the desired
effect.

10. These objections, in my opinion, deserve an immediate consideration of the Court at the
preliminary stage, as the answer to them would have a direct effect on the jurisdiction of the Court

and the admissibility of the Application. Had it done so, the Court would be in a better position to
demonstrate that, so far as the questions of jurisdiction and admissibility are concerned, the
Marshall Islands’ Application is not merely defective in one procedural form.

11. In its Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, having
examined the current state of affairs with nuclear weapons in international law, the Court states that
to achieve the long-promised goal of complete nuclear disarmament, all States parties to the Treaty

on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (the “NPT”) bear an obligation to negotiate in good
faith nuclear disarmament. It underscores that “[i]ndeed, any realistic search for general and
complete disarmament, especially nuclear disarmament, necessitates the co-operation of all States”
(Legality of the Threat or the Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996,
p. 264, para. 100; emphasis added).

12. It further refers to the Security Council’s resolution 984 (1995) dated 11 April 1995,

where the Council reaffirmed “the need for all States Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation
of Nuclear Weapons to comply fully with all their obligations” and urged

“all States, as provided for in Article VI of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of
Nuclear Weapons, to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating
to nuclear disarmament and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under
strict and effective international control which remains a universal goal” (Legality of

the Threat or the Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996,
p. 265, para. 103; emphasis added). - 4 -

13. In its Opinion, the Court particularly highlights that the obligation under Article VI of the

NPT is a twofold obligation. It states:

“The legal import of that obligation goes beyond that of a mere obligation of
conduct; the obligation involved here is an obligation to achieve a precise result 
nuclear disarmament in all its aspects  by adopting a particular course of conduct,
namely, the pursuit of negotiations on the matter in good faith.” (Legality of the

Threat or the Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996, p. 264,
para. 99.)

14. It has been 20 years since the Court pronounced this solemn statement. To achieve that
ambition, as the Court said, it is necessary to have the co-operation of all States. Clearly, there has
been a collective failure to deliver, but the issue for the present case is whether such a failure can

be turned into a series of bilateral disputes, and addressed separately.

15. There could be little doubt that some nuclear-weapon States, on the one hand, and
non-nuclear-weapon States, on the other, take opposite views on the cessation of nuclear arms race
and the negotiation process on nuclear disarmament. However, can such disagreement be
characterized as a dispute that falls within the meaning of Articles 36 and 38 of the Statute? In

other words, is a dispute as such, assuming existent at the time of the filing of the Application or
crystallized subsequently, justiciable for the Court to settle through contentious proceedings?
Apparently, the question before the Court is not a procedural defect that may be amended
subsequently in the course of the proceedings, as was the situation in the previous cases. I am
afraid that the Court emphasizes a bit too much the way in which a dispute may be materialized,
but does not give sufficient consideration to the nature of the dispute that the Marshall Islands
alleges to have existed between India and itself.

(Signed) X UE Hanqin.

