Declaration of Vice-President Yusuf

Document Number
158-20161005-JUD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
158-20161005-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DECLARATION OF V ICE-P RESIDENT Y USUF

Existence of a dispute  Matter for objective determination  Positively opposed juridical
views required  Subjective criterion of “awareness” not a condition  “Awareness” has no
basis in jurisprudence of Court  It also undermines sound administration of justice  Court

could have reached same conclusions without using “awareness” criterion  Incipient dispute
must exist prior to application to the Court  Dispute can crystallize during proceedings  At
issue is India’s compliance with obligation to negotiate nuclear disarmament  Both Parties
supported negotiations on disarmament  Both voted in favour of relevant United Nations
resolutions  No evidence of positively opposed views.

1. I agree with the conclusions of the Court on the inexistence of a dispute between the
Republic of the Marshall Islands and India on the subject-matter of the Application of the former.
I disagree, however, with some aspects of the reasoning in the Judgment. I disagree, in particular,
with the introduction of the subjective criterion of “awareness” in the assessment by the Court of
the existence of a dispute. This is a clear departure from the consistent jurisprudence of the Court

on this matter. I am also in disagreement with the one-size-fits-all approach taken to the three
distinct cases argued before the Court by the Parties (Marshall Islands v. India, Marshall Islands v.
United Kingdom, Marshall Islands v. Pakistan).

2. It is correctly stated in the Judgment that: “[w]hether a dispute exists is a matter for
objective determination by the Court which must turn on an examination of the facts”, and, for that

purpose, “the Court takes into account in particular any statements or documents exchanged
between the parties, as well as any exchanges made in multilateral settings” (paragraph 36).
However, as has been shown in my dissenting opinion on Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom, and
as will be demonstrated in this declaration, the policy approaches of the respondent States to the
negotiation and conclusion of an international instrument on nuclear disarmament are quite
different from each other and the positions they have taken in multilateral forums on the

subject-matter of the dispute are far from being identical. The existence of a dispute between each
one of them and the applicant State has therefore to be determined in light of those distinctive facts.

3. The jurisdiction of the Court is to be exercised in contentious cases only in respect of legal
disputes submitted to it by States. This case was submitted to the Court on the basis of Article 36,
paragraph 2, of the Statute. This provision does not define what is meant by a “legal dispute”; it
therefore falls to the Court not only to define it, but also to determine its existence or inexistence in

a case such as this one before proceeding to the merits.

4. The jurisprudence of the Court is replete with such definitions. The first one, which is still
frequently cited by the Court, was in the Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions case, in which the
Court stated that: “A dispute is a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views or
of interests between two persons.” (Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions, Judgment No. 2, 1924,

P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 11.) It has since then, however, been further elaborated and enriched by
subsequent jurisprudence.

5. The Court has clearly established in its jurisprudence that: “[w]hether there exists an
international dispute is a matter for objective determination” (Interpretation of Peace Treaties with
Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74). It has also

observed, in elaborating further on the definition given by the PCIJ in the Mavrommatis case, that: - 2 -

“A mere assertion is not sufficient to prove the existence of a dispute any more
than a mere denial of the existence of the dispute proves its non-existence. Nor is it

adequate to show that the interests of the two parties to such a case are in conflict. It
must be shown that the claim of one party is positively opposed by the other.” (South
West Africa cases (Ethiopia v. South Africa; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328.)

6. More recently, the Court stated in Georgia v. Russian Federation that: “The Court’s
determination must turn on an examination of the facts. The matter is one of substance, not of

form.” (Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30.)

7. Notwithstanding this jurisprudence of the Court, it is stated in paragraph 38 of the
Judgment that: “a dispute exists when it is demonstrated, on the basis of the evidence, that the
respondent was aware, or could not have been unaware, that its views were ‘positively opposed’ by

the applicant”. The Judgment claims that this requirement is reflected “in previous decisions of the
Court in which the existence of a dispute was under consideration”, and invokes as authority for
this statement two judgments, namely the Judgments on preliminary objections in the cases of
Alleged Violations of sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v.
Colombia), and the Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation) (ibid.).

8. Neither of the two referenced Judgments provides support to a subjective requirement of
“awareness” by the Respondent in the determination of the existence of a dispute. In the Alleged
Violations Judgment on preliminary objections, the Court determined that a dispute existed on the
basis of statements made by the “highest representatives of the Parties” (Alleged Violations of
Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment of 17 March 2016, para. 73). It simply stated as a matter of fact
that Colombia was aware that its actions were positively opposed by Nicaragua. “Awareness” was

not identified as a criterion for the existence of a dispute, nor was it treated as such by the Court.

9. Similarly, in the Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), the Court merely noted that
Russia was or was not aware of the position taken by Georgia in certain documents or statements.
It did not identify “awareness” as a requirement for the existence of a dispute at any point in the

judgment nor was this implicit in the Court’s reasoning (Application of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian
Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), pp. 117-120,
paras. 106-113).

10. It is indeed the first time that such a subjective condition is introduced into the
assessment by the Court of the existence of a dispute. As pointed out above, the Court’s

jurisprudence has always viewed the existence of a dispute as an objective matter. The Court has
underlined on many occasions that the determination of the existence of a dispute is a
“matter . . . of substance, not of form” (Application of the International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30). - 3 -

11. The function of the Court is to determine objectively the existence of a conflict of legal
views on the basis of evidence placed before it and not to delve into the consciousness, perception

and other mental processes of States (provided they do possess such cerebral qualities) in order to
find out about their state of awareness.

12. The introduction of an “awareness” test into the determination of the existence of a
dispute does not only go against the consistent jurisprudence of the Court; it also undermines
judicial economy and the sound administration of justice by inviting submissions of second
applications on the same dispute. If a formalistic requirement such as “awareness” is to be

demanded as a condition for the existence of a dispute, the applicant State may be able to fulfil
such a condition at any time by instituting fresh proceedings before the Court. The respondent
State would, of course, be aware of the existence of the dispute in the context of these new
proceedings. It is to avoid exactly this kind of situation that the Permanent Court of International
Justice observed in the Polish Upper Silesia case that: “the Court cannot allow itself to be
hampered by a mere defect of form, the removal of which depends solely on the Party concerned”
(Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia, Jurisdiction, Judgment No. 6, 1925, P.C.I.J.,

Series A, No. 6, p. 14).

13. More recently, in the Military and Paramilitary Activities case (Nicaragua v.
United States of America), the Court stated that: “It would make no sense to require Nicaragua
now to institute fresh proceedings based on the Treaty, which it would be fully entitled to do.”
(Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of
America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984, pp. 428-429, para. 83.)

14. Thus, in those circumstances where an applicant State may be entitled to bring fresh
proceedings to fulfil an initially unmet formal condition, it is not in the interests of the sound
administration of justice to compel it to do so (see Application of the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 442, para. 87). The introduction of a test of “awareness” constitutes an
open invitation to the applicant State to institute such proceedings before the Court, having made

the respondent State aware of its opposing views.

15. The existence of a dispute has to stand objectively by itself. What matters is that there is
a positive opposition of juridical viewpoints, a disagreement on a point of law or fact. It is not for
both Parties to define or to circumscribe the dispute before it comes to the Court, except when
drawing up a compromis. In all other instances it is the task of the Court to do so. Nor is it a legal

requirement for the existence of a dispute that the applicant State provide prior notice or raise the
awareness of the Respondent before coming to the Court.

16. The Court could have come to the same conclusions reached in the present Judgment by
applying the criteria traditionally used by it in the determination of the existence of a dispute. On
the basis of the evidence placed before it in this case, the Court could have concluded that the
Parties did not hold positively opposed views prior to the submission of the Application by the

Republic of the Marshall Islands. There was no need to introduce a new criterion of “awareness”
in order to justify those conclusions. Indeed, as indicated in paragraph 52 of the Judgment: “the
question whether there is a dispute in a particular contentious case turns on the evidence of
opposition of views”. Nothing more, nothing less, as stated by the Court on so many occasions in
the past. - 4 -

17. Thus, the conclusions of the Judgment on the absence of a dispute between the Republic
of the Marshall Islands and India should have been based on an analysis of the facts presented to

the Court regarding the positions of the Parties on the subject-matter of the alleged dispute. They
should have in particular referred to the articulation of those positions in multilateral settings (see
paragraph 36), since there were no bilateral exchanges between the Republic of the Marshall
Islands and India prior to the filing of the Application by the former. In the same vein as in
Georgia v. Russian Federation, the Court should have reviewed the documents and statements
relied upon by the Parties, including statements in multilateral settings, to demonstrate the
existence or non-existence of a dispute between them (see Application of the International

Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian
Federation), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), pp. 100-120,
paras. 63-113).

