Joint dissenting opinion of Vice-President Yusuf, Judges Cançado Trindade, Xue, Gaja, Bhandari, Robinson and Judge ad hoc Brower

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154-20160317-JUD-01-01-EN
Parent Document Number
154-20160317-JUD-01-00-EN
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Bilingual Document File

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JOINT DISSENTING OPINION OF VICE‑PRESIDENT YUSUF,
JUDGES CANÇADO TRINDADE,
XUE, GAJA, BHANDARI,
ROBINSON AND JUDGE AD HOC BROWER
Regret that the Court was evenly split on res judicata — Court should have
upheld Colombia’s third preliminary objection and rejected Nicaragua’s requests
as inadmissible — Res judicata is reflected in Articles 59 and 60 of the Statute of
the Court — Its main elements are identity of parties, identity of cause, and
identity of object — Parties agree on these elements but disagree on the finality of
the decision taken by the Court in 2012 — There should be no doubt about that
decision — It was unanimously adopted by the Court — The dispositif of the
2012 Judgment was that the Court “cannot uphold” Nicaragua’s final
submission I (3) — This phrase has always been used by the Court for the dismissal
of requests by parties — Reasoning in 2012 Judgment supports this —
Paragraph 129 of the 2012 Judgment summarizes that reasoning — It emphasizes
lack of evidence of an overlapping continental shelf between the Parties — Majority
introduces a new procedural requirement into 2012 Judgment — Such requirement
is nowhere to be found in the Judgment — Had it actually existed, Nicaragua’s
final submission I (3) should have been declared inadmissible in the
2012 Judgment — Nicaragua’s requests are also barred by the principle of ne bis
in idem and exhaustion of treaty processes.
I. Introduction
1. It is with great regret that we are unable to concur with the decision
on the third preliminary objection of Colombia, on which the Court was
evenly split and which was reached with the casting vote of the President.
Colombia’s objection, which is based on the principle of res judicata,
should have been upheld. Consequently, Nicaragua’s Application in the
present case should have been dismissed. Not only does the rejection of
Colombia’s third preliminary objection constitute a misreading of the
Judgment of the Court in Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v.
Colombia) (I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 624), (hereinafter referred to as
the “2012 Judgment”), but it also detracts from the values of legal stability
and finality of judgments that the principle of res judicata operates to
protect.
142 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
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2. The Court rendered the 2012 Judgment less than four years ago.
Most of the Members of the present Court were also sitting Members in
that case. The division of the Court in this case is thus particularly surprising.
The majority not only misconstrues why the Court decided as it
did in 2012, but also reads into the Judgment a procedural requirement
that did not — and does not — exist. By allowing Nicaragua to proceed
in the current case, the Court’s decision may be viewed as undermining
the finality of its judgments. It is for these reasons that we cannot join the
majority in voting in favour of subparagraph (1) (b) of the operative
paragraph.
3. In this joint dissenting opinion, we express our views in more detail.
First, we outline our understanding of the principle of res judicata and its
application to the present case (Sec. II). Secondly, we examine the dispositif
of the 2012 Judgment, demonstrating that it rejected the request of
Nicaragua to delimit allegedly overlapping continental shelf entitlements
(Sec. III). Thirdly, we analyse the reasoning of the Court in the 2012 Judgment,
highlighting that Nicaragua’s request was rejected because Nicaragua
had failed to establish the existence of an extended continental shelf
that overlapped with Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile entitlement, as measured
from the latter’s mainland coast (Sec. IV). Fourthly, we address the
incoherent nature of the procedural requirement that the majority claims
to have been established by the 2012 Judgment (Sec. V). Fifthly, we outline
the purposes for the submission of information under Article 76 (8)
of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter
referred to as “UNCLOS”), and Article 4 of its Annex II, in order to
demonstrate that there is no requirement to submit information on an
extended continental shelf except for obtaining recommendations from
the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (hereinafter
referred to as “CLCS”) (Sec. VI). Sixthly, we note that, even if one were
to accept the argument of the majority, the request of Nicaragua in the
present case is still precluded on the basis of ne bis in idem and the
exhaustion
of treaty processes (Sec. VII). Finally, we conclude by highlighting
the potential negative effect of repeat litigation, if allowed, on the
authority of res judicata and the necessity to bring to an end proceedings
relating to inter‑State disputes (Sec. VIII).
II. The Principle of Res Judicata in the Jurisprudence
of the Court and Its Application to the Present Case
4. Res judicata is a principle that is found in distinct forms and under
different names in every legal system. The principle has been of paramount
importance to the operation of legal systems all over the world for
143 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
47
centuries. According to this principle, “the decisions of the Court are not
only binding on the parties, but are final, in the sense that they cannot be
reopened by the parties as regards the issues that have been determined”
(Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I), p. 90, para. 115). The principle of res
judicata is reflected in Articles 59 and 60 of the Statute of the Court. As
the Court has previously noted, “[t]he fundamental character of that principle
appears from the terms of the Statute of the Court and the Charter
of the United Nations. The underlying character and purposes of the
principle are reflected in the judicial practice of the Court.” (Ibid.)
5. The main elements of res judicata are well‑known, and agreed upon
by both Parties to this case ; namely, that a subsequent claim is barred if
there is identity of parties, identity of cause and identity of object with a
previous claim that has been adjudicated upon (dissenting opinion of
Judge Anzilotti, Interpretation of Judgments Nos. 7 and 8 (Factory at
Chorzów), Judgment No. 11, 1927, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 13, p. 23 ;
dissenting
opinion of Judge Jessup, South West Africa (Ethiopia v.
South Africa ; Liberia v. South Africa), Second Phase, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1966, p. 333).
6. As the Court has stated previously, it is well established that the
dispositif of a judgment possesses the force of res judicata (Application of
the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I), p. 94, para. 123). However, the Court has also
noted that res judicata may attach to the reasons of a judgment of the
Court if those reasons are “inseparable” from the operative clause of a
judgment (Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in
the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon
and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections (Nigeria
v. Cameroon), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 35, para. 10) or if
they constitute a “condition essential to the Court’s decision” (Request
for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning
the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 296, para. 34 ; Interpretation of
Judgments Nos. 7 and 8 (Factory at Chorzów), Judgment No. 11, 1927,
P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 13, p. 20).
7. The main point of disagreement between the Parties is what exactly
the Court “finally disposed of for good” (Barcelona Traction, Light and
Power Company, Limited (New Application: 1962) (Belgium v. Spain),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1964, p. 20) in the
2012 Judgment. In its written and oral pleadings, Colombia stated that it
understood the Court to have rejected Nicaragua’s request to delimit an
extended continental shelf entitlement that overlapped with that of
Colombia on the basis of failure to establish the existence of such a continental
shelf (Preliminary Objections of Colombia (hereinafter referred
to as “POC”), footnote 122). Nicaragua, on the other hand, considers
144 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
48
that the Court’s decision “not to ‘uphold’ Nicaragua’s claim did not, in
fact, entail a determination of Nicaragua’s request to delimit the continental
shelf beyond 200 M [nautical miles] on the merits” and hence is not
a decision to which res judicata attaches (Written Statement of Nicaragua
(hereinafter referred to as “WSN”), para. 4.19).
8. In order to determine if the requests of Nicaragua in the present
case are barred by the principle of res judicata, we turn first to the dispositif
of the 2012 Judgment, to which res judicata attaches, and second to the
reasoning of the Court which laid the foundation for that dispositif.
III. The Dispositif of the 2012 Territorial
and Maritime Dispute Judgment
9. The Court stated in the dispositif of the 2012 Judgment: “[The
Court]. . . [f]inds that it cannot uphold the Republic of Nicaragua’s claim
contained in its final submission I (3)” (I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 719,
para. 251 (3)). Nicaragua had requested the Court to adjudge and declare
that “[t]he appropriate form of delimitation, within the geographical and
legal framework constituted by the mainland coasts of Nicaragua and
Colombia, is a continental shelf boundary dividing by equal parts the
overlapping entitlements to a continental shelf of both Parties” (ibid.,
p. 636, para. 17).
10. Both Parties in the present case have discussed in their pleadings
what exactly the Court meant by the phrase “cannot uphold”. Colombia
understands “cannot uphold” to be a rejection of Nicaragua’s request to
delimit allegedly overlapping continental shelf entitlements (POC, footnote
122). Nicaragua, on the other hand, claims that by using the phrase
“cannot uphold”, “[t]he Court did not ‘reject’ Nicaragua’s submission ;
nor did it use other wording indicative of a substantive determination of
Nicaragua’s claims” (WSN, para. 4.20). Rather, in the view of Nicaragua,
the Court in its 2012 Judgment “a décidé . . . de ne pas décider” 1.
11. The case law of the Court clearly demonstrates that when the
phrase “cannot uphold” is used in the dispositif, it is employed to reject a
claim or request made by a party. It is not used to refrain from making a
decision pending the fulfilment of a procedural requirement, nor is it used
to abstain from making a decision until the claimant State adduces sufficient
evidence. Three examples raised and discussed by the Parties suffice
to demonstrate this point.
12. In the Oil Platforms case (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States
of America), Iran claimed that the United States’ attacks on two oil platforms
constituted a breach of the United States’ obligation to accord freedom
of commerce between the territories of the two States under Article X
1 CR 2015/29, p. 25, para. 23 (Pellet). English translation of the Registry: “the Court
decided not to take any decision . . .”.
145 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
49
of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights
(Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2003, pp. 172‑173, para. 20). The Court found
that there was no commerce in crude oil between the Iranian platforms in
question and the United States at the time of the attacks, due to either the
non‑operational nature of the oil platforms or the effect of a trade
embargo on Iranian imports to the United States (ibid., p. 207, para. 98).
As a result, the Court found that the attacks “cannot be said to have
infringed the rights of Iran under Article X, paragraph 1, of the
1955 Treaty” (ibid.). This led the Court to state in the dispositif of the
Judgment that it “cannot . . . uphold the submission of the Islamic
Republic of Iran that those actions [the United States’ attacks] constitute
a breach of the obligations of the United States of America under Article
X of [the 1955] Treaty” (ibid., p. 218, para. 125 (1)). The Court thus
used “cannot uphold” as a synonym for “reject”.
13. Similarly, in the Frontier Dispute case (Burkina Faso/Niger),
Burkina Faso requested the Court to adjudge and declare that certain
co‑ordinates constituted the boundary along two sections of its border
with Niger in points 1 and 3 of its final submissions (Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 66, para. 35). These sections of the boundary were
not the subject of the dispute before the Court. Burkina Faso, however,
wanted the Court to include them in the dispositif of the Judgment to
“endow this line with the force of res judicata” (ibid., p. 66, para. 37).
Noting that the function of the Court is to “decide in accordance with
international law such disputes as are submitted to it” (ibid., p. 70,
para. 48 ; emphasis added), the Court held that Burkina Faso’s request
was “not compatible with its judicial function” (ibid., p. 72, para. 58) and
thus did not proceed to delimit the boundary along these two sections. In
the dispositif, the Court stated that “it cannot uphold the requests made
in points 1 and 3 of the final submissions of Burkina Faso” (ibid., p. 92,
para. 114 (1)). Again, the phrase “cannot uphold” was used to signify a
clear rejection of the Burkinabe requests by the Court ; it was not a refusal
to make a decision, as counsel for Nicaragua suggested during the hearings
in the present case 2.
14. A final example is the 1985 Tunisia v. Libya Continental Shelf
Interpretation Judgment (Application for Revision and Interpretation of
the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental
Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985, p. 192). In that case, the Court
used the phrase “cannot uphold” twice in the dispositif of the Judgment.
First, Tunisia claimed that the criteria for the delimitation of the first section
of continental shelf enunciated by the Court in the case concerning
the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 18 (hereinafter referred to as the “1982 Judg‑
2 CR 2015/27, p. 38, para. 24 (Pellet).
146 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
50
ment”) could not be simultaneously applied, and therefore requested the
Court to clarify which of these criteria took precedence (I.C.J. Reports
1985, pp. 219‑220, para. 50). The Court rejected the claim that the
1982 Judgment was incoherent, noting that it “laid down a single precise
criterion for the drawing of the [delimitation] line” and that Tunisia’s
request for interpretation was therefore “founded upon a misreading
of the purport of the relevant passage of the operative clause of
the 1982 Judgment” (ibid., p. 220, para. 50). In the dispositif, the Court
stated that “the submission of the Republic of Tunisia of 14 June 1985
relating to the first sector of the delimitation cannot be upheld” (ibid.,
p. 230, para. 69 (B) (3)). This statement was clearly based on the rejection
of Tunisia’s understanding of the 1982 Judgment, and thus a rejection
of its request for interpretation under Article 60 of the Statute of the
Court.
15. The second use of the words “cannot uphold” in the 1985 Tunisia
v. Libya Judgment was to reject Tunisia’s request for interpretation of
the 1982 Judgment in relation to the second sector of delimitation. In the
1982 Judgment, the Court stated that the point between the first and second
sectors of delimitation was the “point of intersection with the parallel
passing through the most westerly point of the Tunisian coastline between
Ras Kaboudia and Ras Adjir, that is to say, the most westerly point on
the shoreline (low‑water mark) of the Gulf of Gabes” (Continental Shelf
(Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 94,
para. 133 (C) (2)). The Court gave no indication of the co‑ordinates of
this point in the dispositif, leaving it instead to the Parties’ experts to
determine its precise location. However, in the body of the 1982 Judgment,
the Court did give indicative co‑ordinates of this point (ibid., p. 87,
para. 124). Tunisia requested the Court to state explicitly that the most
westerly point of the Gulf of Gabes did indeed have the co‑ordinates that
were indicated as its approximate location in the 1982 Judgment. However,
in the 1985 Judgment the Court rejected this request, noting that it
expressly decided that it was for the experts of the Parties to determine
the precise location of this point (I.C.J. Reports 1985, pp. 226‑227,
paras. 62‑63). Thus, in the dispositif, the Court stated that “the submission
of the Republic of Tunisia, ‘that the most westerly point of the Gulf
of Gabes lies on latitude 34º 05ʹ 20ʺ N (Carthage)’, cannot be upheld”
(ibid., p. 230, para. 69 (D) (3)). The Court was not abstaining from making
a decision ; clearly, it was a rejection of Tunisia’s request for the Court
to state that the westernmost point of the Gulf lay on the indicative
co‑ordinates given by the Court.
16. The consistent use of the phrase “cannot uphold” demonstrates
that the Court rejected Nicaragua’s request to delimit purportedly overlapping
extended continental shelf entitlements in the 2012 Judgment.
The majority states in the present Judgment that, as it was not persuaded
147 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
51
by Nicaragua and Colombia’s interpretations of the phrase “cannot
uphold”, it will not “linger over the meaning of the phrase ‘cannot
uphold’” (Judgment, para. 74). Yet, the majority gives no clear explanation
as to why it rejects the Parties’ interpretations ; moreover, it does not
examine the meaning and scope of the phrase. Since, according to the
Court’s jurisprudence, res judicata attaches to the dispositif, it is beyond
comprehension why the majority chooses not to “linger” over the meaning
of “cannot uphold”. This is both a mistake and a missed opportunity,
for if the majority had “linger[ed]” on this phrase, the true import of the
Court’s decision in the 2012 Judgment would have become apparent.
Indeed, as demonstrated above, this phrase has consistently been used by
the Court to indicate the dismissal of a request by a party.
17. In its Application in the present case, Nicaragua’s First Request to
the Court is to adjudge and declare “[t]he precise course of the maritime
boundary between Nicaragua and Colombia in the areas of the continental
shelf which appertain to each of them beyond the boundaries determined
by the Court in its Judgment of 19 November 2012” (Application
of Nicaragua, hereinafter “AN”, p. 8, para. 12). Paragraph 11 of Nicaragua’s
Application states that Nicaragua’s claimed extended continental
shelf “includes an area beyond Nicaragua’s 200‑nautical‑mile maritime
zone and in part overlaps with the area that lies within 200 nautical miles
of Colombia’s coast” (ibid., p. 6, para. 11 (c)), and that this entitlement
to an extended continental shelf exists under both customary international
law and the provisions of UNCLOS (ibid., para. 11 (a)).
18. The final submission I (3) of Nicaragua in the Territorial and
Maritime
Dispute case and the First Request in Nicaragua’s Application
in the present case have both the same object (the delimitation of an
extended continental shelf entitlement that overlaps with Colombia’s
200‑nautical‑mile
entitlement, measured from the latter’s mainland coast),
the same legal ground (that such an entitlement exists as a matter of
customary
international law and under UNCLOS), and involve the same
Parties. Nicaragua is therefore attempting to bring the same claim against
the same Party on the same legal grounds. As explained above, the Court
rejected Nicaragua’s final submission I (3) in the 2012 Judgment. Nicaragua’s
First Request in the present Application is thus an exemplary case
of a claim precluded by res judicata.
IV. The Reasoning of the Court in the 2012 Territorial
and Maritime Dispute Judgment
19. Having refrained from examining the meaning of the key phrase
“cannot uphold” in the operative clause, the majority bases its position
on the reasoning that led the Court to state that it “cannot uphold” Nicaragua’s
final submission I (3), which is contained in paragraphs 113 to 129
148 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
52
of the 2012 Judgment. An analysis of this reasoning, the majority contends,
demonstrates that
“Nicaragua’s claim could not be upheld . . . because the latter had yet
to discharge its obligation, under paragraph 8 of Article 76 of
UNCLOS, to deposit with the CLCS the information on the limits of
its continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles required by that provision
and by Article 4 of Annex II of UNCLOS.” (Judgment,
para. 84.)
This is a misreading of the 2012 Judgment.
20. An examination of the reasoning of the 2012 Judgment demonstrates
that the Court rejected Nicaragua’s request because it failed to
prove the existence of an extended continental shelf which overlapped
with Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile entitlement, measured from the latter’s
mainland coast. Nowhere in the reasoning of the 2012 Judgment did
the Court state that there was a procedural requirement incumbent on
Nicaragua to submit information to the CLCS before the Court could
proceed with delimitation, nor did the Court suggest that Nicaragua
would be able to return to the Court once it had made its submission to
the CLCS. In previous cases, whenever the Court intended to admit the
possibility of future proceedings, it expressly provided for such possibility
for parties to return to the Court following delivery of a judgment (see for
example, Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area
(Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and Construction of a Road in Costa Rica
along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2015 (II), p. 741, para. 229 (5) (b) ; and Armed Activities
on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v.
Uganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 281, para. 345 (6)). This was
clearly not the case in the 2012 Judgment.
21. Section IV of the 2012 Judgment addresses Nicaragua’s final submission
I (3), described above. Paragraphs 113 to 118 of the Judgment
state that the applicable law regarding delimitation of the continental
shelf must be customary international law, as reflected in Article 76 (1) of
UNCLOS, as Colombia is not a party to UNCLOS.
22. Paragraphs 119 to 121 of the 2012 Judgment outline the submissions
of Nicaragua, which are threefold : first, that its claim to an extended
continental shelf is “essentially a question of fact” ; secondly, that
Nicaragua
has submitted “Preliminary Information” within the ten‑year
deadline established by Article 4 of Annex II of UNCLOS, and is “well
advanced” in its process of compiling a submission of information to the
CLCS under Article 76 (8) ; and, thirdly, that a continental shelf entitlement
based on the distance criterion of 200 nautical miles does not take
precedence over an entitlement established by natural prolongation.
149 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
53
23. Paragraphs 122 to 124 recall the submissions of Colombia regarding
Nicaragua’s request to delimit its alleged overlapping continental
shelf entitlements with Colombia. Colombia’s submissions on this point
were also threefold : first, that Nicaragua did not prove that a natural
prolongation exists so as to overlap with Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile
entitlement ; secondly, that, in any case, a continental shelf entitlement
based on natural prolongation cannot encroach upon a continental shelf
entitlement based on the distance criterion of 200 nautical miles ; and,
thirdly, that the CLCS would not make recommendations regarding the
limits of the continental shelf without the consent of Colombia, and in
any case those limits did not prejudice questions of delimitation and
would not be opposable to Colombia.
24. The analysis of the Court takes place in paragraphs 125 to 129.
Paragraph 125 rejects Nicaragua’s reliance on the ITLOS Judgment in
the Bay of Bengal delimitation case (Dispute concerning Delimitation of
the Maritime Boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of
Bengal (Bangladesh/Myanmar), Judgment of 14 March 2012) as authority
for the proposition that an international court or tribunal may delimit
overlapping extended continental shelf entitlements in the absence of recommendations
by the CLCS. The following paragraph recalls the Judgment
of the Court in Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua
and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras)
(I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 659), in which it stated that “any claim of
continental shelf rights beyond 200 miles [by a State party to UNCLOS]
must be in accordance with Article 76 of UNCLOS and reviewed by the
Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf established thereunder”
(ibid., p. 759, para. 319). The Court added that the fact that
Colombia was not party to UNCLOS did not in any way relieve Nicaragua
of its obligations under Article 76.