___________

Bilingual Content

441
190
DECLARATION OF JUDGE XUE
1. I have voted in favour of the Judgment because I agree with the
decision of the Court to dismiss the case for lack of jurisdiction. Notwithstanding
my vote, I wish to make two points on the Judgment.
2. My first point relates to the approach taken by the Court. In the
Judgment, the Court finds that the evidence submitted to it fails to demonstrate
that there existed between the Parties a dispute concerning the
subject of the Application at the time the Marshall Islands instituted proceedings
in the Court. Consequently, the condition for the Court’s jurisdiction
is not met. The Court reaches this conclusion primarily on the
ground that, in all the circumstances, the Marshall Islands never offered
any particulars to India, either in words or by conduct, which could have
made India aware that the Marshall Islands held a legal claim against
it for breach of its international obligation to negotiate on nuclear disarmament.
3. According to the jurisprudence of the Court, a dispute must in principle
exist on the date at which the application is filed in the Court
(Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean
Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 27, para. 52 ; Application of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 85, para. 30 ; Questions of Interpretation and
Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident
at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1998, pp. 25‑26, paras. 43-45 ;
Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention
arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
v. United States of America), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1998, pp. 130‑131, paras. 42‑44). It is for the Court to
determine the matter objectively on the basis of the positions and conduct
of the parties (Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces
in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), pp. 26‑27, para. 50 ; Questions relating
to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 442, para. 46 ; Application of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30 ; Nuclear Tests (Australia
v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 271, para. 55 ; Nuclear
441
190
DÉCLARATION DE Mme LA JUGE XUE
[Traduction]
1. J’ai voté en faveur de l’arrêt car je souscris à la décision de la Cour
consistant à se déclarer incompétente en la présente espèce. Ce nonobstant,
je tiens à formuler deux observations.
2. La première a trait à l’approche que la Cour a suivie. Dans son
arrêt, celle‑ci a conclu que les éléments de preuve qui lui avaient été présentés
ne permettaient pas de démontrer que, au moment où les
Iles Marshall avaient introduit l’instance devant elle, il existait entre les
Parties un différend relatif à l’objet de la requête ; en conséquence, il
n’était pas satisfait à la condition pour qu’elle ait compétence. La Cour
est parvenue à cette conclusion essentiellement au motif que, quelles que
soient les circonstances, les Iles Marshall n’avaient jamais — par leurs
déclarations ou leur comportement — livré à l’Inde quelque élément précis
qui lui aurait permis d’avoir connaissance de ce qu’elles nourrissaient
à son encontre un grief d’ordre juridique pour manquement à son obligation
internationale de négocier au sujet du désarmement nucléaire.
3. Selon la jurisprudence de la Cour, un différend doit en principe exister
à la date du dépôt de la requête (Violations alléguées de droits souverains
et d’espaces maritimes dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua
c. Colombie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I),
p. 27, par. 52 ; Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination
de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de
Russie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 85,
par. 30 ; Questions d’interprétation et d’application de la convention de
Montréal de 1971 résultant de l’incident aérien de Lockerbie (Jamahiriya
arabe libyenne c. Royaume‑Uni), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 1998, p. 25‑26, par. 43‑45 ; Questions d’interprétation et d’application
de la convention de Montréal de 1971 résultant de l’incident aérien de
Lockerbie (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne c. Etats‑Unis d’Amérique), exceptions
préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 130‑131, par. 42‑44).
L’existence d’un différend demande à être établie objectivement par la
Cour, sur la base des positions et du comportement des parties (Violations
alléguées de droits souverains et d’espaces maritimes dans la mer des
Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Colombie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2016 (I), p. 26‑27, par. 50 ; Questions concernant l’obligation
