Declaration of Judge Cançado Trindade

Document Number
116-20160411-ORD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
116-20160411-ORD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

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DECLARATION OF JUDGE CANÇADO TRINDADE
1. In concurring with the adoption of the present Order (of 11 April
2016) of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the case of Armed
Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the
Congo v. Uganda), in which the Court discloses its prudence as to the
length of the requested extension of time, I feel obliged, at the same time,
to lay on the records, in this declaration, my concern at the continuing
prolongation of the proceedings as to reparations in the cas d’espèce.
2. Looking back in time, it took almost a decade, since the Court’s
Judgment of 19 December 2005 (on the merits) in the present case, for the
Contending Parties to come to the conclusion, in their inter‑ministerial
meeting held in Pretoria, on 17‑19 March 2015, that they had not succeeded
to reach a consensus in their negotiations. The aforementioned
Judgment of 19 December 2005 — over a decade ago — set forth the duty
of the Contending Parties to provide reparations for damages.
3. In effect, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda have
both shown their awareness that the proceedings in the present case have
consumed far too long a time. The Democratic Republic of the Congo
did so, when asking the Court (Application of 8 May 2015) “to reopen
proceedings” for determination of the reparations due. In its
Order of 1 July 2015, the ICJ decided to resume the proceedings on reparations.
4. In my declaration appended to that Order, I pondered that the lesson
to be learned was that “the Court should not have left the question of
reparations, as it did in its Judgment of 19 December 2005, open to negotiations
between the parties without a time‑limit, without a reasonable
time” (I.C.J. Reports 2015 (II), p. 586, para. 4). After all, I added, the
members of the segments of the population victimized in the present case
have kept on waiting, for more than one decade, for “the reparations due
to them for the damages they suffered” (ibid.).
5. Yet, shortly afterwards, upon a new request of the Democratic
Republic of the Congo (not objected to by Uganda), the ICJ issued a new
Order in the cas d’espèce, of 10 December 2015, this time granting a further
extension of the time‑limit for the filing of the Memorials (on reparations)
of the two Contending Parties 1. And now, once again, in the more
recent correspondence presented to the Court, the Democratic Republic
1 The time‑limit was extended by the Court from 6 January 2016 to 28 April 2016.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo had asked for an extension until “late April or
mid‑May 2016”.
225 armed activities (decl. cançado trindade)
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of the Congo requests (letter of 31 March 2016) another extension of
time 2, given the large scale of the damages and the complexity of the
fact‑finding.
6. In its letter of response (of 6 April 2016), Uganda, for its part, states
that it is prepared to agree with a much shorter extension of time 3. The
Court, in the Order it has just adopted today, has found an intermediary
solution, in between the time‑extension requested by the Democratic
Republic of the Congo and the one agreed upon by Uganda. In the resolutory
point of the present Order of the ICJ, it extends to 28 September
2016 the time‑limit for the filing by the two Parties of their respective
Memorials on reparations.
7. It is understandable that both Contending Parties seek to prepare
and substantiate their arguments as to reparations, and this is commendable,
but this should not entail further prorogations or delays in the proceedings.
Tempus fugit. In their more recent correspondence addressed to
the Court, the Contending Parties have shown their awareness of this.
Thus, in its letter of 31 March 2016, the Democratic Republic of the
Congo stated that it felt obliged to request this new extension of time‑limit
“with reluctance” (p. 1), given the “unprecedented complexity” of this
dispute (a five‑year conflict), in which “for the first time in its history the
Court will be faced with the question of reparation for war damages on
such an unusual scale” (p. 1).
8. Yet, other contemporary international tribunals have for some time
been constructing their case law on this matter 4; a study of it could prove
useful to the Contending Parties in the cas d’espèce, as well as to the ICJ
2 Now an additional extension of ten months.
3 Namely, an extension of three months.
4 Cf. A. A. Cançado Trindade, The Access of Individuals to International Justice, Oxford
University Press, 2011, pp. 151‑191 ; A. A. Cançado Trindade, Evolution du droit international
au droit des gens — L’accès des particuliers à la justice internationale : le regard d’un
juge, Paris, Pedone, 2008, pp. 132‑146 and 151‑184 ; A. A. Cançado Trindade, El Ejercicio
de la Función Judicial Internacional — Memorias de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos
Humanos, 3rd ed., Belo Horizonte/Brazil, Edit. Del Rey, 2013, pp. 59‑74 and 336‑342 ;
A. A. Cançado Trindade, El Derecho de Acceso a la Justicia en Su Amplia Dimensión, 2nd ed.,
Santiago de Chile, Ed. Librotecnia, 2012, pp. 367‑396 and 423‑559 ; A. A. Cançado
Trindade,
Los Tribunales Internacionales Contemporáneos y la Humanización del Derecho
Internacional, Buenos Aires, Ed. Ad-Hoc, 2013, pp. 113‑129; A. A. Cançado Trindade,
State Responsibility in Cases of Massacres: Contemporary Advances in International Justice,
Utrecht, Universiteit Utrecht, 2011, pp. 1‑71. And cf. also: [Various Authors], Réparer
les violations graves et massives des droits de l’homme : La Cour Interaméricaine, pionnière
et modèle? (eds. E. Lambert Abdelgawad and K. Martin‑Chenut), Paris, Ed. Société de
législation
comparée, 2010, pp. 17‑334; I. Bottigliero, Redress for Victims of Crimes under
International Law, Leiden, Nijhoff, 2004, pp. 1‑253; [Various Authors], Reparations for
Victims of Genocide, War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity (eds. C. Ferstman, M. Goetz
and A. Stephens), Leiden, Nijhoff, 2009, pp. 7‑566; L. Moffett, Justice for Victims before
the International Criminal Court, London/N.Y., Routledge, 2014, pp. 1‑289; J.‑B. Jeangène
Vilmer, Réparer l’irréparable — Les réparations aux victimes devant la Cour pénale
internationale, Paris, PUF, 2009, pp. 1‑182.
226 armed activities (decl. cançado trindade)
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itself. In any case, as to the time‑length, in their latest arguments before
the ICJ, the Contending Parties disclosed their awareness of the need to
avoid further delays in the present proceedings on reparations. Thus, still
in its letter of 31 March 2016, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
announced that “this request for postponement will be the last of the
kind” (p. 2).
