Declaration of Judge Bhandari

Document Number
155-20160317-JUD-01-02-EN
Parent Document Number
155-20160317-JUD-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

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71
DECLARATION OF JUDGE BHANDARI
1. In the present case, I have voted with the majority in respect of the
first, second, third and fourth preliminary objections raised by Colombia
1. However, with the greatest of respect to my learned colleagues, I
cannot join them in rejecting Colombia’s fifth preliminary objection 2,
which contends that the present case brought by Nicaragua is, in effect,
an improper attempt by Nicaragua to have this Court enforce one of its
prior judgments. Thus, for the reasons that I shall briefly outline hereunder,
I would declare Nicaragua’s present claim inadmissible and
thus would not allow this case to proceed to the merits phase of these
proceedings.
2. As the majority correctly and succinctly observes, “Colombia’s
fifth preliminary objection rests on the premise that the Court is being
asked to enforce its 2012 Judgment” 3. If true, Nicaragua’s claim would
run afoul of Article 94, paragraph 2, of the Charter of the United Nations,
which reads as follows :
“If any party to a case fails to perform the obligations incumbent
upon it under a judgment rendered by the [International] Court [of
Justice], the other party may have recourse to the Security Council,
which may, if it deems necessary, make recommendations or decide
upon measures to be taken to give effect to the judgment.” (Emphasis
added.)
3. Moreover, Article L of the Pact of Bogotá (a treaty which, I will
recall, I have joined the majority in concluding grants jurisdiction in the
present case 4) provides as follows :
“If one of the High Contracting Parties should fail to carry out the
obligations imposed upon it by a decision of the International Court
of Justice . . . the other party or parties concerned shall, before resorting
to the Security Council of the United Nations, propose a Meeting
of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs to agree upon appropriate
measures to ensure the fulfilment of the judicial decision . . .”
(emphasis added).
1 Judgment, para. 111 (1) (a)–(e).
2 Ibid., para. 111 (1) (f).
3 Ibid., para. 109.
4 See my vote rejecting Colombia’s first preliminary objection at ibid., para. 111 (1) (a).
71 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (decl. bhandari)
72
4. When these two authorities are read in concert it is clear that if
Nicaragua, as both a Member of the United Nations and a party to the
Pact of Bogotá, seeks to enforce the 2012 Judgment of this Court in the
Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) case (“2012
Judgment”), its ultimate avenue of recourse is the Security Council. This
obligation, posited by the plain wording of these two texts, is further reinforced
by a supplementary a contrario interpretation, in that both the
United Nations Charter and the Pact of Bogotá are conspicuously silent
on the ability of an aggrieved former litigant to re-approach
the ICJ to
seek enforcement of one of its prior judgments.
5. While the majority does not deny that Nicaragua has framed its case
as a request to enforce the 2012 Judgment, it recalls that ultimately “it is
for the Court, not Nicaragua, to decide the real character of the dispute
before it” 5. While this statement is true as a matter of law, I simply disagree
with the majority that, based on the facts as averred at this preliminary
stage of the proceedings, the Court ought to arrive at the independent
conclusion that Nicaragua’s present claim is anything other than a rather
obvious attempt to circumvent the Security Council by asking the Court
to enforce its prior Judgment.
6. While an exhaustive analysis of Nicaragua’s written and oral pleadings
would greatly exceed the scope of the present declaration, I draw
upon several points that illustrate why I respectfully cannot accept the
majority’s position that Nicaragua is not presently seeking to enforce the
2012 Judgment through its present claim.
7. First, in its Application, Nicaragua
“requests the Court to adjudge and declare that Colombia is in breach
of . . . its obligation not to violate Nicaragua’s maritime zones as delimited
in paragraph 251 of the ICJ Judgment of 19 November 2012 as
well as Nicaragua’s sovereign rights and jurisdiction in these zones” 6.
8. Second, this plea is reiterated virtually verbatim in the prayer for
relief contained in Nicaragua’s Memorial 7.