25. Paragraphs 127 to 129 of the 2012 Judgment contain the crux of
the Court’s reasoning and are thus worth quoting in full :
“127. The Court observes that Nicaragua submitted to the Commission
only ‘Preliminary Information’ which, by its own admission,
falls short of meeting the requirements for information on the limits
of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles which ‘shall be submitted
by the coastal State to the Commission’ in accordance with
paragraph 8 of Article 76 of UNCLOS. Nicaragua provided the
Court with the annexes to this ‘Preliminary Information’ and in the
course of the hearings it stated that the ‘Preliminary Information’ in
its entirety was available on the Commission’s website and provided
the necessary reference.
150 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
54
128. The Court recalls that in the second round of oral argument,
Nicaragua stated that it was ‘not asking [the Court] for a definitive
ruling on the precise location of the outer limit of Nicaragua’s continental
shelf’. Rather, it was ‘asking [the Court] to say that Nicaragua’s
continental shelf entitlement is divided from Colombia’s
continental shelf entitlement by a delimitation line which has a defined
course’. Nicaragua suggested that ‘the Court could make that delimitation
by defining the boundary in words such as ‘the boundary is
the median line between the outer edge of Nicaragua’s continental
shelf fixed in accordance with UNCLOS Article 76 and the outer
limit of Colombia’s 200‑mile zone’ ’. This formula, Nicaragua suggested,
‘does not require the Court to determine precisely where the
outer edge of Nicaragua’s shelf lies’. The outer limits could be then
established by Nicaragua at a later stage, on the basis of the recommendations
of the Commission.
129. However, since Nicaragua, in the present proceedings, has not
established that it has a continental margin that extends far enough
to overlap with Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile entitlement to the continental
shelf, measured from Colombia’s mainland coast, the Court
is not in a position to delimit the continental shelf boundary between
Nicaragua and Colombia, as requested by Nicaragua, even using
the general formulation proposed by it.” (I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II),
p. 669 ; cross‑references omitted.)
26. The language used by the Court in paragraph 129 makes clear that
the Court rejected Nicaragua’s claim because it had “not established that
it has a continental margin that extends far enough to overlap with
Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile entitlement” (emphasis added) (in the
French text: “le Nicaragua n’ayant pas . . . apporté la preuve que sa
marge . . .”). The Court did not say that it was unable to delimit the continental
shelf boundary because Nicaragua had failed to submit information
to the CLCS as required by Article 76 (8) of UNCLOS, nor did it
imply this at any point in the previous paragraphs. The Court could not
have been clearer in its conclusion : Nicaragua failed to adduce evidence
to prove that it had a continental shelf that extended far enough to overlap
with Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile entitlement to the continental shelf
measured from Colombia’s mainland coast ; thus, the Court was not in a
position to delimit the continental shelf boundary between the two States
as requested by Nicaragua.
27. Support for this is also found in the Court’s rejection of Nicaragua’s
proposed “general formulation” for delimitation in paragraph 128
of the 2012 Judgment. In proposing this formulation, Nicaragua, as
shown above in paragraph 25, suggested that
“the Court could make that delimitation by defining the boundary in
words such as ‘the boundary is the median line between the outer edge
of Nicaragua’s continental shelf fixed in accordance with UNCLOS
151 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
55
Article 76 and the outer limit of Colombia’s 200‑mile zone’”
(I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 669, para. 128).
Yet, the Court found that “even using the general formulation proposed”
by Nicaragua (ibid., p. 669, para. 129 ; emphasis added), it was not in a
position to effect a delimitation between the Parties. If, as the majority
contends, the Court’s rejection of Nicaragua’s request was based on the
failure of Nicaragua to deposit information with the CLCS in accordance
with Article 76 (8) of UNCLOS (Judgment, para. 85), it would have been
superfluous for the Court to examine — and reject — separately the “general
formulation” proposed by Nicaragua. The only reason that the Court
had to recall and reject the “general formulation” as distinct from Nicaragua’s
final submission I (3) was that the former claim relied solely on
the existence of an extended continental shelf that overlapped with
Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile entitlement, and not on the delineation of
its outer limits. However, Nicaragua did not prove to the Court the
existence
of this extended continental shelf, let alone did it delineate its
outer limits.
28. Indeed, as summarized in paragraph 69 of the present Judgment,
Nicaragua itself conceded that the Court rejected its final submission I (3)
on the basis that it had failed to establish the existence of an extended
continental shelf that overlapped with Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile
entitlement.
In oral proceedings in the present case, Nicaragua stated that
“si l’on veut à toute force admettre que la Cour a décidé quelque chose
[in the 2012 Judgment], ce ne peut être que ceci : le Nicaragua n’a pas
prouvé l’existence d’un chevauchement entre les zones maritimes lui
revenant au‑delà de la limite de 200 milles marins et celles sur lesquelles
la Colombie a juridiction” 3.
29. The majority relies on three features of the Court’s reasoning in the
2012 Judgment in support of its conclusion that
“Nicaragua’s claim could not be upheld . . . because the latter had yet
to discharge its obligation, under paragraph 8 of Article 76 of
UNCLOS, to deposit with the CLCS the information on the limits of
its continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles required by that provision
and by Article 4 of Annex II of UNCLOS”. (Judgment,
para. 84).
These features are set out in paragraph 82 of the Judgment. None of
them, however, provides support for the majority’s view.
3 CR 2015/29, p. 26, para. 23 (Pellet). English translation of the Registry: “Basically,
if we want to insist that the Court decided something, it can only be this : Nicaragua had
failed to prove the existence of an overlap between the maritime areas appertaining to it
beyond the 200‑nautical‑mile limit and those over which Colombia has jurisdiction.”
152 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
56
30. First, the majority notes that the 2012 Judgment contains no analysis
of the geological and geomorphological evidence presented by Nicaragua
to support its claim to an extended continental shelf. This fact,
however, does not mean that the Court did not take that evidence into
account in reaching the conclusion that Nicaragua failed to establish the
existence of a continental margin that extends so far as to overlap with
Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile entitlement from its mainland coast. The
Court may make a global analysis of the evidence and is not required to,
and frequently does not, mention every piece of evidence it considered in
reaching a particular conclusion.
31. Moreover, the fact that the Court referred to Colombia’s submission
that the information provided by Nicaragua was “woefully deficient”,
“rudimentary and incomplete” (I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 667,
para. 122) shows that the Court turned its mind to the probative value of
the geographical and geomorphological data submitted by Nicaragua.
The fact that the evidence presented to the Court was not referred to in a
detailed manner in the Judgment does not necessarily lead to the conclusion
that the Court did not proceed to evaluate this evidence.
32. Secondly, the majority argues that the Court could not have
rejected Nicaragua’s claim on the merits since it did not consider it necessary
to determine the applicable legal standards to establish the existence
of an extended continental shelf. However, the Court, in paragraph 118
of the 2012 Judgment, expressly declared Article 76 (1) of UNCLOS,
which defines the legal concept of a continental shelf, to be reflective of
customary international law and thus applicable between the Parties.
33. It was the failure of Nicaragua to prove that it had an extended
continental shelf overlapping with Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile entitlement
within the meaning of Article 76 (1) of UNCLOS that led the Court
to dismiss Nicaragua’s final submission I (3). Moreover, the contradiction
inherent in paragraph 82 of the Judgment should be highlighted. On the
one hand, it is claimed that the Court did not consider it necessary to
determine the legal standards applicable for Nicaragua to establish the
existence of an extended continental shelf vis‑à‑vis Colombia, whilst, on
the other hand, it is maintained that the Court — in the very same section
of reasoning — established the procedural requirements incumbent on
Nicaragua to claim an extended continental shelf.
34. The third feature of the Court’s reasoning in the 2012 Judgment on
which the majority relies is the alleged emphasis on the obligation incumbent
on Nicaragua, as a party to UNCLOS, to submit information under
Article 76 (8) on the limits of the continental shelf to the CLCS. The
majority is wrong to assert that the Court “emphasize[d]” Nicaragua’s
failure to submit information to the CLCS as the basis for its conclusion
not to uphold its claim. To put it simply, nowhere in the 2012 Judgment
153 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
57
did the Court state that it could not uphold Nicaragua’s submission
because of failure to submit information to the CLCS. The majority’s
reading of the non‑fulfilment of that procedural requirement into
the Court’s conclusion in paragraph 129 is thus an addition to that
paragraph.
35. In paragraph 83 of the present Judgment the majority further contends
that its interpretation of the Court’s conclusion in paragraph 129 of
the 2012 Judgment is confirmed by the inclusion of the words “in the
present proceedings” in the text of that paragraph, which “seem[s] to contemplate
the possibility of future proceedings”. As stated above (see paragraph
20), when the Court contemplates the possibility of parties returning
to the Court following the delivery of a judgment, it does so expressly.
The reference to “the present proceedings” in the Territorial and Maritime
Dispute case did not leave the door open for Nicaragua to return to
the Court with the same claim. Otherwise, all the previous judgments in
which the Court referred to the “present proceedings” would be subject to
repeat litigation. The phrase “present proceedings” is nothing more than
a standard way of referring to the case at hand.
36. It must therefore be concluded that the failure of Nicaragua to
prove the existence of an extended continental shelf that overlaps with
Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile entitlement constituted the very basis of the
decision adopted by the Court in 2012 concerning delimitation. This is a
major element of the Court’s reasoning which laid the foundation for the
operative clause to which res judicata attaches.
37. The Second Request in Nicaragua’s Application in the present case
asks the Court to adjudge and declare
“[t]he principles and rules of international law that determine the
rights and duties of the two States in relation to the area of overlapping
continental shelf claims and the use of its resources, pending the
delimitation of the maritime boundary between them beyond 200 nautical
miles from Nicaragua’s coast” (AN, para. 12).
38. Nicaragua’s Second Request is a reformulation of the “general formulation”
proposed by it in the second round of oral pleadings in the
Territorial and Maritime Dispute case. To recall :
“in the second round of oral argument, Nicaragua stated that it was
‘not asking [the Court] for a definitive ruling on the precise location
of the outer limit of Nicaragua’s continental shelf ’. Rather, it was
‘asking [the Court] to say that Nicaragua’s continental shelf entitlement
is divided from Colombia’s continental shelf entitlement by a
delimitation line which has a defined course’. Nicaragua suggested
that ‘the Court could make that delimitation by defining the boundary
in words such as ‘the boundary is the median line between the outer
154 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
58
edge of Nicaragua’s continental shelf fixed in accordance with
UNCLOS Article 76 and the outer limit of Colombia’s 200‑mile
zone’ ’. This formula, Nicaragua suggested, ‘does not require the Court
to determine precisely where the outer edge of Nicaragua’s shelf lies’.
The outer limits could be then established by Nicaragua at a later
stage, on the basis of the recommendations of the Commission.”
(I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 669, para. 128 ; emphasis added.)
In both cases, Nicaragua requests the Court, pending recommendations
by the CLCS, to determine the existence of overlapping continental shelf
entitlements without delimiting the precise course of the boundary. In the
2012 Judgment, the Court rejected Nicaragua’s proposed “general formulation”
on the basis that it had not established the existence of an extended
continental shelf that overlapped with Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile
entitlement
(ibid., para. 129).
39. As with Nicaragua’s First Request in the present case, the Second
Request is barred by res judicata. In the 2012 Judgment, the Court decided
that Nicaragua had not adduced sufficient evidence to allow it to adopt
the “general formulation” for delimitation proposed in the second round
of oral pleadings. It now tries to bring back the same claim, on the same
grounds, against the same Party.
V. The Incoherence of the Procedural Requirement
Introduced by the Majority
40. The previous sections have shown that Nicaragua’s First and Second
Requests in the present case are barred by the principle of res judicata
and therefore should be rejected as inadmissible. In order to avoid
this conclusion, the majority has read a procedural requirement into
the 2012 Judgment according to which a coastal State is obliged to
submit
information to the CLCS under Article 76 (8) of UNCLOS as a
prerequisite for the delimitation of extended continental shelf entitlements
between Nicaragua and Colombia. The majority therefore frames
submission of information to the CLCS under Article 76 (8) as a condition
of admissibility.
41. The fact that Nicaragua submitted such information to the CLCS
on 24 June 2013 means that the majority “accordingly considers that the
condition imposed by it in its 2012 Judgment in order for it to be able to
examine the claim of Nicaragua contained in the final submission I (3)
has been fulfilled in the present case” (Judgment, para. 87).
42. The Court has stated that an objection to admissibility “consists in
the contention that there exists a legal reason, even when there is jurisdic‑
155 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
59
tion, why the Court should decline to hear the case, or more usually, a
specific claim therein” (Application of the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 456, para. 120).
43. In the present Judgment, the majority states that
“Nicaragua was under an obligation, pursuant to paragraph 8 of Article
76 of UNCLOS, to submit information on the limits of the continental
shelf it claims beyond 200 nautical miles to the CLCS. The
Court held, in its 2012 Judgment, that Nicaragua had to submit such
information as a prerequisite for the delimitation of the continental
shelf beyond 200 nautical miles by the Court.” (Judgment, para. 105 ;
emphasis added.)
44. However, in the 2012 Judgment, the question of admissibility of
Nicaragua’s final submission I (3) was expressly raised by Colombia,
which argued that the request to delimit an extended continental shelf
was neither implicit in the Application of Nicaragua nor was it an issue
that arose directly out of the subject‑matter of the dispute (I.C.J. Reports
2012 (II), p. 664, para. 107). Colombia hence argued that the new claim
was inadmissible.
45. The Court rejected Colombia’s objection to admissibility, stating
that
“[i]n the Court’s view, the claim to an extended continental shelf falls
within the dispute between the Parties relating to maritime delimitation
and cannot be said to transform the subject‑matter of that dispute.
Moreover, it arises directly out of that dispute. What has
changed is the legal basis being advanced for the claim (natural prolongation
rather than distance as the basis for a continental shelf
claim) and the solution being sought (a continental shelf delimitation
as opposed to a single maritime boundary), rather than the subjectmatter
of the dispute. The new submission thus still concerns the
delimitation of the continental shelf, although on different legal
grounds . . .
112. The Court concludes that the claim contained in final submission
I (3) by Nicaragua is admissible.” (Ibid., p. 665, paras. 111‑112 ;
emphasis added.)
46. When Nicaragua presented its final submissions in the previous
case, on 1 May 2012, and when the Court delivered its Judgment in that
case, on 19 November 2012, Nicaragua had not made a submission to the
CLCS pursuant to Article 76 (8) of UNCLOS. The procedural requirement
that the majority identifies as a “prerequisite” (Judgment, para. 105)
was hence unfulfilled. Yet, the Court found Nicaragua’s final submission
I (3) to be admissible. Colombia did not argue that Nicaragua’s
claim was inadmissible because it had failed to fulfil a procedural require‑
156 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
60
ment. However, the Court has the power to raise issues of admissibility
proprio motu and, if necessary, dismiss claims that it considers to be inadmissible.
It did not do this.
47. The Court had the opportunity to state in the 2012 Judgment that
it considered submission of information to the CLCS under Article 76 (8)
of UNCLOS to be a prerequisite for delimitation, and thus to declare
Nicaragua’s final submission I (3) inadmissible. The majority attempts to
avoid confronting this fact by arguing that the Court adjudged Nicaragua’s
final submission I (3) to be admissible but did not continue to
address the submission on the merits (Judgment, para. 72).
48. However, the majority does not explain what possible purpose
would be served by declaring a claim to be admissible but not continuing
to address it on the merits. Moreover, it does not explain how the Court,
once it has declared a claim to be admissible, can refuse to address the
claim on the merits. Indeed, this approach is at odds with the Court’s
jurisprudence, in which it has emphasized that “[t]he Court must not
exceed the jurisdiction conferred upon it by the Parties, but it must also
exercise that jurisdiction to its full extent” (Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya/Malta), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985, p. 23, para. 19).
49. This line of reasoning leaves the Court in a strange position. If one
accepts the view of the majority in the current case, the Court should not,
in the 2012 proceedings, have accepted Nicaragua’s final submission I (3)
as admissible and should not have proceeded to address the claim on the
merits. On the other hand, if one accepts — as the Court did in 2012 —
that Nicaragua’s final submission I (3) was admissible, then logic dictates
that a submission to the CLCS under Article 76 (8) of UNCLOS cannot
be a prerequisite to adjudicate upon a request for delimitation of the
extended continental shelf. The incoherence of the majority’s position is
thus plain for all to see.
50. Not only is the position of the majority at odds with the Court’s
previous decisions, but it also is inconsistent with the provisions of Article
76 of UNCLOS itself. Article 76 (8) may be divided into three limbs,
each with the imperative shall in the English version of the Convention :
information shall be submitted by the coastal State ; the Commission shall
make recommendations ; and the limits established upon the basis of
CLCS recommendations shall be final and binding. It is unclear why the
majority considers that the first limb of this Article constitutes a prerequisite
to delimitation whereas the other two limbs do not ; clearly, there is
no textual support for such a reading.
51. The majority, in relation to Colombia’s fifth preliminary objection,
draws a tenuous distinction between the different limbs of Article 76 (8),
stating that
“since the delimitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical
miles can be undertaken independently of a recommendation from
157 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
61
the CLCS, the latter is not a prerequisite that needs to be satisfied by
a State party to UNCLOS before it can ask the Court to settle a
dispute with another State over such a delimitation” (Judgment,
para. 114).
If delimitation can be effected without recommendations from the CLCS,
it can certainly be effected also without submission of information to the
CLCS. It is illogical to say that the mere submission of information to the
CLCS pursuant to Article 76 (8) constitutes a precondition for delimitation,
whereas the recommendations of the CLCS, which are based on
such submission, and provided for under Article 76 (8) do not constitute
a prerequisite for that purpose.
VI. The Purposes of Submission of Information under Article 76
of UNCLOS and Article 4 of Its Annex II
52. The only paragraph on which the majority could base its reading
of the 2012 Judgment as containing a procedural requirement for the submission
of information to the CLCS is paragraph 127. However, to do so
would be a misunderstanding of the operation of Article 76 of UNCLOS.
Paragraph 127 of the 2012 Judgment states that the “Preliminary Information”
that Nicaragua submitted to the CLCS did not meet, by its own
admission, the requirements for submission of information under Article
76 (8).
53. This finding is unsurprising and unexceptional : the submission of
“Preliminary Information” is not designed to fulfil the requirements to
submit information under Article 76 (8). Rather, the term “Preliminary
Information” was first used in the decision of States parties to UNCLOS
of 20 June 2008 (SPLOS/183), in which it was recognized that coastal
States intending to claim a continental shelf could file “indicative” information
as a means of fulfilling their obligation under Article 4 of Annex II
to UNCLOS to submit “particulars” of prospective continental shelf
claims to the CLCS within ten years of the entry into force of the Convention
for that State 4. This was a means of allowing States, in particular
developing ones, which may lack the necessary technical capabilities, the
possibility of complying with the “sunset clause” for claiming an extended
continental shelf under UNCLOS, whilst providing them with the extra
4 UNCLOS, Meeting of States Parties, Decision regarding the workload of the Commission
on the Limits of the Continental Shelf and the ability of States, particularly developing
States, to fulfil the requirements of Article 4 of Annex II to the United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea, as well as the decision contained in SPLOS/72, paragraph (a).
(SPLOS/183, para. 1 (a).)
158 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
62
time required to complete the requisite geological and geomorphological
surveys to prove the existence of an extended continental shelf.
54. According to that decision of the Meeting of States Parties :
“Pending the receipt of the submission in accordance with the
requirements of Article 76 of the Convention and with the Rules of
Procedure and the Scientific and Technical Guidelines of the Commission,
preliminary information submitted in accordance with subparagraph
(a) above shall not be considered by the Commission.”
(SPLOS/183, para. 1 (b).)
Thus, the purpose of the submission of the “Preliminary Information”,
being solely directed to “stop the clock” for States parties, is totally different
and clearly distinguishable from the purpose of the submission of
information required under Article 76 (8) of UNCLOS, which is aimed at
obtaining recommendations from the CLCS.
55. The procedural requirement upon which the majority places great
emphasis — the obligation to submit information to the CLCS according
to Article 76 (8) of UNCLOS — is also conditional on the fulfilment of
the “test of appurtenance”, as set out in the Guidelines of the CLCS 5.
According to this test, a coastal State must first prove that it has a continental
shelf entitlement that extends beyond 200 nautical miles before it is
permitted — indeed, obliged — to delineate the outer limits of the shelf 6.
This test is based on Article 76 (4) (a) of UNCLOS, which provides that
“the coastal State shall establish the outer edge of the continental margin
wherever the margin extends beyond 200 nautical miles . . .” 7. The obligation
to delineate the outer limits of the continental shelf, and thus submit
5 See further, Scientific and Technical Guidelines of the Commission on the Limits
of the Continental Shelf, 13 May 1999 (CLCS/11), point 2.2. The pertinence of the test
was recognized by ITLOS in Dispute concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary
between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal (Bangladesh/Myanmar), Judgment
of 14 March 2012, para. 436.