9. For its part, in its letter of 6 April 2016, Uganda considered the
time‑extension requested “excessive” and “disproportionate” (pp. 1‑2): as
considerable time has already lapsed (since the 2005 Judgment on the
merits), this case being “the second oldest on the Court’s docket”, it proceeded,
the applicant State “has already had considerable time to collect
evidence relating to its reparations claim” (p. 1). Uganda added that this
matter should be now “resolved on a timely basis” (p. 2).
10. Over a decade ago, in delivering its Judgment of 19 December 2005
on the merits in the present case, the ICJ was aware that the particularization
of the damages inflicted by the Parties was, at that stage, of course
not sufficient: such account of damages had been addressed by the Democratic
Republic of the Congo mainly in its Reply of 29 May 2002, and by
Uganda in its Counter‑Memorial of 21 April 2001, but in rather general
terms, and not set out in great detail. In its 2005 Judgment, the Court
made it clear that, in order to decide on reparations, though it was not
necessary to embark on findings of fact with regard to each individual
incident (paras. 205 and 237), the whole matter had to be addressed in
greater detail at the following stage of reparations (para. 345 (6) and (14)),
when it would need to be particularized.
11. The complexity of the case is widely known. Yet, as years go by,
the history of the conflict at issue is gradually being written 5. The needed
particularization of the damages is possible, in particular for the purpose
of collective reparations to the victims, and it should not entail further
delays in the proceedings. After more than a decade, the time has now
come for a prompt determination of the reparations for damages inflicted
upon the numerous victims.
12. According to a célèbre maxim, justice delayed is justice denied. This
point was the object of meditation already in Seneca’s Moral Letters to
Lucilius (circa 62‑64 ad). In the search for the realization of justice, undue
delays are indeed to be avoided. The victims (in armed conflicts) of grave
5 Cf., inter alia, e.g., N. Nzereka Mughendi, Guerres récurrentes en République démocratique
du Congo — Entre fatalité et responsabilité, Paris, L’Harmattan, 2010, pp. 15‑199 ;
P. Mbeko and H. Ngbanda‑Nzambo, Stratégie du chaos et du mensonge — Poker menteur
en Afrique des Grands Lacs, Québec, Edit. de l’Erablière, 2014, pp. 9‑643 ; Lwamba Katansi,
Crimes et châtiments dans la région des Grands Lacs, Paris, L’Harmattan, 2007, Chap. 7,
pp. 41‑72 ; G. Prunier, Africa’s World War — Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making
of a Continental Catastrophe, Oxford University Press, 2010, pp. 113‑368 and 396‑468 ;
Th. Turner, The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth and Reality, London/N.Y., Zed Books, 2008
(reimpr.), pp. 1‑233.
227 armed activities (decl. cançado trindade)
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breaches of the international law of human rights and of international
humanitarian law have a right to reparations — most likely collective
reparations,
and in their distinct forms — within a reasonable time.
13. The more time passes, the more difficult fact‑finding and investigations
in loco become. I have addressed this point, among others, in my
recent and extensive dissenting opinion (paras. 149‑179, 195, 287, 321,
497‑499, 533‑535 and 538‑539 in the case of the Application of the Convention
on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia
v. Serbia), Judgment of 3 February 2015). Furthermore, as a life time
is rather brief, and passes fast, many victims of those grave violations
cross the final threshold of their lives without finding justice, or else having
lost any hope in it.
14. Ancient Stoic thinking was already conscious of the perennial mystery
surrounding human existence, that of the passing of time. Stoicism,
in its perennial wisdom, recommended (as in, e.g., Seneca’s De Brevitate
Vitae, circa 40 ad) to keep always in mind all times — past, present and
future — jointly: time past, by means of remembrance; time present, so as
to make the best use of it (in search of justice); and time future, so as to
anticipate and prevent all one can, thus seeking to make life longer.
15. The duty of reparation is firmly‑rooted in the history of the law of
nations. The acknowledgment of such duty goes back to its origins, to the
perennial lessons of the “founding fathers” of international law. In this
connection, four years ago, in my lengthy separate opinion in the case of
Ahmadou Sadio Diallo ((Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the
Congo), Compensation, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (I)), I deemed it fit
to recall the lessons and writings of the “founding fathers” that expressly
referred to it (ibid., pp. 351‑352, para. 12 and pp. 353‑354, paras. 15‑19),
in the light of the principle neminem laedere.
16. I thus recalled the relevant passages in the classic works of, e.g.,
Francisco de Vitoria (Second Relectio de Indis, 1538‑1539); Hugo Grotius
(De Jure Belli ac Pacis, 1625, Book II, Chap. 17); Samuel Pufendorf (Elementorum
Jurisprudentiae Universalis — Libri Duo, 1672; and On the
Duty of Man and Citizen According to Natural Law, 1673); Christian Wolff
(Jus Gentium Methodo Scientifica Pertractatum, 1764; and Principes du
droit de la nature et des gens, 1758); among others, such as the pertinent
considerations also of Alberico Gentili (De Jure Belli, 1598);
Francisco
Suárez (De Legibus ac Deo Legislatore, 1612); Cornelius van
Bynkershoek (De Foro Legatorum, 1721; and Quaestiones Juris Publici —
Libri Duo, 1737).
17. There is nothing new under the sun. The more we do research on
the classics of international law (largely forgotten in our hectic days), the
more we find reflections on the victims’ right to reparations for injuries —
also present in the writings of, e.g., Juan de la Peña (De Bello contra Insu‑
228 armed activities (decl. cançado trindade)
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lanos, 1545); Bartolomé de Las Casas (De Regia Potestate, 1571);
Juan Roa Dávila (De Regnorum Justitia, 1591); Juan Zapata y Sandoval
(De Justitia Distributiva et Acceptione Personarum ei Opposita Disceptatio,
1609).
18. In sum, since the origins of the law of nations, there was acknowledgment
of the duty to provide redress to those who suffered damages
caused by wrongful acts, in distinct circumstances. The realm of the
evolving jus gentium, the law of nations, was conceived as encompassing
the international community of (emerging) States, as well as all peoples,
groups and individuals: jus gentium was regarded as co-extensive
with
humanity.