de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgique c. Sénégal), arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2012 (II), p. 442, par. 46 ; Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Géorgie
c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2011 (I), p. 84, par. 30 ; Essais nucléaires (Australie c. France),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 271, par. 55 ; Essais nucléaires (Nouvelle‑8
442 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. xue)
191
Tests (New Zealand v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 476,
para. 58 ; Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and
Romania, First Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74). When
the title of jurisdiction is the parties’ declarations accepting compulsory
jurisdiction of the Court under Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute,
prior notice or a formal diplomatic Note setting out one party’s complaint
against the other is not taken as a requisite condition. The determination
of the existence of a dispute is a matter of substance, not of form
(Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean
Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), pp. 26‑27, para. 50 ; Application of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30). What the Court shall look at and
determine is whether there was an opposition of views between the parties
with regard to the legal issues in question.
4. In the present case, the Court duly follows that jurisprudence. As
the Court does not deal with the other objections raised by the Respondent,
but solely relies on this finding to dismiss the case, it is not unpredicted
that questions arise as to the propriety of this formal and restrictive
approach. Given its past practice of judicial flexibility in handling procedural
defects (see Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 438, para. 81 ; Military and
Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United
States of America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1984, pp. 428‑429, para. 83 ; Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v. United
Kingdom), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1963, p. 28 ;
Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia, Jurisdiction, Judgment
No. 6, 1925, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 6, p. 14 ; Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions,
Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 34), it may be
arguable that the non-existence
of a dispute between the Parties at the
time of the filing of the Application could by itself constitute a solid
ground for the Court to reject the case ; the Marshall Islands might readily
come back and file a new case to the same effect, as by now the dispute
is indeed crystallized. For judicial economy, realism and flexibility seem
called for under the present circumstances.
5. The reason for my support of the Court’s decision is threefold. First
of all, in my opinion, there must be a minimum requirement for the
Applicant to demonstrate to the Court that there existed a dispute
between the Parties before the case is instituted. The evidence submitted
by the Marshall Islands regarding the existence of a dispute between the
Parties is noticeably insufficient. Apart from its two statements made at
international conferences, calling on the nuclear‑weapon States to com-
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. xue) 442
191
Zélande c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 476, par. 58 ; Interprétation
des traités de paix conclus avec la Bulgarie, la Hongrie et la Roumanie,
première phase, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1950, p. 74). Lorsque le
titre de compétence est constitué par les déclarations d’acceptation de la
juridiction obligatoire de la Cour que les parties ont faites en vertu du
paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut, ni la notification préalable ni l’envoi
d’une note diplomatique officielle énonçant la réclamation d’une partie
à l’encontre de l’autre ne sont considérés comme une condition
obligatoire. La détermination de l’existence d’un différend est une question
de fond, et non de forme (Violations alléguées de droits souverains et
d’espaces maritimes dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Colombie),
exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I), p. 26‑27, par. 50 ;
Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les
formes de discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions
préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 84, par. 30), la Cour
devant s’employer à établir si les vues des parties divergeaient au sujet des
questions juridiques en cause.
4. En la présente espèce, la Cour a dûment suivi cette jurisprudence.
Etant donné qu’elle n’a pas examiné les autres exceptions soulevées par le