9. Third, the pleadings reveal many instances of alleged conduct that,
if true, strongly suggest that Colombia failed to heed the boundaries
delimited by the 2012 Judgment, including but not limited to : the enactment
on 9 September 2013 of Decree 1946, which purported to create an
“Integral Contiguous Zone” asserting sovereign rights over maritime
areas the Court had explicitly determined to be Nicaraguan ; the encroach-
5 Judgment, para. 109.
6 Ibid., para. 11 ; emphasis added.
7 Ibid., para. 12.
72 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (decl. bhandari)
73
ment of Colombian naval vessels into waters explicitly declared to be
under the sovereign jurisdiction of Nicaragua in the 2012 Judgment ; the
issuance of fishing licenses by the Colombian authorities for waters
adjudged to belong to Nicaragua by the 2012 Judgment ; and Colombia’s
contention that it was precluded from executing the 2012 Judgment by
virtue of a domestic law impediment necessitating that any changes to its
boundaries can only be effected by the conclusion of a treaty 8.
10. While not contesting these points, the rationale underpinning the
majority’s determination that Nicaragua is not asking the Court to
enforce the 2012 Judgment in the face of such a compelling body of evidence
to the contrary is to be found in the latter portion of paragraph 109,
which, for ease of reference, I reproduce hereunder :
“[A]s the Court has held (see paragraph 79 above), the dispute
before it in the present proceedings concerns the alleged violations by
Colombia of Nicaragua’s rights in the maritime zones which, according
to Nicaragua, the Court declared in its 2012 Judgment appertain
to Nicaragua. As between Nicaragua and Colombia, those rights are
derived from customary international law. The 2012 Judgment of the
Court is undoubtedly relevant to that dispute in that it determines the
maritime boundary between the Parties and, consequently, which of
the Parties possesses sovereign rights under customary international
law in the maritime areas with which the present case is concerned.
In the present case, however, Nicaragua asks the Court to adjudge
and declare that Colombia has breached ‘its obligation not to violate
Nicaragua’s maritime zones as delimited in paragraph 251 of the
Court[’s] Judgment of 19 November 2012 as well as Nicaragua’s sovereign
rights and jurisdiction in these zones’. . . Nicaragua [therefore]
does not seek to enforce the 2012 Judgment as such.”
11. I respectfully take issue with this conclusion and the analysis upon
which it rests. First, the cited paragraph 79 is a rather inapposite reference,
since that paragraph draws a conclusion on a separate point of law, which
is based upon a different set of factual considerations. It is to be recalled
that the analysis preceding paragraph 79 dealt with Colombia’s second
preliminary objection, i.e., whether there was in fact a “dispute” between
the Parties at the time the Application was filed, in accordance with the
requirement stipulated under Article 38 of the Statute of the Court.
12. As one might expect, the thrust of the analysis preceding paragraph
79 of the Judgment does not focus on the character of Nicaragua’s
claim, but rather on the critical issue of whether there existed a bona fide
8 Judgment, paras. 54‑57.
73 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (decl. bhandari)
74
dispute between the Parties at the time Nicaragua filed its Application. To
this end, the analysis was not focused on the source of Nicaragua’s legal
claim but rather the actions of the Parties prior to the filing of Nicaragua’s
Application, in order to determine whether such conduct could properly
be deemed a “dispute” for the purpose of Article 38 of the Statute of the
Court. After conducting such an examination, the majority determined —
correctly, in my view, as my vote on this issue evinces 9 — that there was
indeed a “dispute” between the Parties as contemplated by Article 38, and
thus the second preliminary objection of Colombia ought to be rejected.
13. Since the analysis leading up to the conclusion at paragraph 79 of
the Judgment on Colombia’s second preliminary objection dealt with a
separate and distinct legal issue and focused on the conduct of the Parties
in the interval between the issuance of the 2012 Judgment and the filing
of Nicaragua’s Memorial, the majority’s reliance on paragraph 79 to buttress
its conclusion on the fifth preliminary objection is, to my mind, tenuous
at best. Indeed, to the extent that portion of the Judgment touches
upon the legal source of the dispute — i.e., enforcement of Nicaragua’s
maritime rights under customary international law versus enforcement of
the 2012 Judgment per se — at all, this was done obliquely and often by
way of examples that are either inconsistent with, or at least unhelpful to,
the majority’s conclusion as to the true character of Nicaragua’s complaint.