19. The duty of reparation for injuries was clearly seen as a response to
an international need 6, in conformity with the recta ratio — whether the
beneficiaries were (emerging) States, peoples, groups or individuals. The
recta ratio provided the basis for the regulation of human relations with
the due respect for each other’s rights 7. As I have pondered in my earlier
declaration appended to the Court’s previous Order of 1 July 2015 in the
present case and I here reiterate in the ICJ’s new Order just adopted
today (11 April 2016),
“Reparations, in cases involving grave breaches of the international
law of human rights and of international humanitarian law (. . .) are
to be resolved by the Court itself, within a reasonable time, bearing
in mind not State susceptibilities, but rather the suffering of human
beings, — the surviving victims, and their close relatives, — prolonged
in time, and the need to alleviate it. The aforementioned breaches and
prompt compliance with the duty of reparation for damages, are not
be separated in time: they form an indissoluble whole.” (I.C.J. Reports
2015 (II), p. 587, para. 7.)
6 J. Brown Scott, The Spanish Origin of International Law — Francisco de Vitoria and
His Law of Nations, Oxford/London, Clarendon Press/H. Milford, 1934, pp. 140, 150, 163,
165, 172, 210‑211 and 282‑283; and cf. also, Association Internationale Vitoria‑Suarez,
Vitoria et Suarez: Contribution des théologiens au droit international moderne, Paris,
Pedone, 1939, pp. 73‑74, and cf. pp. 169‑170; A. A. Cançado Trindade, “Prefacio”, in
Escuela Ibérica de la Paz (1511‑1694) — La Conciencia Crítica de la Conquista y Colonización
de América (eds. P. Calafate and R. E. Mandado Gutiérrez), Santander, Ed. Universidad
de Cantabria, 2014, pp. 40‑109.
7 The right reason lies at the basis of the law of nations, being the spirit of justice in
the line of natural law thinking; this trend of international legal thinking has always much
valued the realization of justice, pursuant to a “superior value of justice”. P. Foriers, L’organisation
de la paix chez Grotius et l’école de droit naturel [1961], Paris, J. Vrin, 1987,
pp. 293, 333, 373 and 375 [reed. of study originally published in : Recueil de la Société
Jean Bodin pour l’histoire comparative des institutions, Vol. 15‑Part II, Brussels, Libr. Encyclopédique,
1961].
229 armed activities (decl. cançado trindade)
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20. In the present case, the ultimate beneficiaries of reparations for
damages resulting from grave breaches of the international law of human
rights and international humanitarian law (as determined by the ICJ) are
the human beings victimized. They are the titulaires of the right to reparations,
as subjects of the law of nations, as conceived and sustained, in
historical perspective, by the “founding fathers” of international law.
This is deeply‑rooted in the historical trajectory of our discipline. As titulaires
of that right, they have, in the cas d’espèce, been waiting for reparations
for far too long a time; many of them have already passed away.
Justitia longa, vita brevis.
(Signed) Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade.

Bilingual Content

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DECLARATION OF JUDGE CANÇADO TRINDADE
1. In concurring with the adoption of the present Order (of 11 April
2016) of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the case of Armed
Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the
Congo v. Uganda), in which the Court discloses its prudence as to the
length of the requested extension of time, I feel obliged, at the same time,
to lay on the records, in this declaration, my concern at the continuing
prolongation of the proceedings as to reparations in the cas d’espèce.
2. Looking back in time, it took almost a decade, since the Court’s
Judgment of 19 December 2005 (on the merits) in the present case, for the
Contending Parties to come to the conclusion, in their inter‑ministerial
meeting held in Pretoria, on 17‑19 March 2015, that they had not succeeded
to reach a consensus in their negotiations. The aforementioned
Judgment of 19 December 2005 — over a decade ago — set forth the duty
of the Contending Parties to provide reparations for damages.
3. In effect, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda have
both shown their awareness that the proceedings in the present case have
consumed far too long a time. The Democratic Republic of the Congo
did so, when asking the Court (Application of 8 May 2015) “to reopen
proceedings” for determination of the reparations due. In its
Order of 1 July 2015, the ICJ decided to resume the proceedings on reparations.
4. In my declaration appended to that Order, I pondered that the lesson
to be learned was that “the Court should not have left the question of
reparations, as it did in its Judgment of 19 December 2005, open to negotiations
between the parties without a time‑limit, without a reasonable
time” (I.C.J. Reports 2015 (II), p. 586, para. 4). After all, I added, the
members of the segments of the population victimized in the present case
have kept on waiting, for more than one decade, for “the reparations due
to them for the damages they suffered” (ibid.).
5. Yet, shortly afterwards, upon a new request of the Democratic
Republic of the Congo (not objected to by Uganda), the ICJ issued a new
Order in the cas d’espèce, of 10 December 2015, this time granting a further
extension of the time‑limit for the filing of the Memorials (on reparations)
of the two Contending Parties 1. And now, once again, in the more
recent correspondence presented to the Court, the Democratic Republic
1 The time‑limit was extended by the Court from 6 January 2016 to 28 April 2016.
The Democratic Republic of the Congo had asked for an extension until “late April or
mid‑May 2016”.
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DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE CANÇADO TRINDADE
[Traduction]
1. Tout en souscrivant à l’adoption de la présente ordonnance rendue
ce 11 avril 2016 en l’affaire des Activités armées sur le territoire du Congo
(République démocratique du Congo c. Ouganda), dans laquelle la Cour
s’est montrée prudente quant à la durée de la prorogation de délai sollicitée,
je m’estime néanmoins tenu de consigner, dans cette déclaration, les
préoccupations que m’inspire la prolongation continue de la procédure
relative aux réparations en l’espèce.
2. Il aura fallu près de dix ans, après que la Cour eut rendu son arrêt
au fond le 19 décembre 2005, pour que les Parties parviennent à la conclusion,
lors de la réunion interministérielle qu’elles ont tenue à Pretoria
du 17 au 19 mars 2015, que leurs négociations n’avaient pas permis
d’aboutir à un accord. L’arrêt précité leur avait prescrit — il y a maintenant
plus de dix ans — de fournir des réparations pour les dommages
causés.