défendeur, mais a rejeté la requête en s’appuyant uniquement sur sa conclusion
quant à l’existence d’un différend, il n’est toutefois pas exclu que l’opportunité
de cette approche formelle et restrictive suscite certaines questions.
Compte tenu de la pratique antérieure de la Cour — qui a consisté à faire
preuve de souplesse à l’égard des carences procédurales (voir Application de
la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Croatie
c. Serbie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 438,
par. 81 ; Activités militaires et paramilitaires au Nicaragua et contre celui‑ci
(Nicaragua c. Etats‑Unis d’Amérique), compétence et recevabilité, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 428‑429, par. 83 ; Cameroun septentrional (Cameroun
c. Royaume‑Uni), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1963, p. 28 ;
Certains intérêts allemands en Haute‑Silésie polonaise, compétence, arrêt
no 6, 1925, C.P.J.I. série A no 6, p. 14 ; Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine,
arrêt no 2, 1924, C.P.J.I. série A no 2, p. 34) —, il est en effet permis de
se demander si l’inexistence d’un différend entre les Parties au moment du
dépôt de la requête pouvait en soi constituer une base solide pour écarter
l’affaire ; le différend s’étant désormais bel et bien cristallisé, il serait aisé
pour les Iles Marshall de se présenter de nouveau devant la Cour en introduisant
une nouvelle requête ayant le même objet. Pour des raisons d’économie
judiciaire, le réalisme et la souplesse pouvaient donc sembler être de
mise dans les présentes circonstances.
5. Si j’ai souscrit à la décision de la Cour, c’est pour trois raisons. Premièrement,
je suis d’avis que la démonstration, par le demandeur, de ce
qu’un différend existait entre les Parties avant l’introduction de l’instance
doit satisfaire à un critère de preuve minimal. Or, les éléments présentés
par les Iles Marshall à cet égard étaient nettement insuffisants. Hormis les
deux déclarations qu’il a faites lors de conférences internationales pour
exhorter les puissances nucléaires à engager immédiatement des négocia-
443 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. xue)
192
mence immediately negotiations on nuclear disarmament, which would
normally be taken as political statements by other States, the Marshall
Islands presents no evidence indicating bilateral contacts of any kind on
the matter between the Parties before the Court is seised. The Marshall
Islands heavily relies on the positions expressed by the Parties during the
current proceedings to demonstrate that one Party’s claim was positively
opposed by the other. As is pointed out by the Court, should that argument
be accepted, it would virtually render the condition of the existence
of a dispute without any meaning and value. More fundamentally, in my
opinion, it would undermine the confidence of States in accepting the
compulsory jurisdiction of the Court.
6. Secondly, even though prior notice and diplomatic exchanges are
not required as a condition for the existence of a dispute, “surprise” litigation
should nevertheless be discouraged. Any peaceful means of settlement,
including judicial recourse, is aimed at the resolution of the dispute.
Whenever the circumstances permit, a clear demonstration of a legal
claim to the responsible party would facilitate the process of negotiation
and settlement. The Marshall Islands, being a victim of nuclear weapons
development, has every reason to criticize the nuclear‑weapon States for
failing to make joint efforts in pursuing negotiations on the cessation of
nuclear arms race and nuclear disarmament. That legitimacy, nevertheless,
does not override the legal conditions for the exercise of the Court’s
jurisdiction.
7. Although the meaning of a dispute has never formally been defined
and the test for the determination of its existence is usually low, the State
against whom proceedings are instituted should at least be aware beforehand
that it had had a legal dispute with another State who may submit
the dispute to the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court for settlement.
The Court may take into account the post‑application conduct of the parties
as supplementary evidence to satisfy itself for the purpose of jurisdiction
and admissibility, but judicial flexibility has to be exercised within a
reasonable limit.
8. Thirdly, the Court’s jurisdiction is built on mutuality and reciprocity.
The present case, in my opinion, is different in character from the
previous cases where the Court took a flexible approach in dealing with
some procedural defects. The Marshall Islands’ statements at international
conferences are of themselves insufficient to demonstrate that there
existed a legal dispute in its bilateral relations with each nuclear‑weapon
State ; indeed, the Marshall Islands could not have meant that this was a
