Declaration of Judge ad hoc Brower

Document Number
154-20160317-JUD-01-08-EN
Parent Document Number
154-20160317-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

215
119
DECLARATION OF JUDGE AD HOC BROWER
Colombia’s first preliminary objection — The Pact of Bogotá — Interpretation
of Article LVI of the Pact of Bogotá — Guidance from travaux préparatoires —
The principle of effet utile — Articles LVIII and LIX of the Pact of Bogotá.
1. While I am one of the seven Members of the Court who have issued
a joint dissenting opinion vigorously opposing the Judgment’s conclusion,
reached only with the casting vote of the President due to the even,
eight to eight, split of the Court on the issue, to reject Colombia’s third
preliminary objection (res judicata), I have joined all of the other Members
of the Court in concluding that, on balance, the Court does have
jurisdiction over Nicaragua’s Application under the Pact of Bogotá. I
think it important, however, to explain the difficulties the Court necessarily
has had in accepting Colombia’s interpretation of the second paragraph
of Article LVI of the Pact, particularly given the astronomical
“black hole” of the virtually complete absence of useful guidance from
any travaux préparatoires in respect of that paragraph.
2. The context for the Court’s consideration of that paragraph was
graphically given by Nicaragua itself when its counsel conceded, more
than once, in the oral proceedings that that second paragraph is “superfluous,
but . . . not ineffective”, or, as Colombia characterized it succinctly,
“superfluous but not useless”. In other words, the only alternative
to acceptance of Colombia’s interpretation of that paragraph is that it
has no meaning whatsoever other than, as the Court has agreed, to make
clear out of an abundance of caution what in any event would be true. Of
course just as nature abhors a vacuum, so, too, is the Court generally
driven to attribute a meaning to each and every provision of a treaty, as
required by the principle of effet utile.
3. The Court fortunately notes and discusses, though neither Nicaragua
nor Colombia did, neither in their written submissions nor in the oral
proceedings, Articles LVIII and LIX of the Pact, the first of which terminates
eight earlier treaties as the Pact enters into force for parties to the
Pact and any of those earlier instruments, and the second of which echoes
the second paragraph of Article LVI: “The provisions of the foregoing
Article [LVIII] shall not apply to procedures already initiated or agreed
upon in accordance with any of the above‑mentioned international instruments.”
216 delimitation of the continental shelf (decl. brower)
120
4. It could be argued from these two Articles, put alongside the entirety
of Article LVI, that collectively they reflect an intention of the parties to
the Pact that once the Pact would be denounced by a party, then, just as
with Article LVIII’s termination of the eight previous treaties, no new
proceedings could be commenced. Further, since Nottebohm ((Liechtenstein
v. Guatemala), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1953, p. 111) confirmed definitively only in 1953, or five years after the
conclusion of the Pact in 1948, that the Court’s jurisdiction attaches upon
the submission of an application and endures thereafter irrespective of
the subsequent termination of the instrument on which such jurisdiction
was based, it could be argued that the second paragraph of Article LVI
had, when drafted in 1938 and when the Pact was adopted ten years later,
the effet utile of making clear what had not yet been definitively established
by Nottebohm, though this, too, perhaps could be regarded as
being done out of an abundance of caution. In any event, the Court has
not found any of this persuasive, fundamentally because of the complete
absence of any indication in the very limited travaux préparatoires as to
why that second paragraph was included.
5. All the Court could derive from those records was quite meagre
fare. In 1937, the Director General of the Pan‑American Union invited
the Under Secretary of State of the United States to “consider the possibility
of taking the initiative at the forthcoming Conference at Lima in
recommending additions to the existing treaties of peace with the view of
increasing their usefulness”. On 15 November 1938, the United States
responded positively, submitting a Draft Treaty for discussion at the conference
in Lima to be held shortly thereafter. That draft did not include
what is the second paragraph of Article LVI of the Pact. During the ensuing
Lima conference itself, however, just one month after submission of
that first draft, the United States submitted an amended second draft,
which did include within the draft’s denunciation provision this language:
“Denunciation shall not affect any pending proceedings instituted before
notice of denunciation is given.”