3. De fait, les Parties ont l’une et l’autre montré qu’elles avaient
conscience de ce que la durée de la procédure avait été excessive. La
République démocratique du Congo l’a fait en demandant à la Cour,
dans sa requête du 8 mai 2015, de « rouvrir la procédure » pour déterminer
le montant des réparations dues. Par ordonnance du 1er juillet 2015,
la Cour a décidé de reprendre la procédure en l’affaire sur la question des
réparations.
4. Dans la déclaration jointe à ladite ordonnance, j’ai fait observer que
la leçon qui devait en être tirée était que « [la Cour] ne devrait pas (comme
elle l’a[vait] fait dans son arrêt du 19 décembre 2005) laisser les parties se
mettre d’accord sur [la] question [des réparations] par voie de négociation
sans fixer à cet effet un délai raisonnable » (C.I.J. Recueil 2015 (II), p. 586,
par. 4). En effet, ai‑je alors ajouté, en la présente espèce, les populations
affectées attendaient depuis plus de dix ans « les réparations qui leur [étaient]
dues au titre des dommages qu’elles [avaient] subis » (ibid.).
5. Ce nonobstant, peu de temps après, le 10 décembre 2015, la Cour a,
faisant suite à une nouvelle demande de la République démocratique du
Congo (demande qui n’avait pas été contestée par l’Ouganda), rendu une
nouvelle ordonnance, accordant cette fois une prorogation du délai pour
le dépôt des mémoires des deux Parties portant sur les réparations 1. Quant
à la présente ordonnance, elle fait elle aussi suite à une nouvelle demande
1 La Cour a reporté la date d’expiration de ce délai du 6 janvier 2016 au 28 avril 2016.
La République démocratique du Congo avait demandé une prorogation jusqu’à la « fin
avril ou [la] mi-mai 2016 ».
225 armed activities (decl. cançado trindade)
7
of the Congo requests (letter of 31 March 2016) another extension of
time 2, given the large scale of the damages and the complexity of the
fact‑finding.
6. In its letter of response (of 6 April 2016), Uganda, for its part, states
that it is prepared to agree with a much shorter extension of time 3. The
Court, in the Order it has just adopted today, has found an intermediary
solution, in between the time‑extension requested by the Democratic
Republic of the Congo and the one agreed upon by Uganda. In the resolutory
point of the present Order of the ICJ, it extends to 28 September
2016 the time‑limit for the filing by the two Parties of their respective
Memorials on reparations.
7. It is understandable that both Contending Parties seek to prepare
and substantiate their arguments as to reparations, and this is commendable,
but this should not entail further prorogations or delays in the proceedings.
Tempus fugit. In their more recent correspondence addressed to
the Court, the Contending Parties have shown their awareness of this.
Thus, in its letter of 31 March 2016, the Democratic Republic of the
Congo stated that it felt obliged to request this new extension of time‑limit
“with reluctance” (p. 1), given the “unprecedented complexity” of this
dispute (a five‑year conflict), in which “for the first time in its history the
Court will be faced with the question of reparation for war damages on
such an unusual scale” (p. 1).
8. Yet, other contemporary international tribunals have for some time
been constructing their case law on this matter 4; a study of it could prove
useful to the Contending Parties in the cas d’espèce, as well as to the ICJ
2 Now an additional extension of ten months.
3 Namely, an extension of three months.
4 Cf. A. A. Cançado Trindade, The Access of Individuals to International Justice, Oxford
University Press, 2011, pp. 151‑191 ; A. A. Cançado Trindade, Evolution du droit international
au droit des gens — L’accès des particuliers à la justice internationale : le regard d’un
juge, Paris, Pedone, 2008, pp. 132‑146 and 151‑184 ; A. A. Cançado Trindade, El Ejercicio
de la Función Judicial Internacional — Memorias de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos
Humanos, 3rd ed., Belo Horizonte/Brazil, Edit. Del Rey, 2013, pp. 59‑74 and 336‑342 ;
A. A. Cançado Trindade, El Derecho de Acceso a la Justicia en Su Amplia Dimensión, 2nd ed.,
Santiago de Chile, Ed. Librotecnia, 2012, pp. 367‑396 and 423‑559 ; A. A. Cançado
Trindade,
Los Tribunales Internacionales Contemporáneos y la Humanización del Derecho
Internacional, Buenos Aires, Ed. Ad-Hoc, 2013, pp. 113‑129; A. A. Cançado Trindade,
State Responsibility in Cases of Massacres: Contemporary Advances in International Justice,
Utrecht, Universiteit Utrecht, 2011, pp. 1‑71. And cf. also: [Various Authors], Réparer
les violations graves et massives des droits de l’homme : La Cour Interaméricaine, pionnière
et modèle? (eds. E. Lambert Abdelgawad and K. Martin‑Chenut), Paris, Ed. Société de
législation
comparée, 2010, pp. 17‑334; I. Bottigliero, Redress for Victims of Crimes under
International Law, Leiden, Nijhoff, 2004, pp. 1‑253; [Various Authors], Reparations for
Victims of Genocide, War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity (eds. C. Ferstman, M. Goetz
and A. Stephens), Leiden, Nijhoff, 2009, pp. 7‑566; L. Moffett, Justice for Victims before
the International Criminal Court, London/N.Y., Routledge, 2014, pp. 1‑289; J.‑B. Jeangène
Vilmer, Réparer l’irréparable — Les réparations aux victimes devant la Cour pénale
internationale, Paris, PUF, 2009, pp. 1‑182.
activités armées (décl. cançado trindade) 225
7
de prorogation de délai adressée à la Cour par la République démocratique
du Congo dans une lettre datée du 31 mars 2016 2, en raison de l’ampleur
des dommages et de la complexité de l’établissement des faits.
6. Dans sa réponse en date du 6 avril 2016, l’Ouganda a, pour sa part,
fait savoir qu’il était disposé à accepter une prorogation d’une durée bien
moins longue 3. Dans l’ordonnance qu’elle a adoptée ce jour, la Cour a
opté pour une solution intermédiaire, entre la prorogation sollicitée par la
République démocratique du Congo et celle à laquelle souscrivait l’Ouganda,
reportant au 28 septembre 2016 la date d’expiration du délai pour
le dépôt, par les deux Parties, de leur mémoire respectif portant sur les
réparations.
