INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
CASE CONCERNING
AERIAL HERBICIDE SPRAYING
ECUADOR
v.
COLOMBIA
REPLY OF ECUADOR
VOLUME II
ANNEXES
31 JANUARY 2011 VOLUME II
ANNEXES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXPERT REPORTS
Annex 1 R. John Hansman, Ph.D. & Carlos F. Mena, Ph.D.,Analysis of Aerial
Eradication Spray Events in the Vicinity of the Border Between Colombia
and Ecuador from 2000 to 2008 (Jan. 2011)
Annex 2 Durham K. Giles, Ph.D.,Spray Drift Modeling of Conditions of
Application for Coca Crops in Colombia(Jan. 2011)
Annex 3 Stephen C. Weller, Ph.D.,Glyphosate-Based Herbicides and Potential
for Damage to Non-Target Plants Under Conditions of Application in
Colombia (Jan. 2011)
Annex 4 Henrik Balslev, Ph.D.,The Vulnerability of the Ecuador-Colombia Border
Region to Ecological Harm(Jan. 2011)
Annex 5 Norman E. Whitten, Jr., Ph.D., Dr. William T. Vickers, Ph.D. & Michael
Cepek, Ph.D.,Tropical Forest Cultural Ecology and Social Adaptation in
the Ecuadorian Border Region with Colombia(Jan. 2011)
Annex 6 CharlesA. Menzie, Ph.D. & Pieter N. Booth, M.S.,Response to:
“Critique of Evaluation of Chemicals Used in Colombia’s Aerial Spraying
Program, and Hazards Presented to People, Plants, Animals and the
Environment in Ecuador,” As Presented in: Counter-Memorial of the
Republic of Colombia, Appendix(Jan. 2011)
Annex 7 Reinhard Joas, Ph.D.,The Development of the 2009 European Union
Pesticides Directive With Particular Focus on Aerial Spraying(Jan. 2011)
Annex 8 Claudia Rojas Quiñonez, Esq.,The Aerial Spray Program and Violations
of Colombia’s Domestic Laws Regarding the Environment and the Rights
of Indigenous Peoples(Jan. 2011) Annex 1
R. John Hansman, Ph.D. & Carlos F. Mena, Ph.D., Analysis of Aerial Eradication Spray Events in
the Vicinity of the Border Between Colombia and Ecuador from 2000 to 2008 (Jan. 2011) Annex 1
Analysis of Aerial Eradication Spray Events in the
Vicinity of the Border Between Colombia and
Ecuador from 2000 to 2008
January 2011
R. John Hansman
Carlos F. Mena
Annex 1 Annex 1
Table of Contents
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ
ͳǤ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ
ʹǤ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵
ʹǤͳ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵
ʹǤʹ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ʹǤʹǤͳ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ʹǤʹǤʹ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ʹǤʹǤ͵ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ’
͵Ǥ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ
͵Ǥͳ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳ
͵ǤͳǤͳ ͳ’ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳ
͵ǤͳǤʹ ʹǤ͵Ǥ’ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹ
͵ǤͳǤ͵ ͳ’
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵
͵ǤͳǤͶ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͵
͵Ǥʹ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶ
͵ǤʹǤͳ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶ
͵ǤʹǤʹ ͳ’’ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶ
ͶǤ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ
ͶǤͳ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͺǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ͶǤʹ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ’
ͶǤ͵ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͳ
ͶǤͶ
ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ
ͶǤͷ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͵
ͶǤ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͶ
ͶǤǤͳ Ǧͺ’ʹǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷǤǤǤǤǤʹǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ͶǤǤʹ ǦͷǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ
ͶǤǤ͵ Ǧͳ’ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
ͶǤ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͺ
Annex 1
ͶǤͺ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͻ
ͶǤͻ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵’
ͷǤ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵’
Ǥ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ʹ
Ǥ ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵͵
Annex 1
Executive Summary
Flight track data which documented 114,525 aerial eradication spray events
conducted by Colombia within 10 kilometers of the border between Colombia and
Ecuador from 2000 to 2008 were analyzed to determine compliance with territorial
and operational restrictions identified in Colombia’s Environmental Management ▯
Plan and in other limitations imposed at various times by the Colombian
government. Numerous, and in some cases pervasive, exceedances of terri▯torial
and operational criteria were observed in the data.
There were 114,525 documented spray events within 10 km of the
Ecuadorian border which sprayed an estimated 326,658 gallons (1,236,535 liters)
of herbicide. A minimum of 25,050 spray events were observed within 2.7 km of
Ecuadorian territory. During periods in which Colombia voluntarily susp▯ended
eradication within 10 km of the Ecuadorian border, 6,046 spray events we▯re
recorded. There were 1,078 spray events documented within 2 km of Ecuado ▯ r’s
National Parks or Indigenous Reserves and numerous spray events were obs▯erved
within 2 km of communities in both Colombia and Ecuador.
The operational parameters established by Colombia to control spray drift
were routinely violated. Of the spray events for which data was recorded 96%
(89,124 of 92,643 spray events) were flown higher than the 25 meter max ▯ imum
ceiling referred to in Colombia’s submission to the Inter-American Commission on
Human Rights. In addition, 17% (16,143) were higher than the 50 ft meter altitude
ceiling referred to in the Counter-Memorial. These are conservative figures for the
2000 to 2008 period because the altitude data for two years (2001 and 2▯004) was
not included as it could not be accurately analyzed due to lack of ident▯ification of
altitude units (feet vs. meters) in the data set. Of the spray events for which data
was recorded 69% (75,841 of 110,418 spray events) were flown faster than the
165 mph (265 km/hr) “maximum operational speed” and 10% (11,113) ▯ exceeded
the 333 km/hr “worst case scenario” referenced in the Counter-Memorial. The 140
mph (225 km/hr) maximum speed reported by Colombia to the Inter-Americ▯an
Commission on Human Rights was exceeded in 98% (108,563) of the spray
events. With respect to application rate, at least 27,429 documented spray events ▯
exceeded the 23.65 liters per hectare maximum application rate established by
Colombia’s Environmental Management Plan. With respect to the time of day, a
total of 24,540 spray events were recorded within 10 km of the Ecuador b▯order
during night time hours (8 pm to 4 am) when temperature inversions are most likely
to occur. The data indicate that the AT-802 aircraft referenced in the ▯Counter-
Memorial was only used in 35% (38,142 of 110,418) of the spray events and 2
other aircraft types, the T-65 and OV-10 were used for a majority of the▯ spray
events. The OV-10 was designed as a military observation aircraft and it is
unusual for it to be used in for aerial application of herbicides.
Complete analysis of the spray events database was not possible because ▯
some information, such of the calendar day of the flight, was missing, and in other
cases, other information, such as the application rate of the spray released, was
ͳAnnex 1
not recorded. If this information was missing from the data available to Colombia,
then Colombia would not have been able to determine its compliance with relevant
operational parameters.
In addition to the parameters described above, meteorological factors also
affect spray drift. The data set analyzed for this report did not contain informat▯ion
concerning wind speed, temperature, humidity or other meteorological par▯ameters.
Therefore, based on the data available, it was not possible to determine
compliance with these parameters. Nor is it clear whether Colombia had a
mechanism in place to verify compliance.
1. Introduction
This report presents an analysis of data regarding aerial eradication spray
events conducted by Colombia within 10 km of the border between Colombia and
Ecuador from 2000 to 2008. The analysis was conducted to determine the extent
to which the spray operations respected territorial and operational limits defined in
the Colombian Environmental Management Plan (EMP) (Republic of Colombia,
2003) and other statements made by the Government of Colombia.
The basis of the analysis are records provided by the U.S. Department of▯
State which document coca eradication spray events during the period by T-65,
AT-802, and OV-10 aircraft. The entire dataset comprises 245,977 spray lines
within approximately 20 kilometers of the Ecuador-Colombia border. However, the
analysis in this report focuses primarily on 114,525 spray events conducted within
10 kilometers of the border. The spray events were analyzed in terms of ▯their
proximity to the Ecuadorian border and other geographical features as well as
other flight parameters such as altitude and airspeed which influence the drift and
dispersion of the chemical herbicide. These parameters were compared with the
requirements of EMP and other relevant statements by Colombia.
The data set analyzed in this report was provided to us by counsel to th▯e
Government of Ecuador, which obtained the data from the United States
Department of State on November 13, 2009 as a result of a request under the
United States Freedom of Information Act (FOIA). Counsel subsequently▯ received
a description of the units associated with the data from the Department of State on
March 12, 2010. The 20 kilometer extent of the dataset is an artifact of the request
for data within that geographical area. Colombia’s aerial spraying operations
extend beyond the dataset analyzed for this report (e.g. UNODC, 2005).
Nevertheless, this report focuses on spray events within 10 kilometers o▯f the
international border, because these flights are most relevant to the occu▯ rrence of
spray drift into Ecuador.
ʹ Annex 1
2. Methodology
2.1 Description of Spray Data
The data analyzed for this report was automatically collected by onboard
computer systems in the spray aircraft. As explained by the U.S. Department of
State:
Onboard computer and digital global positioning systems (D/GPS)-driven▯
equipment (SATLOC and Del Norte) automatically record each aircraft’s actual
flight parameters, including differential-GPS track, airspeed, altitude ▯(mean sea
level), application rate, and precise geographic location (longitude and latitude
coordinates) at the time of aspersion. This allows precise evaluation of each
spray event in order to ensure that spraying is conducted within proper ▯target
areas and within specified parameters. As part of the end-of-mission ch▯eck, the
mission planner and pilots review the spray logs for any inconsistencies▯ in the
recorded spray data. (U.S. Department of State, 2002)
Differential-GPS is a higher precision GPS system where small errors such as the
ionospheric propagation and satellite clock errors are corrected through reference
stations at known positions. The accuracy will depend on the specific reference
stations (which were not documented in the data) but differential-GPS normally
have accuracies 5 meters or better (Misra & Enge 2001). In addition to the
differential-GPS data the SATLOC and Del Norte systems also receive data from
sensors installed on the spray system to monitor spray rates and valve positions.
(Hemisphere GPS 2010).
For each of the 245,977 spray events in the data provided by the U.S.
Department of State there is a “spray line” in a standard Geographical Information
System (GIS) format (Shapefile 1). Spray lines represent aircraft ground tracks
when chemicals were being sprayed. Typical examples of spray lines are shown in
Figure 1.
ͳ
ȋǡǡȌǤ
͵Annex 1
Figure 1: Examples of Spray Lines Recorded by the GPS Systems.
The data also included linked files of spray event attributes which were
correlated to each spray line. The variables in the attribute files varied slightly
between years presumably due to changes in the data acquisition system o▯r
reporting procedure. The set of attributes and the years they were available are
shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Variables Contained in the U.S. Department of State Files
Variable Description Units Year
FID_ ArcGIS internal ID 2000-2009
SEG Event number 2002-2009
FILE_NAME Binary log filename 2002-2009
LINE_ID Line ID and Job ID 2002-2009
TIME_ Time of the spray event 2002-2009
LINE Target line for spraying 2002-2009
START_TIME Start time of the spray event 2002-2009
Latitude.
LATITUDE The exact location within the line (initDegrees 2002-2009
point, center, or final point) is unknown
Longitude
LONGITUDE The exact location within the line (initialrees 2002-2009
point, center, or final point) is unknown
In feet (2000, 2002-
ALTITUDE Altitude (mean sea level) of the event 2003) and in meters 2000-2009
(2005-2009).
Ͷ Annex 1
Mixed units in 2001
and 2004
XTRACK Deviation from planned flight path Feet 2000-2001
MPH Ground speed Miles per hour 2000-2001
HEADING Aircraft Flight direction Degrees 2000-2001
S Spray Valve Position (0-shut, 1,2,3-open) 2000-2001
SPRAY_RATE Chemical application rate Gallons per minute 2000-2001
GPS Dilution of Precision which relates to
DOP the geometry of the GPS satellites. Lower 2000-2001
values <2 indicate good geometry and
measurements are considered accurate
Number of satellites being tracked by the
SV 2000-2001
GPS receiver
Number of GPS satellites used to calculate
USED the position 2000-2001
FLT_TIME Length of time of spray event Seconds 2002-2009
Differential correction age: time used by
DF the GPS receiver to differentially corrSeconds 2000-2001
the GPS position.
Feet (2002-2003)
FLT_LENGTH Spray event length Meters (2005-2009) 2002-2009
STNID Station ID used for differential correction 2000-2001
Feet (2003)
OTE Deviation from planned flight path Mixed units (2004) 2003-2009
Meters (2005-2009)
ASCIINAME Binary log filename 2000-2001
SPEED Ground speed Miles per hour 2002-2009
Gallons/Acre (2002-
2003); Mixed units
VOLUME Chemical application rate (2004); 2002-2009
Gallons/hectare
(2005-2009)
Acres (2002-2003)
Mixed units (2004)
AREA Calculated area for each spray event Hectares (2005- 2002-2009
2009)
LOG Binary log filename 2000-2009
MISSION T crrpet 2000-2001
LENGTH Spray line length Meters 2000-2009
MONTH_ Month of the spray event 2000-2009
SWATH Half of the effective swath width Feet 2000-2009
AIRCRAFT Airtcyaft 2000-2009
SOURCETHM Intermediate merge (in a GIS) filename 2000-2001
A_C_CROP Aircraft type and targeted crop 2000-2001
CROP Target Crop: Coca 2000-2009
GROUP_ Assigned names of squadrons 2009
ͷAnnex 1
A sample extract of the spray data from 2001 is depicted in Figure 2. It is
notable that the MONTH and the precise TIME of each spray event were included
in data but the date of the spray event was not. It is not clear why this data was ▯
omitted from the files as date is a basic parameter in the GPS system and is
normally included in data logs.
Figure 2: Excerpt of Spray Data From 2001.
In some cases the SPRAY_RATE or spray VOLUME data appeared to be
missing. This was particularly significant in the 2000 data when 26% (1487 of
5,770) of the spray events indicated zero SPRAY_RATE and the 2002 data where
27% (17,703 of 66,107) of the spray events indicated zero VOLUME. In the 2001
data 47% (12,090 of the 25,742) of the spray events had only GPS derived data
(ALTITUDE, HEADING, satellite data, etc, as well as the GIS spray track). This
indicates that the module with flow sensors was not functioning or not connected
for these flights. As a consequence, as show in Figure 2, there was no
SPRAY_RATE data reported for these events.
In order to determine the validity of the missing spray rate and spray v▯olume
events, the spray valve position was evaluated in the 2000 and 2001 data. In all
cases where spray reporting system was operational, the spray valve was open
indicating that the lack of spray rate and spray volume was due to a failure o▯ f the
spray rate sensors or a failure to include the data. As a consequence t▯hese spray
tracks were assumed to be valid. Spray valve data was not reported afte▯r 2001 but
based on the 2000 and 2001 data it was assumed that all spray tracks were valid
in subsequent years.
The position data was provided as latitude and longitude in standard GPS
World Geographic Coordinate System (WGS) by the U.S. Department of Sta▯te.
The ALTITUDE data was referenced to altitude above Mean Sea Level (MSL) and
was provided in either feet or meters. Normally the units for ALTITUDE were
consistent through a particular year but in some years (2001 and 2004) the units
were mixed. Because the altitude units in the 2001 and 2004 data could not be
definitively determined, the altitude values for these years, a total of▯ 21,452 spray
events, were not included in the altitude analysis. Thus, the number of▯ violations of
altitude criteria presented in this report are an underestimate of the total number of
altitude violations from 2000 to 2008.
Annex 1
The spray AREA was also in mixed units either acres or hectares 2004;
similarly the VOLUME was in either gallons per acre or gallons per hectare in
2004. The units appeared to be consistent within a single flight record so it was
possible to calculate the quantity of herbicide sprayed by multiplying the AREA by
the VOLUME and the ambiguous units would cancel. However, for analysis ▯of
compliance with application rate criteria, the 2004 data could not be used due to
the unit ambiguity and was not included in the analysis. Thus, the numbe▯r of
violations of maximum application rate presented in this report are an
underestimate of the total number of violations.
2.2 Data Analysis Methods
2.2.1 SprayLinePosition
The analysis of spray line positions were conducted in a Universal
Transversal Mercator (UTM), WGS84 projection to allow comparison with ▯
topographic maps. The spray lines were re-projected from geographical
coordinates to UTM to make them compatible. The position data was known to be
logged with differential GPS and are assumed to have an error significantly less
than 10 meters (Misra & Enge 2001). Topographic maps of 1:50,000 and 1 ▯ :25,000
were used to define the ground reference. Topographic maps with a 1:50,000
scale can have a positional error of 0 to 10 meters and topographic maps with a
1:25,000 scale can have 0 to 5 meters of positional error. Based on topographic
map reference, the location of the Ecuador-Colombia border was determined to
better than 10 meter accuracy which is consistent with the 10 meter or better
accuracy of the differential GPS used to determine the spray line positions.
2.2.2 Altitude of Spray Aircraft
Because the ALTITUDE parameter was provided as height above Mean Sea
Level (MSL) the terrain elevation was subtracted from the ALTITUDE parameter to
provide aircraft elevation above the terrain or height Above Ground Leve▯l (AGL) as
can be seen in Figure 3a.
Annex 1
Figure 3a : Determination of Altitude Above Ground Level (AGL) From Altitude
Above Mean Sea Level (MSL).
Figure 3b: Increase in SRTM Digital Elevation Model “Apparent” Altitude of Terrain
in Forested Regions.
ͺ Annex 1
The terrain elevation was provided by a Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
ʹ
generated by the NASA/NGA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). This
was necessary due to the lack of high quality topographic maps of Colombia with
adequate terrain elevation resolution. The SRTM data has known offset errors
produced by the intrinsic characteristic of the measurement system, atmospheric
conditions, and characteristics of the land surface. In order to compen▯sate for
these bias errors the SRTM elevation data was corrected by a regression analysis
͵
of 97 unforested reference points on the Ecuadorian side of the border.
It is important to note that the SRTM system works from radar reflections off
of the highest reflective objects within the measurement area. In regions where
there is bare ground, the SRTM data will give an accurate measurement of terrain
elevation because the radar will reflect off of the solid ground, as shown in Figure
3b. However, in forested regions, the SRTM does not measure the “bare earth”
surface elevation, but rather the elevation of various scatterers (leav▯es and
branches). Therefore, the SRTM based DEM represents neither the “bare earth”
surface nor the tree canopy surface, but some elevation between (Hofton,
Dubayah et al. 2006; Bourgine & Baghdadi 2005) and will tend to overestimate
apparent terrain elevation in forested regions.
For the purpose of the aircraft altitude analysis the SRTM based DEM was▯
used. The altitudes AGL were determined by subtracting the SRTM correctedEM
elevation from the reported ALTITIDE. Using the SRTM data is conservativ ▯ e in
that it will tend to provide a low estimate of AGL altitude in forested regions since
the apparent elevation in the SRTM data will be higher than the actual t▯errain
elevation. As a consequence the apparent altitude AGL of the aircraft will tend to
be lower than the actual altitude AGL and the analysis will tend to under report
exceedences of altitude limits.
The SRTM DEM elevation data was applied to the centroid of the line
representing the flight path of the spray aircraft. This SRTM DEM elevation at the
centroid of the flight path is the SRTM value used in the regression
uncorrected
equation.
To determine how conservative the SRTM based analysis is in forested
regions, the height of the apparent ground level (the difference betwee▯n tree
canopy height and the vertical penetration of the SRTM signal into the tree canopy)
was estimated:
ʹȋ
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ͻAnnex 1
x The canopy height of the rainforest in the Ecuador-Colombia border region
is in the range of 30 to 35 meters. Emergent trees may extend even highe ▯ r,
reaching 50 or even 65 meters above ground (Balslev, 2010). For the
purposes of this calculation, we assumed a more conservative tree canopy▯
height of 25.91 meters, based on the Hewitt et al. (2009) study.
x The vertical penetration of the SRTM signal into the tree canopy has been ▯
measured by two studies of similar tropical forest ecosystems. Bourgine &
Baghdadi (2005) used airborne laser altimeter data as a reference and ▯
estimated vertical penetration of SRTM wavelengths 8.5 m into a tropical▯
forest in French Guinea. Hofton, Dubayah et al. (2006) used a Laser
Vegetation Imaging Sensor (LVIS) as a reference and estimated vertical
penetration of SRTM wavelengths 8.03 meters into a tropical forest in Costa
Rica. An intermediate value of (8.25) was used for this estimate.
Thus, the estimated height of the apparent ground in forested regions, w▯hich
is the difference between the tree canopy height and the vertical penetr▯ation of the
SRTM satellite into the tree canopy, is 17.66 meters (25.91 meters - 8.25 meters).
Therefore, the actual altitude AGL is likely to be at least 17.66 meters▯ higher in
forested regions than the AGL altitudes based on the SRTM DEM data.
Because it was not possible to accurately identify all data points which
corresponded to forested regions, this correction was not made in the al▯titude of
spray aircraft analysis presented in this report. Therefore, the data will tend to
underestimate the number of spray events at altitudes above a specific t▯hreshold.
2.2.3 Volume of Herbicide Sprayed
The quantity of herbicide sprayed was determined from the available
attribute field data. For 2000 the SPRAY_RATE was multiplied by the LEN▯GTH
divided by the MPH with appropriate unit corrections. For 2003-2009 the VOLUME
was multiplied by the AREA. For 2001 and 2002 when specific spray data was not
reported, spray quantity was estimated as 2.855 gal/track which was the a ▯ verage
quantity per track from the years when spray data was available.
ͳ’ Annex 1
3. Analysis of Spray Event Locations
3.1 Analysis of Spray Events With Respect to the International Border
3.1.1 10 Kilometer Analysis
The location of spray events in the data can be seen in Figure 4 which
depicts the spray tracks as well as a line drawn 10 kilometers from the Ecuadorian
border. Spraying began within 10 kilometers of Ecuador’s Sucumbíos province in
January 2000 and within 10 kilometers of Ecuador’s Esmeraldas province in
September 2000. A high concentration of spray events can be seen adjace▯nt to
Ecuador’s Esmeraldas and Sucumbíos Provinces. A total of 114,525 spray tracks
were documented within 10 kilometers of the border. The data indicates a total of
326,658 gallons (1,236,535 liters) of chemical herbicide were disperse▯d within 10
kilometers of the border. A breakdown of the volume of chemicals sprayed per
year is shown in Table 2.
Figure 4: Map of Spray Events Within 10 km of the Ecuadorian Border.
ͳͳAnnex 1
Table 2: Number of Tracks and Volume of Chemical Sprayed Within 10 Kilometers
of the Ecuadorian Border
▯ ▯
YEARS # OF GALLONS LITERS
TRACKS SPRAYED SPRAYED
2000 4,838 14,208 53,783
2001 13,366 38,160 144,451
2002 38,922 111,122 420,643
2003 7,159 20,688 78,313
2004 8,086 11,799 44,664
2005 13,608 33,632 127,311
2006 17,532 56,483 213,811
2007 10,925 40,249 152,359
2008 89 317 1,200
TOTAL 114,525 326,658 1,236,535
▯
3.1.2 2.7 to 3.0 Kilometer Safety Margin Analysis
In a diplomatic note sent from Colombia to Ecuador in July 2001, Colombia
stated that “in the particular case of the border with Ecuador, the safety margin of
2.7 to 3.0 kilometers is believed to be enough.” (Republic of Colombia, 2001a).
The spray event data were analyzed to determine the extent to which
Colombia sprayed within 2.7 kilometers of the Ecuadorian border. A total of 25,050
spray events took place within 2.7 km of the Ecuadorian border and 29,057 events
within 3.0 km of Ecuadorian border between 2000 and 2008.
ͳʹ Annex 1
3.1.3 Analysis of Spraying Within 10 Kilometers of the Ecuadorian Border During
Suspensions
A report by the Anti-Narcotics Direction of the Colombian National Police
states that Colombia suspended aerial spraying operations within 10 kilometers of
the international border during several periods since 2005. In the Colombian
province of Nariño (adjacent to the Ecuadorian province of Esmeraldas), Colomb▯ia
describes two suspensions: from December 27, 2005 to December 17, 2006; and
from January 15, 2007 to the present. In the Colombian province of Putumayo
(adjacent to the Ecuadorian province of Sucumbíos), Colombia describes three
suspensions: from January 1, 2005 to September 24, 2005; from December 11,
2005 to December 11, 2006; and from January 22, 2007 to the present. (R▯epublic
of Colombia, 2010).
Our analysis of the spray event database determined that in Nariño
province, during the voluntary suspension that started on January 15, 2007, at
least 5,287 spray events occurred within 10 km of the Ecuadorian border. Those
spray events released 20,630 gallons (78,093 liters) of herbicide. In total, at least
6,046 spray events were conducted within 10 kilometers of 4cuador’s border
during the five voluntary suspensions by Colombia.
3.1.4 Spray Events Conducted Over Ecuadorian Territory
Our analysis of the flight path data indicates that there were at least 4 spray events
conducted over Ecuadorian territory in the Esmeraldas Province near the
community of Corriente Larga, one in March 2003 and three in April 2004. 5
Ͷ
ǡ
Ǥ ǡÓ
ͳͷǡʹ’’
ʹ’’
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ͳͷǡʹ’’
͵ͳǡ
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Ǥ ǡ
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Ǥ
ͷ
ǣ͵ʹǡ͵͵ǡͶ͵ȋʹ’’ͶȌǡͶʹȋʹ’’͵Ȍ
ͳ͵Annex 1
3.2 Analysis of Compliance With Buffer Zones Required By the Colombian
Government
3.2.1 Buffer Zones to Protect Human Habitations and National Parks
Colombia has stated that it would respect buffer zones to protect sensit▯ive
areas such as water bodies, National Parks and human settlements. Aerial
spraying was not permitted within these zones.
In particular, on November 26, 2001, the Colombian Ministry of the
Environment issued a Resolution (Republic of Colombia, 2001b) imposing▯ the
following buffer zones with respect to the following areas:
x 200 m for standing bodies of water;
x 2,000 m for “Sub-highland, headwaters and aquifer recharge areas”;
x 2,000 m for National Parks;
x 2,000 m for human settlements; and
x 1,600 m for “productive projects, pact areas”.
Analysis of the dataset indicates numerous spray events occurred within
2,000 meters of Ecuadorian human settlements.
For example, between 2000 and 2008, a total of 719 spray events were
conducted within 2,000 meters of the community of Mataje in the Esmeraldas
province of Ecuador. During the same time period, a total of 174 spray events
occurred within 2,000 meters of the community of Puerto Mestanza in Ecuad ▯ or’s
Sucumbíos province.
Spray events were also documented within 2,000 meters of Ecuador’s
Indigenous Reserves. Between 2000 and 2008, 57 spray events were
documented within 2,000 meters of Ecuador’s Awá Indigenous and For▯est
Reserve. During that same time period, 10,913 spray events were documented
within 10 kilometers of the Reserve. In addition, 1,021 spray events wer▯e
documented within 2,000 meters of Ecuador’s Cofán-Bermejo Ecological Reserve,
and 12,398 were documented within 10 kilometers of the Reserve.
3.2.2 Analysis of 100 Meter Buffer Zones
In the Counter-Memorial, Colombia refers to a buffer zone of 100 meters
around certain sensitive areas. This 100 meter buffer zone protects “bodies of
water or watercourses, main roads, human or animal nuclei, or any other ▯area that
requires special protection.” (Republic of Colombia, 1991).
We used satellite imagery from the IKONOS satellite system to evaluate
compliance with this 100 meter buffer zone in Colombia. The analysis reveals
numerous spray events within 100 meters of bodies of water, human settlements
ͳͶ Annex 1
and individual houses. Several examples of these violations are shown in Figures
5 and 6.
Figure 5: Spray Events in August 2002 Over River and Houses.
ͳͷAnnex 1
Figure 6: Spray Events in 2006 Over River and Houses.
ͳ Annex 1
4. Analysis of Compliance with Operational Parameters
On September 30, 2003, Colombia’s Ministry of Environment approved an▯
Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for its aerial spraying program. Among
other things, the EMP contains “Operational Parameters” for flying altitude,
application rate of the herbicide, droplet size, maximum ambient temperature, and
maximum wind velocity. (Republic of Colombia, 2003). Colombia’s Counter-
Memorial states:
spray drift depends essentially on wind speed and direction, as well as o▯ n a
number of other atmospheric factors including temperature, relative humidity
and atmospheric stability. It is also dependent on the altitude at which
spraying takes place and the air speed of the spraying aircraft, as well▯ as
the calibration of the spraying equipment, the density of the spray mix and
the initial size of the spray droplets. The PECIG’s Environmental
Management Plan has taken into account all these factors and set minimum▯
and maximum figures for the parameters upon which drift is contingent, with
the purpose of reducing it as much as possible. … These parameters are
strictly observed by the personnel involved in spraying operations.
(Colombia Counter-Memorial, para. 7.17).
In addition to the EMP, Colombia has identified mandatory operational
parameters associated with its aerial spraying program in the Counter-Memorial, in
diplomatic correspondence to Ecuador, and in submissions to the Inter-Am▯erican
Commission on Human Rights (IACHR). Colombia’s statements with respect to
certain mandatory operational parameters are summarized in Table 3, and a ▯ re
described in greater detail in the text below.
ͳAnnex 1
Table 3: Colombia’s Statements Regarding Operational Parameters.
Environmental Counter-Memorial Other Colombia
Management Plan Statements
(Republic of Colombia,
2003)
Altitude “The highest application 50 meters (¶ 4.62) 25 meters = maximum
altitude will be 50 meters; height reported to IACHR in
notwithstanding, the 2005 (Republic of
operation will be Colombia, 2005)
conditioned to the height
of the obstacles present in 25 meters = maximum
the target spray zones.” height reported to Ecuador
in diplomatic note in 2004
(Republic of Colombia,
2004)
Speed n/a 165 mph = “maximum 90-140 mph = airplane
operational air speed” speed reported to IACHR in
(¶ 4.62, 7.32) 2005 (Republic of
Colombia, 2005)
333 km/hr (207 mph) =
“worst case scenario”
(¶ 7.25)
Application 10.4 liters / ha of 23.65 liters / ha n/a
Rate glyphosate-based (¶ 4.62, 6.18, 7.32)
formulation (23.65 liters /
ha of total tank mix)
Time of Day n/a Only after sunrise (¶ 7.27) Only during daylight hours
before mid-afternoon
(Solomon et al. 2005)
Type of n/a AT-802 (¶ 4.63) n/a
Aircraft
The discussion that follows evaluates the dataset and where possible,
assesses compliance with the following operational parameters, as presented in
Colombia’s EMP, Counter-Memorial, and in other statements: altitude, speed,
application rate, time of day of spray events, type of aircraft, swath width, track
density and track separation and meteorological conditions.
4.1 Altitude
According to the Colombian EMP, the maximum application altitude is 50
meters, “subject to geographical features or obstacles so as to avoid risks to the
pilots.” (Republic of Colombia, 2003). 6 In addition to the 50 meter limit in the EMP,
Colombia has stated that spraying does not occur above 25 meters of altitude
above ground. In that regard, in April 2004, Colombia stated in a diplomatic note to
Ǥ
ǡ
Ǥ
ͳͺ Annex 1
Ecuador that the “[h]ighest release height” is “25 meters in compliance with
technical parameters.” (Republic of Colombia, 2004). Similarly, in a 2005
submission to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Colombia stated
that the maximum altitude of its spraying operations was “not above 25 meters.”
(Republic of Colombia, 2005).
The altitude of spray events occurring within 10 km of the Ecuadorian border
was analyzed. It was observed that 96% of spray events occurred at alti▯tudes
higher than 25 meters (89,124 out of 92,643 spray events for which data▯ was
recorded). It was further observed that 17% of spray events occurred at▯ altitudes
higher than 50 meters (16,143). Figure 7 presents a map indicating the location of
spray events flown at altitudes higher than these altitude thresholds.
As discussed in Section 2.2.2, the altitude data presented above do not take
into account the effect of the tree canopy height. In densely forested ▯areas, the
actual height of the spray planes is on the order of 17.66 meters higher▯, and thus
the number of exceedances of the 50 m and 25 m altitude parameters would▯ be
greater.
Figure 7: Altitude of Spray Events Conducted Within 10 Kilometers of Ecuador’s ▯
Sucumbíos Province.
ͳͻAnnex 1
4.2 Speed
Colombia in its Counter-Memorial describes 165 miles per hour (265 km/hr)
as the “maximum operational airspeed” and 333 kilometers per hour (207 miles per
hour), as modeled by Hewitt et al. (2009), as the “worst-case scen▯ario”. (Colombia
Counter-Memorial, para. 7.25). In addition, Colombia has reported to the Inter-
American Commission on Human Rights in 2005 that aircraft speed ranged
between 90 and 140 miles per hour (144 to 225 km/hr). (Republic of Co▯lombia,
2005). 7
The airspeed of spray events occurring within 10 km of the Ecuadorian
border was analyzed and the distribution of airspeeds is shown in Figure 8. It was
observed that 98% of spray events occurred at speeds faster than 140 mph
(108,563 of 110,418 recorded spray events). It was further observed that 69% of
spray events occurred at speeds faster than 165 mph (75,841). Finally, it was
observed that 10% of spray events occurred at speeds faster than 333 km/▯h
(11,113). Figure 9 presents a map indicating the location of spray eve ▯ nts flown at
speeds greater than 140 mph, 165 mph and 333 km/hr (207 mph), respecti▯vely.
Figure 8: Distribution of Speed of Spray Events Within 10 km of Ecuadorian Border
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ʹ’ Annex 1
Figure 9: Speed of Spray Events Conducted Within 10 Kilometers of Ecuador’s
Sucumbíos Province.
4.3 Combined Speed and Altitude Analysis
We analyzed the dataset to determine whether the speed and height
operational parameters were exceeded simultaneously. We observed that there
were 12,155 spray events that occurred within 10 kilometers of the Ecuad▯orian
border which were simultaneously flown higher than 50 meters and faster ▯than 165
mph (13% of all spray events with recorded data for both parameters). We further
observed that there were 85,364 spray events that were simultaneously flown
faster than 140 mph and higher than 25 meters (92%).
As discussed further in Section 4.6, the dataset shows that 3 different types
of aircraft have been employed by Colombia. Tables 4 through 6 summariz▯e, by
aircraft type, the height and speed of spray events by cumulative percen▯tile. For
each percentile indicated, the altitude and speed numbers represent the ▯value for
which the indicated percentage of flights are below that value. The 50 thpercentile
represents the median value.
ʹͳAnnex 1
Percentile Altitude Speed Speed
(m) (mph) (km/hr)
50 40.61 172 1750.52
60 42.50 172 2770.77
70 44.72 172 4800.19
80 47.37 172 6830.73
90 51.52 172 9880.88
95 55.24 182 2930.38
99 64.57 183 8030.52
Table 4. Analysis of Operational Parameters for AT-802 Aircraft based on 38,142
spray events with valid speed data and 32,432 spray events with valid altitude data
(invalid altitude data from 2001 and 2004 was not included in the altitude statistics).
Percentile Altitude Speed Speed
(m) (mph) (km/hr)
50 42.56 2073.50.94
60 44.89 2083.90.19
70 47.58 2103.34.51
80 50.66 2123.40.83
90 55.46 2153.60.98
95 59.54 2183.50.64
99 68.39 2253.00.10
Table 5. Analysis of Operational Parameters for OV-10 Aircraft based on 20,251
spray events with valid speed data and 16,269 spray events with valid altitude data
(invalid altitude data from 2001 and 2004 was not included in the altitude statistics).
Percentile Altitude(m) Speed Speed
(mph) (km/hr)
50 39.46 1622.80.00
60 42.24 1662.34.70
70 45.47 1692.50.78
80 49.43 1722.79.08
90 55.88 1772.10.02
95 62.51 1802.64.71
99 83.97 1883.00.56
Table 6. Analysis of Operational Parameters for T-65 Aircraft based on 52,025
spray events with valid speed data and 43,924 spray events with valid altitude data
(invalid altitude data from 2001 and 2004 was not included in the altitude statistics).
ʹʹ Annex 1
4.4 Applicatio Rnate
The EMP establishes a maximum application rate for the glyphosate
formulation of 10.4 liters per hectare, which translates to 23.65 liters per hectare of
the total spray mix. (Republic of Colombia, 2003). Colombia reports that the 23.65
liters per hectare application rate is broken down into 10.4 liters per hectare of
glyphosate formulation, 0.25 liters per hectare of Cosmo-Flux 411 and 13 liters per
hectare of water. (Republic of Colombia, 2010; Republic of Colombia, 2003).
Colombia states in the Counter-Memorial that “[t]he nozzles have an automatic
calibration mechanism that determines the amount of spray mix to be released in
order for the number of liters discharged per hectare to be kept constan▯t at 23.65
liters per hectare.” (Colombia Counter-Memorial, para. 4.62).
Analysis of the dataset determined that 27,429 spray events (31%) within 10
km of the border with Ecuador released more than 23.65 liters per hectare. There
were likely more such spray events because application rate data were missing or
unusable for 26,290 of the flights.
4.5 Time of Day of Spray Events
Colombia states in the Counter-Memorial that “spraying operations take
place after sunrise.” (Colombia Counter-Memorial, para. 7.27). The▯ report by
Solomon et al. (2005) also states that “[s]praying is only conducted in daylight
9
hours before mid-afternoon.” (Solomon et al., 2005).
Figure 10 presents the distribution of spray events by time of day.
Assuming that the data recorded corresponds to local time and not Greenwi▯ ch
Mean Time (GMT), a total of 24,540 spray events were documented betwee▯n
20:00 (8 pm) local time and 04:00 (4 am) local time. This represents 22% of the
spray events conducted within 10 kilometers of Ecuador’s border between 2000
and 2008.
8Application rate influences the amount of chemical that is deposited in the target and non-target
ͻreas.
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ʹ͵Annex 1
If the hours before mid-afternoon are added to the night time total (16:00 –
04:00 or 4 pm – 4 am), a total of 47,262 spray events were documented,
representing 43% of flights.
12000
Daytime (62,419 flights, 57%)
10000 Late Afternoon (22,722 flights, 21%)
Nighttime (24,540 flights, 22%)
8000
Prohibited (Solomon et al., 2005)
Prohibited (Colombia Counter-Memorial)
6000
4000
NUMBER OF SPRAY EVENTS
2000
0
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00 1 2 3 4
TIME OF DAY (Local Time)
Figure 10: Distribution of Time of Day of Spray Events Within 10 km of Ecuadorian▯
Border.
4.6 Type of Aircraft
In the Counter-Memorial, Colombia states that “[t]he aircraft used for
spraying operations are AT-802 planes manufactured by Air Tractor; they ▯are
specially designed to operate with precision during those tasks and poss▯ess a
system of tank, nozzles and pumps similar to those used for the spraying of crops
in other parts of the world.” (Colombia Counter-Memorial, para. 4.63).
The data indicate that the AT-802 was only used in 35% of the spray events.
Two other aircraft types, the T-65 and OV-10, were used for a majority of the spray
events.
ʹͶ Annex 1
4.6.1 AT-802
The AT-802 is an aircraft specially designed for aerial application. It▯ is a
single engine, low wing turboprop with a wing span of 17.68 meters, a maximum
2
take off weight of 6,804 kg and a maximum wing loading of 190.48 kg/m (Jane’s
All the Worlds Aircraft, 2008-2009, pp. 900-901). An example of an AT-▯802 is
shown in Figure 11.
Figure 11: Example of AT-802 Aircraft. (Source: Pablo Andrés Ortega Ch. -
Aviacol.net, published with permission)
ʹͷAnnex 1
4.6.2 T-65
The S2RGH T-65 is designed for aerial application. It is a single engine, low
wing turboprop with a wing span of 14.48 meters, a typical maximum operating
2
weight of 4,400 kg and a maximum wing loading of 135.3 kg/m . (Jane’s All the
Worlds Aircraft 1992-1993, pp. 326). An example of a T-65 is shown in Figure 12.
Figure 12: Example of T-65 Aircraft. (Source:
http://www.governmentauctions.org/labels/Thrush%20S2R-T65.asp)
ʹ Annex 1
4.6.3 OV-10
The OV-10 was designed as a military observation aircraft and it is unusu ▯ al
for it to be used in aerial application. It is a high wing design with 2 turboprops. It
has a wing span of 12.19 meters, a normal maximum takeoff weight of 4,49▯4 kg,
an ov2rloaded takeoff weight of 6,552 kg and a maximum wing loading of 242.4
kg/m . (Jane’s All the Worlds Aircraft 1978-1979, pp.421-422). An example of an
OV-10 aircraft is shown in Figure 13.
Figure 13: Example of OV-10 Aircraft. (Source: Andres Luna, 2008, EL OV-10
BRONCO EN LA FUERZA AÉREA COLOMBIANA, http://www.unffmm.com)
As can been seen in the distribution of observed airspeeds by aircraft type
in Figure 14, the OV-10 was operated at a significantly higher airspeed than the
other aircraft types. As noted above, the high speed results in smaller droplets in
the spray which will drift further. The reason that the OV-10 is not able to operate
at slower airspeeds is due to a combination of its higher wing loading (which
requires it to fly faster in order to carry the same weight) and the tw▯in engine
design. If an engine fails, the asymmetric thrust makes the aircraft difficult to
control and below the minimum single engine control speed it is not enough control
authority to maintain directional control. Due to its powerful engines,▯ the OV-10
has a history of numerous loss of control accidents of this type. Therefore, it is
dangerous to fly the OV-10 too slowly at relatively low altitudes.
ʹAnnex 1
Figure 14: Distribution of Speed of Spray Events Within 10 km of Ecuadorian
Border with Spray Aircraft Type Indicated.
4.7 Swat Whidth
Swath width is the linear extent of the spray coverage pattern perpendicular
to the line of flight of the aircraft. In aerial spraying applications, the spray
disperses outward beyond the width of the actual spray boom. Therefore, the
separation between parallel flight lines is greater than the width of the spray boom.
The SWATH records in the data set represent half of the effective swath
width in feet. The SWATH values were the same for all records for each plane
type. For the AT-802 and the OV-10 the SWATH value was 85 ft indicating a
swath width of 170 feet (51.82 meters). For T-65 aircraft the SWATH value was 50
indicating a swath width of 100 feet (30.48 meters).
ʹͺ Annex 1
4.8 Track Separation and Track Density
To evaluate the typical track separation a sample of tracks for each of the 3
aircraft types were analyzed in detail. It was found that for adjacent spray tracks
the inter track separation for each aircraft type was generally similar to the value of
the swath width. This is consistent with a spray pattern generated to provide full
coverage of a target area which is wider than a single swath width.
An example of the density of spray events conducted during a single month
is shown in Figure 15.
Figure 15: Example of Track Density – September 2002.
ʹͻAnnex 1
4.9 MeteorologicC alonditions
Colombia’s EMP states that the “maximum outside temperature during
application” is 35 degrees Celsius and the “maximum wind velocity” is 5 knots ▯
(9.26 km/hr or 2.57 meters/sec) (Republic of Colombia, 2003).
The data set analyzed for this report did not contain information concerning
wind speed, temperature, humidity or other meteorological parameters. Therefore,
based on the data available to us, it is not possible to determine compliance with
the parameters in Colombia’s EMP.
5. Conclusion
The analysis of flight track data demonstrated numerous violations of
territorial and operational criteria established by Colombia. There were 114,525
events within 10 km of the Ecuadorian border which sprayed an estimated 326,658
gallons (1,236,535 liters) of herbicide. A minimum of 25,050 spray ev▯ents were
observed within 2.7 km of the Ecuadorian border. During periods of voluntary
suspension of eradication within 10 km of the Ecuadorian border 6,046 sp▯ray
events were recorded. There were 1,078 spray events within 2 km of National
Parks or Indigenous Regions and numerous spray events were observed within 2
km of communities in both Colombia and Ecuador.
The operational parameters established by Colombia were routinely
violated. The 25 ft altitude ceiling was exceeded in 96% of the spray ev▯ents
(89,124 violations) and the 50 ft altitude ceiling was exceeded in 17%▯ of the events
(16,143 violations). The 165 mph “maximum operational speed” was exceeded in
69% (75,841 violations) and the 333 km/hr “worst case scenario” ▯was exceeded in
10% of the spray events (11,113 violations). The 140 mph speed was exceeded in
98% of the spray events (108,563 violations). The database also demons ▯ trates
violations of parameters established for the application rate of the herbicide and
time of day of spray missions. Three types of spray aircraft were used,▯ including
the OV-10, which was designed as a military observation aircraft and is unusual to
be used in aerial application of herbicides.
Complete analysis of the spray events database was not possible because ▯
some information was missing or not recorded. In particular, the data set analyzed
did not contain any information regarding meteorological parameters. If this
information was missing from the data available to Colombia, then Colombia would
not have been able to determine its compliance with relevant operational
parameters.
* * *
This report is accompanied by two companion reports. The first, “Spray Drift
Modeling of Conditions of Application for Coca Crops in Colombia,” by Dr. Durham
͵’ Annex 1
K. Giles, is a drift modeling analysis that uses the flight path data analyzed in this
report as inputs. Dr. Giles demonstrates that the drift modeling study by Hewitt et
al. (2009) significantly underestimated the amount of spray drift from Colombia’s
aerial spraying program because it assumed compliance with operational
parameters such as aircraft height and speed which were routinely violated, as
discussed in this report. Dr. Giles models scenarios using recorded flight data and
determines that off-target drift and the resultant deposition of herbicide is
significantly greater than the Hewitt et al. (2009) study predicted at distances of at
least 10 kilometers from the application site. The second report, “G▯lyphosate-
Based Herbicides and Potential for Damage to Non-Target Plants Under
Conditions of Application in Colombia,” by Dr. Stephen Weller, discusses the
effects of glyphosate-based herbicides on non-target plants, applying a ▯dose-
response analysis based on the Giles drift modeling results. Dr. Weller concludes
that a range of drift modeling scenarios consistent with Dr. Giles’ analysis result in
plant injury at distances up to at least 10 kilometers from the application site. In
summary, the Giles and Weller reports demonstrate that Colombia’s aer▯ial
spraying program is expected to cause adverse impacts in Ecuador as a result of
spray drift.
͵ͳAnnex 1
6. About the Authors
R. John Hansman
R. John Hansman is a Professor of Aeronautics & Astronautics at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he is the Director of the MIT
International Center for Air Transportation. Dr Hansman received an
interdisciplinary Ph.D. (Physics, Aeronautics & Astronautics, Meteorolo▯gy,
Electrical Engineering) from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (“MIT”),
and an A.B. in Physics from Cornell University. Professor Hansman teaches in
the fields of aircraft design, flight testing, navigation and instrumentation systems,
human factors, airline management and air traffic control. He conducts re▯ search
in the application of information technology in operational aerospace systems.
Dr. Hansman holds 6 patents and has authored over 250 technical publicat▯ions.
Professor Hansman is a pilot with commercial, multi-engine, glider
airplane, helicopter, instrument, LR-JET and flight instructor ratings. ▯ He has over
5300 hours of pilot in-command time in airplanes, helicopters and sailplanes
including meteorological, production and engineering flight test experie▯nce.
Professor Hansman chairs the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration Research &
Development Advisory Committee (REDAC) and is a member of the NASA
Aeronautics Advisory Committee. He is a Fellow of the AIAA and has received
numerous awards including the AIAA Dryden Lectureship in Aeronautics
Research, the ATCA Kriske Air Traffic Award, a Laurel from Aviation Week &
Space Technology, and the FAA Excellence in Aviation Award.
Carlos F. Mena
Carlos F. Mena is Professor of Geography and Ecology in the School of
Life and Environmental Sciences at Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ),
where is also Co-Director of the Galapagos Science Center. Dr. Mena received a
Ph.D. in Geography from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC), a
M.Sc. in Environmental Studies from Florida International University and
Geographical and Environmental Engineering from Escuela Politécnica d▯el
Ejercito, Ecuador. Dr. Mena specializes in geographic information system▯s,
remote sensing, spatial analysis, population geography, tropical and political
ecology and population and environment interactions.
Dr. Mena is also Adjunct Professor in the UNC Department of Geography,
Member, Steering Committee of the International Geographic Union, Land Use
and Land Cover Commission, and Member of the Editorial Board of Populati▯on
and Environment. Dr. Mena has received many awards including the Earth
Systems Science Fellowship from the National Aeronautics Space Administr▯ation
(NASA), Traineeship from the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) Fogarty
International Center, the Anne U. White Grant from the Association of American
Geographers, and the Future Faculty Fellowship from UNC Center for Teaching
͵ʹ Annex 1
and Learning. Dr. Mena research projects and publications focuses in the
analysis of relationships between people and environment in the Andean-
Amazon Region and the Galapagos islands using geospatial technologies and
social survey.
7. References
Balslev, H. 2011. The Vulnerability of the Ecuador-Colombia Border Region to
Ecological Harm. Ecuador Reply, Annex 4.
Bourgine, B. and N. Baghdadi (2005). Assessment of C-band SRTM DEM in a
dense equatorial forest zone. Comptes Rendus Geosciences, 337(14): 122▯5-
1234.
Colombia Counter-Memorial, Volume 1. 2010.
Hemisphere GPS (2010)
http://www.hemispheregps.com/Products/Agriculture/AerialApplication/tab…
Default.aspx
Hewitt, A.J. et al (2009), Spray Droplet Size, Drift Potential, and Risks to
Nontarget Organisms from Aerially Applied Glyphosate for Coca Control in
Colombia, in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 72: 914-
920, CCM Annex 131-B.
Hofton, M., R. Dubayah, et al. (2006). "Validation of SRTM elevations over
vegetated and non-vegetated terrain using medium footprint LIDAR."
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing72(3): 279-285.
Jane’s All the Worlds Aircraft, 2008-2009, Jane’s Information Group Coulsdon,
Surrey, UK, 2008.
Jane’s All the Worlds Aircraft 1992-1993, Jane’s Information Group Coulsdon,
Surrey, UK, 1992.
Jane’s All the Worlds Aircraft 1978-1979, Jane’s Information Group Coulsdon,
Surrey, UK, 1978.
Misra, P., Enge, P. (2001) Global Positioning System, Signals, Measurements,
and Performance, Ganga-Jamna Press, Lincoln Massachusetts.
Republic of Colombia, 1991. Colombian Decree 1843 of 1991. Colombia
Counter Memorial, Vol. II, Annex 30.
Republic of Colombia, 2001a. Diplomatic Note DM/AL No. 250009, sent from the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Colombia to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of
Ecuador, 14 July 2001. Ecuador Memorial, Vol. II, Annex 42.
͵͵Annex 1
Republic of Colombia. 2001b. Ministry of Environment, Resolution No. 1065 of
26 November 2001. Ecuador Memorial, Vol. I, Annex 14.
Republic of Colombia, 2003. Resolution No. 1054 of 30 September 2003 of the
Ministry for the Environment of Colombia, Environmental Management Plan.
Colombia Counter-Memorial, Vol. II, Annex 50.
Republic of Colombia, 2004. Note No. SARE -142 from the Director of the▯
National Narcotics Directorate of Colombia to the President of the Scientific and
Technical Commission of Ecuador, 14 April 2004. Colombia Counter-Memorial,
Vol. II, Annex 13.
Republic of Colombia, 2005. Diplomatic Note No. DDH 58003 from the Colombia
Foreign Ministry to the Executive Secretary of the Inter-American Commission on
Human Rights, 18 September 2005. Colombia Counter-Memorial, Vol. II, Annex
19.
Republic of Colombia. 2010. Report by the Anti-Narcotics Direction of th ▯ e
Colombian National Police (DIRAN), 8 February 2010. Colombia Counter-
Memorial, Vol. II, Annex 67.
Sharma, Arabinda , Tiwari, K. N. and Bhadoria, P. B. S. 2010. Vertical accuracy
of digital elevation model from Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission - a case study,
Geocarto International, 25: 4, 257 — 267.
Solomon et al. 2005. Environmental and Human Health Assessment of the
Aerial Spray Program for Coca and Poppy Control in Colombia. 31 March 2005.
Colombia Counter-Memorial, Vol. III, Annex 116.
Taramelli, A.; Reichenbach, P.; Ardizzone, F. 2008. Rev. Geogr. Acadêmica, v.2
n. viii., 41-52.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2005. Colombia Coca Cultivation
Survey. (June 2005).
United States Department of State. 2002. Chemicals Used for the Aerial
Eradication of Illicit Coca in Colombia and Conditions of Application. Available at:
http://www.state.gov/p/inl/rls/rpt/aeicc/13234.htm.
͵Ͷ Annex 1
Appendix▯1▯
Curriculum▯Vitae▯of▯R.▯John▯Hansman,▯Ph.D.▯Annex 1 Annex 1
ROBERT JOHN HANSMAN JR.
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Room 33-303, 77 Massachusetts Ave.
Cambridge, MA 02139-4307 USA
Voice (617) 253-2271 Fax (617) 253-4196
[email protected]
http://web.mit.edu/aeroastro/www/people/rjhans/bio.html
Education
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY - Cambridge, MA
- Ph.D. in Physics, June 1982.
Thesis under Professor Walter Hollister, “The Interaction of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic
Waves with Atmospheric Water Droplets and Applications to Aircraft Ice Prevention.”
- M.S. in Physics, May 1980.
Thesis under Professor George Bekefi, “Reflexing in a Relativistic e-Beam Diode.”
CORNELL UNIVERSITY - Ithaca, NY
- A.B. Magna Cum Laude in Physics & Distinction in all Subjects, June 1976.
Member
Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, FAA Research and Development Advisory Committee (Chair), NRC
Aeronautics & Space Engineering Board, NASA Aeronautics Technology Advis▯ory Committee,
Soaring Society of America (Director), Soaring Safety Foundation (Director), American Institute
of Aeronautics & Astronautics (Fellow), Atmospheric Environment Technical Committee,
American Meteorological Society, Society of Automotive Engineers, Human Factors Society,
Aeronautical Flight Measurements and Techniques Working Group, Editorial Board Air Traffic
Control Quarterly and Journal of Aircraft.
Experience
MIT DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS - Cambridge, MA
1982 - present
Faculty member in the fields of Flight Safety, Flight Information Systems, Instrumentation,
Aviation Meteorology, Human Factors, Air Transportation; Head of the Division of Humans and
Automation; Director of the International Center for Air Transportation.
2006 T. Wilson Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics
1995 Professor.
1987 Associate Professor.
1985 Esther and Harold E. Edgerton Assistant Professor.
1984 Boeing Assistant Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
1983 Assistant Professor.
1982 Lecturer.Annex 1
Experience (cont.)
MIT FLIGHT TRANSPORTATION LABORATORY - Cambridge, MA
1980 - 1982
Graduate Research Assistant working on the physics of advanced aircraft ice prevention
concepts.
MIT RESEARCH LABORATORY OF ELECTRONICS - Cambridge, MA
1976 - 1980
Graduate Research Assistant working on high power relativistic electron beam magnetrons and
high current density diodes.
FRANCIS & JACKSON ASSOCIATES - Marion, MA
1976 - 1977
Consultant working on total-energy wind shear detection and autothrottle control.
CORNELL UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS - Ithaca, NY
1975 - 1976
Recitation Instructor involved in teaching basic courses in Mechanics an▯d Modern Physics
(Optics and Quantum Mechanics).
SCHWEIZER AIRCRAFT CORPORATION - Elmira, NY (also Sugarbush, VT, Franconia,
NH, North Conway, NH, and Plymouth, MA)
Summers 1971-1977
Glider and airplane flight instructor, glider and banner tow pilot, ferr▯y pilot and test pilot for
several companies.
FLIGHT EXPERIENCE - 5400+ hours: Commercial, Multi-Engine, Glider Airplane,
Helicopter, Instrument and Flight Instructor Ratings. Type rated in Lear Jet 24, 35 and 55▯
series. Graduate of the Union Alpen Selelflugschule (Neideroblarn, Austria). Extensive
mountain and instrument flight experience. Engineering, Production, and Meteorological
Flight Test Experience.
2 Annex 1
Awards
2007 Plenary Lecture at American Control Conference
2005 Best Paper in 6 USA/Europe ATM, R&D Seminar
2005 AIAA Dryden Lecture in Aviation Research
2005 Kriske Career Award from Air Traffic Control Association
2004 Laurel from Aviation Week and Space Technology
2002 Fellow of the American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics.
2001 NASA Turning Goals into Reality Award
1998 Bose Award for Excellence in Teaching
1998 FAA/Eurocontrol Best Paper in Air Traffic Management
1997 FAA Excellence in Aviation Award.
1994 AIAA Losey Atmospheric Sciences Award.
1990 OSTIV Diploma for Technical Contribution.
Federation Aeronautique Internationale Gold C Award with 3 Diamonds.
1986 Presidential Young Investigator Award.
Esther & Harold E. Edgerton Professorship 1985.
Boeing Professorship in Aeronautics & Astronautics 1984.
1986 AIAA Award for the Best Paper in Thermophysics.
Soaring Society of America, Exceptional Service Award 1989.
Region 1 Soaring Champion 1980 and 1990.
1984 NASA Astronaut Selection Finalist.
Patents
Microwave Ice Prevention System, U.S. Patent #4365131 issued December 21, 1982.
Method and Apparatus for Measurement of Ice Thickness Employing Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo
Technique, U.S. Patent #4628736 issued December 16, 1986.
Method and Apparatus for Monitoring Liquid Volume/Mass in Tanks, U.S. Patent #4729245
issued March 8, 1988.
Optically Indicating Surface De-Icing Fluids, U.S. Patent #5039439 issue▯d August 13, 1991.
Method and Apparatus for Detection of Ice Accretion - Remote IR Techniques, U.S. Patent
#5313202 issued May 17, 1994.
Integrated Flight Information and Control System, U.S. Patent #6,389,333, issued May 14, 2002.
System and Method for Measuring the Workload of a Driver. U.S. Patent #7428449, issued
September 23, 2008.
3Annex 1
Video Production
“MIT Video Series on Measurement” (author, co-producer, and presenter), 1995:
“Introduction to Measurement”
“Calibration, Accuracy and Error”
“Measuring Dynamic Variables”
“Contact Temperature Measurement”
“Infrared Temperature Measurement”
“Distance, Velocity and Acceleration”
“Mass, Force, Strain, Torque, and Pressure”
“Measurement”
“Fluid Quantity and Flow”
Congressional Testimony
“The Dynamics of the Emerging Capacity Crisis in the U.S. Air Traffic Control System”, House
Appropriations Committee –Subcommittee on Transportation, 3/15/01.
“Developing the Next Generation Air Traffic Management System”, House Science Committee
– Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics”, 7/19/01.
“A Review of Aeronautics R&D at FAA and NASA”, House Science Committee –
Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics”, 3/6/03.
“The Future of Aeronautics at NASA”, House Science Committee – Subcommittee on Space and
Aeronautics”, 3/16/05.
“Financing the Next Generation Air Transportation System” House Transportation and
Infrastructure Committee – Aviation Subcommittee, 9/27/05.
“The Federal Aviation Administration’s Research and Development Capability”, House Science
Committee – Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics”, 3/22/07.
4 Annex 1
Journal Articles
“Measurement of Individual Hydrometeor Absorption Cross Sections Utilizing Microwave
Cavity Perturbation Techniques,” Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 1, No.
4, December 1984.
“Droplet Size Distribution Effects on Aircraft Ice Accretion,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 22, No. 6,
June 1985.
(with M. Kirby), “Measurement of Ice Accretion Using Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Techniques,”
Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 22, No. 6, June 1985.
“Performance Degradation of Natural Laminar Flow Airfoils Due to Contamination by Rain or
Insects,” Technical Soaring, Vol. 9, No. 3, September 1985.
(with M. Barsotti), “Surface Wetting Effects on a Laminar Airfoil in Simulated Heavy Rain,”
Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 22, No. 12, December 1985.
(with M. Kirby), “Measurement of Ice Growth During Simulated and Natural Icing Conditions
Using Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Techniques,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 23, No. 6, June 1986.
“Microwave Absorption Measurements of Melting Spherical and Non-Spherical Hydrometeors,”
Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 43, 1643-1649, August 1986.
(with M. Kirby), “Comparison of Wet and Dry Growth in Artificial and Flight Icing Conditions,”
Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 1, No. 3, 215-221,
July 1987.
(with A. Craig), “Low Reynolds Number Tests of NACA 64-210, NACA 0012, and Wortmann
FX67-K170 Airfoils in Rain,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 24, No. 8, 559-566, August 1987.
(with M. Kirby, R. McKnight, and R. Humes), “In-Flight Measurement of Airfoil Icing Using an
Array of Ultrasonic Transducers,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 25,
No. 6, June 1988.
(with L. Peterson and E. Crawley), “Nonlinear Fluid Slosh Coupled t▯o the Dynamics of a
Spacecraft,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 27, No. 9, September 1989.
(with S. Turnock), “Investigation of Surface Water Behavior During Glaze Ice Accretion,”
Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 26, No. 2, February 1989.
(with J. Sturdy), “Dynamic Response of Aircraft-Autopilot Systems to Atmospheric
Disturbances,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 26, No. 2, February 1989.
(with E. Crawley), “Improving the Crashworthiness of Your Sailplane,” Soaring, June 1989.
5Annex 1
Journal Articles (cont.)
(with K. Kampf and E. Crawley), “Experimental Investigations of the Crashworthiness of Scaled
Composite Sailplane Fuselages,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 26, No. 7, July 1989.
“Measuring Airframe Ice Ultrasonically,” Avionics, September 1989.
(with K. Yamaguchi, B. Berkowitz, and M. Potapczuk), “Modeling Surface Roughness Effects
On Glaze Ice Accretion,” Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer , Vol. 5, No. 1, January
1991.
(with V. Lupi), “Development and Testing of the MIT Acoustic Levitation Testing Facilities,”
Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, Vol. 8, No. 4, 541-552, August 1991.
(with M. Adams), “Last Hurdle for Autonomous Air Vehicles,” Aerospace America, October
1991.
(with D. Ávila de Melo), “Analysis of Aircraft Performance During Lateral Maneuvering for
Microburst Avoidance,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 28, No. 12, 837-843, December 1991.
(with K. Yamaguchi), “Heat Transfer on Accreting Ice Surfaces,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 29,
No. 1, 108-113, January 1992.
(with C. Wanke), “Hazard Evaluation and Operational Cockpit Display of Hazardous Windshear
Information,” Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 29, No. 3, 319-325, May 1992.
(with J. Kuchar), “An Exploratory Study of Plan View Terrain Displays for Air Carrier
Operations,” The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, Vol. 3, No. 1, 34-54, March
1993.
(with A. Midkiff), “Identification of Important ‘Party Line’ Information Elements and
Implications for Situational Awareness in the Datalink Environment,” Air Traffic Control
Quarterly, Vol. 1 (1), 5-30, 1993.
(with E. Hahn), “Experimental Studies on the Effect of Automation on Pilot Situational
Awareness in the Datalink ATC Environment,” 1992 SAE Transactions Journal of Aerospace,
Vol. 101, Sec. 1, 922292, 1957-1968, 1993.
(with E. Greitzer, E. Crawley, S. Widnall, S. Hall, H. McManus, J. Shea, and M. Landahl),
“Reform of the Aeronautics and Astronautics Curriculum at MIT,” Journal of Engineering
Education, Vol. 83, No. 1, 47-56, January 1994.
(with M. Mykityshyn, and J. Kuchar), “Experimental Study of Advanced Electronic Cockpit
Displays for Instrument Approach Information,” The International Journal of Aviation
Psychology, Vol. 4, No. 2, 141-166, July 1994.
6 Annex 1
Journal Articles (cont.)
(with R. Henry and K. Breuer), “Measurement of Heat Transfer Variation on Surface Roughness
Elements Using Infrared Techniques,” Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, Vol. 9, No.
1, 175-180, January 1995.
(with R. Henry), “Mesure des Variations du Coefficient de Transfert▯ sur Rugosités de Surface
par Thermographie Infrarouge,” Revue Scientifique et Technique de la Défense, 1995 No. 4, 71-
78, October 1995.
(with A. Pritchett), “Variations Among Pilots from Different Flight Operations in Party Line
Information Requirements for Situation Awareness,” Air Traffic Control Quarterly, Vol. 4 (1),
29-50, January 1997.
(with R. Kornfeld and J. Deyst), “Single-Antenna GPS-Based Aircraft▯ Attitude Determination,”
Navigation : Journal of the Institute of Navigation, Vol. 45 (1), 51-60, Spring ▯1998.
(with H, Idris, I. Anagnostakis, B. Delcaire, J.-P. Clarke, E. Feron, and A. Odoni), “Observations
of Departure Processes at Logan Airport to Support the Development of Departure Planning
Tools,” Air Traffic Control Quarterly, Vol. 7, No. 4, 229-257, July 1999.
(with R. Barhydt), “Experimental Studies of Intent Information on Cockpit Traffic Displays,”
AIAA Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 22, No. 4, 520-527, July-August 1999.
(with M. Endsley, and T. Farley), “Shared Situation Awareness in th▯e Flight Dekc-ATC
System,” IEEE AES Systems Magazine, Vol. 14, No. 8, 25-30, August 1999.
(with T. Farley, K. Amonlirdviman, and M. Endsley), “Shared Information Between Pilots and
Controllers in Tactical Air Traffic Control,” AIAA Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics,
23, No. 5, 826-836, September-October 2000.
(with L. Vigeant-Langlois), “Influence of Icing Information on Pilot Strategies for Operating in
Icing Conditions,” Journal of Aircraft, 37, No. 6, 108-113, November-December 2000.
“Complexity in Aircraft Automation: A Precursor for Concern in Human-Automation Systems,”
National Forum: The Phi Kappa Phi Journal: When Technology Fails, 81, No. 1, 30-32,
February 2001.
(with R. Kornfeld, J. Deyst, K. Amonlirdviman, and E. Walker), “Applications of GPS Velocity
Based Attitude Information,” AIAA Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, 24, No. 5,
998–1008, September-October 2001.
(with S. Vakil), “Approaches to Mitigating Complexity-Driven Issues in Commercial Autoflight
Systems,” Reliability Engineering and System Safety, Elsevier Science, 75 (2002), 133-145,
January 2002.
Journal Articles (cont.)
7Annex 1
Journal Articles(cont.)
(with J. Histon, G. Aigon, D. Delahaye, and S. Puechmorel), "Introducing Structural
Considerations into Complexity Metrics," Air Traffic Control Quarterly, 10(2) 115-130, 2002.
(with T. Downen), "Identification and Analysis of Key Barriers to the ▯Utility of General
Aviation," Journal of Aircraft, 232-238, March-April 2003.