18. In this context, two categories of documents and statements invoked by the Republic of
the Marshall Islands and India with regard to the subject-matter of the dispute are of particular
relevance: (a) the resolutions adopted by the United Nations General Assembly calling upon States

to pursue multilateral negotiations on nuclear disarmament and the voting patterns of the Republic
of the Marshall Islands and India on such resolutions; and (b) statements made by the Parties on
the subject-matter of the alleged dispute in multilateral forums, including United Nations organs
dealing with disarmament issues, as well as other international forums.

19. However, before turning to the examination of those documents and statements, a few
observations need to be made on the subject-matter of the dispute and the date at which the dispute

must have existed, both of which are important factors in the objective determination of the
existence or absence of a dispute between the Parties.

20. It is for the Court itself to determine on an objective basis the subject-matter of the
dispute between the Parties, that is, to “isolate the real issue in the case and to identify the object of
the claim” (Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 262, para. 29;
Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 466, para. 30).

However, in doing so, the Court examines the positions of both Parties, while giving particular
attention to the manner in which the subject-matter of the dispute is framed by the applicant State
(Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada), Jurisdiction of the Court, Judgment, I.C.J.
Reports 1998, p. 448, para. 30; see also Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v.
Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 848, para. 38).

21. In its Memorial, the Republic of the Marshall Islands describes its dispute with India as
concerning “India’s compliance or non-compliance with its obligation under customary
international law to pursue in good faith, and bring to a conclusion, negotiations leading to nuclear
disarmament in all its aspects under strict and effective international control” (Memorial of the
Marshall Islands (MMI), para. 13). This framing of the subject-matter of the dispute was reiterated
by the Republic of the Marshall Islands in oral proceedings (CR 2016/1, p. 32, para. 9
(Condorelli)).

22. Although the Republic of the Marshall Islands argued at various points in its pleadings
that the quantitative build-up and qualitative improvement of India’s nuclear arsenal was “contrary
to the objective of nuclear disarmament” (MMI, para. 19), the Republic of the Marshall Islands
relies mainly on the statement made by its Foreign Minister at the Second Conference on the
Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons held in Nayarit, Mexico, as evidence of the existence of
a dispute with India. In that statement, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, after accusing the - 5 -

States possessing nuclear weapons of failing to fulfil their legal obligations on pursuing nuclear
disarmament through multilateral negotiations, declared that “the immediate commencement and
conclusion of such negotiations is required by legal obligation of nuclear disarmament resting upon
each and every State under Article VI of the Non-Proliferation Treaty and customary international
law”.

23. The subject-matter of the dispute may therefore be considered to relate in this case to the
alleged non-compliance of India with a customary law obligation to pursue in good faith and to
bring to a conclusion negotiations on nuclear disarmament . While the issue of non-compliance
with such an obligation, assuming of course that it exists, belongs to the merits of the case, what is

at issue at this point is the existence of positively opposed viewpoints on the pursuit in good faith
of negotiations on nuclear disarmament. In other words, for the purpose of determining the
existence of a dispute between Republic of the Marshall Islands and India, the Court has to
ascertain on the basis of the facts placed before it whether there is a disagreement between the
Parties on the immediate commencement and conclusion of multilateral negotiations on nuclear
disarmament.

24. As the Court has pointed out on several occasions, such disagreement must, in principle,
have existed at the time of the institution of proceedings before the Court (Alleged Violations of
Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment of 17 March 2016, para. 52; Questions relating to the

Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II),
p. 442, para. 46; Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections, I.C.J.
Reports 2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30). The seisin of the Court cannot by itself bring into being a
dispute between the Parties. There must be as a minimum the start or the onset of a dispute prior to

the filing of an application, the continuation or crystallization of which may become more evident
in the course of the proceedings.

25. As explained in the following paragraphs, and in contrast to the Republic of the Marshall
Islands v. United Kingdom case, it does not appear that there was an incipient dispute between the

Republic of the Marshall Islands and India in the present case prior to the filing of the application.
As discussed in my dissenting opinion in Republic of the Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom, the
Nayarit statement by the Republic of the Marshall Islands may be considered as a protest meant to
contest the attitude of the nuclear weapons States towards the immediate commencement of
negotiations on a comprehensive convention for the elimination of nuclear weapons. However, for

there to exist at least the beginning of a dispute between the Republic of the Marshall Islands and
India, it must be shown that India had a course of conduct which was positively opposed to the
commencement and conclusion of such negotiations prior to the institution of proceedings. A
review of the two categories of documents and statements mentioned above shows that India has
systematically supported the immediate commencement and conclusion of multilateral negotiations
aimed at the elimination of nuclear weapons both before and after the submission of the

Application by the Republic of the Marshall Islands.

1
The Republic of the Marshall Islands confirmed during the oral proceedings that this was indeed the
subject-matter of the dispute:
“To be fair, Mr. President, in a further development of its position, India distances itself from its
accusatory tone and summarized the task before this Court in this case as ‘la determination de l’existence
d’une violation  ou non  de l’obligation de mener de bonne foi des négociations en vue de la
conclusion d’un traité sur le disarmament nucléaire’. This demonstrates that, in effect, India is fully
aware of the precise subject-matter of this case and there is  after all  no confusion possible on
India’s part regarding what this case is about.” (CR 2016/6, p. 10, para. 9 (van den Biesen).) - 6 -

26. As regards the United Nations General Assembly resolutions, India has consistently
voted in favour of three strands of the United Nations General Assembly resolutions that call upon
States to negotiate a comprehensive nuclear disarmament treaty. The first of these are resolutions
passed in response to the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice, which, after
underlining the unanimous conclusion of the International Court of Justice that there exists an

obligation to pursue in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear
disarmament, call upon all States

“immediately to fulfil that obligation by commencing multilateral negotiations leading
to an early conclusion of a nuclear weapons convention prohibiting the development,

production, testing, deployment, stockpiling, transfer, threat or use of nuclear weapons
and providing for their elimination”.

Since the delivery of the Court’s Opinion in July 1996, India has voted in favour of all
twenty follow-up resolutions adopted by the United Nations General Assembly.

27. The second strand of resolutions are a follow-up to the 2013 United Nations
General Assembly High-Level Meeting on Nuclear Disarmament, which, inter alia, call for the
“urgent compliance with the legal obligations and the fulfilment of the commitments undertaken on
nuclear disarmament” and the

“urgent commencement of negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament for the
early conclusion of a comprehensive convention on nuclear weapons to prohibit their
possession, development, production, acquisition, testing, stockpiling, transfer, use or
threat of use and to provide for their destruction”.

India has voted in favour of all three follow-up resolutions passed since that high-level meeting. In
a similar vein, India voted for two resolutions, passed in 2013 and 2014, entitled “Taking forward
multilateral nuclear disarmament negotiations”, which re-affirmed the “urgency of securing
substantive progress in multilateral nuclear disarmament negotiations” . 2

28. Thirdly, India’s stance regarding negotiation of nuclear disarmament is confirmed by the
fact that it is part of a group of States that have annually tabled a resolution at the United Nations
General Assembly since 1987, entitled “Convention on the Prohibition of the Use of Nuclear
Weapons” . This resolution calls upon States parties to the Conference on Disarmament “to

commence negotiations in order to reach agreement on an international convention prohibiting the
use or threat of use of nuclear weapons under any circumstances”.

In view of the consistent pattern of voting in India in favour of a series of resolutions which
call for the same type of action, there is no doubt that such a voting record has an evidentiary value

with regard to the course of conduct of India on the matter at issue in this case: the immediate
commencement of negotiations and conclusion of a general convention on nuclear disarmament.

29. Furthermore, India, as a member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), has

consistently subscribed to statements made by this group of States that express willingness to
engage in multilateral negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament. Thus, in August 2012, at the
16th Summit conference of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Heads of State or Government

2
A/RES/68/46; A/RES/69/41.
See A/C.1/42/L.28. - 7 -

“reiterated deep concern over the slow pace of progress towards nuclear disarmament
and the lack of progress by the Nuclear-Weapons States (NWS) to accomplish the

total elimination of their nuclear arsenals in accordance with their relevant multilateral
legal obligations . . . and emphasized, in this regard, the urgent need to commence
negotiations on comprehensive and complete nuclear disarmament without delay”
(16th Summit of Heads of State or Government of the Non-Aligned Movement,
August 2012, para. 151).

Similarly, at the XVIth Ministerial Conference of the Non-Aligned Movement:

“The Ministers . . . reiterated deep concern over the slow pace of progress
towards nuclear disarmament and the lack of progress by the Nuclear-Weapons States
(NWS) to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear arsenals in accordance with
their relevant multilateral legal obligations . . . and emphasized, in this regard, the
urgent need to commence negotiations on comprehensive and complete nuclear
disarmament without delay.” (XVI Ministerial Conference and Commemorative
Meeting of the NAM, Final Document, May 2011, para. 136.)