6 The CLCS Guidelines define the test of appurtenance as follows :
“If either the line delineated at a distance of 60 nautical miles from the foot of the
continental slope, or the line delineated at a distance where the thickness of sedimentary
rocks is at least 1 per cent of the shortest distance from such point to the foot of
the slope, or both, extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which
the breadth of the territorial sea is measured, then a coastal State is entitled to delineate
the outer limits of the continental shelf as prescribed by the provisions contained
in Article 76, paragraphs 4 to 10.” (CLCS Guidelines, point 2.2.8.)
7 The French version of the text provides that “l’Etat côtier définit le rebord externe de
la marge continentale, lorsque celle-
ci s’étend au-
delà de 200 milles marins . . . ” ; emphasis
added.
159 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
63
information to the CLCS pursuant to Article 76 (8), is contingent on
proof that an extended continental shelf appertains to the coastal State.
In the words of the CLCS, if “a State does not demonstrate to the Commission
that the natural prolongation [extends beyond 200 nautical
miles]. . . [it does] not have an obligation to submit information on the
limits of the continental shelf to the Commission” 8.
56. The Court rightly recognized that Nicaragua is bound by Article 76
of UNCLOS when claiming an extended continental shelf. But this does
not mean that it is a prerequisite to submit information to the CLCS
under Article 76 (8) in order to delimit overlapping continental shelf
entitlements.
Article 76 establishes a process whereby a coastal State
delineates the outer limit of its continental shelf, according to the criteria
laid down in paragraphs 4‑7. It shows then to the other States parties how
its delineation fits these rules through the submission of information to the
Commission describing the scientific and technical basis of its delineation.
It should be noted that information submitted to the CLCS pursuant to
Article 76 (8) of UNCLOS will not necessarily be regarded as sufficient to
establish the existence of an extended continental shelf.
57. The function of the CLCS is to examine the submission of the
claimant State and to make recommendations to it on whether the
description of its delineation meets the criteria laid down in Article 76. In
this sense, the CLCS is a “legitimator”, but coastal States are not only
free to delineate their claimed extended continental shelf ; they are actually
expected to carry out their delineation before submitting the information
regarding their claim to the CLCS for validation or legitimation, in
other words, before sharing their claim with other States. In this context,
it should be noted that States have concluded delimitation agreements
between themselves without making a submission to the CLCS, or without
receiving recommendations from it (see for example, Treaty between
the Kingdom of Norway and the Russian Federation concerning Maritime
Delimitation and Co-operation
in the Barents Sea and the Arctic
Ocean, 15 September 2010).
58. The overarching purpose for which a State has to make a submission
to the CLCS is to obtain recommendations to validate its own delineation.
It is therefore surprising that the majority should maintain that
the submission of information, under Article 76 (8) of UNCLOS, was
considered a prerequisite by the Court in its 2012 Judgment for acceding
to Nicaragua’s delimitation request, while concluding in the present Judgment
that recommendations from the CLCS are “not a prerequisite that
8 CLCS Guidelines, point 2.2.4.
160 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
64
needs to be satisfied by a State party to UNCLOS before it can ask the
Court to settle a dispute with another State over . . . delimitation” (Judgment,
para. 114).
VII. Ne Bis in Idem and the Exhaustion
of Treaty Processes
59. Even if one were to accept the majority’s interpretation of the
2012 Judgment, Nicaragua should not now be able to come before the
Court for a second time to attempt to remedy the procedural flaw which
supposedly precluded the Court from delimiting its allegedly overlapping
extended continental shelf entitlement in 2012. Allowing such an action
could be injurious to both the respondent State, which should be protected
from repeat litigation, and the efficient operation of the judicial
system for the settlement of international disputes.
60. The principle of ne bis in idem operates, like res judicata, to protect
from the effects of repeat litigation. According to this principle, a repeat
claim is inadmissible whether or not the issue is covered by the principle
of res judicata. One cannot knock at the Court’s door a second time with
regard to a claim already examined by the Court on its merits. The fact
that Nicaragua would now be able to present evidence that was not available
to it during the judicial proceedings that led to the 2012 Judgment
does not make the new claim less repetitive of the previous claim.
61. Moreover, in so far as the new Application represents a repetition
of the previous claim, the issue of preclusion based on the exhaustion of
treaty processes (in French, “épuisement des recours prévus dans le
traité”) may also be raised. In a similar vein to res judicata and
ne bis in idem, this principle also operates to safeguard against the detrimental
effects of repeat litigation. According to this principle, the renewed
presentation of a claim previously examined by the Court may be considered
inadmissible if that claim relies on the same treaty process as the
basis of jurisdiction of the Court. This finds support in the Court’s Judgment
on preliminary objections in the Barcelona Traction case, in which
the Court said :
“It has been argued that the first set of proceedings ‘exhausted’ the
Treaty processes in regard to the particular matters of complaint, the
subject of those proceedings, and that the jurisdiction of the Court
having once been invoked, and the Court having been duly seised in
respect of them, the Treaty cannot be invoked a second time in order
to seise the Court of the same complaints. As against this, it can be
said that the Treaty processes are not in the final sense exhausted in
respect of any one complaint until the case has been either prosecuted
161 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
65
to judgment, or discontinued in circumstances involving its final
renunciation — neither of which constitutes the position here [that is,
in the Barcelona Traction case].” (I.C.J. Reports 1964, p. 26.)
Leaving aside the issue of discontinuance, which is not relevant to the
present case, the Court referred to the fact that a case “has been . . . prosecuted
to judgment”.
62. In the present proceedings, Nicaragua not only brings the same
claim as it did in the 2012 case, but it also does so on the same basis of
jurisdiction ; namely, Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá. As noted
above, the claim was — to borrow the terminology of the Court in
Barcelona
Traction — “prosecuted to judgment”. Nicaragua’s Application
in the present proceedings should thus be considered inadmissible on
the basis that it has exhausted the treaty processes under the Pact of
Bogotá.
VIII. Conclusion : the Authority of Res Judicata and the
Protection of the Judicial Function
63. In this joint dissenting opinion, we have outlined why we
have voted against subparagraph (1) (b) of the operative paragraph in
the present Judgment and why we are of the view that the Court should
have upheld Colombia’s third preliminary objection related to res judicata.
64. In the Application of the Genocide Convention case, the Court outlined
the purposes of the principle of res judicata as follows :
“Two purposes, one general, the other specific, underlie the principle
of res judicata, internationally as nationally. First, the stability of
legal relations requires that litigation come to an end. The Court’s
function, according to Article 38 of its Statute, is to ‘decide’, that is,
to bring to an end, ‘such disputes as are submitted to it’. Secondly, it
is in the interest of each party that an issue which has already been
adjudicated in favour of that party be not argued again . . . Depriving
a litigant of the benefit of a judgment it has already obtained must in
general be seen as a breach of the principles governing the legal settlement
of disputes.” (Application of the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v.
Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I), pp. 90‑91,
para. 116.)
65. These purposes — finality of litigation and protection of the
respondent from repeat litigation — protect both the operation of the
legal system and those within it. A scenario in which the purposes of
162 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
66
res judicata are no longer served undermines the judicial function as well
as the sound administration of justice.
66. By casting the rejection of Nicaragua’s request for delimitation in
the Territorial and Maritime Dispute case as a decision to which res judicata
does not attach, the Court may be seen by some as being open to
repeat litigation, which cannot be the case.
67. Nicaragua and Colombia have been embroiled in a long‑running
dispute for many years regarding their respective maritime entitlements.
As the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, the Court is well
placed to settle such disputes. But if it is to continue to be regarded as
such, it cannot afford to be seen to allow States to bring the same disputes
over and over again. Such a scenario would undercut the certainty, stability,
and finality that judgments of this Court should provide.
(Signed) Abdulqawi A. Yusuf.
(Signed) Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade.
(Signed) Xue Hanqin.
(Signed) Giorgio Gaja.
(Signed) Dalveer Bhandari.
(Signed) Patrick L. Robinson.
(Signed) Charles N. Brower.

Bilingual Content

141
45
JOINT DISSENTING OPINION OF VICE‑PRESIDENT YUSUF,
JUDGES CANÇADO TRINDADE,
XUE, GAJA, BHANDARI,
ROBINSON AND JUDGE AD HOC BROWER
Regret that the Court was evenly split on res judicata — Court should have
upheld Colombia’s third preliminary objection and rejected Nicaragua’s requests
as inadmissible — Res judicata is reflected in Articles 59 and 60 of the Statute of
the Court — Its main elements are identity of parties, identity of cause, and
identity of object — Parties agree on these elements but disagree on the finality of
the decision taken by the Court in 2012 — There should be no doubt about that
decision — It was unanimously adopted by the Court — The dispositif of the
2012 Judgment was that the Court “cannot uphold” Nicaragua’s final
submission I (3) — This phrase has always been used by the Court for the dismissal
of requests by parties — Reasoning in 2012 Judgment supports this —
Paragraph 129 of the 2012 Judgment summarizes that reasoning — It emphasizes
lack of evidence of an overlapping continental shelf between the Parties — Majority
introduces a new procedural requirement into 2012 Judgment — Such requirement
is nowhere to be found in the Judgment — Had it actually existed, Nicaragua’s
final submission I (3) should have been declared inadmissible in the
2012 Judgment — Nicaragua’s requests are also barred by the principle of ne bis
in idem and exhaustion of treaty processes.
I. Introduction
1. It is with great regret that we are unable to concur with the decision
on the third preliminary objection of Colombia, on which the Court was
evenly split and which was reached with the casting vote of the President.
Colombia’s objection, which is based on the principle of res judicata,
should have been upheld. Consequently, Nicaragua’s Application in the
present case should have been dismissed. Not only does the rejection of
Colombia’s third preliminary objection constitute a misreading of the
Judgment of the Court in Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v.
Colombia) (I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 624), (hereinafter referred to as
the “2012 Judgment”), but it also detracts from the values of legal stability
and finality of judgments that the principle of res judicata operates to
protect.
141
45
OPINION DISSIDENTE COMMUNE DE M. LE JUGE YUSUF,
VICE‑PRÉSIDENT, M. LE JUGE CANÇADO TRINDADE,
Mme LA JUGE XUE, MM. LES JUGES GAJA,
BHANDARI ET ROBINSON, ET M. LE JUGE AD HOC BROWER
[Traduction]
Regret que la Cour ait été divisée par moitié sur la question de l’autorité de la
chose jugée (res judicata) — Désaccord avec sa décision de ne pas accueillir la
troisième exception préliminaire de la Colombie et de ne pas déclarer irrecevables
les demandes du Nicaragua — Principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée trouvant son
expression dans les articles 59 et 60 du Statut de la Cour — Eléments fondamentaux
de ce principe étant l’identité des parties, l’identité de la base juridique et l’identité
de l’objet — Accord des Parties sur ces éléments, mais désaccord sur la finalité de
la décision rendue par la Cour en 2012 — Caractère indubitable de la décision —
Unanimité de la décision — Cour disant dans le dispositif de l’arrêt de 2012 qu’elle
« ne peut accueillir » la demande formulée par le Nicaragua au point I. 3) de ses
conclusions finales — Emploi constant de cette expression par la Cour pour rejeter
des demandes — Emploi confirmé par les motifs de l’arrêt de 2012 — Résumé
desdits motifs au paragraphe 129 de l’arrêt de 2012 — Cour ayant souligné dans
ce paragraphe l’absence d’éléments démontrant l’existence d’un chevauchement
entre les portions de plateau continental relevant de chacune des Parties —
Majorité lisant en l’espèce une obligation procédurale nouvelle dans l’arrêt de
2012 — Absence d’une telle obligation dans l’arrêt — Cour tenue, si une telle
obligation existait, de conclure dans l’arrêt de 2012 à l’irrecevabilité de la demande
formulée par le Nicaragua au point I. 3) de ses conclusions finales — Demandes
du Nicaragua également irrecevables en vertu du principe ne bis in idem et de
l’épuisement des recours prévus dans le traité.
I. Introduction
1. A notre vif regret, nous ne pouvons souscrire à la décision rendue en
la présente affaire au sujet de la troisième exception préliminaire de la
Colombie, décision sur laquelle la Cour était divisée par moitié et qu’elle
n’a pu adopter qu’avec la voix prépondérante du président. L’exception
que la Colombie fondait sur le principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée
(res judicata) aurait dû être accueillie. Et, par conséquent, la requête du
Nicaragua aurait dû être déclarée irrecevable. En rejetant cette troisième
exception préliminaire, la Cour non seulement donne une interprétation
erronée de l’arrêt rendu en l’affaire du Différend territorial et maritime
(Nicaragua c. Colombie) (C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 624) (ci‑après « l’arrêt
de 2012 »), mais porte atteinte, également, aux valeurs que le principe
de l’autorité de la chose jugée vise à protéger, à savoir la stabilité juridique
et le caractère définitif des arrêts.
142 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
46
2. The Court rendered the 2012 Judgment less than four years ago.
Most of the Members of the present Court were also sitting Members in
that case. The division of the Court in this case is thus particularly surprising.
The majority not only misconstrues why the Court decided as it
did in 2012, but also reads into the Judgment a procedural requirement
that did not — and does not — exist. By allowing Nicaragua to proceed
in the current case, the Court’s decision may be viewed as undermining
the finality of its judgments. It is for these reasons that we cannot join the
majority in voting in favour of subparagraph (1) (b) of the operative
paragraph.
3. In this joint dissenting opinion, we express our views in more detail.
First, we outline our understanding of the principle of res judicata and its
application to the present case (Sec. II). Secondly, we examine the dispositif
of the 2012 Judgment, demonstrating that it rejected the request of
Nicaragua to delimit allegedly overlapping continental shelf entitlements
(Sec. III). Thirdly, we analyse the reasoning of the Court in the 2012 Judgment,
highlighting that Nicaragua’s request was rejected because Nicaragua
had failed to establish the existence of an extended continental shelf
that overlapped with Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile entitlement, as measured
from the latter’s mainland coast (Sec. IV). Fourthly, we address the
incoherent nature of the procedural requirement that the majority claims
to have been established by the 2012 Judgment (Sec. V). Fifthly, we outline
the purposes for the submission of information under Article 76 (8)
of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (hereinafter
referred to as “UNCLOS”), and Article 4 of its Annex II, in order to
demonstrate that there is no requirement to submit information on an
extended continental shelf except for obtaining recommendations from
the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (hereinafter
referred to as “CLCS”) (Sec. VI). Sixthly, we note that, even if one were
to accept the argument of the majority, the request of Nicaragua in the
present case is still precluded on the basis of ne bis in idem and the
exhaustion
of treaty processes (Sec. VII). Finally, we conclude by highlighting
the potential negative effect of repeat litigation, if allowed, on the
authority of res judicata and the necessity to bring to an end proceedings
relating to inter‑State disputes (Sec. VIII).
II. The Principle of Res Judicata in the Jurisprudence
of the Court and Its Application to the Present Case
4. Res judicata is a principle that is found in distinct forms and under
different names in every legal system. The principle has been of paramount
importance to the operation of legal systems all over the world for
délimitation du plateau continental (op. diss. comm.) 142
46
2. Il y a moins de quatre ans que l’arrêt de 2012 a été rendu. La plupart
des membres de la Cour qui ont siégé dans la présente affaire avaient
également participé à celle de 2012. Il est donc particulièrement surprenant
qu’ils soient ainsi divisés en l’espèce. La majorité non seulement
donne une interprétation erronée du raisonnement qui a motivé la décision
adoptée en 2012, mais elle lit en outre dans cette décision une obligation
procédurale qui n’y est pas — ni maintenant ni à l’époque. En
permettant la poursuite de la procédure instituée par le Nicaragua, la
Cour rend en l’espèce une décision qui risque de saper le caractère définitif
de ses arrêts. C’est pourquoi nous n’avons pu nous associer au vote de
la majorité en faveur du point 1 b) du dispositif.
3. La présente opinion dissidente commune a pour objet d’exposer plus
en détail notre position. Premièrement, nous expliquerons comment nous
entendons le principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée et son application en
l’espèce (section II). Deuxièmement, nous examinerons le dispositif de l’arrêt
de 2012, pour démontrer qu’il signifiait un rejet de la demande présentée
par le Nicaragua aux fins d’obtenir la délimitation des portions du
plateau continental où ses droits et ceux de la Colombie se chevaucheraient
(section III). Troisièmement, nous analyserons les motifs exposés
dans cet arrêt, dont il ressort que, si le Nicaragua a vu sa demande rejetée,
c’est parce qu’il n’avait pas prouvé l’existence d’un plateau continental
étendu qui chevaucherait celui dont la Colombie peut se prévaloir sur
200 milles marins à partir de sa côte continentale (section IV). Quatrièmement,
nous mettrons en avant le caractère illogique de l’obligation procédurale
qui, selon la majorité, serait énoncée dans l’arrêt de 2012 (section V).
Cinquièmement, nous rappellerons les objectifs de la communication d’informations
prévue au paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 de la convention des
Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer (ci‑après « la CNUDM ») et à l’article
4 de son annexe II, afin de démontrer qu’il n’existe aucune obligation
de communiquer des informations sur le plateau continental, hormis aux
fins d’obtenir des recommandations de la Commission des limites du plateau
continental (ci‑après « la Commission ») (section VI). Sixièmement,
nous ferons observer que, même à supposer que la majorité soit dans le
vrai, la demande du Nicaragua n’était pas recevable, en vertu du principe
ne bis in idem et parce qu’il y avait épuisement des recours prévus dans le
traité (section VII). Enfin, nous conclurons en soulignant qu’autoriser la
réitération de demandes peut avoir des effets préjudiciables sur l’autorité
de la chose jugée et va à l’encontre de la nécessité de mettre un terme aux
procédures opposant des Etats (section VIII).
II. Le principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée
dans la jurisprudence de la Cour et son application en l’espèce
4. Le principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée existe dans tous les systèmes
juridiques du monde, sous différents noms et différentes formes.
Depuis des siècles, il revêt une importance cruciale dans leur fonctionne‑
143 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
47
centuries. According to this principle, “the decisions of the Court are not
only binding on the parties, but are final, in the sense that they cannot be
reopened by the parties as regards the issues that have been determined”
(Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the
Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I), p. 90, para. 115). The principle of res
judicata is reflected in Articles 59 and 60 of the Statute of the Court. As
the Court has previously noted, “[t]he fundamental character of that principle
appears from the terms of the Statute of the Court and the Charter
of the United Nations. The underlying character and purposes of the
principle are reflected in the judicial practice of the Court.” (Ibid.)
5. The main elements of res judicata are well‑known, and agreed upon
by both Parties to this case ; namely, that a subsequent claim is barred if
there is identity of parties, identity of cause and identity of object with a
previous claim that has been adjudicated upon (dissenting opinion of
Judge Anzilotti, Interpretation of Judgments Nos. 7 and 8 (Factory at
Chorzów), Judgment No. 11, 1927, P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 13, p. 23 ;
dissenting
opinion of Judge Jessup, South West Africa (Ethiopia v.
South Africa ; Liberia v. South Africa), Second Phase, Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1966, p. 333).
6. As the Court has stated previously, it is well established that the
dispositif of a judgment possesses the force of res judicata (Application of
the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
(Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I), p. 94, para. 123). However, the Court has also
noted that res judicata may attach to the reasons of a judgment of the
Court if those reasons are “inseparable” from the operative clause of a
judgment (Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in
the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon
and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections (Nigeria
v. Cameroon), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1999 (I), p. 35, para. 10) or if
they constitute a “condition essential to the Court’s decision” (Request
for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning
the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 296, para. 34 ; Interpretation of
Judgments Nos. 7 and 8 (Factory at Chorzów), Judgment No. 11, 1927,
P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 13, p. 20).
7. The main point of disagreement between the Parties is what exactly
the Court “finally disposed of for good” (Barcelona Traction, Light and
Power Company, Limited (New Application: 1962) (Belgium v. Spain),
Preliminary Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1964, p. 20) in the
2012 Judgment. In its written and oral pleadings, Colombia stated that it
understood the Court to have rejected Nicaragua’s request to delimit an
extended continental shelf entitlement that overlapped with that of
Colombia on the basis of failure to establish the existence of such a continental
shelf (Preliminary Objections of Colombia (hereinafter referred
to as “POC”), footnote 122). Nicaragua, on the other hand, considers
délimitation du plateau continental (op. diss. comm.) 143
47
ment. Il signifie que « les décisions de la Cour sont non seulement obligatoires
pour les parties, mais elles sont définitives, en ce sens qu’elles ne
peuvent être remises en cause par les parties pour ce qui est des questions
que ces décisions ont tranchées » (Application de la convention pour la
prévention
et la répression du crime de génocide (Bosnie‑Herzégovine c.