14. Second, in my respectful view, the majority’s analysis regarding
Colombia’s fifth preliminary objection simply ignores the clear, unequivocal,
and repetitive assertions by both Parties — explicitly and implicitly
— that the crux of the matter under consideration is, quite plainly,
Colombia’s alleged non‑compliance with the 2012 Judgment. Such assertions
are abundantly supported by the factual record available to this
Court at this preliminary stage of proceedings.
15. For these reasons, I would uphold Colombia’s fifth preliminary
objection and consequently refuse to allow Nicaragua’s claim to advance
to the merits phase of this case.
(Signed) Dalveer Bhandari.
9 Judgment, para. 111 (1) (b).

Bilingual Content

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DECLARATION OF JUDGE BHANDARI
1. In the present case, I have voted with the majority in respect of the
first, second, third and fourth preliminary objections raised by Colombia
1. However, with the greatest of respect to my learned colleagues, I
cannot join them in rejecting Colombia’s fifth preliminary objection 2,
which contends that the present case brought by Nicaragua is, in effect,
an improper attempt by Nicaragua to have this Court enforce one of its
prior judgments. Thus, for the reasons that I shall briefly outline hereunder,
I would declare Nicaragua’s present claim inadmissible and
thus would not allow this case to proceed to the merits phase of these
proceedings.
2. As the majority correctly and succinctly observes, “Colombia’s
fifth preliminary objection rests on the premise that the Court is being
asked to enforce its 2012 Judgment” 3. If true, Nicaragua’s claim would
run afoul of Article 94, paragraph 2, of the Charter of the United Nations,
which reads as follows :
“If any party to a case fails to perform the obligations incumbent
upon it under a judgment rendered by the [International] Court [of
Justice], the other party may have recourse to the Security Council,
which may, if it deems necessary, make recommendations or decide
upon measures to be taken to give effect to the judgment.” (Emphasis
added.)
3. Moreover, Article L of the Pact of Bogotá (a treaty which, I will
recall, I have joined the majority in concluding grants jurisdiction in the
present case 4) provides as follows :
“If one of the High Contracting Parties should fail to carry out the
obligations imposed upon it by a decision of the International Court
of Justice . . . the other party or parties concerned shall, before resorting
to the Security Council of the United Nations, propose a Meeting
of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs to agree upon appropriate
measures to ensure the fulfilment of the judicial decision . . .”
(emphasis added).
1 Judgment, para. 111 (1) (a)–(e).
2 Ibid., para. 111 (1) (f).
3 Ibid., para. 109.
4 See my vote rejecting Colombia’s first preliminary objection at ibid., para. 111 (1) (a).
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DÉCLARATION DE M. LE JUGE BHANDARI
[Traduction]
1. Dans la présente affaire, j’ai voté avec la majorité en ce qui concerne
les première, deuxième, troisième et quatrième exceptions préliminaires de
la Colombie 1. Je ne saurais toutefois me joindre à mes distingués collègues,
malgré tout le respect que j’ai pour eux, pour rejeter la cinquième
exception préliminaire 2, soulevée par la Colombie au motif que le Nicaragua,
en introduisant la présente instance, cherchait en fait abusivement
à obtenir de la Cour qu’elle fasse exécuter un arrêt antérieur. Pour les
raisons que j’exposerai brièvement ici, j’aurais déclaré irrecevable la
demande du Nicaragua et n’aurais donc pas laissé l’affaire se poursuivre
jusqu’au stade du fond.
2. Comme la majorité le fait observer succinctement, et à juste titre,
« [l]a cinquième exception préliminaire de la Colombie repose sur le postulat
qu’il est demandé à la Cour d’assurer l’exécution de son arrêt de 2012 » 3.
Si tel était le cas, la demande du Nicaragua irait à l’encontre du paragraphe
2 de l’article 94 de la Charte des Nations Unies, aux termes duquel,
« [s]i une partie à un litige ne satisfait pas aux obligations qui lui
incombent en vertu d’un arrêt rendu par la Cour [internationale de
Justice], l’autre partie peut recourir au Conseil de sécurité et celui‑ci,
s’il le juge nécessaire, peut faire des recommandations ou décider des
mesures à prendre pour faire exécuter l’arrêt » (les italiques sont de
moi).