7. S’il est compréhensible que les Parties souhaitent préparer et étayer
leurs arguments relatifs aux réparations — et c’est tout à leur honneur —,
cela ne devrait cependant pas entraîner de prorogations ou reports supplémentaires
dans la procédure. Tempus fugit, ce dont les Parties se sont d’ailleurs
montrées conscientes dans les communications les plus récentes qu’elles
ont adressées à la Cour. Ainsi, dans sa lettre du 31 mars 2016, la République
démocratique du Congo a précisé qu’elle se trouvait « bien malgré elle » dans
l’obligation de demander un nouveau report de la date du dépôt de son
mémoire, compte tenu de « la complexité sans précédent » du différend (un
conflit qui a duré cinq ans), dans lequel, pour « la première fois de son histoire
… la Cour [allait] être confrontée au problème de la réparation des
dommages de guerre d’une ampleur aussi peu commune » (p. 1).
8. Il convient de signaler que d’autres juridictions internationales
contemporaines ont eu l’occasion d’élaborer, depuis quelque temps, une
jurisprudence sur cette question 4, dont l’examen pourrait être utile aux Par-
2 Cette fois de dix mois.
3 A savoir trois mois.
4 Voir A. A. Cançado Trindade, The Access of Individuals to International Justice,
Oxford University Press (2011), p. 151‑191 ; A. A. Cançado Trindade, Evolution du droit
international au droit des gens — L’accès des particuliers à la justice internationale : le
regard d’un juge, Paris, Pedone (2008), p. 132‑146 et 151‑184 ; A. A. Cançado Trindade,
El Ejercicio de la Función Judicial Internacional — Memorias de la Corte Interamericana de
Derechos Humanos, 3e éd., Belo Horizonte/Brésil, éd. Del Rey (2013), p. 59‑74 et 336‑342 ;
A. A. Cançado Trindade, El Derecho de Acceso a la Justicia en Su Amplia Dimensión, 2e éd.,
Santiago du Chili, éd. Librotecnia (2012), p. 367‑396 et 423‑559 ; A. A. Cançado Trindade,
Los Tribunales Internacionales Contemporáneos y la Humanización del Derecho Internacional,
Buenos Aires, éd. Ad-Hoc (2013), p. 113‑129 ; A. A. Cançado Trindade, State
Responsibility in Cases of Massacres: Contemporary Advances in International Justice,
Utrecht, Universiteit Utrecht (2011), p. 1‑71. Voir également [ouvrage collectif], Réparer
les violations graves et massives des droits de l’homme : la Cour interaméricaine, pionnière
et modèle ? (E. Lambert Abdelgawad et K. Martin‑Chenut (dir. publ.)), Paris, éd. Société
de législation comparée (2010), p. 17‑334 ; I. Bottigliero, Redress for Victims of Crimes
under International Law, Leyde, Nijhoff (2004), p. 1‑253 ; [ouvrage collectif], Reparations
for Victims of Genocide, War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity (C. Ferstman, M. Goetz
et A. Stephens (dir. publ.)), Leyde, Nijhoff (2009), p. 7‑566 ; L. Moffett, Justice for Victims
before the International Criminal Court, Londres/New York, Routledge (2014), p. 1‑289 ;
J.‑B. Jeangène Vilmer, Réparer l’irréparable — Les réparations aux victimes devant la Cour
pénale internationale, Paris, PUF (2009), p. 1‑182.
226 armed activities (decl. cançado trindade)
8
itself. In any case, as to the time‑length, in their latest arguments before
the ICJ, the Contending Parties disclosed their awareness of the need to
avoid further delays in the present proceedings on reparations. Thus, still
in its letter of 31 March 2016, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
announced that “this request for postponement will be the last of the
kind” (p. 2).
9. For its part, in its letter of 6 April 2016, Uganda considered the
time‑extension requested “excessive” and “disproportionate” (pp. 1‑2): as
considerable time has already lapsed (since the 2005 Judgment on the
merits), this case being “the second oldest on the Court’s docket”, it proceeded,
the applicant State “has already had considerable time to collect
evidence relating to its reparations claim” (p. 1). Uganda added that this
matter should be now “resolved on a timely basis” (p. 2).
10. Over a decade ago, in delivering its Judgment of 19 December 2005
on the merits in the present case, the ICJ was aware that the particularization
of the damages inflicted by the Parties was, at that stage, of course
not sufficient: such account of damages had been addressed by the Democratic
Republic of the Congo mainly in its Reply of 29 May 2002, and by
Uganda in its Counter‑Memorial of 21 April 2001, but in rather general
terms, and not set out in great detail. In its 2005 Judgment, the Court
made it clear that, in order to decide on reparations, though it was not
necessary to embark on findings of fact with regard to each individual
incident (paras. 205 and 237), the whole matter had to be addressed in
greater detail at the following stage of reparations (para. 345 (6) and (14)),
when it would need to be particularized.
11. The complexity of the case is widely known. Yet, as years go by,
the history of the conflict at issue is gradually being written 5. The needed
particularization of the damages is possible, in particular for the purpose
of collective reparations to the victims, and it should not entail further
delays in the proceedings. After more than a decade, the time has now
come for a prompt determination of the reparations for damages inflicted
upon the numerous victims.
12. According to a célèbre maxim, justice delayed is justice denied. This
point was the object of meditation already in Seneca’s Moral Letters to
Lucilius (circa 62‑64 ad). In the search for the realization of justice, undue
delays are indeed to be avoided. The victims (in armed conflicts) of grave
5 Cf., inter alia, e.g., N. Nzereka Mughendi, Guerres récurrentes en République démocratique
du Congo — Entre fatalité et responsabilité, Paris, L’Harmattan, 2010, pp. 15‑199 ;
P. Mbeko and H. Ngbanda‑Nzambo, Stratégie du chaos et du mensonge — Poker menteur
en Afrique des Grands Lacs, Québec, Edit. de l’Erablière, 2014, pp. 9‑643 ; Lwamba Katansi,
Crimes et châtiments dans la région des Grands Lacs, Paris, L’Harmattan, 2007, Chap. 7,
pp. 41‑72 ; G. Prunier, Africa’s World War — Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making
of a Continental Catastrophe, Oxford University Press, 2010, pp. 113‑368 and 396‑468 ;
Th. Turner, The Congo Wars: Conflict, Myth and Reality, London/N.Y., Zed Books, 2008
(reimpr.), pp. 1‑233.
activités armées (décl. cançado trindade) 226
8
ties à l’instance ainsi qu’à la Cour elle‑même. En tout état de cause, en ce
qui concerne la durée de la procédure, dans les dernières communications
qu’elles ont adressées à la Cour, les Parties se sont déclarées conscientes de
la nécessité d’éviter de nouveaux reports. Dans sa lettre du 31 mars 2016, la
République démocratique du Congo affirmait ainsi que « la présente requête
constituera[it] une ultime demande de report » (p. 2).