bilateral issue. The Marshall Islands did not institute the proceedings
merely for the protection of its own interest, albeit a victim of nuclear
weapons. Rather the case serves more the interest of the international
community. Although the Court recognized obligations erga omnes in
international law in the Barcelona Traction case (Barcelona Traction,
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. xue) 443
192
tions sur le désarmement nucléaire — que les autres Etats seraient fondés
à considérer comme des déclarations politiques —, le demandeur n’a
fourni aucun élément attestant que des contacts bilatéraux de quelque
sorte que ce soit auraient eu lieu entre les Parties avant la saisine de la
Cour. Il s’est en revanche abondamment appuyé sur les positions exprimées
par ces dernières en cours d’instance pour montrer que la réclamation
de l’une se heurtait à l’opposition manifeste de l’autre. Or, ainsi que
la Cour l’a souligné, si pareille argumentation était jugée recevable, la
condition de l’existence d’un différend se trouverait en pratique privée de
tout sens et de toute valeur. Chose selon moi plus fondamentale encore,
cela ébranlerait la confiance des Etats qui acceptent la juridiction obligatoire
de la Cour.
6. Deuxièmement, même si une notification préalable ou des échanges
diplomatiques ne sont pas requis en tant que condition de l’existence d’un
différend, il convient de décourager les actions en justice « par surprise ».
Tout moyen de règlement pacifique des différends, y compris la voie judiciaire,
vise au règlement du différend en cause. A cet égard, le fait d’exprimer
clairement une réclamation juridique contre la partie responsable,
chaque fois que les circonstances le permettent, faciliterait le processus de
négociation et de règlement. En tant que victimes du développement des
armes nucléaires, les Iles Marshall ont certes toutes les raisons de reprocher
aux Etats qui en sont dotés de ne pas mener des efforts conjoints en poursuivant
des négociations sur la cessation de la course aux armements et le
désarmement nucléaire. Cette légitimité ne saurait cependant prévaloir sur
les conditions juridiques régissant l’exercice de la compétence de la Cour.
7. Bien que la notion de différend n’ait jamais été formellement définie
et que le critère permettant de déterminer l’existence d’un différend soit
généralement peu strict, l’Etat contre lequel une instance est introduite
devrait au moins avoir préalablement connaissance de ce qu’un différend
d’ordre juridique, qui pourrait être soumis à la juridiction obligatoire de
la Cour en vue de son règlement, l’oppose à un autre Etat. La Cour peut
prendre en compte le comportement des parties postérieur au dépôt de la
requête en tant qu’élément de preuve supplémentaire pour s’assurer de sa
compétence et de la recevabilité de la requête, mais la souplesse, en
matière judiciaire, doit être exercée dans des limites raisonnables.
8. Troisièmement, la compétence de la Cour repose sur le consentement
mutuel et la réciprocité. Selon moi, la présente affaire différait par
nature de celles dans lesquelles la Cour avait opté pour une approche plus
souple à l’égard de certaines carences procédurales. Les déclarations que
les Iles Marshall ont faites dans le cadre de certaines conférences internationales
ne suffisent pas, en tant que telles, à démontrer que, dans les
relations bilatérales de cet Etat, un différend l’opposait à chacune des
puissances nucléaires. De fait, le demandeur ne pouvait estimer qu’il
s’agissait là d’un problème bilatéral. Quoique ayant été elles‑mêmes victimes
des armes nucléaires, les Iles Marshall n’ont pas introduit la présente
instance simplement pour protéger leurs propres intérêts ;
leur argumentation sert en effet davantage ceux de la communauté
444 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. xue)
193
Light and Power Company, Limited (New Application: 1962) (Belgium v.
Spain), Second Phase, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1970, p. 32, para. 33), it
did not address the question of standing, locus standi, an issue that is yet
to be developed in international law.
9. That brings me to the second point I wish to make on the Judgment.
I regret very much that the Court does not proceed further to deal with
some other objections raised by the Respondent. In its pleadings, India
argues, inter alia, that on the basis of the Monetary Gold rule, the alleged
dispute cannot be decided by the Court in the absence of the other States
possessing nuclear weapons against which the Marshall Islands has seised
the Court, as the Court lacks jurisdiction in six of these cases. In its view,
the Court lacks jurisdiction in the present case, because any decision of
the Court would imply “‘an evaluation of the lawfulness of the conduct’
of other States which are not party to the case” (CR 2016/4, p. 44,
