Declaration of President Abraham

Document Number
158-20161005-JUD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
158-20161005-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

D ECLARATION OF P RESIDENT A BRAHAM

1. I voted in favour of the present Judgment, in which the Court finds that it cannot examine
the merits of the Marshall Islands’ Application against India, because I believe such a finding to be
fully consistent with the Court’s jurisprudence relating to the requirement for a “dispute” to exist
between the parties, as established by a series of Judgments handed down in recent years, in
particular the Judgment of 1 April 2011 in the case concerning Application of the International
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian

Federation), the Judgment of 20 July 2012 in the case concerning Questions relating to the
Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) and the Judgment of 17 March 2016 in
the case concerning Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean
Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia).

2. In my view, that jurisprudence is clearly and accurately set out in paragraphs 33 to 40 of

the Judgment.

3. It could be summarized in the following three propositions.

First, the existence of a dispute between the parties to a case is not only a condition for the
exercise of the Court’s jurisdiction, but, more fundamentally, a condition for the very existence of
that jurisdiction.

Second  and this proposition largely follows on from the previous one  in order to
determine whether that condition has been met, the date to be referred to is not that on which the
Court delivers its judgment, but the date of the institution of the proceedings, elements subsequent
to this latter date possibly allowing to confirm the existence of the dispute, but not to establish it.

Finally, for the Court to find that a dispute exists between the parties on the relevant date, it
is necessary for that dispute to have been revealed by exchanges between the parties  in whatever
form  prior to that date, in circumstances such that each party was  or must have been 
aware that the views of the other party were opposed to its own. In particular, the respondent must
not discover the existence of a claim against it by the applicant in the document instituting
proceedings; it has to have been informed of it beforehand.

4. In the past, it does not seem to me that the Court was always so rigorous as regards the
condition relating to the existence of a dispute.

In truth, prior to 2011, the Court’s jurisprudence was not completely unequivocal and it
would certainly be possible to find decisions going in fairly varied directions. Nevertheless, a

number of precedents that reflect a more flexible and pragmatic approach could be cited: I myself
mentioned them in my separate opinion in the Georgia v. Russian Federation case (Preliminary
Objections, Separate opinion of Judge Abraham, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), p. 224).

5. That more flexible approach could be understood as being based on the idea that the
existence of a dispute was not, strictly speaking, a condition for the Court’s jurisdiction itself, but

rather a condition for the Court’s exercising of its jurisdiction; on the ensuing conclusion that it - 2 -

had to be determined whether that condition was met on the date of the Court’s judgment and that
the date of the institution of proceedings was not particularly relevant in this regard; and that,

accordingly, since it was necessary and sufficient for the dispute to exist on the date of the Court’s
judgment, the positions expressed by the parties in the actual course of the proceedings had to be
taken into account to the same extent as the exchanges that had taken place between them  if
any  before the proceedings started.

6. In my view, the Court began to depart from this approach in its Judgment in the

Georgia v. Russian Federation case, which marks a shift, albeit still an ambiguous one, with regard
to the conditions that are necessary in order to establish that a dispute exists.

I expressed my concern, since I was not in favour of such a shift, in my separate opinion
appended to that Judgment (cited above).

7. It was with its Judgment in the Belgium v. Senegal case (cited above) that the Court

clearly set the new course of its jurisprudence, by declaring that it had no jurisdiction over one of
Belgium’s claims (the one relating to an alleged obligation of Senegal, under customary
international law, to prosecute or extradite Hissène Habré for “international crimes” other than acts
of torture). The reason given by the Court to justify its lack of jurisdiction was that Belgium, in the
protests it addressed to Senegal prior to the institution of proceedings, had made no mention of any
such legal claim. Yet the positions on the merits adopted by the Parties before the Court made it
clear that a dispute existed between them on the matter at issue; the Court, however, declined to

take those into account.

8. I voted against the point in the operative part of the Belgium v. Senegal Judgment in which
the Court found that it lacked jurisdiction to entertain the above-mentioned claim on the grounds
that there was no dispute between the Parties with regard to the subject-matter of that claim on the
date the proceedings were instituted. In a separate opinion appended to the Judgment (Separate
opinion of Judge Abraham, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 471), I explained the reasons for that vote,

regretting that the Court had not referred to the date of its own Judgment in order to determine
whether the condition was met, which would have led it to form an opposite conclusion.