3. De surcroît, l’article L du pacte de Bogotá (dont, rappelons‑le, la
majorité, à laquelle je me suis associé sur ce point, a conclu qu’il conférait
compétence à la Cour en l’espèce 4) est ainsi libellé :
« Si l’une des Hautes Parties Contractantes ne remplit pas les obligations
découlant d’un jugement de la Cour internationale de Justice
…, l’autre ou les autres parties intéressées, avant de recourir au
Conseil de sécurité des Nations Unies, demanderont une Réunion de
Consultation des Ministres des Relations Extérieures afin que celle‑ci
convienne des mesures à prendre en vue d’assurer l’exécution de la
décision juridique… » (Les italiques sont de moi.)
1 Arrêt, par. 111 1) a)‑e).
2 Ibid., par. 111 1) f).
3 Ibid., par. 109.
4 Voir mon vote en faveur du rejet de la première exception préliminaire de la Colombie,
arrêt, par. 111 1) a).
71 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (decl. bhandari)
72
4. When these two authorities are read in concert it is clear that if
Nicaragua, as both a Member of the United Nations and a party to the
Pact of Bogotá, seeks to enforce the 2012 Judgment of this Court in the
Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) case (“2012
Judgment”), its ultimate avenue of recourse is the Security Council. This
obligation, posited by the plain wording of these two texts, is further reinforced
by a supplementary a contrario interpretation, in that both the
United Nations Charter and the Pact of Bogotá are conspicuously silent
on the ability of an aggrieved former litigant to re-approach
the ICJ to
seek enforcement of one of its prior judgments.
5. While the majority does not deny that Nicaragua has framed its case
as a request to enforce the 2012 Judgment, it recalls that ultimately “it is
for the Court, not Nicaragua, to decide the real character of the dispute
before it” 5. While this statement is true as a matter of law, I simply disagree
with the majority that, based on the facts as averred at this preliminary
stage of the proceedings, the Court ought to arrive at the independent
conclusion that Nicaragua’s present claim is anything other than a rather
obvious attempt to circumvent the Security Council by asking the Court
to enforce its prior Judgment.
6. While an exhaustive analysis of Nicaragua’s written and oral pleadings
would greatly exceed the scope of the present declaration, I draw
upon several points that illustrate why I respectfully cannot accept the
majority’s position that Nicaragua is not presently seeking to enforce the
2012 Judgment through its present claim.
7. First, in its Application, Nicaragua
“requests the Court to adjudge and declare that Colombia is in breach
of . . . its obligation not to violate Nicaragua’s maritime zones as delimited
in paragraph 251 of the ICJ Judgment of 19 November 2012 as
well as Nicaragua’s sovereign rights and jurisdiction in these zones” 6.
8. Second, this plea is reiterated virtually verbatim in the prayer for
relief contained in Nicaragua’s Memorial 7.
9. Third, the pleadings reveal many instances of alleged conduct that,
if true, strongly suggest that Colombia failed to heed the boundaries
delimited by the 2012 Judgment, including but not limited to : the enactment
on 9 September 2013 of Decree 1946, which purported to create an
“Integral Contiguous Zone” asserting sovereign rights over maritime
areas the Court had explicitly determined to be Nicaraguan ; the encroach-
5 Judgment, para. 109.
6 Ibid., para. 11 ; emphasis added.
7 Ibid., para. 12.
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (décl. bhandari) 71
72
4. Il ressort clairement de ces deux sources lues conjointement que le
Nicaragua, tant comme Membre de l’Organisation des Nations Unies que
comme partie au pacte de Bogotá, doit, en dernier ressort, saisir le Conseil
de sécurité s’il veut faire exécuter l’arrêt rendu par la Cour en 2012 en
l’affaire du Différend territorial et maritime (Nicaragua c. Colombie)
(ci‑après « l’arrêt de 2012 »). Cette obligation, posée en principe par les
termes inéquivoques des deux textes, est encore renforcée par une interprétation
a contrario, puisque la Charte des Nations Unies et le pacte de
Bogotá sont tous deux remarquablement silencieux quant à la possibilité
pour une partie à un litige passé de saisir de nouveau la Cour aux fins de
demander l’exécution d’un arrêt antérieur.