6. Essentially the same language was retained throughout the various
relevant conferences and versions of the Pact as it progressed to its conclusion
ten years after first being introduced. At the last minute, at the
1948 conference that concluded the Pact of Bogotá, its Drafting Committee
“decided that the best drafting possible would consist on [sic] replicating
Article 16 of the 1929 Treaty [i.e., the General Convention of
Inter‑American Conciliation]”, which it then did, adding, however, now
for the first time as a separate second paragraph: “The denunciation will
not have any effect on proceedings pending and initiated prior to the
transmission of the respective notice.”
7. Unfortunately, nowhere in the ten years between the United States’
1938 introduction of that language, which consistently was included, with
217 delimitation of the continental shelf (decl. brower)
121
minor variations not affecting the substance, in each successive version of
what became the Pact of Bogotá, and the Pact’s conclusion in 1948 is
there any record indicating why what became the second paragraph of
the Pact’s Article LVI was introduced and repeatedly accepted during the
ten following years by all concerned. It clearly is due to the absence of
any such guidance that the Court has felt constrained to prefer the interpretation
of the paragraph in question as having the, albeit superfluous,
effet utile of an abundance of caution to the rather more difficult a contrario
inference for which Colombia has argued. This is all the more
understandable considering Article 44 (1) of the Vienna Convention on
the Law of Treaties, which provides that “[a] right of a party, provided
for in a treaty . . ., to denounce . . . may be exercised only with respect to
the whole treaty unless the treaty otherwise provides”, a default rule
which inherently has posed a further, and undeniably difficult, interpretive
obstacle. In my view, though not arrived at without some hesitation,
the Court’s conclusion, everything considered, is not unreasonable, hence
I have not found myself able to dissent from it.
(Signed) Charles N. Brower.

Bilingual Content

215
119
DECLARATION OF JUDGE AD HOC BROWER
Colombia’s first preliminary objection — The Pact of Bogotá — Interpretation
of Article LVI of the Pact of Bogotá — Guidance from travaux préparatoires —
The principle of effet utile — Articles LVIII and LIX of the Pact of Bogotá.
1. While I am one of the seven Members of the Court who have issued
a joint dissenting opinion vigorously opposing the Judgment’s conclusion,
reached only with the casting vote of the President due to the even,
eight to eight, split of the Court on the issue, to reject Colombia’s third
preliminary objection (res judicata), I have joined all of the other Members
of the Court in concluding that, on balance, the Court does have
jurisdiction over Nicaragua’s Application under the Pact of Bogotá. I
think it important, however, to explain the difficulties the Court necessarily
has had in accepting Colombia’s interpretation of the second paragraph
of Article LVI of the Pact, particularly given the astronomical
“black hole” of the virtually complete absence of useful guidance from
any travaux préparatoires in respect of that paragraph.
2. The context for the Court’s consideration of that paragraph was
graphically given by Nicaragua itself when its counsel conceded, more
than once, in the oral proceedings that that second paragraph is “superfluous,
but . . . not ineffective”, or, as Colombia characterized it succinctly,
“superfluous but not useless”. In other words, the only alternative
to acceptance of Colombia’s interpretation of that paragraph is that it
has no meaning whatsoever other than, as the Court has agreed, to make
clear out of an abundance of caution what in any event would be true. Of
course just as nature abhors a vacuum, so, too, is the Court generally
driven to attribute a meaning to each and every provision of a treaty, as
required by the principle of effet utile.