9. I nonetheless take the view that even if a judge has expressed reservations, or indeed his
disagreement, at the time the Court established its jurisprudence, once the Court has done so, he
must consider himself to be bound by it thereafter (not legally, of course, but morally), just as much
as if he had agreed with it.

10. It is indeed a judicial imperative which the Court has always recognized, and which in
my view is incumbent upon all its Members, that it must be highly consistent in its jurisprudence,
both in the interest of legal security and to avoid any suspicion of arbitrariness.

11. It is true that precedent is not inviolate, and that the Court always has the power to
change course or overturn its jurisprudence if, exceptionally, it considers that there are compelling

reasons to do so, for example because of a change in the general context surrounding some
particular judicial solution. - 3 -

12. I am not sure that the Court was right, with its Georgia v. Russian Federation and

especially Belgium v. Senegal Judgments, to make a significant change to its earlier approach to the
condition relating to the existence of a dispute. But given that it did so by adopting a clear and
well-considered solution, there would be no justification, to my mind, for it to depart from that
course now.

13. That is why, in the Nicaragua v. Colombia case (cited above), I joined with the majority

(in that regard, the unanimity) in voting in favour of point (1) (c) of the operative clause, which
applied the same criteria as in the Belgium v. Senegal Judgment.

And I also agree with the Judgment in the present case in that it is strictly applying those
criteria.

14. As regards the application in this case of the  now settled  jurisprudence relating to
the existence of a dispute on the date of the institution of proceedings, it is my view that, for the
reasons set out in paragraphs 42 to 53 of the Judgment, it has not been demonstrated that a dispute
had clearly manifested itself between the Parties, on the relevant date, on the question forming the
subject-matter of the Application submitted to the Court by the Marshall Islands.

(Signed) Ronny A BRAHAM .