Serbie‑et‑Monténégro), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (I), p. 90, par. 115). Le
principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée trouve son expression dans les
articles 59 et 60 du Statut de la Cour. Ainsi que l’a souligné cette dernière,
« [l]e caractère fondamental de ce principe ressort des termes du Statut de
la Cour et de la Charte des Nations Unies. La pratique judiciaire de la
Cour en reflète les caractéristiques et objectifs sous‑jacents. » (Ibid.)
5. Les éléments fondamentaux du principe de l’autorité de la chose
jugée sont établis de longue date, et les deux Parties en l’espèce en ont
convenu : une demande relève de ce principe dès lors qu’il y a identité des
parties, de l’objet et de la base juridique avec une demande antérieure sur
laquelle il a déjà été statué (opinion dissidente du juge Anzilotti, Interprétation
des arrêts nos 7 et 8 (usine de Chorzów), arrêt no 11, 1927,
C.P.J.I. série A no 13, p. 23 ; opinion dissidente du juge Jessup, Sud‑Ouest
africain (Ethiopie c. Afrique du Sud ; Libéria c. Afrique du Sud), deuxième
phase, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1966, p. 333).
6. La Cour a déjà rappelé que le dispositif d’un arrêt avait force de
chose jugée (Application de la convention pour la prévention et la répression
du crime de génocide (Bosnie‑Herzégovine c. Serbie‑et‑Monténégro), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (I), p. 94, par. 123). Mais elle a également précisé que
les motifs de ses arrêts pouvaient, eux aussi, être revêtus de l’autorité de
la chose jugée s’ils étaient « inséparables » du dispositif (Demande en interprétation
de l’arrêt du 11 juin 1998 en l’affaire de la Frontière terrestre et
maritime entre le Cameroun et le Nigéria (Cameroun c. Nigéria), exceptions
préliminaires (Nigéria c. Cameroun), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1999 (I),
p. 35, par. 10) ou s’ils constituaient « une condition absolue de [s]a décision
» (Demande en interprétation de l’arrêt du 15 juin 1962 en l’affaire
du Temple de Préah Vihéar (Cambodge c. Thaïlande) (Cambodge
c. Thaïlande),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2013, p. 296, par. 34 ; Interprétation des
arrêts nos 7 et 8 (usine de Chorzów), arrêt no 11, 1927, C.P.J.I. série A
no 13, p. 20).
7. En l’espèce, les Parties étaient principalement en désaccord sur le
point de savoir quelle question exactement avait « finalement et définitivement
[été] réglée » (Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited
(nouvelle requête : 1962) (Belgique c. Espagne), exceptions préliminaires,
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 1964, p. 20) par la Cour dans l’arrêt de 2012. Dans ses
écritures comme dans ses plaidoiries, la Colombie affirmait qu’à son sens,
si le Nicaragua avait été débouté de sa demande de délimitation des portions
du plateau continental étendu où les droits des Parties se chevaucheraient,
c’est parce qu’il n’avait pas démontré l’existence d’un tel plateau
(exceptions préliminaires de la Colombie (ci‑après « EPC »), note 122). Le
144 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
48
that the Court’s decision “not to ‘uphold’ Nicaragua’s claim did not, in
fact, entail a determination of Nicaragua’s request to delimit the continental
shelf beyond 200 M [nautical miles] on the merits” and hence is not
a decision to which res judicata attaches (Written Statement of Nicaragua
(hereinafter referred to as “WSN”), para. 4.19).
8. In order to determine if the requests of Nicaragua in the present
case are barred by the principle of res judicata, we turn first to the dispositif
of the 2012 Judgment, to which res judicata attaches, and second to the
reasoning of the Court which laid the foundation for that dispositif.
III. The Dispositif of the 2012 Territorial
and Maritime Dispute Judgment
9. The Court stated in the dispositif of the 2012 Judgment: “[The
Court]. . . [f]inds that it cannot uphold the Republic of Nicaragua’s claim
contained in its final submission I (3)” (I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 719,
para. 251 (3)). Nicaragua had requested the Court to adjudge and declare
that “[t]he appropriate form of delimitation, within the geographical and
legal framework constituted by the mainland coasts of Nicaragua and
Colombia, is a continental shelf boundary dividing by equal parts the
overlapping entitlements to a continental shelf of both Parties” (ibid.,
p. 636, para. 17).
10. Both Parties in the present case have discussed in their pleadings
what exactly the Court meant by the phrase “cannot uphold”. Colombia
understands “cannot uphold” to be a rejection of Nicaragua’s request to
delimit allegedly overlapping continental shelf entitlements (POC, footnote
122). Nicaragua, on the other hand, claims that by using the phrase
“cannot uphold”, “[t]he Court did not ‘reject’ Nicaragua’s submission ;
nor did it use other wording indicative of a substantive determination of
Nicaragua’s claims” (WSN, para. 4.20). Rather, in the view of Nicaragua,
the Court in its 2012 Judgment “a décidé . . . de ne pas décider” 1.
11. The case law of the Court clearly demonstrates that when the
phrase “cannot uphold” is used in the dispositif, it is employed to reject a
claim or request made by a party. It is not used to refrain from making a
decision pending the fulfilment of a procedural requirement, nor is it used
to abstain from making a decision until the claimant State adduces sufficient
evidence. Three examples raised and discussed by the Parties suffice
to demonstrate this point.
12. In the Oil Platforms case (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States
of America), Iran claimed that the United States’ attacks on two oil platforms
constituted a breach of the United States’ obligation to accord freedom
of commerce between the territories of the two States under Article X
1 CR 2015/29, p. 25, para. 23 (Pellet). English translation of the Registry: “the Court
decided not to take any decision . . .”.
délimitation du plateau continental (op. diss. comm.) 144
48
Nicaragua, pour sa part, considérait que, « en réalité, la décision de la
Cour de ne pas « accueillir » [s]a demande de délimitation du plateau continental
au‑delà de 200 milles marins n’emportait pas de décision au fond
sur cette demande » et qu’elle n’était donc pas revêtue de l’autorité de la
chose jugée (exposé écrit du Nicaragua (ci‑après « EEN »), par. 4.19).
8. Afin de déterminer si le principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée faisait
obstacle aux demandes du Nicaragua en la présente affaire, nous commencerons
par examiner le dispositif de l’arrêt de 2012, qui est revêtu de l’autorité
de la chose jugée, avant d’analyser les motifs sur lesquels il repose.
III. Le dispositif de l’arrêt rendu en 2012
dans l’affaire du Différend territorial et maritime
9. Dans le dispositif de l’arrêt de 2012, la Cour déclare qu’elle « ne peut
accueillir » (« cannot uphold » dans la version anglaise) la demande formulée
par la République du Nicaragua au point I. 3) de ses conclusions
finales » (C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 719, par. 251 3)). Le Nicaragua
l’avait priée de dire et juger « que, dans le cadre géographique et juridique
constitué par les côtes continentales du Nicaragua et de la Colombie, la
méthode de délimitation à retenir consiste à tracer une limite opérant une
division par parts égales de la zone du plateau continental où les droits
des deux Parties sur celui‑ci se chevauchent » (ibid., p. 636, par. 17).
10. Dans leurs exposés en la présente affaire, les deux Parties ont
débattu la question de savoir ce que la Cour entendait exactement par
l’expression « ne peut accueillir ». Pour la Colombie, ces termes expriment
le rejet de la demande présentée par le Nicaragua aux fins d’obtenir la
délimitation des portions du plateau continental où leurs droits respectifs
se chevaucheraient (EPC, note 122). Le Nicaragua estime quant à lui que
la Cour, en employant cette expression, « n’a ni « rejeté » la conclusion du
Nicaragua ni employé d’autres termes indiquant qu’elle se prononçait au
fond sur [s]a demande » (EEN, par. 4.20). Selon lui, dans l’arrêt de 2012,
la Cour « a décidé … de ne pas décider » 1.
11. Il ressort clairement de la jurisprudence de la Cour que l’expression
« ne peut accueillir » sert à rejeter la demande ou la requête d’une partie
lorsqu’elle est employée dans le dispositif d’un arrêt. La Cour ne l’utilise
pas pour différer sa décision en attendant qu’une obligation procédurale
soit satisfaite ou que l’Etat demandeur produise des éléments de preuve
suffisants. Trois exemples invoqués par les Parties suffisent à le démontrer.
12. Dans l’affaire des Plates‑formes pétrolières (République islamique
d’Iran c. Etats‑Unis d’Amérique), l’Iran affirmait que les Etats‑Unis, en
attaquant deux plates‑formes pétrolières, avaient manqué à l’obligation
de respecter la liberté de commerce entre leurs territoires respectifs, que
1 CR 2015/29, p. 25, par. 23 (Pellet).
145 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
49
of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights
(Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2003, pp. 172‑173, para. 20). The Court found
that there was no commerce in crude oil between the Iranian platforms in
question and the United States at the time of the attacks, due to either the
non‑operational nature of the oil platforms or the effect of a trade
embargo on Iranian imports to the United States (ibid., p. 207, para. 98).
As a result, the Court found that the attacks “cannot be said to have
infringed the rights of Iran under Article X, paragraph 1, of the
1955 Treaty” (ibid.). This led the Court to state in the dispositif of the
Judgment that it “cannot . . . uphold the submission of the Islamic
Republic of Iran that those actions [the United States’ attacks] constitute
a breach of the obligations of the United States of America under Article
X of [the 1955] Treaty” (ibid., p. 218, para. 125 (1)). The Court thus
used “cannot uphold” as a synonym for “reject”.
13. Similarly, in the Frontier Dispute case (Burkina Faso/Niger),
Burkina Faso requested the Court to adjudge and declare that certain
co‑ordinates constituted the boundary along two sections of its border
with Niger in points 1 and 3 of its final submissions (Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2013, p. 66, para. 35). These sections of the boundary were
not the subject of the dispute before the Court. Burkina Faso, however,
wanted the Court to include them in the dispositif of the Judgment to
“endow this line with the force of res judicata” (ibid., p. 66, para. 37).
Noting that the function of the Court is to “decide in accordance with
international law such disputes as are submitted to it” (ibid., p. 70,
para. 48 ; emphasis added), the Court held that Burkina Faso’s request
was “not compatible with its judicial function” (ibid., p. 72, para. 58) and
thus did not proceed to delimit the boundary along these two sections. In
the dispositif, the Court stated that “it cannot uphold the requests made
in points 1 and 3 of the final submissions of Burkina Faso” (ibid., p. 92,
para. 114 (1)). Again, the phrase “cannot uphold” was used to signify a
clear rejection of the Burkinabe requests by the Court ; it was not a refusal
to make a decision, as counsel for Nicaragua suggested during the hearings
in the present case 2.
14. A final example is the 1985 Tunisia v. Libya Continental Shelf
Interpretation Judgment (Application for Revision and Interpretation of
the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental
Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya),
Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985, p. 192). In that case, the Court
used the phrase “cannot uphold” twice in the dispositif of the Judgment.
First, Tunisia claimed that the criteria for the delimitation of the first section
of continental shelf enunciated by the Court in the case concerning
the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 18 (hereinafter referred to as the “1982 Judg‑
2 CR 2015/27, p. 38, para. 24 (Pellet).
délimitation du plateau continental (op. diss. comm.) 145
49
leur imposait l’article X du traité d’amitié, de commerce et de droits
consulaires de 1955 (arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2003, p. 172‑173, par. 20). La
Cour a constaté que, au moment des attaques, il n’existait aucun commerce
entre les territoires iranien et américain s’agissant du pétrole produit
par les plates‑formes en question, soit parce que celles‑ci n’étaient
pas en service, soit en raison des effets de l’embargo commercial sur les
importations de l’Iran vers les Etats‑Unis (ibid., p. 207, par. 98). Elle en
conclut que « lesdites attaques ne sauraient non plus être considérées
comme ayant porté atteinte aux droits garantis à l’Iran par le paragraphe
1 de l’article X du traité de 1955 » (ibid.), ce qui l’amène à dire
dans le dispositif de l’arrêt « qu’elle ne saurait … accueillir la conclusion
de la République islamique d’Iran selon laquelle ces actions [les attaques
menées par les Etats‑Unis] constitu[aient] une violation par les Etats‑Unis
d’Amérique des obligations que leur impose le paragraphe 1 de l’article X
[du] traité [de 1955] » (ibid., p. 218, par. 125 1)). La Cour emploie donc
l’expression « ne saurait accueillir » dans le sens de « rejeter ».
13. De même, dans l’affaire du Différend frontalier (Burkina Faso/
Niger), le Burkina Faso demandait à la Cour de dire et juger que, dans
deux secteurs précis, sa frontière avec le Niger suivait le tracé dont il indiquait
les coordonnées aux points 1 et 3 de ses conclusions finales (arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2013, p. 66, par. 35). Ces deux secteurs ne constituaient pas
l’objet du différend, mais le Burkina Faso souhaitait que la Cour incorpore
le tracé correspondant dans le dispositif de l’arrêt, de sorte qu’il « soit
revêtu de l’autorité de la chose jugée » (ibid., p. 66, par. 37). Rappelant que
sa fonction est de « régler conformément au droit international les différends
qui lui sont soumis » (ibid., p. 70, par. 48 ; les italiques sont de nous),
la Cour a conclu que la demande du Burkina Faso n’était « pas compatible
avec sa fonction judiciaire » (ibid., p. 72, par. 58) et n’a pas procédé à la
délimitation de la frontière dans les deux secteurs en question. Dans le
dispositif de l’arrêt, elle dit qu’elle ne « peut accueillir les demandes formulées
aux points 1 et 3 des conclusions finales du Burkina Faso » (ibid.,
p. 92, par. 114 1)). Là encore, l’expression « ne peut accueillir » est employée
pour signifier clairement un rejet des demandes du Burkina Faso ; il ne
s’agissait pas d’un refus de décider, comme l’a affirmé l’un des conseils du
Nicaragua lors de la procédure orale en la présente affaire 2.
14. L’arrêt interprétatif de 1985 rendu en l’affaire Tunisie c. Jamahiriya
arabe libyenne offre encore un exemple de l’emploi que fait la Cour de
cette expression (Demande en revision et en interprétation de l’arrêt du
24 février 1982 en l’affaire du Plateau continental (Tunisie/Jamahiriya
arabe libyenne) (Tunisie c. Jamahiriya arabe libyenne), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
1985, p. 192). Dans le dispositif, elle l’utilise à deux reprises pour signifier
son refus d’accueillir une demande. La première occurrence vise l’une des
conclusions de la Tunisie, qui priait la Cour de préciser la hiérarchie à
établir entre les critères qu’elle avait retenus pour le premier secteur de la
délimitation du plateau continental dans son arrêt du 24 février 1982 en
2 CR 2015/27, p. 38, par. 24 (Pellet).
146 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
50
ment”) could not be simultaneously applied, and therefore requested the
Court to clarify which of these criteria took precedence (I.C.J. Reports
1985, pp. 219‑220, para. 50). The Court rejected the claim that the
1982 Judgment was incoherent, noting that it “laid down a single precise
criterion for the drawing of the [delimitation] line” and that Tunisia’s
request for interpretation was therefore “founded upon a misreading
of the purport of the relevant passage of the operative clause of
the 1982 Judgment” (ibid., p. 220, para. 50). In the dispositif, the Court
stated that “the submission of the Republic of Tunisia of 14 June 1985
relating to the first sector of the delimitation cannot be upheld” (ibid.,
p. 230, para. 69 (B) (3)). This statement was clearly based on the rejection
of Tunisia’s understanding of the 1982 Judgment, and thus a rejection
of its request for interpretation under Article 60 of the Statute of the
Court.
15. The second use of the words “cannot uphold” in the 1985 Tunisia
v. Libya Judgment was to reject Tunisia’s request for interpretation of
the 1982 Judgment in relation to the second sector of delimitation. In the
1982 Judgment, the Court stated that the point between the first and second
sectors of delimitation was the “point of intersection with the parallel
passing through the most westerly point of the Tunisian coastline between
Ras Kaboudia and Ras Adjir, that is to say, the most westerly point on
the shoreline (low‑water mark) of the Gulf of Gabes” (Continental Shelf
(Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1982, p. 94,
para. 133 (C) (2)). The Court gave no indication of the co‑ordinates of
this point in the dispositif, leaving it instead to the Parties’ experts to
determine its precise location. However, in the body of the 1982 Judgment,
the Court did give indicative co‑ordinates of this point (ibid., p. 87,
para. 124). Tunisia requested the Court to state explicitly that the most
westerly point of the Gulf of Gabes did indeed have the co‑ordinates that
were indicated as its approximate location in the 1982 Judgment. However,
in the 1985 Judgment the Court rejected this request, noting that it
expressly decided that it was for the experts of the Parties to determine
the precise location of this point (I.C.J. Reports 1985, pp. 226‑227,
paras. 62‑63). Thus, in the dispositif, the Court stated that “the submission
of the Republic of Tunisia, ‘that the most westerly point of the Gulf
of Gabes lies on latitude 34º 05ʹ 20ʺ N (Carthage)’, cannot be upheld”
(ibid., p. 230, para. 69 (D) (3)). The Court was not abstaining from making
a decision ; clearly, it was a rejection of Tunisia’s request for the Court
to state that the westernmost point of the Gulf lay on the indicative
co‑ordinates given by the Court.
16. The consistent use of the phrase “cannot uphold” demonstrates
that the Court rejected Nicaragua’s request to delimit purportedly overlapping
extended continental shelf entitlements in the 2012 Judgment.
The majority states in the present Judgment that, as it was not persuaded
délimitation du plateau continental (op. diss. comm.) 146
50
l’affaire du Plateau continental (Tunisie/Jamahiriya arabe libyenne), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 1982, p. 18, lesdits critères ne pouvant, selon la Tunisie, être
appliqués simultanément (C.I.J. Recueil 1985, p. 219‑220, par. 50). La
Cour a estimé que l’arrêt de 1982 ne comportait aucune incohérence, rappelant
qu’il énonçait « aux fins de la délimitation un seul critère précis
pour le tracé de la ligne », et que la demande en interprétation de la Tunisie
reposait donc « sur une erreur d’appréciation quant à la portée du passage
pertinent du dispositif de [cet] arrêt » (ibid., p. 220, par. 50). Dans le
dispositif, elle conclut ainsi qu’elle ne peut « faire droit à la conclusion
présentée par la République tunisienne le 14 juin 1985 relativement [au]
premier secteur [de la délimitation]
» (« The submission … cannot be
upheld ») (ibid., p. 230, par. 69, point B 3)). Ce faisant, la Cour rejette
clairement la lecture que la Tunisie donnait de l’arrêt de 1982 et, partant,
rejette la demande d’interprétation que celle‑ci lui présentait en vertu de
l’article 60 du Statut.
15. La deuxième occurrence, dans l’arrêt interprétatif de 1985, de l’expression
en question vise à signifier le rejet de la demande d’interprétation
de l’arrêt de 1982 présentée par la Tunisie relativement au deuxième secteur
de la délimitation. Dans l’arrêt de 1982, la Cour avait établi que le
point d’intersection entre les deux secteurs était le point où la ligne de
délimitation rencontrait « le parallèle du point le plus occidental de la côte
tunisienne entre Ras Kapoudia et Ras Ajdir, à savoir le point le plus occidental
de la ligne de rivage (laisse de basse mer) du golfe de Gabès » (Plateau
continental (Tunisie/Jamahiriya arabe libyenne), arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil
1982, p. 94, par. 133, point C 2)). La Cour n’avait pas indiqué les coordonnées
de ce point dans le dispositif, laissant aux experts des parties le
soin d’en déterminer la position exacte, mais, dans le corps de l’arrêt, elle
en donnait la position approximative (ibid., p. 87, par. 124). Dans sa
demande d’interprétation, la Tunisie priait la Cour de dire expressément
que les coordonnées du point le plus occidental du golfe de Gabès étaient
celles qui avaient été données dans l’arrêt de 1982 pour en indiquer la
position approximative. La Cour a toutefois rejeté cette demande, rappelant
qu’elle avait formellement décidé qu’il appartenait aux experts d’établir
les coordonnées exactes du point en question (C.I.J. Recueil 1985,
p. 226‑227, par. 62‑63). Elle dit ainsi, dans le dispositif de l’arrêt interprétatif
de 1985, que « la conclusion de la République tunisienne d’après
laquelle « le point le plus occidental du golfe de Gabès est situé à la latitude
34° 05ʹ 20ʺ N (Carthage) » ne peut être retenue » (« cannot be
upheld ») (ibid., p. 230, par. 69, point D 3)). Ce faisant, la Cour ne s’abstient
pas de prendre une décision ; elle rejette clairement la demande de la
Tunisie, qui la priait de dire que les coordonnées exactes du point le plus
occidental du golfe de Gabès étaient celles données antérieurement à titre
indicatif.