3. The Court fortunately notes and discusses, though neither Nicaragua
nor Colombia did, neither in their written submissions nor in the oral
proceedings, Articles LVIII and LIX of the Pact, the first of which terminates
eight earlier treaties as the Pact enters into force for parties to the
Pact and any of those earlier instruments, and the second of which echoes
the second paragraph of Article LVI: “The provisions of the foregoing
Article [LVIII] shall not apply to procedures already initiated or agreed
upon in accordance with any of the above‑mentioned international instruments.”
215
119
DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE AD HOC BROWER
[Traduction]
Première exception préliminaire de la Colombie — Pacte de Bogotá —
Interprétation de l’article LVI du pacte de Bogotá — Enseignements à tirer des
travaux préparatoires — Principes de l’effet utile — Articles LVIII et LIX du
pacte de Bogotá.
1. Si je suis l’un des sept juges ayant joint à l’arrêt une opinion dissidente
commune afin d’exprimer notre vive opposition à la décision de rejeter
la troisième exception préliminaire de la Colombie (relative à l’autorité
de la chose jugée), décision qui n’a été possible qu’avec la voix prépondérante
du président — puisque la Cour était divisée par moitié, huit contre
huit —, je suis en revanche d’accord avec l’ensemble de mes collègues pour
conclure que, tout bien pesé, la Cour est effectivement compétente pour
connaître de la requête du Nicaragua au titre du pacte de Bogotá. Il me
semble néanmoins important d’expliquer pourquoi la Cour ne pouvait que
trouver difficile d’accepter l’interprétation du second alinéa de l’article LVI
du pacte proposée par la Colombie. L’une des raisons, et non des moindres,
en est le « trou noir » auquel s’apparentent les travaux préparatoires, qui
ne laissent pour ainsi dire entrevoir aucun enseignement utile.
2. La perspective dans laquelle la Cour a situé son analyse du second
alinéa de l’article LVI a été distinctement mise en lumière par le Nicaragua
lui‑même, dont le conseil, pendant la procédure orale, a plusieurs fois
qualifié cet alinéa de « superflu », mais « pas dépourvu d’effet » — ce que
la Colombie a synthétisé par la formule « superflu mais pas inutile ». En
d’autres mots, à défaut d’admettre l’interprétation que donne la Colombie
de cet alinéa, force est de considérer que celui‑ci n’a d’autre objet que
celui, retenu par la Cour, d’expliciter par surcroît de prudence ce qui de
toute façon serait vrai. Comme la nature, la Cour a bien évidemment
horreur du vide et est généralement amenée à attribuer un sens à chacune
des dispositions d’un traité, comme l’exige le principe de l’effet utile.
3. La Cour, heureusement — et bien que ni le Nicaragua ni la Colombie
ne l’aient fait, que ce soit dans leurs écritures ou à l’audience —, prend
note des articles LVIII et LIX du pacte et procède à leur analyse. Renvoyant
au premier de ces articles, qui prévoyait que huit traités antérieurs
cesseraient de produire leurs effets par rapport aux Etats qui y étaient
parties à mesure que le pacte entrerait en vigueur à leur égard, le second
est rédigé en des termes qui font écho au dernier alinéa de l’article LVI,
puisqu’il se lit ainsi : « Les dispositions de l’article précédent ne s’appliqueront
pas aux procédures déjà entamées ou réglées conformément à
l’un des instruments internationaux déjà mentionnés. »
216 delimitation of the continental shelf (decl. brower)
120
4. It could be argued from these two Articles, put alongside the entirety
of Article LVI, that collectively they reflect an intention of the parties to
the Pact that once the Pact would be denounced by a party, then, just as
with Article LVIII’s termination of the eight previous treaties, no new
proceedings could be commenced. Further, since Nottebohm ((Liechtenstein
v. Guatemala), Preliminary Objection, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports
1953, p. 111) confirmed definitively only in 1953, or five years after the
conclusion of the Pact in 1948, that the Court’s jurisdiction attaches upon
the submission of an application and endures thereafter irrespective of
the subsequent termination of the instrument on which such jurisdiction
was based, it could be argued that the second paragraph of Article LVI
had, when drafted in 1938 and when the Pact was adopted ten years later,
the effet utile of making clear what had not yet been definitively established
by Nottebohm, though this, too, perhaps could be regarded as
being done out of an abundance of caution. In any event, the Court has
not found any of this persuasive, fundamentally because of the complete
absence of any indication in the very limited travaux préparatoires as to
why that second paragraph was included.