___________

Bilingual Content

279
28
DECLARATION OF PRESIDENT ABRAHAM
[English Original Text]
1. I voted in favour of the present Judgment, in which the Court finds
that it cannot examine the merits of the Marshall Islands’ Application
against India, because I believe such a finding to be fully consistent with
the Court’s jurisprudence relating to the requirement for a “dispute” to
exist between the parties, as established by a series of Judgments handed
down in recent years, in particular the Judgment of 1 April 2011 in the
case concerning Application of the International Convention on the Elimination
of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation),
the Judgment of 20 July 2012 in the case concerning Questions
relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal)
and the Judgment of 17 March 2016 in the case concerning Alleged Violations
of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua
v. Colombia).
2. In my view, that jurisprudence is clearly and accurately set out in
paragraphs 33 to 40 of the Judgment.
3. It could be summarized in the following three propositions.
First, the existence of a dispute between the parties to a case is not only
a condition for the exercise of the Court’s jurisdiction, but, more fundamentally,
a condition for the very existence of that jurisdiction.
Second — and this proposition largely follows on from the previous
one — in order to determine whether that condition has been met, the
date to be referred to is not that on which the Court delivers its judgment,
but the date of the institution of the proceedings, elements subsequent to
this latter date possibly allowing to confirm the existence of the dispute,
but not to establish it.
Finally, for the Court to find that a dispute exists between the parties
on the relevant date, it is necessary for that dispute to have been revealed
by exchanges between the parties — in whatever form — prior to that
date, in circumstances such that each party was — or must have been —
aware that the views of the other party were opposed to its own. In particular,
the respondent must not discover the existence of a claim against
it by the applicant in the document instituting proceedings ; it has to have
been informed of it beforehand.
4. In the past, it does not seem to me that the Court was always so
rigorous as regards the condition relating to the existence of a dispute.
In truth, prior to 2011, the Court’s jurisprudence was not completely
unequivocal and it would certainly be possible to find decisions going in
279
28
DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE ABRAHAM, PRÉSIDENT
[Texte original en français]
1. J’ai voté en faveur du présent arrêt, par lequel la Cour décide qu’elle
ne peut examiner au fond la requête des Iles Marshall contre l’Inde, car je
considère qu’une telle décision est en pleine conformité avec la jurisprudence
de la Cour relative à l’exigence qu’un « différend » existe entre les
parties, telle que cette jurisprudence a été établie par une série d’arrêts
rendus au cours de la période récente, particulièrement l’arrêt du
1er avril 2011 rendu en l’affaire relative à l’Application de la convention
internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale
(Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie), l’arrêt du 20 juillet 2012 rendu en l’affaire
relative à des Questions concernant l’obligation de poursuivre ou d’extrader
(Belgique c. Sénégal) et l’arrêt du 17 mars 2016 rendu en l’affaire
relative à des Violations alléguées de droits souverains et d’espaces maritimes
dans la mer des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Colombie).
2. Cette jurisprudence est selon moi clairement et correctement exposée
aux paragraphes 33 à 40 de l’arrêt.
3. On pourrait la résumer dans les trois propositions suivantes.
En premier lieu, l’existence d’un différend entre les parties à une instance
n’est pas seulement une condition de l’exercice par la Cour de sa
compétence, mais, plus fondamentalement, une condition de l’existence
même de cette compétence.
En deuxième lieu, et cette proposition découle en grande partie de la
précédente, il convient, pour apprécier la réalisation de cette condition, de
se placer non point à la date à laquelle la Cour rend sa décision, mais à la
date d’introduction de l’instance, les éléments postérieurs à cette dernière
date pouvant permettre de confirmer, le cas échéant, l’existence du différend,
mais non de l’établir.
Enfin, pour que la Cour constate l’existence d’un différend entre les
parties à la date pertinente, il est nécessaire que ce différend se soit manifesté
par des échanges entre les parties — quelle qu’en soit la forme —
antérieurement à cette date, dans des conditions telles que chaque partie
ait été consciente — ou ait dû l’être — de ce que les vues de l’autre partie
étaient opposées aux siennes. En particulier, le défendeur ne doit pas
découvrir l’existence d’une prétention du demandeur à son égard en prenant
connaissance de l’acte introductif d’instance ; il doit en avoir été
informé avant.
4. Dans le passé, il ne me semble pas que la Cour ait toujours fait
preuve d’une pareille rigueur en ce qui concerne la condition tenant à
l’existence d’un différend.
A vrai dire, avant 2011, la jurisprudence de la Cour n’était pas parfaitement
univoque et on pourrait sans doute trouver des décisions allant
280 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. abraham)
29