16. Cette cohérence dans l’emploi de l’expression confirme que la
Cour, dans l’arrêt de 2012, a rejeté la demande du Nicaragua relative à la
délimitation des portions du plateau continental étendu où les droits des
Parties se chevaucheraient. Dans le présent arrêt, la majorité déclare
147 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
51
by Nicaragua and Colombia’s interpretations of the phrase “cannot
uphold”, it will not “linger over the meaning of the phrase ‘cannot
uphold’” (Judgment, para. 74). Yet, the majority gives no clear explanation
as to why it rejects the Parties’ interpretations ; moreover, it does not
examine the meaning and scope of the phrase. Since, according to the
Court’s jurisprudence, res judicata attaches to the dispositif, it is beyond
comprehension why the majority chooses not to “linger” over the meaning
of “cannot uphold”. This is both a mistake and a missed opportunity,
for if the majority had “linger[ed]” on this phrase, the true import of the
Court’s decision in the 2012 Judgment would have become apparent.
Indeed, as demonstrated above, this phrase has consistently been used by
the Court to indicate the dismissal of a request by a party.
17. In its Application in the present case, Nicaragua’s First Request to
the Court is to adjudge and declare “[t]he precise course of the maritime
boundary between Nicaragua and Colombia in the areas of the continental
shelf which appertain to each of them beyond the boundaries determined
by the Court in its Judgment of 19 November 2012” (Application
of Nicaragua, hereinafter “AN”, p. 8, para. 12). Paragraph 11 of Nicaragua’s
Application states that Nicaragua’s claimed extended continental
shelf “includes an area beyond Nicaragua’s 200‑nautical‑mile maritime
zone and in part overlaps with the area that lies within 200 nautical miles
of Colombia’s coast” (ibid., p. 6, para. 11 (c)), and that this entitlement
to an extended continental shelf exists under both customary international
law and the provisions of UNCLOS (ibid., para. 11 (a)).
18. The final submission I (3) of Nicaragua in the Territorial and
Maritime
Dispute case and the First Request in Nicaragua’s Application
in the present case have both the same object (the delimitation of an
extended continental shelf entitlement that overlaps with Colombia’s
200‑nautical‑mile
entitlement, measured from the latter’s mainland coast),
the same legal ground (that such an entitlement exists as a matter of
customary
international law and under UNCLOS), and involve the same
Parties. Nicaragua is therefore attempting to bring the same claim against
the same Party on the same legal grounds. As explained above, the Court
rejected Nicaragua’s final submission I (3) in the 2012 Judgment. Nicaragua’s
First Request in the present Application is thus an exemplary case
of a claim precluded by res judicata.
IV. The Reasoning of the Court in the 2012 Territorial
and Maritime Dispute Judgment
19. Having refrained from examining the meaning of the key phrase
“cannot uphold” in the operative clause, the majority bases its position
on the reasoning that led the Court to state that it “cannot uphold” Nicaragua’s
final submission I (3), which is contained in paragraphs 113 to 129
délimitation du plateau continental (op. diss. comm.) 147
51
qu’elle « ne s’attardera … pas … sur le sens de l’expression « ne peut
accueillir » » (arrêt, par. 74), faute d’avoir été convaincue par les interprétations
qu’en donnent le Nicaragua et la Colombie, mais sans expliquer
clairement pourquoi elle ne retient pas lesdites interprétations ; en outre,
elle ne se penche pas sur le sens ou la portée de cette expression. Puisque,
selon la jurisprudence de la Cour, le dispositif de l’arrêt est revêtu de l’autorité
de la chose jugée, il est incompréhensible que la majorité choisisse
de ne pas « s’attard[er] » sur le sens de l’expression « ne peut accueillir ».
C’est à la fois une erreur et une occasion manquée, car si elle l’avait fait,
la portée véritable de la décision de la Cour contenue dans l’arrêt de 2012
serait devenue évidente. En effet, comme il a été démontré plus haut, l’expression
« cannot uphold » est invariablement employée par la Cour pour
signifier le rejet de la demande d’une partie.
17. Par la première demande formulée dans sa requête en l’espèce, le
Nicaragua priait la Cour de déterminer « [l]e tracé précis de la frontière
maritime entre les portions de plateau continental relevant du Nicaragua
et de la Colombie au‑delà des limites établies … dans son arrêt du
19 novembre 2012 » (requête du Nicaragua, ci‑après « RN », p. 9, par. 12).
Il affirmait que le plateau continental étendu qu’il revendique « inclut un
espace maritime situé au‑delà de sa zone maritime de 200 milles et chevauche
en partie la zone s’étendant sur 200 milles marins depuis la côte
colombienne » (ibid., p. 7, par. 11 c)), et que ce droit à un plateau continental
étendu existait en vertu à la fois du droit international coutumier
et de la convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer (ibid.,
par. 11 a)).
18. Le point I. 3) des conclusions finales du Nicaragua en l’affaire du
Différend territorial et maritime et la première demande formulée dans la
requête en la présente affaire ont le même objet (la délimitation d’un plateau
continental étendu chevauchant celui dont la Colombie peut se prévaloir
sur 200 milles marins à partir de sa côte continentale), la même
base juridique (le droit à ce plateau continental étendu existe en vertu du
droit international coutumier et de la CNUDM) et concernent les mêmes
parties. Le Nicaragua cherche donc à présenter une demande identique,
contre une partie identique, sur une base juridique identique. Nous venons
de démontrer que la Cour a rejeté le point I. 3) des conclusions finales du
Nicaragua dans l’arrêt de 2012. La première demande du Nicaragua en
l’espèce est donc un parfait exemple de demande tombant sous le coup de
l’autorité de la chose jugée.
IV. Les motifs de la Cour dans l’arrêt de 2012
en l’affaire du Différend territorial et maritime
19. A défaut de rechercher le sens que revêt l’expression clé « ne peut
accueillir » dans le dispositif de l’arrêt de 2012, la majorité fonde sa position
sur les motifs qui ont conduit la Cour à décider qu’elle « ne
p[ouvait] accueillir » la demande formulée par le Nicaragua au point I. 3)
148 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
52
of the 2012 Judgment. An analysis of this reasoning, the majority contends,
demonstrates that
“Nicaragua’s claim could not be upheld . . . because the latter had yet
to discharge its obligation, under paragraph 8 of Article 76 of
UNCLOS, to deposit with the CLCS the information on the limits of
its continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles required by that provision
and by Article 4 of Annex II of UNCLOS.” (Judgment,
para. 84.)
This is a misreading of the 2012 Judgment.
20. An examination of the reasoning of the 2012 Judgment demonstrates
that the Court rejected Nicaragua’s request because it failed to
prove the existence of an extended continental shelf which overlapped
with Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile entitlement, measured from the latter’s
mainland coast. Nowhere in the reasoning of the 2012 Judgment did
the Court state that there was a procedural requirement incumbent on
Nicaragua to submit information to the CLCS before the Court could
proceed with delimitation, nor did the Court suggest that Nicaragua
would be able to return to the Court once it had made its submission to
the CLCS. In previous cases, whenever the Court intended to admit the
possibility of future proceedings, it expressly provided for such possibility
for parties to return to the Court following delivery of a judgment (see for
example, Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area
(Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and Construction of a Road in Costa Rica
along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica), Judgment,
I.C.J. Reports 2015 (II), p. 741, para. 229 (5) (b) ; and Armed Activities
on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v.
Uganda), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2005, p. 281, para. 345 (6)). This was
clearly not the case in the 2012 Judgment.
21. Section IV of the 2012 Judgment addresses Nicaragua’s final submission
I (3), described above. Paragraphs 113 to 118 of the Judgment
state that the applicable law regarding delimitation of the continental
shelf must be customary international law, as reflected in Article 76 (1) of
UNCLOS, as Colombia is not a party to UNCLOS.
22. Paragraphs 119 to 121 of the 2012 Judgment outline the submissions
of Nicaragua, which are threefold : first, that its claim to an extended
continental shelf is “essentially a question of fact” ; secondly, that
Nicaragua
has submitted “Preliminary Information” within the ten‑year
deadline established by Article 4 of Annex II of UNCLOS, and is “well
advanced” in its process of compiling a submission of information to the
CLCS under Article 76 (8) ; and, thirdly, that a continental shelf entitlement
based on the distance criterion of 200 nautical miles does not take
precedence over an entitlement established by natural prolongation.
délimitation du plateau continental (op. diss. comm.) 148
52
de ses conclusions finales. Selon la majorité, l’analyse de ces motifs, exposés
aux paragraphes 113 à 129 de l’arrêt de 2012, montre que,
« si la Cour a décidé … qu’elle ne pouvait accueillir la demande du
Nicaragua, c’est parce que celui‑ci devait encore satisfaire à l’obligation
lui incombant en vertu du paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 de la
CNUDM de déposer, auprès de la Commission, les informations sur
les limites de son plateau continental au‑delà de 200 milles marins
prévues par cette disposition et par l’article 4 de l’annexe II de la
convention. » (Arrêt, par. 84.)
C’est là une lecture erronée de l’arrêt de 2012.
20. Il ressort de l’analyse des motifs de l’arrêt de 2012 que la Cour a
rejeté la demande du Nicaragua parce que celui‑ci n’avait pas démontré
l’existence d’un plateau continental étendu qui chevaucherait celui dont la
Colombie peut se prévaloir sur 200 milles marins à partir de sa côte continentale.
La Cour ne dit pas dans ces motifs que le Nicaragua doit s’acquitter
d’une quelconque obligation procédurale de communiquer des
informations à la Commission pour qu’elle‑même puisse procéder à la
délimitation, et elle ne laisse pas davantage entendre que le Nicaragua
pourra revenir devant elle une fois qu’il aura complété sa demande à la
Commission. Chaque fois que la Cour, dans des affaires antérieures, a
envisagé une procédure ultérieure, elle a expressément indiqué que les
parties avaient la possibilité de revenir devant elle après le prononcé de
l’arrêt (voir, par exemple, Certaines activités menées par le Nicaragua dans
la région frontalière (Costa Rica c. Nicaragua) et Construction d’une route
au Costa Rica le long du fleuve San Juan (Nicaragua c. Costa Rica), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2015 (II), p. 741, par. 229, point 5 b) ; et Activités armées
sur le territoire du Congo (République démocratique du Congo c. Ouganda),
arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2005, p. 281, par. 345, point 6). Dans l’arrêt de 2012,
il est évident qu’elle ne dit rien de tel.
21. La partie IV de l’arrêt de 2012 est consacrée à l’examen de la
demande formulée par le Nicaragua au point I. 3) de ses conclusions
finales. La Colombie n’étant pas partie à la CNUDM, la Cour établit,
aux paragraphes 113 à 118, que le droit applicable aux fins de la délimitation
du plateau continental doit être le droit international coutumier, qui
est reflété au paragraphe 1 de l’article 76 de la convention.
22. Aux paragraphes 119 à 121 sont résumés les arguments du Nicaragua,
au nombre de trois. Le Nicaragua faisait valoir, premièrement, que
sa demande relative à un plateau continental étendu était « essentiellement
une question de fait » ; deuxièmement, qu’il avait présenté des
« informations préliminaires » à la Commission dans le délai de dix ans
prévu à l’article 4 de l’annexe II de la CNUDM et que les travaux nécessaires
à la communication de l’ensemble des informations visées au paragraphe
8 de l’article 76 étaient « déjà bien avancés » ; et, troisièmement,
que le droit à un plateau continental fondé sur le critère de la distance des
200 milles marins ne pouvait primer le droit fondé sur le critère du prolongement
naturel.
149 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
53
23. Paragraphs 122 to 124 recall the submissions of Colombia regarding
Nicaragua’s request to delimit its alleged overlapping continental
shelf entitlements with Colombia. Colombia’s submissions on this point
were also threefold : first, that Nicaragua did not prove that a natural
prolongation exists so as to overlap with Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile
entitlement ; secondly, that, in any case, a continental shelf entitlement
based on natural prolongation cannot encroach upon a continental shelf
entitlement based on the distance criterion of 200 nautical miles ; and,
thirdly, that the CLCS would not make recommendations regarding the
limits of the continental shelf without the consent of Colombia, and in
any case those limits did not prejudice questions of delimitation and
would not be opposable to Colombia.
24. The analysis of the Court takes place in paragraphs 125 to 129.
Paragraph 125 rejects Nicaragua’s reliance on the ITLOS Judgment in
the Bay of Bengal delimitation case (Dispute concerning Delimitation of
the Maritime Boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of
Bengal (Bangladesh/Myanmar), Judgment of 14 March 2012) as authority
for the proposition that an international court or tribunal may delimit
overlapping extended continental shelf entitlements in the absence of recommendations
by the CLCS. The following paragraph recalls the Judgment
of the Court in Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua
and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras)
(I.C.J. Reports 2007 (II), p. 659), in which it stated that “any claim of
continental shelf rights beyond 200 miles [by a State party to UNCLOS]
must be in accordance with Article 76 of UNCLOS and reviewed by the
Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf established thereunder”
(ibid., p. 759, para. 319). The Court added that the fact that
Colombia was not party to UNCLOS did not in any way relieve Nicaragua
of its obligations under Article 76.
25. Paragraphs 127 to 129 of the 2012 Judgment contain the crux of
the Court’s reasoning and are thus worth quoting in full :
“127. The Court observes that Nicaragua submitted to the Commission
only ‘Preliminary Information’ which, by its own admission,
falls short of meeting the requirements for information on the limits
of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles which ‘shall be submitted
by the coastal State to the Commission’ in accordance with
paragraph 8 of Article 76 of UNCLOS. Nicaragua provided the
Court with the annexes to this ‘Preliminary Information’ and in the
course of the hearings it stated that the ‘Preliminary Information’ in
its entirety was available on the Commission’s website and provided
the necessary reference.
délimitation du plateau continental (op. diss. comm.) 149
53
23. Aux paragraphes 122 à 124 sont rappelés les arguments avancés
par la Colombie pour contester la demande du Nicaragua relative à la
délimitation des portions de plateau continental où les droits des Parties
se chevaucheraient. Ces arguments sont également au nombre de trois. La
Colombie soutenait, premièrement, que le Nicaragua n’avait pas démontré
l’existence d’un prolongement naturel de son plateau continental qui
chevaucherait celui dont elle‑même peut se prévaloir sur 200 milles
marins ; deuxièmement, que le droit à un plateau continental fondé sur le
critère du prolongement naturel ne saurait empiéter sur le même droit
qu’un Etat tire du critère de la distance des 200 milles marins ; et, troisièmement,
que la Commission ne pouvait formuler de recommandation
concernant les limites du plateau continental sans son consentement, et
qu’en tout état de cause de telles limites ne préjugeaient en rien des questions
de délimitation et n’étaient pas opposables à la Colombie.
24. La Cour analyse ces différents arguments aux paragraphes 125
à 129 de son arrêt de 2012. Au paragraphe 125, elle conteste l’autorité que
le Nicaragua attribue à l’arrêt du 14 mars 2012 rendu par le Tribunal
international du droit de la mer en l’affaire du Golfe du Bengale (Différend
relatif à la délimitation de la frontière maritime entre le Bangladesh et le
Myanmar dans le golfe du Bengale (Bangladesh/Myanmar)), arrêt qui,
selon le Nicaragua, montre qu’une juridiction internationale peut, en l’absence
de recommandation de la Commission, délimiter des zones du plateau
continental étendu où les droits de plusieurs parties se chevauchent.
Au paragraphe suivant, la Cour rappelle son arrêt en l’affaire du Différend
territorial et maritime entre le Nicaragua et le Honduras dans la mer
des Caraïbes (Nicaragua c. Honduras) (C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (II), p. 659),
dans lequel elle a déclaré que « toute prétention [d’un Etat partie à la
CNUDM] relative à des droits sur le plateau continental au‑delà de
200 milles d[evait]être conforme à l’article 76 de la CNUDM et examinée
par la Commission des limites du plateau continental constituée en vertu
de ce traité » (ibid., p. 759, par. 319). Elle ajoute que le fait que la Colombie
ne soit pas partie à la CNUDM n’exonère aucunement le Nicaragua
des obligations qu’il tient de l’article 76 de cet instrument.
25. La Cour expose la substance de ses motifs aux paragraphes 127
à 129, qui méritent par conséquent d’être cités dans leur intégralité :
« 127. La Cour fait observer que le Nicaragua n’a communiqué à
la Commission que des « informations préliminaires » qui, comme
l’admet ce dernier, sont loin de satisfaire aux exigences requises pour
pouvoir être considérées comme des informations que « [l]’Etat côtier
communique … à la Commission » sur les limites de son plateau
continental, lorsque celui‑ci s’étend au‑delà de 200 milles marins,
conformément au paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 de la CNUDM… Le
Nicaragua a communiqué à la Cour les annexes des « informations
préliminaires ». Il a précisé, à l’audience, que l’intégralité de ces
informations figurait sur le site de la Commission et indiqué le lien
permettant d’y avoir accès.
150 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
54
128. The Court recalls that in the second round of oral argument,
Nicaragua stated that it was ‘not asking [the Court] for a definitive
ruling on the precise location of the outer limit of Nicaragua’s continental
shelf’. Rather, it was ‘asking [the Court] to say that Nicaragua’s
continental shelf entitlement is divided from Colombia’s
continental shelf entitlement by a delimitation line which has a defined
course’. Nicaragua suggested that ‘the Court could make that delimitation
by defining the boundary in words such as ‘the boundary is
the median line between the outer edge of Nicaragua’s continental
shelf fixed in accordance with UNCLOS Article 76 and the outer
limit of Colombia’s 200‑mile zone’ ’. This formula, Nicaragua suggested,
‘does not require the Court to determine precisely where the
outer edge of Nicaragua’s shelf lies’. The outer limits could be then
established by Nicaragua at a later stage, on the basis of the recommendations
of the Commission.
129. However, since Nicaragua, in the present proceedings, has not
established that it has a continental margin that extends far enough
to overlap with Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile entitlement to the continental
shelf, measured from Colombia’s mainland coast, the Court
is not in a position to delimit the continental shelf boundary between
Nicaragua and Colombia, as requested by Nicaragua, even using
the general formulation proposed by it.” (I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II),
p. 669 ; cross‑references omitted.)
26. The language used by the Court in paragraph 129 makes clear that
the Court rejected Nicaragua’s claim because it had “not established that
it has a continental margin that extends far enough to overlap with
Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile entitlement” (emphasis added) (in the
French text: “le Nicaragua n’ayant pas . . . apporté la preuve que sa
marge . . .”). The Court did not say that it was unable to delimit the continental
shelf boundary because Nicaragua had failed to submit information
to the CLCS as required by Article 76 (8) of UNCLOS, nor did it
imply this at any point in the previous paragraphs. The Court could not
have been clearer in its conclusion : Nicaragua failed to adduce evidence
to prove that it had a continental shelf that extended far enough to overlap
with Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile entitlement to the continental shelf
measured from Colombia’s mainland coast ; thus, the Court was not in a
position to delimit the continental shelf boundary between the two States
as requested by Nicaragua.
27. Support for this is also found in the Court’s rejection of Nicaragua’s
proposed “general formulation” for delimitation in paragraph 128
of the 2012 Judgment. In proposing this formulation, Nicaragua, as
shown above in paragraph 25, suggested that
“the Court could make that delimitation by defining the boundary in
words such as ‘the boundary is the median line between the outer edge
of Nicaragua’s continental shelf fixed in accordance with UNCLOS
délimitation du plateau continental (op. diss. comm.) 150
54
128. La Cour rappelle que, au second tour de plaidoiries, le Nicaragua
a déclaré qu’il « ne [lui] demand[ait] pas de décision définitive
sur l’emplacement précis de la limite extérieure d[e son] plateau
continental », mais la « pri[ait] de dire que les portions du plateau
continental auxquelles pouvaient prétendre le Nicaragua et la Colombie
étaient délimitées par une ligne au tracé défini ». Le Nicaragua a
indiqué que « la Cour pou[v]ait opérer cette délimitation en définissant
la frontière comme étant « la ligne médiane entre la limite extérieure
du plateau continental du Nicaragua établie conformément à
l’article 76 de la CNUDM et la limite extérieure de la zone des
200 milles marins relevant de la Colombie » ». Grâce à cette formulation,
a‑t‑il ajouté, « la Cour n’aurait pas à déterminer précisément
l’emplacement de la limite extérieure du plateau du Nicaragua ». Le
Nicaragua pourrait ensuite fixer cette limite sur la base des recommandations
de la Commission.