5. All the Court could derive from those records was quite meagre
fare. In 1937, the Director General of the Pan‑American Union invited
the Under Secretary of State of the United States to “consider the possibility
of taking the initiative at the forthcoming Conference at Lima in
recommending additions to the existing treaties of peace with the view of
increasing their usefulness”. On 15 November 1938, the United States
responded positively, submitting a Draft Treaty for discussion at the conference
in Lima to be held shortly thereafter. That draft did not include
what is the second paragraph of Article LVI of the Pact. During the ensuing
Lima conference itself, however, just one month after submission of
that first draft, the United States submitted an amended second draft,
which did include within the draft’s denunciation provision this language:
“Denunciation shall not affect any pending proceedings instituted before
notice of denunciation is given.”
6. Essentially the same language was retained throughout the various
relevant conferences and versions of the Pact as it progressed to its conclusion
ten years after first being introduced. At the last minute, at the
1948 conference that concluded the Pact of Bogotá, its Drafting Committee
“decided that the best drafting possible would consist on [sic] replicating
Article 16 of the 1929 Treaty [i.e., the General Convention of
Inter‑American Conciliation]”, which it then did, adding, however, now
for the first time as a separate second paragraph: “The denunciation will
not have any effect on proceedings pending and initiated prior to the
transmission of the respective notice.”
7. Unfortunately, nowhere in the ten years between the United States’
1938 introduction of that language, which consistently was included, with
délimitation du plateau continental (décl. brower) 216
120
4. Ces deux articles, tels que lus conjointement, ainsi qu’avec l’article
LVI dans son ensemble, auraient pu traduire l’intention des parties
au pacte de considérer que, sitôt après dénonciation de celui‑ci par l’une
d’elles, comme sitôt après l’extinction des huit précédents traités prévus à
l’article LVIII, aucune nouvelle procédure ne pourrait être engagée. En
outre, puisque l’arrêt Nottebohm ((Liechtenstein c. Guatemala), exception
préliminaire, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1953, p. 111) n’a confirmé définitivement
qu’en 1953 — soit cinq ans après la conclusion du pacte, en 1948 —
que la compétence de la Cour est établie à compter de l’introduction
d’une requête et continue ensuite d’exister même s’il est mis fin à l’instrument
sur lequel elle était fondée, il était concevable que le second alinéa
de l’article LVI ait, au moment où il a été rédigé, en 1938, et lorsque le
pacte a été adopté, dix ans plus tard, eu pour effet utile d’indiquer clairement
ce qui n’avait pas encore été définitivement énoncé dans ladite
affaire — quoique, là encore, on puisse considérer que cette explicitation
procédait d’un surcroît de prudence. En tout état de cause, la Cour n’a
pas jugé ces hypothèses convaincantes, essentiellement faute d’avoir pu
trouver dans les travaux préparatoires, fort succincts, la moindre indication
quant à la raison pour laquelle le second alinéa a été inclus à l’article
LVI.
5. La Cour, en effet, n’a pu glaner de ces travaux que de bien maigres
éléments d’information. En 1937, le directeur général de l’Union panaméricaine
avait invité le sous‑secrétaire d’Etat des Etats‑Unis à « envisage[r]
de prendre l’initiative, lors de la prochaine conférence de Lima, de recommander,
dans un souci d’efficacité, que les traités de paix existants soient
complétés ». Le 15 novembre 1938, les Etats‑Unis répondirent favorablement
à cette demande, en soumettant un projet de texte destiné à être
discuté lors de la conférence de Lima qui devait se tenir peu de temps
après. Le texte du second alinéa de l’article LVI du pacte n’y figurait pas.