fairly varied directions. Nevertheless, a number of precedents that reflect
a more flexible and pragmatic approach could be cited : I myself mentioned
them in my separate opinion in the Georgia v. Russian Federation
case (Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2011 (I), separate
opinion of Judge Abraham, p. 224).
5. That more flexible approach could be understood as being based on
the idea that the existence of a dispute was not, strictly speaking, a condition
for the Court’s jurisdiction itself, but rather a condition for the Court’s
exercising of its jurisdiction ; on the ensuing conclusion that it had to be
determined whether that condition was met on the date of the Court’s judgment
and that the date of the institution of proceedings was not particularly
relevant in this regard ; and that, accordingly, since it was necessary
and sufficient for the dispute to exist on the date of the Court’s judgment,
the positions expressed by the parties in the actual course of the proceedings
had to be taken into account to the same extent as the exchanges that
had taken place between them — if any — before the proceedings started.
6. In my view, the Court began to depart from this approach in its
Judgment in the Georgia v. Russian Federation case, which marks a shift,
albeit still an ambiguous one, with regard to the conditions that are necessary
in order to establish that a dispute exists.
I expressed my concern, since I was not in favour of such a shift, in my
separate opinion appended to that Judgment (cited above).
7. It was with its Judgment in the Belgium v. Senegal case (cited above)
that the Court clearly set the new course of its jurisprudence, by declaring
that it had no jurisdiction over one of Belgium’s claims (the one relating
to an alleged obligation of Senegal, under customary international law, to
prosecute or extradite Hissène Habré for “international crimes” other
than acts of torture). The reason given by the Court to justify its lack of
jurisdiction was that Belgium, in the protests it addressed to Senegal prior
to the institution of proceedings, had made no mention of any such legal
claim. Yet the positions on the merits adopted by the parties before the
Court made it clear that a dispute existed between them on the matter at
issue ; the Court, however, declined to take those into account.
8. I voted against the point in the operative part of the Belgium v. Senegal
Judgment in which the Court found that it lacked jurisdiction to
entertain the above‑mentioned claim on the grounds that there was no
dispute between the parties with regard to the subject-matter
of that claim
on the date the proceedings were instituted. In a separate opinion
appended to the Judgment (I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), separate opinion of
Judge Abraham, p. 471), I explained the reasons for that vote, regretting
that the Court had not referred to the date of its own Judgment in order
to determine whether the condition was met, which would have led it to
form an opposite conclusion.
9. I nonetheless take the view that even if a judge has expressed reservations,
or indeed his disagreement, at the time the Court established its
jurisprudence, once the Court has done so, he must consider himself to be
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. abraham) 280
29
dans des sens assez variés. Néanmoins, plusieurs précédents pourraient
être cités dans le sens d’une approche plus souple et pragmatique : je
les ai moi-même mentionnés dans mon opinion individuelle en l’affaire
Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie (exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 2011 (I), opinion individuelle de M. le juge Abraham, p. 224).
5. Cette approche plus souple pouvait être comprise comme reposant
sur l’idée que l’existence d’un différend n’était pas, à proprement parler,
une condition de la compétence même de la Cour, mais plutôt une condition
de l’exercice par la Cour de sa compétence ; sur la conclusion qui en
découlait que cette condition devait être appréciée à la date de la décision
de la Cour, et que la date d’introduction de l’instance ne revêtait à cet
égard aucune pertinence particulière ; et qu’en conséquence, puisqu’il fallait
et suffisait que le différend existât à la date de la décision de la Cour,
il y avait lieu de tenir compte des positions exprimées par les parties dans
le cours même de l’instance tout autant que des échanges qui avaient eu
lieu entre elles — le cas échéant — avant le début de la procédure.
6. Selon moi, la Cour a commencé à se départir de cette approche dans
son arrêt en l’affaire Géorgie c. Fédération de Russie, qui marque un infléchissement,
certes encore ambigu, en ce qui concerne les conditions nécessaires
pour constater l’existence du différend.
Je m’en suis inquiété, car je n’étais pas favorable à un tel infléchissement,
dans mon opinion individuelle jointe à cet arrêt (précitée).
7. C’est avec son arrêt en l’affaire Belgique c. Sénégal (précité) que la
Cour a clairement fixé le nouveau cours de sa jurisprudence, en se déclarant
incompétente sur l’une des demandes de la Belgique (celle relative à
une prétendue obligation du Sénégal de poursuivre ou d’extrader Hissène
Habré pour des « crimes internationaux » autres que les actes de torture,
en vertu du droit international coutumier). La raison donnée par la
Cour pour justifier son incompétence était que la Belgique n’avait pas,