129. Toutefois, le Nicaragua n’ayant pas, dans la présente instance,
apporté la preuve que sa marge continentale s’étend suffisamment loin
pour chevaucher le plateau continental dont la Colombie peut se prévaloir
sur 200 milles marins à partir de sa côte continentale, la Cour
n’est pas en mesure de délimiter les portions du plateau continental
relevant de chacune des Parties, comme le lui demande le Nicaragua,
même en utilisant la formulation générale proposée par ce dernier. »
(C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 669 ; les renvois ont été supprimés.)
26. Les termes employés au paragraphe 129 montrent clairement que
la Cour rejette la demande du Nicaragua parce que celui‑ci n’a « pas …
apporté la preuve que sa marge continentale s’étend suffisamment loin
pour chevaucher le plateau continental dont la Colombie peut se prévaloir
sur 200 milles marins » (les italiques sont de nous) (dans la version
anglaise : « Nicaragua … has not established that it has a continental margin…
»). La Cour ne dit pas qu’elle ne peut départager le plateau continental
parce que le Nicaragua n’a pas communiqué à la Commission les
informations visées au paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 de la CNUDM, et elle
ne le laisse pas non plus entendre dans les paragraphes précédents. La
Cour n’aurait pu formuler plus clairement sa conclusion : le Nicaragua
n’avait pas apporté la preuve que son plateau continental s’étendait suffisamment
loin pour chevaucher celui dont la Colombie peut se prévaloir
sur 200 milles marins à partir de sa côte continentale ; par conséquent, elle
n’était pas en mesure de délimiter les portions du plateau continental relevant
de chacune des deux Parties, comme le lui demandait le Nicaragua.
27. Qui plus est, la Cour rejette également la « formulation générale »
proposée par le Nicaragua pour la délimitation, qui est rappelée au paragraphe
128 de l’arrêt de 2012. Ainsi qu’on peut le lire au paragraphe 25
ci‑dessus, le Nicaragua suggérait que
« la Cour [opère] cette délimitation en définissant la frontière comme
étant « la ligne médiane entre la limite extérieure du plateau continental
du Nicaragua établie conformément à l’article 76 de la
151 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
55
Article 76 and the outer limit of Colombia’s 200‑mile zone’”
(I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 669, para. 128).
Yet, the Court found that “even using the general formulation proposed”
by Nicaragua (ibid., p. 669, para. 129 ; emphasis added), it was not in a
position to effect a delimitation between the Parties. If, as the majority
contends, the Court’s rejection of Nicaragua’s request was based on the
failure of Nicaragua to deposit information with the CLCS in accordance
with Article 76 (8) of UNCLOS (Judgment, para. 85), it would have been
superfluous for the Court to examine — and reject — separately the “general
formulation” proposed by Nicaragua. The only reason that the Court
had to recall and reject the “general formulation” as distinct from Nicaragua’s
final submission I (3) was that the former claim relied solely on
the existence of an extended continental shelf that overlapped with
Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile entitlement, and not on the delineation of
its outer limits. However, Nicaragua did not prove to the Court the
existence
of this extended continental shelf, let alone did it delineate its
outer limits.
28. Indeed, as summarized in paragraph 69 of the present Judgment,
Nicaragua itself conceded that the Court rejected its final submission I (3)
on the basis that it had failed to establish the existence of an extended
continental shelf that overlapped with Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile
entitlement.
In oral proceedings in the present case, Nicaragua stated that
“si l’on veut à toute force admettre que la Cour a décidé quelque chose
[in the 2012 Judgment], ce ne peut être que ceci : le Nicaragua n’a pas
prouvé l’existence d’un chevauchement entre les zones maritimes lui
revenant au‑delà de la limite de 200 milles marins et celles sur lesquelles
la Colombie a juridiction” 3.
29. The majority relies on three features of the Court’s reasoning in the
2012 Judgment in support of its conclusion that
“Nicaragua’s claim could not be upheld . . . because the latter had yet
to discharge its obligation, under paragraph 8 of Article 76 of
UNCLOS, to deposit with the CLCS the information on the limits of
its continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles required by that provision
and by Article 4 of Annex II of UNCLOS”. (Judgment,
para. 84).
These features are set out in paragraph 82 of the Judgment. None of
them, however, provides support for the majority’s view.
3 CR 2015/29, p. 26, para. 23 (Pellet). English translation of the Registry: “Basically,
if we want to insist that the Court decided something, it can only be this : Nicaragua had
failed to prove the existence of an overlap between the maritime areas appertaining to it
beyond the 200‑nautical‑mile limit and those over which Colombia has jurisdiction.”
délimitation du plateau continental (op. diss. comm.) 151
55
CNUDM et la limite extérieure de la zone des 200 milles marins relevant
de la Colombie » » (C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 669, par. 128).
La Cour a néanmoins estimé que, « même en utilisant la formulation générale
» proposée par le Nicaragua (ibid., p. 669, par. 129 ; les italiques sont
de nous), elle n’était pas en mesure de délimiter les portions du plateau
continental relevant de chacune des Parties. Si elle avait rejeté la demande
du Nicaragua au motif que celui‑ci n’avait pas communiqué à la Commission
les informations visées au paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 de la CNUDM
(arrêt, par. 85), comme le soutient la majorité, elle n’aurait eu aucun
besoin d’examiner — et de rejeter — séparément la « formulation générale
» proposée par le Nicaragua. Si elle a jugé nécessaire de mentionner,
puis de rejeter, cette « formulation générale » séparément du point I. 3) des
conclusions finales du Nicaragua, c’est uniquement parce que la première
demande ne visait que l’existence d’un plateau continental étendu qui chevaucherait
celui dont la Colombie peut se prévaloir sur 200 milles marins,
et non le tracé de la limite extérieure dudit plateau. Or, le Nicaragua
n’avait pas démontré devant la Cour l’existence d’un tel plateau continental
étendu, ni indiqué, a fortiori, quelle en était la limite extérieure.
28. De fait, ainsi qu’il est rappelé au paragraphe 69 du présent arrêt, le
Nicaragua admet lui‑même que la Cour a rejeté le point I. 3) de ses
conclusions finales parce qu’il n’avait pas démontré l’existence d’un plateau
continental étendu qui chevaucherait celui dont la Colombie peut se
prévaloir sur 200 milles marins. Lors de la procédure orale en la présente
affaire, il a ainsi déclaré que,
« si l’on veut à toute force admettre que la Cour a décidé quelque
chose [dans l’arrêt de 2012], ce ne peut être que ceci : le Nicaragua n’a
pas prouvé l’existence d’un chevauchement entre les zones maritimes
lui revenant au‑delà de la limite de 200 milles marins et celles sur
lesquelles la Colombie a juridiction » 3.
29. Or, la majorité s’appuie sur trois points des motifs de l’arrêt de
2012 pour conclure que,
« si la Cour a décidé … qu’elle ne pouvait accueillir la demande du
Nicaragua, c’est parce que celui‑ci devait encore satisfaire à l’obligation
lui incombant en vertu du paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 de la
CNUDM de déposer, auprès de la Commission, les informations sur
les limites de son plateau continental au‑delà de 200 milles marins
prévues par cette disposition et par l’article 4 de l’annexe II de la
convention » (arrêt, par. 84).
Ces points sont résumés au paragraphe 82 du présent arrêt. Aucun,
cependant, ne vient corroborer la position de la majorité.
3 CR 2015/29, p. 26, par. 23 (Pellet).
152 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
56
30. First, the majority notes that the 2012 Judgment contains no analysis
of the geological and geomorphological evidence presented by Nicaragua
to support its claim to an extended continental shelf. This fact,
however, does not mean that the Court did not take that evidence into
account in reaching the conclusion that Nicaragua failed to establish the
existence of a continental margin that extends so far as to overlap with
Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile entitlement from its mainland coast. The
Court may make a global analysis of the evidence and is not required to,
and frequently does not, mention every piece of evidence it considered in
reaching a particular conclusion.
31. Moreover, the fact that the Court referred to Colombia’s submission
that the information provided by Nicaragua was “woefully deficient”,
“rudimentary and incomplete” (I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 667,
para. 122) shows that the Court turned its mind to the probative value of
the geographical and geomorphological data submitted by Nicaragua.
The fact that the evidence presented to the Court was not referred to in a
detailed manner in the Judgment does not necessarily lead to the conclusion
that the Court did not proceed to evaluate this evidence.
32. Secondly, the majority argues that the Court could not have
rejected Nicaragua’s claim on the merits since it did not consider it necessary
to determine the applicable legal standards to establish the existence
of an extended continental shelf. However, the Court, in paragraph 118
of the 2012 Judgment, expressly declared Article 76 (1) of UNCLOS,
which defines the legal concept of a continental shelf, to be reflective of
customary international law and thus applicable between the Parties.
33. It was the failure of Nicaragua to prove that it had an extended
continental shelf overlapping with Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile entitlement
within the meaning of Article 76 (1) of UNCLOS that led the Court
to dismiss Nicaragua’s final submission I (3). Moreover, the contradiction
inherent in paragraph 82 of the Judgment should be highlighted. On the
one hand, it is claimed that the Court did not consider it necessary to
determine the legal standards applicable for Nicaragua to establish the
existence of an extended continental shelf vis‑à‑vis Colombia, whilst, on
the other hand, it is maintained that the Court — in the very same section
of reasoning — established the procedural requirements incumbent on
Nicaragua to claim an extended continental shelf.
34. The third feature of the Court’s reasoning in the 2012 Judgment on
which the majority relies is the alleged emphasis on the obligation incumbent
on Nicaragua, as a party to UNCLOS, to submit information under
Article 76 (8) on the limits of the continental shelf to the CLCS. The
majority is wrong to assert that the Court “emphasize[d]” Nicaragua’s
failure to submit information to the CLCS as the basis for its conclusion
not to uphold its claim. To put it simply, nowhere in the 2012 Judgment
délimitation du plateau continental (op. diss. comm.) 152
56
30. Premièrement, la majorité relève que l’arrêt de 2012 ne contient
aucune analyse des données géologiques et géomorphologiques produites
par le Nicaragua à l’appui de sa prétention à un plateau continental
étendu. Cela ne signifie pas pour autant que la Cour n’a pas pris ces données
en considération avant de conclure que le Nicaragua n’avait pas
apporté la preuve que sa marge continentale s’étendait suffisamment loin
pour chevaucher le plateau continental dont la Colombie peut se prévaloir
sur 200 milles marins à partir de sa côte continentale. La Cour peut
procéder à une analyse globale des preuves qui lui sont présentées, sans
nécessairement mentionner — elle s’en abstient souvent — chacun des
éléments dont elle a tenu compte pour parvenir à une conclusion donnée.
31. En outre, si la Cour indique que, selon la Colombie, les informations
communiquées par le Nicaragua étaient « totalement insuffisantes »,
« rudimentaires et incompl[ètes] » (C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 667,
par. 122), c’est bien qu’elle s’est penchée sur la valeur probante des données
géologiques et géomorphologiques en question. Le fait que les éléments
de preuve soumis à la Cour ne soient pas mentionnés de manière
détaillée dans l’arrêt ne permet pas nécessairement de conclure qu’ils
n’ont pas été évalués.
32. Deuxièmement, la majorité fait valoir que la Cour n’a pu rejeter la
demande du Nicaragua sur le fond puisqu’elle n’a pas jugé nécessaire de
déterminer quels étaient les critères juridiques requis pour établir l’existence
d’un plateau continental étendu. Pourtant, au paragraphe 118 de
l’arrêt de 2012, la Cour déclare expressément que le paragraphe 1 de l’article
76 de la CNUDM, qui définit la notion juridique de plateau continental,
fait partie du droit international coutumier et est donc applicable
entre les Parties.
33. C’est parce que le Nicaragua n’avait apporté la preuve que son plateau
continental s’étendait suffisamment loin pour chevaucher celui dont
la Colombie peut se prévaloir sur 200 milles marins conformément au
paragraphe 1 de l’article 76 de la CNUDM que la Cour a décidé de rejeter
la demande qu’il avait formulée au point I. 3) de ses conclusions
finales. Le paragraphe 82 du présent arrêt contient en outre une contradiction
intrinsèque qui mérite d’être soulignée. D’un côté, la Cour dit
qu’elle n’avait pas jugé nécessaire de déterminer à quelles prescriptions le
Nicaragua devait satisfaire pour établir l’existence d’un plateau continental
étendu vis‑à‑vis de la Colombie, tandis que, de l’autre, elle réaffirme
— dans le même paragraphe des motifs — qu’elle avait insisté sur l’obligation
procédurale dont le Nicaragua devait s’acquitter avant de revendiquer
un plateau continental étendu.
34. Le troisième point des motifs de l’arrêt de 2012 sur lequel se fonde
la majorité est l’importance que la Cour aurait accordée à l’obligation
qu’avait le Nicaragua, en tant que partie à la CNUDM, de soumettre à la
Commission des informations sur les limites de son plateau continental,
conformément au paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 de la convention. La majorité
affirme à tort que la Cour « a mis l’accent » sur le fait que le Nicaragua
n’avait pas soumis les informations voulues à la Commission, et que
153 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
57
did the Court state that it could not uphold Nicaragua’s submission
because of failure to submit information to the CLCS. The majority’s
reading of the non‑fulfilment of that procedural requirement into
the Court’s conclusion in paragraph 129 is thus an addition to that
paragraph.
35. In paragraph 83 of the present Judgment the majority further contends
that its interpretation of the Court’s conclusion in paragraph 129 of
the 2012 Judgment is confirmed by the inclusion of the words “in the
present proceedings” in the text of that paragraph, which “seem[s] to contemplate
the possibility of future proceedings”. As stated above (see paragraph
20), when the Court contemplates the possibility of parties returning
to the Court following the delivery of a judgment, it does so expressly.
The reference to “the present proceedings” in the Territorial and Maritime
Dispute case did not leave the door open for Nicaragua to return to
the Court with the same claim. Otherwise, all the previous judgments in
which the Court referred to the “present proceedings” would be subject to
repeat litigation. The phrase “present proceedings” is nothing more than
a standard way of referring to the case at hand.
36. It must therefore be concluded that the failure of Nicaragua to
prove the existence of an extended continental shelf that overlaps with
Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile entitlement constituted the very basis of the
decision adopted by the Court in 2012 concerning delimitation. This is a
major element of the Court’s reasoning which laid the foundation for the
operative clause to which res judicata attaches.
37. The Second Request in Nicaragua’s Application in the present case
asks the Court to adjudge and declare
“[t]he principles and rules of international law that determine the
rights and duties of the two States in relation to the area of overlapping
continental shelf claims and the use of its resources, pending the
delimitation of the maritime boundary between them beyond 200 nautical
miles from Nicaragua’s coast” (AN, para. 12).
38. Nicaragua’s Second Request is a reformulation of the “general formulation”
proposed by it in the second round of oral pleadings in the
Territorial and Maritime Dispute case. To recall :
“in the second round of oral argument, Nicaragua stated that it was
‘not asking [the Court] for a definitive ruling on the precise location
of the outer limit of Nicaragua’s continental shelf ’. Rather, it was
‘asking [the Court] to say that Nicaragua’s continental shelf entitlement
is divided from Colombia’s continental shelf entitlement by a
delimitation line which has a defined course’. Nicaragua suggested
that ‘the Court could make that delimitation by defining the boundary
in words such as ‘the boundary is the median line between the outer
délimitation du plateau continental (op. diss. comm.) 153
57
c’est ce qui l’a amenée à conclure qu’elle ne pouvait accueillir sa demande.
Or, pour dire les choses simplement, nulle part dans l’arrêt de 2012 la
Cour ne dit qu’elle ne peut accueillir la demande du Nicaragua parce que
celui‑ci n’a pas soumis les informations voulues à la Commission. En
considérant que la Cour fait allusion au non‑respect d’une telle obligation
procédurale dans la conclusion qu’elle énonce au paragraphe 129, la
majorité ajoute à ce paragraphe un sens qu’il n’a pas.
35. La majorité affirme en outre, au paragraphe 83 du présent arrêt,
que son interprétation de la conclusion énoncée au paragraphe 129 de
l’arrêt de 2012 est confirmée par le fait que la Cour, en mentionnant « la
présente instance » dans ledit paragraphe, « semble envisager … la possibilité
d’une procédure ultérieure ». Ainsi qu’on l’a vu plus haut (voir
par. 20), si la Cour envisage que les parties puissent revenir devant elle
après le prononcé de l’arrêt, elle le dit expressément. La référence à « la
présente instance » dans l’affaire du Différend territorial et maritime ne
permet pas au Nicaragua de revenir devant la Cour avec les mêmes
demandes. Si tel était le cas, tous les arrêts antérieurs de la Cour dans
lesquels il est fait mention de « la présente instance » pourraient donner
lieu à une nouvelle procédure. L’expression « la présente instance » n’est
rien d’autre qu’une formule courante pour désigner l’affaire en cours.
36. Force est donc de conclure que la décision adoptée par la Cour en
2012 au sujet de la délimitation était précisément fondée sur le fait que le
Nicaragua n’avait pas démontré l’existence d’un plateau continental
étendu qui chevaucherait celui dont la Colombie peut se prévaloir sur
200 milles marins. Il s’agit d’un élément majeur des motifs de la Cour, sur
lesquels repose le dispositif revêtu de l’autorité de la chose jugée.
37. Dans sa seconde demande en l’espèce, le Nicaragua priait la Cour
de déterminer
« [l]es principes et les règles de droit international régissant les droits
et obligations des deux Etats concernant la zone du plateau continental
où leurs revendications se chevauchent et l’utilisation des ressources
qui s’y trouvent, et ce, dans l’attente de la délimitation de
leur frontière maritime au‑delà de 200 milles marins de la côte nicaraguayenne
» (RN, par. 12).
38. Cette seconde demande est une reformulation de la « formulation
générale » que le Nicaragua avait proposée à la Cour lors du second tour de
plaidoiries en l’affaire du Différend territorial et maritime. Rappelons que,
« au second tour de plaidoiries, le Nicaragua a déclaré qu’il « ne …
demand[ait] pas [à la Cour] de décision définitive sur l’emplacement
précis de la limite extérieure d[e son] plateau continental », mais la
« pri[ait] de dire que les portions du plateau continental auxquelles [la
Colombie et lui‑même] pouvaient prétendre … étaient délimitées par
une ligne au tracé défini ». Le Nicaragua a indiqué que « la Cour
pou[v]ait opérer cette délimitation en définissant la frontière comme
étant « la ligne médiane entre la limite extérieure du plateau continen‑
154 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
58
edge of Nicaragua’s continental shelf fixed in accordance with
UNCLOS Article 76 and the outer limit of Colombia’s 200‑mile
zone’ ’. This formula, Nicaragua suggested, ‘does not require the Court
to determine precisely where the outer edge of Nicaragua’s shelf lies’.
The outer limits could be then established by Nicaragua at a later
stage, on the basis of the recommendations of the Commission.”
(I.C.J. Reports 2012 (II), p. 669, para. 128 ; emphasis added.)
In both cases, Nicaragua requests the Court, pending recommendations
by the CLCS, to determine the existence of overlapping continental shelf
entitlements without delimiting the precise course of the boundary. In the
2012 Judgment, the Court rejected Nicaragua’s proposed “general formulation”
on the basis that it had not established the existence of an extended
continental shelf that overlapped with Colombia’s 200‑nautical‑mile
entitlement
(ibid., para. 129).
39. As with Nicaragua’s First Request in the present case, the Second
Request is barred by res judicata. In the 2012 Judgment, the Court decided
that Nicaragua had not adduced sufficient evidence to allow it to adopt
the “general formulation” for delimitation proposed in the second round
of oral pleadings. It now tries to bring back the same claim, on the same
grounds, against the same Party.
V. The Incoherence of the Procedural Requirement
Introduced by the Majority
40. The previous sections have shown that Nicaragua’s First and Second
Requests in the present case are barred by the principle of res judicata
and therefore should be rejected as inadmissible. In order to avoid
this conclusion, the majority has read a procedural requirement into
the 2012 Judgment according to which a coastal State is obliged to
submit
information to the CLCS under Article 76 (8) of UNCLOS as a
prerequisite for the delimitation of extended continental shelf entitlements
between Nicaragua and Colombia. The majority therefore frames
submission of information to the CLCS under Article 76 (8) as a condition
of admissibility.
41. The fact that Nicaragua submitted such information to the CLCS
on 24 June 2013 means that the majority “accordingly considers that the
condition imposed by it in its 2012 Judgment in order for it to be able to
examine the claim of Nicaragua contained in the final submission I (3)
has been fulfilled in the present case” (Judgment, para. 87).
42. The Court has stated that an objection to admissibility “consists in
the contention that there exists a legal reason, even when there is jurisdic‑
délimitation du plateau continental (op. diss. comm.) 154
58
tal du Nicaragua établie conformément à l’article 76 de la CNUDM
et la limite extérieure de la zone des 200 milles marins relevant de la
Colombie » ». Grâce à cette formulation, a‑t‑il ajouté, « la Cour n’aurait
pas à déterminer précisément l’emplacement de la limite extérieure du
plateau du Nicaragua ». Le Nicaragua pourrait ensuite fixer cette
limite sur la base des recommandations de la Commission. »
(C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 669, par. 128 ; les italiques sont de nous).