30. In addition to its voting record on United Nations General Assembly and Non-Aligned
Movement resolutions, India’s consistent support for the commencement and conclusion of
negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament is substantiated by the statements of its Head of State
and Ministers in multilateral forums or official documents. For example, at the First High-Level
Meeting on Nuclear Disarmament in 2013, the Minister of External Affairs of India stated that:

“We believe that the goal of nuclear disarmament can be achieved through a
step-by-step process underwritten by a universal commitment and an agreed
multilateral framework that is global and non-discriminatory. There is need for a
meaningful dialogue among all states possessing nuclear weapons to build trust and
confidence and for reducing the salience of nuclear weapons in international affairs
and security doctrines . . . [T]he Non-aligned movement, of which India is a proud
founding member, has proposed today the early commencement of negotiations in the

(Conference on Disarmament, or ‘CD’) on nuclear disarmament. We support this
call.”

31. At the Nayarit conference, where the Republic of the Marshall Islands made its statement
addressed to the nuclear powers calling on them to fulfil their obligation to pursue in good faith and
conclude negotiations on nuclear disarmament, India’s representative also stated that:

“Its main objective is to seek the negotiation in the Conference on Disarmament
of a Convention on the Prohibition of Use of Nuclear Weapons, which will be an
important step in the progressive delegitimization of nuclear weapons, paving the way
for their elimination. We hope delegations gathered here will extend support for
negotiation of such a Convention.”

32. Thus, it is my view that there is no evidence in the record that positively opposed views

were held by India and the Republic of the Marshall Islands, prior to the submission of the
application of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, on the obligation to pursue and conclude
negotiations on nuclear disarmament, assuming that such an obligation exists in customary
international law. The record shows instead that both States have been advocating in various
multilateral forums, including at the Nayarit conference, but most of all at the United Nations
General Assembly (at least since 2013 in the case of the Republic of the Marshall Islands), the
necessity for all States, including nuclear weapons States, to pursue in good faith and to conclude - 8 -

negotiations on nuclear disarmament. Rather than positive opposition or conflict of legal views on

the subject-matter of the alleged dispute, the evidence appears to point towards a convergence of
views between the Parties on the negotiation and conclusion of a comprehensive convention on
nuclear disarmament. The Judgment should have therefore based its conclusion on this absence of
conflict of legal views, instead of resorting to a new subjective requirement of “awareness” in the
determination of the existence or non-existence of a dispute.

(Signed) Abdulqawi A. Y USUF .