Au cours de la conférence de Lima elle‑même, toutefois, soit un mois seulement
après la présentation de ce premier projet, les Etats‑Unis en soumirent
une deuxième version amendée qui, elle, incluait dans la disposition
relative à la dénonciation la mention suivante : « La dénonciation sera
sans incidence sur toute procédure en cours introduite avant sa notification.
»
6. Ce libellé resta fondamentalement inchangé au fil de diverses conférences
et versions du texte, et ce, jusqu’à la conclusion du pacte, dix ans
après la première mouture. A la dernière minute, lors de la conférence
de 1948 qui allait aboutir à l’adoption du pacte de Bogotá, le comité
de rédaction considéra « que le mieux serait de reproduire la rédaction
de l’article 16 du traité de 1929 [la convention générale de conciliation
interaméricaine] », ce qu’il fit, mais en y ajoutant, pour la première fois
sous la forme d’un second alinéa distinct, le libellé suivant : « La dénonciation
sera sans incidence sur les procédures en cours entamées avant la
transmission de l’avis en question. »
7. Malheureusement, nulle part dans le dossier rendant compte des
dix années écoulées entre l’introduction par les Etats‑Unis, en 1938, de
217 delimitation of the continental shelf (decl. brower)
121
minor variations not affecting the substance, in each successive version of
what became the Pact of Bogotá, and the Pact’s conclusion in 1948 is
there any record indicating why what became the second paragraph of
the Pact’s Article LVI was introduced and repeatedly accepted during the
ten following years by all concerned. It clearly is due to the absence of
any such guidance that the Court has felt constrained to prefer the interpretation
of the paragraph in question as having the, albeit superfluous,
effet utile of an abundance of caution to the rather more difficult a contrario
inference for which Colombia has argued. This is all the more
understandable considering Article 44 (1) of the Vienna Convention on
the Law of Treaties, which provides that “[a] right of a party, provided
for in a treaty . . ., to denounce . . . may be exercised only with respect to
the whole treaty unless the treaty otherwise provides”, a default rule
which inherently has posed a further, and undeniably difficult, interpretive
obstacle. In my view, though not arrived at without some hesitation,
the Court’s conclusion, everything considered, is not unreasonable, hence
I have not found myself able to dissent from it.
(Signed) Charles N. Brower.
délimitation du plateau continental (décl. brower) 217
121
cette formulation — laquelle a été reprise, avec des variations mineures
qui n’en modifiaient pas la substance, dans chacune des versions successives
du projet de pacte de Bogotá — et la conclusion du pacte lui‑même
en 1948 ne trouve‑t‑on expliqué pourquoi ce qui allait devenir le second
alinéa de l’article LVI a été ajouté, sans être jamais remis en cause ensuite.
C’est manifestement en raison de ces lacunes que la Cour a estimé devoir
préférer l’interprétation reconnaissant à cet alinéa l’effet utile, quoique
superflu, d’expliciter la disposition par surcroît de prudence à celle, nettement
plus acrobatique, découlant d’un raisonnement a contrario plaidée
par la Colombie. Ce choix est d’autant plus compréhensible que le paragraphe
1 de l’article 44 de la convention de Vienne sur le droit des traités
dispose que « [le] droit pour une partie, prévu dans un traité …, de dénoncer
le traité … ne peut être exercé qu’à l’égard de l’ensemble du traité, à
moins que ce dernier n’en dispose … autrement », règle par défaut qui,
intrinsèquement, ne pouvait manquer de soulever une nouvelle — et
incontestable — difficulté d’interprétation. J’en suis donc venu, quoique
non sans hésitation, à penser que, tout bien considéré, la conclusion de la
Cour n’est pas déraisonnable et, partant, je n’ai pu m’en dissocier.
(Signé) Charles N. Brower.

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