Dans un cas comme dans l’autre, le Nicaragua demande à la Cour de déterminer,
dans l’attente des recommandations de la Commission, l’existence
d’un chevauchement des droits des Parties sur le plateau continental, sans
délimiter le tracé exact de la frontière entre les portions relevant respectivement
de l’une et de l’autre. Dans l’arrêt de 2012, la Cour a rejeté la « formulation
générale » proposée par le Nicaragua parce que celui‑ci n’avait pas
démontré l’existence d’un plateau continental étendu qui chevaucherait celui
dont la Colombie peut se prévaloir sur 200 milles marins (ibid., par. 129).
39. Tout comme la première, la seconde demande du Nicaragua en
l’espèce tombait sous le coup de l’autorité de la chose jugée. Dans l’arrêt
de 2012, la Cour a conclu que les preuves produites par le Nicaragua
n’étaient pas suffisantes pour lui permettre d’utiliser, aux fins de la délimitation,
la « formulation générale » qu’il avait proposée lors du second tour
de plaidoiries. Dans la présente affaire, le Nicaragua cherchait à soumettre
de nouveau la même demande, sur la même base juridique, contre
la même Partie.
V. Le caractère illogique de l’obligation procédurale
introduite par la majorité
40. Nous avons vu dans les parties qui précèdent que les première et
seconde demandes du Nicaragua dans la présente affaire étaient couvertes
par l’autorité de la chose jugée et auraient dû, par conséquent, être déclarées
irrecevables. Pour éluder cette conclusion, la majorité choisit de voir dans
l’arrêt de 2012 une obligation procédurale, selon laquelle un Etat côtier
serait tenu de communiquer à la Commission les informations visées au
paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 de la CNUDM, et dont le respect constituerait
en l’espèce une condition préalable à la délimitation des portions de plateau
continental étendu relevant respectivement du Nicaragua et de la Colombie.
Autrement dit, la majorité érige en condition de recevabilité la communication
à la Commission des informations visées au paragraphe 8 de l’article 76.
41. Le Nicaragua ayant soumis lesdites informations à la Commission
le 24 juin 2013, la majorité « considère, par conséquent, que la condition
à laquelle [la Cour] a subordonné, dans son arrêt de 2012, l’examen de la
demande formulée par le Nicaragua au point I. 3) de ses conclusions
finales, est remplie dans la présente instance » (arrêt, par. 87).
42. La Cour a déclaré qu’une exception d’irrecevabilité revenait « à affirmer
qu’il existe une raison juridique pour laquelle la Cour, même si elle a
155 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
59
tion, why the Court should decline to hear the case, or more usually, a
specific claim therein” (Application of the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Preliminary
Objections, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2008, p. 456, para. 120).
43. In the present Judgment, the majority states that
“Nicaragua was under an obligation, pursuant to paragraph 8 of Article
76 of UNCLOS, to submit information on the limits of the continental
shelf it claims beyond 200 nautical miles to the CLCS. The
Court held, in its 2012 Judgment, that Nicaragua had to submit such
information as a prerequisite for the delimitation of the continental
shelf beyond 200 nautical miles by the Court.” (Judgment, para. 105 ;
emphasis added.)
44. However, in the 2012 Judgment, the question of admissibility of
Nicaragua’s final submission I (3) was expressly raised by Colombia,
which argued that the request to delimit an extended continental shelf
was neither implicit in the Application of Nicaragua nor was it an issue
that arose directly out of the subject‑matter of the dispute (I.C.J. Reports
2012 (II), p. 664, para. 107). Colombia hence argued that the new claim
was inadmissible.
45. The Court rejected Colombia’s objection to admissibility, stating
that
“[i]n the Court’s view, the claim to an extended continental shelf falls
within the dispute between the Parties relating to maritime delimitation
and cannot be said to transform the subject‑matter of that dispute.
Moreover, it arises directly out of that dispute. What has
changed is the legal basis being advanced for the claim (natural prolongation
rather than distance as the basis for a continental shelf
claim) and the solution being sought (a continental shelf delimitation
as opposed to a single maritime boundary), rather than the subjectmatter
of the dispute. The new submission thus still concerns the
delimitation of the continental shelf, although on different legal
grounds . . .
112. The Court concludes that the claim contained in final submission
I (3) by Nicaragua is admissible.” (Ibid., p. 665, paras. 111‑112 ;
emphasis added.)
46. When Nicaragua presented its final submissions in the previous
case, on 1 May 2012, and when the Court delivered its Judgment in that
case, on 19 November 2012, Nicaragua had not made a submission to the
CLCS pursuant to Article 76 (8) of UNCLOS. The procedural requirement
that the majority identifies as a “prerequisite” (Judgment, para. 105)
was hence unfulfilled. Yet, the Court found Nicaragua’s final submission
I (3) to be admissible. Colombia did not argue that Nicaragua’s
claim was inadmissible because it had failed to fulfil a procedural require‑
délimitation du plateau continental (op. diss. comm.) 155
59
compétence, devrait refuser de connaître de l’affaire ou, plus communément,
d’une demande spécifique y relative » (Application de la convention
pour la prévention et la répression du crime de génocide (Croatie c. Serbie),
exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, C.I.J. Recueil 2008, p. 456, par. 120).
43. Dans le présent arrêt, la majorité déclare que
« le Nicaragua était dans l’obligation, conformément au paragraphe 8
de l’article 76 de la CNUDM, d’adresser à la Commission les informations
sur les limites du plateau continental qu’il revendique au‑delà
de 200 milles marins. La Cour a jugé, dans son arrêt de 2012, que la
communication de ces informations par le Nicaragua était un préalable
à la délimitation du plateau continental au‑delà de 200 milles
marins par la Cour. » (Arrêt, par. 105 ; les italiques sont de nous.)
44. Il apparaît cependant, dans l’arrêt de 2012, que la question de la
recevabilité de la demande formulée au point I. 3) des conclusions finales
du Nicaragua a été expressément soulevée par la Colombie, qui faisait
valoir que la demande de délimitation d’un plateau continental étendu
n’était pas implicitement contenue dans la requête, et que cette question
ne découlait pas non plus directement de l’objet du différend
(C.I.J. Recueil 2012 (II), p. 664, par. 107). La Colombie contestait par
conséquent la recevabilité de la nouvelle demande.
45. La Cour a rejeté l’exception d’irrecevabilité de la Colombie en ces
termes :
« La Cour estime donc que la demande de plateau continental
étendu relève du différend qui oppose les Parties en matière de délimitation
maritime et ne peut être considérée comme modifiant l’objet
de celui‑ci, et ce, d’autant plus qu’elle en découle directement. Ce qui
a changé, ce n’est pas l’objet du différend ; ce sont, d’une part, le
fondement juridique invoqué au soutien de la demande (à savoir le
prolongement naturel et non plus la distance pour fonder la prétention
relative au plateau continental) et, d’autre part, la solution
recherchée (la délimitation du plateau continental et non plus une
frontière maritime unique). Par conséquent, bien qu’elle repose sur
des fondements juridiques différents, la nouvelle demande se rapporte
toujours à la délimitation du plateau continental.
112. La Cour conclut que la demande formulée au point I. 3) des
conclusions finales du Nicaragua est recevable. » (Ibid., p. 665,
par. 111‑112 ; les italiques sont de nous.)
46. Lorsqu’il a présenté ses conclusions finales dans l’affaire précédente,
le 1er mai 2012, et lorsque la Cour a rendu son arrêt dans ladite
affaire, le 19 novembre 2012, le Nicaragua n’avait pas encore communiqué
à la Commission les informations visées au paragraphe 8 de l’article
76 de la CNUDM. L’obligation procédurale qualifiée de préalable
par la majorité (arrêt, par. 105) n’était donc pas satisfaite. Pourtant, la
Cour a jugé recevable la demande formulée au point I. 3) des conclusions
finales du Nicaragua. La Colombie n’en contestait pas la recevabilité au
156 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
60
ment. However, the Court has the power to raise issues of admissibility
proprio motu and, if necessary, dismiss claims that it considers to be inadmissible.
It did not do this.
47. The Court had the opportunity to state in the 2012 Judgment that
it considered submission of information to the CLCS under Article 76 (8)
of UNCLOS to be a prerequisite for delimitation, and thus to declare
Nicaragua’s final submission I (3) inadmissible. The majority attempts to
avoid confronting this fact by arguing that the Court adjudged Nicaragua’s
final submission I (3) to be admissible but did not continue to
address the submission on the merits (Judgment, para. 72).
48. However, the majority does not explain what possible purpose
would be served by declaring a claim to be admissible but not continuing
to address it on the merits. Moreover, it does not explain how the Court,
once it has declared a claim to be admissible, can refuse to address the
claim on the merits. Indeed, this approach is at odds with the Court’s
jurisprudence, in which it has emphasized that “[t]he Court must not
exceed the jurisdiction conferred upon it by the Parties, but it must also
exercise that jurisdiction to its full extent” (Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya/Malta), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1985, p. 23, para. 19).
49. This line of reasoning leaves the Court in a strange position. If one
accepts the view of the majority in the current case, the Court should not,
in the 2012 proceedings, have accepted Nicaragua’s final submission I (3)
as admissible and should not have proceeded to address the claim on the
merits. On the other hand, if one accepts — as the Court did in 2012 —
that Nicaragua’s final submission I (3) was admissible, then logic dictates
that a submission to the CLCS under Article 76 (8) of UNCLOS cannot
be a prerequisite to adjudicate upon a request for delimitation of the
extended continental shelf. The incoherence of the majority’s position is
thus plain for all to see.
50. Not only is the position of the majority at odds with the Court’s
previous decisions, but it also is inconsistent with the provisions of Article
76 of UNCLOS itself. Article 76 (8) may be divided into three limbs,
each with the imperative shall in the English version of the Convention :
information shall be submitted by the coastal State ; the Commission shall
make recommendations ; and the limits established upon the basis of
CLCS recommendations shall be final and binding. It is unclear why the
majority considers that the first limb of this Article constitutes a prerequisite
to delimitation whereas the other two limbs do not ; clearly, there is
no textual support for such a reading.
51. The majority, in relation to Colombia’s fifth preliminary objection,
draws a tenuous distinction between the different limbs of Article 76 (8),
stating that
“since the delimitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical
miles can be undertaken independently of a recommendation from
délimitation du plateau continental (op. diss. comm.) 156
60
motif que le Nicaragua n’avait pas satisfait à une quelconque obligation
procédurale. La Cour peut néanmoins soulever des questions de recevabilité
proprio motu et, si besoin est, rejeter les demandes qu’elle estime non
recevables. Mais elle ne l’a pas fait.
47. La Cour aurait pu dire, dans l’arrêt de 2012, que la communication à
la Commission des informations visées au paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 de la
CNUDM était, selon elle, un préalable à la délimitation du plateau continental,
et conclure en conséquence à l’irrecevabilité de la demande formulée
au point I. 3) des conclusions finales du Nicaragua. La majorité cherche à
contourner cette évidence en affirmant que la Cour a jugé ladite demande
recevable, mais s’est abstenue ensuite de l’examiner au fond (arrêt, par. 72).
48. Cependant, la majorité n’explique pas quel serait l’intérêt de déclarer
une demande recevable sans procéder à son examen au fond. Qui plus
est, elle n’explique pas comment la Cour pourrait refuser d’examiner une
demande au fond une fois qu’elle l’a déclarée recevable. Ce faisant, la
Cour serait assurément en contradiction avec sa jurisprudence, puisqu’elle
a souligné par le passé qu’elle « ne [devait] pas excéder la compétence que
lui ont reconnue les Parties, mais [devait] exercer toute cette compétence »
(Plateau continental (Jamahiriya arabe libyenne/Malte), arrêt, C.I.J.
Recueil 1985, p. 23, par. 19).
49. Ce raisonnement place la Cour dans une position singulière. Si l’on
se range à l’avis de la majorité en la présente affaire, force est de conclure
que la Cour, dans la procédure de 2012, n’aurait pas dû déclarer recevable
la demande formulée par le Nicaragua au point I. 3) de ses conclusions
finales et n’aurait pas dû procéder à son examen au fond. A l’inverse,
si l’on considère — comme la Cour l’a fait en 2012 — que cette demande
était recevable, l’on ne saurait logiquement considérer que la communication,
à la Commission, des informations visées au paragraphe 8 de l’article
76 de la CNUDM est une condition préalable à l’examen d’une
demande de délimitation du plateau continental étendu. L’incohérence de
la position défendue par la majorité est donc manifeste.
50. La position de la majorité est en contradiction non seulement avec
les décisions antérieures par la Cour, mais également avec le texte du
paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 de la CNUDM. Ce paragraphe peut être
divisé en trois dispositions, chacune avec un verbe au présent à valeur
d’impératif : l’Etat côtier communique des informations ; la Commission
adresse des recommandations ; et les limites fixées sur la base de ces
recommandations sont définitives et de caractère obligatoire. On ne voit
pas très bien pourquoi la majorité estime que seule la première disposition
énonce une condition préalable à la délimitation, et non les deux autres ;
à l’évidence, le texte en soi ne se prête pas à une telle interprétation.
51. S’agissant de la cinquième exception préliminaire de la Colombie,
la majorité fait une vague distinction entre les trois dispositions du paragraphe
8 de l’article 76, considérant que,
« dès lors que la délimitation du plateau continental au‑delà de
200 milles marins peut s’effectuer indépendamment de la recomman‑
157 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
61
the CLCS, the latter is not a prerequisite that needs to be satisfied by
a State party to UNCLOS before it can ask the Court to settle a
dispute with another State over such a delimitation” (Judgment,
para. 114).
If delimitation can be effected without recommendations from the CLCS,
it can certainly be effected also without submission of information to the
CLCS. It is illogical to say that the mere submission of information to the
CLCS pursuant to Article 76 (8) constitutes a precondition for delimitation,
whereas the recommendations of the CLCS, which are based on
such submission, and provided for under Article 76 (8) do not constitute
a prerequisite for that purpose.
VI. The Purposes of Submission of Information under Article 76
of UNCLOS and Article 4 of Its Annex II
52. The only paragraph on which the majority could base its reading
of the 2012 Judgment as containing a procedural requirement for the submission
of information to the CLCS is paragraph 127. However, to do so
would be a misunderstanding of the operation of Article 76 of UNCLOS.
Paragraph 127 of the 2012 Judgment states that the “Preliminary Information”
that Nicaragua submitted to the CLCS did not meet, by its own
admission, the requirements for submission of information under Article
76 (8).
53. This finding is unsurprising and unexceptional : the submission of
“Preliminary Information” is not designed to fulfil the requirements to
submit information under Article 76 (8). Rather, the term “Preliminary
Information” was first used in the decision of States parties to UNCLOS
of 20 June 2008 (SPLOS/183), in which it was recognized that coastal
States intending to claim a continental shelf could file “indicative” information
as a means of fulfilling their obligation under Article 4 of Annex II
to UNCLOS to submit “particulars” of prospective continental shelf
claims to the CLCS within ten years of the entry into force of the Convention
for that State 4. This was a means of allowing States, in particular
developing ones, which may lack the necessary technical capabilities, the
possibility of complying with the “sunset clause” for claiming an extended
continental shelf under UNCLOS, whilst providing them with the extra
4 UNCLOS, Meeting of States Parties, Decision regarding the workload of the Commission
on the Limits of the Continental Shelf and the ability of States, particularly developing
States, to fulfil the requirements of Article 4 of Annex II to the United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea, as well as the decision contained in SPLOS/72, paragraph (a).
(SPLOS/183, para. 1 (a).)
délimitation du plateau continental (op. diss. comm.) 157
61
dation de la Commission, celle‑ci n’est pas un prérequis pour qu’un
Etat partie à la CNUDM puisse demander à la Cour de régler un
différend avec un autre Etat relatif à une telle délimitation » (arrêt,
par. 114).
S’il est possible d’effectuer une délimitation sans que la Commission ait
formulé de recommandation, il est assurément possible de l’effectuer également
sans que la Commission ait été saisie d’un dossier d’informations.
Il ne serait pas logique que la simple communication d’informations à la
Commission en application du paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 soit une condition
préalable à la délimitation, alors que cela ne serait pas le cas de la
formulation par la Commission, sur la base desdites informations, des
recommandations visées au même paragraphe du même article.
VI. Les objectifs des communications visées à l’article 76
de la CNUDM et à l’article 4 de son annexe II
52. Seul le paragraphe 127 de l’arrêt de 2012 pourrait donner à penser
qu’une obligation procédurale de communiquer des informations à la
Commission est énoncée dans cet arrêt, comme le soutient la majorité.
Cependant, retenir une telle interprétation reviendrait à méconnaître
la finalité de l’article 76 de la CNUDM. Au paragraphe 127
de l’arrêt de 2012, la Cour fait observer que, de l’aveu même du Nicaragua,
les « informations préliminaires » présentées par ce dernier à la Commission
ne satisfaisaient pas aux exigences requises pour pouvoir être
considérées comme des informations conformes au paragraphe 8 de
l’article
76.
53. Cette constatation n’a rien de surprenant ni d’extraordinaire : en
effet, la présentation d’« informations préliminaires » ne consiste pas à
satisfaire à l’obligation de communiquer les informations visées au paragraphe
8 de l’article 76. L’expression « informations préliminaires » a été
employée pour la première fois dans la décision des Etats parties à la
CNUDM en date du 20 juin 2008 (SPLOS/183), par laquelle il a été
convenu que les Etats côtiers revendiquant un plateau continental étendu
pourraient soumettre à la Commission des informations « indicatives », de
manière à s’acquitter de l’obligation énoncée à l’article 4 de l’annexe II de
la convention, qui leur impose de soumettre, dans un délai de dix ans à
compter de l’entrée en vigueur de la convention à leur égard, les « caractéristiques
» du plateau continental auquel ils prétendent 4. Il s’agissait de
permettre aux Etats, en particulier ceux en développement, qui n’ont pas
4 CNUDM, réunion des Etats parties, Décision relative au volume de travail de la
Commission des limites du plateau continental et à la capacité des Etats, notamment des Etats
en développement, de s’acquitter de leurs obligations en vertu de l’article 4 de l’annexe II à la
convention des Nations Unies sur le droit de la mer, et de respecter l’alinéa a) de la décision
figurant dans le document SPLOS/72 (SPLOS/183, par. 1 a)).
158 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
62
time required to complete the requisite geological and geomorphological
surveys to prove the existence of an extended continental shelf.
54. According to that decision of the Meeting of States Parties :
“Pending the receipt of the submission in accordance with the
requirements of Article 76 of the Convention and with the Rules of
Procedure and the Scientific and Technical Guidelines of the Commission,
preliminary information submitted in accordance with subparagraph
(a) above shall not be considered by the Commission.”
(SPLOS/183, para. 1 (b).)
Thus, the purpose of the submission of the “Preliminary Information”,
being solely directed to “stop the clock” for States parties, is totally different
and clearly distinguishable from the purpose of the submission of
information required under Article 76 (8) of UNCLOS, which is aimed at
obtaining recommendations from the CLCS.
55. The procedural requirement upon which the majority places great
emphasis — the obligation to submit information to the CLCS according
to Article 76 (8) of UNCLOS — is also conditional on the fulfilment of
the “test of appurtenance”, as set out in the Guidelines of the CLCS 5.
According to this test, a coastal State must first prove that it has a continental
shelf entitlement that extends beyond 200 nautical miles before it is
permitted — indeed, obliged — to delineate the outer limits of the shelf 6.
This test is based on Article 76 (4) (a) of UNCLOS, which provides that
“the coastal State shall establish the outer edge of the continental margin
wherever the margin extends beyond 200 nautical miles . . .” 7. The obligation
to delineate the outer limits of the continental shelf, and thus submit
5 See further, Scientific and Technical Guidelines of the Commission on the Limits
of the Continental Shelf, 13 May 1999 (CLCS/11), point 2.2. The pertinence of the test
was recognized by ITLOS in Dispute concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary
between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal (Bangladesh/Myanmar), Judgment
of 14 March 2012, para. 436.
6 The CLCS Guidelines define the test of appurtenance as follows :
“If either the line delineated at a distance of 60 nautical miles from the foot of the
continental slope, or the line delineated at a distance where the thickness of sedimentary
rocks is at least 1 per cent of the shortest distance from such point to the foot of
the slope, or both, extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which
the breadth of the territorial sea is measured, then a coastal State is entitled to delineate
the outer limits of the continental shelf as prescribed by the provisions contained
in Article 76, paragraphs 4 to 10.” (CLCS Guidelines, point 2.2.8.)