___________

Bilingual Content

282
31
DECLARATION OF VICE-PRESIDENT
YUSUF
Existence of a dispute — Matter for objective determination — Positively
opposed juridical views required — Subjective criterion of “awareness” not a
condition — “Awareness” has no basis in jurisprudence of Court — It also
undermines sound administration of justice — Court could have reached same
conclusions without using “awareness” criterion — Incipient dispute must exist
prior to application to the Court — Dispute can crystallize during proceedings —
At issue is India’s compliance with obligation to negotiate nuclear disarmament —
Both Parties supported negotiations on disarmament — Both voted in favour of
relevant United Nations resolutions — No evidence of positively opposed views.
1. I agree with the conclusions of the Court on the inexistence of a
dispute between the Marshall Islands and India on the subject‑matter of
the Application of the former. I disagree, however, with some aspects of
the reasoning in the Judgment. I disagree, in particular, with the introduction
of the subjective criterion of “awareness” in the assessment by the
Court of the existence of a dispute. This is a clear departure from the
consistent jurisprudence of the Court on this matter. I am also in disagreement
with the one‑size‑fits‑all approach taken to the three distinct
cases argued before the Court by the Parties (Marshall Islands v. India,
Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom, Marshall Islands v. Pakistan).
2. It is correctly stated in the Judgment that: “[w]hether a dispute exists
is a matter for objective determination by the Court which must turn on
an examination of the facts”, and, for that purpose, “the Court takes into
account in particular any statements or documents exchanged between
the parties, as well as any exchanges made in multilateral settings”
(para. 36). However, as has been shown in my dissenting opinion on Marshall
Islands v. United Kingdom, and as will be demonstrated in this declaration,
the policy approaches of the respondent States to the negotiation
and conclusion of an international instrument on nuclear disarmament
are quite different from each other and the positions they have taken in
multilateral forums on the subject‑matter of the dispute are far from
being identical. The existence of a dispute between each one of them and
the applicant State has therefore to be determined in light of those distinctive
facts.
3. The jurisdiction of the Court is to be exercised in contentious cases
only in respect of legal disputes submitted to it by States. This case was
submitted to the Court on the basis of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the
Statute. This provision does not define what is meant by a “legal dis-
282
31
DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE YUSUF, VICE‑PRÉSIDENT
[Traduction]
Existence d’un différend — Question devant être tranchée objectivement —
Nécessité de thèses juridiques manifestement opposées — Critère subjectif de la
« connaissance » du différend n’étant pas une condition — Critère sans fondement
dans la jurisprudence de la Cour — Critère par ailleurs préjudiciable à une bonne
administration de la justice — Possibilité pour la Cour de parvenir aux mêmes
conclusions sans recourir au critère de la « connaissance » — Début de différend
devant exister avant le dépôt d’une requête — Différend pouvant se cristalliser en
cours d’instance — Mise en cause, en l’espèce, du respect par l’Inde de son
obligation de négocier en vue de parvenir au désarmement nucléaire — Parties
ayant toutes deux soutenu les négociations sur le désarmement — Parties ayant
toutes deux voté en faveur des résolutions de l’Organisation des Nations Unies en
la matière — Absence de preuve de l’existence de thèses manifestement opposées.
1. Bien que souscrivant aux conclusions auxquelles la Cour est parvenue
quant à l’inexistence d’un différend entre l’Inde et la République des
Iles Marshall sur l’objet de la requête déposée par cette dernière, je suis en
désaccord avec certains aspects du raisonnement tenu dans l’arrêt. Je n’approuve
notamment pas l’introduction par la Cour du critère subjectif de la
« connaissance » dans son appréciation de l’existence d’un différend. En
cela, elle s’est nettement écartée de sa jurisprudence constante en la matière.
Je n’approuve pas non plus le fait qu’elle ait suivi la même approche dans
les trois affaires distinctes qui lui ont été soumises (Iles Marshall c. Inde,
Iles Marshall c. Royaume‑Uni et Iles Marshall c. Pakistan).
2. L’arrêt rappelle à juste titre que « [l]’existence d’un différend doit
être établie objectivement par la Cour sur la base d’un examen des faits »
et que, à cette fin, celle‑ci « tient notamment compte de l’ensemble des
déclarations ou documents échangés entre les parties, … ainsi que des
échanges qui ont eu lieu dans des enceintes multilatérales » (par. 36). Or,
comme je l’ai montré dans mon opinion dissidente en l’affaire Iles Marshall
c. Royaume‑Uni, et comme je le montrerai dans la présente déclaration,
les Etats défendeurs ont des politiques très différentes en ce qui concerne
la négociation et la conclusion d’un instrument international sur le désarmement
nucléaire, et les positions qu’ils ont soutenues sur l’objet du différend
en cause dans diverses enceintes internationales sont loin d’être
identiques. C’est donc en tenant compte de ces différences qu’il fallait
apprécier la question de l’existence d’un différend entre chacun d’eux et
l’Etat demandeur.
3. Dans les affaires contentieuses, la Cour ne peut exercer sa compétence
qu’à l’égard de différends d’ordre juridique que lui soumettent les
Etats. La présente instance a été introduite devant la Cour sur le fondement
du paragraphe 2 de l’article 36 du Statut. Or cette disposition ne défi-
283 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. yusuf)
32
pute” ; it therefore falls to the Court not only to define it, but also to
determine its existence or inexistence in a case such as this one before
proceeding to the merits.
4. The jurisprudence of the Court is replete with such definitions. The
first one, which is still frequently cited by the Court, was in the Mavrommatis
Palestine Concessions case, in which the Court stated that: “A dispute
is a disagreement on a point of law or fact, a conflict of legal views
or of interests between two persons.” (Mavrommatis Palestine Concessions,
Judgment No. 2, 1924, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 2, p. 11.) It has since
then, however, been further elaborated and enriched by subsequent jurisprudence.
5. The Court has clearly established in its jurisprudence that: “[w]hether
there exists an international dispute is a matter for objective determination”
(Interpretation of Peace Treaties with Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania,
First Phase, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1950, p. 74). It has also
observed, in elaborating further on the definition given by the PCIJ in the
Mavrommatis case, that :
“A mere assertion is not sufficient to prove the existence of a dispute
any more than a mere denial of the existence of the dispute proves its
non‑existence. Nor is it adequate to show that the interests of the two
parties to such a case are in conflict. It must be shown that the claim
of one party is positively opposed by the other.” (South West Africa
cases (Ethiopia v. South Africa ; Liberia v. South Africa), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1962, p. 328.)
6. More recently, the Court stated in Georgia v. Russian Federation
that: “The Court’s determination must turn on an examination of the
facts. The matter is one of substance, not of form” (Application of the
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30).
7. Notwithstanding this jurisprudence of the Court, it is stated in paragraph
38 of the Judgment that: “a dispute exists when it is demonstrated,
on the basis of the evidence, that the respondent was aware, or could not
have been unaware, that its views were ‘positively opposed’ by the applicant”.
The Judgment claims that this requirement is reflected “in previous
decisions of the Court in which the existence of a dispute was under consideration”,
and invokes as authority for this statement two judgments,
namely the Judgments on preliminary objections in the cases of
Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean
Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia) and the Application of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Georgia v. Russian Federation) (ibid.).
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. yusuf) 283
32
nit pas ce qu’il faut entendre par « différend d’ordre juridique » ; il revenait
par conséquent à la Cour non seulement de définir cette notion, mais également
d’établir l’éventuelle existence de pareil différend dans une affaire
telle que la présente espèce, avant de procéder à l’examen au fond.
4. La jurisprudence de la Cour abonde en définitions de la notion de
différend. La première, encore souvent citée par la Cour, a été donnée
dans l’affaire des Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine, dans laquelle
la Cour permanente de Justice internationale a déclaré qu’« [u]n différend
[était] un désaccord sur un point de droit ou de fait, une contradiction,
une opposition de thèses juridiques ou d’intérêts entre deux
personnes » (Concessions Mavrommatis en Palestine, arrêt no 2, 1924,
C.P.J.I. série A no 2, p. 11). Cette définition a toutefois été développée
depuis, et enrichie par la jurisprudence ultérieure.
5. La Cour a par ailleurs clairement indiqué que « [l]’existence d’un différend
international demand[ait] à être établie objectivement » (Interprétation
des traités de paix conclus avec la Bulgarie, la Hongrie et la Roumanie,
première phase, avis consultatif, C.I.J. Recueil 1950, p. 74). Revenant sur
la définition donnée par la Cour permanente dans l’affaire Mavrommatis,
elle a en outre fait observer ceci :
« La simple affirmation ne suffit pas pour prouver l’existence d’un
différend, tout comme le simple fait que l’existence d’un différend est
contestée ne prouve pas que ce différend n’existe pas. Il n’est pas
suffisant non plus de démontrer que les intérêts des deux parties à
une telle affaire sont en conflit. Il faut démontrer que la réclamation
de l’une des parties se heurte à l’opposition manifeste de l’autre. »
(Sud‑Ouest africain (Ethiopie c. Afrique du Sud ; Libéria c. Afrique du
Sud), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1962, p. 328.)
6. Plus récemment, dans l’affaire Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie, la
Cour a précisé que, « pour se prononcer, [elle devait] s’attacher aux faits
[et qu’i]l s’agi[ssait] d’une question de fond, et non de forme » (Application
de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 84, par. 30).
7. Nonobstant cette jurisprudence, au paragraphe 38 du présent arrêt,
la Cour déclare qu’« un différend existe lorsqu’il est démontré, sur la base
des éléments de preuve, que le défendeur avait connaissance, ou ne pouvait
pas ne pas avoir connaissance, de ce que ses vues se heurtaient à
l’« opposition manifeste » du demandeur ». Selon l’arrêt, cette condition
« ressort de décisions antérieures de la Cour dans lesquelles la question de
l’existence d’un différend était à l’examen ». A l’appui de cette assertion,
la Cour invoque comme précédents les deux arrêts qu’elle a rendus sur les