(with T. Reynolds), “Investigating Conformance Monitoring Issues in Air Traffic Control Using
Fault Detection Techniques,” Journal of Aircraft, 42, No.5, 1307-1317, 2005.
(with A. Mozdzanowska), “Growth and Operating Patterns of Regional Jets in the United
States,” Journal of Aircraft, 42, No.4, 00.1307-1317, 2005
(with D. Delahaye, S. Puechmorel and J. Histon), “Air Traffic Complexity Map based on Non
Linear Dynamical Systems,” Air Traffic Control Quarterly, 12, No. 4, 367-388, 2004.
(with Laura Major-Forest), “The Future Oceanic ATC Environment: Analysis of Mixed
Communication, Navigation, and Surveillance Equipage” Air Traffic Control Quarterly, 12,
No.4 (2006).
(with Christopher Magee, Richard de Neufville, Renee Robins Daniel Ro▯os),“Research agenda
for an integrated approach to infrastructure planning, design and management”, Int. J. Critical
Infrastructures, Volume 2, pp. 146 – 159, Number 2-3, 2006.
(with Hayley Davison Reynolds, Tom Reynolds), "Human Factors Implications of Continuous
Descent Approach Procedures for Noise Abatement in Air Traffic Control" , Air Traffic Control
Quarterly, 14(1), pp. 25-45, 2006.
(with Philippe Bonnefoy)“Investigation of the Potential Impact of the Entry of Very Lights in the
National Airspace System”, Journal of Aircraft, 44, No 4, pp. 1318-1326, July-August 2007.
(with Aleksandra L. Mozdzanowska and Roland E. Weibel) “Feedback Model of Air
Transportation System Change: Implementation Challenges for Aviation Information Systems”,
IEEE Journal, 96, Issue 12, pp. 1976-1991, 2009.
(with Philippe Bonnefoy and Richard de Neufville) ”Effective Develo▯pment of Multi-Airport
Systems; A Worldwide Perspective”, Journal of Transportation Engineering, (in publication).
(with Sgouris Sgourdis and Philippe Bonnefoy) “Air Transportation in a Carbon Constrained
World: Long-term Dynamics of Policies and Strategies for Mitigating the Carbon Footprint of
Commercial Aviation”, Transportation Research - Part A (in publication)▯.
8 Annex 1
Additional Publications
(with A. Palevesky and G. Bekefi), “Frequency Characteristics of the Relativistic Electron Beam
Magnetron,” Bulletin of the American Physical Society, April 1977.
(with R. Shefer and G. Bekefi), “Self-Pinching in a Laser Irradiated Relativistic e-Beam Diode,”
Bulletin of the American Physical Society, April 1978.
(with G. Bekefi), “The Reflex Diode Under Short Pulse Conditions,” Proceeding▯s of the IEEE
International Conference on Plasma Physics, June 1979.
“Microwave Ice Prevention,” Proceedings of the Joint University Pr▯ogram for Air Transportation
Research, NASA Conference Publication 2224, 1981.
“The Interaction of Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields with Atmospheric Water Droplets
and Applications to Aircraft Ice Prevention,” MIT Flight Transportati▯on Laboratory Report R82-
5, 1982.
“The Effect of the Atmospheric Droplet Size Distribution on Aircraft Ice Accretion,” AIAA-84-
0108, AIAA 22nd Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 1984.
“Studies of the Insect Collection Efficiency of Airfoils,” Proceedings of the 4th International
Symposium on the Science and Technology of Low Speed and Motorless Flight,” Fe▯bruary
1984.
(editor) “Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on the Science and Technology of
Low Speed and Motorless Flight,” Soaring Society of America, February 1984.
(with R. Ausrotas), “Aviation Safety Analysis,” MIT Flight Transportation Laboratory Report
R84-1, April 1984.
(with M. Kirby), “Measurement of Ice Accretion Using Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Techniques,”
AIAA-85-0471, AIAA 23rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 1985.
(with M. Barsotti), “The Aerodynamic Effect of Surface Wetting Characteristics on a Laminar
Flow Airfoil in Simulated Heavy Rain,” AIAA-85-0260, AIAA 23rd Aerospace Sciences
Meeting, January 1985.
(with M. Kirby), “Measurement of Ice Accretion Using Ultrasonic Pulse Echo Techniques,”
Proceedings of the Joint University Program for Air Transportation Research - 1984, NASA CP-
2452, January 1985.
“Performance Degradation of Natural Laminar Flow Airfoils Due to Contamination by Rain or
Insects,” Proceedings of the Soaring Society of America Meeting, March 1985.
Additional Publications (cont.)
9Annex 1
Additional Publications (cont.)
“Low Gravity Fluid Measurement & Fluid Structure Interactions,” Proceedings of the In-Space
Research, Technology & Engineering Workshop, October 1985.
(with M. Kirby), “Experimental Methodologies to Support Aircraft Icing Analysis,” Proceedings ▯
of the Joint University Program for Air Transportation Research - 1985, NASA CP-2453,
January 1986.
(with M. Kirby), “Real-Time Measurement of Ice Growth During Simulated and Natural Icing
Conditions Using Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Techniques,” AIAA-86-0410, AIA▯A 24th Aerospace
Sciences Meeting, January 1986.
(with M. Kirby), “Experimental Measurements of Heat Transfer From an Iced Surface During
Artificial and Natural Cloud Icing Conditions,” AIAA-86-1352, AIAA/ASME 4th Joint
Thermophysics and Heat Transfer Conference, June 1986, (selected as the Best▯ AIAA Paper in
Thermophysics for 1986).
(with L. Peterson and E. Crawley), “Nonlinear Coupled Dynamics of Fluids and Spacecraft in
Low Gravity,” Tenth U.S. Congress of Applied Mechanics, June 1986.
(with L. Peterson and E. Crawley), “The Coupled Dynamics of Fluids and Spacecraft in Low
Gravity and Low Gravity Fluid Measurement,” Proceedings of the NASA/OAST Microgravity
Fluid Management Symposium, September 1986.
(with L. Peterson and E. Crawley), “Experimental Measurements of the Nonlinear Coupled
Dynamics of Fluids and Spacecraft in Low Gravity,” Proceedings of the 37th▯ Congress of the
International Astronomical Federation, Innsbruk, October 1986.
(with M. Kirby), “Ultrasonic Ice Measurement Techniques for Aircraft Applications,”
Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Aviation Safety, Toulouse, November 1986.
(with A. Craig), “Comparative Low Reynolds Number Tests of NACA 64-210, NACA 0012,
and Wortmann FX67-K170 Airfoils in Heavy Rain,” AIAA-87-0259, AIAA 25th Aerospace
Sciences Meeting, January 1987.
(with M. Kirby, R. McNight, and R. Humes), “In-Flight Measurement of Ice Growth on an
Airfoil Using an Array of Ultrasonic Transducers,” AIAA-87-0178, AIAA 25th Aerospace
Sciences Meeting, January 1987.
(with J. Sturdy), “Assigned Altitude Deviation Caused by Dynamic Response of Aircraft-
Autopilot Systems to Atmospheric Perturbations,” ICAO# RGCSP-WG/B-WP/40, ICAO
Review of the General Concept of Separation Panel, Montreal, January 198▯7.
(with S. Turnock), “Investigation of Surface Water Behavior During Glaze Ice Accretion,”
AIAA-88-0015, AIAA 26th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 1988.
Additional Publications (cont.)
10 Annex 1
Additional Publications (cont.)
(with J. Sturdy), “Dynamic Response of Aircraft-Autopilot Systems to Atmospheric
Disturbances,” AIAA-88-0578, AIAA-88-0692, AIAA 26th Aerospace Scienc▯es Meeting,
January 1988.
(with L. Peterson and E. Crawley), “The Nonlinear Dynamics of a Spacecraft Coupled to the
Vibration of a Contained Fluid,” AIAA-88-2470, AIAA /ASME/ASCE/AHS 29th Structures
Dynamics & Materials Conference, April 1988.
(with M. Kirby), “An Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Ice Accretion Process During
Artificial and Natural Icing Conditions,” Joint NASA/FAA Contractor Report, NASA CR-
182119, DOT/FAA/CT-87/17, April 1988.
(with J. Meserole), “Fundamental Limitations on Low Gravity Fluid Gauging Technologies
Imposed by Orbital Mission Requirements,” AIAA-88-3402, AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE 24th
Joint Propulsion Conference, July 1988.
(with S. Turnock), “Investigation of Microphysical Factors which Influence Surface R▯oughness
During Glaze Ice Accretion,” Paper A5-2, Proceedings of the Fourth In▯ternational Wrshop on
Atmospheric Icing of Structures, Paris, September 1988.
(with F. Lichtenfeltz and M. Kirby), “Ultrasonic Techniques for Air▯craft Ice Accretion
Measurement,” AIAA-88-4656-CP, AIAA/NASA/AFWAL Conference on Sensors and
Measurement, September 1988.
(with B. Kang), “Preliminary Definition of Pressure Sensing Requirements for Hypersonic
Vehicles,” AIAA-88-4652-CP, AIAA/NASA/AFWAL Conference on Sensors and
Measurement, September 1988.
“Ice Detection Technology,” SAE Aircraft Ground Deicing Conference Proceedings, P-217,
September 1988.
"The Influence of Ice Accretion Physics on the Forecasting of Aircraft I▯cing Conditions,”
AMS/WMO Third International Conference on the Aviation Weather System, Paper 5.1, January
1989.
(with J. Riley, M. Potapczuk, B. Berkowitz and K. Yamaguchi), “Modeling Surface Roughness
Effects on Glaze Ice Accretion,” AIAA-89-0734, AIAA 27th Aerospace Sc▯iences Meeting,
January 1989.
(with C. Wanke), “Cockpit Display of Hazardous Weather Information,” AIAA-89-0808, AIAA
27th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 1989.
Additional Publications (cont.)
11Annex 1
Additional Publications (cont.)
(with D. Chandra and S. Bussolari), “A Comparison of Communication Modes for Delivery of
Air Traffic Control Clearance Amendments in Transport Category Aircraft,” Fifth International
Symposium on Aviation Psychology, April 1989.
(with V. Lupi), “Preliminary Results From the MIT Acoustic Levitation Test Facility,” Midwest
Association for Cloud and Aerosol Physics, May 1989.
(with D. Ávila de Melo), “Analysis of Aircraft Performance During Lateral Maneuvering for
Microburst Avoidance,” AIAA-90-0568, AIAA 28th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January
1990.
(with C. Wanke), “Hazard Evaluation and Operational Cockpit Display of Ground Measured
Windshear Data,” AIAA-90-0566, AIAA 28th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Ja▯nuary 1990.
(with K. Yamaguchi), “Heat Transfer on Accreting Ice Surfaces,” AIAA-90-0200, AIAA 28th
Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 1990.
(with A. Dershowitz), “Passive Infrared Ice Detection for Helicopter Applications,” AHS 46th
Annual Forum, May 1990.
(with V. Lupi), “Development and Testing of the MIT Acoustic Levitation Test Facility,”
American Meteorological Society Conference on Cloud Physics, July 1990.
(with A. Barrows), “Design of an Inexpensive Test System for Inflight Evaluation of Automated
Planning Algorithms,” Association of Unmanned Vehicle Systems Symposium, July 1990.
(with S. Bussolari, C. Wanke and D. Chandra), “A Comparison of Voice and Datalink for ATC
Amendments and Hazardous Wind Shear Alerts,” 4th International Symposium on Aviation and
Space Safety, November 1990.
(with C. Wanke), “Alert Generation and Cockpit Presentation for an Integrated Microburst
Alerting System,” AIAA-91-0260, AIAA 29th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 1991.
(with K. Yamaguchi and M. Kazmierczak), “Deterministic Multi-Zone Ice Accretion Modeling,”
AIAA-91-0265, AIAA 29th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 1991.
(with A. Dershowitz), “Experimental Evaluation of Passive Infrared Ice Detection for Helicopter
Applications,” AIAA-91-0667, AIAA 29th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 1991.
(with C. Wanke), “Microburst Avoidance Simulation Tests,” Airborne Wind Shear Detection
and Warning Systems, NASA CP-10060, Part 2, DOT/FAA/RD-91/2-I, 1991.
(with M. Mykityshyn and J. Kuchar) “Electronic Presentation of Instrument Approach
Information,” Sixth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, April 1991.
Additional Publications (cont.)
12 Annex 1
Additional Publications (cont.)
(with E. Murman, P. Lagace, E. Crawley, A. Epstein, D. Hastings, S. Widnall and L. Young), “A
Strategic Plan for the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics 1991,” Department of
Aeronautics and Astronautics, MIT, May 1991.
(with C. Wanke), “Hazard Assessment and Cockpit Presentation Issues for Microburst Alerting
Systems,” AMS/WMO Fourth International Conference on the Aviation Weather System, Paper
3.2, June 1991.
(with C. Wanke), “Experimental Evaluation of Candidate Graphical Microburst Alert Displays,”
AIAA-92-0292, AIAA 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 1992.
(with A. Reehorst and J. Sims), “Analysis and Surface Roughness Generation in Aircraft Ice
Accretion,” AIAA-92-0298, AIAA 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Janua▯ry 1992.
(with C. Wanke), “A Data Fusion Algorithm for Multi-Sensor Microburst Hazard Assessment,”
AIAA-92-4339, AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference, August 1992.
(with C. Wanke, M. Mykityshyn, J. Kuchar, E. Hahn, and A. Midkiff), “Hazard Alerting and
Situational Awareness in Advanced Air Transport Cockpits,” 1992 ICAS Congress, Beijing,
China, September 1992.
(with C. Wanke), “Experimental Evaluation of Candidate Graphical Microburst Alert Displays,”
Airborne Windshear Detection and Warning Systems, Vol. II, NASA CP-10105, Part 2,
DOT/FAA/RD-92/19-II, September 1992.
(with C. Wanke, J. Kuchar, E. Hahn and A. Pritchett), “A Graphical Workstation Based Part-
Task Flight Simulator for Preliminary Rapid Evaluation of Advanced Displays,” SAE-92-95TI,
SAE Aerotech ‘92, October 1992.
(with E. Hahn), “Experimental Studies on the Effect of Automation on Pilot Situational
Awareness in the Datalink ATC Environment,” SAE-922022, SAE Aerotech ‘92 (Note: also
published in special publication SAE-SP-933, Enhanced Situational Awareness Technology for
Retrofit and Advanced Cockpit Design), October 1992.
(with A. Midkiff), “Identification of ‘Party Line’ Information Elements and the Implications for
Situational Awareness in the Datalink Environment,” SAE-92203, SAE Aerotech ‘92, October
1992.
(with K. Breuer, D. Hazan, A. Reehorst, and M. Vargas), “Close-up Analysis of Aircraft Ice
Accretion,” AIAA-93-0029, AIAA 31st Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Janua▯ry 1993.
(with A. Bilanin, R. Adams and E. Schlatter), “Technical Issues Pertaining to Ground De-Icing
Hold Over Times,” AIAA-93-0750, AIAA 31st Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 1993▯.
Additional Publications (cont.)
13Annex 1
Additional Publications (cont.)
(with E. Crawley, E. Greitzer, S. Widnall, S. Hall, H. McManus, J. Shea and M. Landahl),
“Reform of the Aeronautics and Astronautics Curriculum at MIT,” AIAA-93-0325, AIAA 31st
Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 1993.
(with C. Wanke), “A Model-Based Algorithm for Multi-Sensor Estimation of Microburst Hazard
Characteristics,” AMS 8th Symposium on Meteorological Observations and Instrumentation,
January 1993.
(with M. Mykityshyn), “Electronic Instrument Approach Plates: The Effect of Selective
Decluttering on Flight Crew Performance,” Seventh International Symposium on Aviation
Psychology, April 1993.
(with A. Pritchett), “Preliminary Analysis of Pilot Rankings of ‘Party Line’ Information
Importance,” Seventh International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, April 1993.
(with J. Kuchar), “Part-Task Simulator Evaluations of Advanced Terrain Displays,” SAE
9932570, Aerotech ‘93, September 1993.
(with R.C. Henry and K.S. Breuer), “Measurement of Heat Transfer Variation on Surface
Roughness Elements Using Infrared Techniques,” AIAA-94-0801, AIAA 32nd Aerospace
Sciences Meeting, January 1994.
(with L. Yang), “A Human Performance Evaluation of Enhanced Vision Systems for Approach
and Landing,” Paper No. 2220-27, Proceeding of the SPIE Technical Con▯ference: Sensing,
Imaging, and Vision for Control and Guidance of Aerospace Vehicles, April ▯1994.
(with M.T. Velazquez), “Implementation of Combined Feather and Surface Normal Ice Growth
Models in LEWICE/X,” AIAA-95-0753, AIAA 33rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January
1995.
(with I. Anagnostakis and V. Khayms), “Microphysical Observations of Precipitation Impact and
Melting on Non-Newtonian De-Icing Fluids,” AIAA-95-0657, AIAA 33rd Aerospace Sciences
Meeting, January 1995.
(with A. Bilanin, A. Boschitsch, and I. Anagnostakis), “Predictions of the Dilution and Runoff of
Type I and Type II De-Icing Fluids,” AIAA-95-0661, AIAA 33rd Aerospac▯e Sciences Meeting,
January 1995.
(with D.J. Orr and K. Breuer), “Quantitative Analysis of Ice Accret▯ion Roughness Using
Spectral and Stochastic Techniques,” AIAA-95-0888, AIAA 33rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting,
January 1995.
Additional Publications (cont.)
14 Annex 1
Additional Publications (cont.)
(with J.-P. Clarke), “Parametric Study of the Noise Impact of Approach and Departure
Procedures Using Advanced Flight Guidance Techniques,” AIAA-95-0835, AIAA 33rd
Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 1995.
(with M. Amar, T. Vaneck, A. Chaudhry, and D. Hannon), “A Preliminary Evaluation of
Electronic Taxi Charts with GPS Derived Position for Airport Surface Situational Awareness,”
Eighth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, April 1995.
(with A. Pritchett), “Variations on ‘Party Line’ Information Importance between Pilots of
Different Characteristics,” Eighth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, April 1995.
(with S. Vakil and A. Midkiff), “Feedback Mechanisms to Improve Mode Awareness in
Advanced Autoflight Systems,” Eighth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, April
1995.
(with J.-P. Clarke and J. Fricke), “Determining Aircraft Exclusion Zones for Noise Sensitive
Areas Using Acoustic Reciprocity and Linear Superposition,” CEAS/AIAA First Joint
Aeroacoustics Conference, June 1995.
(with L. Yang), “Application of the Analytic Hierarchy Process for ▯Maing Subjective
Comparisons Between Multiple Automation/Display Options,” Sixth IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IEA
Symposium, June 1995.
(with J. Kuchar), “A Probabilistic Methodology for the Evaluation o▯f Alerting System
Performance,” Sixth IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IEA Symposium, June 1995.
(with S. Vakil, A. Midkiff and T. Vaneck), “Mode Awareness in Advanced Autoflight Systems,”
Sixth IFAC/IFIP/IFORS/IEA Symposium, June 1995.
(with P. Salamitou), “An Algorithm for CW Doppler Lidar Wake Vortex Remote Sensing,”
Paper #PDP 3, OSA Coherent Laser Radar Conference, July 1995.
(with A. Pritchett and A. Midkiff), “‘Party Line’ Information Use Studies and Implications for
ATC Datalink Communications,” Fifth International Conference on Human-Machine Interaction
and Artificial Intelligence in Aerospace, Toulouse, France, September 1995.
(with J. Kuchar and E. Johnson), “Human Centered Development of Information Systems and
Decision Aids in Advanced Air Traffic Management Systems,” Advanced Workshop on Air
Traffic Management (ATM 95), Capri, Italy, October 1995.
(with A. Pritchett and E. Johnson), “Use of Testable Responses for ▯Performance-Based
Measurement of Situation Awareness,” International Conference on Experimental Analysis and
Measurement of Situation Awareness, November 1995.
Additional Publications (cont.)
15Annex 1
Additional Publications (cont.)
(with A. Pritchett and A. Midkiff), “‘Party Line’ Information Use Studies and Implications for
ATC Datalink Communications,” (Selected as Best Paper), 14th IEEE/AIAA Digital Avionics
Systems Conference, November 1995.
(with A. Pritchett, B. Carpenter, K. Asari and J. Kuchar), “Issues ▯in Airborne Systems for
Closely Spaced Parallel Runway Operations,” 14th IEEE/AIAA Digital Avionics Systems
Conference, November 1995.
(with S. Vakil and A. Midkiff), “Impact of Vertical Situation Information on Vertical Mode
Awareness in Advanced Autoflight Systems,” 14th IEEE/AIAA Digital Avionics Systems
Conference, November 1995.
(with S. Schroll), “Experimental Investigation of Contamination and Adhesion Failure of Type 2
Ground De-Icing Fluids,” AIAA-96-0392, AIAA 34th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January
1996.
(with D.J. Orr), “Spectral Analysis and Experimental Simulation of Ice Accretion Roughness,”
AIAA-96-0865, AIAA 34th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January 1996.
(with S. Vakil and A. Midkiff), “Preliminary Results of the Experimental Evaluation of a
Prototype Electronic Vertical Situation Display,” 8th European Aviati▯on Safety Seminar,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands, February 1996.
(with E. Bachelder), “Issues in Simultaneous HMD Display of Multi-Reference Frames for
Helicopter Applications,” Paper 2736-23, SPIE Conference 2736: Enhanced and Synthetic
Vision, April 1996.
(with E. Johnson), “Multi-Agent Flight Simulation with Robust Situation Generation,” AIAA-
96-3553, AIAA Flight Simulation Technologies Conference, July 1996.
(with A. Pritchett, R. Barhydt, and E. Johnson), “Flight Simulator Testing of Cockpit Traffic
Displays Using Robust Situation Generation,” AIAA-96-3554, AIAA Flight Simulation
Technologies Conference, July 1996.
(with A. Pritchett), “Experimental Study of Collision Detection Schema Used by Pilots During
Closely Spaced Parallel Approaches,” AIAA-96-3762, AIAA Guidance, Nav▯igation and Control
Conference, July 1996.
(with T. Pierce), “Pedagogical Development of the MIT Video Series on Measurement: A
Model for University Interaction with Industry,” 1996 ABET Annual Mee▯ting, October 1996.
(with J.-P. Clarke), “Systems Analysis of Noise Abatement Approach Procedures Enabled by
Advanced Flight Guidance Technology,” AIAA-97-0490, AIAA 35th Aerospace Sciences
Meeting, January 1997.
Additional Publications (cont.)
16 Annex 1
Additional Publications (cont.)
(with K. Breuer, B. Torres, and D.J. Orr), “Heat Transfer Measurements on Surfaces with
Natural Ice Castings and Modeled Roughness,” AIAA-97-1018, AIAA 35th Aerospace Sciences
Meeting, January 1997.
(with National Research Council), Aviation Safety and Pilot Control: ▯Understanding and
Preventing Unfavorable Pilot-Vehicle Interactions, McRuer, D., Committee Chair, Committee
on the Effects of Aircraft-Pilot Coupling on Flight Safety, Aeronautics and Space Engineering
Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Academy Press,
Washington, D.C., 1997.
(with J. Kuchar and E. Johnson), “Human Centered Development of Information Systems and
Decision Aids in Advanced Air Traffic Management Systems,” Modelling and Simulation in Air
Traffic Management, Bianco, L, Dell’Olmo, P., and Odoni, A., Eds., Springer-Verlag,
Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 169-184, 1997.
(with E. Bachelder), “Enhanced Spatial State Feedback for Night Vision Goggle Displays,”
Paper 3058-23, SPIE Aerosense 1997, Conference 3058: Head Mounted Displa▯ys II, April 1997.
(with R. Barhydt), “Experimental Studies of Intent Information on Cockpit Traffic Displays,”
Ninth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, Columbus, OH, April 1997.
(with A. Dershowitz), “An Exploration of Options in Value Based Aeronautical Decision
Making,” Ninth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, Columbus, OH, April 1997.
(with A. Pritchett), “Pilot Non-Conformance to Alerting System Commands,” Ninth
International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, Columbus, OH, April 1997.
(with A. Pritchett), “Experimental Studies of Pilot Performance at Collision Avoidance During
Closely Spaced Parallel Approaches,” Ninth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology,
Columbus, OH, April 1997.
(with E. Bachelder), “Enhanced Spatial State Feedback for Night Vision Goggle Displays,” U.S.
Naval Air Warfare Center Situational Awareness Symposium, June 1997.
(with J. Kuchar, A. Pritchett, J.-P. Clarke, S. Vakil, and R. Barhydt), “Integrated Human
Centered Systems Approach to the Development of Advanced Air Traffic Management
Systems,” FAA/Eurocontrol 1st International Air Traffic Management R&D Seminar (ATM-97),
Saclay, France, June 1997.
(with S. Vakil), “Human Centered Development of Information Systems and Decision Aids in
Advanced Air Traffic Management and Flight Management Systems,” Paper No. 844,
International Ergonomics Association 13th Triennial Congress (IEA '97), Tampere, Finland,
June/July 1997.
Additional Publications (cont.)
17Annex 1
Additional Publications (cont.)
(with S. Vakil), “Predictability as a Metric of Automation Complexity,” Human Factors &
Ergonomics Society 41st Annual Meeting, September 1997.
(with E. Bachelder), “A Methodology for State Feedback Perception Measurement Applied to
Rotorcraft Night Vision Goggle Displays,” 16th IEEE/AIAA Digital Avio▯nics Systems
Conference, October 1997.
(with J. Kuchar, J.-P. Clarke, S. Vakil, R. Barhydt and A. Pritchett), “Integrated Human
Centered Systems Approach to the Development of Advanced Cockpit and Air Traffic
Management Systems,” 16th IEEE/AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference, October 1997.
(with A. Pritchett), “Pilot Non-Conformance to Alerting System Commands During Closely
Spaced Parallel Approaches,” 16th IEEE/AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference, October
1997.
(with S. Vakil), “Functional Models of Flight Automation Systems to Support Design,
Certification, and Operation,” AIAA-98-1035, AIAA 36th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, January
1998.
(with J. Deyst and R. Kornfeld), “Single Antenna GPS Based Aircraft Attitude Determination,”
Institute of Navigation National Technical Meeting: Navigation 2000, Long Beach, CA, January
1998.
(with O. De Weck and D. Miller), “Adaptive Technique for Radiation Pattern Shaping o▯f
Parabolic Mesh Antennas: A Low Cost Application of SMA Actuators in Spac▯ecraft,”
ACTUATOR 98, Bremen, Germany, June 1998.
(with H. Idris, B. Delcaire, I. Anagnostakis, W. Hall, N. Pujet, E. Feron, J.-P. Clarke and A.
Odoni), “Identification of Flow Constraint and Control Points in Departure Operations at Airport
Systems,” AIAA-98-4291, AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference, Boston, MA,
August 1998.
(with K. Amonlirdviman, T. Farley, J. Ladik, and D. Sherer), “A Distributed Simulation Facility
to Support Human Factors Research in Advanced Air Transportation Technology,” 1998 ▯Fall
Simulation Interoperability Workshop, Orlando, FL, September 1998.
(with M. Endsley and T. Farley), “Shared Situation Awareness in the▯ Flight Dc - ATC
System,” 17th IEEE/AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Seattle, WA, October-
November 1998.
(with R. Kornfeld and J. Deyst), “Preliminary Flight Test of Pseudo-Attitude Control Using
Single Antenna GPS Sensing,” 17th IEEE/AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Seattle,
WA, October-November 1998.
Additional Publications (cont.)
18 Annex 1
Additional Publications (cont.)
(with S. Vakil), “Analyzing Mode Transition Matrices,” 17th IEEE/AIAA Digital▯ Avionics
Systems Conference, Seattle, WA, October-November 1998.
(with S. Vakil), “Operator Directed Common Conceptual Models for Advanced Aircraft
Automation,” 17th IEEE/AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Seattle, WA, October–
November 1998.
(with National Research Council), Maintaining U.S. Leadership in Aeron▯autics: Breathrough
Technologies to Meet Future Air and Space Transportation Needs, Pipes, R. Byron, Committee
Chair, Committee to Identify Potential Breakthrough Technologies and Assess Long-Term R&D
Goals in Aeronautics and Space Transportation Technology, Aeronautics an▯d Space Engineering
Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Academy Press,
Washington, D.C., 1998.
(with H. Idris, B Delcaire, W. Hall, I. Anagnostakis, E. Feron, and A. Odoni), “Observations of
Departure Planning Processes at Logan Airport to Support the Development of Departure
Planning Tools,” FAA/Eurocontrol 2nd International Air Traffic Manage▯ment R&D Seminar
(ATM-98), Orlando, FL, December 1998.
“Characteristics of Instrumentation,” Chapter 1 in The Measurement, Instrumentation and
Sensors Handbook, Webster, J., Editor, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL, January 1999.
(with M. Endsley, T. Farley, L. Vigeant-Langlois, and K. Amonlirdviman), “The Effect of
Shared Information on Pilot/Controller Situation Awareness and Re-Route Negotiation,”▯
FAA/Eurocontrol 2nd International Air Traffic Management R&D Seminar (ATM 98), Orlando,
FL, December 1998. Also presented at FAA/Europe Workshop on Human Machine Interaction,
Toulouse, France, April 1999.
(with L. Vigeant-Langlois), “Pilot Information Needs and Strategies for Operations in Icing
Conditions,” Tenth International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, Columbus, OH, May
1999.
(with T. Farley, M. Endsley, and K. Amonlirdviman), “The Effects of Shared Information on
Pilot-Controller Situation Awareness and Re-Route Negotiation,” Tenth▯ International
Symposium on Aviation Psychology, Columbus, OH, May 1999.
(with J. Deyst and R. Kornfeld), “Single Antenna GPS Information Based Aircraft Attitude
Redundancy,” 1999 American Control Conference, San Diego, CA, June 1999.
(with L. Vigeant-Langlois), “Human-Centered Design Considerations for In-Flight Remote
Sensing Icing Avoidance,” Fourth International Airborne Remote Sensing Conference and
Exhibition, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, June 1999.
Additional Publications (cont.)
19Annex 1
Additional Publications (cont.)
(with S. Vakil), “Approaches to Mitigating Complexity-Driven Issues in Commercial Autoflight
Systems,” 3rd Workshop on Human Error, Safety, and System Development (HESSD’99),
Liège, Belgium, June 1999.
(with S. Atkins), “Calculating Dependent Surveillance Update Rates by Modeling t▯he Time-
Dependence of Information Value,” AIAA-99-4145, AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control
Conference, Portland, OR, August 1999.
“The Effect of Shared Information on Pilot/Controller and Controller/Controller Interactions,”
Workshop on Advanced Technologies and their Impact on Air Traffic Management in the 21st
Century (ATM '99), Capri, Italy, September 1999.
(with L. Vigeant-Langlois), “The Influence of Icing Information on Pilot Strategies for
Operating in Icing Conditions,” AIAA-2000-0365, AIAA 38th Aerospace S▯ciences Meeting,
January 2000.
(with T. Reynolds), “Analysis of Separation Minima Using a Surveillance State Vector
Approach,” FAA/Eurocontrol 3rd International Air Traffic Management R&D Seminar (ATM-
2000), Napoli, Italy, June 2000.
(with H. Davison), “The Effect of Shared Information on Pilot/Controller and
Controller/Controller Interactions,” FAA/Eurocontrol 3rd International Air Traffic Management
R&D Seminar (ATM-2000), Napoli, Italy, June 2000.
(with I. Anagnostakis, H. Idris, J.-P. Clarke, E. Feron, A. Odoni, and W. Hall), “A Conceptual
Design of a Departure Planner Decision Aid,” FAA/Eurocontrol 3rd International Air Traffic
Management R&D Seminar (ATM-2000), Napoli, Italy, June 2000.
(with L. Vigeant-Langlois), “Pilot Information Requirements for Improved In-Flight Icing
Decisions,” 9th AMS Conference on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Mete▯orology, Orlando,
FL, September 2000.
(with E. Murman and J.-P. Clarke), “Aircraft System and Product Development: Teaching the
Conceptual Phase,” AIAA-2001-0866, AIAA 39th Aerospace Sciences Meeti▯ng, Reno, NV,
January 2001.
(with A. Pritchett), “Performance Based Measurement of Situation Awareness,” Chapter 11 in
Situation Awareness Analysis and Measurement, Garland, D., and Endsley, M., Eds., Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahweh, NJ, January 2001.
[with National Science and Technology Council (NSTC)], VISION 2050: An Integrated
National Transportation System, R.E. Spitzer, Committee Chair, Federal Transportation
Advisory Group (FTAG), under the auspices of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
Research, Engineering and Development Advisory Committee (REDAC) and the National
Additional Publications (cont.)
20 Annex 1
Additional Publications (cont.)
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) AeroSpace Technology Advisory Committee
(ASTAC), Washington, DC, February 2001.
(with L. Vigeant-Langlois), "A Hazardous Weather Risk Characterization Model Based on Icing
Information Requirements Studies," Eleventh Biennial International Symposium on Aviation
Psychology, Columbus, OH, March 2001.
(with J. Saleh, W. Kaliardos, D. Hastings, and D. Newman), "On Flexibility in System Design,"
11th Annual INCOSE International Systems Engineering Symposium (INCOSE 2001),
Melbourne, Australia, July 2001.
"The Effect of Shared Information on Pilot/Controller and Controller/Controller Interactions," in
New Concepts and Methods in Air Traffic Management, Bianco, L, Dell’Olmo, P., and Odoni,
A., Eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 143-159, 2001.
(with H. Davison), "The Effect of Shared Information on Pilot/Controller and
Controller/Controller Interactions," Chapter 14 in Air Transportation Sy▯stems Engineeri,g
Donohue, G., Zellweger, A., Rediess, H., and Pusch, C., Eds., Vol. 193 o▯f Progress in
Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA, Reston, VA, 205-225, 2001.
(with I. Anagnostakis, H. Idris, J.-P. Clarke, E. Feron, A. Odoni , and W. Hall), "A Conceptual
Design of a Departure Planner Decision Aid," Chapter 21 in Air Transportation Systems
Engineering, Donohue, G., Zellweger, A., Rediess, H., and Pusch, C., Eds., Vol. 193▯ of Progress
in Astronautics and Aeronautics, AIAA, Reston, VA, 343-365, 2001.
(with T. Reynolds), "Analysis of Separation Minima Using a Surveillance State Vector
Approach," Chapter 34 in Air Transportation Systems Engineering, Donohue, G., Zellweger, A.,
Rediess, H., and Pusch, C., Eds., Vol. 193 of Progress in Astronautics a▯nd Aeronautics, AIAA,
Reston, VA, 563–582, 2001.
(with J. Histon, G. Aigoin, D. Delahaye, and S. Puechmorel), "Introducing Structural
Considerations Into Complexity Metrics," (selected as best paper in track) FAA/Eurocontrol 4th
International Air Traffic Management R&D Seminar (ATM-2001), Santa Fe, NM, December
2001.
(with L. Vigeant-Langlois), "Trajectory-Based Performance Assessment of Aviation Weather
Information," 10th AMS Conference on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace Meteorolog▯y, Portland,
OR, May 2002.
(with E. Bachelder and D. McRuer), "Experimental Study of 3-D Synthetic Cues on Rotorcraft
Hover Performance," AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference, Monterey, CA, August
2002.
Additional Publications (cont.)
21Annex 1
Additional Publications (cont.)
(with Reynolds,T.G, Histon, J.M. and Davison, H), “Structure, Inte▯nt & Conformance
Monitoring in ATC,” Workshop on Advanced Technologies and their Impact on Air Traffic
Management in the 21st Century (ATM 2002), Capri, Italy, September 2002.
(with Reynolds, T.G.) “Conformance Monitoring Approaches in Current and Future Control
Environments,” 19th IEEE/AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Irvine, CA, October
2002.
(with Doble, N.),“Preliminary Design and Evaluation of Portable Electronic Flight Progress
Strips,” 19th IEEE/AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Irvine, CA, October 2002.
(with Histon, J.), “Structural Considerations and Cognitive Complexity in Air Traffic Control,”
19th IEEE/AIAA Digital Avionics Systems Conference, Irvine, CA, October 2002.
(with Tam, R.), “Impact of Air Transportation on Regional Economic and Social Connectivity in
the United States”, AIAA Aircraft Technology, Integration, and Operations Forum, Los
Angeles, CA, October 2002.
(with Davison, H. J.), “Use of Structure as a Basis for Abstraction in Air Traffic Control”,
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Aviation Psychology, Wright-Patterson Air
Force Base, March, 2003.
(with L. Vigeant-Langlois) “Implications of Contingency Planning Support for Weather and
Icing Information”. Proceedings of the FAA/SAE In-Flight Icing / Ground De-Icing
International Conference, Chicago, IL, June 15-20, 2003
(with A. Mozdzanowska, J. Histon, D. Delehay) “Emergence of Regional Jets and the
Implications on Air Traffic Management,”FAA/Eurocontrol 5th International Air Traffic
Management R&D Seminar (ATM-2001), Budapest , June 2003.
(with T. Reynolds) “Investigating Fundamental Issues In Lateral Conformance Monitoring
Using A Fault Detection Approach,” FAA/Eurocontrol 5th International Air Traffic Management
R&D Seminar (ATM-2001), Budapest, June 2003.
(with H. Davison, M.D. Ringsdoitter, J. Histon), “ Impact of Operating Context on the Use of
Structure in Air Traffic Control Cognitive Processes,” FAA/Eurocontro▯l 5th International Air
Traffic Management R&D Seminar (ATM-2001), Budapest , June 2003.
(with Mozdzanowska, A.), “Observations and Potential Impacts of Regional Jet Operating
Trends”, Aviation Management Education and Research Conference ( AMERC), Montreal, July
2003.
Additional Publications (cont.)
22 Annex 1
Additional Publications (cont.)
(with Tam, R.), “Air Transportation And Socioeconomic Connectivity In The United States
Since Deregulation”, Aviation Management Education and Research Conference ( AMERC),
Montreal, July 2003.
(with T. G. Reynolds)“Analyzing Conformance Monitoring in Air Traffic Control Using Fault
Detection Approaches & Operational Data”, AIAA Guidance, Navigation & Control
Conference, Austin, TX, 11-14 August 2003.
(with H. Jiang, L.Ren) “Market And Infrastructure Analysis of Future Air Cargo Demand in
China”, AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations (ATIO) Technical Forum,
Nov. 17-19, 2003, Denver, Colorado. (to be presented).
(with E. Murman, J-P Clarke) “Aircraft and Air Transportation Systems Curriculum at MIT”,
ICAS 2004-7.8.1, ICAS 2004 Congress of the International Council of the ▯Aeronautical
Sciences, Yokohama , Japan, Sept 1, 2004
(with T. Reynolds, R. Bolszak, R. Tarakan), ‘Improving Surveillance of Clearances in Future
Air Traffic Control Systems,” AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations (ATIO)
Technical Forum, Chicago, Sept 2004
(with P. Bonnefoy), "Emergence and Impact of Secondary Airports in the United States,” AIAA
Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations (ATIO) Technical Forum, Chicago, Sept 2004
(with R. Weibel), “Safety Considerations for Operation of Different Classes of▯ UAVs in the
NAS,” AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations (ATIO) Technical Forum,
Chicago, Sept 2004
(with M. C. Lohrenz,), “Investigating Issues Of Display Content Vs.▯ Clutter During Air-To-
Ground Targeting Missions.” Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society
(HFES) 48th Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, September 20-24, 2004
(with L. Major, H. Johannsson, H. Davison, E. Hvannberg), “Key Human-Centered Transition
Issues for Future Oceanic Air Traffic Control Systems,” HCI-Aero, Toulouse, Sept 2004
(with H. Jiang), “Parametric Analysis of Cyclicality in the Airline Industry,” International▯
Conference on Research in Air Transportation (ICRAT 2004), November 22-24 2004, Zilina,
Slovakia
“The Impact of Information Technologies on Air Transportation” AIAA-2005-0001, AIAA 44th
Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NV, January 2005. (presented as the ▯Dryden Lecture)
(with L. Major-Forrest) “Experimental Analysis of the Integration of Mixed Surveillance
Frequency Into Oceanic ATC Operations”, Aviation Psychology, April 20▯05.
Additional Publications (cont.)
23Annex 1
Additional Publications (cont.)
(with Davison-Reynolds, H., Reynolds, T. G.), "Human Factors Implications of Continuous
Descent Approach Procedures for Noise Abatement in Air Traffic Control", Proceedings of the
6th USA/Europe Air Traffic Management R & D Seminar, Baltimore. June 23, 2005.
(with R. Weibel) “An Integrated Approach to Evaluating Risk Mitigation Measures for UAV
Operational Concepts in the NAS”, Infotech Aerospace, Washington DC, September 2005.
th
(with Jaing, H.) “An Analysis of Profit Cycles in the Airline Indus▯try”, AIAA-2006-7732, 6
AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration and Operations Conference, Wichita, September 2006.
(with Mozdzanowska, A., Weibel, R., Lester, E.,), “The Dynamics of Air Transportation System
Transition”, In Proceedings of the 7th Air Traffic Management Conference. Barcelona Spain.
July 2007.
(with Mozdzanowska, A.), “Crisis Events as a Catalyst for Change in the US Air Transp▯ortation
System - Implications for Capacity”. In Proceedings of the 10th International Co▯nference on
Technology Policy and Innovation. Stavanger, Norway. June 2007, Awarded▯ Best Paper.
(with Mozdzanowska, A.), “The US Air Transportation System”, Handbook of Transportation
Policy and Administration, pp. (9-27), CRC Press, 2007.
(with Bonnefoy, P.), “Scalability and Evolutionary Dynamics of Air Transportation Networks in
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯ AIAA Air Transportation Integration and Operations
Conference, Dublin, September 2007.
(with Mozdzanowska, A., Webel, R., Lester, E. Weigel, A., and Marais, K), “Dynamics of Air
Transportation System Transition and Implications for ADS-B Equipage” AIAA-2007-7776, 7 th
AIAA Air Transportation Integration and Operations Conference, Dublin, S▯eptember 2007.
(with Ishutkina, M.) “Analysis of the Interaction between Air Transportation and▯ Economic
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
of the Aeronautical Sciences, Anchorage Alaska, September 15-18, 2008.
(with Campos, N.V. and Weigel, A.L) “Preliminary Analysis of Strategies to Encourage Data
Link Adoption Over the North Atlantic ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences, Anch▯orage Alak sa,
September 15-18, 2008.
(with Brown, S., Barimo, B., et al) “Report from the ADS-B Aeronautical Rulemaking
Committee to the Federal Aviation Administration” September 26, 2008.
(with Alan Melrose, Ted Elliff et al) “The 2008/9 Independent Expert Group’s First Report for
Operational Environmental Goals”, ICAO Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection
(CAEP) WG2 Operations, (TG2) ATM. Florence, Italy April 2009.
Additional Publications (cont.)
24 Annex 1
(with Kar, R., Bonnefoy, P., Sgouridis, S.) “Dynamics of Implementation ofthitigating
Measures to Reduce Commercial Aviation’s Environmental Impacts” 9 AIAA Aviation
Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference, Hilton Head, AIAA-2009-6935. September
2009.
(with Abrahamson, N. et al) “Advancing Aeronautical Safety”, National Academy Press,
Washington, D.C., September 2010
(with Morrison, J. and Bonnefoy, P.) “Investigation of the Impacthof Effective Fuel Cost
Increase on the US Air Transportation Network and Fleet”, 10 AIAA Aviation Technology,
Integration, and Operations Conference, Fort Worth, to be presented Oct 2010.
(with Azzam, M. and Bonnefoy, P.)“Investigation of the Fuel Economy of the US Air
th
Transportation Network Structure”, 10 AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and
Operations Conference, Fort Worth, to be presented Oct 2010.
(with Li, L., Cho, H. and Palacios, R.)“Aircraft-Based Complexity Assessment for Radar
th
Controllers in the Multi-Sector Planner Experiment”, 10 AIAA Aviation Technology,
Integration, and Operations Conference, Fort Worth, to be presented Oct 2010.
(with Butchibabu, A., Midkiff, A., Kendra, A. and Chandra, D.) “Analysis of Safety Reports
Involving Area Navigation and Required Navigation Performance Procedures” International
Conference on Human-Computer Interaction in Aerospace, Cape Canaveral to be presented Nov
2010.
25Annex 1 Annex 1
Appendix▯2▯
Curriculum▯Vitae▯of▯Carlos▯F.▯Mena,▯Ph.D.▯Annex 1 Annex 1
CARLOS F. MENA
Darwin 001
Campus Cumbaya
Interoceanica y Diego de Robles s/n
Universidad San Francisco de Quito
Quito, Ecuador
Telf: 2-297-1866; Cell: 084439927
Email: [email protected]
www.cmena.org
Professor, College of Life and Environmental Sciences
Co-Director, Galapagos Science Center
Co-Director, USFQ GeoCenter
Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador
Adjunct Professor, Department of Geography
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
Member, Steering Committee 2008-2010
International Geographic Union, Land Use and Land Cover Commission
Member, Editorial Board
Population and Environment
EDUCATION
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Ph.D., Geography, 2007
Graduate Certificate in International Development
Dissertation: Land use trajectories in the Ecuadorian Amazon: socioeconomic
drivers, spatial explicit modeling, and future scenarios.
Advisor: Dr. Stephen J. Walsh
Florida International University, Miami, FL
Master in Science, Environmental Studies Department, 2001
Thesis: Deforestation and land use patterns in the Napo Basin
Advisor: Dr. Michael McClain
Escuela Politécnica del Ejército, Quito, Ecuador
Ingeniero Geógrafo y del Medio Ambiente, 1999
Tesis: Sensibilidad Ambiental del Parque Nacional Llanganates
PROFESSIONAL
EXPERIENCE:
Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Ecuador
Professor, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, 2008-Present
Co-Director, Galapagos Science Center, 2010-Present
Director, Graduate Program in Tropical Ecology, 2009
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Post-Doctoral Researcher, Department of Geography, Fall 2007
Teaching Fellow, Department of Geography, Fall 2006
Research Assistant, Department of Geography/ Carolina Population Center,
8/2002 to 8/2007
Florida International University.
Research Assistant, Andean Amazon Rivers Analysis and Management
Project (AARAM). 01/2000 to 08/2002Annex 1
Mena, Page 2
EcoCiencia, Fundación de Estudios EcológicQos.ito, Ecuador.
Geographer. 07/1998 to 12/1999
Fundación Natura. Quito, Ecuador.
Technical Assistant. 10/1997 to 06/1998
ACADEMIC
HONORS: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 2009 ESRI
Award for Best Paper in Geographic Information Systems (2 Place).
Earth Systems Science Fellowship. National Aeronautics Space
Administration (NASA), 2004-2007, $72,000
Pre-Doctoral Traineeship. NIH Fogarty International Center - Carolina
Population Center, 2002-2004, $74,000
Anne U. White Fund Grant. Association of American Geographers, 2006,
$1,000
Residency Grant. Mellon Foundation - Carolina Population Center, 2005,
$12,000
Future Faculty Fellowship. UNC Center for Teaching and Learning, 2006,
$500
Pre-dissertation Fieldwork Award. UNC Institute Latin American Studies -
The Tinker Foundation, 2004, $1,500
NSF-IGERT Travel Grants. IGERT Program. Carolina Population Center -
National Science Foundation, 2004-2007, $4,500
Latin America and Caribbean Scholarship, Florida International University,
2000-2001, $18,000
Programa de la Conservación de la Biodiversidad, EcoCiencia, Fundación de
Estudios Ecológicos, Quito, Ecuador, 1998, $1,200
PEER REVIEWED
PUBLICATIONS
Mena CF (In Review). Spatial Heterogeneity and Non-Stationarity of the
Drivers of Deforestation and Agriculture Extensification. Global
Environmental Change.
Bilsborrow RE, Mena CF, Arguello (In Review) Colombian Refugees in
Ecuador: Sampling Scheme, Demographic Characteristics, and Migratory
Patterns. GeoJournal
Quiroga D, Mena CF , Suzuk i H, Guevara A, Murillo JC (In Review).
Socioeconomic Effects of Climate Change in the Galapagos Islands: A
Theoretical Framework and Exploratory Impacts in Kerr, DiCarlo et al (Eds.)
Climate Change in MMAs
Samonte-Tan G., Suman D, Wang X, Mate J, Catzim-Sanchez A, Fong P,
Quiroga D, Mena CF , Guevara A, Suzuki H. (In Review) Governance
Factors for Improving Marine Management. Journal of Environmental and
Resource Economics
Walsh SJ, Malanson GP, Brown DG, Messina JP, Mena CF (In Press).
Biocomplexity. In: Handbook of Biogeography, M. Blumler M, G.
MacDonald, A. Millington, U. Schic khoff (Editors), Sage Publications,
London.
Walsh SJ, McCleary A, Heumann B, Brewington L, Raczkowski E, Mena
CF. (In Press). Community Expansion and Infrastructure Development:
Implications for Human Health and Environmental Quality in the Galápagos
Islands of Ecuador. Journal of Latin American Geography Annex 1
Mena, Page 3
Mena CF, Walsh SJ, Frizzelle FG, Xiaozheng Y, Malanson GP (In Press)
Land Use Change on Household Farms in the Ecuadorian Amazon: Design
and Implementation of an Agent-Based Model. Applied Geography.
Lu, F, Gray C, Bilsborrow RE, Mena CF, Erlien CM, Bremner J, Barbieri A,
and Walsh SJ (2010), Contrasting Colonist and Indigenous Impacts on
Amazonian Forests. Conservation Biology 24 (3): 881 – 885
Brondizio ES, Cak A, Caldas M, Mena CF ; Bilsborrow R, Futemma CT,
Moran EF, Batistella M, and Ludewigs T. 2010. Small Farmers and
Deforestation in Amazônia. In M. Keller, M. Bustamante, J. Gash, and P.
Silva Dias (eds.) Amazônia and Global Change: A Synthesis of LBA
Research. World Scientific Publishing (American Geophysical Union,
Geophysical Monograph Series 186). Pp. 117-143.
Walsh, SJ, Mena CF, DeHart J, Frizzelle FG (2009). Stylized environments
and ABMs: educational tools for examining the causes and consequences of
land use/land cover change. Geocarto International, 24: 1752-0762
Mena, CF (2008). Trajectories of Land Use and Land Cover in the Northern
Ecuadorian Amazon: Temporal Composition, Spatial Configuration, and
Probability of Change. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing
74(6): 737-752
Walsh, SJ, Shao Y, Mena CF , McCleary A (2008). Integration of Hyperion
Satellite Data and a Household Social Survey to Characterize the Causes and
Consequences of Reforestation Patterns in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon▯.
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 74(6): 725-736
Walsh SJ, McCleary A, Mena CF, Tuttle J, Shao Y, Atkinson R, Gonzales
A, (2008). Hyper-Spatial and Hyper-Spectral Remote Sensing of an Invasive
Plant in the Galapagos National Park and Archipelago: Spatial Structure and
Implications for Control. Remote Sensing of the Environment 112(5):1927-
1941
Walsh SJ, Messina JP, Mena CF , Malanson GP, Page PH (2008).
Complexity and Land Use Dynamics in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon,
GeoForum 39:867-878.
Rindfuss RR, Entwisle B, Walsh SJ, An L, Badenoch N, Brown DG,
Deadman P, Evans TP, Fox J, Geoghegan J, Gutmann M, Kelly M,
Linderman M, Liu J, Malanson G P, Mena CF , et al. (2008) "Land use
change: complexity and comparisons" Journal of Land Use Science 3(1): 1 –
10
Rindfuss RR, Entwisle B, Walsh SJ, Mena CF , Erlien CM, Gray CL (2007).
Frontier Land Use Change: Synthesis and Next Steps, Annals of the
Association of American Geographers 97(4): 739-754
Mena CF, Bilsborrow RE, McClain ME (2006). Socioeconomic Drivers of
Deforestation in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon. Environmental
Management 37(6): 802-815.
Mena CF, Barbieri A, Walsh SJ, Erlien CM, Bilsborrow RE, Lu F (2006).
Pressure on the Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve: Development and Land
Use/Cover Change in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon. World Development
34(10): 1831-1849.
Messina J, Walsh SJ, Mena CF , Delamater P (2006). Land Tenure and
Deforestation Patterns in the Ecuadorian Amazon: Conflicts in Land
Conservation in Frontier Settings. Applied Geography 26(2): 113-128.Annex 1
Mena, Page 4
Erlien CM, Tuttle JP, McCleary AL, Mena CF , Walsh SJ (2006).
Complexity Theory and Spatial Models of Land Use/Land Cover Dynamics:
Implications of “What if” Scenarios for Education, Land Management, and
Decision-Making, Geocarto 21(4):67-74.
Frizzelle BG, Walsh SJ, Erlien CM, Mena CF (2004). Establishing Remote
Sensing Control in a Frontier Environment: the Case of the Ecuadorian
Amazon. Earth Observation Magazine 12 (7):20-24
Frizzelle BG, Walsh SJ, Mena CF, Erlien CM (2005). Land Use Change
Patterns of Colonist and Indigenous groups in the Northern Ecuadorian
Amazon: A Comparison of Landsat TM spectral and Spatial Analyses.
Proceedings, American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.
Mena CF (2001) Mapa de Uso de Suelo y Cobertura Vegetal del Parque
Nacional Llanganates en Biodiversidad del Parque Nacional Llanganates,
Vazquez M. (Editor). EcoCiencia. Quito
SELECTED
RESEARCH
GRANTS,
CONTRACS, AND
PROJECTS Murshed SM, Arsel M, Pellegrini L, Mena CF , van de Schoot T,
Gruenberger J. Nationalization of natural resources, cooperation and conflict
in Bolivia and Ecuador . 2010-2014. Netherlands Organization for Scientific
Research, EUR€ 600,000.
Quiroga D, Mena CF. Assessment of the Vulnerability of Biodiversity and
Related Well Being in the Galapagos Islands to Climate Change . 2009-2010.
Conservation International and World Wildlife Fund, US$ 30,000.
Quiroga D, Mena CF. Socioeconomic Effects of Climate Change in the
Galapagos Islands: An Emphasis on the Marine Resources and Marine
Reserve. 2009. Conservation International, US$ 57,000.
Mena CF. Design of the Territorial Information System for Ecuador´s
Patrimony. 2010. Ministry of Coordination of Patrimony of Ecuador, US$
20,000.
Mena CF. Subtle Changes in Tropical Forest Condition using High
Resolution Satellite Images. 2010. US$ 30,000.
Mena CF. Links between Invasive Species and Agriculture Abandonment in
the Galapagos Islands . 2010. USFQ-GAIAS Internal Seed Grant. US$
10,000.
Mena CF. Review of the Cartographic Processes in the Ecuadorian Institut▯e
of Census and Statistics. 2010. United Nations Population Fund. US$ 5,000.
Mena CF. Institutional Cartography of Culture of Ecuador . 2009. Ministry
of Culture of Ecuador, Spanish Cooperation Agency. US$ 51,220
Mena CF. Design of the Environmental Information Systems for the
Galapagos National Park. 2009. Galapagos National Park. US$ 13,000
Mena CF. Systematization of Information of the Protected Forest of
Ecuador: Limits and Conflicts. 2008. Ministry of Environment of Ecuador.
US$ 31,000.
Mena CF. Urban Change in Galapagos. Unfunded active research.
Mena CF. Secondary forest succession in the Ecuadorian Amazon.
Unfunded active research. Annex 1
Mena, Page 5
REVIEWER x United States National Science Foundation (NSF) - Geography and
Regional Science Program
x Population and Environment (Editor Board)
x Geocarto International
x Journal of Environmental Management
x Journal of Earth Systems Science
x Development and Change
x Applied Geography
x Progress in Physical Geography
ORGANIZER / Organizer, 2010. Workshop Conflict and Cooperation in the Nationalization
SELECTED of Natural Resources. International Institute of Social Studies of Erasmus
PRESENTATIONS University and Universidad San Francisco de Quito. Puyo, Ecuador.
Invited Session Co-Organizer, 2009 (C.F. Mena & S.J. Walsh). Population-
Environment Interactions in the Galapagos Islands, Galapagos Science
Symposium, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, Charles Darwin
Foundation.
Invited Workshop Participant, 2009. Vulnerability of the Galapagos Islands
to Climate Change, Conservation International and World Wildlife Fund,
Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador.
Session Organizer (with C. Gray), Conservation and Development from the
Andes to the Amazon I, II, III, and IV. Set of Sessions Organized for the
Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers. San Francisco,
California, April 21, 2007.
Workshop Organizer (with S.J. Walsh), Geographic Information Systems and
Remote Sensing for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of the
Galapagos Islands. Santa Cruz, Galapagos, June 21-22, 2006
Session Organizer (with C. Gray), Human-Environment Studies from the
Andes to the Amazon . Session Organized for the Annual Meeting of the
Association of American Geographers. Denver, Colorado, April 5-9, 2005.
Symposium Organizer (with S.J. Walsh), Methods for the Characterization of
Landscape Change. Hotel Quito, Quito, June 6, 2005.
Workshop Organizer (with R.E. Bilsborrow and B. Torres), Agricultural
Colonization in the Ecuadorian Amazon: Meetings for Farmers and Local
Authorities. Lago Agrio and Coca, Ecuador, July 2004.
Mena CF , Walsh SJ, Malanson G, Frizzelle BG. 2008. “Agent Based
Modeling for the simulation of endogenous and exogenous shocks in the
Northern Ecuadorian Amazon”, Poster presented at the Meeting Tough
Choices - Land Use under a Changing Climate, US Nacional Science
Foundation and German Researhc Foudation, invited participant. Berlin,
Germany.
Mena CF. "Exploring the heterogeneous nature of the drivers of
deforestation and land extensification in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon▯"
Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association of American
Geographers. San Francisco, California, April 21, 2007.
Mena CF, Walsh SJ, Bilsborrow RE, Erlien CF. "Demography and Land
Use/Cover Change in the Cuyabeno and Lago Agrio in Ecuador: Implications
for Development". Poster presented at the NASA Land-Cover and Land-Use
Change Science Team Meeting, Maryland. April 11-13, 2006Annex 1
Mena, Page 6
Mena CF , Walsh SJ. "Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Biophysical
Factors Affecting Land Use and Land Cover Change in the Northern
Ecuadorian Amazon: Drivers, Statistical and Spatial Explicit Models". Paper
presented at the XXV Conference of the International Union for the Scien▯tific
Study of Population, Tours, France. July 18-23, 2005.
Mena CF, Walsh SJ, Erlien CM. “Development and Land Use/Cover Change
in the Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve” Paper presented at the 101st Annual
Meeting of the Association of American Geographers. Denver, CO. April 5-
9, 2005.
Mena CF "Deforestation and Spatially Explicit Models for Land Change
Research". Department of Geography, Appalachian State University. Boone,
NC. April 19, 2006.
Mena CF, Walsh SJ. "Socioeconomic and Demographic drivers of Forest
Succession in Northern Ecuadorian Amazon". Paper presented at the 100th
Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers (AAG),
Philadelphia, PA. March 14-19, 2004.
Barbieri AF, Mena CF , Erlien CM, Bilsborrow RE, and Torres B. 2003.
Settler Welfare and Land Cover Change in the Ecuadorian Amazon
Communities. Poster presented at the Human Dimensions of Global Change
Open Meeting. Montreal, Canada. October 16-18, 2003,
Mena CF, Erlien CM, Walsh SJ, Bilsborrow RE, and Baquero F. "Modeling
the Scale Dependent Drivers of LCLU Dynamics in Northeastern Ecuador:
Population, Biophysical, and Geographical Factors.” Paper presented a▯t the
99th Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers (AAG),
New Orleans, LA. March 4-7, 2003
Mena CF. 2002. “Socioeconomic Drivers of Deforestation in the Northern
Ecuadorian Amazon”. American Association of Geographers, South East
Division (SEDAAG) Meeting, 23-26 November 2002, Richmond, VA
Mena CF . 2001. “Spatial Patterns, metrics, and socioeconomic factors
driving deforestation in the Napo Basin of Ecuador”. Open Meeting of ▯the
Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Research Community,
October 6-8, 2001, Rio de Janiero, Brazil
Mena CF, Taff G, Frizzelle B, McGregor SJ. 2000. “Integrating Geographic
Information Science Techniques and Household Socio-economic Surveys of
Population Environment research: A Preliminary Report.” Presented at the
Meeting of the Latin American Studies Association, March 16-18, Miami,
Florida.