7 The French version of the text provides that “l’Etat côtier définit le rebord externe de
la marge continentale, lorsque celle-
ci s’étend au-
delà de 200 milles marins . . . ” ; emphasis
added.
délimitation du plateau continental (op. diss. comm.) 158
62
toujours les capacités techniques suffisantes, de respecter la « clause de
temporisation » attachée à la revendication d’un plateau continental
étendu au titre de la convention, tout en leur accordant un délai supplémentaire
pour la réalisation des levés géologiques et géomorphologiques
nécessaires pour démontrer l’existence d’un tel plateau.
54. Conformément à cette décision de la réunion des Etats parties,
« [e]n attendant la réception du dossier répondant aux prescriptions
de l’article 76 de la Convention, aux dispositions du Règlement intérieur
de la Commission et à ses Directives scientifiques et techniques,
les informations préliminaires fournies conformément aux dispositions
de l’alinéa a) ci‑dessus ne seront pas examinées par la Commission.
» (SPLOS/183, par. 1 b).)
Ainsi, l’objectif de la communication d’« informations préliminaires »
— qui est uniquement de permettre aux Etats parties de « temporiser » —
est totalement différent de l’objectif de la communication des informations
visées au paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 de la CNUDM — qui est
d’obtenir des recommandations de la Commission —, et s’en distingue
clairement.
55. En outre, pour s’acquitter de l’obligation procédurale à laquelle la
majorité attache tant d’importance — celle de communiquer à la Commission
les informations visées au paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 —, un Etat
côtier doit d’abord satisfaire au « test d’appartenance » prévu dans les
directives de la Commission 5, c’est‑à‑dire qu’il doit d’abord démontrer
qu’il peut prétendre à un plateau continental étendu au‑delà de 200 milles
marins, avant d’obtenir la permission — c’est une obligation, en réalité —
de fixer la limite extérieure de ce plateau 6. Le test d’appartenance découle
des prescriptions du paragraphe 4 a) de l’article 76, qui dispose que « l’Etat
côtier définit le rebord externe de la marge continentale, lorsque celle‑ci
s’étend au‑delà de 200 milles marins… » 7. L’obligation de fixer la limite
5 Pour de plus amples détails, voir directives scientifiques et techniques de la Commission
des limites du plateau continental (CLCS/11), 13 mai 1999, point 2.2. La pertinence de
ce test a été reconnue par le TIDM dans l’affaire du Différend relatif à la délimitation de la
frontière maritime entre le Bangladesh et le Myanmar dans le golfe du Bengale (Bangladesh/
Myanmar), arrêt du 14 mars 2012, par. 436.
6 Dans ses directives, la Commission définit comme suit le test d’appartenance :
« Si la ligne fixée à une distance de 60 milles marins du pied du talus continental
ou la ligne fixée à une distance où l’épaisseur des roches sédimentaires représente au
moins un centième de la distance la plus courte entre le point en question jusqu’au
pied du talus, ou chacune des deux, tombent au‑delà de 200 milles marins des lignes
de base à partir desquelles la largeur de la mer territoriale est mesurée, un Etat côtier
est en droit de fixer les limites extérieures du plateau continental comme le prescrivent
les dispositions des paragraphes 4 à 10 de l’article 76. » (Directives scientifiques et
techniques de la Commission des limites du plateau continental, point 2.2.8.)
7 La version anglaise se lit comme suit : « the coastal State shall establish the outer edge
of the continental margin wherever the margin extends beyond 200 nautical miles… » (les
italiques sont de nous).
159 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
63
information to the CLCS pursuant to Article 76 (8), is contingent on
proof that an extended continental shelf appertains to the coastal State.
In the words of the CLCS, if “a State does not demonstrate to the Commission
that the natural prolongation [extends beyond 200 nautical
miles]. . . [it does] not have an obligation to submit information on the
limits of the continental shelf to the Commission” 8.
56. The Court rightly recognized that Nicaragua is bound by Article 76
of UNCLOS when claiming an extended continental shelf. But this does
not mean that it is a prerequisite to submit information to the CLCS
under Article 76 (8) in order to delimit overlapping continental shelf
entitlements.
Article 76 establishes a process whereby a coastal State
delineates the outer limit of its continental shelf, according to the criteria
laid down in paragraphs 4‑7. It shows then to the other States parties how
its delineation fits these rules through the submission of information to the
Commission describing the scientific and technical basis of its delineation.
It should be noted that information submitted to the CLCS pursuant to
Article 76 (8) of UNCLOS will not necessarily be regarded as sufficient to
establish the existence of an extended continental shelf.
57. The function of the CLCS is to examine the submission of the
claimant State and to make recommendations to it on whether the
description of its delineation meets the criteria laid down in Article 76. In
this sense, the CLCS is a “legitimator”, but coastal States are not only
free to delineate their claimed extended continental shelf ; they are actually
expected to carry out their delineation before submitting the information
regarding their claim to the CLCS for validation or legitimation, in
other words, before sharing their claim with other States. In this context,
it should be noted that States have concluded delimitation agreements
between themselves without making a submission to the CLCS, or without
receiving recommendations from it (see for example, Treaty between
the Kingdom of Norway and the Russian Federation concerning Maritime
Delimitation and Co-operation
in the Barents Sea and the Arctic
Ocean, 15 September 2010).
58. The overarching purpose for which a State has to make a submission
to the CLCS is to obtain recommendations to validate its own delineation.
It is therefore surprising that the majority should maintain that
the submission of information, under Article 76 (8) of UNCLOS, was
considered a prerequisite by the Court in its 2012 Judgment for acceding
to Nicaragua’s delimitation request, while concluding in the present Judgment
that recommendations from the CLCS are “not a prerequisite that
8 CLCS Guidelines, point 2.2.4.
délimitation du plateau continental (op. diss. comm.) 159
63
extérieure du plateau continental, et, partant, de communiquer préalablement
à la Commission les informations visées au paragraphe 8 de l’article
76, est subordonnée à l’existence démontrée d’un plateau continental
étendu appartenant à l’Etat côtier. La Commission prévoit ainsi que, s’ils
« ne [lui] démontre[nt] pas … que le prolongement naturel … s’étend
au‑delà de … 200 milles marins, … les Etats côtiers ne sont pas tenus de
[lui] présenter … des informations sur les limites du plateau continental » 8.
56. La Cour a reconnu à juste titre que le Nicaragua était tenu de se
conformer aux dispositions de l’article 76 de la CNUDM s’il entendait
revendiquer un plateau continental étendu. Mais cela ne signifie pas que
la communication d’informations à la Commission conformément au
paragraphe 8 de cet article soit une condition préalable à la délimitation
des portions du plateau continental où les droits de plusieurs Etats se
chevauchent. L’article 76 instaure une procédure par laquelle un Etat
côtier fixe la limite extérieure de son plateau continental, en appliquant
les critères définis aux paragraphes 4 à 7, puis démontre aux autres Etats
concernés que la limite ainsi tracée est conforme aux règles établies, en
adressant à la Commission des informations sur les données scientifiques
et techniques qui justifient son tracé. Il convient de noter que les informations
communiquées à la Commission en application du paragraphe 8
de l’article 76 ne sont pas nécessairement jugées suffisantes pour établir
l’existence d’un plateau continental étendu.
57. Le rôle de la Commission est d’examiner les informations soumises
par l’Etat côtier et d’adresser à celui‑ci des recommandations sur la
conformité du tracé de ses limites avec les critères énoncés à l’article 76.
En ce sens, la Commission a une fonction de « légitimation » ; mais les
Etats côtiers ne se contentent pas de tracer eux‑mêmes les limites du plateau
continental étendu qu’ils revendiquent, ils sont en fait censés effectuer
ce tracé avant de présenter les informations à l’appui de leurs
prétentions à la Commission, pour que celle‑ci les valide ou les légitime,
autrement dit, avant de faire connaître leurs prétentions aux autres Etats.
Il convient de noter à cet égard que certains Etats ont conclu entre eux
des accords de délimitation sans saisir la Commission, ou sans recevoir de
recommandations de la part de celle‑ci (voir, par exemple, le traité entre
la Fédération de Russie et le Royaume de Norvège relatif à la coopération
et la délimitation maritime dans la mer de Barents et l’océan Arctique,
15 septembre 2010).
58. L’objectif final que poursuit un Etat lorsqu’il soumet une demande
à la Commission est d’obtenir des recommandations pour valider le tracé
des limites qu’il a fixées lui‑même. Il est donc étonnant que la majorité
soutienne que la Cour, dans son arrêt de 2012, a considéré que la communication
des informations visées au paragraphe 8 de l’article 76 de la
CNUDM était une condition préalable qui devait être satisfaite pour
qu’elle puisse répondre à la demande de délimitation du Nicaragua, alors
8 Directives scientifiques et techniques de la Commission des limites du plateau continental,
point 2.2.4.
160 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
64
needs to be satisfied by a State party to UNCLOS before it can ask the
Court to settle a dispute with another State over . . . delimitation” (Judgment,
para. 114).
VII. Ne Bis in Idem and the Exhaustion
of Treaty Processes
59. Even if one were to accept the majority’s interpretation of the
2012 Judgment, Nicaragua should not now be able to come before the
Court for a second time to attempt to remedy the procedural flaw which
supposedly precluded the Court from delimiting its allegedly overlapping
extended continental shelf entitlement in 2012. Allowing such an action
could be injurious to both the respondent State, which should be protected
from repeat litigation, and the efficient operation of the judicial
system for the settlement of international disputes.
60. The principle of ne bis in idem operates, like res judicata, to protect
from the effects of repeat litigation. According to this principle, a repeat
claim is inadmissible whether or not the issue is covered by the principle
of res judicata. One cannot knock at the Court’s door a second time with
regard to a claim already examined by the Court on its merits. The fact
that Nicaragua would now be able to present evidence that was not available
to it during the judicial proceedings that led to the 2012 Judgment
does not make the new claim less repetitive of the previous claim.
61. Moreover, in so far as the new Application represents a repetition
of the previous claim, the issue of preclusion based on the exhaustion of
treaty processes (in French, “épuisement des recours prévus dans le
traité”) may also be raised. In a similar vein to res judicata and
ne bis in idem, this principle also operates to safeguard against the detrimental
effects of repeat litigation. According to this principle, the renewed
presentation of a claim previously examined by the Court may be considered
inadmissible if that claim relies on the same treaty process as the
basis of jurisdiction of the Court. This finds support in the Court’s Judgment
on preliminary objections in the Barcelona Traction case, in which
the Court said :
“It has been argued that the first set of proceedings ‘exhausted’ the
Treaty processes in regard to the particular matters of complaint, the
subject of those proceedings, and that the jurisdiction of the Court
having once been invoked, and the Court having been duly seised in
respect of them, the Treaty cannot be invoked a second time in order
to seise the Court of the same complaints. As against this, it can be
said that the Treaty processes are not in the final sense exhausted in
respect of any one complaint until the case has been either prosecuted
délimitation du plateau continental (op. diss. comm.) 160
64
qu’elle a conclu dans le présent arrêt que les recommandations de la
Commission n’étaient pas « un prérequis pour qu’un Etat partie à la
CNUDM puisse demander à la Cour de régler un différend avec un autre
Etat relatif à une … délimitation » (arrêt, par. 114).
VII. Le principe ne bis in idem et l’épuisement des recours
prévus dans le traité
59. Même à supposer que la majorité interprète justement l’arrêt de
2012, le Nicaragua ne devrait pas avoir la possibilité de revenir une
seconde fois devant la Cour pour tenter de remédier au vice de procédure
qui l’aurait empêché d’obtenir en 2012 la délimitation du plateau continental
étendu qu’il revendique et qui chevaucherait celui de la Colombie.
L’autoriser à le faire serait préjudiciable à la fois à l’Etat défendeur, qui
devrait être protégé contre la réitération de demandes, et à un fonctionnement
efficace du système de règlement des différends internationaux.
60. Tout comme le principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée, le principe
ne bis in idem vise à contrer les effets de la réitération de demandes. Il
établit qu’une demande réitérée n’est pas recevable, que la question qu’elle
concerne soit ou non revêtue de l’autorité de la chose jugée. Un Etat ne
peut revenir une seconde fois devant la Cour pour lui soumettre une
demande qu’elle a déjà examinée au fond. Que le Nicaragua soit
aujourd’hui en mesure de présenter des éléments de preuve dont il ne disposait
pas lors de la procédure judiciaire ayant abouti au prononcé de
l’arrêt de 2012 ne change rien au fait que sa nouvelle demande est une
répétition de la précédente.
61. En outre, dans la mesure où la nouvelle requête constitue une réitération
de la demande précédente, on peut faire valoir qu’elle est également
irrecevable parce qu’il y a épuisement des recours prévus dans le
traité. Dans un esprit similaire à celui des principes res judicata et ne bis
in idem, cette règle vise à prévenir les effets préjudiciables de la réitération
de demandes. Elle établit qu’une demande qui serait la réitération d’une
autre demande examinée antérieurement par la Cour peut être déclarée
irrecevable si le fondement conventionnel de la compétence est le même.
Cette règle trouve appui dans l’arrêt de la Cour sur les exceptions préliminaires
soulevées en l’affaire de la Barcelona Traction :
« On soutient que la première procédure a « épuisé » les recours
prévus dans le traité pour ce qui est des griefs particuliers sur lesquels
portait cette instance : la juridiction de la Cour ayant été invoquée
une fois et la Cour ayant été dûment saisie à leur sujet, on ne pouvait
invoquer le traité une deuxième fois pour saisir la Cour des mêmes
griefs. A l’encontre de cette thèse, on peut dire que les démarches
prévues dans le traité ne sauraient être épuisées définitivement à
l’égard d’un grief donné tant que l’affaire n’a pas été jugée ou qu’il
161 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
65
to judgment, or discontinued in circumstances involving its final
renunciation — neither of which constitutes the position here [that is,
in the Barcelona Traction case].” (I.C.J. Reports 1964, p. 26.)
Leaving aside the issue of discontinuance, which is not relevant to the
present case, the Court referred to the fact that a case “has been . . . prosecuted
to judgment”.
62. In the present proceedings, Nicaragua not only brings the same
claim as it did in the 2012 case, but it also does so on the same basis of
jurisdiction ; namely, Article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá. As noted
above, the claim was — to borrow the terminology of the Court in
Barcelona
Traction — “prosecuted to judgment”. Nicaragua’s Application
in the present proceedings should thus be considered inadmissible on
the basis that it has exhausted the treaty processes under the Pact of
Bogotá.
VIII. Conclusion : the Authority of Res Judicata and the
Protection of the Judicial Function
63. In this joint dissenting opinion, we have outlined why we
have voted against subparagraph (1) (b) of the operative paragraph in
the present Judgment and why we are of the view that the Court should
have upheld Colombia’s third preliminary objection related to res judicata.
64. In the Application of the Genocide Convention case, the Court outlined
the purposes of the principle of res judicata as follows :
“Two purposes, one general, the other specific, underlie the principle
of res judicata, internationally as nationally. First, the stability of
legal relations requires that litigation come to an end. The Court’s
function, according to Article 38 of its Statute, is to ‘decide’, that is,
to bring to an end, ‘such disputes as are submitted to it’. Secondly, it
is in the interest of each party that an issue which has already been
adjudicated in favour of that party be not argued again . . . Depriving
a litigant of the benefit of a judgment it has already obtained must in
general be seen as a breach of the principles governing the legal settlement
of disputes.” (Application of the Convention on the Prevention
and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v.
Serbia and Montenegro), Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 2007 (I), pp. 90‑91,
para. 116.)
65. These purposes — finality of litigation and protection of the
respondent from repeat litigation — protect both the operation of the
legal system and those within it. A scenario in which the purposes of
délimitation du plateau continental (op. diss. comm.) 161
65
n’y a pas été mis fin dans des circonstances impliquant une renonciation
définitive à agir, ce qui ne répond pas à la situation
actuelle [dans l’affaire de la Barcelona Traction]. » (C.I.J. Recueil 1964,
p. 26.)
Indépendamment de la question du désistement, qui n’est pas pertinente
en l’espèce, la Cour envisage bien le cas de figure où « l’affaire … a … été
jugée ».
62. Dans la présente procédure, le Nicaragua ne s’est pas contenté de
porter devant la Cour la même demande qu’en 2012, il a également invoqué
la même base de compétence, à savoir l’article XXXI du pacte de
Bogotá. Or, comme nous l’avons vu plus haut, l’affaire de 2012 a été déjà
« jugée » — pour reprendre les termes de la Cour en l’affaire de la Barcelona
Traction. La requête du Nicaragua en l’espèce aurait donc dû être
déclarée irrecevable au motif qu’il y a épuisement des recours prévus dans
le pacte de Bogotá.
VIII. Conclusion : l’autorité de la chose jugée et la protection
de la fonction judiciaire
63. Les raisons que nous venons d’exposer dans la présente opinion
dissidente commune expliquent donc pourquoi nous avons voté contre le
point 1 b) du dispositif de l’arrêt et pourquoi nous sommes d’avis que la
Cour aurait dû accueillir la troisième exception préliminaire de la Colombie
fondée sur le principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée.
64. Dans l’affaire relative à l’Application de la convention pour la prévention
et la répression du crime de génocide, la Cour a décrit comme suit
les objectifs du principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée :
« Le principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée répond, tant dans
l’ordre international que dans l’ordre interne, à deux objectifs, l’un
général, l’autre particulier. Premièrement, la stabilité des relations
juridiques exige qu’il soit mis un terme au différend considéré. La
fonction de la Cour est, selon l’article 38 du Statut, de « régler » les
« différends qui lui sont soumis », c’est‑à‑dire d’y mettre un terme.
Deuxièmement, il est dans l’intérêt de chacune des parties qu’une
affaire qui a d’ores et déjà été tranchée en sa faveur ne soit pas rouverte…
Priver une partie du bénéfice d’un arrêt rendu en sa faveur
doit, de manière générale, être considéré comme contraire aux principes
auxquels obéit le règlement judiciaire des différends. » (Application
de la convention pour la prévention et la répression du crime de
génocide (Bosnie‑Herzégovine c. Serbie‑et‑Monténégro), arrêt,
C.I.J. Recueil 2007 (I), p. 90‑91, par. 116.)
65. Les objectifs du principe de l’autorité de la chose jugée — mettre
un terme définitif aux différends et prévenir la réitération de demandes —
permettent à la fois de garantir le bon fonctionnement du système judi‑
162 delimitation of the continental shelf (joint diss. op.)
66
res judicata are no longer served undermines the judicial function as well
as the sound administration of justice.
66. By casting the rejection of Nicaragua’s request for delimitation in
the Territorial and Maritime Dispute case as a decision to which res judicata
does not attach, the Court may be seen by some as being open to
repeat litigation, which cannot be the case.
67. Nicaragua and Colombia have been embroiled in a long‑running
dispute for many years regarding their respective maritime entitlements.
As the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, the Court is well
placed to settle such disputes. But if it is to continue to be regarded as
such, it cannot afford to be seen to allow States to bring the same disputes
over and over again. Such a scenario would undercut the certainty, stability,
and finality that judgments of this Court should provide.
(Signed) Abdulqawi A. Yusuf.
(Signed) Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade.
(Signed) Xue Hanqin.
(Signed) Giorgio Gaja.
(Signed) Dalveer Bhandari.
(Signed) Patrick L. Robinson.
(Signed) Charles N. Brower.
délimitation du plateau continental (op. diss. comm.) 162
66
ciaire et de protéger ceux qui y participent. Toute situation qui dessert ces
objectifs risque de compromettre la fonction judiciaire ainsi que la bonne
administration de la justice.
66. En déclarant que la décision par laquelle elle a rejeté la demande de
délimitation du Nicaragua en l’affaire du Différend territorial et maritime
n’est pas revêtue de l’autorité de la chose jugée, la Cour peut donner l’impression
qu’elle n’est pas opposée à la réitération de demandes, ce qui ne
saurait être le cas.
67. Le Nicaragua et la Colombie s’affrontent depuis des années dans
un long différend au sujet de leurs droits maritimes respectifs. En sa qualité
d’organe judiciaire principal de l’Organisation des Nations Unies, la
Cour est toute désignée pour régler un tel différend. Cependant, si elle
veut le rester, elle ne peut donner l’impression d’autoriser les Etats à
représenter continuellement les mêmes demandes. Si tel était le cas, la
sécurité et la stabilité que ses décisions définitives doivent contribuer à
créer en seraient amoindries.
(Signé) Abdulqawi A. Yusuf.
(Signé) Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade.
(Signé) Xue Hanqin.
(Signé) Giorgio Gaja.
(Signé) Dalveer Bhandari.
(Signé) Patrick L. Robinson.
(Signé) Charles N. Brower.

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Joint dissenting opinion of Vice-President Yusuf, Judges Cançado Trindade, Xue, Gaja, Bhandari, Robinson and Judge ad hoc Brower

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