exceptions préliminaires soulevées dans les affaires relatives à des Violations
alléguées de droits souverains et d’espaces maritimes dans la mer des
Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Colombie) et à l’Application de la convention internationale
sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale
(Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie) (ibid.).
284 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. yusuf)
33
8. Neither of the two referenced Judgments provides support to a subjective
requirement of “awareness” by the Respondent in the determination
of the existence of a dispute. In the Alleged Violations Judgment on
preliminary objections, the Court determined that a dispute existed on the
basis of statements made by the “highest representatives of the Parties”
(Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean
Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), pp. 32‑33, para. 73). It simply stated as a matter
of fact that Colombia was aware that its actions were positively opposed
by Nicaragua. “Awareness” was not identified as a criterion for the existence
of a dispute, nor was it treated as such by the Court.
9. Similarly, in the Application of the International Convention on the
Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian
Federation), the Court merely noted that Russia was or was not aware of
the position taken by Georgia in certain documents or statements. It did
not identify “awareness” as a requirement for the existence of a dispute at
any point in the Judgment nor was this implicit in the Court’s reasoning
(Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms
of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary
Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), pp. 117‑120, paras. 106‑113).
10. It is indeed the first time that such a subjective condition is introduced
into the assessment by the Court of the existence of a dispute. As
pointed out above, the Court’s jurisprudence has always viewed the existence
of a dispute as an objective matter. The Court has underlined on
many occasions that the determination of the existence of a dispute is a
“matter . . . of substance, not of form” (ibid., p. 84, para. 30).
11. The function of the Court is to determine objectively the existence
of a conflict of legal views on the basis of evidence placed before it and
not to delve into the consciousness, perception and other mental processes
of States (provided they do possess such cerebral qualities) in order
to find out about their state of awareness.
12. The introduction of an “awareness” test into the determination of
the existence of a dispute does not only go against the consistent jurisprudence
of the Court ; it also undermines judicial economy and the sound
administration of justice by inviting submissions of second applications
on the same dispute. If a formalistic requirement such as “awareness” is
to be demanded as a condition for the existence of a dispute, the applicant
State may be able to fulfil such a condition at any time by instituting
fresh proceedings before the Court. The respondent State would, of
course, be aware of the existence of the dispute in the context of these
new proceedings. It is to avoid exactly this kind of situation that the Permanent
Court of International Justice observed in the Polish Upper Silesia
case that: “the Court cannot allow itself to be hampered by a mere
defect of form, the removal of which depends solely on the Party concerned”
(Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia, Jurisdiction,
Judgment No. 6, 1925, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 6, p. 14).
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. yusuf) 284
33
8. Or aucun de ces deux arrêts n’étaye la thèse d’une condition subjective
de l’existence d’un différend qui serait la « connaissance », par le
défendeur, de l’opposition manifeste du demandeur. Dans l’arrêt qu’elle a
rendu sur les exceptions préliminaires en l’affaire relative à des Violations
alléguées, la Cour a conclu à l’existence d’un différend sur la base de
déclarations « faites par les plus hauts représentants des Parties » (Violations
alléguées de droits souverains et d’espaces maritimes dans la mer des
Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Colombie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2016 (I), p. 33, par. 73). Elle a simplement déclaré que la Colombie
avait, de fait, connaissance de l’opposition manifeste du Nicaragua à
l’égard de ses actes, sans présenter ni traiter cette « connaissance » comme
un critère régissant l’existence d’un différend.
9. De même, dans l’affaire relative à l’Application de la convention
internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale
(Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), la Cour a simplement relevé que la
Russie avait ou n’avait pas « connaissance » de la position adoptée par la
Géorgie dans tels ou tels documents et déclarations. Le fait que la
« connaissance » puisse être une condition de l’existence d’un différend
n’est mentionné nulle part dans l’arrêt et n’est pas non plus implicite
dans le raisonnement de la Cour (exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2011 (I), p. 117‑120, par. 106‑113).
10. C’est, de fait, la première fois qu’une telle condition subjective est
introduite dans l’appréciation par la Cour de l’existence d’un différend.
Comme je l’ai dit plus haut, et ainsi que cela ressort de sa jurisprudence, la
Cour a toujours considéré que la détermination de l’existence d’un différend
était une question objective. Elle a souligné à plusieurs reprises qu’il s’agissait
là d’« une question de fond, et non de forme » (ibid., p. 84, par. 30.)
11. La fonction de la Cour est d’établir objectivement l’existence d’une
opposition de thèses juridiques sur la base des éléments de preuve qui lui
sont soumis, et non de sonder la conscience, la perception et les autres
processus mentaux des Etats (pour autant que ceux‑ci possèdent pareilles
qualités cérébrales) pour savoir ce dont ils ont connaissance.
12. L’introduction d’un critère de la « connaissance » pour établir
l’existence d’un différend va non seulement à l’encontre de la jurisprudence
établie de la Cour, mais elle nuit également à l’économie judiciaire
et à la bonne administration de la justice, puisqu’elle incite à soumettre
une nouvelle requête portant sur le même différend. Si l’existence d’un
différend est soumise à une condition de forme telle que la « connaissance
», l’Etat demandeur pourra remplir cette condition à tout moment
en engageant une nouvelle procédure devant la Cour. L’Etat défendeur
aura alors bien évidemment connaissance de l’existence du différend dans
le cadre de cette nouvelle procédure. C’est précisément pour éviter ce type
de situations que, dans l’affaire relative à Certains intérêts allemands en
Haute‑Silésie polonaise, la Cour permanente de Justice internationale a
fait observer qu’elle « ne pou[vait] s’arrêter à un défaut de forme qu’il
dépendrait de la seule Partie intéressée de faire disparaître » (compétence,
arrêt no 6, 1925, C.P.J.I. série A no 6, p. 14).
285 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. yusuf)
34
13. More recently, in the Military and Paramilitary Activities case
(Nicaragua v. United States of America), the Court stated that: “It would
make no sense to require Nicaragua now to institute fresh proceedings
based on the Treaty, which it would be fully entitled to do.” (Military and
Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States
of America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1984,
pp. 428‑429, para. 83.)
14. Thus, in those circumstances where an applicant State may be entitled
to bring fresh proceedings to fulfil an initially unmet formal condition,
it is not in the interests of the sound administration of justice to
compel it to do so (see Application of the Convention on the Prevention and
Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 442, para. 87). The introduction
of a test of “awareness” constitutes an open invitation to the
applicant State to institute such proceedings before the Court, having
made the respondent State aware of its opposing views.
15. The existence of a dispute has to stand objectively by itself. What
matters is that there is a positive opposition of juridical viewpoints, a
disagreement on a point of law or fact. It is not for both parties to define
or to circumscribe the dispute before it comes to the Court, except when
drawing up a compromis. In all other instances it is the task of the Court
to do so. Nor is it a legal requirement for the existence of a dispute that
the applicant State provide prior notice or raise the awareness of the
respondent before coming to the Court.
16. The Court could have come to the same conclusions reached in the
present Judgment by applying the criteria traditionally used by it in the
determination of the existence of a dispute. On the basis of the evidence
placed before it in this case, the Court could have concluded that the Parties
did not hold positively opposed views prior to the submission of the
Application by the Marshall Islands. There was no need to introduce a
new criterion of “awareness” in order to justify those conclusions. Indeed,
as indicated in paragraph 52 of the Judgment: “the question whether
there is a dispute in a particular contentious case turns on the evidence of
opposition of views”. Nothing more, nothing less, as stated by the Court
on so many occasions in the past.
17. Thus, the conclusions of the Judgment on the absence of a dispute
between the Marshall Islands and India should have been based on an
analysis of the facts presented to the Court regarding the positions of the
Parties on the subject‑matter of the alleged dispute. They should have in
particular referred to the articulation of those positions in multilateral
settings (see para. 36), since there were no bilateral exchanges between the
Marshall Islands and India prior to the filing of the Application by the
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. yusuf) 285
34
13. Plus récemment, dans l’affaire des Activités militaires et paramilitaires
au Nicaragua et contre celui‑ci (Nicaragua c. Etats‑Unis d’Amérique),
la Cour a fait observer qu’« [i]l n’y aurait aucun sens à obliger
maintenant le Nicaragua à entamer une nouvelle procédure sur la base du
traité — ce qu’il aurait pleinement le droit de faire » (compétence et recevabilité,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1984, p. 428‑429, par. 83).
14. Ainsi, dans les cas où un Etat demandeur aurait le droit d’introduire
une nouvelle instance pour satisfaire à une condition de forme qu’il
avait manqué de remplir dans un premier temps, il n’est pas dans l’intérêt
d’une bonne administration de la justice de le contraindre à procéder de
cette manière (voir l’affaire relative à l’Application de la convention pour
la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Croatie c. Serbie),
exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 442, par. 87).
L’introduction
du critère de la « connaissance » constitue une invitation
à l’Etat demandeur, dont les points de vue nettement opposés seront
déjà connus de l’Etat défendeur, à engager une nouvelle instance devant
la Cour.
15. La question de l’existence d’un différend doit être examinée de
manière autonome et objective. L’important est qu’il y ait une opposition
manifeste de thèses juridiques, un désaccord sur un point de droit ou de