para. 17). Moreover, it maintains that the alleged obligation to negotiate
requires the participation of all nuclear‑weapon States — and others.
A decision binding the Marshall Islands and India therefore could not
have the desired effect.
10. These objections, in my opinion, deserve an immediate consideration
of the Court at the preliminary stage, as the answer to them would
have a direct effect on the jurisdiction of the Court and the admissibility
of the Application. Had it done so, the Court would be in a better position
to demonstrate that, so far as the questions of jurisdiction and admissibility
are concerned, the Marshall Islands’ Application is not merely
defective in one procedural form.
11. In its Advisory Opinion on the Legality of the Threat or Use of
Nuclear Weapons, having examined the current state of affairs with
nuclear weapons in international law, the Court states that to achieve the
long‑promised goal of complete nuclear disarmament, all States parties to
the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (the “NPT”)
bear an obligation to negotiate in good faith a nuclear disarmament. It
underscores that, “[i]ndeed, any realistic search for general and complete
disarmament, especially nuclear disarmament, necessitates the co‑operation
of all States” (Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons,
Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1996 (I), p. 264, para. 100 ; emphasis
added).
12. It further refers to the Security Council’s resolution 984 (1995)
dated 11 April 1995, where the Council reaffirmed “the need for all States
parties to the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to
comply fully with all their obligations” and urged
“all States, as provided for in Article VI of the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation
of Nuclear Weapons, to pursue negotiations in good
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. xue) 444
193
internationale.
Or, bien qu’elle ait, dans le cadre de l’affaire de la Barcelona
Traction (Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited
(nouvelle requête : 1962) (Belgique c. Espagne), deuxième phase, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1970, p. 32, par. 33), reconnu l’existence d’obligations erga
omnes, la Cour ne s’est pas penchée sur la question de la qualité pour agir
dans ce domaine, question qui reste à approfondir en droit international.
9. Cela m’amène à la seconde observation que je tiens à formuler au
sujet de l’arrêt. Je déplore grandement que la Cour n’ait pas examiné certaines
autres exceptions soulevées par le défendeur. Dans ses écritures et
plaidoiries, l’Inde soutenait notamment que, au vu de la règle énoncée
dans l’affaire de l’Or monétaire, le différend allégué ne pouvait être tranché
en l’absence des autres Etats dotés d’armes nucléaires que les
Iles Marshall avaient attraits devant la Cour, celle‑ci étant incompétente
dans six des affaires en cause. Selon le défendeur, la Cour n’avait pas
compétence en la présente espèce, car il lui fallait, pour rendre quelque
décision que ce soit, « « appréci[er] la licéité du comportement » d’autres
Etats qui n’étaient pas parties à l’instance » (CR 2016/4, p. 44, par. 17). Il
affirmait de surcroît que la prétendue obligation de négocier nécessitait la
participation de tous les Etats dotés d’armes nucléaires, et d’autres encore,
de sorte qu’une décision obligatoire pour les Iles Marshall et l’Inde ne
pouvait avoir l’effet désiré.
10. Selon moi, la Cour aurait dû examiner ces exceptions dès la phase
préliminaire, puisque ses conclusions à cet égard auraient eu un effet
direct sur sa compétence et sur la recevabilité de la requête. Si elle avait
procédé ainsi, elle aurait en effet été mieux à même de démontrer que,
pour ce qui concerne les questions de compétence et de recevabilité, la
requête des Iles Marshall n’était pas seulement défectueuse sur un point
de procédure.
11. Dans son avis consultatif sur la Licéité de la menace ou de l’emploi
d’armes nucléaires, la Cour, après avoir examiné quel était alors le statut
des armes nucléaires en droit international, avait précisé que, pour
atteindre l’objectif fixé de longue date du désarmement nucléaire complet,
tous les Etats parties au traité sur la non‑prolifération des armes nucléaires
(le « TNP ») avaient l’obligation de négocier de bonne foi en ce sens. Elle
avait également souligné que, « [d]e fait, toute recherche réaliste d’un
désarmement général et complet, en particulier nucléaire, nécessit[ait] la
coopération de tous les Etats » (Licéité de la menace ou de l’emploi d’armes
nucléaires, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (I), p. 264, par. 100 ; les
italiques sont de moi).
12. La Cour s’était également référée à la résolution 984 (1995) en
date du 11 avril 1995, dans laquelle le Conseil de sécurité avait réaffirmé
qu’il était « nécessaire que tous les Etats parties au traité sur la non‑prolifération