PROFESSIONAL American Association of Geographers (AAG)
ASSOCIATIONS Population Association of America (PAA)
International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP) Annex 1
▯
▯
▯
Appendix▯ϯ▯
Statistics▯▯
1Annex 1 Annex 1
▯
Table▯of▯Contents▯
I. Altitude........................................................................▯........................................3
II. Speed........................................................................▯......................................... 10
III. Combined▯Altitude▯&▯Speed▯Analysis................................................................. 19
IV. Application▯Rate▯&▯Total▯Volume▯of▯Spray ......................................................... 21
V. Type▯of▯Aircraft........................................................................▯.......................... 24
VI. Additional▯Statistics ........................................................................▯................... 26
▯
2Annex 1 Annex 1
▯
▯
▯
I. Altitude▯
3Annex 1
▯
▯
Flights▯Within▯10▯km▯of▯Ecuador’s▯Border▯Exceedi▯n▯g Altitude▯Thresholds▯of▯25▯m▯and▯50▯m▯
(2000▯–▯2008)▯
▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯ ▯
Threshold Count▯ Percentage▯
<▯25▯m▯ 3,519▯ 4%▯ ▯ <▯50▯m▯ 76,500▯ 83%▯
>25▯m▯ 89,124▯ 96%▯ ▯ >50▯m▯ 16,143▯ 17%▯
TOTAL▯ 92,643▯ 100%▯ TOTAL▯ 92,643▯ 100%▯
▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
4 Annex 1
▯
Altitude▯Statistics▯By▯Year:▯Flights▯Within▯10▯km▯▯of▯Ecuador’s▯Border▯Exceeding▯▯
25▯m▯and▯50▯m▯Thresholds▯
▯
2000▯▯ 2005▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯ Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
<▯25▯m▯ 91▯ 2%▯ <▯25▯m▯ 310▯ 2%▯
>25▯m▯ 4,720▯ 98%▯ >25▯m▯ 13,275▯ 98%▯
TOTAL▯ 4,811▯ 100%▯ TOTAL▯ 13,585▯ 100%▯
▯ ▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯ Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
<▯50▯m▯ 1,796▯ 37%▯ <▯50▯m▯ 11,343▯ 83%▯
>50▯m▯ 3,015▯ 63%▯ >50▯m▯ 2,242▯ 17%▯
TOTAL▯ 4,811▯ 100%▯ TOTAL▯ 13,585▯ 100%▯
▯ ▯
2002▯ 2006▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯ Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
<▯25▯m▯ 1,483▯ 4%▯ <▯25▯m▯ 1,222▯ 7%▯
>25▯m▯ 37,293▯ 96%▯ >25▯m▯ 16,237▯ 93%▯
TOTAL▯ 38,776▯ 100%▯ TOTAL▯ 17,459▯ 100%▯
▯ ▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯ Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
<▯50▯m▯ 32,210▯ 83%▯ <▯50▯m▯ 16,025▯ 92%▯
>50▯m▯ 6,566▯ 17%▯ >50▯m▯ 1,434▯ 8%▯
TOTAL▯ 38,776▯ 100%▯ TOTAL▯ 17,459▯ 100%▯
▯ ▯
2003▯ 2007▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯ Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
<▯25▯m▯ 94▯ 1%▯ <▯25▯m▯ 312▯ 3%▯
>25▯m▯ 6,996▯ 99%▯ >25▯m▯ 10,533▯ 97%▯
TOTAL▯ 7,090▯ 100%▯ TOTAL▯ 10,845▯ 100%▯
▯ ▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯ Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
<▯50▯m▯ 5,849▯ 82%▯ <▯50▯m▯ 9,208▯ 85%▯
>50▯m▯ 1,241▯ 18%▯ >50▯m▯ 1,637▯ 15%▯
TOTAL▯ 7,090▯ 100%▯ TOTAL▯ 10,845▯ 100%▯
▯ ▯
5Annex 1
▯
2008▯ ▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯ ▯
<▯25▯m▯ 0▯ 0%▯
▯
>25▯m▯ 77▯ 100%▯
TOTAL▯ 77▯ 100%▯
▯
▯
▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
▯
<▯50▯m▯ 56▯ 73%▯
>50▯m▯ 21▯ 27%▯
▯
TOTAL▯ 77▯ 100%▯
▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯
6 Annex 1
▯
Altitude▯Range▯of▯Flights▯Conducted▯Within▯10▯km▯of▯Ecuador’s▯▯Border▯▯
YEAR▯ Total▯by▯ Cumulative▯
2000▯ 2002▯ 2003▯ 2005▯ 2006▯ 2007▯ 2008▯
RANGE▯ range▯ Total▯▯
(meters)▯
▯
0▯TO▯10▯ 6▯ 9▯ 1▯ 3▯ 9▯ 3▯ 31▯ 92,655▯over▯0▯m▯
▯
10▯TO▯20▯ 24▯ 353▯ 14▯ 89▯ 339▯ 91▯ 910▯ 92,624▯over▯10▯m
20▯TO▯30▯ 188▯ 4,223▯ 417▯ 1,026▯ 2,741▯ 969▯ 2▯ 9,566▯ 91,714▯over▯20▯m
30▯TO▯40▯ 506▯ 13,975▯ 2,482▯ 4,966▯ 7,487▯ 4,369▯ 23▯ 33,808▯ 82,148▯over▯30▯m
40▯TO▯50▯ 1,074▯ 13,654▯ 2,936▯ 5,260▯ 5,451▯ 3,777▯ 33▯ 32,185▯ 48,336▯over▯40▯m
50▯TO▯60▯ 1,537▯ 5,296▯ 1,020▯ 1,834▯ 1,098▯ 1,086▯ 13▯ 11,884▯ 16,146▯over▯50▯m
60▯TO▯70▯ 884▯ 1,060▯ 156▯ 324▯ 190▯ 270▯ 4▯ 2,888▯ 4,259▯over▯60▯m▯
70▯TO▯80▯ 289▯ 149▯ 48▯ 44▯ 76▯ 130▯ ▯ 736▯ 1,371▯over▯70▯m▯
80▯TO▯90▯ 123▯ 13▯ 11▯ 16▯ 31▯ 67▯ 1▯ 262▯ 635▯over▯80▯m▯
90▯TO▯100▯ 54▯ 8▯ 4▯ 10▯ 14▯ 32▯ ▯ 122▯ 373▯over▯90▯m▯
100▯TO▯110▯ 22▯ 6▯ ▯ 9▯ 8▯ 27▯ 1▯ 73▯ 251▯over▯100▯m▯
110▯TO▯120▯ 17▯ 12▯ ▯ 1▯ 4▯ 12▯ ▯ 46▯ 178▯over▯110▯m▯
▯
120▯TO▯130▯ 14▯ 12▯ ▯ ▯ 5▯ 5▯ 36▯ 132▯over▯120▯m▯
▯
130▯TO▯140▯ 26▯ 6▯ ▯ 1▯ 6▯ 2▯ 41▯ 96▯over▯130▯m▯
▯
140▯TO▯▯150▯ 16▯ ▯ ▯ 1▯ ▯ 1▯ 18▯ 55▯over▯140▯m▯
▯
150▯TO▯160▯ 9▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ 3▯ 12▯ 37▯over▯150▯m▯
▯
160▯TO▯170▯ 12▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ 12▯ 25▯over▯160▯m▯
▯
170▯TO▯180▯ 5▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ 1▯ 6▯ 13▯over▯170▯m▯
▯
180▯TO▯190▯ 2▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ 2▯ 7▯over▯180▯m▯
▯
190▯TO▯200▯ 3▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ 3▯ 5▯over▯190▯m▯
▯
200▯TO▯270▯ ▯ ▯ 1▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ 1▯ 2▯over▯200▯m▯
▯
270▯TO▯440▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ 1▯ ▯ ▯ 1▯ 1▯over▯270▯m▯
Total▯by▯
year▯ 4,811▯ 38,776▯ 7,090▯ 13,585▯ 17,459▯ 10,845▯ 77▯ 92,643▯ 92,655▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
7Annex 1
▯
Top▯Ten▯Highest▯Flights▯Per▯Year▯
▯Altitude▯ ▯Altitude▯ ▯Altitude▯
YEAR▯ YEAR▯ YEAR▯
(meters)▯▯ ▯ (meters)▯▯ ▯ (meters)▯▯
2000▯ 196.94▯ ▯ 2002▯ 135.48▯ ▯ 2003▯ 263.51▯
2000▯ 192.55▯ ▯ 2002▯ 135.48▯ ▯ 2003▯ 99.55▯
2000▯ 191.88▯ ▯ 2002▯ 135.17▯ ▯ 2003▯ 92.85▯
2000▯ 184.05▯ ▯ 2002▯ 135.17▯ ▯ 2003▯ 91.46▯
2000▯ 180.89▯ ▯ 2002▯ 134.87▯ ▯ 2003▯ 90.41▯
2000▯ 179.94▯ ▯ 2002▯ 134.87▯ ▯ 2003▯ 89.92▯
2000▯ 178.24▯ ▯ 2002▯ 129.88▯ ▯ 2003▯ 88.68▯
2000▯ 174.26▯ ▯ 2002▯ 129.27▯ ▯ 2003▯ 87.16▯
2000▯ 174.13▯ ▯ 2002▯ 128.66▯ ▯ 2003▯ 84.59▯
2000▯ 171.83▯ ▯ 2002▯ 128.35▯ ▯ 2003▯ 83.81▯
▯
Altitude▯ Altitude▯ Altitude▯
YEAR▯ YEAR▯ YEAR▯
(meters)▯ ▯ (meters)▯ ▯ (meters)▯
2005▯ 430.32▯ ▯ 2006▯ 137.76▯ ▯ 2007▯ 170.36▯
2005▯ 147.25▯ ▯ 2006▯ 134.14▯ ▯ 2007▯ 159.99▯
2005▯ 135.52▯ ▯ 2006▯ 133.76▯ ▯ 2007▯ 154.44▯
2005▯ 117.20▯ ▯ 2006▯ 131.22▯ ▯ 2007▯ 153.01▯
2005▯ 105.44▯ ▯ 2006▯ 131.04▯ ▯ 2007▯ 140.31▯
2005▯ 105.32▯ ▯ 2006▯ 130.22▯ ▯ 2007▯ 136.08▯
2005▯ 103.48▯ ▯ 2006▯ 128.76▯ ▯ 2007▯ 133.41▯
2005▯ 102.87▯ ▯ 2006▯ 128.10▯ ▯ 2007▯ 129.87▯
2005▯ 102.08▯ ▯ 2006▯ 123.76▯ ▯ 2007▯ 129.14▯
2005▯ 101.48▯ ▯ 2006▯ 121.41▯ ▯ 2007▯ 126.91▯
8 Annex 1
▯
$OWLWXGH
<($5 PHWHUV
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
9Annex 1 Annex 1
▯
▯
▯
II. Speed▯
10Annex 1
▯
Speed▯Distribution▯of▯Flights▯Within▯10▯km▯of▯Ecuador’s▯Border▯
(2000▯–▯2008)▯
▯▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
11 Annex 1
▯
Flights▯Within▯10▯km▯of▯Ecuador´s▯Border▯Exceedi▯ng▯Speed▯Thresholds▯of▯▯
140▯mph,▯165▯mph▯and▯333▯km/h▯(2000▯–▯2008)▯
▯
▯ Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage
<▯140▯mph▯ ▯▯▯▯▯1,855▯ 2%▯
>140▯mph▯ 108,563▯ 98%▯
TOTAL▯ 110,418▯ 100%▯
▯
▯ Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage
<▯165▯mph▯ 34,577▯ 31%▯
>165▯mph▯ 75,841▯ 69%▯
TOTAL▯ 110,418▯ 100%▯
▯
▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage
▯ <▯333▯km/h▯ 99,305▯ 90%▯
▯ >333▯km/h▯ 11,113▯ 10%▯
TOTAL▯ 110,418▯ 100%▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯ ▯
12Annex 1
▯
Speed▯Statistics▯By▯Year:▯Flights▯Within▯10▯km▯of▯Ecuador’s▯Border▯Exceeding▯▯
140▯mph▯Threshold▯
▯ ▯
2000▯ 2005▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯ Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
<▯140▯mph▯ 31▯ 1%▯ <▯140▯mph▯ 0▯ 0%▯
>140▯mph▯ 4,807▯ 99%▯ >140▯mph▯ 13,608▯ 100%▯
TOTAL▯ 4,838▯ 100%▯ TOTAL▯ 13,608▯ 100%▯
▯ ▯
2001▯ 2006▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯ Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
<▯140▯mph▯ 35▯ 0.30%▯ <▯140▯mph▯ 775▯ 4%▯
>140▯mph▯ 11,483▯ 99.70%▯ >140▯mph▯ 16,757▯ 96%▯
TOTAL▯ 11,518▯ 100%▯ TOTAL▯ 17,532▯ 100%▯
▯ ▯
2002▯ 2007▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
<▯140▯mph▯ 560▯ 2%▯ <▯140▯mph▯ 167▯ 1.53%▯
>140▯mph▯ 10,758▯ 98.47%▯
>140▯mph▯ 36,103▯ 98%▯
TOTAL▯ 36,663▯ 100%▯ TOTAL▯ 10,925▯ 100%▯
▯
▯
2003▯ 2008▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
<▯140▯mph▯ 280▯ 4%▯ <▯140▯mph▯ 0▯ 0%▯
>140▯mph▯ 89▯ 100%▯
>140▯mph▯ 6,879▯ 96%▯
TOTAL▯ 7,159▯ 100%▯ TOTAL▯ 89▯ 100%▯
▯
▯
2004▯ 2008▯
▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯ 0,06%
<▯140▯mph▯ 7▯ 0.09%▯
TOTAL▯
>140▯mph▯ 8,079▯ 99.91%▯ 10,925▯
TOTAL▯ 8,086▯ 100%▯ 100%▯
▯
▯
▯ ▯
13 Annex 1
▯
▯
Speed▯Statistics▯By▯Year:▯Flights▯Within▯10▯km▯of▯Ecuador’s▯Border▯Exceeding▯▯
165▯mph▯Threshold▯
▯ ▯
2000▯ 2005▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯ Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
<▯165▯mph▯ 1,596▯ 33%▯ <▯165▯mph▯ 1,791▯ 13%▯
>165▯mph▯ 3,242▯ 67%▯ >165▯mph▯ 11,817▯ 87%▯
TOTAL▯ 13,608▯ 100%▯
TOTAL▯ 4,838▯ 100%▯
▯ ▯
2006▯
2001▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯ Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
<▯165▯mph▯ 3,500▯ 30%▯ <▯165▯mph▯ 4,677▯ 27%▯
>165▯mph▯ 8,018▯ 70%▯ >165▯mph▯ 12,855▯ 73%▯
TOTAL▯ 11,518▯ 100%▯ TOTAL▯ 17,532▯ 100%▯
▯ ▯
2002▯ 2007▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯ Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
<▯165▯mph▯ 2,203▯ 20%▯
<▯165▯mph▯ 17,069▯ 47%▯
>165▯mph▯ 19,594▯ 53%▯ >165▯mph▯ 8,722▯ 80%▯
TOTAL▯ 36,663▯ 100%▯ TOTAL▯ 10,925▯ 100%▯
▯ ▯
2003▯ 2008▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯ Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
<▯165▯mph▯ 2,407▯ 34%▯ <▯165▯mph▯ 19▯ 21%▯
>165▯mph▯ 4,752▯ 66%▯ >165▯mph▯ 70▯ 79%▯
TOTAL▯ 7,159▯ 100%▯ TOTAL▯ 89▯ 100%▯
▯ ▯
2004▯ 2008▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯ ▯
<▯165▯mph▯ 1,315▯ 16▯%▯ 0,06%
TOTAL▯
>165▯mph▯ 6,771▯ 84%▯ 10,925▯
TOTAL▯ 8,086▯ 100%▯
100%▯
▯ ▯
14Annex 1
▯
Speed▯Statistics▯By▯Year:▯Flights▯Within▯10▯km▯of▯Ecuador’s▯Border▯Exceeding▯▯
333▯km/h▯Threshold▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage
<333▯km/h▯ 4,329▯ 89%▯ <333▯km/h▯ 10,982▯ 81%
>333▯km/h▯ 509▯ 11%▯ >333▯km/h▯ 2,626▯ 19%
TOTAL▯ 4,838▯ 100%▯ TOTAL▯ 13,608▯ 100%
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage
<333▯km/h▯ 10,033▯ 87%▯ <333▯km/h▯ 17,509▯ 99.9%
>333▯km/h▯ 1,485▯ 13%▯ >333▯km/h▯ 23▯ 0.1%
TOTAL▯ 11,518▯ 100%▯ TOTAL▯ 17,532▯ 100%
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage
<333▯km/h▯ 30,671▯ 84%▯ <333▯km/h▯ 10,918▯ 99.9%
>333▯km/h▯ 5,992▯ 16%▯ >333▯km/h▯ 7▯ 0.1%
TOTAL▯ 36,663▯ 100%▯ TOTAL▯ 10,925▯ 100%
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage
<333▯km/h▯ 7,159▯ 100%▯ <333▯km/h▯ 89▯ 100%
>333▯km/h▯ 0▯ 0%▯ >333▯km/h▯ 0▯ 0%
TOTAL▯ 7,159▯ 100%▯ TOTAL▯ 89▯ 100%
▯
▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage ▯
<333▯km/h▯ 7,615▯ 94%
▯
>333▯km/h▯ 471▯ 6%
TOTAL▯ 8,086▯ 100%
▯
▯
15 Annex 1
▯
Speed▯Range▯of▯Flights▯Conducted▯Within▯10▯km▯of▯Ecuador’s▯Border▯
▯
YEAR▯ 2000▯ 2001▯ 2002▯ 2003▯ 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Total▯by▯ Cumulative▯Total▯
RANGE▯ Range▯
(mph)▯
0▯TO▯110▯ ▯▯ ▯▯ ▯▯ ▯▯ ▯▯ ▯▯ ▯▯ ▯▯ ▯▯ 0▯ ▯▯
110▯TO▯120▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ 1▯ ▯ ▯ 1▯ 110,418▯over▯110▯mph▯
120▯TO▯130▯ ▯ 1▯ 2▯ 12▯ ▯ ▯ 64▯ 8▯ ▯ 87▯ 110,417▯over▯120▯mph▯
1767▯ 110,330▯over▯130▯mph▯
130▯TO▯140▯ 31▯ 34▯ 558▯ 268▯ 7▯ ▯ 710▯ 159▯ ▯
140▯TO▯150▯ 194▯ 257▯ 4544▯ 735▯ 127▯ 15▯ 1547▯ 515▯ 1▯ 7935▯ 108,563▯over▯140▯mph▯
150▯TO▯160▯ 722▯ 1425▯ 7969▯ 751▯ 417▯ 471▯ 1230▯ 716▯ 4▯ 13705▯ 100,628▯over▯150▯mph▯
29079▯ 86,923▯over▯160▯mph▯
160▯TO▯170▯ 1531▯ 3982▯ 7538▯ 2300▯ 2643▯ 3557▯ 4458▯ 3048▯ 22▯
170▯TO▯180▯ 1356▯ 2742▯ 4863▯ 2560▯ 3299▯ 3732▯ 7669▯ 5231▯ 55▯ 31507▯ 57,844▯over▯170▯mph▯
180▯TO▯190▯ 331▯ 600▯ 1009▯ 483▯ 434▯ 542▯ 1611▯ 1091▯ 7▯ 6108▯ 26,337▯over▯180▯mph▯
190▯TO▯200▯ 46▯ 264▯ 948▯ 50▯ 157▯ 474▯ 176▯ 137▯ ▯ 2252▯ 20,229▯over▯190▯mph▯
200▯TO▯210▯ 208▯ 1237▯ 5526▯ ▯ 786▯ 3551▯ 57▯ 18▯ ▯ 11383▯ 17,977▯over▯200▯mph▯
5884▯ 6,594▯over▯210▯mph▯
210▯TO▯220▯ 343▯ 831▯ 3325▯ ▯ 207▯ 1168▯ 8▯ 2▯ ▯
220▯TO▯230▯ 68▯ 130▯ 357▯ ▯ 7▯ 96▯ 1▯ ▯ ▯ 659▯ 710▯over▯220▯mph▯
45▯ 51▯over▯230▯mph▯
230▯TO▯240▯ 8▯ 14▯ 19▯ ▯ 2▯ 2▯ ▯ ▯ ▯
240▯TO▯250▯ ▯ 1▯ 5▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ 6▯ 6▯over▯240▯mph▯
Total▯by▯Year▯ 4,838▯ 11,518▯ 36,663▯ 7,159▯ 8,086▯ 13,608 17,532 10,925 89▯ 110,418▯ ▯▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
16Annex 1
▯
Top▯Ten▯Fastest▯Flights▯Per▯Year▯
YEAR▯ SPEED▯ YEAR▯ SPEED▯ YEAR▯ SPEED▯
(MPH)▯ ▯ (MPH)▯ ▯ (MPH)▯
2000▯ 237.14▯ ▯ 2001▯ 246.98▯ ▯ 2002▯ 244.7▯
2000▯ 236.71▯ ▯ 2001▯ 236.94▯ ▯ 2002▯ 242.9▯
2000▯ 235.55▯ ▯ 2001▯ 236.67▯ ▯ 2002▯ 242.8▯
2000▯ 235.10▯ ▯ 2001▯ 236.01▯ ▯ 2002▯ 240.7▯
2000▯ 234.79▯ ▯ 2001▯ 235.43▯ ▯ 2002▯ 240.6▯
2000▯ 233.56▯ ▯ 2001▯ 235.17▯ ▯ 2002▯ 239.7▯
233.29▯ 234.93▯ 239.5▯
2000▯ ▯ 2001▯ ▯ 2002▯
2000▯ 231.62▯ ▯ 2001▯ 234.64▯ ▯ 2002▯ 239.5▯
229.77▯ 234.15▯ 239.4▯
2000▯ ▯ 2001▯ ▯ 2002▯
2000▯ 229.40▯ ▯ 2001▯ 233.49▯ ▯ 2002▯ 239.2▯
▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯▯ ▯▯
SPEED▯ SPEED▯ SPEED▯
YEAR▯ (MPH)▯ YEAR▯ (MPH)▯ YEAR▯ (MPH)▯
▯ ▯
2003▯ 197.5▯ ▯ 2004▯ 231.9▯ ▯ 2005▯ 231.2▯
195.3▯ 231.8▯ 230.0▯
2003▯ ▯ 2004▯ ▯ 2005▯
2003▯ 194.8▯ ▯ 2004▯ 229.1▯ ▯ 2005▯ 229.9▯
194.6▯ 227.0▯ 229.9▯
2003▯ ▯ 2004▯ ▯ 2005▯
2003▯ 194.5▯ ▯ 2004▯ 221.3▯ ▯ 2005▯ 229.8▯
194.4▯ 221.2▯ 227.9▯
2003▯ ▯ 2004▯ ▯ 2005▯
2003▯ 194.3▯ ▯ 2004▯ 220.6▯ ▯ 2005▯ 227.5▯
194.2▯ 220.3▯ 226.9▯
2003▯ ▯ 2004▯ ▯ 2005▯
2003▯ 194.1▯ ▯ 2004▯ 220.2▯ ▯ 2005▯ 226.8▯
194.1▯ 219.7▯ 226.5▯
2003▯ ▯ 2004▯ ▯ 2005▯
▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯▯ ▯▯
YEAR▯ SPEED▯ YEAR▯ SPEED▯ YEAR▯ SPEED▯
(MPH)▯ ▯ (MPH)▯ ▯ (MPH)▯
220.6▯ 213.9▯ 185.2▯
2006▯ ▯ 2007▯ ▯ 2008▯
2006▯ 213.0▯ ▯ 2007▯ 211.2▯ ▯ 2008▯ 184.9▯
212.2▯ 208.9▯ 182.9▯
2006▯ ▯ 2007▯ ▯ 2008▯
2006▯ 211.8▯ ▯ 2007▯ 208.2▯ ▯ 2008▯ 181.9▯
211.4▯ 208.2▯ 181.6▯
2006▯ ▯ 2007▯ ▯ 2008▯
2006▯ 211.4▯ ▯ 2007▯ 207.5▯ ▯ 2008▯ 181.4▯
2006▯ 210.7▯ ▯ 2007▯ 207.2▯ ▯ 2008▯ 180.8▯
2006▯ 210.3▯ ▯ 2007▯ 206.6▯ ▯ 2008▯ 179.4▯
2006▯ 210.1▯ ▯ 2007▯ 206.6▯ ▯ 2008▯ 179.1▯
2006▯ 209.8▯ ▯ 2007▯ 205.5▯ ▯ 2008▯ 178.1▯
▯
17 Annex 1
▯
Speed▯Distribution▯of▯OV▯10▯Flights▯Within▯10▯km▯of▯Ecuador’s▯Border▯▯
(2000▯–▯2008)▯
▯ ▯
OV▯10▯Flights▯Within▯10▯km▯of▯Ecuador’s▯Border▯Exceeding▯▯
140▯mph,▯165▯mph▯and▯333▯km/h▯Thresholds▯
▯
▯ Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
<▯140▯mph▯ 0▯ 0%▯
>140▯mph▯ 20,251▯ 100%▯
TOTAL▯ 20,251▯ 100%▯
▯ ▯ ▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
<▯165▯mph▯ 7▯ 0.03%▯
>165▯mph▯ 20,244▯ 99.97%▯
TOTAL▯ 20,251▯ 100%▯
▯ ▯ ▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
<▯333▯km/h▯ 8,970▯ 44%▯
>333▯km/h▯ 11,281▯ 56%▯
TOTAL▯ 20,251▯ 100%▯
▯
18Annex 1 Annex 1
▯
▯
▯
III.Combined▯Altitude▯&▯Speed▯Analysis
19Annex 1
▯
Flights▯Within▯10▯km▯of▯Ecuador’s▯Border▯Exceeding▯Speed▯and▯Altitude▯
Thresholds▯(2000▯–▯2008)▯
▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage
<▯140▯mph▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯
&▯<▯25▯m▯
>▯140▯mph▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯
&▯>▯25▯m▯
TOTAL▯ 92,643▯ 100%▯
▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage
<▯165▯mph▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯
&▯<▯50▯m▯
>▯165▯mph▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯
&▯>▯50▯m▯
TOTAL▯ 92,643▯ 100%▯
▯ 20 Annex 1
▯
▯
▯
IV.Application▯Rate▯&▯Total▯Volume▯of▯
Spray
▯Annex 1
▯
Flights▯Within▯10▯km▯of▯Ecuador’s▯Border▯Exceeding▯Application▯Rate▯
Threshold▯of▯23.65▯L/ha▯▯(2000▯–▯2008)▯
▯
▯ Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
<▯23,65▯L/ha▯ 60,806▯ 69%▯
>23,65▯L/ha▯ 27,429▯ 31%▯
TOTAL▯ 88,235▯ 100%▯
▯
Application▯Rate▯Statistics▯by▯Year:▯Flights▯Within▯10▯km▯▯of▯Ecuador’s▯Border▯Exceeding▯
23.65▯L/ha▯Threshold
2002▯ 2007▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯ Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
<▯23,65▯L/ha▯ 26,738▯ 69%▯ <▯23,65▯L/ha▯ 6,782▯ 62%▯
>23,65▯L/ha▯ 4,143▯ 38%▯
>23,65▯L/ha▯ 12,184▯ 31%▯
TOTAL▯ 38,922▯ 100%▯ TOTAL▯ 10,925▯ 100%▯
▯ ▯
2003▯ 2008▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯ Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
<▯23,65▯L/ha▯ 4,859▯ 68%▯ <▯23,65▯L/ha▯ 51▯ 57%▯
>23,65▯L/ha▯ 2,300▯ 32%▯ >23,65▯L/ha▯ 38▯ 43%▯
TOTAL▯
TOTAL▯ 7,159▯ 100%▯ 89▯ 100%▯
▯ ▯
2005▯
▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
<▯23,65▯L/ha▯ 10,111▯ 74%▯ ▯
>23,65▯L/ha▯ 3,497▯ 26%▯ ▯
TOTAL▯ 13,608▯ 100%▯
▯
2006▯
Threshold▯ Count▯ Percentage▯
<▯23,65▯L/ha▯ 12,265▯ 70%▯
>23,65▯L/ha▯ 5,267▯ 30%▯
TOTAL▯ 17,532▯ 100%▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ Annex 1
▯
▯
Total▯Volume▯of▯Herbicide▯Mixture▯Sprayed▯Within▯10▯km▯of▯Ecuador’s▯
Border▯▯
▯
YEAR▯ #▯OF▯ GALLONS▯ LITERS▯
TRACKS▯ SPRAYED▯ SPRAYED▯
2000▯ 4,838▯ 14,208▯ 53,783▯
2001▯ 13,366▯ 38,160▯ 144,451▯
2002▯ 38,922▯ 111,122▯ 420,643▯
2003▯ 7,159▯ 20,688▯ 78,313▯
2004▯ 8,086▯ 11,799▯ 44,664▯
2005▯ 13,608▯ 33,632▯ 127,311▯
2006▯ 17,532▯ 56,483▯ 213,811▯
2007▯ 10,925▯ 40,249▯ 152,359▯
2008▯ 89▯ 317▯ 1,200▯
▯▯ ▯ ▯ ▯
TOTAL▯▯ 114,525▯ 326,658▯ 1,236,535▯
▯
23Annex 1 Annex 1
▯
▯
▯
V. Type▯of▯Aircraft
24Annex 1
▯
Aircraft▯Used▯Within▯10▯km▯of▯Ecuador’s▯Border▯(2000▯–▯2008)▯▯
▯
▯
▯
Aircraft▯Type▯ Count▯ Percentage
AT▯802▯ 38,142▯ 35%▯
OV▯10▯ 20,251▯ 18%▯
T▯65▯ 52,025▯ 47%▯
TOTAL▯ 110,418▯ 100%▯
25 Annex 1
▯
▯
▯
VI.Additional▯Statistics▯
▯
26Annex 1
▯
▯
1 2
Statistic ▯ Result ▯
▯
Number▯of▯spray▯events▯over▯140▯mph▯through▯the▯end▯of▯ ▯
August▯2005.▯▯▯ 75,005▯spray▯events▯▯
▯
Total▯volume▯of▯spray▯(in▯liters)▯deposited▯by▯OV▯10▯aircraft▯ ▯
between▯2000▯and▯2008.▯ 376,329▯▯liters▯
▯
▯
Number▯of▯spray▯events▯that▯can▯be▯confirmed▯to▯violate▯all▯ ▯
of▯the▯following▯parameters▯at▯once:▯ 2,431▯spray▯events▯▯
x speed▯greater▯than▯165▯mph;▯▯
x altitude▯higher▯than▯50▯m;▯▯
x flying▯at▯night▯(20:00▯–▯4:00)▯
Number▯of▯violations▯by▯1▯August▯2004:▯ ▯
x violations▯of▯the▯speed▯limit▯of▯165▯mph▯ 41,714▯spray▯events▯over▯165▯mph▯
x violations▯of▯the▯height▯limit▯of▯50▯meters▯ 10,815▯spray▯events▯▯over▯50▯meters▯
x violations▯of▯the▯application▯rate▯limit▯of▯23.65▯liters▯per▯ 14,654▯spray▯events▯▯over▯23.65▯l/ha▯
hectare▯ ▯
▯
Number▯of▯violations▯by▯1▯December▯2006:▯ ▯
x violations▯of▯the▯speed▯limit▯of▯165▯mph▯ 54,336▯spray▯events▯over▯165▯mph▯
x violations▯of▯the▯height▯limit▯of▯50▯meters▯ 13,114▯spray▯events▯over▯50▯meters▯
x violations▯of▯the▯application▯rate▯limit▯of▯23.65▯liters▯per▯ 18,871▯spray▯events▯over▯23.65▯l/ha▯
hectare▯ ▯
▯ ▯
Number▯of▯violations▯by▯1▯September▯2005:▯ ▯
x violations▯of▯the▯speed▯limit▯of▯140▯mph▯ 74,984▯spray▯events▯over▯140▯mph▯
x violations▯of▯the▯height▯limit▯of▯25▯meters▯ 56,592▯spray▯events▯over▯25▯meters▯
x violations▯of▯the▯application▯rate▯limit▯of▯23.65▯liters▯per▯ 15,223▯spray▯events▯over▯23.65▯l/ha▯
hectare▯ ▯
▯
Number▯of▯spray▯events▯conducted▯in▯December▯2006▯and▯ 22,555▯spray▯events▯
January▯2007.▯ ▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
1▯Unless▯otherwise▯noted,▯all▯statistics▯relate▯to▯the▯area▯within▯10▯km▯of▯Ecuador’s▯border.▯▯▯
2▯Altitude▯data▯was▯not▯included▯in▯2001▯and▯2004▯due▯to▯mixed▯units▯(feet▯and▯meters).▯▯Application▯rate▯
data▯was▯not▯included▯for▯2001,▯2002▯or▯2004▯due▯to▯missing▯data▯or▯mixed▯units▯(gallons▯per▯hectare▯and▯
gallons▯per▯acre).▯
27 Annex 1
▯
Number▯of▯spray▯events▯higher▯than▯30.48▯meters▯between▯ 81,106▯spray▯events▯
2000▯and▯2008.▯
Number▯of▯spray▯events▯in▯December▯2000▯within▯10▯km▯of▯ 3,276▯spray▯events▯
Ecuador’s▯Sucumbíos▯Province.▯
Number▯of▯spray▯events▯in▯January▯2001▯within▯10▯km▯of▯ 8,228▯spray▯events▯
Ecuador’s▯Sucumbíos▯Province.▯
Number▯of▯spray▯events▯during▯December▯2001▯and▯ 10,487▯spray▯events▯
January▯2002▯within▯10▯km▯of▯Ecuador’s▯Sucumbí▯os▯
Province.▯
Number▯of▯spray▯events▯between▯August▯2002▯and▯October▯ 28,121▯spray▯events▯
2002▯within▯10▯km▯of▯Ecuador’s▯Sucumbíos▯Province.▯▯▯
Number▯of▯violations▯between▯August▯2002▯and▯October▯ 15,882▯spray▯events▯over▯165▯mph▯
2002▯within▯10▯km▯of▯the▯Ecuador’s▯Sucumbíos▯Province:▯ ▯▯4,533▯spray▯events▯over▯50▯meters▯
x violations▯of▯the▯speed▯limit▯of▯165▯mph▯ ▯
x violations▯of▯the▯height▯limit▯of▯50▯meters▯
▯
Number▯of▯spray▯events▯conducted▯within▯10▯km▯of▯ 28,638▯spray▯events▯
Ecuador’s▯Esmeraldas▯Province▯through▯the▯end▯of▯▯
February▯2007.▯
▯
Number▯of▯spray▯events▯within▯10▯km▯of▯the▯Cofán▯Bermejo▯ 8,959▯spray▯events▯
Ecological▯Reserve▯in▯2002.▯
Distance▯between▯the▯community▯of▯Salinas,▯Ecuador▯and▯ 4.96▯km▯from▯closest▯2001▯spray▯lines▯
the▯nearest▯spraying▯in▯2001.▯
▯
Distance▯between▯the▯community▯of▯La▯Charapa,▯Ecuador▯ 8.12▯km▯from▯international▯boundary▯in▯
and▯the▯international▯boundary.▯ straight▯line▯
▯
Distance▯between▯the▯community▯of▯10▯de▯Agosto,▯Ecuador▯ 7.12▯km▯from▯international▯boundary▯in▯
and▯the▯international▯boundary.▯ straight▯line▯
▯
Distance▯between▯the▯community▯of▯Palma▯Seca,▯Ecuador▯ 0.5▯km▯from▯international▯boundary▯in▯
and▯the▯international▯boundary.▯ straight▯line▯
▯
Distance▯between▯the▯community▯of▯Playera▯Oriental,▯ 0.08▯km▯from▯international▯boundary▯in▯
Ecuador▯and▯the▯international▯boundary.▯ straight▯line▯
▯
Number▯of▯spray▯events▯in▯Colombia’s▯Putumayo▯ 14,214▯spray▯events▯
department▯in▯2000.▯
28Annex 1
▯
Number▯of▯spray▯events▯within▯10▯km▯of▯Ecuador’s▯border▯ 14,214▯spray▯events▯
by▯1▯May▯2001.▯
Number▯of▯spray▯events▯within▯10▯km▯of▯Ecuador’s▯border▯ 14,214▯spray▯events▯
by▯1▯July▯2001.▯
Number▯of▯spray▯events▯within▯10▯km▯of▯Ecuador’s▯border▯ 16,061▯spray▯events▯
by▯1▯November▯2001.▯
Number▯of▯spray▯events▯within▯10▯km▯of▯Ecuador’s▯border▯ 57,126▯spray▯events▯
by▯1▯January▯2003.▯
Number▯of▯spray▯events▯within▯10▯km▯of▯Ecuador’s▯border▯ 60,969▯spray▯events▯
by▯1▯June▯2003.▯
Number▯of▯spray▯events▯within▯10▯km▯of▯Ecuador’s▯border▯ 64,285▯spray▯events▯
by▯1▯March▯2005.▯
▯
▯
▯
29 Annex 2
Durham K. Giles, Ph.D., Spray Drift Modeling of Conditions of Application for Coca
Crops in Colombia (Jan. 2011) Annex 2
Spray Drift Modeling of Conditions of Application for Coca Crops in
Colombia
Durham K. Giles
Annex 2
Table of Contents
1. Executive▯SummaryǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ
2. About▯the▯AuthorǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵
3. Analytical▯Methods▯and▯ApproachesǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ
a. AGDISP▯ModelǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ
b. Report▯OverviewǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ
c. Spray▯Tank▯Mix▯and▯Application▯Rate ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ
d. Model▯Output▯and▯UnitsǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ
e. Droplet▯Size▯SpectraǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
f. Aircraft▯Type9ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͺ
g. Effect▯of▯Multiple▯Spray▯PassesǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻ
4. Replication▯of▯Previously▯Reported▯Model▯ResultsǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͻ
5. Baseline▯Spray▯Drift▯ModelingǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͳ
6. Effects▯of▯Aircraft▯AltitudeǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ
7. Effects▯of▯Aircraft▯SpeedǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ’
8. Effects▯of▯Droplet▯SizeǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͳ
9. Effects▯of▯Other▯Spray▯Application▯and▯Model▯ParametersǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͵
a. Canopy▯HeightǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͵
b. Application▯RateǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͶ
c. Spray▯Mix▯EvaporationǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ
d. Atmospheric▯StabilityǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
e. Wind▯SpeedǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͺ
f. Relative▯HumidityǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͻ
10. Illustrative▯Example▯Application▯ScenariosǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵’
a. AT▯802▯Aircraft▯Spraying▯Near▯Low▯Vegetation▯With▯Strong▯WindǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͳ
b. OV▯10▯Aircraft▯Spraying▯at▯Increased▯Height▯and▯Speed▯With▯Strong▯WindǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ʹ
11. Effect▯of▯Multiple▯Spray▯Lines ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵Ͷ
12. Additional▯Factors▯that▯Exacerbate▯Spray▯DriftǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͳ
a. Nozzle▯Choice▯and▯DamageǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͳ
b. Atmospheric▯Stability▯and▯Inversion▯ConditionsǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶʹ
13. Colombia’s▯Spray▯Drift▯StudiesǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͶ
a. AgDrift▯Model▯Runs▯–▯2002ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͶ
b. Ballistic▯Droplet▯Settling▯Model▯–▯2004ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶͷ
c. Water▯Sensitive▯Paper▯Study▯–▯2004ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ
14. ConclusionsǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ
Annex 2
1. Executive Summary
This report addresses downwind, non-target spray deposition from aircraft applying a
glyphosate-based herbicide for eradication of illicit crops in Colombia. The AGDISP model was
used to predict the downwind spray deposition, i.e., “spray drift” under a number of scenarios,
based on the best data available.
This analysis was based on three critical components: 1) flight records from over 100,000
documented spray events within 10 kilometers of the border between Colombia and
Ecuador from 2000 to 2009, recorded by on-board data recording systems, as analyzed by R. J.
Hansman and C. Mena (2011); 2) the droplet size spectra of the spray mixture emitted from the
aircraft and other spray drift model input parameters reported by A.J. Hewitt, K.R. Solomon and
E.J.P. Marshall (2009); and 3) the public domain AGDISP spray dispersion model developed by
the United States Forest Service and widely used in risk assessment, regulatory development and
spray mission planning.
The flight data revealed that the drift-mitigating limitations on application conditions and aircraft
operation that were prescribed by Colombia in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and
otherwise stated by Colombia were exceeded routinely during operations (Hansman & Mena,
2011). Spray drift is extremely sensitive to these parameters, including aircraft speed and
altitude. Higher aircraft speed results in smaller droplets with slower settling velocities and
higher release height results in longer droplet travel times, allowing more evaporation and cross
wind displacement to occur. The effects of higher aircraft speed and higher height ar▯e
synergistic and result in significant increases in spray drift. The Hewitt et al. (2009) study
assumed values for aircraft altitude and speed much lower than the values reported in the flight
path data, resulting in a significant underestimation of spray drift and deposition.
Other factors such as wind speed, atmospheric stability, and canopy height serve to exacerbate
spray drift. For example, an increase in wind speed, from the Hewitt, et al. (2009) assumption of
2.57 m/s to a value of 5.14 m/s resulted in ~ 3-fold increases in AGDISP-predicted spray
deposition in the far field at 5 to 10 km. With respect to atmospheric stability, Hewitt et al.
(2009) assumed unstable, or “weak” conditions, which tend to reduce spray drift. However, the
flight data analysis (Hansman & Mena 2011) revealed that 22% of the flights took place during
the night time, when stable atmospheric conditions or temperature inversions are more likely.
These conditions also increase spray drift. AGDISP predictions of far f▯ield (3 – 10 km) spray
deposition increased from 4- to 5-fold when the atmospheric conditions were assumed to be
stable. With respect to canopy height, Hewitt et al. (2009) assumed a constant tree canopy of
25.91 meters. A lower canopy at any given location, consistent with a clearing ▯for a coca
plantation or for agricultural activity, would result in significant increases in off-target spray drift
deposition due to the reduced interception of spray drift by the vegetation.
This analysis also considers the cumulative effect of multiple flight lines, which was not
considered by Hewitt et al. (2009). The flight path data recorded by the spray planes document
the occurrence of dozens of flight lines at numerous locations within 10 km Ecuador-Colombia
border (Hansman & Mena, 2011). These multiple flights were typically along parallel paths. In
these situations, which are very common in agricultural and forestry aerial spraying, downwind
spray drift is produced by each individual flight line. The cumulative effect of multiple flight
1
Annex 2
lines is effectively a multiplicative function in which the far field spray deposition increases
approximately proportionally to the number of flights. This study calculated the cumulative
downwind deposition from multiple spray lines using the displacement between multiple flight
paths recorded in the data set. The effect of multiple flight lines on downwind deposition,
especially in the far field, served to further increase the effective non-target deposition. For
example, at 1 km downwind, spray deposition from 10 flight lines from the AT-802 aircraft,
operating at the 50 percentile value for aircraft speed and the 50 percentile value for height,
produced approximately 7 to 8 times the amount of deposition as a single spray line.
The analysis presented in this report, when coupled with the analysis of▯ flight data recorded by
on-board the aircraft during spray operations (Hansman & Mena, 2011), establishes that the
Hewitt et al. (2009) study significantly underestimated the amounts of spray drift generated by
Colombia’s aerial spraying program. In contrast, this analysis relies on recorded flight data and
thus presents more realistic estimates of deposition generated by actual spray missions.
Nevertheless, the flight path data only represents a subset of the actual conditions of operation.
There is incomplete data regarding meteorological conditions such as wind speed and terrain
conditions such as canopy height. In addition, factors such as the status of equipment and the
effect of meteorological phenomena such as temperature inversions are difficult to quantify with
spray drift modeling. With more than 100,000 spray events conducted within 10 kilometers of
the Ecuador-Colombia border (Hansman & Mena, 2011), each subject to a unique set of
operational and meteorological conditions, and operated over slightly different terrain, any
number of actual spray drift scenarios are possible. Therefore, while this study predicts spray
drift based on the best available data, there is a considerable amount of uncertainty about the
amount of spray drift deposited off-target under actual conditions of application i▯n Colombia.
Consequently, the actual amount of deposition downwind from any given spray event could be
even greater than predicted by the model.
2
Annex 2
2. About the Author
Durham K. Giles is a Professor of Biological and Agricultural Engineering at the University of
California, Davis. Professor Giles received a B.S. in Agricultural Engineering (magna cum
laude) from the University of Georgia in 1979. In 1983, he received an M.S. in Agricultural
Engineering from the University of Georgia with a thesis title, “Space Charge Deposition of
Pesticide Sprays onto Cylindrical Target Arrays” under the direction ▯of National Academy of
Engineering Member, Prof. S. Edward Law. The thesis work received an Outstanding Paper
Award from the American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Professor Giles was awarded an
Edwards Fellowship to Clemson University and received his Ph.D. in Agricultural Engineering
(Minor in Mechanical Engineering) in 1987. In 1987, Professor Giles joined the faculty of the
University of California, Davis in the department of Biological & Agricultural Engineering. He
advanced through Assistant and Associate Professor ranks and was promoted to full Professor in
1997.
At the University of California, Davis, Professor Giles conducts research and teaching in the
areas of spray technology and applications, engineering design and development and research
methods in engineering. His work in atomization and spray application research and
development has resulted in over 75 archival journal publications, 20 issued and pending patents
and numerous awards for technical papers and engineering developments. Professor Giles is the
Division Editor for the archival journals Transactions of the American Society of Biological and
Agricultural Engineers and Applied Engineering in Agriculture and serves on the Board of
Directors of the Institute for Liquid Atomization and Spraying Systems (ILASS Americas). He
has also served on the Editorial Board for the journal Atomization and Sprays.
Professor Giles consults extensively with industry in the areas of spray▯ing research and
development, product development, intellectual property and in-house technical training and
holds patents that have resulted in a number of licensed products that are marketed
internationally. He also consults with government and nonprofit organizations on regulatory
issues related to pesticide application. In addition, he has served as a consultant to the World
Health Organization on pesticide application equipment. Prof. Giles is also an instrument-rated,
commercial pilot with high-performance aircraft endorsements.
A current curriculum vitae for Professor Giles is attached in Appendix 1.
3
Annex 2
3. Analytical Methods and Approaches
a. AGDISP Model
A computational model called AGDISP was used to calculate spray deposition and drift.
AGDISP was developed by the United States Forest Service and is in the public dom▯ain. 1
Version 8.24 of the model was used for this analysis.
The AGDISP model provides for an extensive array of input parameters to characterize the
spraying situation of interest. The characterization includes a detaile▯d description of aircraft
configuration (weight, engines, propeller speed, etc.), specific flight conditions (altitude, speed,
etc.), spray release conditions (droplet size spectra, density, nozzle positions, application rate,
evaporation rate, tank mix constituents, etc.), canopy (height, roughness, etc.) and meteorological
conditions (wind speed, relative humidity, atmospheric stability, etc.). Where possible, this
analysis used model inputs based on actual flight path data recorded by the spray planes in
Colombia (Hansman & Mena, 2011) or experimental data measuring droplet size (Hewitt et al.,
2009). However, many of the AGDISP model inputs, such as wind speed, relative humidity and
atmospheric stability must be assumed because there is no data available documenting actual
spray event conditions. Unless otherwise noted, this analysis uses the same assumptions as
Hewitt et al. (2009) for parameters that are not recorded in the flight path data. Nevertheless,
these assumptions lead to uncertainty in the model results as compared to actual spray runs
conducted in Colombia.
Model predictions to 800 m downwind were made using the Lagrangian computations with
AGDISP. Predictions beyond 800 m were made using the Gaussian Far-Field Extension
2
capabilities of AGDISP. The model’s predictions of deposition have been validated with
numerous field tests. (Teske, et al., 2003c; Teske and Curbishley, 2010; Teske and Thistle,
2003; Bird et al., 2002; Teske et al., 1998b). Despite some uncertainty associated with model
results, AGDISP is considered a state-of-the art model; it is used extensively to predict
deposition and spray drift in the agricultural and forestry sectors, and by several United States
government agencies including the U.S. Forest Service and the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency Office of Pesticide Programs.
The development of AGDISP is described in the User’s Manual (Teske and Curbishley, 2010) as follows: “In 1979
Continuum Dynamics, Inc. began developing a Lagrangian model for the dispersal of spray material, utilizing the
equations for particle motion first suggested by Reed (1953), and culminating in a model for NASA (Bilanin and
Teske 1984) known as AGDISP (for AGricultural DISPersal). This approach included models for aircraft wake
effects (vortices, propellers, and jet engines) and evaporation (Bilanin et al. 1989), and subsequently became the
near-wake model for FSCBG [an early aerial dispersion model]. Further development and refinement by the Spray
Drift Task Force (SDTF) led to its regulatory version AgDRIFT (Teske et al. 2002a), and now to this, the latest
version of AGDISP (Teske et al. 2003c). AGDISP origins can be traced to 1981, when the USDA Forest Service
contracted with Ketron, Inc. to review the potential for developing and implementing a consistent and inclusive
aerial spray model, using as a basis the first released version of FSCBG.”
With the Gaussian dispersion computations, the handoff of the computations from the Lagrangian to the Gaussian
procedures was done automatically by the AGDISP model. The handoff takes place at the distance downwind
where AGDISP determines that the aircraft vortices are no longer a significant contributing factor to the spray
movement. The far-field deposition curves presented in Hewitt et al. (2009) indicate that that study also used the
Gaussian Far-Field Extension to predict drift.
4
Annex 2
b. Report Overview
The benchmark modeling described in Section 4 of this report was based on the closely-related
work of Hewitt et al. (2009) who applied the AGDISP model to the coca and poppy spraying
operations in Colombia. The first step of this analysis involved replicating the Hewitt et al.
(2009) results using the input parameters described in that study. Section 5 describes the second
step in the analysis, which was to model deposition and spray drift resulting from a single spray
line, using the input parameters from Hewitt et al. (2009), with the exception of values for
aircraft height and speed. The values for aircraft height and speed com▯e from flight path data
obtained from the U.S. Department of State, which record actual spraying operations on coca
crops in Colombia between 2000 and 2009 (Hansman & Mena, 2011). As described below,▯
droplet size spectra were derived from relationships with aircraft speed described by Hewitt et al.
(2009). Sections 6 and 7 include a sensitivity analysis for aircraft altitude and aircraft speed.
Section 8 discusses the effect of the droplet size spectra on spray drif▯t. Sections 9 discusses
other factors that affect spray drift and Section 10 presents several illustrative application
scenarios. Section 11 describes the cumulative effect of multiple spray lines, consistent with the
actual conditions of application in Colombia. Section 12 describes additional factors that affect
spray drift, but are not readily captured in spray drift modeling. Finally, Section 13 includes a
brief discussion of Colombia’s previous spray drift studies and their▯ relationship to the AGDISP
analysis.
The input parameters used for each model run are described in each section of the report and are
included in a CD submitted with Ecuador’s Reply.
c. Spray Tank Mix and Application Rate
In pesticide application, the term “tank mix” is defined as the actual liquid mixture prepared
within or loaded into the aircraft tank and dispensed from the spray nozzles. The tank mix used
in all model runs was based on the known contents of the spray mixture specified by the U.S.
Department of State (2002) and by the Republic of Colombia (2003) in the EMP. The mixture
consisted of 44% commercial glyphosate formulation, 1% spray adjuvant (Cosmo-Flux 411F)
and 55% water. The commercial glyphosate formulation contained 41% gl▯yphosate salt, 15%
surfactant and 44% water.
Unless otherwise noted, the standard application rate used for all model runs was 23.65 L/ha,
consistent with the specifications and description by the U.S. Department of State (2002) and the
EMP (Republic of Colombia, 2003).
d. Model Output and Units
The AGDISP model output reported in this analysis is the deposition of spray material at various
distances downwind from the location of the spray application. Model re▯sults were calculated in
terms of grams active ingredient per ha, g (a.i.)/ha. Nominally, the active ingredient is the
glyphosate isopropylamine salt (the 41% constituent in the commercial formulation). However,
glyphosate rates are often expressed in terms of acid equivalent (a.e) which is functionally 75%
of the active ingredient glyphosate isopropylamine salt. In this report, deposition is reported as
5
Annex 2
the mass of acid equivalent per unit area, g (a.e.) / ha, consistent with the units used by Hewitt et
al. (2009).
e. Droplet Size Spectra
Spray droplets are created through shear forces that develop between a l▯iquid stream and the
surrounding air. The shear forces disintegrate the liquid into droplets (Figure 1). The
disintegration, and the resulting sizes of the droplets, are controlled ▯by the relative velocities of
the liquid and the air, the orientation of the nozzle in the air stream, the characteristic diameters
of the streams, the turbulence of the liquid and air streams and the viscosity, surface tension and
density of the liquid. The disintegration process, referred to as “a▯tomization,” is a complex
process that is difficult to predict and therefore often described empirically.
Figure 1. Atomization: the disintegration of liquid into droplets (Source: Cloeter, et al., 2010).
The nozzles used in the Colombian spraying operations and described by Hewitt et al. (2009) are
pressure atomization nozzles that pressurize the liquid and propel it through small orifices, where
it is released into the high speed airflow past the aircraft. Therefore, the primary mechanism of
atomization is the aerodynamic interaction between the liquid streams and the air flow. The
atomization process does not produce spray with all droplets of an equal diameter; rather, a
range, or spectrum, of droplet sizes is produced. The range, or spectrum, of droplet sizes is a
population that can be described statistically. As shown in Figure 2(a▯), the distribution of droplet
sizes can be represented as a histogram. The descriptive histogram can be based on the number
of droplets within a given size range; however, the more common and useful histogram is based
on the volume or mass of spray contained in droplets with a given size range. In this manner, the
6
Annex 2
amount of spray liquid within each size range is expressed. As shown in Figure 2(b), the
volume-based statistical descriptions can be the actual histogram or a cumulative distribution
function calculated from the histogram.
(a) (b)
Figure 2. Statistical representations of examples droplet size spectra; adapted from Lefebrve (1989).
The cumulative distribution, i.e., the ogive curve in Figure 2(b), allows the statistical values of
D v0.5 Dv0.9and D v0.1to be easily extracted from the graphical data. D v0.5is the droplet size, in
micrometers (μm, also called “microns”), in which 50% of the spray liquid volume is contained
in droplets smaller than the D v0.5value and 50% of the spray liquid volume is contained in
droplets larger than the D value. D is also known as the volume median diameter (v.m.d.).
v0.5 v0.5
D v0.9is the droplet size in which 90% of the spray liquid volume is contained in droplets smaller
than the D v0.9value. D v0.1is the droplet size in which 10% of the spray liquid volume is
contained in droplets smaller than the D v0.1value. These statistical parameters are shown in
Figure 2(b) at the intersection of the dotted horizontal lines and the plotted curve of the
cumulative distribution.
The size of the spray droplets has important implications for spray drift because it affects the
droplet’s terminal velocity and rate of evaporation. Smaller droplets have significantly slower
terminal velocities and are displaced greater distances by cross winds than larger droplets.
Likewise, smaller droplets have higher surface area to mass ratios and the effect of evaporation is
to decrease their size more rapidly than larger droplets. As a result of these two factors, smaller
droplets are carried greater distances, resulting in greater spray drift.
Hewitt et al. (2009) measured the droplet spectra in a wind tunnel experiment set up to simulate
the conditions of application in Colombia. Hewitt used the spray tank mix applied to coca crops,
atomized through an Accu-Flo nozzle (0.085 inch concentric orifice diameter) at air speeds of
259, 296 and 333 km/hr. Based on the droplet size spectra gathered from the wind tunnel
experiment, Hewitt et al. (2009) developed relationships between the D v0.5 D v0.9nd D v0.1values
and the airspeed of the aircraft. The least-squares (linear) equations developed by Hewitt are
shown in Figure 3. Hewitt also calculated the spray droplet spectrum relative span, defined as
((D v0.9- Dv0.1/ D v0.5.
7
Annex 2
Figure 3. Droplet size spectral parameters as a function of airspeed, shown with least-squares predictive
equations for the coca spray tank mix and Accu-Flo nozzle. (Source: Hewitt et al. (2009)).
The droplet size spectra used for the model runs in this report were based on the relationships
established by Hewitt et al. (2009) and shown in Figure 3. More specifically, the airspeed and the
equations in Figure 3 were used to calculate the D v0.5and relative span values for each model
run. These values were used as inputs into AGDISP and the parametric droplet size spectrum
generation routine within AGDISP was used to generate a droplet size dis▯tribution that was used
by the program for drift analysis. The parametric droplet size spectrum generation routine uses
the D v0.5and relative span values to calculate a spectrum using the Root Normal approach
(Simmons, 1977) as discussed by Teske and Curbishley (2010).
f. Aircraft Type
The aircraft type in the AGDISP model runs for this report were the same aircraft types modeled
by Hewitt et al. (2009) and confirmed by the data collected on-board during actual spray
operations (Hansman and Mena, 2011). The aircraft types were:
- Air Tractor AT-802
- Rockwell OV-10
- Ayers Turbo Thrush T-65
Aircraft weight, engine, propeller, and performance data were taken as defaults from the
AGDISP 8.24 library of aircraft, consistent with the approach reported by Hewitt et al. (2009).
8
Annex 2
g. Effect of Multiple Spray Passes
Many aerial spraying operations, including those conducted in Colombia, involve multiple
parallel flights to cover the target area (Hansman & Mena, 2011). Physically and analytically,
each flight is an independent event, i.e., the aircraft wake and the droplets released from one pass
dissipate and do not affect the motion of droplets from subsequent passes. Therefore, the total
spray deposition at any point downwind from multiple passes is an accumulation of the spray
deposition from each individual spray pass.
In order to calculate the total spray deposition from multiple spray passes, the deposition from
each individual spray line was added together after translation upwind to account for the spacing
between each pass (this technique is called “superposition”). T▯he spacing between passes was
set at 51.8 m (170 ft), based on the swath width recorded in the flight path data for the AT-802
and the OV-10 aircraft (Hansman and Mena, 2011). 3
In contrast to the flight path data recorded by the spray planes in Colombia, which documents the
routine occurrence of multiple parallel flights (Hansman & Mena, 2011), Hewitt et al. (2009)
evaluated “[o]ne flight line (i.e., single swath applications as used operationally in Colombia).”
While analysis of a single pass of an aircraft can be used to determine the relative effects of
aircraft configuration and operation, terrain, meteorology or other factors on spray drift,
determinations of the actual spray deposition and subsequent biological effects must be based on
the actual application scale, i.e., the multiple passes required for the entire treatment.
Accounting for the effect of multiple spray passes is an essential step in spray drift modeling for
risk assessment because the quantity of chemical reaching a point of interest and affecting non-
target areas is the result of multiple spray passes and not a single spray pass. (See e.g., Hewitt et
al. 2002). The AGDISP model includes a module that can be used to evaluate the effect of
multiple spray passes. Using only a single pass to determine drift deposition when multiple
passes were made will significantly underestimate deposition from spray drift.
4. Replication of Previously Reported Model Results
The first step of the analysis presented in this report was to reproduce▯ the drift results published
by Hewitt et al. (2009) using the model input parameters reported in that study. Precise direct
comparisons are not possible due to the lack of tabulated, numerical data for spray deposition in
the Hewitt et al. publication. However, model runs conducted for this analysis using the inputs
reported by Hewitt et al. showed relatively good agreement with the published results. Figure 4
shows the drift curves reported by Hewitt et al. Figure 5 shows the drift curves prepared for this
analysis based on the inputs reported by Hewitt et al.
3Based on the recorded flight path data, the spray lines from the T-65 aircraft have a swath width of 30.48 meters
(100 feet) (Hansman & Mena, 2011). The effect of multiple spray lines was not analyzed for the T-65. However, a
closer swath width will generally result in greater total deposition at a given point downwind because each
individual spray line is closer to the point where deposition is measured.
9
Annex 2
Figure 4. Results of AGDISP modeling of coca sprays applied in Colombia by Hewitt et al. (2009).
Figure 5. Results from AGDISP modeling of coca sprays prepared for this analysis based in Hewitt et al.
(2009) inputs.
10
Annex 2
5. Baseline Spray Drift Modeling
All model runs and the results reported in this section are based on the inpu▯t values reported by
Hewitt et al. (2009) with the exception of aircraft altitude and speed, which were derived from
the flight data recorded on-board during operations, and application rat▯e of the tank mixture
which was 23.65 liters per hectare, as discussed in Section 3(c). The▯ droplet size spectra were
calculated based on the speed of the aircraft and the equations reported in Hewitt et al. (2009), as
described above in Section 3(e). All results reported in this section▯ represent a single spray pass,
also consistent with Hewitt et al. (2009).
For each aircraft type, Hansman & Mena (2011) analyzed the flight data records to determine 50,
60, 70, 80, 90, 95 and 99% cumulative occurrences of aircraft altitude (m) and 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,
th
95 and 99% cumulative occurrences of aircraft speed (mph or km/hr). For example, the 50
percentile value for aircraft altitude represents the median aircraft altitude for the dataset in that
th
½ the flights were conducted at lower altitthes than the 50 percentith value and ½ of the flights
were conducted at higher altitudes than the 50 percentile value. The 90 percentile value for
aircraft altitude represents the altitude at which 90 percent of the fli▯ghts were conducted at a
lower altitude and 10 percent of the flights were conducted at a higher ▯altitude. The flight data
values used in the baseline modeling are shown in Tables 1-3.
Table 1. AT-802 aircraft flight data used for baseline analysis
Altitude Speed Speed Dv0.5 Dv0.1 Dv0.9 Relative
Percentile (m) (mph) (km/hr) (μm) (μm) (μm) span
Hewitt 30.48 170.25 274.00 200.96 52.18 587.04 2.66
50 40.61 171.20 275.52 199.08 51.71 581.78 2.66
60 42.50 172.60 277.77 196.32 51.02 574.02 2.66
70 44.72 174.10 280.19 193.34 50.28 565.67 2.67
80 47.37 176.30 283.73 188.99 49.19 553.45 2.67
90 51.52 179.50 288.88 182.66 47.61 535.67 2.67
95 55.24 182.30 293.38 177.12 46.23 520.14 2.68
99 64.57 188.60 303.52 164.65 43.12 485.15 2.68
ͶAs noted by Hansman & Mena (2011), the altitude values presented in Tables 1-3 most likely underestimate the
actual operational altitude of spray aircraft operating in forested areas because the altitude values do not account for
the fact that the satellite Digital Elevation Model value used to calculate the terrain elevation measures an apparent
height that is above the ground level. This factor is analyzed further in Section 6 of this report.
11
Annex 2
Table 2. OV-10 aircraft flight data used for baseline analysis.
Altitude Speed Speed Dv0.5 Dv0.1 Dv0.9 Relative
Percentile (m) (mph) (km/hr) (μm) (μm) (μm) span
Hewitt 30.48 206.92 333.00 128.40 34.08 383.40 2.72
50 42.56 207.50 333.94 127.25 33.79 380.17 2.72
60 44.89 208.90 336.19 124.46 33.10 372.34 2.73
70 47.58 210.34 338.51 121.63 32.39 364.39 2.73
80 50.66 212.40 341.83 117.55 31.37 352.96 2.74
90 55.46 215.60 346.98 111.22 29.80 335.19 2.75
95 59.54 218.50 351.64 105.47 28.36 319.04 2.76
99 68.39 225.00 362.10 92.63 25.16 283.01 2.78
Table 3. T-65 aircraft flight data used for baseline analysis.
Altitude Speed Speed Dv0.5 Dv0.1 Dv0.9 Relative
Percentile (m) (mph) (km/hr) (μm) (μm) (μm) span
Hewitt 30.48 140.43 226.00 259.97 66.90 752.67 2.64
50 39.46 162.80 262.00 215.71 55.86 628.45 2.65
60 42.24 166.34 267.70 208.70 54.11 608.77 2.66
70 45.47 169.50 272.78 202.45 52.55 591.24 2.66
80 49.43 172.79 278.08 195.94 50.93 572.95 2.66
90 55.88 177.10 285.02 187.40 48.80 549.00 2.67
95 62.51 180.64 290.71 180.41 47.05 529.36 2.67
99 83.97 188.00 302.56 165.83 43.42 488.46 2.68
It was not feasible to model all of the possible combinations of altitude and speed that occurred
in the flight path data set. Thereforth in order to evaluate a range of▯ thenarios for each aircraft
type, a model run was conducted at the 50 percentile value for altitude and the 50 percentile
value for speed; the 60 percentile value for altitude and the 60 percentile value for speed; the
th th
70 percentile value for altitude and the 70 percentile value for speed, etc. The results from the
AGDISP model runs appear in Tables 4-6. Deposition values at the 800 m range are the results
of the Langrangian calculations; deposition values at ranges of 1 km to 10 km are from the
Gaussian far-field extension results. The deposition values generated from the replication of the
Hewitt et al. model runs described in Section 4 are included in Tables 4-6 as a source of
comparison.
12
Annex 2
Table 4. Deposition values for 800 m to 10 km downwind for the AT-802 aircraft operating in the
conditions described in Table 1.
Percentile DepositDeposition Deposition Deposition DepositioDeposition
800 m 1 km 2 km 3 km 5 km 10 km
(g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha)
Hewitt
replication 0.10 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01
50 altitude
spee50 5.39 4.91 2.51 1.67 0.91 0.27
60 altitude
spee60 7.76 6.90 3.49 2.21 1.19 0.36
70 altitude
spee70 9.89 8.18 4.11 2.48 1.34 0.42
80 altitude
spee80 10.79 9.65 4.76 2.93 1.57 0.51
90 altitude
90 speed 12.80 11.99 5.67 3.84 1.94 0.66
95 altitude
95 speed 14.36 13.58 6.42 4.25 2.18 0.74
99 altitude
99 speed 16.88 17.69 8.49 5.15 2.74 1.06
Table 5. Deposition values for 800 m to 10 km downwind for the OV-10 aircraft operating in the
conditions described in Table 2.
Percentile Deposition Deposition Deposi tion Deposition Deposition Deposition
800 m 1 km 2 km 3 km 5 km 10 km
(g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha)
Hewitt
replication 0.09 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01
50 altitude
50 speed 9.93 5.05 2.24 1.42 0.82 0.31
60 altitude
60 speed 11.66 6.02 2.62 1.66 0.92 0.35
70 altitude
70 speed 13.37 7.49 3.19 2.04 1.08 0.41
80 altitude
80 speed 15.05 9.47 3.74 2.26 1.21 0.49
90 altitude
90 speed 17.11 13.56 5.02 2.82 1.48 0.71
95 altitude
95 speed 18.47 15.28 5.75 3.43 1.77 0.77
99 altitude
99 speed 18.49 15.91 5.76 3.26 1.58 0.77
13
Annex 2
Table 6. Deposition values for 800 m to 10 km downwind for the T-65 aircraft operating in the
conditions described in Table 3.
Percentile Deposition Deposi tion Deposition Deposition Deposition Deposition
800 m 1 km 2 km 3 km 5 km 10 km
(g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha)
Hewitt
replication 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
50 altitude
spe5d0 3.17 2.81 1.52 0.97 0.51 0.14
60 altitude
spe6d0 5.02 4.67 2.53 1.74 0.91 0.27
70 altitude
spe7d0 8.30 7.09 3.69 2.44 1.30 0.38
80 altitude
spe8d0 10.19 8.76 4.52 2.74 1.46 0.44
90 altitude
90 speed 12.76 11.04 5.51 3.76 1.91 0.66
95 altitude
95 speed 13.86 12.41 6.29 4.09 2.12 0.73
99 altitude
99 speed 15.80 13.26 7.04 4.54 2.46 0.83
These results, when compared to the results published by Hewitt et al. (2009) (Figure 6), reveal
that the Hewitt et al. model predictions significantly underestimate the spray drift that would be
expected to result from actual flight conditions. For example, Hewitt et al. report spray
deposition at 1 km downwind of approximately 0.1 to 1 g a.e./ha for both the AT-802 and the
OV-10 aircraft (Hewitt, et al. original Figure 6) while spray deposition values based on the flight
th th
data are at least 2.8 to 5 times higher fth the 50 percentile althtude / 50 percentile speed spray
conditions and 11 to 13 times higher for 90percentile altitude / 90 percentile speed conditions.
Figure 7 shows the results reported in Table 4 for the AT-802 aircraft a▯s compared to the
replication of the Hewitt et al. (2009) model runs for that aircraft.
The under-prediction by Hewitt et al. is most likely not a result of incorrect model use or
inaccurate experimental droplet size data. Rather, the under-prediction of spray drift by Hewitt
et al. results from assumptions regarding airplane height and speed that do not reflect the▯ flight
conditions recorded by on-board data collection systems (Hansman & Mena, 2011). In each
case, the actual conditions of application as reflected by the flight path data (i.e. higher altitudes
and faster speeds) tend to generate more spray drift. These factors ar▯e discussed in greater detail
in Sections 6 and 7 below.
14
Annex 2
Figure 6. Results from AGDISP modeling of coca sprays applied in Colombia
(Hewitt et al. original Figure 6).
Figure 7. AGDISP results for AT-802 aircraft operating across a range of altitude and speed percentile
values as compared to the replication of the Hewitt et al. (2009) model runs for the AT-802 aircraft.
15
Annex 2
6. Effects of Aircraft Altitude
A critical parameter in the potential for spray drift is the aircraft altitude or height of the
application above the underlying canopy. When spray droplets are released, they must travel
from the point of release downward to the intended target. Any cross wind that affects the
droplets during their downward trajectory will displace them downwind. As the height of release
increases, the travel time of the droplets increases correspondingly, allowing a greater horizont▯al
displacement of the droplets to occur. In conventional aerial applications for agriculture, not
only is the canopy low and relatively consistent across a field, but the▯ lak c of obstructions and
ground-based interference with the spray operation allows the aircraft to maintain a low and
consistent altitude above the crop. Often the height of application is within 3 m of the crop
canopy. Likewise, for commercial applications of herbicides in forestry, the height of the
application is kept as low as possible in order to increase target deposition and mitigate potential
spray drift; for this reason helicopters are often used in forestry applications.
To determine the effects of aircraft height on the resulting spray drift deposition, a range of
application heights were modeled while keethng all other parameters constant. In this analysis,
the AT-802 aircraft was used at the 50 percentile flight speed (275.52 km/hr), an application
rate of 23.65 L/ha, and the rest of the model inputs as specified by Hewitt et al. (2009). Only the
aircraft height was varied over the 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 and 99 percentiles of the flight data,
which range from 40.61 meters to 64.57 meters (Table 1). In addition, the 30.48 m value used
by Hewitt et al. (2009), the 50 m value from Colombia’s EMP (Republic of Colombia, 2003),
and a range of altitude values between 30.48 and 40.61 meters were analyzed. The results
appear in Table 7.
The results show that downwind spray drift is highly sensitive to the altitude of the aircraft and
correspondingly, the release height of the spray material. Given the significant difference
between the height of 30.48 m assumed by Hewitt et al (2009) and the actual flight data, the
increase in predicted downwind deposition is significant (see Figure 8). At 50 meters above
ground, the application limit of the Colombian EMP, the predicted spray deposition exceeded the
amount predicted for an application height of 30.48 meters, often by two orders of magnitude.
16
Annex 2
Table 7. Deposition values for 800 m to 10 km downwind for the AT-802 aircraft demonstrating the
sensitivity of spray drift changes in application altitude.
Altitude DepDoetiosni tion Deposition Deposition Deposition Deposition
800 m 1 km 2 km 3 km 5 km 10 km
(ma).eha)g (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha)
(H0e4itt) 0.11 0.09 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01
32.00 0.16 0.21 0.14 0.07 0.03 0.01
34.00 0.69 0.66 0.44 0.21 0.10 0.03
36.00 2.02 1.76 1.12 0.53 0.26 0.08
38.00 3.38 3.00 1.89 0.92 0.44 0.13
(50.6) 5.39 4.91 2.51 1.67 0.91 0.27
(60.5) 7.61 6.71 3.37 2.20 1.18 0.35
(70.7) 9.76 8.11 4.04 2.57 1.37 0.41
(80.3) 10.23 9.37 4.64 2.89 1.52 0.47
50.00 (EMP) 11.36 11.17 5.57 3.35 1.76 0.55
51.51 (90%) 11.40 11.39 5.69 3.39 1.77 0.56
55.24 (95%) 12.74 13.07 6.58 3.91 2.05 0.67
64.57 (99%) 15.21 17.87 8.87 5.39 2.79 0.96
Figure 8. Deposition curves for the AT-802 aircraft demonstrating the sensitivity of spray drift changes
in application altitude showing the Hewitt et al. (2009) assumption as compared to the 50 through 90
percentile values for altitude from the flight path data.