5. La majorité ne conteste pas que la requête du Nicaragua était formulée
de telle sorte qu’elle revenait à demander l’exécution de l’arrêt
de 2012, mais rappelle que, en définitive, « c’est à la Cour, et non au Nicaragua,
qu’il appartient de déterminer le caractère véritable du différend
dont elle est saisie » 5. Cela est certes vrai d’un point de vue juridique,
mais je ne peux tout simplement pas souscrire au point de vue de la majorité
selon lequel, sur la base des faits qui sont avérés à ce stade préliminaire
de la procédure, la Cour devait parvenir à la conclusion indépendante
que la demande du Nicaragua en l’espèce avait un autre but que celui,
assez évident, de tenter de contourner le Conseil de sécurité en la priant
d’assurer l’exécution de son arrêt précédent.
6. Une analyse complète des exposés écrits et oraux du Nicaragua
n’ayant pas sa place dans la présente déclaration, je me bornerai à souligner
quelques points qui illustrent les raisons pour lesquelles, malgré tout
le respect que j’ai pour mes collègues de la majorité, je ne peux partager
leur position, selon laquelle le Nicaragua ne cherchait pas en l’espèce à
obtenir l’exécution de l’arrêt de 2012.
7. Premièrement, dans sa requête, le Nicaragua priait
« la Cour de dire et juger que la Colombie … manque à l’obligation
qui lui incombe de ne pas violer les espaces maritimes du Nicaragua
tels que délimités au paragraphe 251 de l’arrêt rendu par la Cour le
19 novembre 2012, ainsi que les droits souverains et la juridiction du
Nicaragua sur lesdits espaces » 6.
8. Deuxièmement, le Nicaragua réitérait cette demande quasiment mot
pour mot dans les conclusions de son mémoire 7.
9. Troisièmement, les pièces de procédure contenaient de nombreux
exemples de comportements qui, s’ils étaient avérés, donneraient fortement
à penser que la Colombie n’a pas tenu compte des frontières délimitées
par l’arrêt de 2012. On peut notamment citer : la promulgation, le
9 septembre 2013, du décret 1946 portant création d’une « zone contiguë
unique », par lequel la Colombie déclarait détenir des droits souverains
5 Arrêt, par. 109.
6 Ibid., par. 11 ; les italiques sont de moi.
7 Ibid., par. 12.
72 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (decl. bhandari)
73
ment of Colombian naval vessels into waters explicitly declared to be
under the sovereign jurisdiction of Nicaragua in the 2012 Judgment ; the
issuance of fishing licenses by the Colombian authorities for waters
adjudged to belong to Nicaragua by the 2012 Judgment ; and Colombia’s
contention that it was precluded from executing the 2012 Judgment by
virtue of a domestic law impediment necessitating that any changes to its
boundaries can only be effected by the conclusion of a treaty 8.
10. While not contesting these points, the rationale underpinning the
majority’s determination that Nicaragua is not asking the Court to
enforce the 2012 Judgment in the face of such a compelling body of evidence
to the contrary is to be found in the latter portion of paragraph 109,
which, for ease of reference, I reproduce hereunder :
“[A]s the Court has held (see paragraph 79 above), the dispute
before it in the present proceedings concerns the alleged violations by
Colombia of Nicaragua’s rights in the maritime zones which, according
to Nicaragua, the Court declared in its 2012 Judgment appertain
to Nicaragua. As between Nicaragua and Colombia, those rights are
derived from customary international law. The 2012 Judgment of the
Court is undoubtedly relevant to that dispute in that it determines the
maritime boundary between the Parties and, consequently, which of
the Parties possesses sovereign rights under customary international
law in the maritime areas with which the present case is concerned.
In the present case, however, Nicaragua asks the Court to adjudge
and declare that Colombia has breached ‘its obligation not to violate
Nicaragua’s maritime zones as delimited in paragraph 251 of the
Court[’s] Judgment of 19 November 2012 as well as Nicaragua’s sovereign
rights and jurisdiction in these zones’. . . Nicaragua [therefore]
does not seek to enforce the 2012 Judgment as such.”