des armes nucléaires s’acquittent pleinement de toutes leurs
obligations » et exhorté
« tous les Etats à poursuivre de bonne foi, comme il [était] stipulé à
l’article VI du traité sur la non‑prolifération des armes nucléaires,
445 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. xue)
194
faith on effective measures relating to nuclear disarmament and
on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and
effective international control which remains a universal goal” (I.C.J.
Reports 1996 (I), p. 265, para. 103 ; emphasis added).
13. In its Opinion, the Court particularly highlights that the obligation
under Article VI of the NPT is a twofold obligation. It states :
“The legal import of that obligation goes beyond that of a mere
obligation of conduct ; the obligation involved here is an obligation
to achieve a precise result — nuclear disarmament in all its aspects —
by adopting a particular course of conduct, namely, the pursuit of
negotiations on the matter in good faith.” (Ibid., p. 264, para. 99.)
14. It has been 20 years since the Court pronounced this solemn
statement.
To achieve that ambition, as the Court said, it is necessary to
have the co‑operation of all States. Clearly, there has been a collective
failure to deliver, but the issue for the present case is whether such a failure
can be turned into a series of bilateral disputes, and addressed
separately.
15. There could be little doubt that some nuclear‑weapon States, on
the one hand, and non‑nuclear‑weapon States, on the other, take opposite
views on the cessation of nuclear arms race and the negotiation process
on nuclear disarmament. However, can such disagreement be
characterized as a dispute that falls within the meaning of Articles 36 and
38 of the Statute ? In other words, is a dispute as such, assuming existent
at the time of the filing of the Application or crystallized subsequently,
justiciable for the Court to settle through contentious proceedings ?
Apparently, the question before the Court is not a procedural defect that
may be amended subsequently in the course of the proceedings, as was
the situation in the previous cases. I am afraid that the Court emphasizes
a bit too much the way in which a dispute may be materialized, but does
not give sufficient consideration to the nature of the dispute that the Marshall
Islands alleges to have existed between India and itself.
(Signed) Xue Hanqin.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. xue) 445
194
des négociations sur des mesures efficaces relatives au désarmement
nucléaire et sur un traité de désarmement général et complet sous un
contrôle international strict et efficace, qui demeur[ait] un objectif
universel » (C.I.J. Recueil 1996 (I), p. 265, par. 103 ; les italiques sont
de moi).
13. Dans son avis consultatif, la Cour avait notamment souligné que
l’obligation découlant de l’article VI du TNP était une double obligation,
ajoutant ce qui suit :
« La portée juridique de l’obligation considérée dépasse celle d’une
simple obligation de comportement ; l’obligation en cause ici est celle
de parvenir à un résultat précis — le désarmement nucléaire dans
tous ses aspects — par l’adoption d’un comportement déterminé, à
savoir la poursuite de bonne foi de négociations en la matière. »
(Ibid., p. 264, par. 99.)
14. Vingt ans se sont écoulés depuis que la Cour a prononcé ce dictum
solennel. Ainsi qu’elle l’a précisé, tous les Etats doivent coopérer pour
réaliser cet objectif. A l’évidence, l’on a assisté en la matière à un manquement
collectif, mais la question qui se posait en la présente espèce était de
savoir si celui‑ci pouvait prendre la forme d’une série de différends bilatéraux,
examinés séparément.
15. Il n’est guère douteux que certains Etats dotés d’armes nucléaires,
d’une part, et les Etats qui en sont dépourvus, d’autre part, ont des vues
divergentes au sujet de la cessation de la course aux armes nucléaires et
du processus de négociation sur le désarmement nucléaire. Pareil désaccord
peut‑il pour autant être qualifié de différend au sens des articles 36
et 38 du Statut ? Autrement dit, un tel différend, à supposer qu’il ait existé
au moment du dépôt de la requête ou qu’il se soit cristallisé par la suite,
peut‑il être tranché par la Cour dans le cadre d’une procédure contentieuse
? La question qui se posait en la présente espèce n’était pas, semblet-
il, celle d’une carence procédurale à laquelle il aurait pu être remédié en
cours d’instance, comme cela avait été le cas dans les affaires antérieures.
Je crains que la Cour ait un peu trop mis l’accent sur la manière dont un
différend peut se matérialiser, sans tenir suffisamment compte de la nature
de celui qui, selon les Iles Marshall, les opposait à l’Inde.
(Signé) Xue Hanqin.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Declaration of Judge Xue

Links