17
Annex 2
As described in Hansman and Mena (2011), the actual height of the spray aircraft may be greater
than the values presented in Tables 1 – 3 in areas with rainforest tree canopy. While the actual
terrain and exact tree canopy height is variable, a representative value was calculated by
Hansman and Mena (2011) to estimate the true altitude of the spray aircraft in areas with
rainforest tree canopy. The net effect is to increase the flight data numerical values of aircraft
altitude by 17.66 meters.
Tables 8 through 10 below are equivalent to the baseline spray drift modeling described in
Section 5, with the exception of the +17.66 adjustment in altitude. Thus, these values assume
that the aircraft was flying over a forested area.
Table 8. Deposition values for 800 m to 10 km downwind for the AT-802 aircraft with altitude adjusted
for area with rainforest canopy.
Altitude
Altitude pre post DepositiDeposition Deposition Deposition Deposition Deposition
17.66 m
correction correction 800 m 1 km 2 km 3 km 5 km 10 km
(m) (m) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha)
Hewitt 0.10 0.08 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01
45.61) 58.27 14.18 15.81 7.88 4.52 2.42 0.82
46.50) 60.16 14.61 16.42 8.06 4.94 2.54 0.87
47.72) 62.38 15.16 17.02 8.24 5.40 2.68 0.93
48.37) 65.03 16.06 18.14 8.71 5.87 2.91 0.99
59.51) 69.17 15.89 18.41 9.16 5.69 2.93 0.99
59.24) 72.90 16.49 17.84 9.37 5.34 2.84 1.04
69.57) 82.23 17.18 16.06 8.34 5.26 2.81 0.98
18
Annex 2
Table 9. Deposition values for 800 m to 10 km downwind for the OV-10 aircraft with altitude adjusted
for area with rainforest canopy.
Altitude
Altitude pre post DepositDneposition Deposition Deposition Deposition Deposition
17.66 m
correction correction 800 m 1 km 2 km 3 km 5 km 10 km
(g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g
(m) (m) a.e./ha)
Hewitt 0.09 0.07 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01
42.45 (50%) 60.22 17.66 13.78 5.75 3.64 1.89 0.76
44.89 (60%) 62.55 18.27 14.46 5.84 3.59 1.94 0.80
47.58 (70%) 65.24 18.76 15.26 5.79 3.32 1.90 0.86
50.66 (80%) 68.32 18.77 15.14 5.84 3.26 1.76 0.83
55.46 (90%) 73.12 18.44 13.77 5.65 3.44 1.84 0.74
59.54 (95%) 77.20 17.58 13.91 5.18 2.91 1.70 0.78
68.39 (99%) 86.05 16.55 14.72 5.39 3.02 1.98 0.83
Table 10. Deposition values for 800 m to 10 km downwind for the T-65 aircraft with altitude adjusted for
area with rainforest canopy.
Altitude
Altitude pre post DepositiDeposition Deposition Deposition Deposition Deposition
17.66 m
correction correction 800 m 1 km 2 km 3 km 5 km 10 km
(m) (m) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha)
Hewitt 0.01 0.01 0 .01 0.01 0.01 0.01
35.46) 57.12 11.87 11.54 6.02 3.95 2.00 0.62
46.24) 59.90 12.76 12.86 6.54 4.14 2.12 0.65
47.47) 63.13 13.34 13.24 7.02 4.09 2.19 0.73
48.43) 67.09 13.63 12.91 6.70 4.19 2.24 0.79
59.88) 73.54 14.17 13.00 6.71 4.43 2.30 0.76
69.51) 80.17 14.80 13.27 7.40 4.28 2.34 0.83
89.97)101.63 16.62 15.48 8.12 5.30 3.22 1.04
The results presented in Tables 8 through 10 demonstrate the increase in▯ total deposition that
results from an increase in aircraft altitude. For example, an AT-802 aircraft traveling at 50
th
percentile speed (275 km/hr) and 50 percentile altitude assuming bare ground below the aircraft
(40.61 m) would be expected to deposit 4.91 g a.e./ha at 1 kilometer from the application site
th
(Table 4). The same aircraft traveling at the same speed and 50 percentile altitude assuming a
forested area below the aircraft (58.27 m) would be expected to deposit 15.81 g a.e./ha at 1
kilometer from the application site (Table 8), roughly a three fold increase under these
conditions. As discussed by Hansman & Mena (2011), these increased altitude values are more
19
Annex 2
accurate estimate of the altitude of the aircraft in forested regions. Therefore, the deposition
values are also are more accurate estimates based on actual field conditions in forested regions.
7. Effects of Aircraft Speed
Aircraft speed also has a significant influence on spray drift. As disc▯ussed in Section 3(e),
higher air speeds create greater shear forces on the liquid emitted from the nozzles and produce
smaller droplets that are more prone to drift. The aircraft speed also affects the aerodynamics of
the aircraft wake and airflow disruption around the spray boom and nozzles. The wind tunnel
test data published by Hewitt et al. (2009) and reproduced in Figure 3 of this report clearly
establishes the effect of airspeed on the resulting droplet size spectra.
To determine the effects of aircraft speed on the resulting spray drift deposition, AGDISP was
used to model the drift from a range of application speeds, with corresponding droplet size
spectra, while keeping all other parameters constant. In this analysis, the AT-802 airc▯raft was
used at the 50th percentile flight altitude (40.61 meters, which does not include the 17.66 m
correction for areas with rainforest canopy), and application rate of 23.65 L/ha. The rest of the
model inputs were used as specified by Hewitt et al. (2009). The aircraft speed was varied over
the 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95 and 99 percentiles of the flight data (Table▯ 1). ley thresholds
reported by Colombia were also analyzed: 140 mph and 165 mph (Hansman & Mena, 2011).
The results appear in Table 11.
Table 11. Deposition values for 800 m to 10 km downwind for the AT-802 aircraft demonstrating the
sensitivity of spray drift changes in aircraft speed.
Droplet
Speed size Deposition Deposition Deposition Deposition Deposition Deposition
800 m 1 km 2 km 3 km 5 km 10 km
(km/hr) D (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha)
V0.5
225.32 (140 mph) 260.81 2.57 2.93 1.58 0.99 0.49 0.13
211.36
265.54 (165 mph) 4.57 4.56 2.36 1.61 0.83 0.25
275.52 (50%) 199.08 5.39 4.91 2.51 1.67 0.91 0.27
277.77 (60%) 196.32 5.57 5.06 2.57 1.68 0.92 0.28
280.19 (70%) 193.34 5.78 5.24 2.65 1.70 0.92 0.29
283.73 (80%) 188.99 6.20 5.44 2.79 1.71 0.95 0.29
288.88 (90%) 182.66 6.61 5.52 2.73 1.82 0.99 0.32
293.38 (95%) 177.12 7.01 5.57 2.72 1.91 1.01 0.33
303.52 (99%) 164.65 7.93 5.81 2.90 1.88 1.03 0.34
20
Annex 2
The results show the high sensitivity of downwind spray drift to the spe▯ed of the aircraft and
correspondingly, the droplet spectra of the spray material. As shown in Figure 9, the higher air
speeds, reflected by the actual flight data, in relation to the reported▯ airspeeds of 140 and 165
mph, resulted in greater spray drift.
Figure 9. Deposition curves for the AT-802 aircraft demonstrating the sensitivity of spray drift changes
in aircraft speed.
8. Effects of Droplet Size
Colombia’s EMP states that the permitted droplet size range is 300 to 1,000 microns (Republic
of Colombia, 2003). Several other reports indicate that the droplet size is 300 to 1,500 microns
(Solomon et al. 2005; Republic of Colombia, 2005). A communication from the Director of
Colombia’s National Narcotics Commission to the President of the Scientific and Technical
Commission of Ecuador on April 14, 2004 stated the average droplet size was 650 microns
(Republic of Colombia, 2004). However, as demonstrated by the Hewitt et al. (2009) wind
tunnel experiment, these representations significantly overestimate the actual droplet size spectra
produced by the spray aircraft. Based on experimental data for aircraft traveling at simulated
speeds up to 333 km/hr, Hewitt et al. (2009) reported that the D (volume median diameter)
v0.5
was 128 microns.
21
Annex 2
As noted by Hewitt et al., the spray released from the aircraft in Colombia are classified as very
fine to fine sprays based on standards established by the American Society of Agricultural and
Biological Engineers (i.e., ASABE, formerly ASAE), and accepted by regulatory agencies in
many jurisdictions (ASAE, 2009). In contrast, spray droplets with a spectrum of 300-1,000 or
300-1,500 microns, as reported by Colombia, would be classified as larger than extra coarse (the
largest size category specified) by the same standards. Figure 10 shows the cumulative size -
volume distribution of spray droplets as defined by the ASAE Standard. The droplet size
spectrum measured in the wind tunnel by Hewitt, et al. (2009) was smaller than the very fine
category in the smaller size portion of the spectrum and classified as fine in the larger portion of
the spectrum. Given the importance of the smallest droplets in contributing to spray drift, this
reveals that drift estimates based on the Colombian EMP droplet size values would severely
under-predict the actual drift.
Figure 10. ASABE Standard droplet size distribution classifications (Source: Teske and Curbishley,
2010) shown with D v0.1,v0.5and D v0.9alues reported by Hewitt, et al. (2009) for the 333 km/hr air
speed.
As discussed in Section 3(e), a decrease in droplet size would be expected to result in an increase
in spray drift because the size of the droplet affects its terminal velocity and rate of evaporation.
In short, smaller droplets are carried greater distances, resulting in greater spray drift. The very
fine to fine droplets resulting from spray operations in Colombia would be expected to be carried
significant distances, particularly in cases where other conditions (e.▯g. application height, wind
speed) also favored drift.
22
Annex 2
9. Effects of Other Spray Application and Model Parameters
As discussed earlier, the spray application process and the associated predictive computations in
AGDISP are complex and affected by a number of critical parameters. Accurate modeling of the
process requires accurate assumptions about the operational parameters, meteorological
conditions, equipment status, and the terrain in the area of application. A sensitivity analysis was
conducted for the following parameters: canopy height, spray tank mix application rate, spray
tank mix evaporation rate, atmospheric stability, wind speed and relative humidity. This analysis
tests the assumptions with respect to these parameters in the Hewitt et al. (2009) spray drift
modeling, which are also reflected in the results presented in Sections 5 through 7 of this report.
In all cases, AGDISP was used to model the drift from the AT-802 aircraft, operating at the 50
percentile conditions for altitude (40.61 m) and 50 percentile for speed (275.52 km/hr) and an
application rate of 23.65 liters per hectare. All other model parameter values were unchanged,
except for the parameter for which sensitivity was being determined.
a. Canopy Height
A key parameter in the spray drift analysis is the height of the canopy of the vegetation
underneath the spray application. Taller vegetative cover can reduce sp▯ray drift by intercepting
the spray droplets sooner and reducing their net vertical travel distance. On the other hand, a
lower canopy or a clearing creates more space for the spray droplets to travel vertically, thereby
increasing spray drift. The canopy height also affects the wind behavior near the surface and can
disrupt the boundary layer of air flow causing spray drift profiles to change. Hewitt et al. (2009)
used a canopy height of 25.91 meters, coupled with an aircraft height of 30.48 meters. To
determine the sensitivity of spray drift to canopy height, the 25.91 meter canopy height assumed
by Hewitt et al. was compared to a canopy height of 4 meters, which reflects of the approximate
maximum height of coca plants (Marshall et al., 2009; Collins & Helling, 2002; Ferreira &
Reddy, 2000; Ferreira & Smeda, 1997). The results in Table 12 show that the lower canopy
height resulted in much greater deposition in the near field (800 m to 1 km) and slightly
increased spray deposition further away (2 km to 10 km). Thus, in locations of the Ecuador-
Colombia border region where there is a lower canopy, as might be expected in the case of a
clearing for coca plants or agriculture, increased spray drift would be expected. The results are
depicted graphically in Figure 11.
Table 12. Deposition values for 800 m to 10 km downwind for the AT-802 aircraft operating at two
different canopy heights.
Canopy DepositD ioepositi on Deposition Deposition Deposition Deposition
height 800 m 1 km 2 km 3 km 5 km 10 km
(m) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha)
25.91 5.39 4.91 2.51 1.67 0.91 0.27
4.00 12.81 8.63 3.67 2.35 1.24 0.37
23
Annex 2
Figure 11. Deposition curves for the AT-802 aircraft operating at two different canopy heights.
b. Application Rate
Application rate has a direct relationship to deposition levels and spray drift. For a given release
height, spray droplet size, aircraft configuration, canopy characteristi▯cs and meteorological
conditions, the greater the amount of the spray tank mixture (active ingredient + carrier +
adjuvants) that is released from the spray nozzles at the site of application, the greater the
potential for deposition off target.
The application rate used by Hewitt et al. (2009) in their model runs was reported as, “Spray
volume rate of 10.4 L/ha (1.11 gallon/acre) total tank mix for coca sprays.” This rate is
inconsistent with the application rate for the total tank mix of 23.65 L/ha specified by the U.S.
Department of State (2002) and in the Colombian EMP (Republic of Colombia, 2003). It is also
inconsistent with the application rates recorded in the actual flight data, where application rates
sometimes exceeded 23.65 L/ha (Hansman & Mena, 2011). Thus, the 10.4 L/ha application rate
reportedly used by Hewitt et al. (2009) is in error. The consequence of using an erroneous 10.4
L/ha rate instead of the correct application rate of 23.65 L/ha would be that the downwind drift
deposition estimates published by Hewitt et al. (2009) underestimate drift by a factor of slightly
more than 50%, i.e., the values reported by Hewitt et al. would be less than half the actual values.
To determine the sensitivity of spray drift to application rate, the 10.4 L/ha application rate
reported by Hewitt et al. (2009) was compared to a range of application rates between 20 and 28
L/ha, including the 23.68 L/ha application rate established in the EMP. The results in Table 13
show that deposition increases proportionally with an increase in application rate. These results
also show that when a 10.4 L/ha application rate is used as a drift model input, the deposition is
approximately half of the actual values, which are in the range of 23.65 L/ha based on the flight
path data. The results are depicted graphically in Figure 12.
24
Annex 2
Table 13. Deposition values for 800 m to 10 km downwind for the AT-802 aircraft operating at a range
of application rates.
Application Deposition Deposition Deposition Deposition DepositionDeposition
Rate 800 m 1 km 2 km 3 km 5 km 10 km
(L/ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha)
10.40 (Hewitt) 2.39 2.14 1.10 0.74 0.40 0.12
20.00 4.41.55 2.12 1.41 0.277
22.00 4.55.00 2.34 1.55 0.284
23.65 (EMP) 5.37 4.91 2.51 1.67 0.91 0.27
24.00 4.59.45 2.56 1.69 0.292
26.00 5.53.93 2.75 1.83 0.399
28.00 5.67.34 2.98 1.97 0.307
Figure 12. Deposition curves for the AT-802 aircraft operating at a range of appliation rates.
ʹͷ
Annex 2
c. Spray Mix Evaporation
The evaporation rate of the tank mix, coupled with environmental conditions, determines the rate
at which the droplet diameter is reduced while in flight. Higher evaporation rates lead to smaller
spray droplets with less drag and increased drift potential. Hewitt et al. (2009) used an
evaporation rate of 37 μm /degC/sec, which was described as “representative of glyphosate
products.” No additional support was provided for this value. In ad▯dition, the effect on
evaporation of the adjuvant Cosmo-Flux 411F is unknown.
To determine the sensitivity of the spray drift to evaporation rate, the assumed value of 37
μm 2/degC/sec was compared with the limiting conditions of 84 μm /degC/sec (the evaporation
2
rate for pure water), and no evaporation, i.e., 0 μm /degC/sec. The results in Table 14 show that
higher evaporation rates result in modest increases in deposition rates in the near field (800 m to
1 km). Overall, evaporation rate has a minor effect on spray deposition values under the specific
application conditions of this spray situation, however evaporation would be expected to produce
more concentrated spray droplets. The results are shown graphically in ▯Figure 13.
Table 14. Deposition values for 800 m to 10 km downwind for the AT-802 aircraft operating at a range
of spray mix evaporation rates.
Evaporation Deposition Deposition Deposition Deposi tion Deposition Deposition
Rate 800 m 1 km 2 km 3 km 5 km 10 km
(μm2/C/sec) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha)
(none0) 5.03 4.01 2.12 1.48 0.84 0.36
(He37itt) 5.39 4.91 2.51 1.67 0.91 0.36
(wa8e4r) 5.78 5.18 2.37 1.51 0.78 0.33
Figure 13. Deposition curves for the AT-802 aircraft operating at a range of spray mix evaporation rates.
26
Annex 2
d. Atmospheric Stability
The atmospheric stability of the ambient environment into which the spray is released is an
important determinant of spray drift. Atmospheric stability is most simply described as the
degree of vertical movement of air in the atmosphere near the surface of the ground. When
stability is high, vertical mixing is inhibited and small spray droplets do not disperse into the
atmosphere as easily as when stability is low, i.e., “unstable” conditions. Stable conditions often
generate localized concentrations of droplets in air “packets” that can move in unpredictable
ways as compared to more random dispersion of the spray droplets which occurs under unstable
atmospheric conditions. Stable atmospheric conditions are most common during the nighttime
and unstable atmospheric conditions are more common during the daytime when the ground
surface is heating or cooling, causing corresponding vertical air movement.
AGDISP allows the user to specify atmospheric stability conditions. Hewitt et al. (2009) used an
atmospheric stability defined as “weak”, i.e. unstable atmospheric conditions. To determine the
sensitivity of the spray drift to atmospheric stability, weak and strong (i.e. stable) atmospheric
stability conditions were modeled. The results in Table 15 show that, for the application
conditions for this spray situation, the atmospheric stability has a significant effect on spray
deposition values, particularly at downwind distances of 2 km and beyond where deposition rates
under strong atmospheric stability conditions are more than double or triple the deposition rates
under weak atmospheric stability conditions. The higher drift levels are expected with the strong
atmospheric stability due to the lack of random dispersion of the smaller drift prone spray
droplets. As show in Figure 14, strong atmospheric stability conditions can lead to atypical
spray drift deposition patterns when compared with normal, recommended spraying conditions.
Areas of highly concentrated spray drift deposition can occur.
Table 15. Deposition values for 800 m to 10 km downwind for the AT-802 aircraft operating under weak
and strong atmospheric stability conditions.
Atmospheric DepositionDeposition Deposition Deposi tion Deposition Deposition
Stability 800 m 1 km 2 km 3 km 5 km 10 km
(g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha)
Weak 5.39 4.91 2.51 1.67 0.91 0.27
Strong 7.06 0.41 6.94 9.26 3.79 1.04
27
Annex 2
Figure 14. Deposition curves for the AT-802 aircraft operating under weak and strong atmospheric
stability conditions.
e. Wind Speed
A critical parameter in the spray drift analysis is the ambient wind speed. While the
aerodynamic disturbance of the aircraft is important to spray droplet movement near the point of
release, the ambient wind supplies the motive force to displace the droplets away from the
application target area. Hewitt et al. (2009) used a wind speed of 2.57 m/s (5 knots) which
corresponds to the maximum wind speed in the EMP. However, a range of wind speeds would
be expected in the context of more than 100,000 flights conducted within 10 kilometers of
Ecuador’s border (Hansman & Mena, 2011). To determine the sensitivity of the spray drift to
wind speed, the following values were modeled: 2.57 m/s (wind speed assumed by Hewitt et al.
(2009) and EMP); 1.28 m/s (half of the assumed wind speed) and 5.14 m/s (twice the assumed
wind speed). The results in Table 16 show the high sensitivity of spray drift to wind speed. In
particular, if the wind speed is twice as high as was assumed by Hewitt et al. (2009) and as was
required in the EMP, the level of deposition increases by a factor of 1.▯5 to 3.3, depending on the
distance from the application site. The flight data evaluated by Hansman & Mena (2011) does
not contain meteorological information. Therefore, the actual wind speed during spray
operations in Colombia is a significant uncertainty in the spray drift modeling analysis. The
results are depicted graphically in Figure 15.
28
Annex 2
Table 16. Deposition values for 800 m to 10 km downwind for the AT-802 aircraft operating at wind
speeds from 1.28 to 5.14 m/s.
Wind Speed Deposition Deposition Deposition Deposition Deposition Deposition
800 m 1 km 2 km 3 km 5 km 10 km
(m/s) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha)
1.28 (1/2X) 2.08 3.41 1.52 0.86 0.34 0.09
2.57 (Hewitt / EMP) 5.39 4.91 2.51 1.67 0.91 0.27
5.14 (2X) 11.66 9.37 3.77 2.99 2.39 0.88
Figure 15. Deposition curves for the AT-802 aircraft operating at wind speeds from 1.28 to 5.14 m/s.
f. Relative Humidity
Ambient relative humidity, coupled with the evaporation rate of the tank mix, determines the rate
at which the droplet diameter is reduced while in flight. Smaller droplets have less drag and
greater drift potential. Hewitt et al. (2009) used a relative humidity of 70% and evaluated the
effect of an increase in relative humidity, indicating that the tropical conditions in Colombia
could experience higher relative humidity values, up to 90%. To determine the sensitivity of the
spray drift to relative humidity, 70% and 90% relative humidity values were modeled. The
results in Table 17 show that, for the application conditions for this spray situation, the relative
humidity has a minor effect on spray deposition values in the far field (1 to 10 km) as compared
to other variables. The increase in relative humidity from 70% to 90% has a very limited effect
29
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on spray drift deposition from the high release height conditions of the 50th percentile flight
data. The results are depicted graphically in Figure 16.
Table 17. Deposition values for 800 m to 10 km downwind for the AT-802 aircraft operating at relative
humidities of 70 and 90%.
Relative Deposition Deposition Deposition Depositi on Deposition Deposition
Humidity 800 m 1 km 2 km 3 km 5 km 10 km
% (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha (g a.e./ha)
70% 5.39 4.91 2.51 1.67 0.91 0.27
90% 5.07 4.21 2.27 1.56 0.89 0.28
Figure 16. Deposition curves for the AT-802 aircraft operating at relative humidities of 70 and 90%.
10. Illustrative Example Application Scenarios
The analysis of Colombian spray operations in this report was based on over 100,000 flight
records describing flights operating at varying operational parameters, over varying vegetative
terrain and under varying meteorological conditions. Given the scale and extent of the operation,
AGDISP, or any other modeling, can be performed on only a limited number of flights
representing the operation. While the flight data (Hansman and Mena, 2011) provide reliable
and extensive data on aircraft speed, altitude, application rate, plane type, time of day and certain
other factors, data on the actual meteorological and terrain conditions are more limited. In
addition, no one of these factors operates in isolation. The purpose of the sensitivity analyses
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presented in Sections 6, 7 and 9 was to isolate an individual factor and evaluate its effect on
spray drift. However, under actual conditions of application, these factors operate together to
influence the total amount of spray deposition. It is therefore useful to consider example spray
events for several combinations of conditions not previously analyzed in this report.
a. AT-802 Aircraft Spraying Near Low Vegetation With Strong Wind
The first illustrative scenario considers the AT-802 aircraft operating at the 50 percentile
th
condition for altitude (40.6 m), 50 percentile for speed (275.52 km/h) and applying the required
application rate of 23.65 L/ha. It further assumes that the aircraft is flying over a typical coca
planting with vegetation 4 meters in height and is subject to wind blowing at 5.14 m/s (10 knots,
which is 2 times the wind speed assumed by Hewitt et al.). All other conditions are consistent
with those used in the analysis by Hewitt et al. (2009).
The results of AGDISP modeling for this illustrative scenario as compared to an AT-802 aircraft
traveling at the 50 percentile altitude, 50 percentile speed and the Hewitt et al. (2009)
assumptions for canopy height (25.91 m) and wind speed (2.57 m/s, or 5 knots) are shown in
Table 18.
Table 18. Deposition values for 800 m to 10 km downwind for illustrative scenarios with the AT-802
aircraft.
Condition Deposition Deposition Deposition Deposition Deposition Deposition
800 m 1 km 2 km 3 km 5 km 10 km
(g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha)
AT-802,
25.91 m canopy,
2.57 m/s wind 5.39 4.91 2.51 1.67 0.91 0.27
AT-802,
4 m canopy,
5.14 m/s wind 12.01 8.63 2.86 1.85 1.08 0.47
As can be seen in Figure 17, the lower canopy height and increase in win▯d speed contribute to
significantly higher deposition levels across the range of deposition distances as compared to the
same flight using the assumptions for canopy height and wind speed made by Hewitt et al.
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Figure 17. Downwind spray deposition in the far-field, predicted by the Gaussian extension for the
scenarios described in Table 18.
b. OV-10 Aircraft Spraying at Increased Height and Speed With Strong Wind
The second illustrative scenario considers the OV-10 aircraft operating at the 95 percentileth
condition for altitude (59.54 m) and 70 percentile condition for speed (338.51 km/h) and the
required application rate of 23.65 L/ha. It further assumes that the aircraft is subject to wind
blowing at 5.14 m/s (10 knots). All of the other parameters are consistent with the inputs
assumed by Hewitt et al. (2009), including the assumption of a 25.91 m canopy.
The results of AGDISP modeling for this illustrative scenario as compared to an OV-10 aircraft
traveling at the 50 percentile for altitude (42.56 m) and 50 percentile for speed (333.94 km/hr),
with the Hewitt et al. assumption for wind speed (2.57 m/s, or 5 knots) are shown in Table 19.
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Annex 2
Table 19. Deposition values for 800 m to 10 km downwind for illustrative scenarios with the OV-10
aircraft.
Condition Deposition Deposition Deposition Deposition Deposition Deposition
800 m 1 km 2 km 3 km 5 km 10 km
(g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha)
OV-10, 50% altitude,
50% speed,
2.57 m/s wind 9.93 5.05 2.24 1.42 0.82 0.31
OV-10, 95% altitude,
70% speed,
5.14 m/s wind 18.02 13.29 4.83 2.97 1.66 0.76
As can be seen in Figure 18, the increase in altitude, aircraft speed an▯d wind speed contribute to
significantly higher deposthion levels across the ranth of deposition distances as compared to the
OV-10 aircraft flown at 50 percentile altitude and 50 percentile speed, and the assumptions for
wind speed made by Hewitt et al.
Figure 18. Downwind spray deposition in the far-field, predicted by the Gaussian extension for the
scenarios described in Table 19.
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Annex 2
These illustrative scenarios show that a combination of factors can interact to result in greater
spray drift and deposition. Because there is incomplete data regarding meteorological conditions
such as wind speed and terrain conditions such as canopy height at speci▯fic spray locations, there
is greater uncertainty about the amount of spray drift deposited off-target under actual conditions
of application in Colombia. With more than 100,000 spray events within 10 kilometers of the
Ecuador-Colombia border (Hansman & Mena, 2011), each subject to a unique set of operational
meteorological conditions, and operated over slightly different terrain, any number of actual
spray drift scenarios are possible. The results presented in this report are approximations based
on the best data available; they do not represent the entire universe of scenarios.
11. Effect of Multiple Spray Lines
Aerial applications of pesticides often involve a sequential series of parallel spray passes to cover
a target area. Much like mowing a lawn, each pass covers a “swath” of the target area and
multiple passes are required to cover the targeted area. Logistically, the most efficient use of
resources (time, fuel, labor, equipment) is achieved when aircraft remain operational in a local
area until all desired areas to be treated have been completed. In typical aerial spraying
operations, these sequential passes are usually conducted by one or more spray planes within a
span of a number of hours. Each spray pass provides an overlapping pattern and produces a
relatively uniform application rate across the field. Figure 19 shows a representation of this
process. Four spray passes are represented by the aircraft (flying “▯out of the page”) at ~ 50 ft
spacings across the field.
Figure 19. A series of parallel spray passes made to treat a target area; taken from
Gardisser and Kulhman (undated).
The analysis by Hewitt et al. (2009) considered only a single spray pass, reporting a model input
of “One flight line (i.e., single swath applications as used operationally in Colombia).” However,
the flight data records document the routine occurrence of multiple, up to dozens, of parallel
flights within a single square kilometer (Hansman and Mena, 2011). As discussed in Section
3(g), downwind spray drift and resulting biological effects accumulate with the incremental drift
from each spray pass. Therefore, this analysis evaluates the effect of multiple applications by
superposition of multiple spray passes; the spacing between passes was set at 51.8 m for the AT-
802 and OV-10 aircraft based on the actual flight data (Hansman and Mena, 2011).
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Annex 2
With each spray pass being distinct both temporally and spatially, they can be considered
independent events and the resulting spray deposition down wind can be calculated as the sum of
the spray deposition from each event. Therefore, the AGDISP calculation▯ can be run for a single
spray pass and the results summed, after a linear displacement of each pass equal to the spacing
between spray passes. The cumulative effect of 1-10 spray passes on near-field spray deposition
is shown in Figure 20.
Figure 20. Cumulative downwind spray deposition in the near field (<300 m) from
1 – 10 spray passes.
Cumulative deposition in the far-field (beyond 300 meters) was calculated using Gaussian far-
field deposition data from 6 different model runs. As described above, the AGDISP calculation
was run for a single spray pass and the results summed, after a linear displacement of each pass
equal to the spacing between spray passes. This method was used to calculate the far-field
deposition at 800 meters and 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 km down wind from the point of application
(defined as the location of the first spray line). The results for an AT-802 aircraft, operating at
50 percentile height and 50 percentile speed based on the flight path data, an application rate
of 23.65 L/ha, and all other parameters as assumed by Hewitt et al. (2009) are shown in Table
20.
35
Annex 2
Table 20. Deposition values showing the cumulative effect from multiple spray lines for an AT-802
aircraft operating at 50 percentile altitude and 50 percentile speed, 23.65 L/ha application rate; all other
input parameters as assumed by Hewitt et al. (2009).
Pass DeposiD topnosiiposDiipositi on Deposition Deposition
800 m 1 km 2 km 3 km 5 km 10 km
(# of spray
lines) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha)
1 6.29 4.91 2.51 1.67 0.91 0.27
2 12.08 9.51 4.95 3.32 1.81 0.54
3 17.55 14.27 7.32 4.96 2.69 0.81
4 22.76 18.62 9.71 6.57 3.56 1.08
5 27.57 22.53 12.13 8.12 4.41 1.34
6 32.18 26.55 14.42 9.60 5.24 1.60
7 36.91 30.43 16.58 11.06 6.06 1.86
8 41.06 34.03 18.69 12.51 6.86 2.12
9 44.97 37.46 20.79 13.95 7.65 2.38
10 49.02 40.95 22.84 15.37 8.43 2.64
As can be seen in Figure 21, the displacement distance between each spray pass serves to
attenuate the additive effect of each spray pass at closer distances (i.e. each spray pass
contributes a bit less to the total deposition because it originates further away from the point of
measurement). Therefore, the cumulative effect is not quite linear. Conversely, at far-field
distances, the down wind distances are large in relation to the spacing between spray passes, and
the cumulative effect becomes increasingly linear, i.e. two spray passes result in approximately
twice the amount of deposition as a single spray pass, three spray passes result in approximately
three times the amount of deposition, etc.
36
Annex 2
Figure 21. Downwind spray deposition in the far-field at 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 km as a function of the number
of spray passes from an AT-802 aircraft operating under conditions described in Table 20.
The cumulative effect of 1-10 spray passes on far-field spray deposition for five additional model
runs is shown in Tables 21 through 25.
Table 21. Deposition values showing the cumulative effect from multiple spray lines for an AT-802
aircraft operating at 90 percentile altitude and 90 percentile speed, 23.65 L/ha application rate; all other
input parameters as assumed by Hewitt et al. (2009).
Pass DeposiDtionosiipnosiipositi on Deposition Deposition
800 m 1 km 2 km 3 km 5 km 10 km
(# of spray
lines) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) a.e./ha) (a.e./ha) (a.e./ha)
1 14.80 11.99 5.67 3.84 1.94 0.66
2 28.68 23.65 11.27 7.60 3.85 1.32
3 42.01 34.75 16.87 11.10 5.74 1.97
4 54.54 44.94 22.44 14.41 7.59 2.61
5 66.43 55.09 27.69 17.63 9.40 3.24
6 78.05 65.18 32.72 20.83 11.19 3.87
7 88.85 74.18 37.64 24.02 12.95 4.50
8 98.91 82.69 42.47 27.21 14.68 5.12
9 109.16 91.39 47.32 30.40 16.39 5.73
10 119.08 99.79 52.17 33.59 18.08 6.34
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Annex 2
Table 22. Deposition values showing the cumulative effect from multiple spray lines for an AT-802
aircraft operating at 50 percentile altitude and 50 percentile speed, 23.65 L/ha application rate, canopy
height of 4 m, wind speed of 5.14 m/s; all other input parameters as assumed by Hewitt et al. (2009).
Pass DeposD iipositposDipnositi on Deposition Deposition
800 m 1 km 2 km 3 km 5 km 10 km
(# of spray
lines) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha)
1 12.56 8.63 2.86 1.85 1.08 0.47
2 23.82 16.53 5.60 3.65 2.15 0.94
3 34.12 23.71 8.24 5.40 3.21 1.41
4 43.42 30.39 10.83 7.12 4.26 1.87
5 51.92 36.45 13.41 8.83 5.30 2.33
6 59.65 41.89 15.96 10.53 6.34 2.79
7 66.69 46.96 18.42 12.22 7.37 3.24
8 73.20 51.78 20.76 13.88 8.39 3.69
9 79.10 56.34 23.00 15.51 9.41 4.14
10 84.46 60.63 25.18 17.10 10.42 4.59
Table 23. Deposition values showing the cumulative effect from multiple spray lines for an OV-10
aircraft operating at 50 percentile altitude and 50 percentile speed, 23.65 L/ha application rate; all other
input parameters as assumed by Hewitt et al. (2009).
Pass DeposiD tepositiopniiopnositi on Deposition Deposition
800 m 1 km 2 km 3 km 5 km 10 km
(# of spray
lines) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (a.e./ha) (a.e./ha) a.e./ha)
1 6.90 5.05 2.24 1.42 0.82 0.31
2 13.35 9.73 4.44 3.07 1.63 0.61
3 18.81 14.02 6.58 4.71 2.42 0.91
4 23.98 18.15 8.63 6.32 3.20 1.21
5 28.97 22.16 10.60 7.87 3.97 1.50
6 33.54 25.92 12.52 9.35 4.72 1.79
7 37.79 29.44 14.43 10.81 5.46 2.08
8 41.89 32.87 16.34 12.26 6.20 2.37
9 45.85 36.26 18.25 13.70 6.94 2.65
10 49.53 39.45 20.08 15.12 7.67 2.93
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Annex 2
Table 24. Deposition values showing the cumulative effect from multiple spray lines for an OV-10
th th
aircraft operating at 90 percentile altitude and 90 percentile speed, 23.65 L/ha application rate; all other
input parameters as assumed by Hewitt et al. (2009).
Pass DeposiD tonoDitpositpositi on Deposition Deposition
800 m 1 km 2 km 3 km 5 km 10 km
(# of spray
lines) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha)
1 18.20 13.56 5.02 2.82 1.48 0.71
2 34.95 25.69 9.73 5.50 2.93 1.40
3 50.04 36.70 14.21 8.05 4.35 2.09
4 64.03 47.16 18.56 10.58 5.76 2.77
5 77.29 57.22 22.81 13.11 7.16 3.45
6 89.17 66.63 26.98 15.67 8.55 4.12
7 99.87 75.44 31.06 18.25 9.95 4.79
8 110.22 83.71 35.05 20.80 11.35 5.45
9 120.12 91.73 38.96 23.29 12.75 6.10
10 129.35 99.42 42.77 25.74 14.15 6.75
Table 25. Deposition values showing the cumulative effect from multiple spray lines for an OV-10
aircraft operating at 95 percentile altitude, 70 percentile speed, 23.65 L/ha application rate, wind speed
of 5.14 m/s; all other input parameters as assumed by Hewitt et al. (2009).
Pass DeposiDtiepositiopnitonositi on DepositionDeposition
800 m 1 km 2 km 3 km 5 km 10 km
(# of spray
lines) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha) (g a.e./ha)
1 18.01 13.29 4.83 2.97 1.66 0.76
2 34.43 25.66 9.47 5.90 3.30 1.52
3 49.68 37.19 13.95 8.78 4.93 2.27
4 63.81 47.97 18.29 11.61 6.56 3.02
5 76.89 58.05 22.50 14.38 8.18 3.77
6 89.06 67.53 26.61 17.09 9.79 4.52
7 100.41 76.48 30.60 19.75 11.38 5.27
8 111.04 84.97 34.51 22.35 12.96 6.02
9 120.96 93.02 38.31 24.92 14.51 6.76
10 130.28 100.64 42.03 27.46 16.05 7.50
The effect of multiple spray lines can also be calculated using a curve fitted to the Gaussian far-
field deposition data (e.g., Figure 22), which facilitates calculations for many spray lines. Figure
21 shows the relationship between the fitted curve and the AGDISP results for the AT-802
th th
aircraft using 50 percentile value from the flight path data for aircraft height and the 50
percentile value for speed, 23.65 L/ha for application rate, and the rem▯ainder of the input
parameters as reported by Hewitt 2t al. (2009). Quantitatively, the relationship shows an
extremely high correlation with the r value being 0.9827, or approximately a 98.27% accuracy
of fit.
39
Annex 2
Figure 22. Downwind spray deposition in the far-field, predicted by the Gaussian extension shown with a
least-squares fitted equation.
Using this fitted curve, superposition of the individual flight lines, a▯djusted for the spacing
between them, can be used to calculate total deposition. The cumulative effect of 1 - 20 spray
passes on far-field spray deposition is shown below in Figure 23.
Figure 23. Cumulative downwind spray deposition in the far-field, from 1 – 20 spray passes.
40
Annex 2
12. Additional Factors that Exacerbate Spray Drift
Many of the contributing factors for spray drift, e.g., aircraft height,▯ aircraft speed, droplet size
spectra, wind speed, etc., have been addressed in previous sections of this report. There are,
however, additional factors that can affect spray drift that are difficult to quantify with modeling.
a. Nozzle Choice and Damage
The spray nozzles used in the Colombian spray operations and tested by Hewitt et al. (2009)
were Accu-Flo™ nozzles marketed by Bishop Equipment Mfg., Inc. of Hatfield, Pennsylvania,
in the United States. The nozzles are constructed of concentric rings o▯f hypodermic tubing or
“needles,” as shown in Figure 24(a). The needles have a long length-to-diameter ratio and are
easily damaged in field operations (e.g., tank mix loading and other ground operations) as shown
in Figure 24(b). When the nozzles are damaged, the discharge of the liquid streams is disrupted
from the normal, desired condition of being co-axial with the airflow past the nozzle. This
increased angle results in greater shear forces between the liquid stream and the high-speed air
and subsequently, smaller droplet sizes of the spray. Also, misalignment of the spray nozzle
needles can result in liquid streams colliding instead of remaining distinct; this further disruption
also decreases the droplets sizes. In contrast, the nozzles used in the Hewitt et al. (2009) wind
tunnel experiments were unlikely to be damaged or misaligned because they are not exposed to
field conditions.
Furthermore, the needle-type nozzles used in the Colombian spraying operations appear to
provide no inherent operational advantage over more common, robust, simpler and lower cost
agricultural nozzles (i.e. D10 nozzles). Hewitt et al. (2009) stated that:
“The study included assessments of alternative application systems to the Accu-Flo
nozzles currently in use. Accu-Flo nozzles are effective at increasing droplet size for
spray applications by rotary wing (helicopter) aircraft, but with their relatively small
orifice diameter are less effective at very high aircraft speeds. Large orifice solid
stream nozzles such as the D10 (named for its 10/64 in [4 mm] diameter orifice)
provide a viable alternative, especially if used at high spray pressures to increase the
spray breakup length. At the same spray pressure (2.4 bar), this nozzle increased the
Dv0.5 at 333 km/h from 139 to 168 ▯m, with a proportional approximate 15% decrease
in droplets <150 ▯m relative to the Accu-Flo nozzle.”
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Annex 2
(a) (b)
Figure 24. Accu-Flo™ spray nozzles of the type used in the Colombian spray operations: (a) a nozzle
in proper operating condition; (b) a nozzle showing typical damage from field operations.
(Source: Bishop Equipment Mfg., Inc.)
b. Atmospheric Stability and Inversion Conditions
The EMP for the spraying operations (Republic of Colombia, 2003) specified a maximum wind
speed of 5 knots (2.57 m/s) and a maximum temperature of 35º C for coca spraying. While these
conditions are intended for mitigation of evaporation and cross wind driven drift, it is notable
that there are not more precise requirements regarding meteorological situations that are
consistent with stable atmospheric conditions in the EMP. In particular, there is no limitation on
minimum wind speed and only a “recommendation” not to spray when “the▯re is evidence of the
phenomenon of inverse currents or clouds near the ground.” (Republic of Colombia, 2003). In
addition, the altitude of the inversion with respect to the spraying ope▯rations is an important
determinant of spray drift; however, Colombia has not reported data on the height of inversions
in the border region with Ecuador. As discussed by Hansman & Mena (2011), the absence of
meteorological data precludes the validation of compliance with the meteorological parameters
in the EMP.
As detailed earlier in the discussion on atmospheric stability, spraying in stable atmospheric
conditions, characterized by calm winds and limited vertical mixing and more common during
nighttime hours, can result in unpredictable, long range and damaging levels of spray drift.
Label language for glyphosate products commonly includes instructions prohibiting application
at low wind speeds. For example, the Round Up Pro™ label includes the following application
instructions:
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Annex 2
An extremely undesirable meteorological condition in terms of increasing the risk of significant
spray drift is when there is a temperature inversion and associated light and variable wind. In a
temperature inversion, vertical dispersion of small spray droplets is inhibited because they
remain trapped between layers of air. Thus, spray droplets can remain aloft and often become
highly concentrated in relatively small packets or layers of air (Figure 25). During the inversion
or as the inversion weakens, the wind can easily displace these high concentrations of suspended
small droplets over significant distances and in concentrations greatly exceeding those typical of
normal, cross wind driven drift.
Figure 25. Effects of atmospheric stability on spray application and drift (adapted from Ozkan, 2000).
Label language for glyphosate products commonly includes instructions prohibiting applications
during temperature inversions. For example, the Round Up Pro™ label includes the following
application instructions:
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Annex 2
13. Colombia’s Spray Drift Studies
A review of the scientific and technical documents associated with Colombia’s aerial spraying
program reveals that there appear to have been at least three analyses addressing spray drift prior
to the Hewitt et al. (2009) study.
a. AgDrift Model Runs – 2002
The first analysis was conducted by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in 2002
at the request of the United States Department of State (U.S. EPA, 2002). The study used
AgDrift, a functionally equivalent model to AGDISP, to predict spray deposition up to 300 m
downwind. The study concluded that the “highest levels of drift” are bounded by estimates
based on model runs with droplet size distributions for “medium sprays” at wind speeds of 10
mph (4.47 m/s, or 8.7 knots). The study also stated that “non-target plants hundreds of feet away
may be exposed to a fraction of this glyphosate application” and noted a number of “general
uncertainties” with spray drift modeling and with the input parameters used.
The modeling assumed two representative spray droplet size spectra: 1) an ASAE standard
“Very Coarse to Extremely Coarse” spectrum and, 2) an ASAE standard “Medium” spectrum.
The study noted that, “specific data on droplet size under application conditions was (sic) not
provided…” and “it is unlikely that very coarse sprays would be achievable due to shearing
effects of releasing droplets at high speeds.” (U.S. EPA, 2002). ▯The cautionary note on the
droplet size assumptions is particularly notable in light of the subsequent publication of more
specific droplet size data by Hewitt et al. (2009). For example, the droplet size specta measured
by Hewitt et al. (2009) for coca spray mixtures using the Accu-Flo nozzles in air stream
velocities of 259, 296 and 333 km/hr indicated that 35, 44 and 57%, respectively, of the spray
volume was in droplets less than 150 μm diameter. The ASAE “Very Coarse to Extremely
Coarse” standard distribution used by AgDrift assumes only 2.9% of the spray in droplets less
than 150 μm diameter. The ASAE “Medium” standard distribution assumes only 14% of the
spray in droplets less than 150 μm diameter. Therefore, the use of these droplet size
distributions represents a significant underestimation of the most driftable size fraction. Given
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Annex 2
the high sensitivity of spray drift to droplet size spectrum, especially for the smallest size classes
in a distribution, the absence of more accurate data regarding the droplet size spectra resulted in
significant underestimation of spray drift in the U.S. EPA (2002) analysis.
Moreover, the U.S. EPA analysis acknowledged the significant uncertainties inherent in the
study, particularly, the irregular topography, the potential occurrence of very stable atmospheric
conditions, especially temperature inversions, and the release height of▯ the spray. As the flight
data analysis of Hansman and Mena (2011) established, the cautions about parameter
uncertainties made in the U.S. EPA study weth well founded. The release height assumed by the
U.S. EPA study was 30.48 meters; the 50 percentile height from the flight data for the AT-802,
OV-10 and T-65 aircraft was 40.61, 42.56 and 39.46 meters, respectively. The U.S. EPA study
noted that “the AgDrift model is not intended to model spray drift under very stable atmospheric
conditions.” However, the analysis by Hansman and Mena (2011) shows that 22% of flights
occurred during the evening period of 20:00 to 04:00 (8 pm to 4 am) when stable conditions are
most likely to occur. With respect to meteorological conditions, the U.S. EPA also noted that
AgDrift modeling requires site-specific inputs for meteorology” and that “wind speed,
temperature and humidity are measured and the airport which may not be representative of these
parameters at the application site.” In addition, the U.S. EPA study assumed 4 parallel flight
lines “based on video of spraying operations with multiple aircraft.” Analysis of the actual flight
data (Hansman & Mena, 2011) revealed many fold this number of parallel flight lines at
numerous locations within 10 km of the Ecuador - Colombia border.
In summary, lack of a priori knowledge about the actual spray operations resulted in significant
overestimation in the assumed droplet size spectra and underestimation of the release height, the
occurrence of night spraying, the presence of multiple spray lines. As a result, the U.S. EPA
(2002) study significantly underestimated the potential spray drift from the coca spraying
operations in Colombia.
b. Ballistic Droplet Settling Model – 2004
The second analysis was communicated by the Director of the National Narcotics Commission
of Colombia to the President of the Scientific and Technical Commission of Ecuador in an April
14, 2004 Note (Republic of Colombia, 2004). This simple droplet displacement calculation,
included in Figure 26 below, was based on three factors: droplet terminal velocity (Vt) for an
average droplet 650 microns in size; release height (H), listed as “25 meters in compliance with
technical parameters”; and crosswind speed (U), listed as 4.8 km/h (1.3 m/s).
Drift = H x U Drift = 25 m x 1.3 m/s Drift = 12 meters
Vt 2.7 m/s
Figure 26. Spray Drift Calculation From April 14, 2004 Note from the
Director of the National Narcotics Commission (Republic of Colombia, 2004)
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Annex 2
This approach makes inaccurate assumptions made about the input parameters. First, it assumes
that the average droplet size is 650 microns in size. However, as demonstrated by the wind
tunnel experiment conducted by Hewitt et al. (2009), the median droplet size is on the order of
128-219 microns. Second, it assumes a wind speed of 1.3 m/s (2.5 knots), which is half the wind
speed authorized in the EMP. Third, it assumes a release height of 25 meters. This is half of the
altitude authorized by the EMP, and as demonstrated in the analysis by Hansman & Mena
(2011), the spray planes frequently exceed the 50 meter limit. The approach is also flawed due
to the inadequacy of the model. The calculation shown in Figure 26 does not include many of
the factors that are included in the AGDISP model such as the significant aerodynamic effects of
the aircraft on the droplet motion, (i.e., the turbulent wake and vortex effects of flight) and
evaporation of the droplets based on tank mix properties. Additionally, the approach assumes a
monodisperse spray droplet size distribution in which all droplets are the 650 micron size,
ignoring the significant fraction of the pesticide released in droplets much smaller diameters
(down to 10 microns and less). While AGDISP and other more sophisticated drift models have
been available since the 1980s, simple ballistic models of spherical particles such as the one
described in Figure 26 have not been the accepted standard for spray drift prediction for many
decades.
c. Water-Sensitive Paper Study – 2004
A field study of the biological efficacy of glyphosate and a series of candidate spray adjuvants
was conducted for Colombia in 2004 (Sociedad Las Palmas, 2004). The study used water
sensitive paper as a collector of spray drift droplets and from the stains on the paper, spray drift
was estimated. Use of water sensitive paper for spray drift assessment is a marginally reliable
method, at best. Water sensitive paper is an optical indicator of droplet deposition and designed
for assessment of on-target spray deposition. It is generally a subjective method of visualizing
high levels of deposition. The cards typically used are not sensitive to droplets smaller than 70
μm in diameter and the report (Sociedad Las Palmas, 2004) states that “… no stains less than
250 microns were identified on the water sensitive paper cards.” Thus, this method would not be
expected to capture the many smaller droplets that are characteristic of Colombia’s aerial
spraying operations, as demonstrated by Hewitt et al. (2009) and is not an adequate technique to
measure off-target spray drift.
Despite these measurement inadequacies, the Sociedad Las Palmas report (2004) indicates that a
significant amount of spray drift is deposited outside the application s▯ite. More specifically, it
states that 72.67% of the spray was lost, i.e., not detected in the target area in the testing with the
glyphosate formulation and the Cosmo-Flux spray adjuvant. The study attributes these losses to
“evaporation, drift and other causes.” The general conclusion that a significant amount of the
spray mixture is not deposited at the application site is consistent with the results from spray drift
modeling conducted for this report.
46
Annex 2
14. Conclusions
This report analyzes the Colombian spray program using extensive spray drift modeling
conducted with the best available data and resources: a) flight data, recorded in real time onboard
the spray aircraft (Hansman & Mena, 2011); b) published droplet size spectral data collected
using the spray tank mix and nozzles used in the spray program (Hewitt et al. 2009); and c)
AGDISP, a well accepted computational model for aerial spray application. AGDISP was used
to computationally predict and quantify off-target spray deposition downwind f▯rom the
application site.
Examination of the flight data revealed that aircraft speeds and release heights routinely
exceeded the expected and intended limits imposed by the Colombian EMP and otherwise
represented by Colombia (Hansman & Mena, 2011). The higher aircraft speeds and choice of
nozzle resulted in the generation of spray droplet size spectra that wer▯e classified as “very fine to
fine” (or even smaller) (Hewitt et al., 2009) instead of the “extremely coarse” size spectra used in
previous risk analysis (Solomon et al. 2005; Republic of Colombia, 2005; Republic of Colombia,
2004; Republic of Colombia, 2003; U.S. EPA, 2002). The combination of higher aircraft speeds,
and the associated small droplet size spectra, and the high release heights combine to create a
situation in which the potential for spray drift is greatly magnified and much more likely to
occur.
Previous estimates of spray drift using AGDISP by Hewitt et al. (2009), which assumed
compliance with operational parameters, resulted in a significant underestimation of deposition
as compared to model runs using the best available data. For example, Hewitt et al. (2009)
estimated glyphosate deposition on the order of 0.5 g a.e. / ha for the AT-802 aircraft at a
distance of 1 km downwind (see Hewitt et al., 2009, Figure 6). In comparison, AGDISP
predictions using typical application conditions based on recorded flight path data, i.e., the 50 th
percentile aircraft altitude and 50thpercentile speed, produced drift deposition amounts of
approximately 5 g a.e./ha, a ten-fold higher value. Moreover, the previous anal▯yses considered
only a single flight line. The flight data revealed that multiple, parallel spray passes were often
made in localized geographic areas. When the drift from multiple flight lines, e.g., 10 spray
passes, is considered cumulatively, deposition levels can increase appro▯ximately 8-10 fold at
distances ranging from 1 to 10 km downwind. When the effect of actual application conditions,
based on recorded flight data and the effect of multiple flight lines are combined, the increase in
spray drift deposition, compared to previous estimates, can be up to approximately 100-fold. If
additional spray lines were considered, the disparity between these estimates of spray drift and
deposition would be even greater.
While the analysis using AGDISP, experimental data on droplet size distribution and recorded
flight data provides the best possible estimates of spray drift, it is important to note that spray
drift, especially at distances far from the application site, is a highly chaotic process. Given the
natural spatial and temporal variability in terrain, meteorological conditions and flight
conditions, predictions are exactly that, a computational calculation of the aerodynamic and
atmospheric transport and trajectory of spray drift from the release point based on a set of
assumptions. Therefore, actual spray drift at any specific location could be higher or lower than
the estimates. For that reason, this report includes sensitivity analyses illustrating the effects of
47
Annex 2
aircraft height, speed and other meteorological and surface conditions that affect spray drift. As
expected, there are a number of factors that can result in greater spray▯ drift downwind.
Given the wide range of operational conditions recorded in the flight data and the extensive
scope of the spray program, i.e., over 100,000 flights conducted within ▯10 kilometers of the
Ecuador-Colombia border (Hansman & Mena, 2011), occurrences of conditions that might seem
rare, even statistically, would be expected to occur. Given the fact that meaningful quantities of
spray drift are predicted to travel distances of 10 kilometers or more, even under typical
application conditions in Colombia and the likelihood of more extreme events, expanded buffer
zones would be a responsible strategy for mitigating the impacts of off-target spray drift.
48
Annex 2
References
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Marshall, E. J. P., Solomon, K. R. & Carrasquilla, G. 2009. Coca (Erythroxylum coca) Control
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Illicit Coca Crops, Erythoxilum spp. Technical Report. Bogata, Colombia. 112 pp.
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Memorial, Vol. III, Annex 116.
Teske, M. E., H. W. Thistle and B. Eav. 1998b. New Ways to Predict Aerial Spray Deposition
and Drift. Journal of Forestry 96(6): 25-31.
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Teske, M. E., H. W. Thistle and G. G. Ice. 2003c. Technical Advances in Modeling Aerially
Applied Sprays. Transactions of the ASAE 46(4): 985-996.
50
Annex 2
Teske, M.E. and T.B. Curbishley. 2010. AGDISP Version 8.24 User Manual. C.D.I. Report
No. 09-27B. Continuum Dynamics, Inc., 34 Lexington Avenue, Ewing, NJ 08618. 93 pp.
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Colombia and Conditions of Application”, http://www.state.gov/p/inl/rls/rpt/aeicc/13234.htm -
accessed 15 Dec 2010.
51
Annex 2 Annex 2
APPENDIX 1
Curriculum Vitae of Durham K. Giles, Ph.D.Annex 2 Annex 2
January 2011
Durham Kenimer Giles
Professor
Biological and Agricultural Engineering
University of California, Davis
Education
B.S. (Magna Cum Laude) Agricultural Engineering, University of Georgia, 1979.
M.S. Agricultural Engineering, University of Georgia, 1983.
Ph.D. Ag. Engineering, Minor in Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University, 1987.
Academic Career Experience
1979-1983 Research Engineer, Particulate Engineering Lab., Driftmier Engineering Center.
1983-1987 Research Assistant, Agricultural Engineering Department, Clemson University.
1987-present Assistant Professor, Associate Professor and Professor, Biological & Agricultural
Engineering Department, Univ. of Calif., Davis.
Selected Awards
1996 Outstanding Paper Award, American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
1997 Engineer of the Year, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, California/Nevada
Section.
1998 AE-50 Award for Outstanding Product Design, American Society of Agricultural
Engineers.
1998 Outstanding Paper Award, American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
1999 Engineering Concept of the Year Award, American Society of Agricultural ▯Engineers.
2004 AE-50 Award for Outstanding Product Design, American Society of Agricultural &
Biological Engineers.
2003 Outstanding Paper Award, American Society of Agricultural & Biological Engineers.
2004 Outstanding Paper Award, American Society of Agricultural & Biological Engineers.
2005 Outstanding Paper Award, American Society of Agricultural & Biological Engineers.
2007 Outstanding Paper Award, American Society of Agricultural & Biological Engineers.
Editorships
Division Editor for Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers.
Division Editor for Applied Engineering in Agriculture.
Board of Directors – Institute for Liquid Atomization and Spraying Systems.
Patents
Giles, D.K. and D. Needham. 2010. Networked diagnostic and control system for dispensing
apparatus. U.S. Patent No. 7,826,930.
Giles, D.K. and D. Needham. 2010. Networked diagnostic and control system for dispensing
apparatus. U.S. Patent No. 7,742,842.Annex 2
Januray 2011
Giles, D.K. 2010. System and method for determining atomization characteristics of spray
liquids. U.S. Patent No. 7,665,348.
Giles, D.K. and D. Needham. 2009. Networked diagnostic and control system for dispensing
apparatus. U.S. Patent No. 7,502,665.
Giles, D.K. 2009. System and method for direct, at-nozzle injection of agrochemicals using
embedded venturi nozzles. U.S. Patent Appl. Publication No. 20090134237. ▯
Giles, D.K. and D. Needham. 2008. Electronic actuator for simultaneous liquid flow rate and
pressure control. U.S. Patent Appl. Publication No. 20080230624.
Crowe, T.G. and D.K. Giles. 2007. Real-time electronic spray deposition sensor. U.S. Patent
7,280,047.
Giles, D.K. and R. Stocker. 2007. System and method for determining atomization
characteristics of spray liquids. U.S. Patent No. 7,278.297.
Giles, D.K. 2007. Flow control and operation monitoring system for individual spray nozzles.
U.S Patent No. 7,311,004.
Giles, D.K., Henderson, G.W. and J.G. Grimm. System and process for applying ammonia to
soil. U.S. Patent No. 5,967,066
Henderson, G.W., D.K. Giles, K. Funk and T. Kolb. 1998. Position responsive control s▯ystem
and method for sprayer. U.S. Patent No. 5,704,546.
Henderson, G.W., D.K. Giles, K. Funk and T. Kolb. 1997. Independent flow rate and droplet
size control system and method for sprayer. U.S. Patent No. 5,653,389.
Slaughter, D.C., R. Curley, P. Chen and D.K. Giles. Robotic cultivator.▯ U.S. Patent No.
5,442,552.
Giles, D.K. and J.A. Comino. 1991. Electrically actuated variable flow control system. U.S.
Patent No. 5,134,961.
Giles, D.K., M.J. Delwiche and R. B. Dodd. 1989. Method and apparatus for target plant foliage
sensing and mapping and related materials application control. U.S. Patent No. 4,823,268.
Selected Refereed Publications
Faulkner, W.B., D. Downey, D.K. Giles and S.C. Capareda. 2011. Evaluation of part▯iculate
matter abatement strategies for almond harvest. Journal of the Air & Waste Management
Association. In Press.
Giles, D.K., D. Downey, P. Kalssen and F. Neiderholzer. 2011. Targeted ▯sprayer technology
provides environmental and economic benefits in california orchards. California Agriculture.
In Press.
Ponpesh, P., D.K. Giles and D. Downey. 2011. Mitigation of in-orchard d▯ust through modified
harvester operation. Trans. ASABE. 53(4): 1037-1044.
Giles, D.K. and R.L. Stocker. 2010. Vibrational excitation and analysis of fluids to predict
atomization characteristics. Aspects of Applied Biology 99: 233-240.
Giles, D.K., M. Yore and D. Downey. 2008. Test stand for opacity and ▯dust concentration
measurements: System description and validation. Trans. ASABE. 51(3): 845-855.
Giles, D.K., N.B. Akesson and W.E. Yates. 2008. Pesticide application technology: Research
and development and growth of the industry. Trans. ASABE. 51(2):397-403. Annex 2
Januray 2011
Downey, D., D.K. Giles and J.F. Thompson. 2008. In-situ transmissiometer measurements for
real-time monitoring of dust discharge during orchard and nut harvesting. Journal ▯of
Environmental Quality. 37:574-581.
Brown, D.L., D.K. Giles, M.N. Oliver and P. Klassen. 2008. Targeted spr▯ay technology to
reduce pesticide in runoff from dormant orchards. Crop Protection. 27:545-552.
Giles, D.K. and T.K. Brock. 2008. Using air induction nozzles for dire▯ct injection of
agrochemicals: A feasibility study. Aspects of Applied Biology. 84: 433-440.
Giles, D.K. 2008. Techniques and incentives in California for reducing pesticide inputs to
mitigate water and air pollution risks in horticultural crops. Aspects o▯f Applied Biology. 84:
395-402.
Slaughter, D.C., D.K. Giles, S.A. Fennimore and R.F. Smith. 2008. Multispectral machine
vision identification of lettuce and weed seedlings for automated weed control. Weed
Technology 22:378-384.
Slaughter, D.C., D.K. Giles and D. Downey. 2008. Autonomous robotic weed control systems:
A review. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 61(1):63-78.
Crowe, T.G., D. Downey and D.K. Giles. 2006. Digital device and technique for sensing
distribution of spray deposit. Trans. ASABE. 48(6):1-6.
Giles, D. K. 2006. Monitoring spray nozzle operation by sensing vibrat▯ion of atomization.
Aspects of Applied Biology – Pesticide Application.
Downey, D., T.G. Crowe, D.K. Giles and D.C. Slaughter. 2006. Direct nozzle injection of
pesticide concentrate into continuous flow for intermittent spray applications. Trans.
ASABE. 49(4):865-873.
Crowe, T. G., D. Downey, D. K. Giles, and D. C. Slaughter. 2005. An electronic sensor to
characterize transient response of nozzle injection for pesticide sprayi▯ng. Trans. ASABE.
48(1):73-82.
Giles, D. K., and D. Downey. 2005. Reducing orchard spray rates and gr▯ound deposit by using
tree sensors and sprayer control. Annual Review of Agricultural Engineering 4(1):229-236.
Giles, D. K., D. Downey, and L. Squire. 2005. Transient droplet size s▯pectra from trigger
sprayers dispensing aqueous solutions. Trans. ASABE. 48(1):63-72.
Giles, D. K., D. Downey, H. Scher, D. Wine tzky, T. Becker, and J. Hogue. 2005. Suppression
of aerosol generation during spraying and deposition of consumer products. Atomization and
Sprays 15:423-438.
Downey, D., D. K. Giles, D. C. Slaughter 2004. Weeds accurately mapped using DGPS and
ground-based vision identification. California Agriculture 58(4):218-221.
Ho, M. A., L. M. Squire, N. C. Sabeh, D. K. Giles, and J. S. VanderGheynst. 2004. Design and
evaluation of a grapevine pruner for biofungicide application. Bioresource Technology
96:963-968.
Giles, D. K., D. Downey, D. C. Slaughter, J. C. Brevis-Acuna, and W. T. Lanini. 2004.
Herbicide micro-dosing for weed control in field-grown processing tomatoes. Applied
Engineering in Agriculture 20(6):735-743.
Slaughter, D. C., W. T. Lanini, and D. K. Giles. 2004. Discriminating weeds from processing
tomato plants using visible and near-infrared spectroscopy. Trans. ASABE. ▯47(6):1907-1911.
Giles, D. K., D. C. Slaughter, D. Downey, J. C. Brevis-Acuna, and W. T. Lanini. 2004.
Application design for machine vision guided selective spraying of weeds in high value crops.
Aspects of Applied Biology – Pesticide Application 71:75-82.Annex 2
Januray 2011
Downey, D., D. K. Giles, and D. C. Slaughter. 2004. Pulsed-jet microspray applications for
high spatial resolutions of deposition on biological targets. Atomization and Sprays 14:94-
109.
Giles, D. K., D. Downey, and D. C. Slaughter. 2004. Liquid property an▯d nozzle effectives on
flight time of pulsed jet spray. Atomization and Sprays 14:111-126.
Giles, D. K., and D. Downey. 2003. Quality control verification and mapping system for
chemical application. Precision Agriculture 4:103-124.
Gillis, K. P., D. K. Giles, D. C. Slaughter, and D. Downey. 2003. Inje▯ction mixing system for
boomless, target—activated herbicide spraying. Trans. ASAE 46(4):997-1▯008.
Giles, D. K., D. C. Slaughter, and S. K. Upadhyaya. 2002. Biological t▯arget sensing and sprayer
control. Aspects of Applied Biology – Pesticide Application 66:129-1▯38.
Lamm, R. D., D. C. Slaughter, and D. K. Giles. 2002. Precision weed control▯ system for cotton.
Trans. ASAE 45(3):539-546.
Giles, D. K., P. G. Andersen, and M. Nilars. 2002. Flow control and spray cloud dynamics from
hydraulic atomizers. Trans. ASAE 45(3):539-546.
Giles, D. K., D. Downey, T. Kolb, and J. G. Grimm. 2002. Pulse width modulated sprays for
flow rate and droplet size control: spray dynamics and field performance. ASTM Pesticide
Formulations and Delivery Systems 1430: 119-133.
Giles, D. K., P. G. Andersen, and M. Nilars. 2001. Pulsed sprays from oversized orifices for
increased momentum and kinetic energy in depositing agricultural sprays. Atomization and
Sprays 11:701-709.
Lee, W. S., D. C Slaughter, and D. K. Giles. 1999. Robotic weed control system for tomatoes.
Precision Agriculture 1:95-119.
Slaughter, D. C., D. K. Giles, and C. J. Tauzer. 1999. Precision offset spray system for roadway
shoulder weed control. Journal of Transportation Engineering 125(4):364-371.
Giles, D. K., M. L. Stone, and K. Dieball. 1999. Distributed network system for control of
spray droplet size and application rate for precision chemical application. Precision
Agriculture Europe 2:857-866.
Giles, D. K., and L. R. Wunderlich. 1998. Electronically-controlled delivery system for
beneficial insect eggs in liquid suspensions. Trans. ASAE 41(3):839-8▯47.
Downey, D., D. K. Giles, M. J. Delwiche, and J. D MacDonald. 1998. Dev▯elopment and
validation of a general model for predicting biological efficacy of UV reactors against plant
pathogens in irrigation water. Trans. ASAE 41(3):848-856.
Downey, D., D. K. Giles, and M. J. Delwiche. 1998. Finite element analysis of particle and
liquid flow through an ultraviolet reactor. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 21(2):81-
105.
Wunderlich, L. R., and D. K. Giles. 1998. Field assessment of adhesion and hatch of
Crysoperla rufilabris eggs mechanically applied in liquid carriers. Biological Control 14:159-
167.
Giles, D. K. 1997. Independent control of liquid flow rate and spray droplet size from hydraulic
atomizers. Atomization and Sprays 7:161-181.
Giles, D. K., G. W. Henderson, and K. Funk. 1997. Digital control of flow rate and spray ▯
droplet size from agricultural nozzles for precision chemical application. Precision
Agriculture Europe pp. 729-738.