fait. Il n’appartient pas aux parties de définir ou de circonscrire le différend
avant que celui-
ci ne soit soumis à la Cour, sauf lorsqu’il l’est par
compromis. Dans tous les autres cas, c’est à la Cour qu’il revient de le
faire. Le fait que l’Etat demandeur ait préalablement notifié un différend
au défendeur ou l’ait porté d’une autre façon à sa connaissance avant de
saisir la Cour ne constitue pas non plus une condition juridique de l’existence
de ce différend.
16. La Cour aurait pu parvenir aux mêmes conclusions que celles
qu’elle a formulées dans le présent arrêt en appliquant les critères qu’elle
utilise habituellement pour établir l’existence d’un différend. Sur la base
des éléments de preuve qui lui ont été soumis en l’espèce, elle aurait ainsi
pu conclure que les points de vue des Parties n’étaient pas manifestement
opposés avant le dépôt de la requête par la République des Iles Marshall.
Point n’était donc besoin d’introduire un nouveau critère de la « connaissance
» pour justifier ces conclusions. De fait, comme cela est rappelé au
paragraphe 52 de l’arrêt, « la question de l’existence d’un différend dans
une affaire contentieuse dépend des éléments de preuve relatifs à une
divergence de vues ». Rien de plus et rien de moins, comme l’a si souvent
dit la Cour par le passé.
17. La Cour aurait donc dû fonder les conclusions qu’elle a énoncées
dans l’arrêt concernant l’absence de différend entre la République des
Iles Marshall et l’Inde sur une analyse factuelle des positions des Parties
sur l’objet du différend allégué telles qu’elles lui ont été présentées. Etant
donné qu’il n’y avait pas eu d’échanges bilatéraux entre l’Inde et la République
des Iles Marshall avant le dépôt par celle‑ci de la requête introductive
d’instance, elle aurait dû se référer en particulier à l’exposé de ces
286 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. yusuf)
35
former. In the same vein as in Georgia v. Russian Federation, the Court
should have reviewed the documents and statements relied upon by the
Parties, including statements in multilateral settings, to demonstrate the
existence or non‑existence of a dispute between them (see Application of
the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), pp. 100‑120, paras. 63‑113).
18. In this context, two categories of documents and statements
invoked by the Marshall Islands and India with regard to the subject‑matter
of the dispute are of particular relevance: (a) the resolutions
adopted by the United Nations General Assembly calling upon States to
pursue multilateral negotiations on nuclear disarmament and the voting
patterns of the Marshall Islands and India on such resolutions ; and
(b) statements made by the Parties on the subject‑matter of the alleged
dispute in multilateral forums, including United Nations organs dealing
with disarmament issues, as well as other international forums.
19. However, before turning to the examination of those documents
and statements, a few observations need to be made on the subject‑matter
of the dispute and the date at which the dispute must have existed, both
of which are important factors in the objective determination of the existence
or absence of a dispute between the Parties.
20. It is for the Court itself to determine on an objective basis the
subject‑matter
of the dispute between the Parties, that is, to “isolate the real
issue in the case and to identify the object of the claim” (Nuclear Tests
(Australia v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974, p. 262, para. 29 ;
Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1974,
p. 466, para. 30). However, in doing so, the Court examines the positions
of both Parties, while giving particular attention to the manner in which
the subject‑matter of the dispute is framed by the applicant State (Fisheries
Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada), Jurisdiction of the Court, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1998, p. 448, para. 30 ; see also Territorial and Maritime
Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary Objections, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 848, para. 38).
21. In its Memorial, the Marshall Islands describes its dispute with
India as concerning “India’s compliance or non‑compliance with its obligation
under customary international law to pursue in good faith, and
bring to a conclusion, negotiations leading to nuclear disarmament in all
its aspects under strict and effective international control” (Memorial of
the Marshall Islands (MMI), para. 13). This framing of the subject‑matter
of the dispute was reiterated by the Marshall Islands in oral proceedings
(CR 2016/1, p. 32, para. 9 (Condorelli)).
22. Although the Marshall Islands argued at various points in its
pleadings that the quantitative build‑up and qualitative improvement of
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. yusuf) 286
35
positions dans des enceintes multilatérales (arrêt, par. 36). Comme dans
l’affaire Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie, la Cour, pour démontrer l’existence
d’un différend éventuel entre les Parties, aurait dû examiner les
documents et déclarations que celles‑ci avaient invoqués à l’appui de leurs
thèses, y compris les déclarations faites dans des enceintes multilatérales
(Application de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes
les formes de discrimination raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie),
exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 100‑120,
par. 63‑113).
18. En l’espèce, deux catégories de documents et déclarations invoqués
par la République des Iles Marshall et l’Inde concernant l’objet du différend
revêtent une importance particulière : a) les résolutions adoptées par
l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies exhortant les Etats à poursuivre
des négociations multilatérales sur le désarmement nucléaire, ainsi que les
votes de la République des Iles Marshall et de l’Inde sur ces mêmes textes ;
et b) les déclarations relatives à l’objet du différend allégué faites par
les Parties dans des enceintes multilatérales, y compris les instances de
l’Organisation des Nations Unies traitant des questions de désarmement
et autres enceintes internationales.
19. Avant de passer à l’examen de ces documents et déclarations, je
dois toutefois faire quelques observations sur l’objet du différend et la
date à laquelle celui‑ci doit avoir existé, ces deux points étant des facteurs
importants pour une détermination objective de l’existence ou de l’absence
d’un différend.
20. Il appartenait à la Cour de déterminer, sur une base objective, l’objet
du différend entre les Parties, c’est-à-dire, « de circonscrire le véritable
problème en cause et de préciser l’objet de la demande » (Essais nucléaires
(Australie c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 262, par. 29 ; Essais
nucléaires (Nouvelle‑Zélande c. France), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1974, p. 466,
par. 30). Pour procéder à cette détermination, la Cour devait examiner les
positions des deux Parties, tout en accordant une attention particulière à
la manière dont le demandeur avait formulé l’objet du différend (Compétence
en matière de pêcheries (Espagne c. Canada), compétence de la Cour,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1998, p. 448, par. 30 ; voir également l’affaire du Différend
territorial et maritime (Nicaragua c. Colombie), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II), p. 848, par. 38).
21. Dans son mémoire, la République des Iles Marshall dit de son différend
avec l’Inde qu’il concerne « la question de savoir si l’Inde respecte
ou non l’obligation que lui impose le droit international coutumier de
poursuivre de bonne foi et de mener à terme des négociations conduisant
au désarmement nucléaire dans tous ses aspects, sous un contrôle international
strict et efficace » (mémoire des Iles Marshall (MMI), par. 13).
La République des Iles Marshall a repris cette présentation de l’objet
du différend
au cours de la procédure orale (CR 2016/1, p. 32, par. 9
(Condorelli)).
22. Même si la République des Iles Marshall a soutenu à plusieurs
reprises dans ses écritures que l’accroissement et l’amélioration des forces
287 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. yusuf)
36
India’s nuclear arsenal was “contrary to the objective of nuclear disarmament”
(MMI, para. 19), the Marshall Islands relies mainly on the statement
made by its Foreign Minister at the Second Conference on the
Humanitarian Impact of Nuclear Weapons held in Nayarit, Mexico, as
evidence of the existence of a dispute with India. In that statement, the
Marshall Islands, after accusing the States possessing nuclear weapons of
failing to fulfil their legal obligations on pursuing nuclear disarmament
through multilateral negotiations, declared that “the immediate commencement
and conclusion of such negotiations is required by legal obligation
of nuclear disarmament resting upon each and every State under
Article VI of the Non-Proliferation
Treaty and customary international
law”.
23. The subject‑matter of the dispute may therefore be considered to
relate in this case to the alleged non-compliance
of India with a customary
law obligation to pursue in good faith and to bring to a conclusion
negotiations on nuclear disarmament 1. While the issue of non‑compliance
with such an obligation, assuming of course that it exists, belongs to the
merits of the case, what is at issue at this point is the existence of positively
opposed viewpoints on the pursuit in good faith of negotiations on
nuclear disarmament. In other words, for the purpose of determining the
existence of a dispute between the Marshall Islands and India, the Court
has to ascertain on the basis of the facts placed before it whether there is
a disagreement between the Parties on the immediate commencement and
conclusion of multilateral negotiations on nuclear disarmament.
24. As the Court has pointed out on several occasions, such disagreement
must, in principle, have existed at the time of the institution of proceedings
before the Court (Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and
Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2016 (I), p. 27, para. 52 ; Questions
relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v.
Senegal), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 442, para. 46 ; Application
of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Preliminary Objections,
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 84, para. 30). The seisin of the
Court cannot by itself bring into being a dispute between the Parties.
There must be as a minimum the start or the onset of a dispute prior to
the filing of an application, the continuation or crystallization of which
may become more evident in the course of the proceedings.
1 The Republic of the Marshall Islands confirmed during the oral proceedings that this
was indeed the subject‑matter of the dispute:
“To be fair, Mr. President, in a further development of its position, India distances
itself from its accusatory tone and summarized the task before this Court in this case
as ‘la determination de l’existence d’une violation — ou non — de l’obligation de mener
de bonne foi des négociations en vue de la conclusion d’un traité sur le disarmament
nucléaire’. This demonstrates that, in effect, India is fully aware of the precise subject-matter