11. I respectfully take issue with this conclusion and the analysis upon
which it rests. First, the cited paragraph 79 is a rather inapposite reference,
since that paragraph draws a conclusion on a separate point of law, which
is based upon a different set of factual considerations. It is to be recalled
that the analysis preceding paragraph 79 dealt with Colombia’s second
preliminary objection, i.e., whether there was in fact a “dispute” between
the Parties at the time the Application was filed, in accordance with the
requirement stipulated under Article 38 of the Statute of the Court.
12. As one might expect, the thrust of the analysis preceding paragraph
79 of the Judgment does not focus on the character of Nicaragua’s
claim, but rather on the critical issue of whether there existed a bona fide
8 Judgment, paras. 54‑57.
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (décl. bhandari) 72
73
sur des espaces maritimes que la Cour, dans l’arrêt de 2012, avait expressément
attribués au Nicaragua ; l’intrusion de navires militaires colombiens
dans des eaux dont la Cour, dans l’arrêt de 2012, avait expressément
déclaré qu’elles relevaient de la juridiction souveraine du Nicaragua ; la
délivrance de permis de pêche par les autorités colombiennes dans des
eaux dont la Cour, dans l’arrêt de 2012, avait déclaré qu’elles appartenaient
au Nicaragua ; et l’invocation par la Colombie de son droit interne
pour justifier la non‑exécution de l’arrêt de 2012, sa législation exigeant
que toute modification des frontières passe nécessairement par la conclusion
d’un traité 8.
10. La majorité ne conteste pas ces points, mais déclare, malgré cet
ensemble d’éléments qui prouve le contraire de manière aussi convaincante,
que le Nicaragua ne demandait pas à la Cour d’assurer l’exécution
de l’arrêt de 2012 ; la raison qui sous-tend cette décision est énoncée dans
la dernière partie du paragraphe 109, que je reproduis ici pour la commodité
du lecteur :
« [A]insi que la Cour l’a conclu (voir le paragraphe 79 ci‑dessus), le
différend en la présente instance concerne de prétendues violations
par la Colombie des droits du Nicaragua dans les zones maritimes
dont celui‑ci affirme qu’elles lui ont été reconnues par l’arrêt de 2012.
Dans les relations entre le Nicaragua et la Colombie, ces droits
existent en vertu du droit international coutumier. L’arrêt rendu
en 2012 est incontestablement pertinent en la présente affaire, en ce
qu’il détermine la frontière maritime entre les Parties et établit donc
laquelle d’entre elles a des droits souverains en vertu du droit international
coutumier dans les espaces maritimes qui font l’objet de la
présente affaire. Dans le cas d’espèce, toutefois, le Nicaragua prie la
Cour de dire et juger que la Colombie « a manqué à l’obligation lui
incombant de ne pas violer les espaces maritimes du Nicaragua tels
que délimités au paragraphe 251 de l’arrêt rendu par la Cour le
19 novembre 2012, ainsi que les droits souverains et la juridiction du
Nicaragua sur lesdits espaces »… Le Nicaragua ne cherche [donc] pas
à faire exécuter l’arrêt de 2012 en tant que tel. »
11. Je m’inscris en faux contre cette conclusion et l’analyse sur laquelle
elle repose. Premièrement, le paragraphe 79 est cité à mauvais escient,
puisque la Cour y établit un point de droit distinct, au vu d’un ensemble
de considérations factuelles distinctes. Il convient de rappeler que l’analyse
précédant le paragraphe 79 concerne la deuxième exception préliminaire
de la Colombie, qui portait sur la question de savoir s’il existait en
fait un « différend » entre les Parties au moment du dépôt de la requête,
ainsi que l’exige l’article 38 du Statut de la Cour.
12. En toute logique, l’analyse qui précède le paragraphe 79 de l’arrêt
est centrée non pas sur la nature de la demande du Nicaragua, mais sur la
question essentielle de savoir s’il existait véritablement un différend entre
8 Arrêt, par. 54-57.
73 sovereign rights and maritime spaces (decl. bhandari)
74
dispute between the Parties at the time Nicaragua filed its Application. To
this end, the analysis was not focused on the source of Nicaragua’s legal
claim but rather the actions of the Parties prior to the filing of Nicaragua’s
Application, in order to determine whether such conduct could properly
be deemed a “dispute” for the purpose of Article 38 of the Statute of the
Court. After conducting such an examination, the majority determined —
correctly, in my view, as my vote on this issue evinces 9 — that there was
indeed a “dispute” between the Parties as contemplated by Article 38, and
thus the second preliminary objection of Colombia ought to be rejected.