Giles, D. K., and D. C. Slaughter. 1997. Precision band spraying with machine-vision guidance
and adjustable yaw nozzles. Trans. ASAE 40(1):29-36. Annex 2
Januray 2011
Gardner, J., and K. Giles. 1997. Mechanical distribution of Crysoperla rufilabris and
Trichogramma pretiuosum : survival and uniformity of discharge after spray dispersal in
aqueous suspension. Biological Control 8(1):138-142.
Giles, D. K., K. M. Heinz, and M. P. Parrella. 1996. Quantitative asse▯ssment of insect
olfactometer performance by experimental flow analysis. Biological Control 7:44-47.
Waller, P. M., D. J. Hills, and D. K. Giles. 1996. Chemigation pipeline transport model for
nonsoluble pesticide. II. Numerical and field validation. Trans. ASAE 38(6):1711-1718.
Gardner, J., and K. Giles. 1996. Handling and environmental effects on viability of
mechanically dispensed green lacewing eggs. Biological Control 7(2):245-250.
Steinke, W. E., and D. K. Giles. 1995. Delivery systems for biorational agents. Chapter 6 In
Hall, F. R., and J. W. Barry (Editors), Biorational Pest Control Agents Formulation and
Delivery, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., pp. 80-93.
Kabashima, J., D. K. Giles, and M. P. Parrella. 1995. Electrostatic sprayers i▯mprove pesticide
efficacy in greenhouses. California Agriculture 49(4):31-35.
Morisawa, T., and D. K. Giles. 1995. Effects of mechanical handling on green lacewing larvae
(Chrysoperla rufilabris). Trans. ASAE 11(4):605-607.
Giles, D. K., B. W. Young, P. R. Alexander, and H. M. French. 1995. Intermittent control of
liquid flow from fan nozzles in concurrent air streams: wind tunnel studies of droplet size
effects. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 62:77-84.
Giles, D. K., J. Gardner, and H. E. Studer. 1995. Mechanical release o▯f predacious mites for
biological pest control in strawberries. Trans. ASAE 38(5):1289-1296▯.
Giles, D. K., A. Welsh, W. E. Steinke, and S. G. Saiz. 1995. Pesticide inhalation exposure, air ▯
concentration, and droplet size spectra from greenhouse fogging. Trans. ASAE 38(5):1321-
1326.
Giles, D. K., T. G. Blewett, S. Saiz, A. Welsh, and R. Krieger. 1994. Greenhouse applicator and
harvester exposure to pesticides. Acta Horticulturae 372:151-158.
Steinmetz, V., M. J. Delwiche, D. K. Giles, and R. Evans. 1994. Sorting cut roses with machine
vision. Trans. ASAE 37(4):1347-1353.
Giles, D. K., and E. Ben-Salem. 1992. Spray droplet velocity and energy in intermittent flow
from hydraulic nozzles. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 51:101▯-112.
Giles, D. K. 1992. Pesticide application systems for reduction of rinsate and nontarget
contamination. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 510:127-135.
Giles, D. K., T. C. Blewett, S. G. Saiz, A. M. Welsh, and R. I. Krieger. 1992. Foliar and
nontarget deposition from conventional and reduced-volume pesticide application in
greenhouses. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 40(12):2510-2516.
Giles, D. K., W. E. Chaney, J. W. Inman, and W. E. Steinke. 1991. Crop development
characteristics of iceberg lettuce and implications for pest control systems. Trans. ASAE
34(2):367-372.
Giles, D. K., E. BenSalem, and N. Bagheri. 1991. Turbulent jet characteristics of a dual-port, ▯
air-atomization spray nozzle. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 49:1▯33-149.
Giles, D. K., and T. C. Blewett. 1991. Effects of conventional and reduced-volume, charged-
spray application techniques on dislodgeable foliar residue of captan on strawberries. Journal
of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 39:1646-1651.
Giles, D. K., Y. Dai, and S. E. Law. 1991. Enhancement of spray electrodeposition by active
precharging of a dielectric boundary. British Institute of Physics. Proceedings of the 1991
International Conference on Electrostatics 118(1):33-38.Annex 2
Januray 2011
Giles, D. K., and S.E. Law. 1990. Dielectric boundary effects on electrostatic crop spraying.
Trans. ASAE 33(1):2-7.
Giles, D. K., and J. A. Comino. 1990. Droplet size and spray pattern characteristics of an
electronic flow controller for spray nozzles. Journal of Agricultural E▯ngineering Research
43:249-267.
Giles, D. K., M. J. Delwiche and R. B. Dodd. 1989. Sprayer control by ▯sensing orchard crop
characteristics: orchard architecture and spray liquid savings. Journa▯l of Agricultural
Engineering Research 43:271-289.
Giles, D. K., M. J. Delwiche and R. B. Dodd. 1989. Spatial distribution of spray deposition
from an air-carrier sprayer. Trans. ASAE 32(3):807-811.
Giles, D. K., and J. A. Comino. 1989. Variable flow control for pressure atomization nozzles.
Transactions of SAE (891836), Journal of Commercial Vehicles 98(2):237-249.
Giles, D. K. 1989. Spray target sensing and agricultural sprayer control: biological and
physical basis. Transactions of SAE (891839), Journal of Commercial Vehicles 98(2):257-
265.
Giles, D. K., M. J. Delwiche, and R. B. Dodd. 1988. Electronic measurement of tree canopy
volume. Trans. ASAE 31(1):264-272.
Giles, D. K. 1988. Energy conversion and distribution in pressure atomization. Trans. ASAE
31(6):1668-1673, 1679.
Giles, D. K., M. J. Delwiche, and R. B. Dodd. 1987. Control of orchard▯ spraying based on
electronic sensing of target characteristics. Trans. ASAE 30(6):1624-▯1630, 1636.
Giles, D. K., and S. E. Law. 1985. Space charge deposition of pesticide▯ sprays onto cylindrical
target arrays. Trans. 28(3):658-664.
Herzog, G. A., W. R. Lambert III, S. E. Law, W. E. Seigler, and D. K. Giles. 1983. Evaluation
of an electrostatic spray application system for control of insect pests in cotton. Journal of
Economic Entomology 76(3):637-640.
Teaching (UC Davis)
EBS 200 Research Methods in Biological & Agricultural Engineering
ABT 233 Advanced Pest Control Methods – Spray Application of Agrochemicals
EBS 170A Engineering Design and Professional Responsibilities
EBS 170B Engineering Design: Design
EBS 170BL Engineering Design: Design Lab
EBS 170C Engineering Design: Evaluation
EBS 170CL Engineering Design: Evaluation Lab Annex 3
Stephen C. Weller, Ph.D., Glyphosate-Based Herbicides and Potential for Damage to
Non-Target Plants Under Conditions of Application in Colombia (Jan. 2011) Annex 3
▯
Glyphosate-Based Herbicides and Potential for Damage to
Non-Target Plants Under Conditions of Application in Colombia
Dr. Stephen C. Weller
▯Annex 3
▯
Table of Contents
I.▯ Executive Summary▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯
II.▯ About the Author▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯
III.▯ Introduction to Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Applications▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯
▯▯▯ Glyphosate ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯
▯▯▯ Formulations and Adjuvants▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯
▯▯▯ Plant Anatomy and Cuticular Interaction with Herbicide Solutions▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯
IV.▯ Composition of the Spray Mixture Used for Aerial Eradication of Coca in
Colombia▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯
V.▯ Damage to Non-Target Plants from Spray Drift ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯
▯▯▯ The Problem of Off-Target Spray Drift ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯
▯▯▯ Data on Plant Responses to Glyphosate▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯
▯▯▯ Effect of Surfactants Used in the Colombia Coca Eradication Program▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯
▯▯▯ Evaluation of Spray Drift Modeling Results▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯
▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯
▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯
▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯
VI.▯ Factors That May Enhance Injury to Non-Target Plants Under Conditions of▯
Application in Colombia▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯
▯▯▯ Humidity▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯
▯▯▯ Herbicide Concentration in the Spray Droplets▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯
▯▯▯ Secondary Effects of Glyphosate-Based Herbicides▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯
VII.▯ Conclusion ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯
VIII.▯ References▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯
▯
▯▯ Annex 3
▯
I. Executive Summary
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯Annex 3
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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II. About the Author
Stephen C. Weller ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯ Annex 3
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III. Introduction to Glyphosate-Based Herbicide Applications
▯▯ Glyphosate
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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Figure 1. Glyphosate structure.
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯Annex 3
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Figure 2. Translocation pathways in plants includes water uptake by roots and upward translocation
in xylem and movement of sugars both upward and downward into rapid growth areas of the plant in
phloem. Glyphosate translocates in both the xylem and the phloem.▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
Figure 3. Site of glyphosate inhibition of EPSP synthase in the aromatic amino acid biosynthetic
pathway.
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▯
▯▯ Annex 3
▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
Figure 4. Glyphosate injury to pumpkin.
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Figure 5. Tomato injury (A) 3 days after glyphosate spray, (B) 5 days after spray and (C) 21
days after spray.
A B C
C
C
▯▯Annex 3
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
Figure 6. Stunted growth caused by repeated glyphosate application to new shoots o▯f blueberry.▯
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Figure 7. Coffee plant exhibiting symptoms of glyphosate injury (left) compared with normal
coffee plant (right). Injured plant (left) exhibits strap-like (narrow) and deformed leaves, foliar
yellowing and apical region deformity compared to a normal healthy plant (right).
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▯▯ Annex 3
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▯▯ Formulations and Adjuvants
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯Annex 3
▯
Figure 8. Penetration of an herbicide such as glyphosate through plant cuticular w▯axes in the
absence (left) and presence of surfactants (right) (Source: Solomon et al., 2005)
▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯ Plant Anatomy and Cuticular Interaction with Herbicide Solutions
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯ Annex 3
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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x ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
x ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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Figure 9. Leaf Surface and Cuticle.▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯Annex 3
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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IV. Composition of the Spray Mixture Used for Aerial Eradication of Coca in Colombia
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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Figure 10. Composition of the spray mixture used for aerial eradication of coca in Colombia
(Source U.S. Department of State, 2002).▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯ Annex 3
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
Figure 11. Composition of the commercial glyphosate formulation used for aerial eradication of
coca in Colombia (Source: U.S. Department of State, 2002).▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯Annex 3
▯
Figure 12. Composition of the final spray mixture used for aerial eradication of coca in
Colombia (Source: U.S. Department of State, 2002).▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
V. Damage to Non-Target Plants from Spray Drift
▯▯ The Problem of Off-Target Spray Drift
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯ Annex 3
▯
▯▯ Data on Plant Responses to Glyphosate
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
Table 1. Dose-response values analyzed by Hewitt et al. (2009)
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▯▯▯Annex 3
Using the EC 25 values presented in Table 1, Hewitt et al. (2009) created a species
th
sensitivity distribution and calculated a 5 centile intercept from that distribution curve equal to
43 g a.e./ha. In other words, Hewitt et al. (2009) estimate that 5 percent of plant species will be
injured by a glyphosate dose of 43 g a.e./ha. The authors describe the ▯43 g a.e./ha dose as a level
at which only “sensitive plants” might be affected.
The threshold for injury to sensitive plants calculated by Hewitt et al. (2009) is
inconsistent with the threshold calculated by others. Another study, sponsored by the Danish
Environmental Protection Agency and Environment Canada, arrives at a much lower value for
protecting sensitive plant species (Boutin et al., 2004). The study tested 15 plant species grown
in Europe and North America. Like Hewitt et al. (2009), Boutin evaluated EC values f25 plants
exposed to glyphosate formulations and plotted a species sensitivity distribution. The “hazard
dosage,” protective of 95 percent of plant species (equivalent to th▯e Hewitt et al. (2009) 5 th
centile intercept) was 4.1 g a.e./ha. This value is approximately 10 times lower than the Hewitt
et al. (2009) value of 43 g a.e./ha.
Boutin et al. (2004) note that focusing only on the northern hemisphere crop plants
contained in the EPA database “causes an unacceptable bias with consequences that risk is
underestimated.” While the selection of plants used in the Boutin et al. (2004) study was
considered a preferable measure of environmental risk, the authors noted that even that selection
was not necessarily representative of ecosystems affected by herbicide spray. The authors
explained that “[i]deally, the tested species should be chosen at ran▯dom among all species of the
target ecosystem they are assumed to represent.”
Neither the northern hemisphere crop species tested by Hewitt et al. (2009) nor the plant
species tested by Boutin et al. (2004) are representative of the plants in the Ecuador-Colombia
border region. In particular, tropical crop plants such as yuca and plantain were not considered
in the Boutin et al. study, nor were the non-crop plant species that are present in the region, some
of which may be particularly sensitive (Balslev, 2011; Whitten et al., 2011). For example, the
effect of glyphosate on epiphytes, which derive water and nutrients from droplets in the air
(Balslev, 2011) has not been studied. Therefore, the “hazard dosage” protective of sensitive
plant species in Ecuador may be lower than 4.1 g a.e./ha.
Simulated drift research of glyphosate in processing tomatoes by this author (Kruger et
al. 2009) showed that glyphosate doses in the range of the 4.1 g a.e./ha “hazard dosage” from
Boutin et al. (2004) can cause yield losses in tomatoes. More specifically, loss of flowers, which
can lead to loss of tomato fruits, occurred at rates as low as 3 g a.e./ha. The timing of the drift
occurrence is critical to this injury. In the Kruger et al. study, drift at the time of flower initiation
caused a more significant yield loss at a lower dose than an application shortly after
transplanting.
Another study by Ellis et al. (2003) indicates that other crop species may be injured by
relatively low doses of glyphosate. For example, in corn, Ellis et al. found significant injury,
including yield loss, at rates as low as 26.25 g a.e./ha.
14 Annex 3
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▯▯ Effect of Surfactants Used in the Colombia Coca Eradication Program
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯Annex 3
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯ Annex 3
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▯▯ Evaluation of Spray Drift Modeling Results▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯Annex 3
likely conducted within a relatively short time frame (within a period of hours or days).
Importantly, repeated applications of glyphosate at sub-lethal doses would have a cumulative
effect on non-target plants. Even plants that are not initially affecte▯d or which show minimal
effects can still absorb glyphosate. Therefore, multiple repeated doses within a few hours or a
few days would accumulate in the plant up to a point where injury thresholds were exceeded.
Another important factor to consider is the effect of the surfactant Cosmo-Flux 411F.
The influence of Cosmo-Flux 411F on glyphosate absorption into test species was not accounted
for in the published dose-response values described by Hewitt et al. (2009) or in the other studies
described above. In the absence of more specific dose-response information that takes into
account the effect of Cosmo-Flux 411F, it is reasonable to assume, based on the statements of the
Cosmo-Flux 411F manufacturer and research by Collins and Helling (2002), that Cosmo-Flux
411F would cause a four-fold increase in the efficacy of glyphosate when applied to non-target
plants. In effect, Cosmo-Flux 411F can be considered to effect an increase in the glyphosate
dosage that enters the plant by a factor of four. Put differently, when Cosmo-Flux 411F is added
to the spray tank containing glyphosate, the amount of deposition that will cause injury to a plant
is one-fourth the amount that would otherwise be the case. This amount, which takes into
account the effect of Cosmo-Flux 411F, is referred to as the “effective dose” or “effective
deposition” in the text that follows.
1. Deposition from Spray Aircraft Traveling at Median Height and Speed
A single spray line from an AT-802 aircraft traveling at the median height and median
speed deposits 4.91 g a.e./ha of herbicide 1 kilometer from the site of application (Giles, 2011),
and thus exceeds the 4.1 g a.e./ha threshold for injury sensitive plants established by Boutin et al.
(2004). When the effect of Cosmo-Flux 411F is taken into account, the effective deposition is
19.64 g a.e./ha, which exceeds the Boutin et al. threshold for injury to▯ sensitive plants by a factor
of 4.8. The deposition from this single spray line would also be expected to cause fruit loss and
flower loss in tomatoes (Kruger et al., 2009). Thus, sensitive plants and crops located 1
kilometer from the site of application would be expected to be injured by a single spray line from
an AT-802 aircraft traveling at median height and median speed.
If the effect of multiple spray lines is taken into account, the deposition rates exceed
additional plant injury thresholds. For example, 3 spray lines would result in an effective
deposition of 57.08 g a.e./ha. This dose is greater than the dose of 43▯ g a.e./ha reported by
Hewitt et al. (2009) to cause injury to plants; it also exceeds the 26.25 g a.e./ha dose reported to
cause injury to corn (Ellis et al., 2003). Deposition resulting from 10 spray lines, a realistic
scenario under conditions of application in Colombia (Giles, 2011), would result in an effective
deposition of 163.80 g a.e./ha of glyphosate at 1 kilometer from the site of application. This dose
exceeds the 43 g a.e./ha plant injury threshold reported by Hewitt et al. (2009) by a factor of 3.8.
Based on the Giles (2010) drift modeling results, glyphosate deposition is also likely to
injure plants at locations farther afield. At a distance of 10 kilometers from the application site,
the effective dose from 4 spray lines from an AT-802 aircraft traveling at median height and
median speed is 4.32 g a.e./ha. That amount exceeds the 4.1 g a.e./ha threshold for injury
sensitive plants established by Boutin et al. (2004). Thus, plant inj▯ury would be expected at a
distance of 10 kilometers from the application site under this application scenario. Deposition
18 Annex 3
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯kilometers from the application site under this application scenario. Deposition from additional
spray lines would further increase the risk to non-target plants at this distance.
A similar anthysis can be applied to other aircrtht types. For example, the OV-10 aircraft
traveling at the 90 percentile for height and the 90 percentile for speed results in an effective
dose of 54.24 g a.e./ha of herbicide at 1 kilometer from the site of application. This amount of
deposition exceeds the 43 g a.e./ha threshold for plant injury reported by Hewitt et al. (2009),
and exceeds the 4.1 g a.e./ha threshold for plant injury reported by Boutin et al. (2004) by a
factor of 13.2. Multiple spray lines would result in even greater levels of deposition and
corresponding risk to non-target plants. At a distance of 10 kilometers from the application site,
2 spray lines from an OV-10 aircraft traveling at the 90 thpercentile height and the 90 percentile
speed results in an effective dose of 5.66 g a.e./ha, which exceeds the ▯4.1 g a.e./ha threshold for
injury sensitive plants established by Boutin et al. (2004). Thus, pl▯ant injury would be expected
at a distance of 10 kilometers from the application site under this application scenario and
additional spray lines would create a greater risk for non-target plants▯.
3. Additional Illustrative Drift Modeling Scenarios
As discussed in Giles (2011), aircraft height and speed are only two of the many factors
that influence spray drift. Other factors including meteorological conditions, terrain, and
equipment status may increase deposition rates. For example, a single spray line from an AT-
802 aircraft traveling at median height and median speed results in an effective deposition of
19.64 g a.e./ha at 1 kilometer from the application site. This drift modeling scenario adopts the
assumptions of Hewitt et al. (2009) that the tree canopy is 25.91 meters and the wind speed is
2.57 m/s (5 knots) (Giles, 2011). If this same flight is conducted in a location with a low canopy
(4 meters) and a stronger wind (5.14 m/s, or 10 knots), the effective deposition increases to 34.52
g a.e./ha at 1 kilometer from the application site. This value is almost twice the amount of
effective deposition from the aircraft operating under the Hewitt et al. (2009) assumed conditions
and exceeds the 4.1 g a.e./ha threshold for injury to sensitive plants reported by Boutin et al.
(2004) by a factor of 8.4.
Multiple spray lines conducted under these conditions would increase deposition and
corresponding risk to non-target plants. A scenario involving a low can▯opy and a stronger wind
would also increase deposition at greater distances. Assuming a tree canopy of 25.91 meters and
wind speed of 2.57 m/s, consistent with the Hewitt et al. (2009) analysis, five spray lines from an
AT-802 aircraft traveling at median height and median speed results in an effective deposition of
5.36 g a.e./ha at 10 kilometers from the application site. If these same five flights are conducted
in an area with a low canopy (4 meters) and a stronger wind (5.14 m/s), the effective deposition
increases to 9.32 g a.e./ha at 10 kilometers from the application site. This amount of deposition
is nearly twice the amount from the flight under lighter wind conditions and a taller canopy as
assumed by Hewitt et al. (2009), and it exceeds the threshold of 4.1 g a.e./ha reported by Boutin
et al. (2004) by a factor of 2.2. Thus, a series of spray passes conducted in a clearing at higher
wind speeds would be expected to result in even greater risk to non-target plants as compared to
the same flights conducted in an area with a rainforest tree canopy of 25.91 meters and a lower
wind speed, as assumed by Hewitt et al. (2009).
20 Annex 3
▯
▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯
▯
▯
VI. Factors That May Enhance Injury to Non-Target Plants Under Conditions of▯
Application in Colombia▯
▯▯ Humidity
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯ Herbicide Concentration in the Spray Droplets
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯Annex 3
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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Box 1. Studies Evaluating the Effect of Glyphosate Concentration and Spray Volume on
Herbicide Efficacy
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯
▯▯ Secondary Effects of Glyphosate-Based Herbicides
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯ Annex 3
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯F ▯usarium ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Pythium, Phytophtera,
Rhizoctonia▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯Annex 3
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Box 2. Some plant pathogens stimulated by glyphosate(Source: Huber, 2010)▯
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Botryospheara dothidea Gaeumannomyces graminis
Corynespora cassicola Magnaporthe grisea
Fusarium species Marasmius spp.
F. avenaceum Monosporascus cannonbalus
F. graminearum Myrothecium verucaria
F. oxysporum f.sp. cubense Phaeomoniella chlamydospora
F. oxysporum f.sp. (canola) Phytophthora spp.
F. oxysporum f.sp. glycines Pythium spp.
F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum Rhizoctonia solani
F. solani f.sp. glycines Septoria nodorum
F. solani f.sp. phaseoli Thielaviopsis bassicola
F. solani f.sp. pisi Xylella fastidiosa
Clavibacter michiganensis ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Nebraskensis ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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Figure 13. Schematic of glyphosate interactions in soil (Source: Huber 2010).
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▯▯▯ Annex 3
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VII. Conclusion
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯Annex 3
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VIII. References
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Glycine max ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯ Annex 3
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯F ▯u▯sarium ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
Erythroxylum coca ▯▯▯▯E novogranatense.▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯G ▯ lycine max ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯Annex 3
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯ Annex 3
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯Annex 3
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▯
▯ Annex 3
▯
Appendix 1. Curriculum Vitae of Stephen C. Weller
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▯Annex 3
▯
▯
▯ Annex 3
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Stephen C. Weller
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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1. Education
DegreU eniversity Field Year
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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2.▯ Positions:
▯ ▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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3.▯ Honors and Awards
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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4. Membership in Professional Societies:
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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5. Courses:
AU.niversiCtyreditourses:
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 3
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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B. Continuing Education Courses
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯ Extension Contributions
AD.uties:
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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B. High Impact Programs▯▯
‘Understanding Weeds – A Practical Course on the Biology of Weeds’▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ C. Herbicide Action- An Intensive Course in Herbicide Use:▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 3
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
7. Research Contributions:
▯▯ Mechanisms of glyphosate resistance in Giant Ragweed.▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯enol▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯
▯▯ Studies investigating non-target site resistance in weeds. ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯
▯▯ Effects of off-site herbicide movement to vegetable crops. ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯ Alternative approaches to weed management in horticultural crops in organic
and conventional production. ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯ ▯▯▯ Weed management and crop improvement in mint▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 3
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯A▯maranthus▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯V ▯erticillium▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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8. International Activities:
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯i▯n▯vitro▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯I▯n ▯▯digenous African
Leafy Vegetables (ALV) for Enhancing Livelihood. This project involves evaluating
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯C▯leome gynandra▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯nightshades (Solanum
scabrum/S. villosum/S.americanum/S. tarderomotum▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯(Amaranthus
blitum/A. dubius/A. hybrdus /A. spinosus▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 3
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Lead Purdue University member▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯U.S. Site Chair,▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Co-Principal Investigator▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 3
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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9u. blications:
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A. Refereed Papers
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯Convolvulus arvensis▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Convolvulus arvensis▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Cynodon
dactylon▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Prunus persica▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ Annex 3
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Solanum tuberosum▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ S▯▯lanum tuberosum▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯C ▯ucumis
melo▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Nicotiana tabacum▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯arabino▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
Solanum nigrum▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
Solanum tuberosum▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯Annex 3
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Secale cereale▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Lycopersicon esculentum▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ Annex 3
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Agrobacterium tumefaciens▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Datura stramonium▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Agrobacterium tumefaciens▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯M ▯▯▯entha X piperita▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 3
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Solanum ptycanthu▯▯m ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯.
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ C▯onyza canadensis▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Chenopodium album▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Ambrosia trifida▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯C ▯onyza canadensis▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ Annex 3
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 3
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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B. Book Chapters:
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯.▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 3
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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C. Books:
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
D. Major Extension and Nontechnical Publications:
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯Research Funding▯▯
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A. Research Grants/Support: Since 2000)
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 3
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯(with: ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
(with:▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
(with: ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯(with▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯(with: ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯w ▯ith:▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯with:▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ with:▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯with▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯w ▯▯i▯th:▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 3
▯
▯
B. Professional Contributions Outside of Weed Science
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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C. Elected or Appointed Offices or Major Posts in National and Regional Wee▯d Science
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Appendix 2. Examples of Glyphosate Injury to Plants.
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Figure A. Glyphosate Injury to strawberry plant.▯
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Figure B. Glyphosate injury to almond showing irregular leaf regrowth after exposu▯re.▯
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Figure C. Glyphosate Injury to Cosmos plant.▯
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Figure D. Glyphosate injury to pepper.▯
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Figure E. Glyphosate injury to Redbud.▯
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▯ Annex 4
Henrik Balslev, Ph.D., The Vulnerability of the Ecuador-Colombia Border Region
to Ecological Harm (Jan. 2011) Annex 4
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The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
Henrik▯Balslev▯
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January▯2011▯
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▯Annex 4
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯▯
Table▯of▯Contents▯
Executive▯SummaryǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵
I. Information▯About▯the▯AuthorǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͶ
II. Nature▯and▯Complexity▯of▯Ecuador’s▯Border▯EcosystemsǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ
A. An▯Introduction▯to▯Ecuador’s▯Border▯Ecosystems........................................................5
1. Lowland▯Amazon▯Rain▯ForestǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ
2. East▯Andean▯Mountain▯ForestǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳʹ
3. East▯Andean▯Cloud▯ForestǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ
4. Grass▯Páramo▯and▯Super▯Páramo ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ
5. West▯Andean▯Cloud▯ForestsǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ
6. West▯Andean▯Mountain▯ForestǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͺ
7. Lowland▯Chocó▯Rain▯ForestǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͺ
8. MangrovesǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹʹ
B. Biodiversity..................................................................................................................23
C. Protected▯Areas▯in▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region.........................................27
1. Cayapas▯Mataje▯Ecological▯ReserveǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͺ
2. The▯Awá▯Indigenous▯and▯Forest▯ReserveǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͻ
3. El▯Angel▯Ecological▯Reserve ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ʹ
4. Cofán▯Bermejo▯Ecological▯ReserveǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ʹ
5. Cuyabeno▯Wildlife▯ReserveǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵
III. Vulnerability▯of▯Ecuador’s▯Border▯Ecosystems▯to▯Ecological▯HarmǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ͵ͺ
A. Vulnerability▯to▯Environmental▯Contamination.........................................................38
B. Food▯Webs,▯Trophic▯Levels,▯Pollinator▯Networks▯and▯Cascading▯Effects..................42
C. Threatened▯and▯Endemic▯Species...............................................................................44
D. Forest▯Fragmentation▯and▯Edge▯Effects......................................................................46
E. Tropical▯Forest▯Gap▯Dynamics▯and▯Stand▯Level▯Dynamics.........................................47
IV. Previous▯studiesǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷ’
V. ConclusionǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͷͳ
ʹ Annex 4
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
▯
Executive▯Summary▯
Ecuador’s▯border▯region▯with▯Colombia▯is▯comprised▯of▯a▯number▯of▯ecosystems▯rich▯
in▯ biodiversity▯ and▯ environmental▯ resources.▯ ▯ The▯ eastern▯ part▯ of▯ the▯ border▯ region▯ is▯
dominated▯ by▯ the▯ lowland▯ Amazon▯ rainforest,▯ a▯ smooth▯ green▯ carpet▯ of▯ vegetation▯
punctuated▯by▯emergent▯trees▯that▯reach▯above▯the▯rainforest▯canopy.▯▯Despite▯the▯forest’s▯
even▯appearance▯as▯seen▯from▯above,▯it▯harbors▯a▯tremendous▯number▯of▯plant▯and▯animal▯
species▯per▯unit▯of▯area.▯▯Stepping▯up▯in▯elevation▯from▯the▯lowland▯Amazonian▯rainforest▯
are▯mountain▯forests▯and▯then▯cloud▯forests▯on▯either▯side▯of▯the▯Andes.▯▯Particularly▯on▯the▯
western▯side▯of▯the▯Andes,▯these▯moist▯mid▯elevation▯ecosystems▯are▯amongst▯the▯most▯
biodiverse▯and▯pristine▯in▯the▯world.▯▯The▯western▯side▯of▯the▯border▯region▯is▯made▯up▯of▯
the▯lowland▯Chocó▯rainforest,▯which▯is▯part▯of▯a▯so▯called▯global▯“biodiversity▯hotspot”▯due▯to▯
its▯exceptional▯ concentration▯ of▯ endemic▯ species▯ (i.e.,▯ those▯ found▯ no▯ where▯ else▯ in▯ the▯
world),▯many▯of▯them▯threatened▯with▯extinction.▯▯The▯border▯terminates▯on▯the▯west▯coast▯
with▯a▯mangrove▯ecosystem▯with▯both▯marine▯and▯terrestrial▯life▯which▯provides▯support▯for▯
human▯ livelihoods.▯ ▯ Ecuador▯ has▯ established▯a▯ number▯ of▯ protected▯ areas▯ in▯ the▯ border▯
region▯ to▯ conserve▯ these▯ environmental▯ resources▯ and▯ to▯ protect▯ vulnerable▯ indigenous▯
groups,▯including▯three▯that▯are▯immediately▯adjacent▯to▯the▯Colombian▯border:▯the▯Cofán▯
Bermejo▯ Ecological▯ Reserve,▯ the▯ Awá▯ Indigenous▯ and▯ Forest▯ Reserve▯ and▯ the▯ Cayapas▯
Mataje▯Ecological▯Reserve.▯
▯ ▯ ▯ ▯
The▯ tropical▯ forest▯ ecosystems▯ that▯ dominate▯ the▯ border▯ region▯ are▯ complex,▯
interconnected▯and▯vulnerable▯to▯environmental▯stressors.▯▯Environmental▯contamination▯
may▯affect▯many▯species▯and▯has▯a▯particularly▯severe▯effect▯on▯sensitive▯plants▯such▯as▯
epiphytes,▯which▯derive▯water▯and▯nutrients▯from▯droplets▯suspended▯in▯the▯air▯rather▯than▯
from▯the▯soil.▯▯The▯border▯region’s▯network▯of▯rivers▯and▯creeks▯maintains▯the▯hydrological▯
balance▯of▯the▯border▯ecosystems▯but▯also▯serves▯as▯a▯transporter▯of▯contamination▯from▯
one▯area▯to▯another.▯▯Due▯to▯the▯complex▯interactions▯between▯tropical▯forest▯species,▯when▯
one▯species▯dies▯or▯becomes▯weakened,▯it▯may▯produce▯a▯chain▯reaction,▯affecting▯other▯
species▯linked▯to▯it▯through▯trophic▯relationships▯(i.e.,▯the▯“food▯chain”)▯or▯other▯synergisms.▯▯
The▯border▯region▯has▯a▯high▯incidence▯ of▯species▯that▯are▯endemic▯and▯threatened▯with▯
extinction.▯▯Therefore,▯environmental▯damage▯may▯cause▯the▯permanent▯loss▯of▯species▯and▯
some▯of▯these▯changes▯may▯even▯go▯undetected▯by▯science.▯▯The▯most▯vulnerable▯parts▯of▯a▯
forest▯ecosystem▯may▯be▯the▯“edges”▯created▯by▯forest▯fragmentation▯or▯defoliation.▯▯The▯
“edge▯effect”▯may▯enhance▯the▯sensitivity▯of▯the▯ecosystem▯to▯stressors▯such▯strong▯winds,▯
temperature▯changes▯and▯droughts▯or▯trigger▯an▯increase▯in▯invasive▯or▯exotic▯plants.▯▯As▯a▯
result,▯ forest▯ plants▯ may▯ suffer▯ from▯ higher▯ mortality,▯ structural▯ damage,▯ or▯ changes▯ in▯
species▯ composition▯ and▯ these▯ impacts▯ in▯ turn▯ may▯ affect▯ the▯ viability▯ of▯ other▯ species.▯▯
Tropical▯forests▯are▯subject▯to▯continuous▯natural▯changes▯due▯to▯events▯such▯as▯tree▯falls▯
and▯ other▯ physical▯ and▯ biological▯ factors.▯ ▯ Thus,▯ human▯induced▯ environmental▯ changes▯
influence▯a▯“moving▯target”,▯making▯the▯precise▯impacts▯on▯the▯ecosystem▯uncertain.▯▯In▯
short,▯even▯a▯low▯level▯stressor▯has▯the▯potential▯to▯cause▯much▯greater▯effects▯to▯Ecuador’s▯
rich▯border▯ecosystems.▯▯▯
͵Annex 4
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
I. Information▯About▯the▯Author▯
Henrik▯Balslev▯has▯an▯M.Sc.▯from▯Aarhus▯University,▯Denmark▯(1978)▯and▯a▯PhD▯from▯City▯
University▯of▯New▯York,▯based▯on▯research▯carried▯out▯at▯The▯New▯York▯Botanical▯Garden▯
(1982).▯After▯graduating,▯he▯was▯director▯of▯the▯herbarium▯at▯Pontificia▯Universidad▯Católica▯
del▯Ecuador▯until▯1984▯when▯he▯returned▯to▯his▯native▯Denmark▯to▯take▯up▯a▯position▯as▯
associate▯professor▯at▯Aarhus▯University.▯He▯was▯promoted▯to▯Senior▯Associate▯Professor▯in▯
1989▯and▯to▯full▯professor▯in▯1997.▯He▯spent▯a▯leave▯from▯Aarhus▯as▯Professor▯of▯Botany▯at▯
Pontificia▯ Universidad▯ Católica▯ del▯ Ecuador▯ from▯ 1995–1997.▯ Henrik▯ Balslev▯ has▯ visited▯
Ecuador▯every▯year▯since▯and▯has▯continued▯his▯educational▯and▯research▯activities▯in▯close▯
collaboration▯with▯colleagues▯in▯Quito.▯He▯has▯travelled▯extensively▯in▯Ecuador▯and▯other▯
countries▯in▯Latin▯America,▯especially▯Mexico,▯Colombia,▯Peru▯and▯Bolivia.▯He▯knows▯every▯
corner▯of▯Ecuador▯and▯has▯often▯visited▯and▯carried▯out▯field▯work▯in▯the▯Colombia▯Ecuador▯
border▯▯region▯over▯the▯years.▯His▯specialty▯is▯botany▯and▯within▯that▯he▯covers▯a▯broad▯range▯
from▯ taxonomy▯ to▯ floristic▯ studies▯ (inventory),▯ plant▯ community▯ ecology▯ and▯ plant▯
reproductive▯ecology.▯Professor▯Balslev▯also▯studies▯the▯relationship▯between▯humans▯and▯
plants▯and▯has▯done▯several▯ethno▯botanical▯studies▯among▯the▯indigenous▯communities▯of▯
Amazonian▯ Ecuador.▯ He▯ is▯ particularly▯ interested▯ in▯ the▯ palm▯ family▯ and▯ has▯ published▯
extensively▯ on▯ palms▯ and▯ palm▯ communities.▯ Professor▯ Balslev▯ has▯ supervised▯ 25▯ Ph.D.▯
students▯and▯44▯M.Sc.▯thesis▯students▯at▯the▯universities▯in▯Aarhus▯and▯Quito,▯and▯many▯of▯
these▯students▯are▯now▯in▯academia▯and▯research▯administration.▯He▯has▯published▯over▯150▯
research▯papers▯in▯international▯journals▯and▯12▯books,▯apart▯from▯many▯popular▯science▯
contributions.▯Seven▯of▯his▯botanical▯colleagues▯have▯honored▯him▯by▯naming▯new▯plant▯
species▯ after▯ him▯ (Centropogon▯ balslevii▯ Jeppesen,▯ Phoradendron▯ balslevii▯ Kuijt,▯ Parkia▯
balslevii▯ Hopkins,▯ Disterigma▯ balslevii▯ Luteyn,▯ Cynanchum▯ balslevii▯ G.▯ Morillo,▯ Anthurium▯
balslevii▯▯Croat▯&▯J.▯Rodriguez,▯Boehmeria▯balslevii▯Friis▯&▯Wilmot▯Dear).▯He▯is▯a▯member▯of▯
the▯ Royal▯ Danish▯ Academy▯ of▯ Sciences▯ and▯ Letters▯ and▯ of▯ the▯ Danish▯ Natural▯ Science▯
Research▯Academy,▯he▯was▯awarded▯a▯Golden▯Medal▯by▯Charles▯University▯in▯Prague▯(Czech▯
Republic)▯in▯1998▯for▯his▯contribution▯to▯tropical▯botany,▯and▯he▯was▯awarded▯an▯honorary▯
doctorate▯ by▯ Pontificia▯ Universidad▯ Católica▯ del▯ Ecuador▯ in▯ 2009▯ for▯ his▯ contribution▯ to▯
Ecuadorian▯ botany.▯ He▯ has▯ served▯ on▯ many▯ national▯ and▯ international▯ boards▯ and▯
committees;▯ currently▯ he▯ is▯ a▯ member▯ of▯ the▯ Danish▯ Natural▯ Science▯ Research▯ Council.▯▯
Professor▯Balslev’s▯complete▯curriculum▯vitae▯is▯attached▯as▯Appendix▯1.▯ ▯
Ͷ Annex 4
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
▯
II. Nature▯and▯Complexity▯of▯Ecuador’s▯Border▯Ecosystems▯
A. An▯Introduction▯to▯Ecuador’s▯Border▯Ecosystems
The▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border▯reaches▯from▯Güepi▯(0°07’08”S;▯75°15’27”W)▯on▯the▯
Putumayo▯River▯in▯the▯western▯Amazon▯basin▯some▯430▯ km▯ to▯the▯ WNW▯ending▯ at▯the▯
Pacific▯coast▯at▯the▯mouth▯of▯the▯Mataje▯River▯(1°28’03”N;▯78°52’03”W).▯Along▯this▯stretch▯
the▯border▯crosses▯a▯number▯of▯ecosystems▯including▯lowland▯Amazon▯rain▯forest▯on▯the▯
western▯edges▯of▯the▯Amazon▯basin▯at▯200–700▯m▯elevation,▯east▯Andean▯mountain▯forests▯
at▯ 700–2,500▯ m▯ elevation▯ on▯ the▯ east▯Andean▯ slopes,▯ cloud▯ forest▯ from▯ 2,500–3,500▯ m▯
elevation,▯treeless▯tussock▯grass▯páramo▯vegetation▯above▯the▯timber▯line,▯high▯mountain▯
ecosystems▯ crowned▯ by▯ the▯ Chiles▯ volcano▯ (4,768▯ m),▯ cloud▯forests▯ at▯ 2,500–3,500▯ m▯
elevation▯ on▯ the▯ western▯ slopes▯ of▯ the▯ Andes,▯ lowland▯ Chocó▯ rain▯ forest▯ on▯ the▯ plains▯
towards▯the▯Pacific▯coast,▯and▯mangroves▯along▯the▯coast▯line.▯This▯enormous▯diversity▯of▯
ecosystems▯ reaching▯ from▯ steaming▯ tropical▯ forest▯ to▯ barren▯ and▯ permanently▯ frozen▯
mountain▯tops▯houses▯a▯corresponding▯diversity▯of▯plants▯and▯animals;▯each▯ecosystem▯has▯
its▯own▯set▯of▯species▯adapted▯to▯the▯special▯climatic▯▯and▯other▯ecological▯conditions▯in▯the▯
elevation▯zones.▯And▯the▯two▯faces▯of▯the▯gradient▯from▯lowland▯to▯the▯highest▯mountain▯
tops▯are▯different.▯The▯eastern▯slopes▯border▯the▯enormous▯Amazon▯basin▯and▯carry▯strong▯
Amazon▯imprints▯on▯both▯their▯cultural▯and▯biological▯diversity.▯The▯western▯slopes▯include▯
the▯coastal▯mangrove▯ecosystem▯and▯the▯Chocó▯rain▯forest,▯which▯is▯a▯rare▯example▯of▯a▯
pluvial▯rain▯forest▯that▯has▯adapted▯to▯climatic▯conditions▯in▯one▯of▯the▯highest▯rainfall▯areas▯
in▯ the▯ World.▯ ▯ This▯ report▯ focuses▯ primarily▯ on▯ the▯ ecosystems▯ along▯ the▯ border▯ most▯
vulnerable▯ to▯ harm▯ from▯ herbicide▯ drift▯ or▯ direct▯ spray▯ from▯ Colombia’s▯ aerial▯ spraying▯
program▯ (Figures▯ 1▯ and▯ 2).▯ ▯ These▯ ecosystems▯are▯ important▯ not▯ only▯ for▯ their▯ intrinsic▯
natural▯ qualities▯ but▯ also▯ because▯ they▯ provide▯ raw▯ material,▯ food,▯ clean▯ water,▯ a▯ clean▯
atmosphere▯and▯many▯more▯things▯to▯human▯societies▯(Calow▯1998,▯Millennium▯Ecosystem▯
Assessment▯2005).▯
ͷAnnex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
▯
▯
Figure▯1.▯▯Altitudinal▯profile▯of▯Ecuador’s▯border▯ecosystems▯
▯
▯
LEGEND
▯ COSTA RICA
Mangroves
VENEZUELA
Lowland Chocó Rain Forest PANAMA
▯ West Andean Mountain Forest COLOMBIA
SEE MAP
Cloud Forest
▯ ECUADOR
Grass páramo
▯ Dry Valleys PERU BRAZIL
East-Andean Mountain Forest
Lowland Amazon Rain Forest 0 000000 64821
▯
National Border KILOMETERS
0 00020345
▯ C O
L O MILES
E M B IA
C
▯ U A D
O R
▯
▯
▯
▯
Figure▯2.▯▯Location▯and▯extent▯of▯Ecuadorian▯border▯ecosystems.▯
▯
Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
▯
1. Lowland▯Amazon▯Rain▯Forest
Lowland▯Amazon▯rainforests▯represent▯the▯natural▯vegetation▯along▯the▯greater▯part▯
(i.e.,▯some▯260▯km)▯of▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border.▯Lowland▯tropical▯rainforests▯are▯found▯
along▯the▯equatorial▯line▯in▯tropical▯America,▯Africa▯and▯southeast▯Asia,▯in▯areas▯with▯high▯
temperatures▯ and▯ rainfall▯ and▯ without▯ or▯ with▯ only▯ very▯ short▯ dry▯ season,▯ i.e.,▯ monthly▯
temperatures▯above▯18°C▯during▯all▯months▯of▯the▯year,▯annual▯rainfall▯above▯2000▯mm,▯and▯
no▯month▯with▯less▯than▯100▯mm▯rainfall▯(Richards▯1996).▯The▯Amazon▯tropical▯rain▯forest▯
covers▯the▯entire▯Amazon▯basin,▯from▯Venezuela▯in▯the▯north▯to▯Bolivia▯in▯the▯south▯and▯
from▯its▯western▯fringe▯–▯that▯include▯Colombia,▯Ecuador▯and▯Peru▯–▯to▯the▯east▯along▯the▯
Atlantic▯coast.▯The▯Amazon▯forest▯of▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border▯region▯is▯on▯the▯very▯
western▯edge▯of▯the▯Amazon▯basin▯and▯is▯limited▯by▯the▯Andean▯slopes.▯
▯ Structurally▯ the▯ tropical▯ lowland▯ rain▯ forest▯ is▯ dominated▯ by▯ large▯ broad▯leaved,▯
evergreen▯trees▯that▯usually▯have▯huge,▯straight▯trunks▯with▯a▯terminal▯crown▯that▯form▯a▯
dense▯canopy▯layer▯approximately▯30▯35▯meters▯above▯the▯ground▯(Figure▯3).▯Common▯tree▯
species▯of▯the▯forest▯canopy▯in▯the▯region▯include▯Parkia▯multijuga,▯Hymenaea▯oblongifolia,▯
Schizolobium▯ parahyba,▯ Dussia▯ tesssmannii,▯ Sterculia▯ colombiana,▯ Otoba▯ parvifolia,▯
Pseudolmedia▯laevis,▯Pouteria▯multiflora,▯and▯Erisma▯uncinatum▯(Neill▯1999).▯A▯few▯trees▯
may▯be▯up▯to▯65▯m▯tall▯and▯stick▯out▯of▯the▯closed▯canopy▯–▯they▯are▯called▯emergents▯
(Balslev▯et▯al.▯1987).▯▯Cedrelinga▯cateniformis▯is▯a▯common▯canopy▯emergent▯tree▯throughout▯
lowland▯Amazonian▯Ecuador▯on▯well▯drained▯sites;▯Ceiba▯pentandra▯is▯a▯frequently▯observed▯
emergent▯on▯richer▯alluvial▯soils.▯In▯a▯mature▯forest,▯the▯canopy▯is▯often▯so▯dense▯that▯most▯
of▯the▯understory▯has▯been▯shaded▯away,▯and▯the▯forest▯has▯the▯appearance▯of▯grandiose▯
construction▯with▯a▯roof▯supported▯by▯pillars.▯More▯often▯however▯the▯forest▯is▯regenerating▯
after▯a▯tree▯fall▯or▯sometimes▯after▯blow▯downs▯that▯have▯affected▯a▯larger▯patch,▯and▯the▯
understory▯is▯then▯filled▯in▯with▯other▯plants.▯Sub▯canopy▯palms,▯especially▯Iriartea▯deltoidea▯
and▯ Oenocarpus▯ bataua,▯ are▯ abundant.▯ The▯ forest▯ floor▯ usually▯ has▯ many▯ shrubs▯ and▯
treelets,▯and▯slender▯individuals▯of▯the▯same▯species▯that▯form▯the▯canopy▯are▯often▯found▯in▯
large▯numbers▯as▯if▯they▯are▯waiting▯for▯a▯tree▯fall▯which▯will▯give▯them▯light▯enough▯to▯grow▯
up▯into▯the▯canopy.▯Listings▯of▯tree▯species▯from▯the▯eastern▯lowlands▯of▯Ecuador▯give▯ranges▯
from▯1000▯species▯(Neill▯&▯Palacios▯1989)▯to▯1200▯(Renner▯et▯al.▯1989)▯to▯1356▯(Jørgensen▯&▯
León▯Yánez▯1999).▯
Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
▯
▯
Figure▯3.▯▯Lowland▯Amazon▯Rain▯Forest▯in▯Ecuador,▯showing▯the▯different▯layers▯of▯the▯forest.▯
(Source:▯H.▯Navarrete).▯
▯
▯
▯▯ Apart▯ from▯ the▯ trees,▯ large▯ woody▯ climbers▯ (lianas)▯ are▯ often▯ conspicuous▯ in▯ the▯
lowland▯tropical▯rain▯forest.▯They▯are▯rooted▯in▯the▯ground,▯attach▯to▯a▯large▯tree▯when▯it▯is▯
young▯and▯then▯follow▯it▯upwards▯as▯it▯grows▯into▯the▯canopy.▯In▯that▯way▯only▯the▯flexible▯
stems,▯which▯may▯be▯up▯to▯10▯cm▯thick,▯hang▯from▯the▯canopy,▯whereas▯the▯leafy▯portion▯
and▯the▯reproductive▯parts▯of▯the▯liana▯develop▯within▯the▯canopy▯where▯light▯conditions▯are▯