of this case and there is — after all — no confusion possible on India’s part
regarding what this case is about.” (CR 2016/6, p. 10, para. 9 (van den Biesen).)
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. yusuf) 287
36
nucléaires de l’Inde étaient « contraire[s] à l’objectif du désarmement
nucléaire » (MMI, par. 19), elle s’est principalement appuyée sur la déclaration
de son ministre des affaires étrangères à la deuxième conférence sur
l’impact humanitaire des armes nucléaires tenue à Nayarit, au Mexique,
pour démontrer l’existence d’un différend avec l’Inde. Dans cette déclaration,
la République des Iles Marshall, après avoir accusé les Etats possédant
un arsenal nucléaire de ne pas respecter leur obligation juridique de
poursuivre le désarmement nucléaire par des négociations multilatérales,
a déclaré que « [l]’obligation d’oeuvrer au désarmement nucléaire …
incomb[ant] à chaque Etat en vertu de l’article VI du traité de non-prolifération
nucléaire et du droit international coutumier impos[ait] l’ouverture
immédiate et l’aboutissement de telles négociations ».
23. En la présente espèce, l’objet du différend pouvait par conséquent
être considéré comme se rapportant au manquement allégué de l’Inde à une
obligation de droit coutumier lui imposant de poursuivre de bonne foi et de
mener à terme des négociations sur le désarmement nucléaire 1. Même si la
question du manquement à une telle obligation, à supposer bien sûr que
cette dernière existe, relevait du fond de l’affaire, ce qui était en cause à ce
stade était l’existence de thèses manifestement opposées sur la poursuite de
bonne foi de négociations sur le désarmement nucléaire. Autrement dit,
pour établir l’existence d’un différend entre la République des Iles Marshall
et l’Inde, la Cour devait vérifier, sur la base des faits qui lui avaient été
soumis, s’il existait un désaccord entre les Parties sur l’ouverture immédiate
et la conclusion de négociations multilatérales sur le désarmement nucléaire.
24. Comme la Cour l’a fait observer à plusieurs reprises, pareil désaccord
doit, en principe, avoir existé au moment de l’introduction de l’instance
devant elle (Violations alléguées de droits souverains et d’espaces
maritimes dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Colombie), exceptions
préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2016 (I), p. 27, par. 52 ; Questions
concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader (Belgique c. Sénégal),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 442, par. 46 ; Application de la convention
internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination
raciale (Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), exceptions préliminaires, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2011 (I), p. 84, par. 30.) La saisine de la Cour ne saurait
en elle-même faire naître un différend entre les Parties. Il faut à tout le
moins qu’il y ait, avant le dépôt d’une requête, le début d’un différend
qui, s’il se poursuit ou se cristallise au cours de la procédure, deviendra
plus manifeste.
1 La République des Iles Marshall a confirmé au cours de la procédure orale qu’il
s’agissait bien de l’objet du différend :
« Nous reconnaissons, Monsieur le président, que l’Inde, en exposant sa position plus
avant, s’est départie de son ton accusatoire et a résumé la mission de la Cour en l’espèce
comme « la détermination de l’existence d’une violation — ou non — de l’obligation de
mener de bonne foi des négociations en vue de la conclusion d’un traité sur le désarmement
nucléaire ». Cela démontre que, de fait, l’Inde sait très bien de quoi il retourne
exactement ici et que, en définitive, aucune confusion n’a pu s’immiscer dans son esprit
quant à l’objet de la présente affaire. » (CR 2016/6, p. 10, par. 9 (van den Biesen).)
288 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. yusuf)
37
25. As explained in the following paragraphs, and in contrast to the
Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom case, it does not appear that there
was an incipient dispute between the Marshall Islands and India in the
present case prior to the filing of the application. As discussed in my dissenting
opinion in the Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom case, the
Nayarit statement by the Marshall Islands may be considered as a protest
meant to contest the attitude of the nuclear-weapons States towards the
immediate commencement of negotiations on a comprehensive convention
for the elimination of nuclear weapons. However, for there to exist at
least the beginning of a dispute between the Marshall Islands and India,
it must be shown that India had a course of conduct which was positively
opposed to the commencement and conclusion of such negotiations prior
to the institution of proceedings. A review of the two categories of documents
and statements mentioned above shows that India has systematically
supported the immediate commencement and conclusion of
multilateral negotiations aimed at the elimination of nuclear weapons
both before and after the submission of the Application by the Marshall
Islands.
26. As regards the United Nations General Assembly resolutions,
India has consistently voted in favour of three strands of the United
Nations General Assembly resolutions that call upon States to negotiate
a comprehensive nuclear disarmament treaty. The first of these are resolutions
passed in response to the Advisory Opinion of the International
Court of Justice, which, after underlining the unanimous conclusion of
the International Court of Justice that there exists an obligation to pursue
in good faith and bring to a conclusion negotiations leading to nuclear
disarmament, call upon all States
“immediately to fulfil that obligation by commencing multilateral
negotiations leading to an early conclusion of a nuclear weapons convention
prohibiting the development, production, testing, deployment,
stockpiling, transfer, threat or use of nuclear weapons and
providing for their elimination”.
Since the delivery of the Court’s Opinion in July 1996, India has voted in
favour of all twenty follow‑up resolutions adopted by the United Nations
General Assembly.
27. The second strand of resolutions are a follow‑up to the
2013 United Nations General Assembly High-Level Meeting on Nuclear
Disarmament, which, inter alia, call for the “urgent compliance with the
legal obligations and the fulfilment of the commitments undertaken on
nuclear disarmament” and the
“urgent commencement of negotiations in the Conference on Disarmament
for the early conclusion of a comprehensive convention on
nuclear weapons to prohibit their possession, development, production,
acquisition, testing, stockpiling, transfer, use or threat of use and
to provide for their destruction”.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. yusuf) 288
37
25. Ainsi que je le montrerai aux paragraphes suivants, et contrairement
à l’affaire Iles Marshall c. Royaume‑Uni, il ne semble pas qu’il y ait
eu, en l’espèce, un début de différend entre la République des Iles Marshall
et l’Inde avant le dépôt de la requête. Comme je l’ai expliqué dans l’exposé
de mon opinion dissidente en l’affaire Iles Marshall c. Royaume‑Uni,
la déclaration de la République des Iles Marshall à la conférence de
Nayarit peut être considérée comme une protestation contre l’attitude des
puissances nucléaires à l’égard de l’ouverture immédiate de négociations
sur une convention générale tendant à l’élimination des armes nucléaires.
Toutefois, pour que le début d’un différend existe à tout le moins entre la
République des Iles Marshall et l’Inde, il fallait démontrer que, avant l’introduction
de l’instance, cette dernière avait une ligne de conduite qui
était manifestement opposée à l’ouverture et à la conclusion de telles
négociations. Or un examen des deux catégories de documents et déclarations
évoqués ci‑dessus montre que l’Inde a invariablement soutenu l’ouverture
immédiate et la conclusion de négociations multilatérales visant à
éliminer les armes nucléaires, et ce, tant avant qu’après le dépôt de la
requête par la République des Iles Marshall.
26. S’agissant des résolutions de l’Assemblée générale des Nations
Unies, l’Inde a toujours voté pour trois séries d’entre elles qui exhortent
les Etats à négocier un traité général de désarmement nucléaire. La première
de ces séries est celle des résolutions sur la suite donnée à l’avis
consultatif de la Cour internationale de Justice, dans lesquelles l’Assemblée
générale, après avoir souligné la conclusion unanime de la Cour
selon laquelle il existe une obligation de poursuivre de bonne foi et de
mener à terme des négociations conduisant au désarmement nucléaire,
demande à tous les Etats
« de s’acquitter immédiatement de cette obligation en engageant des
négociations multilatérales afin de parvenir sans tarder à la conclusion
d’une convention relative aux armes nucléaires interdisant la mise au
point, la fabrication, l’essai, le déploiement, le stockage, le transfert, la
menace ou l’emploi de ces armes et prévoyant leur élimination ».
Depuis que la Cour a donné son avis consultatif en juillet 1996, l’Inde
a voté en faveur des vingt résolutions de l’Assemblée générale des
Nations Unies sur la suite donnée à cet avis.
27. La deuxième série de résolutions concerne le suivi de la réunion de
haut niveau de l’Assemblée générale sur le désarmement nucléaire de
2013, et demande notamment « que soient respectés sans attendre les obligations
juridiques et les engagements pris en matière de désarmement
nucléaire » et
« que des négociations commencent au plus tôt, dans le cadre de la
conférence du désarmement, en vue de l’adoption rapide d’une
convention globale relative aux armes nucléaires interdisant la détention,
la mise au point, la fabrication, l’acquisition, la mise à l’essai,
l’accumulation, le transfert et l’emploi ou la menace d’emploi de ces
armes et prévoyant leur destruction ».
289 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. yusuf)
38
India has voted in favour of all three follow-up resolutions passed since
that high-level meeting. In a similar vein, India voted for two resolutions,
passed in 2013 and 2014, entitled “Taking forward multilateral nuclear
disarmament negotiations”, which re-affirmed
the “urgency of securing
substantive progress in multilateral nuclear disarmament negotiations” 2.
28. Thirdly, India’s stance regarding negotiation of nuclear disarmament
is confirmed by the fact that it is part of a group of States that have
annually tabled a resolution at the United Nations General Assembly
since 1987, entitled “Convention on the Prohibition of the Use of Nuclear
Weapons” 3. This resolution calls upon States parties to the Conference
on Disarmament “to commence negotiations in order to reach agreement
on an international convention prohibiting the use or threat of use of
nuclear weapons under any circumstances”.
In view of the consistent pattern of voting in India in favour of a series
of resolutions which call for the same type of action, there is no doubt
that such a voting record has an evidentiary value with regard to the
course of conduct of India on the matter at issue in this case : the immediate
commencement of negotiations and conclusion of a general convention
on nuclear disarmament.
29. Furthermore, India, as a member of the Non-Aligned
Movement,
has consistently subscribed to statements made by this group of States
that express willingness to engage in multilateral negotiations leading to