9. Pour sa part, dans sa lettre du 6 avril 2016, l’Ouganda a estimé que le
temps supplémentaire sollicité était « excessif » et « disproportionné » (p. 1-2).
Selon lui, compte tenu du temps considérable déjà écoulé (depuis le prononcé
de l’arrêt sur le fond en 2005), la présente espèce étant désormais « la
deuxième plus ancienne affaire inscrite au rôle de la Cour », le demandeur
avait « déjà amplement eu le loisir de recueillir des éléments de preuve relatifs
à sa demande de réparation » (p. 1). Et l’Ouganda d’ajouter que cette
question devait maintenant être tranchée « à brève échéance » (p. 2).
10. Lorsqu’elle a rendu son arrêt au fond il y a plus de dix ans
(19 décembre 2005), la Cour avait conscience de ce que la particularisation
des dommages causés par les Parties était alors, de toute évidence,
insuffisamment précise : la République démocratique du Congo avait
essentiellement dressé le bilan de ces dommages dans sa réplique
du 29 mai 2002 et l’Ouganda, dans son contre‑mémoire du 21 avril 2001,
mais l’une et l’autre l’avaient fait de manière assez générale et sans entrer
dans les détails. Dans son arrêt, la Cour avait clairement indiqué que,
pour statuer sur les réparations, bien qu’il ne soit pas nécessaire qu’elle
parvienne à un prononcé sur les faits s’agissant de chacun des incidents
allégués (par. 205 et 237), la question dans son ensemble devrait être examinée
plus en détail au stade ultérieur des réparations (points 6) et 14) du
dispositif) et que, à cet effet, les dommages devraient être particularisés.
11. Quoique la complexité de la présente affaire soit bien connue, l’histoire
du conflit qui la sous‑tendait s’écrit peu à peu 5. La nécessaire particularisation
des dommages est désormais possible, notamment aux fins
d’accorder aux victimes des réparations collectives, ce processus ne devant
pas entraîner de nouveaux retards dans la procédure. Après plus de dix
ans, l’heure est venue de déterminer sans plus attendre les réparations
pour les dommages qui ont été infligés aux très nombreuses victimes.
12. Selon une célèbre maxime, « la lenteur de la justice constitue un
déni de justice », constat sur lequel Sénèque méditait déjà dans ses Lettres
à Lucilius (vers 62‑64 apr. J.‑C.). Dans la perspective de la réalisation de
la justice, il convient, de fait, d’éviter tout retard indu. Les victimes de
5 Voir, notamment, N. Nzereka Mughendi, Guerres récurrentes en République démocratique
du Congo — Entre fatalité et responsabilité, Paris, L’Harmattan (2010), p. 15‑199 ;
P. Mbeko et H. Ngbanda‑Nzambo, Stratégie du chaos et du mensonge — Poker menteur
en Afrique des Grands Lacs, Québec, éd. de l’Erablière (2014), p. 9‑643 ; Lwamba Katansi,
Crimes et châtiments dans la région des Grands Lacs, Paris, L’Harmattan (2007), chap. 7,
p. 41‑72 ; G. Prunier, Africa’s World War — Congo, the Rwandan Genocide, and the Making
of a Continental Catastrophe, Oxford University Press (2010), p. 113‑368 et 396‑468 ;
Th. Turner, The Congo Wars : Conflict, Myth and Reality, Londres/New York, Zed Books
(2008) (réimpression), p. 1‑233.
227 armed activities (decl. cançado trindade)
9
breaches of the international law of human rights and of international
humanitarian law have a right to reparations — most likely collective
reparations,
and in their distinct forms — within a reasonable time.
13. The more time passes, the more difficult fact‑finding and investigations
in loco become. I have addressed this point, among others, in my
recent and extensive dissenting opinion (paras. 149‑179, 195, 287, 321,
497‑499, 533‑535 and 538‑539 in the case of the Application of the Convention
on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia
v. Serbia), Judgment of 3 February 2015). Furthermore, as a life time
is rather brief, and passes fast, many victims of those grave violations
cross the final threshold of their lives without finding justice, or else having
lost any hope in it.
14. Ancient Stoic thinking was already conscious of the perennial mystery
surrounding human existence, that of the passing of time. Stoicism,
in its perennial wisdom, recommended (as in, e.g., Seneca’s De Brevitate
Vitae, circa 40 ad) to keep always in mind all times — past, present and
future — jointly: time past, by means of remembrance; time present, so as
to make the best use of it (in search of justice); and time future, so as to
anticipate and prevent all one can, thus seeking to make life longer.
15. The duty of reparation is firmly‑rooted in the history of the law of
nations. The acknowledgment of such duty goes back to its origins, to the
perennial lessons of the “founding fathers” of international law. In this
connection, four years ago, in my lengthy separate opinion in the case of
Ahmadou Sadio Diallo ((Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the
Congo), Compensation, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2012 (I)), I deemed it fit
to recall the lessons and writings of the “founding fathers” that expressly
referred to it (ibid., pp. 351‑352, para. 12 and pp. 353‑354, paras. 15‑19),
in the light of the principle neminem laedere.