favorable.▯The▯number▯of▯liana▯species▯in▯eastern▯Amazonian▯Ecuador▯is▯estimated▯at▯436▯
(Jørgensen▯&▯León▯Yánez▯1999).▯▯Figure▯4▯shows▯a▯view▯of▯the▯rainforest▯canopy▯from▯above,▯
with▯lianas▯in▯the▯foreground.▯▯
ͺ Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
▯
Figure▯4.▯▯View▯of▯the▯rainforest▯canopy▯from▯above▯(Source:▯Wolfgang▯Kaehler/Picade)▯
▯
Epiphytes▯represent▯another▯conspicuous▯life▯form▯in▯the▯tropical▯rain▯forest.▯These▯
are▯plants▯that▯grow▯on▯the▯branches▯and▯trunks▯of▯trees▯and▯use▯them▯as▯substrate,▯but▯
they▯do▯not▯send▯their▯roots▯into▯their▯host▯plants▯so▯they▯are▯not▯parasites▯in▯a▯strict▯sense.▯
The▯epiphytic▯life▯form▯is▯mostly▯represented▯by▯mosses,▯lichens,▯ferns,▯orchids,▯and▯aroids▯
whereas▯it▯is▯rare▯for▯other▯plants▯to▯grow▯as▯epiphytes.▯The▯epiphytes▯are▯most▯abundant▯in▯
the▯canopy▯and▯this▯life▯form▯has▯developed▯the▯capacity▯to▯grow▯on▯tree▯branches▯as▯an▯
adaptation▯ to▯ environments▯ that▯ have▯ favorable▯ light▯ conditions.▯ At▯ the▯ same▯ time,▯
however,▯they▯submit▯themselves▯to▯very▯dry▯and▯nutrient▯poor▯conditions▯because,▯in▯the▯
canopy▯there▯is▯no▯soil▯to▯keep▯the▯moisture▯and▯provide▯nutrients.▯Epiphytes▯therefore▯have▯
many▯adaptations▯that▯are▯also▯found▯in▯desert▯plants;▯they▯have▯thick▯fleshy▯tissues▯that▯can▯
store▯water▯or▯they▯have▯developed▯special▯structures▯that▯accumulate▯leaf▯litter▯so▯they▯
build▯up▯small▯deposits▯of▯organic▯matter▯around▯their▯own▯roots.▯Epiphytes▯are▯represented▯
by▯565▯different▯species▯in▯Amazonian▯Ecuador▯(Jørgensen▯&▯León▯Yánez▯1999).▯▯Figure▯5▯
shows▯just▯one▯example.▯
▯
ͻAnnex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
▯
Figure▯ 5.▯ Epiphytes▯ in▯ Ecuador’s▯ Lowland▯ Amazon▯ Rain▯ Forest.▯( Source:▯ Wolfgang▯
Kaehler/Picade)▯
▯
Ground▯herbs▯are▯not▯abundant▯in▯the▯closed▯tropical▯rain▯forest,▯but▯in▯open▯areas▯
and▯along▯rivers▯and▯roads▯etc.,▯they▯may▯be▯common.▯Their▯overall▯species▯richness▯of▯over▯
1,000▯species▯is▯substantial▯(Jørgensen▯&▯León▯Yánez▯1999).▯Saprophytes▯are▯organisms▯that▯
take▯up▯organic▯compounds▯from▯other▯organisms,▯i.e.,▯they▯are▯not▯photosynthetic;▯there▯
are▯many▯saprophytes▯in▯lowland▯tropical▯rainforest,▯most▯of▯them▯being▯fungi▯and▯only▯few▯▯
(maybe▯only▯15▯species;▯Jørgensen▯&▯León▯Yánez▯1999)▯of▯them▯being▯plants.▯Truly▯parasitic▯
plants▯that▯send▯their▯roots▯into▯the▯host▯plant▯to▯obtain▯nutrients▯etc.▯also▯occur▯in▯rain▯
forest,▯but▯as▯saprophytes▯they▯are▯not▯abundant▯and▯they▯are▯represented▯with▯less▯than▯30▯
species▯(Jørgensen▯&▯León▯Yánez▯1999).▯Overall▯the▯Amazon▯region▯of▯Ecuador▯may▯house▯
over▯5,000▯species▯of▯plants.▯
▯ A▯special▯feature▯of▯the▯lowland▯tropical▯rainforest▯region▯is▯that▯it▯concentrates▯very▯
high▯number▯of▯species▯in▯relatively▯small▯areas.▯It▯is▯said▯that▯it▯has▯high▯alpha▯diversity.▯This▯
has▯been▯demonstrated▯in▯forests▯very▯close▯to▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border.▯In▯Reserva▯
Faunistica▯de▯Cuyabeno,▯north▯of▯Laguna▯Grande▯and▯less▯than▯40▯km▯from▯the▯border▯with▯
ͳ’ Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
Colombia,▯ a▯ one▯hectare▯ plot▯ had▯ 307▯ species▯ of▯ trees▯ with▯ stems▯ thicker▯ than▯ 10▯ cm▯
(Valencia▯et▯al.▯1994).▯Other▯one▯hectare▯study▯plots▯in▯Amazonian▯Ecuador▯have▯mostly▯
yielded▯200–240▯species▯of▯trees▯>10▯cm▯thickness▯(Balslev▯et▯al.▯1987,▯Korning▯et▯al.▯1991,▯
Cerón▯&▯Montalvo▯1997,▯Palacios▯1997).▯There▯are▯only▯few▯species▯counts▯of▯other▯life▯
forms▯ than▯ trees▯ in▯ small▯ plots,▯ but▯ in▯ the▯ same▯ one▯hectare▯ plot▯ mentioned▯ above▯ in▯
Cuyabeno▯there▯were▯96▯species▯of▯ground▯herbs▯(Poulsen▯&▯Balslev▯1991),▯172▯species▯of▯
epiphytes,▯99▯species▯of▯lianas▯and▯268▯species▯of▯shrubs▯and▯small▯trees,▯giving▯a▯total▯of▯
942▯species▯of▯vascular▯plants▯within▯an▯area▯of▯100x100▯meters▯(Balslev▯et▯al.▯1998).▯In▯the▯
Parque▯ Nacional▯ Yasuní,▯ some▯ 100▯ km▯ away▯ from▯ the▯ Ecuador▯Colombia▯ border,▯ 1,104▯
species▯ of▯ woody▯ plants▯ with▯ stems▯ over▯ 1▯ cm▯ thickness▯ have▯ been▯ documented▯ in▯ a▯
500x1,000▯m▯plot▯(Romoleroux▯et▯al.▯1997,▯Valencia▯et▯al.▯2004a)▯which▯is▯a▯stunning▯alpha▯
diversity▯of▯just▯a▯single▯life▯form▯in▯a▯single▯study▯plot.▯
▯
▯
Figure▯6.▯The▯tropical▯rain▯forest▯near▯the▯Colombia▯Ecuador▯border▯at▯its▯eastern▯extreme▯
near▯Güeppi▯(Source:▯Alverson▯et▯al.▯2008).▯
▯
▯
▯ When▯ flying▯ over▯ the▯ lowland▯ tropical▯ rainforest▯ of▯ the▯ western▯ Amazon▯ basin▯ it▯
appears▯ as▯ a▯ smooth▯ even▯ green▯ carpet▯ (Figure▯ 6).▯ Studies▯ over▯ the▯ past▯ 15▯ years▯ have▯
ͳͳAnnex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
however▯shown▯that▯in▯reality▯the▯forest▯is▯a▯mosaic▯of▯different▯forest▯types▯growing▯on▯a▯
patchwork▯of▯soil▯types▯and▯small▯hills▯and▯valleys▯(Tuomisto▯et▯al.▯1995,▯2003,▯Valencia▯et▯al.▯
2004b).▯The▯largest▯distinction▯is▯between▯ terra▯firme▯forest▯that▯is▯never▯inundated▯and▯
floodplain▯ forests▯ that▯ become▯ inundated▯ when▯ the▯ rivers▯ overflow▯ their▯ margins▯ in▯ the▯
rainy▯season.▯Rivers▯with▯so▯called▯white▯water▯that▯is▯full▯of▯sediments▯and▯actually▯creamy▯
brown▯from▯the▯dissolved▯clay▯particles▯deposit▯large▯amounts▯of▯fertile▯mud▯when▯they▯
overflow▯their▯embankments▯and▯inundate▯the▯flood▯plain.▯Areas▯flooded▯by▯these▯white▯
water▯ rivers▯ are▯ called▯ varzea▯ and▯ such▯ varzea▯ floodplain▯ forest▯ often▯ have▯ abundant▯
populations▯of▯large▯palms▯such▯as▯Attalea▯butyracea▯mixed▯in▯with▯large▯broad▯leaved▯trees▯
(Balslev▯et▯al.▯1987).▯When▯the▯floodplain▯is▯inundated▯with▯transparent,▯sediment▯free▯so▯
called▯black▯water▯(which▯is▯actually▯tea▯colored▯from▯dissolved▯tannins)▯we▯find▯a▯different▯
type▯ of▯ forest▯ dominated▯ by▯ a▯ distinctive▯ suite▯ of▯ tree▯ species▯ including▯ Macrolobium▯
acaciifolium,▯the▯palm▯Astrocaryum▯jauari,▯and▯Coussapoa▯trinervia▯(Neill▯1999).▯Within▯the▯
terra▯firme▯forest▯there▯are▯also▯several▯distinctive▯plant▯communities,▯mostly▯depending▯on▯
the▯topography▯which▯is▯created▯by▯erosion▯of▯a▯former▯plateau.▯The▯valleys,▯slopes▯and▯
ridges▯have▯soil▯and▯humidity▯conditions▯that▯are▯different▯enough▯to▯sort▯the▯plants.▯In▯a▯
study▯in▯the▯Yasuni▯National▯Park▯the▯ridges▯were▯dominated▯by▯Memora▯cladotricha▯and▯
Cedrelinga▯catenaeformis,▯the▯slopes▯were▯dominated▯by▯Rinoria▯lindeniana▯and▯the▯valley▯
bottoms▯were▯dominated▯by▯Matisia▯obliquifolia▯(Valencia▯et▯al.▯2004b).▯These▯observations▯
agree▯with▯the▯theory▯that▯the▯terra▯firme▯forest▯supports▯a▯very▯large▯number▯of▯niches▯and▯
that▯each▯individual▯species▯in▯some▯way▯is▯associated▯to▯one▯or▯the▯other▯niche▯in▯this▯
densely▯packed▯system.▯This▯in▯turn▯explains▯why▯so▯many▯species▯can▯grow▯together▯in▯
relatively▯small▯areas.▯
▯ The▯ecosystem▯services▯provided▯by▯the▯lowland▯Amazon▯rain▯forest▯are▯many▯and▯
include▯ services▯ both▯ to▯ local▯ indigenous▯ communities▯ and▯ to▯ society▯ at▯ large.▯ The▯
indigenous▯communities▯live▯in▯close▯association▯to▯the▯forest▯ecosystem▯and▯depend▯on▯it▯
for▯providing▯hunting▯grounds,▯and▯for▯the▯extraction▯of▯very▯many▯different▯plants▯that▯they▯
use▯for▯medicine,▯food,▯construction▯of▯houses,▯for▯making▯tools▯and▯utensils,▯and▯for▯ritual▯
purposes▯(de▯la▯Torre▯et▯al.▯2008).▯▯
2. East▯Andean▯Mountain▯Forest
On▯ the▯ east▯Andean▯ slopes,▯ the▯ Ecuador▯Colombia▯ border▯ runs▯ for▯ some▯ 65▯ km▯
ͳʹ Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
through▯terrain▯at▯elevations▯of▯700–2,500▯m.▯This▯is▯the▯zone▯of▯the▯mountain▯rain▯forests;▯
these▯ are▯ very▯ wet▯ with▯ high▯ levels▯ of▯ humidity▯ in▯ the▯ air,▯ and▯ with▯ frequent▯ rains▯ and▯
precipitation▯coming▯from▯mist▯and▯fog.▯The▯stature▯of▯the▯forest▯is▯somewhat▯lower▯than▯
that▯of▯the▯lowland▯rain▯forest,▯and▯the▯trees▯often▯have▯leaning▯or▯bent▯stems.▯Another▯
difference▯ from▯ the▯ lowland▯ forest▯ is▯ that▯ mountain▯ forest▯ has▯ many▯ more▯ epiphytes▯
covering▯the▯stems▯and▯branches.▯Epiphytes▯are▯most▯commonly▯represented▯by▯mosses▯and▯
lichens▯and▯also▯orchids,▯ferns▯and▯aroids▯are▯commonly▯epiphytes.▯The▯mountain▯forests▯are▯
very▯rich▯in▯species▯and▯about▯half▯of▯all▯species▯in▯Ecuador▯are▯found▯in▯mountain▯forests▯
even▯though▯they▯cover▯only▯one▯tenth▯of▯the▯country’s▯area▯(Balslev▯1988).▯Density▯and▯
diversity▯ of▯ vascular▯ epiphytes▯ in▯ the▯ lower▯ mountain▯ rain▯ forest▯ zone▯ are▯ undoubtedly▯
higher▯than▯in▯the▯lowland▯rain▯forest,▯but▯quantitative▯data▯are▯lacking▯(Neill▯1999).▯The▯high▯
species▯richness▯of▯the▯mountain▯forest▯is▯less▯conspicuous▯when▯species▯numbers▯in▯small▯
areas▯is▯considered.▯Inventories▯of▯ trees▯with▯a▯ stem▯thicker▯than▯10▯cm▯in▯one▯hectare▯
generally▯give▯lower▯numbers▯of▯species▯with▯increasing▯elevation.▯In▯lowland▯Amazonian▯
Ecuador,▯upwards▯of▯200–240▯tree▯species▯can▯be▯found▯in▯a▯single▯hectare▯(Balslev▯et▯al.▯
1987,▯Korning▯et▯al.▯1991,▯Cerón▯&▯Montalvo▯1997,▯Palacios▯1997).▯But▯at▯higher▯elevations▯
the▯number▯of▯tree▯species▯per▯hectare▯is▯lower,▯for▯example▯132▯species▯at▯1,200▯m▯near▯
Sumaco▯and▯only▯45▯species▯near▯Baeza▯at▯2,000▯m▯elevation▯(Valencia▯1996,▯Valencia▯et▯al.▯
1998).▯This▯apparent▯paradox▯is▯due▯to▯the▯fact▯that▯mountain▯forest▯species▯have▯more▯
restricted▯distribution▯compared▯to▯lowland▯species,▯so▯in▯a▯small▯area▯of▯mountain▯forest▯
fewer▯species▯are▯packed▯together,▯but▯because▯they▯have▯small▯ranges,▯they▯are▯different▯
from▯the▯species▯found▯in▯an▯adjacent▯valley▯some▯kilometers▯away.▯The▯mountain▯forests▯
are▯ said▯ to▯ have▯ low▯ alpha▯diversity▯ (local▯ diversity)▯ but▯ high▯ beta▯diversity▯ (landscape▯
diversity).▯Lowland▯rain▯forests▯in▯contrast▯have▯many▯species▯packed▯densely▯together▯in▯
small▯areas▯(high▯alpha▯diversity)▯but▯these▯species▯have▯larger▯ranges▯than▯the▯mountain▯
forest▯species,▯so▯it▯is▯more▯likely▯to▯find▯them▯some▯distance▯away▯and▯the▯forest▯therefore▯
(relatively▯speaking)▯has▯low▯beta▯diversity.▯
▯ A▯so▯called▯rapid▯assessment▯was▯carried▯out▯recently▯by▯the▯Field▯Museum▯in▯the▯
east▯Andean▯mountain▯forest▯in▯Ecuador▯along▯the▯border▯with▯Colombia▯(Vriesendorp▯et▯al.▯
2009).▯▯The▯area▯surveyed▯is▯located▯just▯south▯of▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border▯on▯the▯
slopes▯from▯the▯summit▯of▯the▯Andean▯Cordillera▯delimited▯to▯the▯south▯by▯the▯Cayambe▯
Coca▯Ecological▯Reserve▯and▯to▯the▯east▯by▯the▯Chingual▯River.▯The▯study▯group▯found▯
ͳ͵Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
tremendous▯biological▯diversity▯in▯the▯area,▯so▯much▯so▯that▯a▯new▯reserve▯has▯been▯
proposed▯to▯protect▯and▯conserve▯this▯richness▯for▯future▯generations.▯▯The▯results▯of▯the▯
rapid▯assessment▯are▯summarized▯in▯Box▯1.▯▯
ͳͶ Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
▯
Box▯ 1.▯ Rapid▯ Assessment▯ Results▯ for▯ the▯ East▯Andean▯ Mountain▯ Forest▯ Region▯
(Vriesendorp▯et▯al.▯2009)▯
▯
x Plants:▯In▯a▯few▯weeks▯of▯field▯work,▯the▯botanists▯encountered▯850▯vascular▯plants▯and▯estimated▯that▯
an▯in▯depth▯inventory▯would▯reveal▯3,000–4,000▯plant▯species.▯Many▯of▯the▯species▯identified▯are▯
endemic▯and▯restricted▯to▯the▯forest▯on▯both▯sides▯of▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border.▯▯
▯
x Fish:▯19▯species▯of▯fish▯were▯identified▯in▯the▯rivers▯in▯this▯mountain▯forest,▯and▯four▯of▯them▯were▯
believed▯to▯be▯new▯to▯science,▯i.e.▯they▯have▯never▯before▯been▯studied,▯and▯they▯have▯not▯yet▯been▯
named▯in▯the▯scientific▯literature.▯▯The▯total▯fish▯fauna▯of▯the▯area▯was▯estimated▯to▯include▯25–30▯
species▯over▯the▯altitudinal▯range▯500–3,000▯m.▯▯
▯
x Amphibians▯ and▯ reptiles:▯ There▯ were▯ 36▯ species▯ of▯ amphibians▯ and▯ six▯ reptiles▯ and▯ the▯ rapid▯
assessment▯team▯estimated▯that▯the▯total▯amphibian▯and▯reptile▯fauna▯may▯include▯72▯and▯38▯species▯
respectively.▯The▯amphibians▯and▯reptiles▯were▯mostly▯confined▯to▯a▯single▯site▯attesting▯to▯the▯great▯
beta▯diversity▯of▯the▯region▯where▯closely▯adjacent▯areas▯have▯different▯assemblages▯of▯species.▯At▯the▯
highest▯elevation▯intensive▯searches▯for▯frogs▯demonstrated▯substantial▯populations▯of▯Osornophryne▯
bufoniformis▯and▯Hypodactylus▯brunneus,▯two▯species▯that▯are▯considered▯rare▯in▯the▯herpetological▯
literature.▯This▯again▯shows▯a▯biodiversity▯patterns▯in▯these▯forest▯with▯rare▯species▯with▯small▯ranges▯
of▯distribution,▯but▯occasionally▯with▯substantial▯populations▯at▯specific▯sites.▯At▯the▯medium▯elevation▯
the▯team▯encountered▯the▯frog▯Pristimantis▯colonensis▯which▯was▯the▯first▯time▯this▯frog▯had▯been▯
found▯ in▯ Ecuador.▯ The▯ assessment▯ team▯ also▯ found▯ the▯ rare▯ endemic▯ species▯ Osornophryne▯
guacamayo.▯In▯the▯lower▯parts▯of▯the▯mountain▯forest▯at▯700–800▯meters▯altitude▯the▯occurrence▯of▯
two▯frogs▯Cochranella▯puyoensis▯and▯ Rhinella▯dapsilis,▯that▯have▯hitherto▯been▯known▯only▯in▯the▯
lowlands,▯showed▯the▯Amazon▯imprint▯on▯the▯mountain▯rain▯forest▯herpetofaunas.▯
▯
x Birds:▯The▯study▯team▯encountered▯364▯bird▯species▯in▯the▯mountain▯forests▯and▯estimated▯that▯a▯full▯
inventory▯would▯include▯500▯species▯over▯the▯entire▯range▯of▯the▯transect.▯If▯the▯páramo▯above▯the▯
mountain▯forest▯were▯included▯they▯estimate▯that▯the▯bird▯fauna▯would▯include▯some▯650▯species▯
along▯this▯stretch▯of▯60▯km▯border▯between▯Ecuador▯and▯Colombia.▯Again▯the▯study▯sites▯at▯different▯
altitudes▯had▯entirely▯non▯overlapping▯bird▯faunas,▯testifying▯to▯the▯great▯variation▯in▯species▯along▯the▯
altitudinal▯ gradients▯ of▯ the▯ border▯ region.▯ The▯ survey▯ revealed▯ the▯ presence▯ of▯ one▯ endangered▯
species▯(Bicolored▯Antpitta),▯four▯vulnerable▯species▯(Wattled▯Guan,▯Military▯Macaw,▯Coppery▯chested▯
Jacamar,▯ and▯ Masked▯ Mountain▯Tanager),▯ and▯ nine▯ near▯threatened▯species.▯ This▯section▯of▯ east▯
Andean▯ mountain▯ forest▯ also▯ had▯ 17▯ species▯ of▯ migrants,▯ including▯ four▯ (Swainson’s▯ Thrush,▯ plus▯
Blackburnian,▯Cerulean,▯and▯Canada▯warblers)▯that▯winter▯almost▯entirely▯in▯the▯humid▯Andes.▯
▯
x Mammals:▯The▯mammalogists▯confirmed▯the▯presence▯of▯40▯species▯in▯18▯families,▯and▯estimated▯that▯
the▯ mammal▯ fauna▯ of▯ the▯ region▯ includes▯ 50▯ species.▯ This▯ includes▯ the▯ mountain▯ tapir▯ (Tapirus▯
pinchaque)▯and▯the▯spectacled▯bear▯(Tremarctos▯ornatus),▯which▯was▯present▯in▯healthy▯numbers.▯
Both▯species▯are▯considered▯vulnerable▯or▯endangered,▯and▯threatened▯with▯extinction,▯through▯most▯
of▯ their▯ range.▯ There▯ were▯ abundant▯ tracks▯ and▯ feeding▯ sites▯ of▯ the▯ little▯ known▯ Mountain▯ Paca▯
(Cuniculus▯[Agouti▯]▯taczanowski▯),▯Olive▯Coatimundi▯(Nasuella▯olivacea),▯and▯an▯unidentified▯species▯of▯
Coendu▯porcupine.▯At▯lower▯elevations▯there▯were▯evidence▯of▯Lagothrix▯lagothricha,▯Ateles▯belzebuth,▯
and▯ Alouatta▯ seniculus.▯ The▯ team’s▯ interviews▯ with▯ local▯ people▯ led▯ them▯ to▯ one▯ of▯ the▯ most▯
interesting▯animals▯in▯the▯region,▯a▯giant▯pocket▯gopher,▯Orthogeomys▯sp.,▯that▯was▯found▯four▯meters▯
underground▯when▯a▯new▯road▯was▯constructed.▯▯
▯
ͳͷAnnex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
The▯ecosystem▯services▯provided▯by▯the▯east▯Andean▯mountain▯forest▯are▯in▯many▯
ways▯similar▯to▯those▯provided▯by▯the▯lowland▯Amazon▯rain▯forest.▯The▯area▯is▯less▯populated▯
except▯in▯its▯lower▯elevations▯which▯are▯inhabited▯by▯the▯Cofán▯indigenous▯group.▯▯Like▯the▯
indigenous▯groups▯in▯the▯lowlands,▯the▯Cofán▯have▯highly▯diverse▯uses▯of▯the▯forest▯and▯its▯
plant▯and▯animal▯species▯for▯food,▯medicine,▯construction▯and▯much▯more▯(de▯la▯Torre▯et▯al.▯
2008).▯▯
3. East▯Andean▯Cloud▯Forest
Above▯ the▯ east▯Andean▯ mountain▯ forest,▯ at▯ 2,500–3,500▯ m▯ above▯ sea▯ level▯ the▯
ecosystem▯ on▯ the▯ eastern▯ slopes▯ is▯ called▯ cloud▯ forest▯ because▯ that▯ is▯ where▯ the▯
condensation▯zone▯is.▯▯As▯their▯name▯implies,▯these▯cloud▯forests,▯which▯comprise▯about▯60▯
km▯of▯the▯length▯of▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border,▯are▯usually▯engulfed▯in▯clouds▯and▯mist.▯▯
Because▯the▯international▯border▯on▯the▯eastern▯slopes▯of▯the▯Andes▯runs▯along▯the▯deep▯
valley▯of▯Chingual▯River,▯cloud▯forests▯do▯not▯occur▯there,▯but▯such▯cloud▯forests▯are▯found▯
few▯kilometers▯away▯on▯the▯higher▯parts▯of▯the▯slopes.▯In▯certain▯locations▯where▯the▯native▯
vegetation▯ of▯ the▯ inter▯Andean▯ valley▯ cloud▯ forest▯ has▯ been▯ deforested,▯ this▯ area▯ now▯
includes▯fertile▯agricultural▯lands▯that▯hold▯a▯mixture▯of▯large▯haciendas,▯some▯of▯which▯date▯
back▯to▯colonial▯times,▯and▯villages▯inhabited▯by▯mestizos▯of▯mixed▯racial▯origin▯who▯practice▯
small▯scale▯agriculture.▯▯
The▯Spanish▯term▯ceja▯andina▯("eyebrows▯of▯the▯mountains")▯is▯often▯used▯for▯the▯
"elfin▯forest"▯near▯the▯upper▯limit▯of▯forest▯(Figure▯7).▯With▯increase▯in▯altitude▯above▯sea▯
level,▯the▯height▯of▯the▯tree▯canopy▯becomes▯lower,▯the▯trees▯are▯more▯twisted▯and▯gnarled▯
and▯tend▯to▯be▯multiple▯stemmed,▯and▯alpha▯diversity▯of▯trees▯also▯decreases▯(Valencia▯et▯al.▯
1998).▯Mountain▯forests▯and▯cloud▯forests▯in▯many▯areas▯of▯the▯tropical▯Andes▯occur▯on▯very▯
steep▯slopes▯that▯are▯geologically▯unstable,▯being▯subjected▯to▯frequent▯landslides▯caused▯by▯
earthquakes▯and▯other▯natural▯disturbances.▯Maintaining▯undisturbed▯forest▯cover▯therefore▯
is▯essential▯for▯the▯ecological▯stability▯of▯such▯areas▯and▯to▯avoid▯large▯scale▯soil▯erosion▯
caused▯by▯the▯high▯rain▯fall▯and▯the▯often▯times▯high▯grazing▯pressure.▯
ͳ Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
▯
Figure▯ 7.▯ East▯ Andean▯ cloud▯ forest▯ at▯ Cayambe,▯ Ecuador.▯ (Source:▯ Gunter▯
Ziesler/PhotolibraryUSA)▯
▯
▯
4. Grass▯Páramo▯and▯Super▯Páramo
▯ Straddling▯ the▯ Andes,▯ over▯ a▯ stretch▯ of▯ some▯ 10–20▯ kilometers▯ of▯ the▯ Ecuador▯
Colombia▯border▯lie▯the▯high▯elevation▯grass▯páramo▯and▯the▯super▯páramo▯ecosystems.▯▯The▯
grass▯páramo▯is▯dominated▯by▯grass▯tussocks▯and▯small▯shrubs.▯▯(Ramsay▯2001).▯▯Even▯higher▯
is▯the▯super▯páramo▯ecosystem,▯at▯elevations▯of▯4,000▯m▯above▯sea▯level.▯▯The▯vegetation▯of▯
the▯super▯páramo▯is▯very▯sparse▯with▯only▯scattered▯patches▯of▯vegetation▯amongst▯the▯bare▯
soil.▯▯
5. West▯Andean▯Cloud▯Forests
Below▯the▯páramo▯in▯the▯zone▯at▯2,500–3,500▯m▯above▯sea▯level▯on▯the▯western▯
slopes▯ of▯ the▯ Andes▯ mountains,▯ the▯ cloud▯ forest▯ is▯ well▯ developed▯ in▯ the▯ narrow▯
condensation▯zone▯where▯clouds▯and▯mists▯shroud▯the▯forest.▯On▯the▯west▯Andean▯slopes▯
this▯cloud▯forest▯zone▯barely▯covers▯four▯km▯of▯the▯border▯because▯the▯slopes▯are▯very▯steep.▯
The▯well▯developed▯cloud▯forest▯has▯short,▯sometimes▯gnarled▯trees▯of▯low▯stature▯and▯they▯
are▯covered▯with▯heavy▯loads▯of▯epiphytes▯which▯thrive▯on▯the▯branches▯in▯this▯zone▯where▯
ͳAnnex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
the▯air▯humidity▯is▯very▯high▯and▯hence▯advantageous▯to▯plants▯of▯this▯life▯form▯which▯are▯
very▯susceptible▯to▯desiccation.▯The▯diversity▯of▯mosses,▯lichens,▯aroids,▯orchids▯and▯ferns▯
that▯ grow▯ epiphytically▯ is▯ very▯ high.▯ ▯ The▯ west▯Andean▯ cloud▯ forests▯ remain▯ largely▯
untouched▯and▯represent▯a▯biodiversity▯heaven▯with▯well▯preserved▯ecosystems,▯flora▯and▯
fauna.▯▯▯
6. West▯Andean▯Mountain▯Forest
On▯ the▯ west▯Andean▯ slopes,▯ the▯ Ecuador▯Colombia▯ border▯ runs▯ for▯ some▯ 45▯ km▯
through▯forested▯terrain▯at▯elevations▯of▯700–2,500▯m.▯These▯forests▯are▯similar▯to▯the▯east▯
Andean▯ mountain▯ forests▯ towards▯ the▯ Amazon▯ in▯ their▯ structure▯ and▯ in▯ most▯ ecological▯
features,▯but▯the▯species▯present▯are▯often▯different,▯having▯evolved▯in▯isolation▯during▯the▯
past▯5–10▯million▯years▯when▯the▯Andes▯mountain▯chain▯rose▯and▯the▯altitudinal▯zones▯were▯
isolated▯from▯each▯other▯on▯the▯eastern▯and▯western▯side.▯▯
The▯west▯Andean▯mountain▯forests▯are▯inhabited▯by▯the▯Awá,▯precisely▯in▯the▯border▯
zone▯between▯Ecuador▯and▯Colombia▯and▯this▯indigenous▯group▯has▯villages▯on▯both▯sides▯of▯
the▯international▯border.▯▯The▯ecosystem▯services▯provided▯by▯the▯west▯Andean▯mountain▯
forest▯are▯extremely▯important,▯not▯least▯to▯the▯Awá▯communities▯inhabiting▯them.▯These▯
people▯depend▯on▯the▯forest▯for▯a▯number▯of▯daily▯amenities.▯▯They▯hunt▯forest▯animals▯and▯
collect▯grubs▯and▯plant▯leaves,▯stems▯and▯roots▯for▯medicine,▯food,▯and▯construction▯and▯
tools.▯ The▯ importance▯ of▯ the▯ forests’▯ provision▯ of▯ services▯ to▯ this▯ community▯ cannot▯ be▯
overstated.▯In▯a▯larger▯societal▯context▯the▯forests▯provide▯some▯of▯the▯most▯biodiversity▯rich▯
areas▯in▯Ecuador.▯The▯very▯high▯precipitation▯associated▯with▯the▯forests▯in▯this▯region▯make▯
them▯so▯called▯pluvial▯forests▯and▯they▯contain▯many▯species▯found▯nowhere▯else▯in▯the▯
world.▯The▯mountain▯forests▯capture▯large▯amounts▯of▯water▯which▯is▯subsequently▯filtered▯
in▯ clear▯ rivers▯ trifling▯ down▯ the▯ slopes▯ with▯ water▯ which▯ is,▯ of▯ course,▯ one▯ of▯ the▯ most▯
important▯resources▯to▯all▯humans.▯
7. Lowland▯Chocó▯Rain▯Forest
The▯lowland▯Chocó▯rain▯forest▯covers▯about▯80▯km▯of▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border▯
on▯the▯Pacific▯coastal▯plain▯from▯sea▯level▯near▯the▯coast▯to▯700▯m▯elevation▯at▯the▯foot▯of▯
the▯Andes.▯ The▯Chocó▯ rainforest▯reaches▯from▯the▯Darien▯region▯ in▯Panama▯to▯northern▯
Ecuador.▯Structurally▯the▯forest▯is▯similar▯to▯other▯lowland▯tropical▯rain▯forests,▯with▯a▯dense▯
canopy▯30–35▯m▯above▯the▯ground▯and▯scattered▯emergent▯trees▯that▯may▯reach▯50▯meters▯
ͳͺ Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
height.▯There▯is▯an▯abundance▯of▯lianas▯and▯epiphytes▯and▯a▯sparse▯understory▯of▯shrubs,▯
except▯where▯a▯gap▯in▯the▯canopy▯lets▯the▯light▯penetrate▯to▯generate▯dense▯vegetation▯near▯
the▯forest▯floor.▯The▯forest▯is▯rich▯in▯palms,▯especially▯the▯oil▯producing▯Oenocarpus▯bataua▯
and▯the▯stilt▯root▯palm▯Iriartea▯deltoidea,▯which▯is▯much▯used▯in▯construction.▯Due▯to▯the▯
warm▯Panamanian▯sea▯current▯along▯the▯Pacific▯coast▯the▯Chocó▯region▯receives▯up▯to▯8,000▯
mm▯of▯rain▯per▯year,▯and▯it▯is▯among▯the▯wettest▯areas▯in▯the▯World▯(Schwerdtfeger▯1976).▯▯
The▯Chocó▯region▯is▯one▯of▯the▯World’s▯so▯called▯biodiversity▯hotspots▯(Myers▯2000)▯
because▯ of▯ the▯ exceptional▯ concentrations▯ of▯ endemic▯ species,▯ i.e.,▯ species▯ that▯ occur▯
nowhere▯else.▯▯(Figure▯8).▯▯The▯lowland▯Chocó▯rainforest▯in▯Ecuador▯is▯highly▯threatened▯due▯
to▯the▯expansion▯of▯the▯agricultural▯frontier▯over▯the▯past▯40▯years▯(Dodson▯&▯Gentry▯1991).▯▯
The▯best▯preserved▯parts▯of▯this▯forest▯are▯those▯along▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border.▯▯
▯
Figure▯ 8.▯ Map▯ of▯ north▯western▯ South▯ America▯ with▯ indication▯ of▯ the▯ extension▯ of▯ the▯
Tumbes▯Chocó▯Magdalena▯ biodiversity▯ hotspot,▯ which▯ includes▯ the▯ western▯ part▯ of▯ the▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯border▯(Source:▯Conservation▯International▯2010).▯
▯
▯
The▯ Tumbes▯Chocó▯Magdalena▯ biodiversity▯ hotspot,▯ which▯ includes▯ the▯ Chocó▯
rainforest▯of▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border▯region,▯is▯characterized▯by▯a▯great▯number▯of▯
endemic▯ animal▯ species▯ that,▯ at▯ the▯ same▯ time,▯ are▯ highly▯ threatened▯ (Table▯ 1).▯ ▯ The▯
diversity▯of▯species▯in▯the▯Tumbes▯Chocó▯Magdalena▯hotspot▯is▯stunning▯(Table▯2).▯▯▯
▯
Endemic▯Threatened▯Birds▯ 21
Endemic▯Threatened▯Mammals▯ 7
Endemic▯Threatened▯Amphibians▯ 8
▯
Table▯ 1.▯ Animal▯ species▯ threatened▯ with▯ extinction▯ in▯ the▯ Tumbes▯Chocó▯Magdalena▯
biodiversity▯hotspot▯(Conservation▯International▯2010).▯▯
ͳͻAnnex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
▯
Taxonomic▯ Endemic▯ Percent▯
Species
Group▯ Species Endemism
Plants▯ 11,000 2,750 25.0
Mammals▯ 285 11 3.9
Birds▯ 890 110 12.4
Reptiles▯ 327 98 30.0
Amphibians▯ 203 30 14.8
Freshwater▯
251 115 45.8
Fishes▯
▯
Table▯ 2.▯ Diversity▯ and▯ endemism▯ statistics▯ for▯ plants▯ and▯ animals▯ in▯ the▯ Tumbes▯Chocó▯
Magdalena▯biodiversity▯hotspot▯(Conservation▯International▯2010).▯▯
▯
The▯ estimated▯ number▯ of▯ plants▯ in▯ the▯ hotspot▯ is▯ 11,000,▯ of▯ which▯ 5,000▯ occur▯ in▯ the▯
Colombian▯part▯of▯Chocó▯which▯is▯often▯mentioned▯as▯the▯floristically▯richest▯area▯in▯tropical▯
America.▯The▯endemism▯is▯25%▯or,▯in▯other▯words,▯2,750▯of▯the▯plant▯species▯found▯in▯the▯
hotspot▯occur▯no▯where▯else▯in▯the▯world.▯This▯is▯caused▯by▯extreme▯rates▯of▯speciation,▯
possibly▯ in▯ connection▯ with▯ the▯ existence▯ of▯ rain▯ forest▯ refugia▯ in▯ the▯ region▯ during▯
Pleistocene▯glaciations,▯which▯elsewhere▯wiped▯out▯large▯amounts▯of▯biodiversity.▯Another▯
special▯ feature▯ of▯ the▯ lowland▯ Chocó▯ rain▯ forest▯ is▯ that▯ it▯ includes▯ many▯ species▯ that▯
otherwise▯ occur▯ in▯ the▯ mountain▯ forests▯ higher▯ up▯ the▯ slopes;▯ this▯ is▯ connected▯ to▯ the▯
extremely▯high▯rainfall.▯The▯mountain▯forest▯species▯that▯descend▯to▯the▯lowlands▯belong▯to▯
the▯genera▯Podocarpus,▯Talauma,▯Hedyosmum,▯Meliosma,▯Brunellia,▯Panopsis,▯and▯Ilex.▯
The▯hotspot▯is▯also▯globally▯important▯for▯bird▯endemism.▯There▯are▯close▯to▯900▯species▯of▯
birds▯in▯the▯hotspot▯and▯110▯of▯them▯are▯endemic▯and▯found▯nowhere▯else,▯and▯there▯are▯14▯
endemic▯genera▯of▯birds.▯Within▯the▯hotspot▯the▯Chocó▯is▯considered▯one▯of▯the▯world’s▯
most▯important▯and▯critically▯threatened▯Endemic▯Bird▯Areas▯(EBAs)▯(Stattersfield▯et▯al.▯
1998).▯A▯new▯bird▯species▯(Vireo▯masteri)▯was▯described▯from▯there▯as▯recently▯as▯1996▯
(Salaman▯&▯Stiles▯1996).▯
There▯ are▯ 285▯ mammal▯ species▯ in▯ the▯ hotspot,▯ 11▯ of▯ which▯ are▯ endemic.▯ Many▯
primates▯are▯among▯the▯flagship▯species▯of▯the▯hotspot,▯including▯spider▯monkeys▯(Ateles▯
spp.)▯ and▯ tamarins▯ (Saguinus▯ spp.)▯ of▯ which▯ the▯ white▯footed▯ tamarin▯ (S.▯ leucopus)▯ is▯
endemic▯to▯the▯Chocó.▯Apart▯from▯the▯spectacular▯endemic▯mammal▯fauna,▯the▯Chocó▯also▯
holds▯many▯more▯widespread▯species▯of▯the▯tropical▯rain▯forest,▯such▯as▯the▯jaguar▯(Panthera▯
ʹ’ Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
onca),▯Baird's▯tapir▯(Tapirus▯bairdii),▯the▯nine▯banded▯armadillo▯(Dasypus▯novemcinctus),▯and▯
the▯olingo▯(Bassaricyon▯gabbii).▯
There▯are▯over▯320▯reptiles,▯including▯nearly▯100▯endemic▯ones,▯in▯the▯hotspot.▯This▯
includes▯colubrid▯snakes▯(122▯species;▯16▯endemics),▯Anolis▯lizards▯(40▯species,▯30▯endemics).▯
In▯ addition▯ Dahl’s▯ toadhead▯ turtle▯ (Phrynops▯ dahli)▯ and▯ Dunns▯ mud▯ turtle▯ (Kinosternonn▯
dunni)▯are▯endemic▯to▯the▯hotspot,▯and▯the▯non▯endemic▯American▯crocodile▯(Crocodylus▯
acutus)▯is▯also▯found▯in▯the▯hotspot.▯
Amphibian▯diversity▯is▯also▯very▯high▯in▯the▯hotspot▯with▯200▯species▯including▯30▯
endemics.▯The▯best▯known▯ones▯are▯the▯poison▯dart▯frogs▯(Dendrobatidae).▯Among▯these▯the▯
bright▯yellow▯golden▯poison▯frog▯(Phyllobates▯terribilis)▯is▯found▯only▯in▯the▯southern▯Chocó;▯
it▯is▯one▯of▯the▯most▯poisonous▯vertebrates▯in▯the▯world.▯Many▯of▯these▯frogs▯have▯very▯small▯
distribution▯ranges,▯sometimes▯they▯are▯found▯in▯only▯a▯few▯square▯kilometers▯of▯land,▯and▯
therefore▯they▯are▯extremely▯susceptible▯to▯forest▯disturbance,▯be▯it▯deforestation▯or▯other▯
effects▯on▯the▯forest▯such▯as▯defoliation.▯Several▯species▯of▯poison▯dart▯frogs▯have▯already▯
disappeared▯ from▯ Ecuador▯ in▯ recent▯ years▯ (Saint▯ Louis▯ Zoo,▯ 2008).▯ ▯ Another▯ amphibian▯
species▯found▯in▯the▯Chocó▯region,▯the▯pink▯sided▯leaf▯frog▯(Agalychnis▯litodryas)▯is▯shown▯in▯
Figure▯9.▯▯
▯
Figure▯9.▯Pink▯sided▯leaf▯frog▯(Agalychnis▯litodryas),▯photographed▯in▯the▯Chocó▯Region▯of▯
Ecuador▯(Source:▯Conservation▯International▯Ecuador)▯
▯
The▯fish▯fauna▯of▯the▯hotspot▯includes▯some▯250▯species▯of▯which▯half▯are▯endemic.▯
ʹͳAnnex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
The▯ecosystem▯services▯provided▯by▯the▯lowland▯Chocó▯rain▯forest▯are▯similar▯to▯
those▯of▯the▯mountain▯forest▯found▯higher▯up▯the▯slopes.▯The▯Awá▯communities▯extend▯into▯
the▯lowland▯forest▯and▯depend▯on▯its▯services▯as▯they▯depend▯on▯the▯services▯of▯the▯
mountain▯forest.▯The▯importance▯of▯the▯Chocó▯forest▯as▯a▯biodiversity▯hotspot▯is▯also▯of▯
critical▯importance▯to▯the▯global▯community▯because▯many▯of▯the▯thousands▯of▯species▯
found▯there▯are▯endemic▯to▯the▯Chocó,▯i.e.▯they▯are▯found▯nowhere▯else▯in▯the▯world.▯
8. Mangroves
The▯15▯westernmost▯kilometers▯of▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border▯runs▯through▯the▯
mangrove▯forest.▯Mangroves▯occur▯along▯protected▯coastal▯areas▯where▯the▯tidal▯
movements▯of▯the▯sea▯form▯muddy▯beaches▯that▯are▯inundated▯by▯salt▯▯or▯brackish▯water▯on▯
a▯daily▯basis▯(Tomlinson▯1986).▯These▯forests▯may▯be▯up▯30▯meters▯tall▯under▯natural▯
conditions▯(Acosta▯Solis▯1959,▯Little▯&▯Dixon▯1969)▯and▯they▯are▯characterized▯by▯trees▯with▯a▯
dense▯tangle▯of▯arching▯roots▯at▯the▯base▯that▯help▯anchor▯them▯in▯the▯unstable▯substrate.▯
The▯dominant▯trees▯towards▯the▯sea▯side▯are▯Rhizophora▯mangle▯and▯R.▯harrisonii▯whereas▯
Avicennia▯germinans,▯Laguncularia▯racemosa,▯and▯Conocarpus▯erectus▯are▯common▯on▯the▯
landward▯edge.▯The▯mangroves▯along▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border▯are▯the▯largest▯in▯
Ecuador▯and▯the▯only▯ones▯where▯the▯mangrove▯tree▯Pelliciera▯rhizophorae▯can▯be▯found;▯
this▯is▯a▯rare▯mangrove▯plant▯with▯a▯very▯restricted▯distribution▯along▯the▯Pacific▯coast▯from▯
Ecuador▯to▯Costa▯Rica▯(Neill▯1999).▯▯
▯ Mangroves▯are▯well▯known▯for▯their▯multitude▯of▯ecosystem▯services.▯Their▯position▯
in▯the▯tidal▯zone▯makes▯them▯important▯for▯many▯species▯of▯marine▯life.▯▯The▯tidal▯zone▯
placement▯produces▯a▯salinity▯gradient▯and▯each▯zone▯has▯its▯own▯fish▯▯and▯invertebrate▯
fauna,▯so▯in▯a▯very▯limited▯space▯fishermen▯can▯find▯a▯wide▯range▯of▯different▯species.▯▯
Mangrove▯ecosystems▯are▯also▯important▯as▯hatchment▯areas▯for▯larvae▯of▯a▯variety▯of▯
marine▯organisms,▯including▯shrimp▯and▯lobster.▯▯Many▯of▯these▯species,▯including▯oysters,▯
crab,▯lobster,▯shrimp▯and▯many▯types▯of▯fish▯are▯important▯to▯local▯human▯diets.▯▯Mangroves▯
also▯provide▯an▯important▯habitat▯for▯a▯variety▯of▯bird▯species,▯many▯of▯which▯are▯residents▯
of▯the▯Cayapas▯Mataje▯mangrove▯protected▯area▯along▯the▯Colombian▯border.▯▯Mangroves▯
have▯even▯been▯used▯as▯a▯source▯of▯building▯materials.▯▯▯
ʹʹ Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
▯
B. Biodiversity▯
In▯Ecuador’s▯three▯provinces▯bordering▯Colombia▯there▯are▯2,333▯species▯of▯vascular▯
plants▯in▯Esmeraldas,▯2,911▯species▯in▯Carchi▯and▯1,888▯species▯in▯Sucumbíos▯(Table▯3).▯Since▯
some▯of▯the▯species▯occur▯in▯more▯than▯one▯of▯the▯provinces▯the▯total▯number▯of▯registered▯
vascular▯plant▯species▯ in▯the▯three▯provinces▯is▯5,444,▯representing▯more▯than▯ one▯third▯
(36%)▯of▯the▯total▯Ecuadorian▯biodiversity▯which▯includes▯15,900▯species▯of▯vascular▯plants▯
(Jørgensen▯&▯León▯Yanez▯1999).▯The▯three▯provinces▯together▯cover▯13%▯of▯Ecuador’s▯land▯
area.▯
▯ Esmeraldas Carchi Sucumbíos▯
Esmeraldas▯ ▯ 2333 0.30 0.19▯
Carchi▯ 793 2911 0.21▯
Sucumbíos▯ 393 503 1888▯
▯
Table▯3.▯Number▯of▯vascular▯plant▯species▯in▯Ecuador’s▯Esmeraldas,▯Carchi▯and▯Sucumbíos▯
provinces.▯The▯numbers▯in▯bold▯type▯indicate▯the▯total▯number▯of▯vascular▯plant▯species▯in▯
each▯ province;▯ the▯ lower▯ left▯ part▯ of▯ the▯ table▯ has▯ the▯ number▯ of▯ overlapping▯ species▯
between▯ the▯ three▯ provinces;▯ and▯ the▯ upper▯ right▯ part▯ of▯ the▯ table▯ has▯ the▯ Sørensen’s▯
Similarity▯Index▯between▯the▯species▯assemblages▯in▯the▯three▯provinces.▯This▯index▯varies▯
from▯zero▯(0=no▯shared▯species)▯to▯one▯(1=all▯species▯are▯the▯same).▯
▯
The▯overlap▯between▯the▯species▯assemblages▯of▯the▯three▯border▯provinces▯is▯19–
30%▯attesting▯to▯a▯very▯large▯variation▯in▯plant▯species▯along▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border▯
region▯(Table▯3).▯
The▯dominant▯plant▯families▯in▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border▯region▯are▯the▯orchids,▯
the▯ aroids▯ and▯ the▯ melastomes▯ (Table▯ 4).▯ The▯ two▯ first▯ of▯ these▯ are▯ predominantly▯
epiphytes,▯i.e.,▯plants▯growing▯on▯the▯branches▯and▯stems▯of▯other▯plants▯using▯them▯for▯
support▯but▯without▯truly▯parasitizing▯them▯(Figure▯10).▯The▯shrubs▯are▯largely▯plants▯that▯fill▯
the▯undergrowth▯of▯the▯forest.▯Herbs▯are▯non▯woody▯plants▯growing▯on▯the▯ground▯–▯the▯
high▯number▯of▯grasses▯(family▯Poaceae)▯in▯the▯Carchi▯province▯is▯because▯ this▯plant▯family▯is▯
particularly▯diverse▯in▯the▯grass▯páramo▯ecosystems▯found▯there.▯▯While▯Table▯4▯represents▯
the▯most▯dominant▯species,▯the▯families▯listed▯in▯the▯table▯represent▯only▯a▯fraction▯of▯the▯
many▯plant▯species▯present▯in▯Ecuador’s▯border▯provinces.▯
▯
ʹ͵Annex 4
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
Plant▯family▯ Life▯form▯ Esmeraldas▯ Carchi▯ Sucumbíos▯
Orchidaceae▯ epiphytes 331 501 295▯
Araceae▯ epiphytes 137 82 49▯
Melastomataceae▯ shrubs▯ 101 104 82▯
Piperaceae▯ shrubs▯ 73 85 ▯▯
Bromeliaceae▯ epiphytes 71 ▯ ▯▯
Gesneriaceae▯ epiphytes 69 81 ▯▯
Rubiaceae▯ shrubs▯ 66 91 69▯
Dryopteridaceae▯ herbs▯ 63 ▯ ▯▯
Poaceae▯ herbs▯ 60 118 43▯
Asteraceae▯ shrubs▯ ▯ 173 ▯▯
Solanaceae▯ shrubs▯ ▯ 74 60▯
Moraceae▯▯ trees▯ ▯ ▯ 57▯
Mimosaceae▯ trees▯ ▯ ▯ 54▯
Arecaceae▯ trees▯ ▯ ▯ 42▯
Ericaceae▯ shrubs▯ ▯ ▯ 41▯
▯
Table▯4.▯Number▯of▯species▯of▯vascular▯plants▯in▯the▯most▯diverse▯families▯in▯Ecuador’s▯three▯
provinces▯ bordering▯ Colombia.▯ The▯ column▯Life▯ form▯ indicates▯ the▯ most▯ common▯ growth▯
form▯for▯the▯species▯in▯each▯family▯(Data▯from▯Jørgensen▯&▯Yanés▯León▯1999).▯
▯
▯
▯
Figure▯10.▯Epiphytes▯belonging▯to▯the▯orchid▯and▯bromeliad▯families▯sharing▯their▯habitat▯
with▯mosses▯and▯ferns▯on▯the▯branches▯of▯rain▯forest▯trees.▯(Source:▯Mongabay.com)▯
▯
▯
The▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border▯region▯is▯not▯only▯rich▯in▯plant▯species.▯The▯distribution▯of▯
mammal▯species▯diversity▯in▯the▯Americas▯shows▯that▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border▯region▯
lies▯right▯in▯the▯maximum▯diversity▯area▯with▯as▯many▯as▯274▯species▯(Schipper▯et▯al.▯2008).▯
ʹͶ Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
Likewise,▯ the▯ distribution▯ of▯ South▯ American▯ bird▯ species▯ is▯ highly▯ centered▯ around▯ the▯
Andean▯Cordillera,▯and▯precisely▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border▯area▯is▯the▯richest▯in▯bird▯
species▯of▯all▯bird▯areas▯in▯the▯Americas▯(Rahbek▯&▯Graves▯2001)▯(Figure▯13).▯
▯
Figure▯ 11.▯ The▯ distribution▯ of▯ mammal▯ (left)▯ and▯ bird▯ (right)▯ species▯ richness▯ in▯ the▯
Americas.▯The▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border▯region▯(circled)▯stands▯out▯as▯the▯richest▯region▯for▯
both▯mammals▯with▯close▯to▯300▯species▯and▯birds▯with▯over▯1500▯species▯(Source:▯Schipper▯
et▯al.▯2008;▯Rahbek▯&▯Graves▯2001).▯
▯
▯
Given▯ their▯ uniqueness▯ and▯ tremendous▯ biodiversity,▯ a▯ significant▯ investment▯ of▯
research▯time▯and▯funding▯has▯been▯dedicated▯to▯the▯study▯of▯Ecuador’s▯ecosystems.▯▯For▯
example,▯a▯well▯studied▯50▯hectare▯plot▯is▯located▯in▯the▯1.6▯million▯hectare▯Yasuni▯National▯
Park▯and▯Huarani▯territory▯some▯100▯kilometers▯south▯of▯the▯Colombian▯border▯and▯230▯
meters▯above▯sea▯level.▯In▯that▯plot▯all▯trees▯with▯stems▯more▯than▯one▯centimeter▯thick▯
have▯been▯inventoried,▯marked▯and▯mapped▯and▯they▯are▯being▯censused▯at▯regular▯intervals▯
to▯ follow▯ the▯ growth▯ of▯ trees,▯ the▯ mortality,▯ the▯ diversity▯ and▯ the▯ distribution▯ along▯
ecological▯gradients.▯The▯forest▯in▯Yasuni▯is▯evergreen▯lowland▯wet▯rainforest▯with▯a▯canopy▯
30–35▯m▯tall▯with▯some▯emergent▯trees▯reaching▯40▯meters▯or▯occasionally▯65▯meters▯in▯
height.▯The▯largest▯trees▯are▯over▯2▯m▯in▯diameter,▯for▯instance▯in▯Ceiba▯pentandra▯(Figure▯
12)▯and▯Tessmannianthus▯heterostemon.▯
ʹͷAnnex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
▯
Figure▯ 12.▯ Ceiba▯ pentandra▯ is▯ one▯ of▯ the▯ emergent▯ species▯ in▯ the▯ lowland▯ Amazon▯
rainforest.▯▯(Source:▯Mongabay.com)▯
▯
▯
The▯forest▯where▯this▯plot▯is▯located▯is▯in▯a▯building▯phase▯and▯appears▯to▯not▯have▯
been▯disturbed▯for▯centuries.▯The▯forest▯is▯the▯home▯to▯a▯rich▯fauna,▯including▯harpy▯eagle,▯
macaws,▯guans,▯and▯a▯good▯puma▯population.▯There▯are▯also▯giant▯ant▯eaters,▯white▯lipped▯
peccaries,▯tapirs▯and▯jaguars.▯There▯are▯11▯primates▯in▯the▯forest▯around▯the▯plot,▯including▯
woolly▯monkeys▯(Valencia▯et▯al.▯2004a,▯Figure▯10a).▯
Yasuni▯stands▯at▯the▯cross▯roads▯of▯diversity▯of▯many▯groups▯of▯organisms▯(Figure▯13).▯
The▯ area▯ has▯ outstanding▯ global▯ conservation▯ significance▯ due▯ to▯ its▯ extraordinary▯
biodiversity▯and▯potential▯to▯sustain▯this▯biodiversity▯in▯the▯long▯term▯because▯of▯its▯large▯
size▯and▯wilderness▯character,▯its▯intact▯large▯vertebrate▯assemblage.▯Yasuni▯National▯Park▯is▯
classified▯in▯the▯World▯Conservation▯Union▯(IUCN)▯system▯as▯a▯level▯II▯protection▯area▯which▯
means▯that▯it▯is▯a▯large▯natural▯area▯set▯aside▯to▯protect▯large▯scale▯ecological▯processes,▯
along▯ with▯ the▯ complement▯ of▯ species▯ and▯ ecosystems▯ characteristic▯ of▯ the▯ area▯
(www.iucn.org).▯▯
ʹ Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
▯
VENEZUELA
▯
▯ GUYANA
COLOMBIA
▯
▯
▯ ECUADOR Diversity Center Overlap
4 Groups
BRAZIL
▯ 3 Groups
▯ 2 Groups
1 Group
▯
Yasuni National Park
▯
▯
PERU
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
BOLIVIA
▯ KILOMETERS 0 200 400 600
▯ MILES 0 100 200 300 CHILE
▯
Figure▯13.▯The▯Yasuni▯National▯Park,▯just▯south▯of▯the▯Colombia▯Ecuador▯border▯region▯(blue▯
line)▯lies▯in▯the▯exact▯overlap▯zone▯of▯maximum▯diversity▯of▯four▯major▯groups▯of▯organisms▯
(plants,▯mammals,▯birds,▯amphibians).▯(Source:▯Adapted▯from▯Bass▯et▯al.▯2010).▯
▯
▯
C. Protected▯Areas▯in▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯
Ecuador▯ has▯ a▯ number▯ of▯ protected▯ areas▯ along▯ its▯ international▯ border▯ with▯ Colombia▯
(Figure▯14).▯
ʹAnnex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
▯ Cayapas-Mataje
Reserve
LEGEND
▯ Protected Areas
Awá Indigenous Ecuador-Colombia
and ▯orest Reserve Border
COLOMBIA
▯ 0 20 40 60 80 100
KILOMETERS
Cotaca▯hi-Cayapas El Ángel 0 10 20 30 40 50
Ecological Reserve Ecological Reserve MILES
▯
ECUADOR Cofán-Bermejo
Pulluahhua Cayambe-Coca Ecological Reserve
Geobotanical Ecological Reserve and Indigenous Territory
Reserve
▯ Antisana Cuyabeno Faunistic
Ecological Reserve Limoncocha Production Reserve
Pasochoa Ecological Reserve
Wild Life Refuge Sumaco Yasuní
Napo-Galearas
National Park National Park
▯
Figure▯ 14.▯ Protected▯ areas▯ and▯ indigenous▯ reserves▯ along▯ the▯ Ecuador▯Colombia▯ border▯
region▯ include▯ the▯ Cuyabeno▯ Faunistic▯ Production▯ Reserve,▯ the▯ Cofán▯Bermejo▯ Ecological▯
Reserve▯and▯Indigenous▯Territory,▯the▯El▯Angel▯Ecological▯Reserve,▯the▯Awá▯Indigenous▯and▯
Forest▯Reserve,▯and▯the▯Cayapas▯Mataje▯Ecological▯Reserve.▯
▯
▯
1. Cayapas▯Mataje▯Ecological▯Reserve▯▯
Established▯in▯1995,▯this▯51,300▯hectare▯reserve,▯located▯south▯of▯the▯Mataje▯River▯
along▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border▯at▯the▯Pacific▯coast,▯is▯covered▯by▯mangrove▯forests,▯
estuaries,▯marshland,▯dry▯forest▯and▯shoreline▯and▯inhabited▯by▯a▯range▯of▯species▯adapted▯
to▯ tolerate▯ salt▯water.▯ The▯ most▯ notable▯ plant▯ in▯ this▯ mangrove▯ may▯ be▯ Pelliciera▯
rhizophorae▯ (Figure▯ 15).▯ This▯ species▯ was▯ widespread▯ in▯ the▯ Caribbean▯ and▯ in▯ Central▯
America▯in▯the▯Tertiary▯period▯(65–2▯million▯years▯ago),▯but▯has▯disappeared▯from▯many▯of▯
its▯former▯localities▯where▯it▯has▯been▯documented▯in▯the▯pollen▯record.▯Nowadays▯only▯few▯
and▯scattered▯populations▯are▯left▯in▯the▯mangroves▯along▯the▯Caribbean▯coast▯of▯Central▯
America▯and▯some▯sites▯along▯the▯Pacific▯coast▯of▯South▯America.▯The▯population▯in▯the▯
Cayapas▯Mataje▯Ecological▯Reserve▯represents▯the▯southernmost▯extension▯of▯this▯rare▯and▯
beautiful▯species▯(Jiménez▯1984).▯▯
ʹͺ Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
▯
▯
Figure▯ 15.▯ Pelliciera▯ rhizophorae,▯ a▯ rare▯ mangrove▯ tree▯ with▯ a▯ relict▯ population▯ in▯ the▯
Cayapas▯Mataje▯Ecological▯Reserve.▯
▯
2. The▯Awá▯Indigenous▯and▯Forest▯Reserve▯
The▯Awá▯Indigenous▯and▯Forest▯Reserve▯(Reserva▯Étnica▯y▯Forestal▯Awá▯in▯Spanish),▯
established▯in▯1998,▯straddles▯the▯border▯between▯the▯Esmeraldas▯and▯Carchi▯provinces▯and▯
covers▯a▯total▯of▯120,000▯hectares.▯The▯reserve▯is▯matched▯by▯a▯reserve▯with▯the▯same▯name▯
on▯the▯Colombian▯side▯of▯the▯border▯which▯is▯280,000▯hectares▯in▯size.▯The▯Awá▯territory▯has▯
65%▯coverage▯of▯well▯conserved▯primary▯forest▯and▯stretches▯from▯the▯lowland▯Chocó▯rain▯
forest▯ to▯ humid▯ mountain▯▯ and▯ cloud▯ forests▯ at▯ the▯ highest▯ elevations.▯ Its▯ status▯ as▯ an▯
indigenous▯and▯forest▯reserve▯provides▯good▯protection▯of▯these▯forests.▯The▯Federation▯of▯
Awá▯centers▯within▯the▯reserve▯are▯currently▯carrying▯out▯a▯project▯with▯the▯purpose▯of▯
establishing▯a▯management▯plan▯for▯the▯conservation▯and▯sustainable▯use▯of▯the▯biodiversity▯
in▯the▯Awá▯indigenous▯territory.▯
▯ Within▯the▯reserve,▯170▯species▯of▯birds▯have▯been▯registered;▯including▯species▯that▯
are▯threatened▯with▯extinction▯and▯others▯that▯are▯endemic▯to▯the▯Chocó▯hotspot▯such▯as▯
the▯ Banded▯ Ground▯cuckoo▯ (Neomorphus▯ radiolosus),▯ the▯ Baudo▯ Guan▯(Penelope▯ ortoni),▯
and▯the▯Yellow▯green▯Bush▯tanager▯(Chlorospingus▯flavovirens).▯(BirdLife▯International▯2010).▯
ʹͻAnnex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
Among▯other▯important▯animal▯species▯found▯in▯the▯reserve▯are:▯the▯Brown▯Headed▯Spider▯
monkey▯(Ateles▯fusciceps),▯the▯Ecuadorian▯Sac▯Winged▯Bat▯(Balantiopteryx▯infusca),▯the▯Bush▯
Dog▯ (Speothos▯ venaticus),▯ Baird’s▯ Tapir▯ (Tapirus▯ bairdii),▯ Jaguar▯ (Panthera▯ onca),▯ Central▯
American▯Woolly▯Opposum▯(Caluromys▯derbianus),▯Oncilla▯(Leopardus▯triginus),▯Neotropical▯
Otter▯(Lontra▯longicaudis),▯Bushy▯Tailed▯Olingo▯(Bassaricyon▯gabbii),▯Greater▯Long▯tailed▯Bat▯
(Choeroniscus▯periosus),▯Hairy▯Little▯Fruit▯Bat▯(Rhinophylla▯alethina),▯Northern▯Naked▯tailed▯
Armadillo▯ (Cabassous▯ centralis),▯ Pacarana▯ (Dinomys▯ branickii),▯ Mountain▯ Paca▯ (Agouti▯
taczanowskii),▯ Crab▯eating▯ Ra▯ (Ichthyomys▯ hydrobates)▯ and▯ Spectacled▯ Bear▯ (Tremarctos▯
ornatus)▯(Figure▯16).▯▯
▯
Figure▯16.▯The▯Andean▯Bear▯(Tremarctos▯ornatus),▯one▯of▯the▯flagship▯species▯found▯in▯the▯
west▯Andean▯montane▯forest▯for▯instance▯in▯the▯Awá▯Indigenous▯and▯Forest▯Reserve▯(Source:▯
Lincoln▯Park▯Zoo)▯
▯
There▯are▯also▯several▯timber▯tree▯species▯including▯Chanul▯(Humiriastrum▯procerum),▯
Ceibo▯(Ceiba▯pentandra)▯(Figure▯17),▯Anime▯(Protium▯ecuadorense),▯Sande▯(Brosimum▯utile)▯
and▯Copal▯(Dacryodes▯occidentalis).▯This▯tremendous▯rich▯fauna▯and▯flora▯is▯a▯testimony▯to▯
the▯original▯state▯of▯the▯lowland▯Chocó▯rain▯forest▯and▯the▯mountain▯▯and▯cloud▯forests▯that▯
covers▯the▯western▯section▯of▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border▯in▯this▯region.▯
͵’ Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
▯
▯
Figure▯17.▯Ceibo▯tree▯in▯Northern▯Ecuador▯(Source:▯Wolfgang▯Kaehler/Picade).▯
▯
͵ͳAnnex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
3. El▯Angel▯Ecological▯Reserve
The▯flora▯and▯fauna▯of▯the▯Chiles▯Volcano▯and▯its▯surrounding▯páramos▯are▯protected▯
in▯a▯15,715▯hectare▯large▯ecological▯reserve▯established▯in▯1992▯(Coello▯1994).▯The▯most▯
conspicuous▯ species▯ in▯ this▯ reserve▯ is▯ without▯ doubt▯ the▯ giant▯ rosette▯ plant▯ Espeletia▯
pycnophylla▯in▯the▯dandelion▯family,▯a▯species▯endemic▯to▯the▯páramos▯on▯each▯side▯of▯the▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯border.▯The▯genus▯Espeletia▯with▯some▯130▯species▯is▯distributed▯in▯the▯
páramos▯from▯Venezuela▯to▯southern▯Colombia.▯A▯single▯species,▯E.▯pycnophylla▯drops▯over▯
the▯border▯into▯Ecuador,▯and▯it▯also▯has▯a▯relict▯population▯further▯south▯in▯the▯Llanganates▯
páramos▯east▯of▯Baños▯and▯Ambato.▯
4. Cofán▯Bermejo▯Ecological▯Reserve
This▯reserve▯covers▯55,451▯hectares▯of▯tropical▯lowland▯rainforest▯in▯northeastern▯
Ecuador▯along▯the▯border▯with▯Colombia.▯The▯reserve▯was▯created▯in▯2002▯and▯the▯Cofán▯
people▯were▯entrusted▯with▯the▯sustainable▯management▯of▯the▯area▯(Abbey▯et▯al.▯2009).▯▯
The▯ forests▯ of▯ the▯ Cofán▯Bermejo▯ Ecological▯ Reserve▯ have▯ been▯ inhabited▯ for▯
centuries▯by▯the▯indigenous▯Cofán▯people,▯who▯now▯live▯in▯four▯small▯communities▯along▯the▯
Aguarico,▯Bermejo,▯and▯Chandia▯Na’e▯Rivers.▯The▯Cofán▯are▯indigenous▯to▯the▯Aguarico▯and▯
San▯Miguel▯watersheds▯of▯northeastern▯Ecuador▯and▯southern▯Colombia.▯Their▯language▯is▯
linguistically▯unique,▯with▯no▯close▯living▯relative,▯though▯it▯shares▯some▯features▯with▯the▯
Chibchan▯ languages▯ of▯ central▯ Colombia▯ and▯ western▯ Ecuador.▯ The▯ Ecuadorian▯ Cofán▯
number▯about▯1,200▯native▯speakers▯in▯13▯isolated▯communities▯in▯the▯Andean▯foothills▯and▯
Amazonian▯lowlands▯(Cepek,▯per.▯com.).▯Nearly▯a▯third▯of▯these▯—▯about▯320▯people▯—▯live▯
in▯ the▯ Cofán▯Bermejo▯ Ecological▯ Reserve.▯ Given▯ the▯ tiny▯ “footprint”▯ of▯ these▯ four▯
communities▯ and▯ the▯ immensity▯ of▯ the▯ forests▯ surrounding▯ them,▯ most▯ of▯ the▯ foothills▯
remain▯wilderness,▯with▯a▯regional▯population▯density▯of▯less▯than▯half▯a▯person▯per▯square▯
kilometer.▯ Due▯ to▯ their▯ knowledge,▯ use,▯ and▯ historical▯ residence▯ of▯ the▯ area,▯ and▯ their▯
growing▯involvement▯in▯conservation▯initiatives,▯the▯Cofán▯are▯critical▯players▯in▯the▯long▯
term▯conservation▯of▯the▯region.▯The▯largest▯and▯most▯accessible▯Cofán▯community▯in▯the▯
region▯ is▯ Soquié,▯ located▯ along▯ the▯ San▯ Miguel▯ River.▯ Cofán▯ park▯ guards▯ patrol▯ a▯ large▯
segment▯ of▯ the▯ reserve,▯ under▯ an▯ agreement▯ with▯ the▯ Ecuadorian▯ Ministry▯ of▯ the▯
Environment.▯Most▯of▯the▯day▯to▯day▯activity▯in▯Cofán▯communities▯is▯still▯devoted▯to▯small▯
scale▯ agriculture,▯ hunting,▯ fishing,▯ and▯ craft▯making▯ for▯ tourism.▯ These▯ activities▯ are▯
͵ʹ Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
complemented▯ by▯ the▯ harvest▯ of▯ medicinal▯ forest▯ products▯ like▯ uña▯ de▯ gato▯ (the▯ liana▯
Uncaria▯ tomentosa,▯ Rubiaceae)▯ and▯ sangre▯ de▯ drago▯ (the▯ tree▯ Croton▯ lechleri,▯
Euphorbiaceae).▯▯
The▯forests▯around▯Bermejo▯have▯remained▯exceptionally▯well▯preserved.▯They▯are▯
marked▯by▯an▯extremely▯diverse▯and▯complex▯plant▯community,▯due▯to▯the▯fact▯that▯two▯of▯
the▯ largest▯ floras▯ on▯ Earth▯ —▯ the▯ Amazonian▯ and▯ the▯ Andean▯ —▯ converge▯ in▯ this▯ area.▯▯
During▯July▯and▯August▯of▯2001▯a▯Rapid▯Inventory▯team▯assessed▯the▯biodiversity▯in▯what▯was▯
to▯ become▯ the▯ Cofán▯Bermejo▯ Ecological▯ Reserve▯ (Pitman▯ et▯ al.▯ 2002).▯ ▯ ▯ Among▯ other▯
findings,▯at▯least▯15▯of▯the▯plant▯species▯that▯the▯rapid▯assessment▯team▯registered▯during▯its▯
inventory▯ are▯ endemic▯ to▯ Ecuador.▯ ▯ Perhaps▯ the▯ best▯ example▯ of▯ a▯ species▯ with▯ a▯ very▯
restricted▯ range▯ in▯ the▯ Cofán▯Bermejo▯ Ecological▯ Reserve▯ is▯ a▯shrub▯ in▯ the▯ guava▯ family,▯
Calyptranthes▯ishoaquinicca▯(Myrtaceae),▯that▯was▯previously▯used▯by▯Cofán▯communities▯
for▯ coming▯of▯age▯ ceremonies,▯ and▯ the▯ Cofán▯ confirmed▯ that▯ the▯ plant▯ had▯ never▯ been▯
found▯anywhere▯but▯a▯small▯area▯in▯the▯vicinity▯of▯the▯community▯of▯Sinangoe.▯▯▯A▯more▯
complete▯summary▯of▯the▯rapid▯assessment▯results▯is▯found▯in▯Box▯2.▯▯
͵͵Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
▯
Box▯2.▯Rapid▯Assessment▯Results▯for▯the▯Cofán▯Bermejo▯Ecological▯Reserve▯(Pitman▯et▯al.▯
2002)▯
▯
▯▯ Plants:▯The▯rapid▯assessment▯team▯registered▯over▯1,000▯species▯out▯of▯an▯estimated▯regional▯flora▯of▯
2,000–3,000▯species.▯Nearly▯all▯plant▯families▯and▯genera▯found▯in▯the▯lower▯parts▯of▯the▯area▯are▯shared▯
with▯Amazonian▯forests.▯In▯a▯canopy▯tree▯transects,▯the▯team▯recorded▯nearly▯60▯different▯species▯in▯a▯
sample▯of▯100▯trees.▯Palms▯are▯a▯dominant▯family,▯along▯with▯legumes,▯Myristicaceae,▯Vochysiaceae,▯
Meliaceae,▯and▯several▯others.▯The▯most▯common▯tree▯here,▯as▯in▯most▯of▯eastern▯Ecuador,▯is▯the▯palm▯
Iriartea▯deltoidea.▯In▯Bermejo,▯as▯much▯as▯20%▯of▯the▯canopy▯at▯the▯higher▯elevations▯was▯taken▯up▯by▯
Billia▯rosea▯(Hippocastanaceae).▯Several▯of▯the▯ridges▯were▯topped▯with▯stunted▯vegetation▯and▯a▯flora▯
characteristic▯ of▯ acidic▯ soils.▯ On▯ one▯ such▯ site▯ in▯ Bermejo,▯ the▯ team▯ collected▯Purdiaea▯ nutans▯
(Cyrillaceae),▯a▯treelet▯previously▯known▯only▯from▯the▯acidic▯mountains▯in▯southern▯Ecuador.▯Orchids,▯
ferns,▯and▯aroids▯were▯very▯abundant▯and▯very▯diverse.▯The▯rich▯herbaceous▯community▯was▯especially▯
apparent▯on▯the▯2,275▯meter▯summit▯just▯south▯of▯Sur▯Pax,▯where▯the▯low,▯open,▯and▯disturbed▯forest▯is▯
buried▯under▯an▯extravagance▯of▯epiphytic▯mosses▯and▯wildflowers.▯
▯
▯▯▯ Amphibians▯and▯reptiles:▯The▯herpetological▯team▯registered▯31▯species,▯including▯17▯frogs▯and▯toads,▯
six▯species▯of▯snakes,▯a▯caecilian,▯a▯salamander,▯and▯six▯lizards,▯including▯an▯apparently▯undescribed▯
species▯in▯the▯genus▯Dactyloa.▯They▯found▯a▯lizard▯Cercosaura▯ocellata,▯a▯species▯never▯before▯recorded▯
in▯ Ecuador.▯ As▯ in▯ other▯ amphibian▯ communities▯ around▯ the▯ world,▯ population▯ declines▯ and▯
disappearances▯have▯been▯recorded▯just▯south▯of▯the▯Serranías▯Cofán▯and▯may▯be▯spreading▯through▯the▯
apparently▯pristine▯areas.▯The▯situation▯appears▯particularly▯critical▯for▯several▯species▯of▯glass▯frogs▯
(Centrolenidae)▯and▯poison▯arrow▯frogs▯in▯the▯genus▯Colostethus,▯which▯have▯disappeared▯from▯some▯
streams▯and▯waterfalls▯in▯the▯Cayambe▯Coca▯Ecological▯Reserve▯over▯the▯last▯decade▯(F.▯Campos,▯pers.▯
obs.).▯▯
▯
▯▯ Birds:▯The▯rapid▯assessment▯team▯registered▯significant▯range▯extensions,▯for▯many▯bird▯species,▯and▯
many▯rare▯birds▯were▯frequent▯and▯abundant▯in▯the▯area▯including▯large▯populations▯of▯Campylopterus▯
villaviscensio▯ (Napo▯ Sabrewing),▯ Phylloscartes▯ gualaquizae▯ (Ecuadorian▯ Tyrannulet),▯ and▯ Snowornis▯
subalaris▯(Gray▯tailed▯Piha).▯The▯team▯recorded▯399▯bird▯species▯and▯estimated▯a▯regional▯total▯of▯700.▯
Perhaps▯the▯most▯notable▯sighting▯was▯of▯the▯Foothill▯Elaenia,▯Myiopagis▯olallai,▯a▯bird▯described▯so▯
recently▯by▯scientists▯(Coopmans▯&▯Krabbe▯2000)▯that▯it▯does▯not▯even▯appear▯in▯The▯Birds▯of▯Ecuador▯
(Ridgely▯&▯Greenfield▯2001).▯Although▯M.▯olallai▯had▯been▯known▯from▯just▯three▯localities▯in▯Ecuador▯
and▯Peru,▯this▯new▯register,▯less▯than▯10▯km▯from▯the▯Colombian▯border,▯almost▯guarantees▯that▯the▯
species▯eventually▯will▯be▯recorded▯in▯that▯country▯as▯well.▯Just▯as▯significant▯was▯a▯sighting▯of▯the▯Black▯
Tinamou,▯Tinamus▯osgoodi,▯previously▯known▯only▯from▯one▯site▯in▯Colombia▯and▯another▯in▯southern▯
Peru.▯Although▯ornithologists▯never▯had▯recorded▯this▯species▯in▯Ecuador▯before▯the▯team▯saw▯and▯
heard▯it▯on▯the▯Shishicho▯ridge,▯and▯the▯Cofán▯accompanying▯the▯team▯reported▯having▯seen▯the▯same▯
species▯ as▯ far▯ south▯ as▯ the▯ San▯ Rafael▯ falls.▯ Throughout▯ the▯ area▯ the▯ team▯ encountered▯ large▯
populations▯of▯showy▯bird▯species▯that▯are▯typically▯vulnerable▯to▯hunting,▯including▯the▯Military▯Macaw▯
(Ara▯militaris),▯Salvin’s▯Curassow▯(Crax▯salvini),▯and▯the▯Wattled▯Guan▯(Aburria▯aburri).▯The▯implication▯is▯
that▯the▯Cofán▯foothills▯may▯be▯an▯important▯sanctuary▯for▯species▯whose▯populations▯are▯declining▯over▯
large▯areas▯elsewhere▯in▯eastern▯Ecuador.▯
▯
▯▯ Mammals:▯The▯rapid▯assessment▯team▯found▯a▯very▯diverse,▯intact▯mammalian▯fauna,▯including▯12▯
species▯of▯monkeys▯and▯large▯populations▯of▯several▯globally▯threatened▯species.▯Perhaps▯the▯most▯
significant▯ individual▯ sighting▯ was▯ of▯ the▯ rare▯ Shorteared▯ Dog,▯ Atelocynus▯ microtis,▯ at▯ the▯ highest▯
elevation▯(1,200▯m)▯recorded▯for▯the▯species.▯The▯team▯confirmed▯the▯presence▯of▯42▯species▯of▯large▯
mammals▯in▯the▯area,▯more▯than▯half▯of▯these▯globally▯threatened▯or▯rare.▯Twenty▯five▯species▯on▯the▯list▯
are▯included▯in▯CITES▯Appendices▯I▯(globally▯threatened)▯or▯II▯(potentially▯threatened),▯including▯the▯12▯
species▯of▯monkeys.▯Many▯of▯these▯vulnerable▯species▯are▯abundant▯in▯the▯area.▯Especially▯common▯
were▯ spectacled▯ bears▯ (Tremarctos▯ ornatus),▯ tapirs▯ (Tapirus▯ terrestris),▯ woolly▯ monkeys▯ (Lagothrix▯