nuclear disarmament. Thus, in August 2012, at the Sixteenth Summit
Conference of the Non-Aligned
Movement, the Heads of State or Government
“reiterated deep concern over the slow pace of progress towards
nuclear disarmament and the lack of progress by the Nuclear-Weapons
States (NWS) to accomplish the total elimination of their nuclear
arsenals in accordance with their relevant multilateral legal obligations
. . . and emphasized, in this regard, the urgent need to commence
negotiations on comprehensive and complete nuclear disarmament
without delay” (Sixteenth Summit of Heads of State or Government
of the Non-Aligned
Movement, August 2012, para. 151).
Similarly, at the Sixteenth Ministerial Conference of the Non-Aligned
Movement :
“The Ministers . . . reiterated deep concern over the slow pace of
progress towards nuclear disarmament and the lack of progress by
the Nuclear-Weapons
States (NWS) to accomplish the total elimination
of their nuclear arsenals in accordance with their relevant multi-
2 UN docs. A/RES/68/46 and A/RES/69/41.
3 See UN doc. A/C.1/42/L.28.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. yusuf) 289
38
L’Inde a voté en faveur des trois résolutions sur le suivi de cette réunion
de haut niveau qui ont été adoptées depuis ladite réunion. De même, elle
a voté en faveur de deux résolutions, adoptées en 2013 et 2014, intitulées
« Faire avancer les négociations multilatérales sur le désarmement
nucléaire », qui réaffirmaient « qu’il [était] urgent de progresser sur le fond
dans les négociations multilatérales sur le désarmement nucléaire » 2.
28. Troisièmement, la position de l’Inde concernant la négociation
d’un désarmement nucléaire est confirmée par son appartenance à un
groupe d’Etats qui, depuis 1987, ont présenté chaque année à l’Assemblée
générale des Nations Unies une résolution intitulée « Convention sur l’interdiction
de l’utilisation des armes nucléaires » 3. Cette résolution exhorte
les Etats membres de la conférence du désarmement à « engager des négociations
en vue de parvenir à un accord sur une convention internationale
interdisant en toutes circonstances de recourir à des armes nucléaires ou
de menacer d’y recourir ».
Compte tenu de ce que l’Inde a voté systématiquement en faveur d’une
série de résolutions appelant à un même type d’action, il n’y a aucun
doute que ces votes ont une valeur probante en ce qui concerne la ligne de
conduite de cet Etat sur la question qui était en cause en l’espèce, à savoir
l’ouverture immédiate de négociations et la conclusion d’une convention
générale sur le désarmement nucléaire.
29. Par ailleurs, l’Inde, qui est membre du Mouvement des pays non
alignés (NAM), a toujours souscrit aux déclarations de ce groupe d’Etats
qui exprimaient leur volonté de participer à des négociations multilatérales
conduisant au désarmement nucléaire. Ainsi, en août 2012, au
XVIe sommet du Mouvement des pays non alignés, les chefs d’Etat ou de
gouvernement
« ont également exprimé leur profonde préoccupation devant la lenteur
des progrès fait vers le désarmement nucléaire et l’absence de
progrès de la part des Etats dotés d’armes nucléaires vers l’élimination
de leurs arsenaux nucléaires pour respecter leurs obligations
légales multilatérales … [et] ont souligné …, dans [l’]optique [de l’élimination
complète et globale des armes nucléaires], qu’il fallait de
toute urgence engager des négociations sans attendre. » (XVIe sommet
des chefs d’Etat ou de gouvernement du Mouvement des pays
non alignés, août 2012, document final, par. 151.)
De même, à la XVIe conférence ministérielle du Mouvement des pays non
alignés, les ministres :
« ont également exprimé leur profonde préoccupation devant la lenteur
des progrès faits vers le désarmement nucléaire et l’absence de
progrès de la part des Etats dotés d’armes nucléaires vers l’élimination
de leurs arsenaux nucléaires pour respecter leurs obligations
2 Nations Unies, docs. A/RES/68/46 et A/RES/69/41.
3 Voir Nations Unies, doc. A/C.1/42/L.28.
290 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. yusuf)
39
lateral legal obligations . . . and emphasized, in this regard, the urgent
need to commence negotiations on comprehensive and complete
nuclear disarmament without delay.” (Sixteenth Ministerial Conference
and Commemorative Meeting of the Non-Aligned
Movement,
Final Document, May 2011, para. 136.)
30. In addition to its voting record on United Nations General Assembly
and Non‑Aligned Movement resolutions, India’s consistent support
for the commencement and conclusion of negotiations leading to nuclear
disarmament is substantiated by the statements of its Head of State and
Ministers in multilateral forums or official documents. For example, at
the First High‑Level Meeting on Nuclear Disarmament in 2013, the Minister
of External Affairs of India stated that :
“We believe that the goal of nuclear disarmament can be achieved
through a step‑by‑step process underwritten by a universal commitment
and an agreed multilateral framework that is global and non-discriminatory.
There is need for a meaningful dialogue among all
States possessing nuclear weapons to build trust and confidence and
for reducing the salience of nuclear weapons in international affairs
and security doctrines
�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
[T]he Non-Aligned
Movement, of which India is a proud founding
member, has proposed today the early commencement of negotiations
in the (Conference on Disarmament, or ‘CD’) on nuclear
disarmament.
We support this call.”
31. At the Nayarit conference, where the Marshall Islands made its
statement addressed to the nuclear powers calling on them to fulfil their
obligation to pursue in good faith and conclude negotiations on nuclear
disarmament, India’s representative also stated that :
“Its main objective is to seek the negotiation in the Conference on
Disarmament of a Convention on the Prohibition of Use of Nuclear
Weapons, which will be an important step in the progressive delegitimization
of nuclear weapons, paving the way for their elimination.
We hope delegations gathered here will extend support for negotiation
of such a Convention.”
32. Thus, it is my view that there is no evidence in the record that
positively opposed views were held by India and the Marshall Islands,
prior to the submission of the application of the Marshall Islands, on the
obligation to pursue and conclude negotiations on nuclear disarmament,
assuming that such an obligation exists in customary international law.
The record shows instead that both States have been advocating in various
multilateral forums, including at the Nayarit conference, but most of
all at the United Nations General Assembly (at least since 2013 in the
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. yusuf) 290
39
légales multilatérales … [et] ont souligné …, dans [l’]optique [de l’élimination
complète et globale des armes nucléaires], qu’il fallait de
toute urgence engager des négociations sans attendre » (XVIe conférence
ministérielle et réunion commémorative du Mouvement des
pays non alignés, mai 2011, document final, par. 136).
30. Outre ses votes en faveur des résolutions de l’Assemblée générale
des Nations Unies et du Mouvement des pays non alignés, le soutien
constant de l’Inde à l’ouverture et à la conclusion de négociations conduisant
au désarmement nucléaire est confirmé par les déclarations de son
chef de l’Etat et de ses ministres dans des enceintes multilatérales ou dans
des documents officiels. A titre d’exemple, en 2013, à la première réunion
de haut niveau de l’Assemblée générale sur le désarmement nucléaire, le
ministre des affaires extérieures de l’Inde a déclaré ce qui suit :
« Nous sommes d’avis que l’objectif du désarmement nucléaire
peut être atteint par un processus progressif reposant sur un engagement
universel et un cadre multilatéral mondial et non discriminatoire
résultant d’un accord. Un dialogue constructif entre tous les
Etats dotés d’armes nucléaires est nécessaire pour que s’instaure la
confiance et que ces armes occupent une place moins prééminente
dans les affaires internationales et les doctrines de sécurité
�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
[L]e Mouvement des pays non alignés, dont l’Inde est fière d’être
l’un des fondateurs, a proposé aujourd’hui d’engager sans tarder des
négociations sur le désarmement nucléaire au sein de la conférence
du désarmement. Nous nous joignons à cet appel. »
31. A la conférence de Nayarit, au cours de laquelle la République des
Iles Marshall a fait sa déclaration exhortant les puissances nucléaires à
s’acquitter de l’obligation qui leur incombait de poursuivre de bonne foi
et de mener à terme des négociations sur le désarmement nucléaire, le
représentant de l’Inde a tenu les propos suivants :
« L’objectif principal [de l’Inde] est d’obtenir que la conférence du
désarmement commence à négocier une convention sur l’interdiction
de l’usage des armes nucléaires, ce qui constituera une étape importante
pour les rendre progressivement illégitimes, ouvrant ainsi la
voie à leur élimination. Nous espérons que les délégations réunies ici
offriront leur soutien à la négociation de cette convention. »
32. Je considère donc qu’il ne ressort pas du dossier de l’affaire que,
avant le dépôt de la requête par la République des Iles Marshall, cette
dernière et l’Inde aient eu des vues manifestement opposées concernant
l’obligation de poursuivre et de mener à terme des négociations sur le
désarmement nucléaire, à supposer qu’une telle obligation existe en droit
international coutumier. Le dossier de l’affaire montre au contraire que
les deux Etats ont défendu dans diverses enceintes multilatérales, y compris
à la conférence de Nayarit, mais surtout à l’Assemblée générale des
291 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. yusuf)
40
case of the Marshall Islands), the necessity for all States, including nuclear
weapons States, to pursue in good faith and to conclude negotiations on
nuclear disarmament. Rather than positive opposition or conflict of legal
views on the subject‑matter of the alleged dispute, the evidence appears to
point towards a convergence of views between the Parties on the negotiation
and conclusion of a comprehensive convention on nuclear disarmament.
The Judgment should have therefore based its conclusion on this
absence of conflict of legal views, instead of resorting to a new subjective
requirement of “awareness” in the determination of the existence or
non‑existence of a dispute.
(Signed) Abdulqawi A. Yusuf.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. yusuf) 291
40
Nations Unies (à tout le moins depuis 2013, dans le cas de la République
des Iles Marshall), la nécessité pour tous les Etats, y compris ceux qui
sont dotés d’armes nucléaires, de poursuivre de bonne foi et de mener à
terme des négociations sur le désarmement nucléaire. Plutôt qu’un conflit
manifeste entre les prétentions des Parties ou une opposition de thèses
juridiques sur l’objet du différend allégué, les éléments de preuve semblent
révéler une convergence de vues entre elles sur la négociation et la conclusion
d’une convention générale sur le désarmement nucléaire. La Cour
aurait donc dû fonder sa décision sur cette absence d’opposition de thèses
juridiques, au lieu de faire appel à une nouvelle condition subjective de
« connaissance » du différend pour établir l’existence de celui‑ci.
(Signé) Abdulqawi A. Yusuf.

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