16. I thus recalled the relevant passages in the classic works of, e.g.,
Francisco de Vitoria (Second Relectio de Indis, 1538‑1539); Hugo Grotius
(De Jure Belli ac Pacis, 1625, Book II, Chap. 17); Samuel Pufendorf (Elementorum
Jurisprudentiae Universalis — Libri Duo, 1672; and On the
Duty of Man and Citizen According to Natural Law, 1673); Christian Wolff
(Jus Gentium Methodo Scientifica Pertractatum, 1764; and Principes du
droit de la nature et des gens, 1758); among others, such as the pertinent
considerations also of Alberico Gentili (De Jure Belli, 1598);
Francisco
Suárez (De Legibus ac Deo Legislatore, 1612); Cornelius van
Bynkershoek (De Foro Legatorum, 1721; and Quaestiones Juris Publici —
Libri Duo, 1737).
17. There is nothing new under the sun. The more we do research on
the classics of international law (largely forgotten in our hectic days), the
more we find reflections on the victims’ right to reparations for injuries —
also present in the writings of, e.g., Juan de la Peña (De Bello contra Insu‑
activités armées (décl. cançado trindade) 227
9
graves violations du droit international des droits de l’homme et du droit
international humanitaire (commises dans le cadre de conflits armés) ont
un droit à réparation — à des réparations collectives, selon toute vraisemblance,
et sous différentes formes —, et ce, dans un délai raisonnable.
13. Plus le temps passe, plus l’établissement des faits et les enquêtes
menées sur le terrain se révèlent difficiles. J’ai récemment abordé ce point,
parmi d’autres, dans l’exposé approfondi de mon opinion dissidente que
j’ai joint à l’arrêt rendu le 3 février 2015 en l’affaire relative à l’Application
de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide
(Croatie c. Serbie) (par. 149‑179, 195, 287, 321, 497‑499, 533‑535
et 538‑539). Par ailleurs, la vie étant brève et le temps s’écoulant rapidement,
nombre de victimes de ces graves violations atteignent le crépuscule
de leur existence sans avoir obtenu justice ou en ayant perdu tout espoir
à cet égard.
14. Les anciens stoïciens avaient déjà conscience du mystère éternel
entourant l’existence humaine, celui du passage du temps. Dans leur
grande sagesse, ils préconisaient (comme par exemple Sénèque, dans son
ouvrage intitulé De Brevitate Vitae (vers l’an 40 apr. J.-C.)) de toujours
garder tous les temps à l’esprit (le passé, le présent et l’avenir) : le passé
par le souvenir, le présent en en faisant le meilleur usage (guidé par la
quête de la justice), et l’avenir en anticipant et en prévenant le plus de
choses possible, afin de s’assurer ainsi une vie plus longue.
15. Le devoir de réparation est fermement enraciné dans l’histoire du
droit des gens. Sa reconnaissance remonte aux origines dudit droit, aux
leçons éternelles des « pères fondateurs » du droit international. Il y a
quatre ans, dans le long exposé de mon opinion individuelle que j’ai joint
à l’arrêt du 19 juin 2012 en l’affaire Ahmadou Sadio Diallo ((République
de Guinée c. République démocratique du Congo), indemnisation, arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (I)), j’ai jugé bon, à cet égard, de rappeler (ibid.,
p. 351-352, par. 12, et p. 353-354, par. 15‑19) les enseignements et écrits
des « pères fondateurs » faisant expressément référence à ce devoir de
réparation, à la lumière du principe neminem laedere.
16. J’ai ainsi évoqué les passages pertinents d’un certain nombre d’ouvrages
classiques, parmi lesquels ceux de Francisco de Vitoria (Second
Relectio de Indis (1538‑1539)), Hugo Grotius (De Jure Belli ac Pacis
(1625), livre II, chap. 17), Samuel Pufendorf (Elementorum Jurisprudentiae
Universalis — Libri Duo (1672) et On the Duty of Man and Citizen
According to Natural Law (1673)) et Christian Wolff (Jus Gentium
Methodo Scientifica Pertractatum (1764) et Principes du droit de la nature
et des gens (1758)) ; ainsi que les réflexions sur le sujet d’Alberico Gentili
(De Jure Belli (1598)), Francisco Suárez (De Legibus ac Deo Legislatore
(1612)) et Cornelius van Bynkershoek (De Foro Legatorum (1721) et
Quaestiones Juris Publici — Libri Duo (1737)).
17. Il n’y a rien de nouveau sous le soleil. Plus l’on se replonge dans les
classiques du droit international (largement tombés dans l’oubli à notre
époque trépidante), plus l’on trouve de réflexions sur le droit des victimes
à obtenir réparation des préjudices qui leur ont été causés — question
228 armed activities (decl. cançado trindade)
10
lanos, 1545); Bartolomé de Las Casas (De Regia Potestate, 1571);
Juan Roa Dávila (De Regnorum Justitia, 1591); Juan Zapata y Sandoval
(De Justitia Distributiva et Acceptione Personarum ei Opposita Disceptatio,
1609).
18. In sum, since the origins of the law of nations, there was acknowledgment
of the duty to provide redress to those who suffered damages
caused by wrongful acts, in distinct circumstances. The realm of the
evolving jus gentium, the law of nations, was conceived as encompassing
the international community of (emerging) States, as well as all peoples,
groups and individuals: jus gentium was regarded as co-extensive
with
humanity.
19. The duty of reparation for injuries was clearly seen as a response to
an international need 6, in conformity with the recta ratio — whether the
beneficiaries were (emerging) States, peoples, groups or individuals. The
recta ratio provided the basis for the regulation of human relations with
the due respect for each other’s rights 7. As I have pondered in my earlier
declaration appended to the Court’s previous Order of 1 July 2015 in the
present case and I here reiterate in the ICJ’s new Order just adopted
today (11 April 2016),
“Reparations, in cases involving grave breaches of the international
law of human rights and of international humanitarian law (. . .) are
to be resolved by the Court itself, within a reasonable time, bearing
in mind not State susceptibilities, but rather the suffering of human
beings, — the surviving victims, and their close relatives, — prolonged
in time, and the need to alleviate it. The aforementioned breaches and
prompt compliance with the duty of reparation for damages, are not
be separated in time: they form an indissoluble whole.” (I.C.J. Reports
2015 (II), p. 587, para. 7.)