lagothricha),▯and▯collared▯peccaries▯(Tayassu▯tajacu).▯It▯is▯worth▯noting,▯as▯an▯example▯of▯how▯poorly▯
known▯the▯area▯remains,▯that▯one▯of▯the▯favorite▯food▯plants▯of▯the▯spectacled▯bear▯on▯Cerro▯Sur▯Pax,▯a▯
terrestrial▯bromeliad▯it▯strips▯for▯the▯tender▯leaf▯bases,▯is▯itself▯an▯undescribed▯species.▯▯▯
͵Ͷ Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
▯
▯
Figure▯18.▯Examples▯of▯▯the▯fauna▯in▯the▯Cofán▯Bermejo▯Ecological▯Reserve.▯A.▯Enyalioides▯
cofanorum.▯B.▯A▯bushmaster▯(Lachesis▯muta)▯at▯Shishicho.▯C.▯Hyla▯phyllognatha,▯a▯species▯of▯
upper▯hill▯forests,▯lives▯in▯Shishicho.▯D.▯Giant▯earthworms,▯over▯a▯meter▯long,▯inhabit▯the▯
forests▯around▯Cerro▯Sur▯Pax▯(Source:▯Pitman▯et▯al.▯2002).▯
͵ͷAnnex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
5. Cuyabeno▯Wildlife▯Reserve
This▯reserve▯was▯established▯in▯1979▯in▯Ecuador’s▯Sucumbíos▯province,▯in▯the▯very▯
eastern▯part▯of▯the▯country,▯with▯its▯northern▯limit▯some▯10–20▯km▯south▯of▯the▯Colombian▯
border▯and▯reaching▯south▯to▯close▯to▯the▯Napo▯River.▯It▯is▯covered▯by▯humid▯tropical▯lowland▯
rainforest.▯▯The▯reserve▯includes▯a▯system▯of▯black▯water▯and▯white▯water▯rivers,▯lakes,▯and▯
flooded▯igapó▯forests.▯The▯reserve▯has▯very▯high▯diversity▯of▯both▯plants▯and▯animals.▯The▯
highest▯number▯world▯wide▯of▯trees▯over▯10▯cm▯diameter▯was▯found▯in▯one▯hectare▯within▯
the▯Cuyabeno▯Reserve▯(Valencia▯et▯al.▯1994).▯The▯enormous▯plant▯richness▯is▯a▯reflection▯of▯
the▯area’s▯position▯at▯the▯cross▯roads▯of▯two▯extraordinarily▯rich▯floras,▯the▯rich▯soil▯flora▯of▯
the▯Yasuni▯and▯the▯poor▯soil▯flora▯of▯the▯Loreto▯province▯in▯Peru.▯The▯Cuyabeno▯Reserve▯
together▯with▯the▯National▯Park▯La▯Paya▯in▯Colombia▯and▯the▯Zona▯Reservada▯Güeppi▯in▯Peru▯
form▯ a▯ conservation▯ corridor▯ that▯ covers▯ the▯ easternmost▯ part▯ of▯ the▯ Ecuador▯Colombia▯
border▯region.▯The▯three▯protected▯areas▯were▯studied▯by▯a▯Rapid▯Inventory▯team▯in▯October▯
2007▯and▯they▯found▯tremendous▯and▯in▯many▯cases▯un▯explored▯biological▯diversity▯in▯the▯
region▯(Alverson▯et▯al.▯2007),▯summarized▯in▯Box▯3.▯
͵ Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
▯
Box▯3.▯Rapid▯Assessment▯Results▯for▯the▯Cuyabeno▯Güeppi▯conservation▯corridor▯which▯
includes▯ the▯ Cuyabeno▯ Wildlife▯ Reserve▯ and▯ the▯ eastern▯ part▯ of▯ the▯ Ecuador▯Colombia▯
border▯region▯(Alverson▯et▯al.▯2008)▯
▯
▯▯ Plants:▯In▯this▯tri▯national▯conservation▯corridor▯(Ecuador▯Colombia▯Peru)▯the▯team▯documented▯a▯rich▯
plant▯community▯of▯1,400▯species▯out▯of▯an▯estimated▯total▯flora▯in▯the▯region▯numbering▯3,000–4,000▯
species.▯In▯the▯Cuyabeno▯Wildlife▯Reserve▯the▯team▯found▯a▯new▯genus▯in▯the▯violet▯family▯(Violaceae)▯
which▯was▯a▯large▯fruited▯tree,▯in▯addition▯to▯11▯other▯species▯that▯were▯new▯to▯science.▯They▯also▯found▯
four▯genera▯and▯five▯species▯that▯were▯know▯elsewhere▯but▯had▯never▯been▯seen▯in▯Ecuador.▯▯
▯
▯▯ Fishes:▯Commercially▯important▯species▯such▯as▯paiche,▯arahuana,▯and▯tucunaré▯were▯easily▯observed▯in▯
the▯ rivers.▯ The▯ team▯ collected▯ two▯ fish▯ species▯ that▯ were▯ new▯ to▯ science▯ (Characidum▯ sp.▯ and▯
Tyttocharax▯sp)▯and▯17▯fish▯species▯that▯had▯never▯been▯observed▯in▯Ecuador.▯In▯total▯they▯registered▯
184▯fish▯species▯of▯the▯260–300▯species▯expected▯in▯the▯region.▯
▯
▯▯▯ Amphibians▯and▯reptiles:▯The▯Cuyabeno▯Wildlife▯Reserve▯housed▯a▯frog▯that▯had▯previously▯been▯known▯
only▯in▯the▯Tigre▯and▯Corrientes▯watersheds▯in▯Peru▯(Pristimantis▯delius),▯and▯there▯were▯19▯species▯of▯
amphibians▯and▯reptiles▯that▯were▯recorded▯for▯the▯first▯time▯in▯the▯Wildlife▯Reserve.▯In▯addition▯the▯
team▯observed▯healthy▯populations▯of▯hunted▯reptile▯species▯such▯as▯the▯Black▯Caiman▯(Melanosuchus▯
niger),▯the▯White▯Caiman▯(Caiman▯crocodilus),▯the▯River▯Turtle▯(Podocnemis▯unifilis),▯the▯Yellow▯footed▯
tortoise▯(Chelonoidis▯denticulata)▯and▯the▯Arboreal▯Boa▯(Corallus▯hortulanus).▯The▯team▯documented▯59▯
amphibians▯ and▯ 48▯ reptiles▯ in▯ the▯ region▯ out▯ of▯ the▯ expected▯ totals▯ 90▯ amphibians▯ and▯ 60▯ reptile▯
species.▯
▯
▯▯ Birds:▯There▯were▯records▯of▯437▯bird▯species▯and▯the▯team▯estimated▯that▯the▯total▯bird▯fauna▯would▯be▯
550▯species.▯In▯the▯Cuyabeno▯Wildlife▯Reserve▯there▯were▯healthy▯populations▯of▯the▯hunted▯species▯
Salvin’s▯ Curassow▯ (Mitu▯ salvini),▯ Guans▯ (Penelope▯ and▯ Pipile)▯ and▯ Gray▯winged▯ Trumpeter▯ (Psophia▯
crepitans).▯They▯also▯found▯seven▯species▯that▯are▯endemic▯to▯northwestern▯Amazonia,▯abundant▯herons▯
of▯the▯genera▯Agami▯and▯Cochlearius,▯and▯they▯sighted▯a▯Harpy▯Eagle▯(Harpia▯harpyja)▯and▯a▯Sigsag▯
Heron▯(Zebrillus▯undulates).▯
▯
▯▯ Mammals:▯The▯team▯documented▯a▯high▯diversity▯of▯medium▯and▯large▯mammals▯totaling▯46▯species,▯
divided▯ between▯ 11▯ carnivores,▯ 10▯ primates,▯ seven▯ rodents,▯ seven▯ edentates,▯ five▯ ungulates,▯ three▯
marsupials,▯two▯cetaceans,▯and▯one▯sirenian.▯In▯the▯Cuyabeno▯Wildlife▯Reserve▯the▯presence▯of▯the▯
critically▯ endangered▯ giant▯ otter▯ (Pteronura▯ brasiliensis)▯ was▯ of▯ special▯ interest.▯ The▯ presence▯ of▯
manatees▯(Trichechus▯inunguis)▯that▯is▯critically▯endangered▯in▯Ecuador▯was▯also▯noteworthy.▯The▯same▯
is▯ true▯ for▯ the▯ healthy▯ populations▯ of▯ Woolly▯ Monkeys▯ (Lagothrix▯ lagotricha)▯ and▯ Tapirs▯ (Tapirus▯
terrestris).▯The▯rarely▯observed▯▯Pygmy▯Marmoset▯(Cabuella▯pygmaea)▯was▯also▯seen. ▯
▯
͵Annex 4
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
III. Vulnerability▯of▯Ecuador’s▯Border▯Ecosystems▯to▯Ecological▯Harm
▯
Tropical▯rain▯forests▯are▯among▯the▯richest▯ecosystems▯on▯Earth,▯yet▯their▯stability▯
depends▯on▯the▯maintenance▯of▯a▯number▯of▯physical▯and▯biological▯factors.▯▯This▯section▯
discusses▯ the▯ complexity▯ of▯ tropical▯ ecosystems▯ and▯ their▯ vulnerability▯ to▯ environmental▯
perturbations.▯
A. Vulnerability▯to▯Environmental▯Contamination▯
Environmental▯ contamination▯ may▯ affect▯ tropical▯ forest▯ ecosystems▯ through▯ a▯
number▯of▯pathways.▯▯First,▯airborne▯contamination▯is▯a▯concern,▯as▯it▯may▯come▯into▯direct▯
physical▯contact▯with▯many▯species.▯▯The▯epiphytes▯that▯dominate▯the▯ecosystems▯along▯the▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯border▯region▯are▯particularly▯sensitive▯to▯wind▯and▯rain▯borne▯substrates▯
because▯rather▯than▯drawing▯minerals▯and▯nutrients▯from▯the▯soil,▯they▯feed▯on▯water▯which▯
is▯brought▯to▯them▯through▯rain▯and▯mist▯and▯on▯nutrients▯dissolved▯in▯the▯rain▯water.▯Thus,▯
material▯ transported▯ through▯ the▯ air▯ is▯ likely▯ to▯ affect▯ Ecuador’s▯ characteristic▯ epiphytes▯
even▯more▯severely▯than▯other▯life▯forms▯(Figure▯19).▯▯▯
͵ͺ Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
▯
▯
Figure▯19.▯Large▯branches▯of▯emergent▯tree▯in▯tropical▯Amazon▯rain▯forest▯covered▯with▯
epiphytic▯ferns,▯aroids,▯orchids▯and▯other▯groups.▯▯These▯plants▯are▯all▯isolated▯from▯the▯
ground▯and▯depend▯on▯the▯rain▯water▯and▯mist▯for▯nutrients▯and▯humidity.▯▯(Source:▯
Wolfgang▯Kaehler/Picade)▯
▯
▯
Second,▯ contaminants▯ may▯ enter▯ the▯ ecosystem▯ through▯ the▯ hydrological▯ cycle▯
(Figure▯ 20)▯ and▯ in▯ that▯ way▯ also▯ affect▯ other▯ life▯ forms▯ in▯ the▯ tropical▯ rain▯ forest.▯ Tree▯
canopies▯will▯intercept▯air▯borne▯particles,▯which▯are▯subsequently▯washed▯off▯by▯rain▯and▯
fog▯and▯finally▯reach▯the▯undergrowth▯and▯forest▯floor▯as▯through▯fall▯or▯stem▯flow.▯Once▯on▯
the▯ forest▯ floor,▯ water▯ will▯ move▯ into▯ streams▯ and▯ rivers▯ as▯ surface▯ run▯ off,▯ or▯ it▯ will▯
percolate▯through▯the▯soil▯layers▯to▯the▯ground▯water▯or▯move▯into▯streams▯as▯subsurface▯
water▯ movement.▯ This▯ movement▯ will▯ distribute▯ any▯ dissolved▯ substances,▯ including▯
contaminants,▯through▯the▯ecosystems,▯allowing▯it▯to▯reach▯and▯affect▯a▯variety▯of▯plant▯and▯
animal▯life.▯▯
͵ͻAnnex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
▯
Figure▯20.▯A▯schematic▯view▯of▯the▯hydrological▯cycle,▯showing▯the▯transport▯of▯water▯from▯
rain▯(1)▯into▯the▯ecosystem▯and▯its▯subsequent▯movement▯as▯surface▯run▯off▯(2)▯or▯infiltration▯
into▯the▯soil▯(3)▯and▯movement▯with▯the▯ground▯water▯(4)▯to▯reach▯a▯river▯or▯lake▯from▯which▯
evaporation▯(5)▯returns▯water▯to▯the▯atmosphere.▯Some▯of▯the▯water▯that▯is▯taken▯up▯from▯
the▯soil▯by▯the▯plants▯returns▯to▯the▯atmosphere▯through▯evapotranspiration▯(6).▯▯
▯
▯
The▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border▯region▯is▯crossed▯by▯numerous▯streams▯and▯rivers▯that▯
drain▯large▯amounts▯of▯water▯from▯the▯precipitation,▯which▯is▯excessive▯in▯places.▯The▯Chocó▯
region▯is▯one▯of▯the▯wettest▯areas▯in▯the▯world;▯it▯receives▯8–10▯meters▯of▯rainfall▯per▯year,▯
and▯it▯rains▯ more▯than▯300▯ days▯per▯ year▯(www.britannica.com),▯which▯translates▯into▯a▯
myriad▯of▯streams▯and▯rivers▯that▯flow▯through▯the▯area▯all▯year▯round.▯Consequently▯the▯
hydrological▯cycle▯in▯the▯Colombia▯Ecuador▯border▯ecosystems▯is▯very▯dynamic▯and▯large▯
amounts▯of▯water▯are▯transported▯through▯these▯systems.▯▯The▯most▯important▯river▯on▯the▯
western▯side▯of▯the▯Andes▯is▯San▯Juan▯River,▯that▯becomes▯the▯Mataje▯River▯in▯the▯lowlands;▯
both▯ these▯ rivers▯ coincide▯ with▯ the▯ border▯ (Fig.▯ 21).▯ The▯ east▯ Andean▯ slopes,▯ though▯
receiving▯less▯rain,▯likewise▯remain▯wet▯throughout▯the▯year▯and▯have▯a▯similar▯richness▯of▯
water▯ways▯rushing▯down▯the▯slopes▯and▯reaching▯the▯slow▯flowing▯meandering▯rivers▯of▯the▯
Ͷ’ Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
Amazon▯lowland.▯Here▯the▯main▯rivers▯are▯San▯Miguel▯River▯on▯the▯eastern▯slope▯and▯the▯
near▯Andean▯lowlands,▯and▯Putumayo▯River▯in▯the▯Amazon▯lowlands▯further▯away▯from▯the▯
Andes▯(Fig.▯21).▯▯
Pacific M
▯ ata
Ocean je Caribbean Sea
Rv
e PANAMA
▯ r VENEZUELA
S a J
n ua Pacific
▯ n Ocean COLOMBIA
SEE MAP
Ri
v
▯ er ECUADOR
BRAZIL
COLOMBIA PERU
▯
▯
▯ P u
tu m a
S an M g u yo
e R
▯ l R iv e ive
r r
▯
ECUADOR
▯
▯
▯
10 5 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Ki8lo0metres90100
▯
▯
Figure▯21.▯Sketch▯of▯rivers▯and▯streams▯in▯the▯Colombia▯Ecuador▯border▯region.▯The▯border▯
follows▯the▯larger▯Mataje▯River▯and▯San▯Juan▯River▯on▯the▯western▯lowlands▯and▯slopes▯and▯
the▯San▯Miguel▯River▯and▯Putumayo▯River▯on▯the▯eastern▯slope▯and▯the▯Amazon▯lowlands.▯
These▯larger▯rivers▯are▯fed▯by▯a▯myriad▯of▯smaller▯streams.▯
▯
Rivers▯are▯not▯only▯waterways▯and▯transporters▯of▯minerals▯and▯contaminants▯but▯
also▯ the▯ habitat▯ for▯ a▯ rich▯ biodiversity.▯ Just▯ like▯ other▯ ecosystems▯ along▯ the▯ Colombia▯
Ecuador▯border,▯the▯aquatic▯ecosystems▯house▯many▯different▯species.▯The▯Tumbes▯Chocó▯
Magdalena▯biodiversity▯hotspot▯which▯is▯transected▯by▯the▯San▯Juan▯River▯and▯Mataje▯River▯
houses▯251▯species▯of▯freshwater▯fish▯of▯which▯almost▯half▯(115)▯are▯found▯only▯there,▯that▯is▯
they▯ are▯ endemic▯ to▯ that▯ area▯ (Table▯ 2;▯ Conservation▯ International▯ 2010).▯ The▯ rapid▯
inventory▯team▯estimated▯that▯the▯Chingual▯River▯and▯San▯Miguel▯River▯had▯a▯fish▯fauna▯of▯
25–30▯species▯at▯the▯elevations▯between▯500–3,000▯meters▯(Vriesendorp▯et▯al.▯2009;▯see▯
Box▯1),▯and▯in▯the▯Güeppi▯area▯surrounding▯the▯easternmost▯part▯of▯the▯Colombia▯Ecuador▯
border,▯ the▯ they▯ recorded▯ 184▯ fish▯ species▯ and▯ estimated▯ a▯ total▯ fish▯ fauna▯ of▯ 260▯300▯
species▯(Alverson▯et▯al.▯2008;▯see▯Box▯3).▯The▯rivers▯of▯the▯Colombia▯Ecuador▯border▯region▯
ͶͳAnnex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
in▯the▯lowlands▯Amazon▯also▯house▯several▯species▯of▯large▯mammals▯such▯as▯the▯giant▯otter▯
(Pteronura▯ brasiliensis),▯ the▯ Amazonian▯ manatee▯ (Trichechus▯ inunguis),▯ the▯ pink▯ river▯
dolphin▯(Inia▯geoffrensis)▯and▯the▯grey▯dolphin▯(Sotalia▯fluviatilis)▯which▯are▯all▯endangered▯
or▯even▯critically▯endangered▯according▯to▯the▯Red▯List▯of▯mammals▯of▯Ecuador.▯These▯large▯
mammals▯depend▯on▯high▯quality▯of▯uncontaminated▯water▯for▯their▯survival.▯
B. Food▯Webs,▯Trophic▯Levels,▯Pollinator▯Networks▯and▯Cascading▯Effects▯
▯ The▯interconnectedness▯of▯tropical▯ecosystems▯also▯contributes▯to▯their▯vulnerability▯
to▯ environmental▯ perturbations.▯ ▯ An▯ ecosystem▯ functions▯ as▯ a▯ food▯ web▯ where▯ primary▯
producers▯ (plants)▯ convert▯ carbon▯ dioxide▯ and▯ water▯ into▯ organic▯ compounds,▯ especially▯
sugars,▯using▯the▯energy▯of▯sunlight.▯The▯primary▯producers▯then▯serve▯as▯food▯for▯primary▯
consumers▯(herbivores)▯which▯in▯turn▯serve▯as▯food▯for▯secondary▯consumers▯(carnivores).▯In▯
tropical▯rain▯forests▯with▯their▯thousands▯of▯species▯such▯food▯webs▯—▯organized▯in▯trophic▯
levels▯ —▯ may▯ be▯ very▯ complicated▯ because▯ the▯ food▯ chains▯ (described▯ above)▯ are▯ not▯
isolated▯sequences▯but▯form▯interwoven▯networks▯in▯which▯one▯species▯may▯feed▯on▯several▯
species▯or▯one▯species▯may▯serve▯as▯food▯for▯several▯species.▯In▯addition▯there▯may▯be▯all▯
sorts▯ of▯ intermediates▯ between▯ the▯ basic▯ trophic▯ levels▯ (primary▯ producer,▯ primary▯ and▯
secondary▯consumers)▯because▯some▯species▯feed▯on▯both▯plants▯(primary▯producers)▯and▯
animals▯ (primary▯ consumers).▯ For▯ example,▯ the▯ spectacled▯ bear▯ (Tremarctos▯ ornatus)▯ is▯
mostly▯ vegetarian▯ but▯ about▯ 5%▯ of▯ its▯ food▯ consists▯ of▯ small▯ animals▯ (Ward▯ &▯ Kynaston▯
1995).▯Such▯ complex▯ relationships▯ between▯ organisms▯ belonging▯ to▯ different▯species▯ are▯
pervasive▯in▯tropical▯rainforests.▯Thus,▯when▯one▯species▯is▯removed▯from▯the▯ecosystem▯it▯
produces▯a▯chain▯reaction.▯▯Another▯example▯of▯inter▯species▯dependence▯that▯involves▯a▯
“food▯chain”▯or▯trophic▯web▯has▯four▯trophic▯levels:▯the▯first▯trophic▯level▯(producer)▯consists▯
of▯ small▯ trees▯ of▯ the▯ Piper▯ genus,▯ which▯ are▯ eaten▯ by▯ various▯ small▯ insect▯ herbivores▯
(herbivores▯are▯all▯plant▯eating▯animals,▯from▯the▯smallest▯insects▯to▯the▯largest▯ungulates),▯
which▯are▯in▯turn▯consumed▯by▯ants,▯which▯are▯eaten▯by▯beetles▯(Letourneau▯&▯Dyer▯1998).▯
The▯functioning▯of▯such▯a▯system▯is▯intricate▯and▯sensitive▯to▯even▯small▯disturbances,▯which▯
may▯cause▯trophic▯cascades▯where▯the▯survival▯of▯one▯species▯depends▯on▯that▯of▯another▯in▯
the▯system.▯These▯disturbances▯may▯cause▯top▯down▯as▯well▯as▯well▯as▯bottom▯up▯trophic▯
cascades,▯that▯is,▯the▯effects▯may▯be▯caused▯by▯disturbances▯in▯either▯end▯of▯the▯food▯chain.▯
A▯top▯down▯cascade▯would▯involve▯the▯removal▯of▯a▯predator▯which▯in▯turn▯causes▯excessive▯
Ͷʹ Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
growth▯of▯the▯herbivore▯population▯because▯it▯is▯not▯eaten▯by▯the▯predator;▯the▯increase▯in▯
herbivore▯ populations▯ would▯ then▯ negatively▯ affect▯ the▯ primary▯ producer▯ population.▯ A▯
bottom▯up▯cascade▯would▯involve▯removal▯or▯reduction▯of▯the▯primary▯producer▯which,▯in▯
turn,▯would▯affect▯the▯populations▯of▯primary▯and▯secondary▯consumers.▯In▯such▯complex▯
systems▯ the▯ overabundance▯ of▯ one▯ species▯ could▯ also▯ affect▯ competitor▯ species▯ that▯
compete▯for▯the▯same▯resources.▯
Interdependence▯of▯tropical▯forest▯species▯also▯occurs▯in▯cases▯where▯some▯species▯
are▯ dependent▯ upon▯ other▯species▯ for▯ their▯ habitat.▯ ▯ For▯ example,▯ certain▯ frogs▯ use▯ the▯
wallow▯ponds▯of▯peccaries▯(medium▯sized▯mammals▯related▯to▯pigs),▯and▯when▯the▯peccaries▯
are▯driven▯away▯from▯forest▯margins▯frogs▯also▯disappear▯(Laura▯Naranjo▯2005).▯
Complex▯interactions▯in▯tropical▯rainforests▯also▯involve▯reproductive▯biology.▯Many▯
rain▯forest▯plants▯are▯pollinated▯by▯insects▯and▯have▯evolved▯close▯relationships▯with▯the▯
species▯of▯insect▯that▯pollinates▯them.▯Orchids,▯which▯are▯prevalent▯in▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯
border▯region,▯provide▯many▯examples▯of▯these▯close▯dependencies▯between▯species.▯▯▯For▯
example,▯orchids▯such▯as▯species▯of▯the▯genus▯ Cattleya▯have▯so▯called▯“gullet▯flowers”▯in▯
which▯ the▯ pollinating▯ insect▯ enter▯ a▯ chamber▯ where▯ the▯ pollen▯ is▯ deposited▯ on▯ its▯ back▯
(Dressler▯1981).▯This▯means▯that▯the▯particular▯species▯of▯orchid▯can▯only▯be▯pollinated▯if▯its▯
mutualistic▯species▯of▯insect▯pollinator▯is▯present.▯▯
Other▯complex▯mutualistic▯relationships▯involving▯several▯species▯are▯found▯in▯so▯
called▯ pollinator▯networks▯ where▯ many▯ species▯ interact.▯ Some▯ plant▯ species▯ may▯ be▯
pollinated▯by▯several▯species▯of▯insects▯or▯several▯species▯of▯insects▯may▯pollinate▯the▯same▯
plant.▯ Such▯ pollinator▯ networks▯ are▯ very▯ sensitive▯ to▯ disturbance▯ and▯ removal▯ or▯
introduction▯of▯species▯that▯are▯not▯part▯of▯them▯may▯profoundly▯affect▯the▯reproductive▯
success▯of▯the▯involved▯species▯(Padrón▯et▯al.▯2009).▯▯
Tropical▯rain▯forests▯such▯as▯those▯found▯along▯the▯Colombia▯Ecuador▯border▯region▯
are▯ characterized▯ by▯ very▯ high▯ biological▯ diversity.▯ ▯ One▯ consequence▯ of▯ that▯ high▯
biodiversity▯is▯that▯populations▯of▯individual▯species▯in▯many▯cases▯are▯very▯thin,▯in▯other▯
words,▯different▯individuals▯of▯the▯same▯species▯may▯be▯far▯removed▯from▯one▯another.▯This▯
has▯prompted▯other▯intricate▯plant▯animal▯interactions▯such▯as▯trap▯lining▯where▯one▯insect▯
individual▯will▯fly▯a▯specific▯route▯that▯may▯be▯several▯kilometers▯long▯every▯day▯and▯visit▯
flowers▯of▯individual▯plants▯that▯as▯a▯response▯produce▯one▯mature▯flower▯per▯day▯(Ohashi▯&▯
Thomson▯2009).▯
Ͷ͵Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
Intact▯forest▯ecosystems▯are▯important▯for▯yet▯another▯mutualistic▯relationship:▯▯the▯
dispersal▯of▯fruits▯by▯animals.▯Plants▯must▯disperse▯their▯fruits▯away▯from▯the▯plant▯that▯
generated▯them,▯in▯order▯to▯maintain▯viable▯populations.▯▯This▯is▯achieved▯by▯fruit▯and▯seed▯
dispersal▯by▯a▯number▯of▯agents▯of▯which▯the▯most▯important▯are▯vertebrate▯animals.▯It▯has▯
been▯ shown▯ that▯ defaunation▯ of▯ a▯ tropical▯ rainforest▯ (a▯ reduction▯ in▯ animal▯ species,▯
particularly▯vertebrate▯animals)▯may▯reduce▯the▯species▯richness▯of▯plant▯seedlings▯by▯as▯
much▯as▯60%▯(Webb▯&▯Peart▯2008).▯
Ecuador▯is▯ranked▯third▯in▯amphibian▯diversity▯worldwide▯with▯415▯described▯species▯
(Ron▯&▯Merino▯2000).▯Only▯Brazil▯and▯Colombia▯have▯more▯species▯than▯Ecuador.▯According▯
to▯conservative▯estimates,▯the▯populations▯of▯at▯least▯26▯species▯of▯Ecuadorian▯frogs▯have▯
declined.▯The▯precise▯reasons▯for▯this▯biodiversity▯crisis▯are▯not▯clear▯however▯it▯is▯likely▯
caused▯by▯multiple▯factors▯(Ron▯&▯Merino▯2000).▯A▯detailed▯study▯of▯amphibian▯decline▯in▯
Ecuador▯(Bustamante▯et▯al.▯2005)▯show▯that▯at▯six▯out▯of▯seven▯sites▯studied▯in▯Ecuador▯there▯
was▯ a▯ significant▯ reduction▯ in▯ species▯ richness▯ and▯ 56▯ of▯ the▯ 88▯ populations▯ had▯ lower▯
populations▯at▯the▯time▯of▯the▯study▯than▯in▯the▯past.▯It▯was▯especially▯amphibian▯species▯
with▯aquatic▯larvae▯that▯had▯declined.▯The▯regional▯scale▯of▯their▯study▯demonstrate▯that▯the▯
declines▯are▯not▯isolated▯losses▯but▯are▯part▯of▯a▯more▯generalized▯process▯and▯that▯there▯is▯a▯
general▯decline▯in▯the▯health▯condition▯of▯Ecuadorian▯amphibian▯populations.▯▯Amphibians▯
may▯serve▯as▯indicators▯of▯more▯extensive▯environmental▯change▯because▯they▯are▯sensitive▯
to▯environmental▯contamination▯and▯live▯in▯both▯aquatic▯and▯terrestrial▯environments.▯
All▯these▯examples▯show▯that▯even▯small▯effects▯on▯one▯species▯can▯have▯serious▯
effects▯on▯other▯species▯in▯the▯tropical▯rainforest▯ecosystem▯and▯can▯have▯implications▯far▯
beyond▯ the▯ initial▯ damage▯ created▯ by▯ the▯ introduction▯ of▯ a▯ contaminant▯ or▯ by▯ other▯
disturbances.▯
▯
C. Threatened▯and▯Endemic▯Species▯
The▯vulnerability▯of▯Ecuador’s▯border▯ecosystems▯is▯exacerbated▯by▯the▯fact▯that▯they▯
house▯ a▯ tremendous▯ number▯ of▯ threatened▯ and▯ endemic▯ species.▯ ▯ Therefore,▯ damage▯
caused▯ by▯ a▯ contaminant▯ or▯ other▯ abiotic▯ influence▯ could▯ mean▯ increasing▯ the▯ threat▯ of▯
extinction,▯or▯even▯the▯loss▯of▯an▯entire▯species.▯▯
ͶͶ Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
There▯are▯over▯4,011▯species▯of▯vascular▯plants▯that▯are▯endemic▯to▯Ecuador▯(Valencia▯
et▯al.▯2000).▯This▯means▯that▯out▯of▯Ecuador’s▯15,900▯species▯of▯native▯plants▯one▯in▯four▯
does▯not▯occur▯anywhere▯else▯in▯the▯World.▯Of▯the▯4,011▯endemic▯species▯33%▯are▯orchids▯
and▯9%▯belong▯in▯the▯dandelion▯family▯(Asteraceae).▯Herbaceous▯epiphytes▯account▯for▯36%▯
and▯terrestrial▯herbs▯for▯22%▯of▯all▯endemic▯plants▯in▯Ecuador.▯Woody▯shrubs▯and▯sub▯shrubs▯
account▯for▯22%▯and▯the▯remaining▯16%▯are▯shared▯between▯woody▯climbers▯(lianas)▯trees,▯
hemi▯epiphytes▯and▯others.▯The▯Amazon▯lowlands▯of▯Ecuador▯house▯453▯of▯the▯species▯that▯
are▯endemic▯to▯Ecuador,▯the▯coastal▯lowlands▯towards▯the▯Pacific▯house▯743▯endemics▯and▯
the▯Andes▯region▯houses▯2,965▯species▯that▯are▯endemic▯to▯Ecuador▯(Valencia▯et▯al.▯2000).▯▯
These▯ numbers▯ reflect▯ the▯ fact▯ that▯ the▯ tropical▯ rain▯ forest▯ of▯ the▯ Amazon▯ lowlands▯ of▯
Ecuador▯are▯connected▯to▯similar▯vegetation▯in▯Colombia▯and▯Peru▯without▯any▯barriers▯to▯
dispersal▯of▯plant▯species▯so▯Amazonian▯Ecuador▯will▯share▯many▯species▯with▯Colombia▯and▯
Peru▯in▯this▯type▯of▯vegetation.▯The▯slightly▯higher▯number▯of▯endemics▯on▯the▯coastal▯plain▯
lowland▯forests▯is▯because▯this▯zone▯has▯a▯much▯narrower▯connection▯to▯the▯neighboring▯
countries▯and▯dispersal▯opportunities▯are▯much▯more▯limited,▯so▯more▯species▯tend▯to▯be▯
restricted▯to▯Ecuador.▯Finally▯the▯very▯high▯number▯of▯Ecuadorian▯endemics▯that▯are▯found▯in▯
the▯Andes▯region▯is▯due▯to▯the▯high▯beta▯diversity▯of▯the▯forests▯on▯the▯Andean▯slopes.▯Due▯
to▯ the▯ landscapes▯ that▯ are▯ highly▯ dissected▯ by▯ steep▯ valleys▯ and▯ isolated▯ mountains,▯
dispersal▯is▯much▯more▯limited▯and▯the▯species▯that▯evolve▯in▯the▯ecosystems▯there▯tend▯to▯
be▯limited▯to▯very▯narrow▯ranges,▯giving▯a▯tremendously▯high▯number▯of▯species▯restricted▯to▯
the▯zone.▯▯
As▯to▯endemism▯in▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border▯region,▯of▯the▯three▯provinces▯that▯
reach▯ the▯ border▯ Esmeraldas▯ houses▯ 341▯ of▯ Ecuador’s▯ endemic▯ species,▯ Carchi▯ 388▯ and▯
Sucumbíos▯142▯(Valencia▯et▯al.▯2000).▯▯The▯endemic▯species▯of▯Ecuador▯are,▯in▯general,▯very▯
rare.▯▯More▯than▯one▯quarter▯of▯them▯are▯known▯only▯from▯the▯original▯collection▯on▯which▯
the▯description▯of▯them▯was▯based,▯and▯they▯have▯never▯been▯seen▯again▯since▯their▯original▯
discovery.▯ ▯ One▯ third▯ of▯ Ecuador’s▯ endemic▯ vascular▯ plants▯ are▯ known▯ from▯ only▯ one▯
population,▯but▯may▯have▯been▯collected▯there▯several▯times,▯and▯more▯than▯half▯of▯the▯
endemics▯are▯known▯from▯less▯than▯10▯populations▯(Pitman▯et▯al.▯2000).▯
According▯to▯the▯system▯established▯by▯the▯World▯Conservation▯Union▯(IUCN),▯2960▯
species▯ (74%)▯ of▯ the▯ Ecuadorian▯ endemic▯ plants▯ are▯ threatened▯ with▯ extinction.▯ ▯ More▯
ͶͷAnnex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
specifically,▯1835▯species▯are▯classified▯as▯vulnerable▯(facing▯a▯high▯risk▯of▯extinction),▯828▯are▯
endangered▯(facing▯a▯very▯high▯risk▯of▯extinction),▯and▯296▯are▯critically▯endangered▯(facing▯
an▯extremely▯high▯risk▯of▯extinction)▯(Pitman▯et▯al.▯2000).▯▯Of▯the▯Ecuadorian▯endemics▯only▯
15%▯are▯not▯threatened▯(and▯11%▯cannot▯be▯evaluated▯in▯the▯IUCN▯system).▯▯Twenty▯two▯
percent▯or▯871▯of▯these▯endemic▯plant▯species▯grow▯in▯the▯three▯provinces▯of▯Ecuador▯that▯
share▯the▯border▯with▯Colombia.▯▯While▯there▯is▯no▯study▯further▯pinpointing▯their▯locations,▯
many▯of▯these▯vulnerable▯species▯likely▯occur▯in▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border▯region.▯
From▯the▯section▯on▯Biodiversity▯of▯this▯report▯(above,▯Figure▯13)▯it▯is▯evident▯that▯the▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯ border▯ region▯ is▯ the▯ most▯ species▯ rich▯ part▯ of▯ tropical▯ America▯ for▯
mammals▯and▯birds,▯and▯one▯may▯presume▯that▯this▯is▯also▯true▯for▯other▯animal▯groups▯and▯
that▯the▯high▯species▯richness▯is▯generated▯by▯the▯presence▯of▯high▯numbers▯of▯endemic▯
animal▯species.▯
D. Forest▯Fragmentation▯and▯Edge▯Effects
Forest▯fragmentation▯▯a▯process▯that▯may▯be▯caused▯by▯defoliation,▯felling▯trees,▯
reducing▯forest▯cover,▯and▯dividing▯forests▯into▯disconnected▯fragments▯▯has▯significant▯
impacts▯ on▯ both▯ the▯ flora▯ and▯ fauna▯ that▯ inhabit▯ Ecuador’s▯ border▯ ecosystems.▯
Fragmentation▯ of▯ tropical▯ rainforests▯ strongly▯ affects▯ their▯ dynamics.▯ Often,▯ the▯ most▯
significant▯effects▯are▯along▯the▯edges▯of▯a▯fragmented▯forest.▯This▯suggests▯that▯processes▯
along▯forest▯edges▯have▯significant▯consequences▯for▯biodiversity,▯including▯in▯areas▯remote▯
from▯the▯edge.▯ Not▯only▯ herbs▯ and▯shrubs,▯but▯also▯trees▯are▯strongly▯affected▯ and▯this▯
translates▯to▯the▯rest▯of▯the▯plant▯and▯animal▯communities▯in▯the▯forest▯because▯the▯trees▯
largely▯determine▯the▯architecture▯and▯microclimatic▯conditions▯in▯the▯forest.▯Intact▯tropical▯
rain▯forests▯are▯buffered▯from▯harsh▯external▯conditions▯by▯a▯dense▯canopy▯cover,▯but▯this▯
buffering▯breaks▯down▯near▯forest▯edges▯and▯may▯lead▯to▯higher▯mortality▯of▯plant▯species▯
that▯are▯sensitive▯to▯drought.▯The▯effect▯of▯strong▯winds▯are▯also▯much▯more▯severe▯along▯
the▯forest▯edges▯than▯in▯the▯interior▯of▯the▯forest▯and▯the▯edges▯therefore▯experience▯higher▯
incidences▯of▯wind▯throw▯and▯structural▯damage▯to▯the▯forest.▯The▯forest▯edges▯are▯prone▯to▯
increased▯growth▯of▯vines,▯lianas▯and▯secondary▯growth▯species▯and▯exotic▯plants▯may▯invade▯
the▯forest▯along▯the▯edges▯(Laurance▯et▯al.▯1998).▯In▯a▯study▯using▯66▯Amazonian▯rainforest▯
plots▯mean▯mortality▯rates▯increased▯from▯1.27%▯in▯the▯interior▯to▯2.40%▯at▯60–100▯meters▯
Ͷ Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
from▯the▯edge▯and▯4.01%▯within▯60▯m▯from▯the▯edge.▯Damage▯rates▯increased▯from▯1.48%▯in▯
the▯interior▯to▯1.96%▯at▯60–100▯meters▯from▯the▯edge▯and▯4.10%▯within▯60▯meters▯from▯the▯
edge.▯Finally▯turnover▯rates▯increased▯from▯1.15%▯in▯the▯interior▯to▯2.055%▯at▯60–100▯meters▯
from▯ the▯ edge▯ and▯ 3.16%▯ within▯ 60▯ meters▯ from▯ the▯ edge▯ (Laurance▯ et▯ al.▯ 1998).▯ This▯
demonstrates▯that▯edges▯of▯tropical▯rainforest▯are▯very▯sensitive▯to▯any▯external▯influence,▯
and▯that▯mortality▯and▯turnover▯are▯significantly▯affected▯far▯away▯from▯the▯edges.▯The▯same▯
study▯actually▯detected▯affects,▯but▯less▯pronounced▯up▯to▯300▯meters▯from▯the▯edge.▯
Plant▯death▯or▯damage▯caused▯by▯herbicides▯along▯forest▯edges▯would▯be▯expected▯to▯
reduce▯ leaf▯ cover▯ and▯ thus▯ increase▯ light▯ penetration.▯ ▯ This▯ could▯ cause▯ changes▯ in▯ the▯
microclimate▯ of▯ the▯ forest,▯ particularly▯ along▯ its▯ edges.▯ ▯ As▯ demonstrated▯ by▯ the▯ study▯
described▯above,▯however,▯this▯damage▯would▯not▯necessarily▯be▯limited▯to▯the▯immediate▯
forest▯edge,▯but▯could▯reach▯several▯hundred▯meters▯into▯the▯mature▯interior▯of▯the▯forest.▯
Forest▯fragmentation▯not▯only▯impacts▯plant▯species▯but▯may▯affect▯animal▯species▯as▯
well.▯▯For▯example,▯fragmentation▯is▯detrimental▯to▯the▯movement▯of▯animals▯that▯depend▯
on▯mature▯forest,▯which▯in▯turn▯affects▯seed▯dispersal▯and▯in▯some▯cases▯also▯pollination.▯
With▯increasing▯fragmentation▯home▯ranges▯of▯animals▯may▯be▯disrupted▯or▯the▯sizes▯of▯the▯
forest▯fragments▯may▯become▯too▯small▯to▯include▯viable▯populations▯of▯larger▯animals.▯▯
▯
E. Tropical▯Forest▯Gap▯Dynamics▯and▯Stand▯Level▯Dynamics
Tropical▯forests▯are▯in▯a▯state▯of▯continuous▯flux▯driven▯in▯part▯by▯tree▯falls,▯that▯
create▯ “gaps”▯ in▯ the▯ forest▯ that▯ trigger▯ further▯ change,▯ including▯ changes▯ in▯ species▯
composition.▯ ▯ Thus,▯ human▯induced▯ environmental▯ changes▯ influence▯ a▯ “moving▯ target”,▯
making▯the▯precise▯impacts▯on▯the▯ecosystem▯uncertain.▯Rain▯forest▯trees▯germinate,▯grow▯
up▯and▯die▯over▯50–1,000▯years▯(Korning▯&▯Balslev▯1994a,▯▯Martínez▯Ramos▯&▯Alvarez▯Buylla▯
1998).▯A▯tree▯may▯die▯standing▯due▯to▯old▯age▯or▯disease,▯its▯trunk▯may▯snap▯if▯it▯is▯hit▯by▯a▯
lightening,▯or▯it▯may▯fall▯over▯due▯to▯strong▯winds.▯Trees▯may▯die▯individually▯or▯in▯groups▯in▯a▯
domino▯effect▯caused▯by▯storms.▯Dead▯trees▯leave▯gaps▯in▯the▯canopy▯that▯are▯the▯beginning▯
of▯the▯classic▯forest▯growth▯cycle▯that▯go▯through▯a▯building▯phase▯to▯reach▯a▯mature▯phase▯
that▯ reverts▯ to▯ the▯ gap▯ phase▯ and▯ the▯ forest▯ cycle▯ will▯ start▯ over▯ again.▯ The▯ forest▯ is▯
therefore▯made▯up▯of▯a▯mosaic▯of▯patches▯in▯gap▯phase,▯in▯building▯phase▯and▯in▯mature▯
phase▯ (Yamamoto▯ 1992).▯ In▯ gaps,▯ increased▯ amounts▯ of▯ solar▯ radiation▯ reach▯ the▯ forest▯
ͶAnnex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
floor,▯causing▯higher▯temperatures▯and▯drying▯of▯the▯soil▯and▯growing▯conditions▯that▯are▯
much▯different▯from▯the▯mature▯forest▯phase▯and▯gaps▯are▯therefore▯inhabited▯by▯different▯
sets▯of▯species.▯Gaps▯are▯dominated▯by▯light▯demanding▯species▯with▯small▯seeds▯that▯grow▯
faster▯than▯other▯rain▯forest▯trees▯and▯compete▯strongly▯with▯each▯other▯for▯light,▯and▯die▯
when▯other▯species▯overtop▯them▯and▯put▯them▯in▯shade.▯These▯light▯demanding▯species▯
constantly▯ move▯ from▯ gap▯ to▯ gap▯ and▯ cannot▯ germinate▯ in▯ their▯ own▯ shade▯ –▯ they▯ are▯▯
nomads▯in▯the▯forest▯in▯constant▯search▯for▯new▯patches▯where▯they▯can▯survive.▯▯
The▯dynamic▯nature▯of▯tropical▯forests▯is▯illustrated▯by▯a▯study▯conducted▯in▯a▯two▯
acre▯plot▯in▯the▯Reserva▯Faunistica▯Cuyabeno,▯just▯40▯km▯south▯of▯the▯Colombian▯border▯▯
(Korning▯&▯Balslev▯1994b;▯See▯Box▯4).▯▯
Ͷͺ Annex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
▯
Box▯ 4.▯▯ Study▯ of▯ Tropical▯ Forest▯ Stand▯ Dynamics▯ in▯ the▯ Reserva▯ Faunistica▯ Cuyabeno▯
(Korning▯&▯Balslev▯1994b).▯
Tropical▯rainforest▯dynamics▯is▯estimated▯by▯measuring▯tree▯diameter▯and▯re▯measuring▯after▯some▯time▯to▯
calculate▯growth▯of▯individual▯trees.▯If▯this▯is▯done▯for▯many▯trees▯that▯grow▯together▯in▯one▯forest,▯then▯the▯
measurements▯can▯be▯added▯up▯to▯give▯stand▯level▯dynamic▯information.▯▯
The▯trees▯were▯first▯measured▯in▯May▯1998,▯when▯there▯were▯697▯trees▯with▯stems▯over▯10▯cm▯diameter.▯Two▯
years▯and▯seven▯months▯later▯there▯were▯734▯trees.▯Eighteen▯trees▯had▯died▯and▯55▯trees▯had▯been▯recruited.▯
The▯basal▯area▯of▯the▯trees▯(the▯area▯of▯a▯cross▯section▯of▯the▯tree▯at▯a▯height▯of▯130▯cm▯above▯the▯ground)▯had▯
increased▯from▯27.2▯m ▯to▯28.9▯m .▯This▯means▯that▯1.04%▯of▯the▯individuals▯had▯died▯each▯year▯(mean▯annual▯
mortality▯rate),▯and▯half▯the▯stand▯would▯disappear▯in▯67▯years▯if▯no▯new▯recruits▯were▯added▯(stand▯half▯life).▯
The▯mean▯annual▯recruitment▯rate▯was▯3.09%▯which▯means▯that▯it▯would▯take▯23▯years▯to▯double▯the▯number▯
of▯trees▯if▯none▯of▯them▯died.▯Overall▯these▯numbers▯show▯that▯the▯forest▯plot▯at▯Cuyabeno▯was▯in▯a▯building▯
phase▯during▯the▯2▯years▯and▯seven▯months▯between▯the▯measurements▯in▯the▯late▯1980s.▯
Another▯three▯plots,▯measured▯at▯Añangu▯some▯60▯km▯further▯south▯were▯close▯to▯reaching▯the▯mature▯phase▯
or▯had▯reached▯it,▯and▯one▯plot▯was▯in▯the▯break▯down▯phase▯were▯more▯trees▯were▯dying▯than▯growing▯into▯
the▯forest.▯These▯numbers▯show▯just▯how▯dynamic▯the▯forests▯along▯the▯Ecuador▯Colombia▯border▯are,▯and▯also▯
that▯they▯are▯comparable▯in▯this▯respect▯to▯11▯other▯tropical▯American▯forests▯where▯stand▯half▯life▯had▯been▯
measured▯to▯be▯23–66▯years,▯and▯doubling▯times▯to▯be▯22–11▯years.▯▯
▯
Although▯ the▯ typical▯ expression▯ of▯ forest▯ growth▯ cycles▯ are▯ easy▯ to▯ describe,▯ the▯
actual▯ situation▯ is▯ one▯ of▯ continuous▯ change▯ and▯ broad▯ overlap▯ between▯ the▯ phases.▯
Similarly,▯ rain▯ forest▯ trees▯ represent▯ a▯ spectrum▯ from▯ light▯demanding▯ to▯ shade▯tolerant▯
species,▯ accompanied▯ by▯ a▯ gradual▯ change▯ from▯ small▯▯ to▯ large▯seeded▯ species.▯ Artificial▯
gaps▯ in▯ the▯ forest▯ canopy,▯ created▯ for▯ instance▯ by▯ aerial▯ spraying▯ with▯ herbicides,▯ may▯
increase▯light▯penetration▯and▯temperatures,▯and▯release▯of▯the▯seed▯bank▯in▯the▯soil▯that▯is▯
mostly▯ made▯ up▯ of▯ seeds▯ from▯ fast▯ growing▯ pioneer▯ species.▯ ▯ Nevertheless,▯ the▯ precise▯
effects▯on▯the▯ecosystem▯would▯be▯difficult▯to▯predict.▯Impacting▯the▯forest▯with▯external▯
factors▯is▯impacting▯a▯highly▯dynamic▯“moving▯target”▯which▯leads▯to▯uncertainty▯about▯the▯
effects▯that▯may▯be▯caused▯by▯environmental▯perturbations.▯
ͶͻAnnex 4
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
▯
IV. Previous▯studies
The▯ report▯ by▯ Solomon▯ and▯ collaborators▯ (2005)▯ reviews▯ existing▯ literature▯
concerning▯possible▯adverse▯effects▯of▯the▯use▯of▯glyphosate.▯It▯reviews▯many▯aspects▯of▯the▯
toxicity▯of▯this▯chemical▯compound,▯which▯is▯used▯in▯weed▯control▯in▯many▯countries,▯and▯in▯
Colombia▯to▯spray▯illegal▯poppy▯and▯coca▯plantings▯using▯airplanes.▯The▯report▯documents▯a▯
series▯of▯adverse▯effects▯of▯glyphosate▯when▯applied▯to▯humans,▯various▯animals▯and▯plants.▯
The▯report,▯however,▯consistently▯concludes▯in▯favor▯of▯glyphosate.▯▯It▯tends▯to▯diminish▯the▯
chemical’s▯effects▯and▯focuses▯on▯rapid▯recovery▯after▯adverse▯effects▯of▯application.▯The▯
report▯analyses▯the▯effects▯case▯by▯case▯and▯organism▯by▯organism,▯but▯does▯not▯evaluate▯
the▯possible▯combined▯effects▯on▯the▯environment▯if▯glyphosate▯were▯to▯be▯applied▯to▯an▯
ecosystem▯with▯many▯organisms▯interacting.▯
Solomon▯(2009)▯reviews▯a▯series▯of▯more▯detailed▯studies▯that▯were▯carried▯out▯by▯
several▯researchers▯following▯the▯2005▯report.▯This▯series▯of▯studies▯focuses▯on▯three▯aspects▯
of▯the▯use▯of▯glyphosate▯sprays▯in▯coca▯eradication.▯The▯first▯aspect▯is▯droplet▯size▯and▯how▯
that▯affects▯the▯distribution▯of▯the▯chemicals▯from▯the▯spray▯planes;▯a▯limited▯risk▯assessment▯
with▯respect▯to▯plants▯and▯amphibians▯was▯also▯included.▯The▯second▯aspect▯is▯the▯effect▯of▯
aerial▯spraying▯with▯glyphosate▯on▯the▯environment.▯And▯the▯third▯is▯the▯effect▯of▯glyphosate▯
sprays▯on▯humans.▯The▯section▯on▯effects▯on▯the▯environment▯addresses▯only▯the▯effect▯on▯
amphibians,▯based▯on▯the▯argument▯that▯amphibian▯species▯appear▯to▯be▯the▯most▯sensitive▯
to▯ environmental▯ pollutants.▯ Considering▯ that▯ aerial▯ spraying▯ with▯ glyphosate▯ is▯ done▯ to▯
eradicate▯a▯cultivated▯plant,▯it▯would▯have▯been▯pertinent▯to▯conduct▯a▯much▯more▯in▯depth▯
evaluation▯ and▯ discussion▯ regarding▯ the▯ effects▯ on▯ plants▯ that▯ are▯ not▯ the▯ subject▯ of▯
eradication.▯▯
Together▯the▯2005▯report▯and▯the▯series▯of▯studies▯published▯in▯2009▯underplay▯the▯
possible▯effects▯on▯plants▯other▯than▯coca▯and▯poppy,▯and▯neglect▯possible▯effects▯on▯the▯
ecosystem▯level,▯solely▯focusing▯on▯effects▯on▯single▯organisms.▯
ͷ’ Annex 4
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
V. Conclusion
The▯ Colombia▯Ecuador▯ border▯ region▯ passes▯ through▯ some▯ of▯ the▯ most▯ diverse▯ and▯
vulnerable▯ecosystems▯in▯our▯World.▯▯The▯range▯of▯ecosystems▯include▯tropical▯lowland▯rain▯
forests,▯ mountain▯ forests▯ at▯ various▯ elevations,▯ cloud▯ forests▯ near▯ the▯ tree▯ limit,▯ and▯
mangroves▯along▯the▯Pacific▯coast.▯The▯western▯lowlands▯and▯slopes▯are▯part▯of▯one▯of▯the▯
Worlds▯richest▯and▯most▯threatened▯biodiversity▯hotspots,▯the▯Tumbes▯Chocó▯Magdalena▯
biodiversity▯hotspot.▯The▯eastern▯slopes▯and▯lowlands▯lie▯within▯the▯Amazon▯basin▯which▯is▯
one▯of▯the▯last▯very▯large▯wilderness▯areas▯left▯in▯the▯World.▯The▯border▯region▯is▯inhabited▯
by▯ a▯ diverse▯ selection▯ of▯ the▯ ethnic▯ groups▯ that▯ live▯ in▯ north▯western▯ South▯ America,▯
including▯the▯Awá▯and▯the▯Cofán,▯who▯depend▯intensely▯on▯the▯diversity▯and▯the▯resources▯
of▯these▯ecosystems.▯The▯level▯of▯endemism▯is▯extremely▯high,▯i.e.,▯the▯border▯region▯is▯the▯
home▯of▯thousands▯of▯plant▯and▯animal▯species▯that▯occur▯nowhere▯else▯in▯the▯World.▯These▯
species▯include▯hundreds▯of▯endemic▯plants,▯bird,▯reptile▯and▯amphibian▯species,▯and▯even▯
several▯large▯mammals▯such▯as▯the▯Amazon▯Manatee,▯the▯Giant▯Otter,▯and▯Pink▯and▯Grey▯
River▯Dolphins.▯The▯tropical▯rain▯forest▯ecosystem▯is▯made▯up▯of▯complex▯webs▯of▯organisms▯
on▯ different▯ trophic▯ levels▯ that▯ form▯ interwoven▯ food▯ chains,▯ and▯ similarly▯ complex▯
pollination▯webs▯that▯maintain▯the▯reproductive▯processes▯of▯fertilization▯and▯seed▯dispersal.▯
At▯the▯same▯time▯the▯ecosystems▯are▯extremely▯dynamic▯with▯a▯constant▯change▯and▯growth▯
of▯ individuals▯ that▯ replace▯ each▯ other▯ in▯ intricate▯ stand▯ levels▯ dynamic▯ processes.▯ The▯
organisms▯ are▯ bound▯ together▯ in▯ highly▯ complicated▯ mutualistic▯ relationships▯ where▯ the▯
death▯or▯removal▯of▯one▯species▯affects▯the▯survival▯of▯other▯species.▯Due▯to▯the▯systems▯
connectivity▯ such▯ impacts▯ may▯ have▯ detrimental▯ cascading▯ effects,▯ either▯ as▯ bottom▯up▯
processes▯where▯external▯effects▯on▯primary▯producers▯end▯up▯affecting▯the▯top▯predators,▯
or▯in▯top▯down▯effects▯where▯the▯removal▯of▯a▯top▯predator▯causes▯destruction▯in▯the▯lower▯
trophic▯ levels.▯ The▯ highly▯ dynamic▯ nature▯ of▯ the▯ ecosystems▯ make▯ them▯ vulnerable▯ to▯
external▯impacts▯and▯environmental▯perturbations.▯▯Aerial▯spraying▯with▯herbicides▯in▯this▯
border▯region▯has▯the▯potential▯to▯cause▯significant▯damage▯to▯one▯of▯the▯Worlds▯richest▯and▯
most▯diverse▯biological▯treasures.▯
ͷͳAnnex 4
The▯Vulnerability▯of▯the▯▯
Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
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2010).▯
Salaman,▯P.▯G.▯W.▯&▯F.▯G.▯Stiles.▯1996.▯A▯distinctive▯new▯species▯of▯vireo▯(Passeriformes:▯Vireonidae)▯from▯the▯
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ͷ͵Annex 4
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Ecuador▯Colombia▯Border▯Region▯to▯Ecological▯Harm▯
Schwerdtfeger,▯W.▯1976.▯Climates▯of▯South▯and▯Central▯America.▯Elsevier▯Publishing▯Co.,▯Amsterdam,▯Holland.▯
Solomon,▯K.▯R.,▯A.▯Anadón,▯A.▯L.▯Cerdeira,▯J.▯Marshall▯&▯L.▯H.▯Sanin.▯2005.▯Environmental▯and▯Human▯Health▯
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Solomon,▯K.▯R.,▯E.▯J.▯P.▯Marshall▯&▯G.▯Carrasquilla.▯2009.▯Human▯health▯and▯environmental▯risk▯from▯the▯use▯of▯
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Journal▯of▯Toxicology▯and▯Environmental▯Health,▯Part▯A,▯72:▯914–920,▯
Stattersfield,▯A.▯J.,▯Crosby,▯M.▯J.,▯Long,▯A.▯J.▯et▯al.▯1998.▯Endemic▯Bird▯Areas▯of▯the▯World:▯Priorities▯for▯
Biodiversity▯Conservation.▯BirdLife▯International,▯Cambridge.▯
Tomlinson,▯P.▯B.▯1986.▯The▯Botany▯of▯Mangroves.▯Cambridge▯University▯Press,▯Cambridge.▯
Tuomisto,▯H.,▯K.▯Ruokolainen,▯R.▯Kalliola,▯A.▯Linna,▯W.▯Danjoy▯&▯Z.▯Rodriguez.▯1995.▯Dissecting▯Amazonian▯
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▯
ͷͶ Annex 4
APPENDIX▯1▯
Curriculum▯Vitae▯of▯Henrik▯Balslev,▯PhD▯Annex 4 Annex 4
H. Balslev, cv, p. 1.
HENRIK BALSLEV
Curriculum Vitae
PERSONAL DATA : Born 4 January 1951 in Bukoba, Tanganyika. Citizen of Denmark
W ORK ADDRESS : Department of Biological Sciences, Aar hus University, Build.. 1540, Ny Mun kegade,
DK-8000 Aarhus C., Denmark , telephone +45-8942-4707 and 8942-2743 (direct), fax +45-or:2-2722.
Herbariet, Bygn. 1137, Ole Worms Allé, Universitetsen, DK-8000 Aarhus C., Denmark. email:
[email protected]
E DUCATION : Highschool, Hjørring Gymnasium (1970); Cand. Scient in Biology (= M.Sc.), Aarhus
University (1978); Ph.D. in Botany, City University of New York (1982)
POSITIONS :Herbarium Fellow, The New Yor k Botanical Garden (1978–1981); Profesor de Botánica and
Director del Herbario, P. Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito (1981–1983); Associate Curator, The New
York Botanical Garden (1983–1984); Associate Professor (le ktor) Aarhus University (1984–1989); Senior
Associate Professor (docent) Aarhus University (1989–1997); Professor (1997–present) Aarhus University.
R ESEARCH INTERESTS : Neotropical botany with main emphasis on taxonomy of Juncaceae and
Palmae, phytosociology of tropical rainforests and páramos, economic botany of Palmae, and ethnobotany of
Amazonian indians.
E XPEDITIONS :East Africa (1974–1975, 5 months). Andes (1980, 3 months). Ecuador (1976, 5 months;
1985, 3 months; 1986, 3 months; 1987, 3 months; 1988, 2+2 months; onths; 1990, 2+1 months).
Brunei, Borneo (1991, 1 month), Ecuador (2001, 1 Peru (2002, 1 month; 2003, 2 months; 2004, 2
months; 2005, 3 months; 2006, 2 months; 2007, 2 months; 2008, 2 months)).
M EMBERSHIPS : The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letter; Fellow of the Linnean Society,
London; Danmark s Naturvidensk abelige Ak ademi; Association for Tropical Biology; International Palm
Society; American Society of Plant TaxonomisSociety for Economic Botany; Commision of the
Organization for Flora Neotropica.
A DMINISTRATION : Director of the Herbarium, Pontificiaersidad Católica dEcuador, Quito
(1981–1984); Curator of the Herbarium, BotaInstitut, Aarhus Universitet (1984–1994); Organizing
Committee of Symposium on Tropical Forest s, Aarhus Universitet (1988); Member of "Arbejdsgruppen for
U-landsforskning ved Aarhus Universitet" (=The Committee for Re search related to Developing Countries at
Aarhus University) (1988–1995); Member of Committee for PhD studies (=Fors keruddannelses Udvalget) at
Aarhus University Faculty of Natural Sciences (1990–1995); Member of Committee for PhD studies, Institute
of Biology, Aarhus University (1991–1995); chair of Systematic Botany , Aarhus University 1999-; member
of the Danish Natural Science Research Council 2000–2003.
E DITORIAL EXPERIENCE :Member of Editorial Boards of Anales del Real Jardín Botánica de
Madrid (2003–2009). Caldasia, Acta Botánica Mexicana, Ecotropica, Les Annales de Botanique de l’Afrique
de l’Ouest, and Biodiversity and Conservation; Outside referee for American Journal of Botany, Brittonia,
Opera Botanica, Symb. Bot. Upps., ropica, Bull. Inst. Franc. d'Et udes Andines, Ann. Missouri Bot.
Gard., Willdenowia, Ann. Bot. Fennicii, Journal of Tr opical Ecology, Journal of Vegetation Science, Flora
Neotropica, Aquatic Botany, Journal of the Botanical Society, Kew Bulletin, Tand Ecology.
Editor of AAU Reports , 1989–1994 and ENRECA-NEWSLETTER, 1990–1994; Editor of Tropical Forests:
Botanical Dynamics, Speci ation, and Diversity, Academic Press, LondEditor of Páramo: An
Andean Ecosystem under Human Influence, Academic Press, London, 1992. Co-editor of Biodiversity and
Conservation of Neotropical Montane ForeNYBG, New Yor k, 1995. Co-editor of Etsudios sobre
diversidad y ecologia de plantas, PUCE, Quito, 1997. Co-editor of Botanica Austroecuatori ana – Estudios
sobre los recursos vegetales en las provincias de El Oro, Loja y Zamora-Chinchipe. Abya-Yala, Quito, 2002.Annex 4
H. Balslev, cv, p. 2.
T EACHING E XPERIENCE : Teaching Assistant, Aarhus University (1975–1978); Taxonomy Course,
Continuing Education, The New Yor k Botanical Garden (1979); Several courses in General Botany, Plant
Taxonomy, Plant Evolution, and Local Flora at Pontif icia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito (1981–
1983); One yearly course in Tropical Biology at Aarhus Univers ity (1984–1987); Organizer (with P.
Strømgaard, Copenhagen) of Ph.D. Course on Sattelite im ages and vegetation science in the developing
countries (1989); Lectures in Advanced Taxonomy and Basic Taxonomy, Field course in local flora, Aarhus
University (1989–1995); Organizor of The Danish Research Academy's European Summer School on
Botanical Diversity of Tropical Forests, Aarhus, 13–27 Jul 1993; Course on Herbarium Management, Dakar
University, 29 Mar – 3 Apr 1993. Organizer of PhD course on Quantitative Plant Community and Population
Ecology, Aarhus University, Oct–Nov 1994, w. Pamela Hall. Taxonomy, P. Universidad Católica del
Ecuador, 1995-1996. Plant Systematics and Tropical Ecology, Aarhus University, 1997–.
T HESIS S TUDENTS :
— PhD-students:
25. Wolf Eiserhardt (Phylogenetic impact on Amazonian palm communities; to be completed 2011; with co-
supervision by Jens-Christian)
24. Anne Overgaard (Modelling African Palm distributions, to be completed 2011; main supervisor is Jens-
Christian Svenning)
23. Kamonnate Srithi (PhD student at Chiang Mai University, Thailand, Ethnobotany of Thai hill tribes, to
be completed 2012; I am external supervisor, main supeprvisor Prof. Chusie Trisonthi)
22. Thea Kristiansen (Amazonian Palm diversity, to be completed 2010; co-supervisor J.-Chr. Svenning).
21. Lucia de la Torre (Biodiversity and use-diversity in Ecuadorcompleted 2009; co supervisor with F.
Borchsenius).
20. Angkhana Inta (PhD student at Chiang Mai University, Thai hill tribe ethnobotany, completed 2008; I
was external supervisor, main supervisor is Prof. Chusie Trisonthi).
19. Woranuch Laongsri (PhD student at Chiang Mai University, Thai Nymphaeaceae, 8 completed 2008; I
was external supervisor, main supervisor is Prof. Chusie Trisonthi).
18. Stine Bjorholm (Palm biogeography, completed 2007; co-supervisor w. J.-Chr. Svenning).
17. Priscilla Muriel (Virola systematics, completed 2004, currently researcher, QCA Quito);
16. Anja Byg (Ethnobotany in Amazonian Ecuador, completed 2004, currently postdoc KU-Life);
15. Merete Kirstine Christensen (Savannah ethnobotany in Bur kina Faso, completed 2004, currently
consultant Jyske Bank).
14. Ralf Leimbeck (Ecology and Diversity of Neotropical Araceae, completed 2002, currently highschool
teacher).
13. Jens Chr. Svenning (Palm Communities in Amazonian Ecuador, completed 1999, currently professor
Aarhus University).
12. Gloria Galeano (Quantitative inventories of useful species in rainforests, completed 1997, cuurently
profesor Universidad Nacional, Bogotá).
11. Rodrigo Bernal (Natural history of Phytelephas seemannii , completed 1996, currently profesor
Universidad Nacional, Bogotá).
10. Carmen Josse (Ecology of dry forests in Ecuador, completed 1996, currently Conservation International,
Washington DC).
9. Monica Moraes (Taxonomy and natural history of Bolivian Palms, completed 1996, currently director of
the herbarium at Instituto de Ecología in La Paz).
8. Renato Valencia (Composition and Structure of Andean Forests, completed 1994, currently professor of
botany and director of the Institute of Biology at Univ. Catolica in Quito);
7. Jørgen Korning (Species composition and structure of the tree vegetation in rainforest, completed 1993,
currently consultant);
6. Peter Møller Jørgensen (Andean m ontane forest vegetation, complet ed 1993, currently at Missouri
Botanical Garden);
5. Carmen Ulloa (Taxonomy of Ecuadorean woody genera, completed 1993, currently at Missouri Botanical
Garden);
4. Jens Elgaard Madsen (Ecology of the montane forest in Parque Podocarpus, Ecuador, completed 1991); Annex 4
H. Balslev, cv, p. 3.
3. Finn Borchsenius Kristensen (A revision of the genus Aiphanes, Palmae, completed 1991, currently
associate professor, Aarhus University);
2. Flemming Skov (A revision of Geonoma in Ecuador, completed 1990, currently senior reseacher, NERI);
1. Anders Barfod (Systematics of Phytelephantoideae, Arecaceae, completed 1988, currently associate
professor at Aarhus University).
— Cand. scient. (= M.Sc.), Aarhus University:
44. Mette Kronborg (Economic botany in Sahel, to be completed 2009, A.M.Lykke is co-supervisor)
43. Malene Jersild (Economic botany in Sahel, to be completed 2009, A.M.Lykke is co-supervisor)
42. Sandie Lykke Hansen (Amazon palm ethnobotany, complet ed 2009, with co-supervision by Jens-
Christian Svenning)
41. Dennis Pedersen (Amazon palm communities, completed 2008, with co-supervision by Jens-Christian
Svenning)
40. Anne Luise Møller (Ethnobotany of palms in Peru, completed 2007).
39. Marie Lindgren (Local k nowledge of palms in Payamino, com pleted 2007; co-supervisor with A.
Barfod).
38. Asser Øllgaard (Ethnoecology in Payamino, Ecuador, completed 2007).
37. Lone Hübschmann (Diversity, variation and use of Desmoncus, to be completed 2007).
36. Marianne Sørensen (Forest herb distribution, completed 2006; co-supervisor with J.-Chr. Svenning).
35. Rikke Rørby (Factors affecting plant distribution in a Danish beech forest, completed 2006; co-
supervisor with J.-Chr. Svenning).
34. Anne Sandal (GIS studies of Cyperaceae distributions in Denmar k, completed 2006; co supervisor with
J.-Chr. Svenning).
33. Jens Clausen (Regional vs. Global distributions patterns of plant families, completed 2006; co-supervisor
with J.-Chr. Svenning).
32. Adriana Sanjines (Amazonian palm community ecology, completed 2005; co-supervisor with J.-Chr.
Svenning).
31. Narel Paniagua (Amazonian palm ethnobotany, completed 2005; co-supervisor with J.-Chr. Svenning).
30. Rikke Pape Thomsen (Forest dynamics in Suserup forest, compl eted 2004; co-supervisor with J.-Chr.
Svenning).
29. Karen Ronge Hansen (Understory Danish forest, completed 2004; co-supervisor with J.-Chr. Svenning);
28. Kristian Skjerning Kyed (The importance of Scale in Biodiversity, completed 2004).
27. Birgitte Windeballe (Deciduous forest ecology Denmark , completed 2003; co-supervisor with J.-Chr.
Svenning);
26. Tatiana Jaramillo (Myristicaceae systematics, completed 2002);
25. Luise Ugilt Jensen (Distributional history of Carpinus betulus in Denmark, completed 2001);
24. Rommel Montufar (Amazonian Palm Biogeography, completed 2001);
23. Lone Kristensen (Herbs of northern Thailand, completed 2000);
22. Selene Baez (Palm communities in western Ecuador, completed 2001);
21. Pablo Lozano (Taxonomy and reproductive biology of Machaerium in Ecuador, completed in 2000);
20. Anja Byg (Ethnobotany of Madagascan palms, completed 2000);
19. Morten Bjerrum (Biogeograhy of Ecuadorian Begonia, completed 2000);
18. Karen Jensen (Quantitative ethnobotany, completed 1994);
17. Karin Krogstrup (Inventory of Economic Plants in Amazonian Ecuador, completed 1994);
16. Christian Lange (Brugen af Storsvampe til Naturovervågning, completed 1992, Mycological supervisor
was Henning Knudsen, KU);
15. Birgitte Mogensen (Maya ethno-botany in Yucatán, completed 1991);
14. Ole Stauning (Maya ethno-botany in Yucatán, completed 1991);
13. Henning Christensen (Vegetation studies in tropical rainforest in Ecuador, completed 1991);
12. Anders Bøgh Pedersen (Vascular epiphytes in a montane forest in Ecuador, completed 1991, published
1992);
11. Bjarke Eriksen (Quantitative Inventory of the ground vegetation in a montane forest in Ecuador,
completed 1990);
10. Lis Elleman (Ethnobotany of the Saraguro indians, Ecuador, completed 1990);
9. Axel Dalberg Poulsen (A quantitative inventory of the herbaceous ground vegetation in a 1-hectare plot in
tropical rainforest in Ecuador, completed 1990);Annex 4
H. Balslev, cv, p. 4.
8. Ingvar Nielsen (Epiphyte vegetation in a one-hectare pltropical rainforest in Ecuador, completed
1989);
7. Klaus Bloch (A tree inventory in a one-hectare plot in tropical rainforest in Ecuador, completed 1989);
6. Monica Moraes (A revision of Allagoptera (Palmae), completed 1989);
5. Birgitte Bergman (A taxonomic revision of Chamaedorea in Ecuador, completed 1989);
4. Ulla Blicher-Mathiesen (Attaleinae (Palmae) in Ecuador, completed 1989);
3. Henrik Borgtoft Pedersen (Biology, utilization and management of some Ecuadorean palms, completed
in 1988);
2. Finn Borchsenius Kristensen (The genus Aiphanes in Ecuador, completed in 1988);
1. Flemming Skov (A Revision of the genus Hyospathe — Palmae, completed 1986).
— Licenciatura en Biología, PUCE, Quito:
Elizabeth Velásquez Bravo (Dinámica y adaptaciones de las plantas vasculares de dos ciénegas tropicales en
Ecuador, completed 1983, published 1985);Patricio Mena (Comparación entre la Vegetación de los
Páramos y el Cinturón Afroalpino, completed 1984, published 1986); Rosario Briones (Estudios
relacionados con la presencia de Organismos pareci dos a Micoplasma en el cultivo de Solanum marginatum,
completed 1984); Catalina Quintana (Diversity and community structure of herbs in a montane forest in
Ecuador, completed 1998); Priscilla Muriel (Virola-Myristicaceae in Ecuador, completed Tatiana
Jaramillo (Iryanthera etc. – Myristicaceae in Ecuador, completed 2000).