dans les protestations qu’elle avait adressées au Sénégal avant l’introduction
de l’instance, mentionné une telle prétention juridique. Pourtant, les
positions adoptées par les parties sur le fond devant la Cour rendaient
manifeste l’existence d’un différend entre elles sur la question en cause ;
mais la Cour a refusé d’en tenir compte.
8. J’ai voté contre le point du dispositif de l’arrêt Belgique c. Sénégal
par lequel la Cour s’est déclarée incompétente pour connaître de la
demande susmentionnée, motif pris de l’absence de différend entre les
parties sur l’objet de cette demande à la date d’introduction de l’instance.
Dans une opinion individuelle jointe à l’arrêt (C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II),
opinion individuelle de M. le juge Abraham, p. 471), j’ai expliqué les raisons
de ce vote, en regrettant que la Cour ne se soit pas placée à la date
de sa propre décision pour apprécier la réalisation de la condition, ce qui
l’aurait conduite à une conclusion opposée.
9. J’estime cependant que, même si un juge a exprimé les réserves que
lui inspire une solution jurisprudentielle, voire son désaccord avec elle, au
moment où la Cour a fixé sa jurisprudence, il doit se considérer par la
281 nuclear arms and disarmament (decl. abraham)
30
bound by it thereafter (not legally, of course, but morally), just as much
as if he had agreed with it.
10. It is indeed a judicial imperative which the Court has always recognized,
and which in my view is incumbent upon all its Members, that it
must be highly consistent in its jurisprudence, both in the interest of legal
security and to avoid any suspicion of arbitrariness.
11. It is true that precedent is not inviolate, and that the Court always
has the power to change course or overturn its jurisprudence if, exceptionally,
it considers that there are compelling reasons to do so, for example
because of a change in the general context surrounding some
particular judicial solution.
12. I am not sure that the Court was right, with its Georgia v. Russian
Federation and especially Belgium v. Senegal Judgments, to make a significant
change to its earlier approach to the condition relating to the
existence of a dispute. But given that it did so by adopting a clear and
well‑considered solution, there would be no justification, to my mind, for
it to depart from that course now.
13. That is why, in the Nicaragua v. Colombia case (cited above), I
joined with the majority (in that regard, the unanimity) in voting in
favour of point (1) (c) of the operative clause, which applied the same
criteria as in the Belgium v. Senegal Judgment.
And I also agree with the Judgment in the present case in that it is
strictly applying those criteria.
14. As regards the application in this case of the — now settled —
jurisprudence relating to the existence of a dispute on the date of the institution
of proceedings, it is my view that, for the reasons set out in
paragraphs 42 to 53 of the Judgment, it has not been demonstrated that
a dispute had clearly manifested itself between the Parties, on the relevant
date, on the question forming the subject-matter
of the Application submitted
to the Court by the Marshall Islands.
(Signed) Ronny Abraham.
armes nucléaires et désarmement (décl. abraham) 281
30
suite comme lié par cette jurisprudence (non pas juridiquement, certes,
mais moralement), tout autant que s’il l’avait approuvée.
10. Il est en effet un impératif judiciaire que la Cour a toujours reconnu,
et qui s’impose selon moi à chacun de ses membres, à savoir qu’elle doit
faire preuve d’une grande continuité dans sa jurisprudence, à la fois dans
l’intérêt de la sécurité juridique et pour éviter de prêter le flanc au soupçon
d’arbitraire.
11. Il est vrai que la jurisprudence n’est pas intangible, et que la Cour
a toujours le pouvoir de l’infléchir ou de la renverser si elle estime, exceptionnellement,
qu’il existe pour cela des raisons impérieuses, tenant par
exemple à l’évolution d’un contexte général dans lequel s’insère telle ou
telle solution particulière.
12. Je ne suis pas sûr que la Cour ait eu raison, avec les arrêts Géorgie
c. Fédération de Russie et surtout Belgique c. Sénégal, d’infléchir notablement
son approche antérieure de la condition relative à l’existence du différend.
Mais dès lors qu’elle l’a fait en adoptant une solution claire en
connaissance de cause, je considère que rien ne justifierait à présent qu’elle
s’écartât de cette dernière.
13. C’est pourquoi, dans l’affaire Nicaragua c. Colombie (précitée), je
me suis joint à la majorité (à cet égard l’unanimité) en votant en faveur du
point 1) c) du dispositif, qui faisait application des mêmes critères que
dans l’arrêt Belgique c. Sénégal.
Et, dans la présente affaire, j’approuve également l’arrêt en ce qu’il s’en
tient à l’application de ces critères.
14. Quant à l’application au cas d’espèce de la jurisprudence — désormais
fixée — concernant l’existence du différend à la date d’introduction
de l’instance, je considère que, pour les raisons exposées aux paragraphes
42 à 53 de l’arrêt, il n’a pas été démontré qu’un différend s’était
clairement manifesté entre les Parties, à la date pertinente, sur la question
faisant l’objet de la requête soumise à la Cour par les Iles Marshall.
(Signé) Ronny Abraham.

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Declaration of President Abraham

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