13. Since the analysis leading up to the conclusion at paragraph 79 of
the Judgment on Colombia’s second preliminary objection dealt with a
separate and distinct legal issue and focused on the conduct of the Parties
in the interval between the issuance of the 2012 Judgment and the filing
of Nicaragua’s Memorial, the majority’s reliance on paragraph 79 to buttress
its conclusion on the fifth preliminary objection is, to my mind, tenuous
at best. Indeed, to the extent that portion of the Judgment touches
upon the legal source of the dispute — i.e., enforcement of Nicaragua’s
maritime rights under customary international law versus enforcement of
the 2012 Judgment per se — at all, this was done obliquely and often by
way of examples that are either inconsistent with, or at least unhelpful to,
the majority’s conclusion as to the true character of Nicaragua’s complaint.
14. Second, in my respectful view, the majority’s analysis regarding
Colombia’s fifth preliminary objection simply ignores the clear, unequivocal,
and repetitive assertions by both Parties — explicitly and implicitly
— that the crux of the matter under consideration is, quite plainly,
Colombia’s alleged non‑compliance with the 2012 Judgment. Such assertions
are abundantly supported by the factual record available to this
Court at this preliminary stage of proceedings.
15. For these reasons, I would uphold Colombia’s fifth preliminary
objection and consequently refuse to allow Nicaragua’s claim to advance
to the merits phase of this case.
(Signed) Dalveer Bhandari.
9 Judgment, para. 111 (1) (b).
droits souverains et espaces maritimes (décl. bhandari) 73
74
les Parties au moment où la requête a été déposée. C’est pourquoi elle
porte non pas sur la source de la demande du Nicaragua, mais sur le
comportement des Parties avant le dépôt de la requête, l’objectif étant de
déterminer si un tel comportement peut constituer un « différend » au sens
de l’article 38 du Statut de la Cour. Après avoir procédé à cet examen, la
majorité déclare — à raison, selon moi, comme en témoigne mon vote sur
ce point 9 — qu’il existait bien un « différend » entre les Parties au sens de
l’article 38 du Statut, et que la deuxième exception préliminaire de la
Colombie doit donc être rejetée.
13. Puisque l’analyse conduisant à la conclusion énoncée au paragraphe
79 de l’arrêt, au sujet de la deuxième exception préliminaire de la
Colombie, portait sur une question juridique distincte et concernait essentiellement
le comportement des Parties entre le prononcé de l’arrêt
de 2012 et le dépôt de la requête du Nicaragua, le fait que la majorité
s’appuie sur ce paragraphe pour étayer sa conclusion relative à la cinquième
exception préliminaire me semble, pour le moins, peu convaincant.
De fait, si tant est que cette partie de l’arrêt concerne effectivement
la source juridique du différend — le respect des droits que le Nicaragua
détient sur des espaces maritimes en vertu du droit international coutumier
ou l’exécution de l’arrêt de 2012 en soi —, cette question a été traitée
indirectement et au moyen, bien souvent, d’exemples qui contredisent, ou
à tout le moins ne confirment pas, la conclusion à laquelle est parvenue la
majorité quant au caractère véritable du grief du Nicaragua.
14. En outre, malgré tout le respect que j’ai pour eux, j’estime que mes
collègues de la majorité méconnaissent tout simplement, dans leur analyse
de la cinquième exception préliminaire de la Colombie, ce qui ressort
— tant explicitement qu’implicitement — des assertions parfaitement
claires que les deux Parties ont faites de manière répétée, à savoir que le
coeur de la question portée devant la Cour est, à l’évidence, le non-respect
présumé de l’arrêt de 2012 par la Colombie. Ces assertions sont abondamment
étayées par les éléments factuels dont dispose la Cour à ce stade
préliminaire de la procédure.
15. Pour ces raisons, j’aurais retenu la cinquième exception préliminaire
de la Colombie et refusé, par conséquent, de permettre à la demande
du Nicaragua d’être examinée au fond.
(Signé) Dalveer Bhandari.
9 Arrêt, par. 111 1) b).

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Declaration of Judge Bhandari

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