6 J. Brown Scott, The Spanish Origin of International Law — Francisco de Vitoria and
His Law of Nations, Oxford/London, Clarendon Press/H. Milford, 1934, pp. 140, 150, 163,
165, 172, 210‑211 and 282‑283; and cf. also, Association Internationale Vitoria‑Suarez,
Vitoria et Suarez: Contribution des théologiens au droit international moderne, Paris,
Pedone, 1939, pp. 73‑74, and cf. pp. 169‑170; A. A. Cançado Trindade, “Prefacio”, in
Escuela Ibérica de la Paz (1511‑1694) — La Conciencia Crítica de la Conquista y Colonización
de América (eds. P. Calafate and R. E. Mandado Gutiérrez), Santander, Ed. Universidad
de Cantabria, 2014, pp. 40‑109.
7 The right reason lies at the basis of the law of nations, being the spirit of justice in
the line of natural law thinking; this trend of international legal thinking has always much
valued the realization of justice, pursuant to a “superior value of justice”. P. Foriers, L’organisation
de la paix chez Grotius et l’école de droit naturel [1961], Paris, J. Vrin, 1987,
pp. 293, 333, 373 and 375 [reed. of study originally published in : Recueil de la Société
Jean Bodin pour l’histoire comparative des institutions, Vol. 15‑Part II, Brussels, Libr. Encyclopédique,
1961].
activités armées (décl. cançado trindade) 228
10
qu’ont également abordée Juan de la Peña (De Bello contra Insulanos
(1545)), Bartolomé de Las Casas (De Regia Potestate (1571)), Juan Roa
Dávila (De Regnorum Justitia (1591)) et Juan Zapata y Sandoval (De Justitia
Distributiva et Acceptione Personarum ei Opposita Disceptatio (1609)),
pour ne citer qu’eux.
18. En somme, depuis les origines du droit des gens, le devoir de fournir
réparation à ceux qui ont subi des dommages causés par des actes
illicites a toujours été reconnu, et ce, dans des circonstances distinctes. Le
jus gentium — ou droit des gens —, en voie de formation, était conçu
pour englober la communauté internationale des Etats (naissants), ainsi
que tous les peuples, groupes et individus ; il était considéré comme s’étendant
à l’humanité tout entière.
19. Le devoir de réparer les préjudices subis était alors clairement
perçu comme une réponse à un besoin international 6, réponse conforme à
la recta ratio, que les bénéficiaires en soient les Etats (naissants), les
peuples, les groupes ou les individus. La recta ratio constituait le principe
fondamental régissant les relations humaines, compte dûment tenu des
droits de chacun 7. Ainsi que je l’ai exposé dans la déclaration que j’ai
jointe à la précédente ordonnance rendue en l’espèce, le 1er juillet 2015, et
le répète dans la présente déclaration, annexée à l’ordonnance adoptée ce
jour, 11 avril 2016,
« Dans les affaires ayant trait à de graves violations du droit international
des droits de l’homme et du droit international humanitaire,
… la question des réparations … doit être tranchée par la Cour
elle‑même dans un délai raisonnable, celle‑ci devant avoir à l’esprit
non pas les susceptibilités des Etats mais la souffrance des êtres
humains — c’est‑à‑dire les victimes ayant survécu et leurs proches —
qui perdure, et la nécessité de la soulager. Les violations susmentionnées
et le prompt respect de l’obligation de réparer les dommages
causés ne doivent pas être dissociés dans le temps : ils forment un
tout indissoluble. » (C.I.J. Recueil 2015 (II), p. 587, par. 7.)
6 J. Brown Scott, The Spanish Origin of International Law — Francisco de Vitoria and
His Law of Nations, Oxford/Londres, Clarendon Press/H. Milford (1934), p. 140, 150, 163,
165, 172, 210‑211 et 282‑283 ; cf., également, Association internationale Vitoria‑Suarez,
Vitoria et Suarez : contribution des théologiens au droit international moderne, Paris, Pedone
(1939), p. 73‑74, et voir p. 169‑170 ; A. A. Cançado Trindade, « Prefacio », dans Escuela
Ibérica de la Paz (1511‑1694) — La Conciencia Crítica de la Conquista y Colonización de
América (P. Calafate et R. E. Mandado Gutiérrez (dir. publ.)), Santander, éd. Universidad
de Cantabria (2014), p. 40‑109.
7 La notion de rectitude (recta ratio) est à la base du droit des gens, en tant qu’elle
exprime l’esprit de justice qui imprègne la philosophie du droit naturel ; ce courant de
pensée du droit international a toujours fait grand cas de la réalisation de la justice, qui
constitue une « valeur supérieure ». P. Foriers, L’organisation de la paix chez Grotius et
l’école de droit naturel [1961], Paris, J. Vrin (1987), p. 293, 333, 373 et 375 (réimpression de
l’étude initialement publiée dans le Recueil de la Société Jean Bodin pour l’histoire comparative
des institutions, vol. 15, 2e partie, Bruxelles, Librairie encyclopédique (1961)).
229 armed activities (decl. cançado trindade)
11
20. In the present case, the ultimate beneficiaries of reparations for
damages resulting from grave breaches of the international law of human
rights and international humanitarian law (as determined by the ICJ) are
the human beings victimized. They are the titulaires of the right to reparations,
as subjects of the law of nations, as conceived and sustained, in
historical perspective, by the “founding fathers” of international law.
This is deeply‑rooted in the historical trajectory of our discipline. As titulaires
of that right, they have, in the cas d’espèce, been waiting for reparations
for far too long a time; many of them have already passed away.
Justitia longa, vita brevis.
(Signed) Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade.
activités armées (décl. cançado trindade) 229
11
20. En la présente affaire, les bénéficiaires des réparations pour des
dommages résultant de graves violations du droit international des droits
de l’homme et du droit international humanitaire (violations établies par
la Cour) sont, en dernière analyse, les êtres humains victimes. Ce sont eux
qui, en tant que sujets du droit des gens — tel que celui‑ci a été conçu et
développé, d’un point de vue historique, par les « pères fondateurs » du
droit international —, sont les titulaires du droit à réparation. Ce point
est profondément enraciné dans l’histoire de notre discipline. En tant que
titulaires de ce droit, les intéressés attendent, en la présence espèce, depuis
bien trop longtemps de se voir accorder réparation ; nombre d’entre eux
ne sont déjà plus de ce monde. Justicia longa, vita brevis.
(Signé) Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade.

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Declaration of Judge Cançado Trindade

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