EXTERNAL E VALUATION OF D OCTORAL THESIS :
1991: External reviewer of PhD dissertation by Risto Kalliola, Turku University, Finland (Abiotic control of
the vegetation in Peruvian Amazon floodplains: environment change and pioneer species);
1991: Fakultetsopponent for PhD dissertation by Suk-Pyo Hong, Uppsala University, Sweden (Taxonomny
of Aconogonon s.lat., Polygonaceae)
1992: External examiner for PhD dissertation Padmi Kramidabrata, University of Reading, UK (A
Revision of the Genus Calamus (Palmae) Section Macropodus Sensu Furtado)
1993: Fak ultetsopponent for PhD dissertation byRoger Eriksson, Göteborgs University, Sweden
(Systematics of the Cyclanthaceae, especially Sphaeradenia and Chorigyne)
1994: External examiner for PhD dissertation by Leng Guan Saw, University of Reading, UK (The genus
Licuala in Malaya)
1997: External examiner for PhD dissertation bRenske Ek , University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
(Biodiversity in Guayana)
2000: External reviewer of PhD dissertation by Jaana Vormisto, Turku University, Finland (Palms in the
rainforests of Peruvian Amazonia: uses and distribution)
2000: Reviewer of Habilitation thesis of Michael Kessler, University of Göttingen, Germany
2004: External examiner of PhD dissertation for Alvaro Duque, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2004: External examiner of PhD dissertation for Veerle van den Eynden, University of Gent, Belgium
2004: Reviewer of Habilitation thesis of Maximilian Weigend, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
2005: External examiner of PhD thesis for Maurcio Sánchez, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2007: External examiner of PhD thesis for Rommel Montufar, l’Ecole Nationale Supéreure Agronomique
de Montpellier, France
2008: External examiner of PhD thesis by Eleanor Jones, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
2010: External examinar of PhD thesis byStela Valenti Raupp, INPA, Manaus, Brazil (Distribuçao,
abundancia e fenologia reproductiva de palmeiras em uma floresta de terra firme da Amazonia Central)
O THER E XTERNAL E VALUATIONS :
Institutions:
1993: Member of Advisory Board, Botanical Laboratory, University of Copenhagen;
2001: Member of Science Audit Team, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK;
2004: External reviewer of the PhD School for Biodiversity Studies, The Netherlands.
Evaluation of applicants for position as:
1998: Associate Professor, Botanical Garden, University of Copenhagen; Annex 4
H. Balslev, cv, p. 5.
2000: Professor, Natural History Museum, Stockholm, Sweden.
2003: Lecturer in systematic botany, University of Stockholm, Sweden
2004: Professor in Molecular Systematics, University of Copenhagen
2004: Professor in Phylogenetic Botany, Botanical Museum, Copenhagen
Academic accomplishment:
1993: Professional Accomplishment and Evaluation Review, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
Foundations (panels):
1999–2003: Member of Danish Natural Science Research Council.
2001–2003: Expert panel for International Foundation for Science (IFS), Stockholm, biodiversity
2002: Expert panel Swedish Research Council (FORMAS), applications on biodiversity collections facilities,
2004: Expert panel for applications for Researchers Training and Netk, Nordic Researcher Academy
(NorFA)
2005-2008; Chairman, Expert panel for applications for Researchers Training and Networ k, Nordic
Researcher Academy (NorFA)
Foundations (individual reviews):
2003: Reviewer of grant applications; National Science Foundation (NSF), USA
2003: Review of grant application, Swiss Research Council
2004: Review of book project, Princeton University Press
2004: Reviewer of applications for biodiversity collections facility grants, Swedish Research Council
(FORMAS)
2005: Reviewer of applications for biodiversity, Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet)
E XTERNAL B OARDS &C OMMITTEES .:
1999–present: Member of the Governing Board, Natural History Museum, Aarhus
2001–2010: Head of the Danish delegation to the Gov erning Board, Global Biodiversity Information Facility
(GBIF)
2001-2010: Chairman of the Board of the Danish Biodiversity Information Facility (DanBIF)
2004–present: Member of the Research Committee, Aalborg Zoo, Denmark
2004–2008: Executive Committee of the International Union of Biological Sciences (IUBS)
2004–2008: IUBS representative to ICSU Scientific Committee on Data for Sciences and Technology
(CODATA)
INVITED L ECTURES GIVEN : Distribution patterns of Ecuadorian Plant Species Symposium on
Tropical Botany, Utrecht, September 1986). The endangernment of Ecuadorean Palm species (International
Symposium on Palm Systematics and Evolution, Cornell University, Ithaca, June 1987)Estudios en el
bosque tropical de la Amazonía Ecuatoriana (I Congreso Ecuatoriano de Cienci as Naturales, Quito, March
1987). La flora del Ecuador (Seminario de Incendios Forestales, Quito, April 19La Evolución de la
Flora del Ecuador en Relación a la Historia Geológica (XI Jornadas Nacionales de Ciencias Biológicas,
Riobamba, 19–21 Nov 1987) Palmas Nativas del Ecuador y su Importancia(XI Jornadas Nacionales de
Ciencias Biológicas, Riobamba, 19–21 Nov 1987). Ecuador – et plantegeografisk Laboratorium
(Folkeuniversitetet, Horsens, 19 Jan 1988). Research in Tropical Forests at th e Botanical Institute, Aarhus
University. (Meeting on "Miljø, Udvi kling og Fors kning" (Environment, Development and Research),
Copenhagen, 25–26 Feb 1988). Diversity of Ecuadorean Forests east of the Andes, (Symposium on Tropical
Forest, Aarhus, 8–10 Aug 1988). Scientific collaboration between the Universidad Católica del Ecuador▯ and
Aarhus University, (Meeting on "Directions and new wor king procedures in rural development research."
Aarhus, 12 Sep 1988). Tropisk Regnskog — Forskningsopgaver og Tverfaglige Perspektiver(Centre for
Development Studies, University of Bergen, Norway, 12 June 1989). Ecuadorean páramos — diversity and
phytogeographic origin, (Symposium on Tropi cal Ecosystems, Saarbrücken, 15–16 June 1989). Palmae for
the Flora of Ecuador, (Symposium Nordic Botanic Research in the Andes and Western Amazon, Aarhus, 28–
29 August 1989). De tropiske skoves værdier, (Kursus i u-landkovbrug. Tune Lanbosk ole, 31 october
1989). Kortlægning af naturlige genressourcerog potentiale i agroforestry-systeme(Miljøhensyn og
Agroforestry i u-landsarbejdet. Temadag. Det dans ke FAO-udvalg, Skovskolen, 18 januar 1990). La Palma
Real de la costa Ecuatoriana — un recurso de grasa vegeta(I Simposio Ecuatoriano de Etnobotanica yAnnex 4
H. Balslev, cv, p. 6.
Botanica Económica. Quito, 27 Feb – 2 Mar, 1990). Amazonas Palmer og deres betydning for mennesket,
(Göteborgs Botaniske Förening, 14 Nov 1990). En hektar lavlandsregnskov ved Cuyabeno: En kvantitativ
inventering, (Afd. för Systematis k Botani k, Göteborgs Universitet, 14 Nov 1990).Flowering plants of
Amazonian Ecuador — a checklist, A quantitative 1-hectare flora inventory in Ecuador, Taxonomic problems
in neotropical palms, and Economic botany of neotropical palms, (Course in "Basic and applied taxonomic
botany for the tropics" - Uni versity of Uppsala, Sweden, 27–28 Nov 1990). How many vascular plants are
supported in one hectare of tropi cal lowland rainforest ? (The Symposium on Nordic Botanical Rsearch in
the neotropics - University of Tur ku, Finland, 19–21 August 1991)Warming og den neotropiske botanik
[Warming and neotropical botany], (150 Anniversary for Warming, Dans k Botanisk Forening and Botanisk
Centralinstitut, Copenhagen, 8 November 1991). The Future of Tropical Plant Resources for the Developing
World, (Conference on "Oils and Fats in the Nineties," Fredericia, Denmar k, 23–26 March 1992).[not
updated 1992–2002].
2003
Palm Diversity Patterns, Symposium on Plant Diversity and Complexity Patterns, Copenhagen 25-28 May
2003.
Sistematica de las Angiospermas, Guest lecture at Universidad Nacional Amazonense Peruana, Iiquitos, 17
July 2003.
Ecologia de Palmas, Guest lecture at Universidad Amazonense Peruana, Iiquitos, 21 August 2003.
La Nueva Clasificación de las Angiospermas, Keynote Lecture. Congreso Ecuatoriana de Botanica, Loja, 25
August 2003.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF): a new oportunity for developing countries? Congreso
Ecuatoriana de Botanica, Loja, 25 August 2003.
International Foundation for Science (IFS) — an opportunity for funding for young researcherCongreso
Ecuatoriana de Botanica, Loja, 25 August 2003.
Nordisk Biodiversitets Informatik Samarbejde indenfor netværket NordBIN. Meeting entitled Biologis k
Mångfald på nätet, Natural History Museum, Stockholm, 18 Sept 2003.
Past, Present and Future Neotropical Palm Floras, Symposium on Biodiversity and Evolution, Frankfurt 21-
27 Sept 2003.
2004
Traditional use and extraction of Aphandra natalia fibre. Contributed talk. Thematics Day on Biodiversity
and Ethnoecology. Aarhus University, 30 March 2004.
The Danish GBIF node’s Symposium on Molecular Biodiv ersity. Global Biodiversity Information Facility,
Governing Board Meeting 8, Oaxaca, Mexico, 25-29 April, 2004.
Filogénia y Clasificación de las Angiospermas. Keynote Lecture. X Congreso Nacional de Botanica (X
CONABOT), Trujillo, Peru. 2–5 May, 2004.
Evolución y Diversidad de las Angiospermas . Guest lecture, Universidad Nacional Amazonense Peruano,
Iquitos, Peru, 29 May, 2003.
2006
Palms and palm communities in the western Amazon. Annual Meeting of the Department of Biology, Aarhus
University, 5 May 2006.
Ethnoecology of west Amazonian Palms, invited spea ker, 6th International Wor kshop on Biodiversity
Conservation and Utilization, Beijing China, 22–24 May 2006.
Palms and palm communities around Iquitos, Peru. Contributed talk. 6th meeting of the European Networ k
of palm Scientists, 27-28 May 2006, Geneva, Switzerland.
Uses and management of Amazonian palms. Invited lecture. University of München, Germany. 31 May 2006.
[not updated]
2009
Neotropical Ethnobotany. Invited Speaker, R.G.J. Congress X, The Thailand Research Fund, 3-5 April 2009.
G RANTS R ECIEVED : 1978–1980, Monographic studies of tropical American Juncaceae, Danish Natural
Science Research Council (# 511-10226, 511-15358, 11-0431, 11-1606), DKr 138,293; 1980, Doctoral
Dissertation Improvement Grant, National Science Foundation, USD 6000; 1985-1987, Taxonomy and
Economic Potential of Ecuadorean Palms, Danish Nat ural Science Research Council (# 11-5117, 11-5582,
11-6273); 1987, Conservation and Sustainable use of Attalea colenda in coastal Ecuador, Lindbergh Fund,
USD 10,580; 1990-1992 Species Diversity and Dynamics in Tropical Rain forests, Danish Natural Science
Research Council (#11-6848) DKr. 690,000; 1992-1995, Palm Extractivism in Amazonian Ecuador,
European Commission STD3 subcontract, ECU 35,000; 1990-1995, Natural Resources for Development, Annex 4
H. Balslev, cv, p. 7.
Research Collaboration between Denmar k and Ecuador, Danish Agency for Int ernational Development,
Danida, DKr. 11,562,000; 1993, European Summer School on Bota nical Diversity of tropical Forests, The
Danish Research Academy (V920264), DKr. 400,000; 1993–1998, Cent er for Tropical Biodiversity (w. Jon
Fjeldså, Ib Friis & P. Arctander), Danish Naral Science Research Council (11-0390), DKr. 22,000,000;
1994, PhD course in Tropical Plant Community Ecology (w. P. Hall), Danish Research Academy (V930164),
DKr. 55,000. 1999-2001, Enhancement of Research Capacity in Ecuador, DKr 4,121,000 from Danida;
2002–2004, Factors controlling biodiversity in Western Amazonia, 400,000 DKr, Danish Natural Science
Research Council; 2003-2005, Palm base, 360,000 DKr, Danish Natural Science Research Council; 2003,
Plant Diversity and Complexity Patterns - an Inter national Symposium, 60,000 DKr, Danish Natural Science
Research Council; 2003–2004, Western Amazonian Piassaba Fibers, 369,600 DKr, Danida Research Council
(RUF); 2003-2005, Invitation of guest professor, 180,000 DKr, Velux Foundation; 2003–2006, Biodiversity
and Economically Important Plants in the Andes, 5,000,000 D kr, Danida Research Council. 2004-2006,
Superpáramo plant distributions – visiting professor Petr klenar, 150.000 DKr, Aarhus Universitets
Forsknings Fond. 2007, DanBIF conference on Barcoding, 100,000 DKr, Danish Natural Science Research
Council. 2007-2009, Modelling Neotropical Palm Distributions, 3,000,000 DKr, Danish Natural Science
Research Council. 2007-2008, Fors kningslegat for students particip ation in biodiversity research,100,000
DKr, WWF/Novozymes. 2009-2013, Impacts of palm harvesting on tropical forests, 3.2 mio€, FP7-EU-grant.
PLANT NAMES:
Centropogon balslevii Jeppesen, Fl. Ecuador 14: 60. 1981
Phoradendron balslevii Kuijt, Fl. Ecuador 24: 31. 1986
Parkia balslevii Hopkins, Fl. Neotropica 43: 103, 1986
Disterigma balslevii Luteyn, Opera Botanica 92: 113. 1987
Cynanchum balslevii G. Morillo, Ernnstia 2(3-4): 60. 192 (= Jobinia balslevii(Morillo) W.D.Stevens, Novon
10(3): 244. 2000
Anthurium balslevii Croat & J. Rodriguez, Aroideana 18: 54. 1995
Boehmeria balslevii Friis & Wilmot-Dear, Monogr. Syst. Bot. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: 956. 1999
H ONOURS :
Golden Medal, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, 1998.
Profesor visitante, Universidad National de la Amazonía Peruana, Iquitos, Peru, 2004—
Doctor Honoris Causa, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador, 2009
P UBLICATIONS &A BSTRACTS :
1979
1. Balslev, H. 1979. On the distribution of Rostkovia magellanica (Juncaceae) — a species newly
rediscovered in Ecuador. Brittonia 31: 243–247.
2. Balslev, H. 1979. Juncaceae In: G. Harling & B. Sparre (eds.) Flora of Ecuador 11: 1–44.
3. Øllgaard, B. & H. Balslev. 1979. Report on the 3rd Danish Botanical Expedition to Ecuador. Rep. Bo▯t.
Inst., Univ. Aarhus 4: 1–141.
1980
4. Balslev, H. 1980. Juncus planifolius (Juncaceae) in North America. Brittonia 32: 51–54.
5. Balslev, H. & E. Joyal. 1980. Plant collectors in Ecuador: Camp, Prieto, Giler & Jørgensen. Brittonia 32:
437–451.
1981
6. Balslev, H. & S. A. Mori. 1981. Qualea amapaensis (Vochysiaceae), a new and phytogeographically
interesting species from Brazil. Brittonia 33: 5–8.
1983
7. Balslev, H. 1983. New taxa and combinations in Neotropical Juncaceae. Brittonia 35: 302–308.
8. Balslev, H. 1983. Preparación de Muestras Botánicas. Publ. Mus. Cienc. Nat. Ecuador, Serie Miscel. 2:
45–48.
9. Balslev, H. & R. Briones. 1983. Las Gentianaceas del Parque Nacional Cotopaxi, Ecuador. Publ. Mus.
Cienc. Nat. Ecuador, Serie Revista 3: 12–19.
10. Balslev, H. & T. de Vries. 1983. Diversidad en cuatro cuadrant es del páramo arbustivo del Cotopaxi,
Ecuador. Publ. Mus. Cienc. Nat. Ecuador, Serie Revista 3: 20–32.Annex 4
H. Balslev, cv, p. 8.
1984
11. Balslev, H. 1984. The dry bunchgrass community on Mount Cotopaxi, Ecuador. [Abstract]. In: L. B.
Holm-Nielsen, B. Øllgaard and U. Molau (eds.) Scandinavian Botanical Research in Ecuador. Rep.
Bot. Inst., Univ. Aarhus 9: 37–38.
1985
12. Bravo Velasquez, E. & H. Balslev. 1985. Dinámica y adaptaciones de las plantas vasculares de dos
ciénegas tropicales en Ecuador. Rep. Bot. Inst., Univ. Aarhus 11: 1–▯50.
13. Balslev, H., L. B. Holm-Nielsen & B. Øllg aard. 1985. Páramoen — Andesbjergenes alpine vegetation.
Naturens Verden 10: 364–376.
14. Muñoz, L., H. Balslev & T. de Vries. 1985. Diversidad de la vegetación en cuatro cuadrantes en el
páramo pajonal del Antisana, Ecuador. Publ. Mus. Cienc. Nat. Ecuador, Serie Revista 4: 21–33.
1986
15. Balslev, H. & S. Lægaard. 1986. Distichia acicularis sp. nov. — a new cushionforming Juncaceae from
the high Andes of Ecuador. Nord. J. Bot. 6: 151–155.
16. Mena, P. & H. Balslev. 1986. Comparación entre la Vegetación de los Páramos y el Cinturón Afroalpino.
Rep. Bot. Inst., Univ. Aarhus 12: 1–55.
17. Balslev, H. 1986. A listing of Ecuadorean Palms, pp. 48–51 In: Dennis V. Johnson, Final Report WWF
3322, Economic Botany and Threathened Species of the Palm Family in Latin America and the
Caribbean. WWF, Washington.
18. Balslev, H. 1986. Undervisning i Tropebiologi, pp. 7–9 In: B. Muus & M. Stoltze (eds.), En ny
Junglebog. WWF, Copenhagen.
1987
19. Balslev, H., J. L. Luteyn, B. Øllgaard & L. B. Holm-Nielsen. 1987. Composition and structure of
adjacent unflooded and floodplain forest in Amazonian Ecuador. Opera Botanica 92: 37–57.
20. Balslev, H. & A. Barfod. 1987. Ecuadorean Palms — an overview. Opera Botanica 92: 1–21.
21. Barfod, A., A. Henderson & H. Balslev. 1987. A note on the pollination of Phytelephas microcarpa
(Palmae). Biotropica 19: 191–192
22. Balslev, H. & A. Henderson. 1987. Prestoea Palmito. Principes 31: 11.
23. Balslev, H. & A. Henderson. 1987. Elaeis oleifera (Palmae) encontrada en el Ecuador. Publ. Mus. Cienc.
Nat. Ecuador, Serie Revista 5: 45–49.
24. Balslev, H. & A. Henderson. 1987. The identity of Ynesa colenda O. F. Cook. Brittonia 39: 1–6.
25. Balslev, H. & A. Henderson. 1987. A new Ammandra (Palmae) from Ecuador. Syst. Bot. 12: 501–504.
26. Figueroa, E., G. Oviedo, C. Vela, R. Sierra, H. Balslev, J. Torres, A. Carrasco & T. de Vries. 1987.
Evaluación del Impacto Ambiental del Sismo en la Amazonía. pp. 1–230, with 7 figs. and 9 maps.
Fundación Natura, Quito.
27. Balslev, H. 1987. Palmas nativas de la Amazonia ecuatoriana. Revista Colibri 3: 64–73.
28. Lescure, J.-P., H. Balslev & R. Alarcón. 1987. Plantas útiles de la Amazonia Ecuatoriana, pp. i–vii, & 1–
407. ORSTOM, P.U.C.E., I.N.C.R.A.E. & PRONAREG, Quito.
1988
29. Barfod, A. & H. Balslev. 1988. The use of Palms by the Cayapas and Coaiqueres on the Coastal Plain of
Ecuador. Principes 32: 29–42.
30. Balslev, H. 1988. Two new rushes (Juncus, Juncaceae) from Chiapas. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 75: 379–
382.
31. Balslev, H. 1988. Distribution patterns of Ecuadorean plant species. Taxon 37: 567–577.
32. Balslev, H., J. Madsen & R. Mix. 1988. Las Plantas y el Hombre en la Isla Puná, Ecuador. Universidad
Laica Vicente Rocafuerte & Museo Antropológico, Guayaquil. pp. 1–67.
33. Balslev, H. 1988. Scientific collaboration between the Universidad Católica del Ecuador and Aarhus
University. pp. 37–47 In: F. Dolberg and C. L. Østergaard (eds.), Directions and new wor king
procedures in rural development research. Papers presented at a meeting at the Aarhus University,
September 12, 1988. Institute of Political Science, Aarhus University.
34. Balslev, H. 1988. Ecuador — et biologisk smørhul. UDVIKLING 6: 31–33.
1989
35. Balslev, H. & M. Moraes. 1989. Sinopsis de las Palmeras de Bolivia. AAU Reports 20: 1–107.
36. Balslev, H. & S. S. Renner. 1989. Diversity of east Ecuadorean lowland forests. pp. 287–295 In: L. B.
Holm-Nielsen, I. C. Nielsen & H. Balslev (eds), Tropical Forests: Botanical Dynamics, Speciation and
Diversity, Academic Press, London.
37. Balslev, H. 1989. Ecuadors palmer — og tropeskovens skjulte ressourcer. Naturens Verden 7: 266–277. Annex 4
H. Balslev, cv, p. 9.
38. Skov, F. & H. Balslev. 1989. A revision of Hyospathe (Arecaceae). Nord. J. Bot. 9: 189–202.
39. Balslev, H. 1989. Hvor teori og pra ksis mødes. Aarhus Universitets Forskningsfonds Årsberetning, p. 2–
5.
40. Borchsenius, F. & H. Balslev. 1989. Three new species of Aiphanes (Palmae) with notes on the genus in
Ecuador. Nord. J. Bot.9: 383–393.
1990
41. Borgtoft Pedersen, H. & H. Balslev. 1990 Ecuadorean Palms for Agroforestry. AAU Reports 23: 1–122.
[Spanish translation: Borgtoft Pedersen, H. & H. Balslev. 1992. Palmas útiles – especies ecuatorianas
para agroforestería y extractivismo. Ediciones Abya-Yala, Quito, pp. 157]
42. Blicher-Mathiesen & H. Balslev. 1990. Attalea colenda (Palmae), a potential lauric oil resource.
Economic Botany 44: 360–368.
43. Balslev, H. 1990. Palms of Ecuador. [Abstract]. In: S. Lægaard & F. Borchsenius (eds.), N▯ordic
Botanical Research in the Andes and Western Amazonia. AAU Reports 25: 23–26.
44. Olesen, J. M. & H. Balslev. 1990. Flower Biology and Pollinators of the Amazonian Monoecious Palm
Geonoma macrostachys: A Case of Bakerian Mimicry. Principes. 34(3): 181–190.
1991
45. Paz y Miño C., G., H. Balslev, R. Valencia R. & P. Mena V., 1991. Lianas utilizadas por los indígenas
Siona-Secoya de la Amazonía del Ecuador. Reportes Técnicos de Ecociencia 1: 1–40.
46. Balslev, H. & G. Paz y Miño C. 1991. Collaboration of Denmar k and Ecuador: A Model for Plant
Genetic Resources Training. DIVERSITY 7(1&2): 31–32.
47. Balslev, H . & U. Blicher-Mathisen. 1991. La "palma real" de la Costa Ecuatoriana ( Attalea colenda,
Arecaceae), un recurso poco conocido de aceite vegetal. pp. 47–62 In: M. Ríos & H. Borgtoft
Pedersen. Las Plantas y El Hombre. Abya-Yala, Quito.
48. Paz y Miño, G, H. Balslev & R. Valencia. 1991. Aspectos etnobotánicos de las lianas utilizadas por los
indígenas Siona-Secoya de la Amazonía del Ecuador. pp. 105–118. In: M. Ríos & H. Borgtoft
Pedersen. Las Plantas y El Hombre. Abya-Yala, Quito.
49. Poulsen, A. D. & H. Balslev, 1991. Abundance and cover of ground herbs in an Amazonian rain forest.
Journal of Vegetation Science 2: 315–322.
50. Renner, S. S., L. B. Holm-Nielsen & H. Balslev. 1991. Flowering plants of Amazonian Ecuador — a
checklist. AAU Reports 25. 241 pp.
51. Bergmann, B. & H. Balslev. 1991. Diversidad y distribución de un importante recurso fitogenético: Las
Palmas (Arecaceae) en el Ecuador. Pp. 143–150 In: R. Castillo, C. Tapia & J. Estrella. Memorias de la
II reunión nacional sobre recursos fitogenéticos. In stituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias,
Quito.
52. Balslev, H. & T. de Vries. 1991. Life forms and species richness in a bunch grass páramo on Mount
Cotopaxi, Ecuador. pp. 45–58 In: W. Erdelen, N. Ishwaran and P. Müller (eds.), Proceedings of the
International and Interdisciplin ary Symposium "Tropical Ecosyst ems". Margraf Scientific Book s,
Weikersheim.
1992
53. Churchill, S. P., I. Sastre-De Jesús & H. Balslev. 1992. The mosses of Añangu, Napo Province, Ecuador.
Lindbergia 17(2–3): 50–54.
54. Balslev, H. 1992. Warming og den neotropiske botanik. URT 1991 (5): 4–11.
55. Balslev, H. 1992. The future of tropical plant resources for the developing world. pp. 282–297 In: V. K.
S. Shukla & F. D. Gunstone (eds.), Oils and Fats in The Nineties. International Food Science Centre,
Aarhus.
56. Borgtoft Pedersen, H. & H. Balslev. 1992 The Economic Botany of Ecuadorean palms. pp. 173–191 in
M. Plotkin & L. Famolare (eds.), Sustainable Harvest and mar keting of Rain Forest Products. Island
Press, Washington D.C.
1994
57. Balslev, H. 1994. Juncaceae pages 85–89 In: G. Davidse, M. Sousa S. & A. O. Chater (eds.) Flora
Mesoamericana, Univ. Nac. Aut. de Mexico, Mexico.
58. Valencia, R., H. Balslev, & G. Paz y Miño. 1994. High tree alpha diversity in Amazonian Ecuador.
Biodiversity and Conservation 3: 21–28.
59. Korning, J. & H. Balslev. 1994. Growth rates and mortality patterns of tropical lowland tree species and
the relation to forest structure in Amazonian Ecuador. J. Tropical Ecology 10: 151–166.
60. Korning, J. & H. Balslev. 1994. Growth and mortality of trees in Amazonian tropical rain forest in
Ecuador. J. Vegetation Science 4: 77-86.Annex 4
H. Balslev, cv, p. 10.
61. Josse, C. & H. Balslev. 1994. The composition and structure of a dry, semideciduous forest in western
Ecuador. Nordic Journal of Botany 14(3): 425–434. 1994.
1995
62. Paz y Miño, G., H. Balslev & R. Valencia. 1995. Useful Lianas of the Siona-Secoya Indians from
Amazonian Ecuador. Economic Botany 49(3): 269-274.
63. Holm Jensen, O. & H. Balslev. 1995. Ethnobotany of the fiber palm Astrocaryum chambira (Arecaceae)
in Amazonian Ecuador. Economic Botany 49(3): 309-319.
64. Moraes, M., G. Galeano, R. Bernal, H. Balslev & A. Henderson. 1995. Tropical Andean Palms. pp. 473-
487 in: S. P. Churchill. H. Balslev, J. L. Luteyn & E. Fo rero (eds.), Biodiversity and Conservation.
Neotropical Montane Forests. The New York Botanical Garden, New York. 1995.
1996
65. Balslev, H. 1996. Juncaceae In: Flora Neotropica Monographs 68:1-163.
66. Poulsen, A. D., I. C. Nielsen, S. Tan & H. Balslev. 1996. A quantitative inventory of trees in one hectare
of mixed dipterocarp forest in Temburong, Brunei . pp. 139-159 in D. S. Edwards et al. (eds.),
Proceedings from the Royal Geographic Soceity Symposium on Brunei, Darussalam, Mar 1993.
Tropical Rainforest Research (Current Issues).
67. Hall, P. & H. Balslev. 1996. Do palm species communities exist in Ecuadorian Amazonia ? [Abstract].
Suppl. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 77(3): 178.
1997
68. Valencia, R., Balslev, H. & G. Paz y Miño. 1997. Tamaño y distri bución vertical de los árboles en una
hectárea de un bosque muy diverso de la Amazonía eccuatoriana. pp. 173-187 in R. Valencia & H.
Balslev (eds.). Estudios sobre diversidad y ecología de plantas. Memo rias del II Congreso Ecuatoriano
de Botánica realizado en la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador. Univ. Catolica, Quito.
69. Romoleroux, K., R. Foster, R. Valencia, R. Condit, H. Balslev & E. Losos. 1997. Especis leñosas (dap >
1 cm) encontradoas en dos hectáres de un bosque de la Amazonía ecuatoriana. pp. 189-215 in R.
Valencia & H. Balslev (eds.). Estudios sobre diversidad y ecología de plantas. Memorias del II
Congreso Ecuatoriano de Botánica realizado en la Pon tificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador. Univ.
Catolica, Quito.
70. Svenning, J.-C. & H. Balslev. 1997. Small-scale demographic disequilibrium of Iriartea deltoidea
(Arecaceae) in Amazonian Ecuador. pp. 263-274 in R. Valencia & H. Balslev (eds.). Estudios sobre
diversidad y ecología de plantas. Memorias del II Congreso Ecuatoriano de Botánica realizado en la
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador. Univ. Catolica, Quito.
71. Bernal, R. & H. Balslev. 1997. Strangulation of the palm Phytelephas seemannii by the pioneer tree
Cecropia obtusifolia: The cost of efficient litter trapping. Ecotropica 2: 177-184.
72. Balslev, H., M. Rios, G. Quezada & B. Nantipa. 1997. Palmas útiles en la Cordillera de los Huacamayos.
PROBONA, Quito. Colección Manuales de Aprovechamento Sustentable de Bosque, 1: 1-57.
1998
73. Borchsenius, F., H. Borgtoft Pedersen & H. Balslev. 1998. Manual to the palms of Ecuador. AAU
Reports 37: 1–240.
74. Balslev, H. 1998. Juncaceae Pp. 252–260 In: K. Kubitzki (ed.), The Families and Genera of Vascular
Plants. Volume IV Flowering Plants, M onocotyledons, Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except
Gramineae). Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg.
75. Svenning, J.-C. & H. Balslev. 1998. The palm flora of the Maquipucuna montane forest reserve, Ecuador.
Principes 42: 218-226.
76. H. Balslev , R. Valencia, G. Paz y Miño, H. Chri stensen & I. Nielsen. 1998. Species count of vascular
plants in 1-hectare of humid lowland forest in Amazonian Ecuador. Pp 591-600 in F. Dallmeier and J.
A. Comisk ey(eds.). Forest Biodiversity in North, Cent ral and South America and the Carribean:
Research and Monitoring. Man and the Bi osphere Series, vol. 21. Unesco and TheParthenon
Publishing Group. Carnforth, Lancashire, UK.
77. Valencia, R., H. Balslev, W. Palacios, D. Neill, C. Josse, M. Tirado & F. Sk ov. 1998. Diversity and
family composition of tress in different regions of Ecuador: a sample of 18 one-hectare plots. Pp 569-
584 in F. Dallmeier and J. A. Comis key (eds.). Forest Biodiversity in North, Central and South
America and the Carribean: Research and Monito ring. Man and the Biosphere Series, vol. 21. Unesco
and TheParthenon Publishing Group. Carnforth, Lancashire, UK.
78. Galeano, G., S. Suarez & H. Balslev. 1998. Vascular plant species count in a wet forest in the Chocó area
on the Pacific coast of Colombia. Biodiversity and Conservation 7: 1563-1575.
1999 Annex 4
H. Balslev, cv, p. 11.
79. Svenning, J.-C. & H. Balslev. 1999. Microhabitat-dependent recruitment of Iriartea deltoidea
(Arecaceae) in Amazonian Ecuador. Ecotropica 5: 69-74.
80. Balslev, H. & F. Borchsenius. 1999. Arecaceae in Catalogue of Vacular Plants of Ecuador. Monogr.
Syst. Bot. Missourii Bot. Gard. 75: 248–255.
81. Duivenvoorden, J. F., H. Balslev, J. Cavalier, C. Grandez, H. Tuomisto & R. Valencia. 1999. Non-timber
forest plant resource assessment in NW Amazonia. Pp. 81-94 in: M.A.F. Ros-Tonen, (ed.) NTFP
Research in the Tropenbos Programme: Results and perspectives, Tropenbos Foundation,
Wageningen, The Netherlands.
2000
82. Macía, M. & H. Balslev. 2000. Use and management of Totora ( Schoenoplectus californicus ,
Cyperaceae) in Ecuador. Economic Botany 54(1): 82-89.
83. Jaramillo, T. S., Muriel, P., Rodrigues, W. A. & Balslev, H. 2000. Myristicaceae novelties from Ecuador.
Nordic Journal of Botany 20(4): 443-447.
2001
84. Byg,A.& H. Balslev . 2001. Traditional k nowledge of Dypsis fibrosa (Arecaceae) in Eastern
Madagascar. Economic Botany 55: 263–275.
85. Madsen, J., R. Mix & H. Balslev. 2001. Flora of Isla Puná: Plant resources on a Neotropical Island. Pp.
1–330. Aarhus University Press, Aarhus.
86. Byg, A. & H. Balslev. 2001. Diversity and use of palms in Zahamena, eastern Madagascar. Biodiversity
& Conservation. 10(6): 951-970.
87. Balslev, H. 2001. Vascular plants on Volcán Chiles and Páramo del Angel, Ecuador — a preliminary list.
Pp. 1–25 in P. M. Ramsay (ed.) The Ecology of Volcán Chiles: high-altitude ecosystems of the
Ecuador-Colombia border. Pebble & Shell, Plymouth.
88. Leimbeck, R. M & H. Balslev. 2001. Species richness and abundance of epiphytic Araceae on adjacent
floodplain and upland forest in Amazonian Ecuador. Biodiversity & Conservation 10(9): 1579–1593.
89. Borchsenius, F., Balslev, H. & J.-C. Svenning. 2001. Two new species of Geonoma sect. Taenianthera
(Arecaceae) from western Amazon. Nordic Journal of Botany 21: 341–347.
90. Jaramillo, T.S. & H. Balslev. 2001. Two new Myristicaceae from Ecuador. Nordic Journal of Botany 21:
561–566.
91. Balslev, H. 2001. Juncaceae in Flora de Nicaragua. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri
Botanical Garden 85: 1164–1165.
2002
92. Balslev, H. & B. Øllgaard. 2002. Mapa de vegetacion del sur de Ecuador. Pp. 51–▯64 in Z. Aguirre et al.
(eds.). Botanica Austroecuatoriana. Abya Yala, Quito.
93. Balslev, H . 2002. Palmas austroecuatorianas. Pp. 107–136 in Z. Aguirre et al. (eds.). Botanica
Austroecuatoriana. Abya Yala, Quito.
94. Madsen, J.E., Z. Aguirre, P.E. Lozano & H. Balslev, H. 2002. El Herbario Rainaldo Espinosa y la
exploracion botanica en el sur de Ecuador. Pp. 461–474 in Z. Aguirre et al. (eds.). Botanica
Austroecuatoriana. Abya Yala, Quito.
95. Balslev, H. & J. Kirschner. 2002. Rostkovia, Patosia and Distichia in Species Plantarum, Flora of the
World 6: 2–8, 13–18.
2003
96. Byg, A. & H. Balslev. 2003. Palm Heart Extraction in Zahamena, Eastern Madgascar. Palms 47(1): 37–
44.
97. Kristensen, M. & H. Balslev. 2003. Perceptions, use and availability of woody plants among the
Gourounsi in Burkina Faso. Biodiversity & Conservation. 12: 1715–1739.
2004
98. Leimbeck, R.., Valencia, R. & H. Balslev. 2004. Landscape diversity patterns and endemism of Araceae
in Ecuador. Biodiversity & Conservation 13: 1755–1799.
99. Jaramillo, T. S., Muriel, P. & H. Balslev. 2004. Myristicaceae in Flora Ecuador (eds. G. Harling & L.
Andersson). 72: 1–101.
100. Balslev, H. 2004. Juncaceae Pp. 450–451 In: N. Smith, S. A. Mori, A. Henderson, D. Wm. Stevenson, &
S. V. Heald. Flowering Plants of the Neotropics. Princeton University Press, Princeton and Oxford.
101. Valencia, R., Foster, R. B., Villa, G., Condit, R., Svenning, J-C., Her▯nández, C., Romoleroux, K., Losos,
E., Magård, E., Balslev, H. 2004. Tree species distributions and local habitat variation in the Amazon:
large forest plot in eastern Ecuador. Journal of Ecology 92: 214–229.
102. Vormisto, J., Svenning, J.-C., Hall, P. Balslev, H. 2004. Diversity and dominance in palm (Arecaceae)Annex 4
H. Balslev, cv, p. 12.
communities in terra firme forest in the western Amazon basin. Journal of Ecology 92: 577–588.
103. Valencia, R., Condit, R., Romoleroux, K., Foster, R. B., Villa Muñoz, G., Losos, E. C., Balslev, H.,
Svenning, J-C., Magård, E. (2004). Tree species diversity and distribution in a forest plot at Yasuni
National Park, Amazonian Ecuador. pp. 107–118 in : E.C. Losos and E. G. Leigh, Jr. (eds.). Tropical
Forest Diversity and Dynamism, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
104. Valencia, R., Condit, R., Foster, R. B., Romoleroux, K., Villa Muñoz, G., Svenning, J-C., Magård, E.,
Bass, M. Losos, E. C. and Balslev, H. (2004). Yasuní forest dynamics plot, Ecuador. pp. 609–620 in :
E.C. Losos and E. G. Leigh, Jr. (eds.). Tropical Forest Diversity and Dynamism, The University of
Chicago Press, Chicago and London.
105. Jensen, L. U., J. Lawesson, H. Balslev & M. C. Forchhammer. (2004) Predicting the distribution of
Carpinus betulus in Denmark with Ellenberg’s Climate Quotient. Nordic Journal of Botany 23: 57–67.
106. Windeballe, B.S., J-C. Svenning & H. Balslev. (2004). The influence of past land-use on understory
plant distributions in a near-natural deciduous forest in Denmark. Nordic Journal of Botany 23: 69–81.
107. Byg, A. & H. Balslev. (2004) Factors affecting local knowledge of palms in Nangaritza valley,
southeastern Ecuador. Journal of Ethnobiology 24(2): 255–278.
2005
108. Boll, T., J.-C., Svenning J. Vormisto, S. Normand, C. Grández & H. Balslev. (2005). Spatial
distribution and environmental preferences of the piassaba palm Aphandra natalia (Arecaceae) along
the Pastaza and Urituyacu rivers in Peru. Forest Ecology and Management 213: 175–183.
109. Bjorholm, S., J.-C. Svenning, F. Skov & H. Balslev. (2005) Environmental and spatial controls of palm
(Arecaceae) species richness across the Americas. Global Ecol. Biogeogr. 14: 423–429.
110. Balslev, H. (2005) Introduction, pp. 7–10 In I. Friis and H. Balslev, Plant Diversity and Complexity
Patterns, Local, Regional and Global Dimensions. Biol.Skr. 55, Copenhagen.
111. Condit, R., P. Ashton, H. Balslev, et al. (2005) Tropical tree alpha-diversity, pp. 565–582 In I. Friis and
H. Balslev, Plant Diversity and Complexity Patterns, Local, Regional and Global Dimensions.
Biol.Skr. 55, Copenhagen.
112. Thomsen, R. P., J.-C. Svenning & H. Balslev (2005) Overstorey control of understorey species
composition in a near-natural temperate broadleaved forest in Denmark. Plant Ecology 181: 113–126.
113. Sklenár, P. & H. Balslev (2005) Superpáramo plant species diversity and phytogeography in Ecuador.
Flora 200: 416–433.
2006
114. Bjorholm, S., J.-C. Svenning, W.J. Baker, F. Skov & H. Balslev (2006) Historical legacies in the
geographical diversity patterns of New World palm (Arecaceae) subfamilies. Botanical Journal of the
Linnaean Society 151: 113–125.
115. Byg, A. & H. Balslev (2006). Palms in indigenous and settler communities in southeastern Ecuador:
farmers' perception and cultivation practices. Agroforestry Systems 67: 147–158.
116. Normand, S., J. Vormisto, J.-C. Svenning, C. Grandez & H. Balslev. (2006). Geographical and
environmental controls of palm beta diversity in paleo-riverine terrace forests in Amazonian Peru.
Plant Ecology 186: 161–176.
117. Poulsen, A.D., H. Tuomisto & H. Balslev (2006). Edaphic and floristic variation within a 1-ha plot of
lowland Amazonian rainforest. Biotropica 38(4): 468–478.
118. Byg, A., J. Vormisto & H. Balslev (2006). Using the useful: characteristics of used palms in south-
eastern Ecuador. Environment, Development and Sustainability 8: 495–506.
119. H. Balslev. (2006). Introducción, pp. iii–ix in M. Moraes R., B. Øllgaard, L.P. Kvist, F. Borchsenius &
H. Balslev (eds.) Botánica Económica de los Andes Centrales. Universidad Mayor de San Andr´s, La
Paz.
120. Sanjinés Asturizaga, A., B. Øllgaard & H. Balslev. (2006). Frutos comestibles, pp. 329–346 in M.
Moraes R., B. Øllgaard, L.P. Kvist, F. Borchsenius & H. Balslev (eds.) Botánica Económica de los
Andes Centrales. Universidad Mayor de San Andr´s, La Paz.
121. Torre, L. de la, P. Muriel & H. Balslev. (2006). Etnobotánica en los Andes del Ecuador, pp. 246–267 in
M. Moraes R., B. Øllgaard, L.P. Kvist, F. Borchsenius & H. Balslev (eds.) Botánica Económica de los
Andes Centrales. Universidad Mayor de San Andr´s, La Paz.
2007
122. Byg, A., J. Vormisto & H. Balslev (2007). Influence of diversity and road access on palm extraction at
landscape scale in SE Ecuador. Biodiversity and Conservation. 16(3): 631–642. Springer DOI
10.1007/s10531-005-1342-y
123. Sklená▯, P. & H. Balslev (2007). Geographic flora elements in the Ecuadorian superpáramo. Flora Annex 4
H. Balslev, cv, p. 13.
202(1): 50–61.
124. Baez, S. & H. Balslev (2007). Edge effects on palm diversity in rain forest fragmments in western
Ecuador. Biodiversity and Conservation 16(7): 2201-2211. Springer doi 10.1007/s10531-007-9159-5.
125. Paniagua Zambrana, N.Y., A. Byg, J-C Svenning, M. Moraes, C. Grandez & H. Balslev. 2007. Diversity
of palm uses in the western Amazon. Biodiversity and Conservation 16: 2771–2787.
126. Hübschmann, L.K., L.P. Kvist, C. Grandez & H. Balslev. 2007. Uses of Vara Casha – a Neotropical
Liana Palm, Desmoncus polyacanhos – in Iquitos, Peru. PALMS 51(4): 167–176.
127. Balslev, H. 2007. Ethnoecology of west-Amazonian Palms. The Botanical Gardens of China 10: 171–
184.
2008
128. Inta, A.,ei Shengji, Balslev, H., Wangpakapattanawong, P. & Trisonthi, C. 2008. A comparative study
on medicinal plants used in Akha’s traditional medicine in China and Thailand, cultural coherence or
ecological divergence? Journal of Ethnopharmacology 116: 508–517. doi 10.1016/j.jep.2007.12.015
129. Svenning, J.-C., F. Borchsenius, S. Bjorholm and H. Balslev. 2008. High tropical net diversification
drives the New World latitudinal gradient in palm (Arecaceae) species richness. Journal of
Biogeography 35: 394-406.
130. Balslev, H. & V. Loeschcke. 2008. Indledning, pp. 7–18 in Balslev, H. & V Loeschcke (eds.). 2008.
Plagiering og Anden Videnskabelig Uredelighed – fra Etik til Jura. Husets Forlag, Aarhus.
131 Sklenar, P., J. Bendix & H. Balslev. 2008. Cloud frequency correlates to plant species composition in the
high Andes of Ecuador. Basic and Applied Ecology 9(5): 504-513 Doi: 10.1016/j.baae.2007.09.07
132. Torre, L. de la, H. Navarrete, P. Muriel M., M.J. Macía & H. Balslev. 2008. Metodología, pp. 4–7;
Resultados pp. 8–12 In: Torre, L. de la, H. Navarrete, P. Muriel M., M.J. Macía & H. Balslev (eds.)
2008. Enciclopedia de las Plantas Ùtiles del Ecuador. PUCE, Quito & U▯niversidad de Aarhus, Aarhus.
133. Torre, L. de la & H. Balslev. 2008. Introducción pp. 1–3 In: Torre, L. de la, H. Navarrete, P. Muriel
M., M.J. Macía & H. Balslev (eds.) 2008. Enciclopedia de las Plantas Ùtiles del Ecuador. PUCE,▯
Quito & Universidad de Aarhus, Aarhus.
134. Torre, L. de la & H. Balslev. 2008. La diversidad cultural del Ecuador pp. 39–52 In: Torre, L. de la, H.
Navarrete, P. Muriel M., M.J. Macía & H. Balslev (eds.) 2008. Enciclopedia de las Plantas Ùtiles del
Ecuador. PUCE, Quito & Universidad de Aarhus, Aarhus.
135. Henderson, A., F. Borchsenius & H. Balslev. 2008. New species of Geonoma (Palmae) from Ecuador.
Brittonia 60: 190-201.
136. Bjorholm, S., J.-C. Svenning, F. Skov & H. Balslev. 2008. To what exten does Tobler’s 1 slaw of
geography apply to macroecology? A case study using American palms (Arecaceae). BMC Ecology
8:11 [electronic, open access journal]
137. La-ongsri, W., C. Trisonthi & H. Balslev. 2008. Management and uses of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. In
Thai wetlands. Wetlands Ecology and Management 17: 279–289. DOI10.1007/s11273-008-9106-6
138. Balslev. H., C. Grandez, N Y. Paniagua Zambrana, A L. Møller & S. Lykke Hansen. 2008. Palmas
(Arecaceae) útiles en los alrededores de Iquitos, Amazonía Peruana. Rev. peru. biol. 15(supl. 1): 121–
132
139. Kronborg, M., C. A. Grández, E. Ferreira & H. Balslev. 2008. Aphandra natalia (Arecaceae) – a little
known source of piassaba fibers from the western Amazon. Rev. peru. biol. 15(supl. 1): 103–113
140. Pintaud, J.-C., G. Galeano, H. Balslev, R. Bernal, F. Borchsenius, E. Ferreira, J.-J. de Granville, K.
Mejía, B. Millán, M. Moraes, L. Noblick, F. W. Stauffer & F. Kahn. 2008. Las palmeras de América
del Sur: diversidad, distribución e historia Evolutiva. Rev. peru. biol. 15(supl. 1): 7–29
141. Sosnowska, J. & H. Balslev. 2008. American palms used for medicine, in the ethnobotanical and
pharmacological publications Rev. peru. biol. 15(supl. 1): 143–146.
2009
142. Svenning, J.-C., Harlev, D., Sørensen, M.M. & H. Balslev. 2009. Topographic and spatial controls of
palm species distributions in a montane rain forest, southern Ecuador. doi 10.1007/s10531-008-9468-3
Biodiversity and Conservation 18: 219–228.
143. Svenning, J.-C., Baktoft, K.H. & H. Balslev. 2009. Land-use history affects understory plant species
distributions in a large temperate-forest complex, Denmark. Plant Ecol. 201: 221–234.
144. de la Torre, L., L. M. Calvo-Irabién, C. Salazar, H Balslev & F. Borchsenius. 2009. Contrasting palm
species and use diversity in the Yucatan Peninsula and the Ecuadorian Amazon. Doi 10.1007/s10531-
009-9610-x Biodiversity and Conservation 18: 2837–2853.Annex 4
H. Balslev, cv, p. 14.
..
145. Srithi,K., H. Balslev, P. Wangpakapattanawong, P. Srisanga & C. Trisonthi 2009. Medicinal plant
knowledge and its erosion among the Mien (Yao) in northern Thailand.
doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.02.035. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 123: 335–342.
146. La-ongsri,W., C. Trisonthi & H. Balslev. 2009. A synopsis of Thai Nymphaeaceae. doi 10.1111/j.1756-
1051.2009.00295.x Nordic Journal of Botany 27: 97–114.
147. Kristiansen, T., J.-C. Svenning, C. Grández, J. Salo, & H. Balslev.2009. Commonness of Amazonian
palm (Arecaceae) species: patterns, cross-scale links, and potential determinants.
doi:10.1016/j.actao.2009.05.001 Acta Oecologica 35: 554–562
148. Balslev, H. & A. Zuluaga. 2009. Juncaceae. Flora de Colombia 26: 1–79.
149. Skov, F., B. Nygaard, P. Wind, F. Borchsenius, S. Normand, H. Balslev, Camilla Fløjgaard, J.-C.
Svenning. .2009. Impacts of 21 century climate changes on flora and vegetation in Denmark.
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/8/1/012015 Beyond Kyoto: Addressing the Challenges of Climate Change.
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 8 (2009) 012015
150. Blach-Overgaard, A., J.-C. Svenning & H. Balslev. 2009. Climate change sensitivity of the African
ivory nut palm, Hyphaene petersiana Klotzsch ex Mart. (Arecaceae) - a keystone species in SE Africa.
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/8/1/012014Beyond Kyoto: Addressing the Challenges of Climate Change. IOP
Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 8 (2009) 012014
151. Sosnowska, J. & H. Balslev 2009. American palm-ethnomedicine: A meta-analysis. doi:10.1186/1746-
4269-5-43 Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 5: 43.
2010
152. Balslev, H.,. Knudsen, T.R., Byg, A., Kronborg, M. & C. Grandez. 2010. Traditional knowledge, use,
and management of Aphandra natalia (Arecaceae) in Amazonian Peru. doi: 10.1007/s12231-009-
9105-4 Economic Botany 64(1): 55–67.
153. Blach-Overgaard, A., J.-C. Svenning, J. Dransfield, M. Greve & H. Balslev. 2010. Determinants of
palm species distributions across Africa: the relative roles of climate, non-climatic environmental
factors, and spatial constraints. Ecography 33: 380–391.
154. Balslev, H., W. Eiserhardt, T. Kristiansen, D. Pedersen & C. Grandez. 2010. Palms and palm
communities in the upper Ucayali river valley – a little known region in the Amazon basin. PALMS
54(2): 57–72.
155. Roncal, J., F. Borchsenius, C. B. Asmussen-Lange & H. Balslev. 2010 . Divergence times in the tribe
Geonomateae (Arecaceae) coincide with Tertiary geological events. Pp. 245–265 In: O. Seberg, G.
Petersen, A. Barfod & Davis (eds.). Diversity, Phylogeny, and Evolution in Monocotyledons, Aarhus
University Press, Aarhus.
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156. Roncal, J., A. Blach-Overgaard, F. Borchsenius, H. Balslev& J.-C. Svenning. IN PRESS. A Dated
Phylogeny Complements Macroecological Analysis to Explain Diversity Patterns in Geonoma
(Arecaceae). Biotropica
157. Cotton, E., F. Borchsenius & H. Balslev. ACCEPTED. A revision of Axinaea (Melastomataceae).
Biologiske Skrifter.
BOOKS EDITED
1. Holm-Nielsen, L. B., I. C. Nielsen & H. Balslev (eds.). 1989. Tropical Forests: Botanical Dynamics,
Speciation and Diversity. pp. 1–380. Academic Press, London.
2. Balslev, H. & J. L. Luteyn (eds.). 1992. Páramo. An Andean Ecosystem Under Human Influence. pp. 1–
282. Academic Press, London.
3. Balslev, H. (ed.). 1993. Neotropical Montane Forests. Biodiversity and Conservation. Abstracts from a
Symposium at The New York Botanical Garden, June 21–26, 1993. AAU Reports 31: 1–108.
4. Churchill, S. P., J. L. Luteyn, H. Balslev & E. Forero (eds.). 1995. Biodiversity and Conservation.
Neotropical Montane Forests. pp. 1-702. The New York Botanical Garden, New York.
5. Valencia, R. & H. Balslev (eds.). 1997. Estudios Sobre Diversidad y Eecología de Plantas. Memorias del
II Congreso Ecuatoriano de Botánica realizado en la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador. Pp.
1-289. Univ. Catolica, Quito. Annex 4
H. Balslev, cv, p. 15.
6. Duivenvoorden, J. F., H. Balslev, J. Cavelier, C. Grandez, H. Tuomisto & R. Valencia (eds.). 2001.
Evaluación de recursos vegetales no maderabl es en la Amazonía noroccidental. IBED, Universiteit
van Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
7. Aguirre M.,Z., J.E. Madsen, E. Cotton & H. Balslev (eds.). 2002. Botanica Austroecuatori ana - Estudios
sobre los recursos vegetales en las provinci as de El Oro, Loja y Zamora-Chinchipe. Abya Yala,
Quito.
8. Friis, I. and H. Balslev (eds.) 2005. Plant Diversity and Complexity Patterns, Local, Regional and Global
Dimensions. Biol. Skr. 55: 1–603, The Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, Reitzels
Forlag, Copenhagen.
9. Moraes R., M., B. Øllgaard, L.P. Kvist, F. Borchsenius & H. Balslev (eds.) (2006). Botánica Económica
de los Andes Centrales. Pp. i–ix and 1–553. Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz.
10. Balslev, H. & V Loeschcke (eds.). 2008. Plagiering og Anden Videnskabelig Uredelighed – fra Etik til
Jura. Husets Forlag, Aarhus. ISBN 978-87-7483-631-5
11. Torre, L. de la, H. Navarrete, P. Muriel M., M.J. Macía & H. Balslev (eds.) 2008. Enciclopedia de las
Plantas Ùtiles del Ecuador. PUCE, Quito & Universidad de Aarhus, Aarhus. Pp. 1–949. ISBN -978-▯
9978-77-135-8.
12. Balslev, H. & Skov, F. (eds.) 2009. Biodiversity at the Ecosystem Level – Patterns and Processes.
Proceedings of the 2nd DanBIF conference, 26-27 April 2009. National Environmental Research
Institute, Aarhus University. 44 pp. – NERI Technical Report no. 741.
http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/FR741.pdf
BOOK REVIEWS
1. Balslev, H. 1991. Review of P. B. Tomlinson. 1990. The Structural Biology of Palms, Oxf. UP. Nord. J.
Bot. 11: 152.
2. Balslev, H. 1992. Review of Borhidi. 1992. The Vegetation of Cuba. Nord. J. Bot. 12: 470.
3. Balslev, H. 1997. Review of S. A. Mori et al. 1997. Guide to the vascular Plants of Central French
Guiana. Part 1. Pteridophyt es, Gymnosperms, and Monocotyledons. Nordic Journal of Botany 17:
372.
4. Balslev, H. 1997. Review of G. Bono. 1997. Flora y Vegetación Del Estado de Táchira, Venezuela.
Nordic Journal of Botany 17: 468.
5. Balslev. H. 1997. Review of P. W. Rundel, A. P. Smith & F. C. Meinzer. 1994. Tropical Alpine
Environments: Plant Form and Function. Systematic Botany 22(3): 592.
6. Balslev, H. 1998. Review of A. Henderson 1995. The palms of the Amazon. Principes 42: 56, 40.
7. Balslev, H. 2000. Review of S. Edwards et al. 1997. Flora of Ethopia and Eritraea. Volume 6. Economic
Botany 54: 242.
8. Balslev, H. 2000. Review of Sago Palm 5(1). Economic Botany 54: 406.
9. Balslev, H. 2000. Review of Christine Padoch et al. (eds.), 1999. Varzea. Diversity, Development, and
Conservation of Amazonia’s Whitewater Floodplains. Economic Botany 54: 405.
10. Balslev, H. 2000. Review of W. S. Judd et al. Plant Systematics, a Phylogenetic Approach (1999). Nordic
Journal of Botany 20: 474.
11. Balslev, H. 2000. Review of Peach Palm. Bactris gasipaes Kunth by Jorge Mora-Urpí, John C. Weber,
and Charles R. Clement (1997). Economic Botany 54: 551-552.
12. Balslev, H. 2000. Review of El Pameral Histórico de Elche by Francisco Pico Meléndez (1997).
Economic Botany 54: 559.
13. Balslev, H. 2001. Review of Contemporary Pl ant Systematics by Denni s W. Woodland (2000). Aquatic
Botany 71: 80–81.
14. Balslev, H. 2001. Review of Physiographie, Vegetation und Syntaxonomie de Flora des Páramo de
Papallacta (Ostkordillere Ecuador) by W. Lauer & al. (2001). Nordic Journal of Botany 21: 396.
15. Balslev, H. 2002. Review of Flora Malesiana. Series I- Seed Plants, Myristicaceae, vol. 14. W.J.J.O. de
Wilde. Economic Botany 56: 102.
16. Balslev, H. 2002. Review of Flora Malesiana, Series II - Ferns and Fern Allies. Vol 3. Polypodiaceae
through Plagiogyriaceae. Kalkman, C. and H. P. Nooteboom (eds.) Economic Botany 56: 412-413.Annex 4
H. Balslev, cv, p. 16.
POSTER PRESENTED AT SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS.
Barfod, A. & H. Balslev. 1986. Ecuadorean Palms I-Taxonomy, II-Ethobotany . Symposium on Tropical
Botany, Utrecht, 29 September – 3 October;
Holm-Nielsen, L. B. & H. Balslev. 1987. The AAU-Ecuador project. Rainforest Meeting, Copenhagen, 29
January;
Balslev, H. & L.B. Holm-Nielsen. 1987. AAU-Ecuador project. XIV Internati onal Botanical Congress,
Berlin. 24 Jul – 1 August;
Madsen, J. E., R. R. Mix & H. Balslev. 1988. Plants and man on Puná Island, Ecuador. Symposium on
Tropical Forests, Aarhus University, 8–10 Aug;
Balslev, H. 1989. Mulighederne for inddragelse af nye plantearter i dans k landbrug og agroindustri.
Agriculture symposium, Aarhus University, 28 September 1989.
[not updated]
Inta, A., P. Shenji, H. Balslev, P. Wangpakapattanawong, C. Trisonthi. 2009. Ethnobotany and crop diversity
of Tai Lue communities in Upper northern Thailand and Xishuangbanna, China. R.G.J.Congress X,
The Thailand Research Fund, 3-5 April 2009.
Srithi, K., H. Balslev, P. Wangpakapattanawong, P.Srisanga, C. Trisonthi. 2009. Medicinal plant knowledge
and its erosion among the Mien (Yao) in northern Thailand. R.G.J.Congress X, The Thailand Research
Fund, 3-5 April 2009.
OTHERS
Karell, S. & H. Balslev. 1987. Translation of Liebma nn´s "Mexicos Bregner", pp. 39–163 In: J. T. Mickel
(ed.), Liebmann's Mexican Ferns. Contr. New York Bot. Garden 19: 1–173. Annex 5
Norman E. Whitten, Jr., Ph.D., Dr. William T. Vickers, Ph.D. & Michael Cepek, Ph.D.,
Tropical Forest Cultural Ecology and Social Adaptation in the Ecuadorian
Border Region with Colombia (Jan. 2011) Annex 5
Tropical Forest Cultural Ecology and Social Adaptation in the
Ecuadorian Border Region with Colombia
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▯Annex 5 Annex 5
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Table of Contents
I.▯ Executive Summary▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯
II.▯ About the Authors▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯
III.▯ Overall Dimensions of Tropical-Forest Ecology in the Ecuador-Colombia
Border Region ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯
IV.▯ Eastern Ecuador: Sucumbíos▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯
A.▯ The Cofán▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
B.▯ The Amazonian Kichwa (Quichua)▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
C.▯ The Siona and Secoya▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
D.▯ Colonist Farming Communities in Sucumbíos ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
V.▯ Western Ecuador: Esmeraldas and Carchi▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯
A.▯ The Awá▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
B.▯ Afro-Ecuadorians of Northern Esmeraldas ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
VI.▯ Conclusion ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
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I. Executive Summary
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
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II. About the Authors
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Histories of the
Present: People and Power in Ecuador,▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯L ▯os Sionas y Secoyas: Su Adaptación al Ambiente
Amazónico▯▯Useful Plants of the Siona and Secoya Indians▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯S▯cience▯▯American Ethnologist▯▯Human Nature▯▯Human
Ecology▯▯Interciencia, Law and Anthropology▯▯Cultural Survival Quarterly▯▯Studies in Third
World Societies▯▯Latin American Research Review▯▯Latin American Anthropology Review▯▯▯▯▯▯
Reviews in Anthropology▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ E▯n▯vironment and Society:
Advances in Research▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
▯
III. Overall Dimensions of Tropical-Forest Ecology in the Ecuador-Colombia Border
Region
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
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Map 1
BRAZILKilometres
VENEZUELA
PERU
COLOMBIA
PERU
Caribbean Sea
SEE ECUADOR
PANAMAcific
r
ive
R
o Reserve
ay
m Cuyabeno Wildlife
t
P
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0
105
Sucumbíos YasNuantiíonal Park
Limoncocha
r
v Ecological Reserve
Putumayo i
R U
ell
giiiii C
M M ECUADOR
IA
n CofácoecaeReserve
IA Sa
S
N I
LOMB A T
N Sumaco
O U Napo-Galearasrk
COOLLOOMMBBIIA O
M Cayambe-Coca
ii iii Ecological Reserve
r h
ch S E
Naariño rc D
ar N A
CC Antisana
r
ie Carchi Ecological Reserve
n R El Ángel
ua
J
n
S
Ecological Reserve
r
iv Awá Indigenous
eR Reserve
tj and Forest Reserve Pululahua
a
M Geobotanical
Ecological Reserve
Cotacachi-Cayapas Pasochoa
Reserve Esmeraldas Wild Life Refuge
Cayapas-Mataje
Pacfiecan
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯agroforestry▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯chacra ▯▯▯▯▯finca▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯Colocasia▯▯▯▯▯Xanthosoma ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯chontaduro, pejibaye▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯huayusa▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
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▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯
▯▯▯ ▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
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IV. Eastern Ecuador: Sucumbíos
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯
BRAZIL
VENEZUELA
PERU
▯
▯
COLOMBIA
PERU
Caribbean SeaSEE MAP
ECUADOR
PANAMAcific
er
i
Kilometres R Reserve
r o e
ie n iv
R be CuyabRno Wildlife
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a C r
u au
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P A
10 20 30 40 50
YaNsatiíonal Park
0
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Sucumbíos n Ecologipal Reserve
r E N
i
COLOMBIA
Putumayo R
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i ECUADOR
a
u
e A
i
R
l
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g
i
M
n Cofán-Bermejo
a Ecological Reserve
S
Sumaco
National Park
Napo-Galearas
Cayambe-Coca
Ecological Reserve
Map 2
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
A. The Cofán
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ t▯▯mpini can’jensundeccu▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯sangre de drago▯▯Croton lechleri▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
▯
▯
▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯cui’ccu▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯yajé▯▯Banisteriopsis caapi▯▯▯opirito▯▯Psychotria pschotriaefolia▯▯▯yajé
oco▯▯Diplopterys cabrerana▯▯▯va’u▯▯Brugmansia suaveolensis▯▯▯ccumba▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯yoco▯▯Paullina yoco▯▯▯tsontimba’cco▯▯Brunfelsia▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯y▯ajé▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯yajé▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Yajé▯▯yajé▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
ámundetssi▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
ondiccu’je▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯foño▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
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▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
B. The Amazonian Kichwa (Quichua)
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Runa▯shimi▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯l▯ingua franca▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ y▯▯c▯haj▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯sinchi yacha▯j▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯b▯ancu▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Brugmansia suaveolensis ▯▯▯ Banisteriopsis caapi ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Nungüi▯▯▯▯Chagra Mama▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ t▯tillu▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯c▯hacra▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Zea mays▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ M▯▯anihot esculenta▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Musa▯▯▯paradisiaca▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ch▯icha▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯I ▯▯▯omoea batatas▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Colocasia▯▯▯▯▯Xanthosoma ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Carica papaya▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯Ananas comosus▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Arachis hypogaea▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯C ▯apsicum▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
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▯▯▯ ▯▯ ▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ asua▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ptyalin▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯tinaja ▯▯▯asua churana manga▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯B ▯actris gasipaes▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ u▯m▯a▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯s▯iqui▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯m ▯ auca▯▯▯▯purma▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯guayusa▯▯Ilex guayusa▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯dunduma huasca▯▯Sparattanthelium glabrum▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯a▯maron caspi▯▯Cespedesia
spathulata▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯chiricaspi▯▯Brunfelsia grandiflora▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Sloanea▯fragrans▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯h▯uambula▯▯Minquartia guianensis▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯c▯ h▯icha▯▯▯▯▯yuca▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯A ▯gouti paca▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Dasypus novemcinctus▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯perdiz▯▯Tinamus major▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Tayassu pecar▯i▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Tayssu tajacu▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Dasyprocta fuliginosa▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Myoprocta
acouchy▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ S▯lanum
quitoense▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Piaractus brachypomus▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯
▯
C. The Siona and Secoya
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ H▯▯yospathe▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯B ▯ambusa▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Iriartea▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯Attalea▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ y▯▯j▯ unkukï▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯yajé▯▯▯▯Yajé▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ B▯a▯nisteriopsis caapi▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯y▯▯ aj▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯B ▯rugmansia▯▯▯insignis▯▯▯▯▯Brunfelsia▯
grandiflora▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯y▯ajé▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯uhahai▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Brunfelsia grandiflora▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯wa’ro▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Eleutherine bulbosa▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯y▯ihá▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯yihá wï'e w▯ï▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Weapau▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯W ▯▯▯eapau▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯yajé▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯y▯ajé▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Weapau▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯kïnawï▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
matïmo▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯kïnaw▯ï▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯U ▯ mesiaya▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯m ▯ atïmo▯pai▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯h▯u'ika▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯c▯ushmas▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
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▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ M▯▯anihot
esculenta▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯M▯ usa▯▯▯paradisiaca▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Z ▯ea▯mays▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯Bactris gasipaes▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Ipomoea batatas▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Dioscorea▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Colocasia esculenta▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Xanthosoma▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Pouteria caimito▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Carica papaya▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Ananas comosus▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Quararibea cordata▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Pourouma cecropiifolia▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯I▯nga▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯C ▯apsicum▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯T ▯apirus terrestris▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Tayassu pecari▯▯▯▯▯T. tajacu▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Agouti
paca▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Dasyprocta fuliginosa▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Dasypus kappleri▯▯▯▯▯D. novemcinctus▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯L ▯agothrix lagotricha▯▯▯▯▯Alouatta
seniculus▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯M ▯ itu salvini▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Penelope
jacquacu▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Pipile pipile▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯P ▯sophia
crepitans▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Arapaima gigas▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Mauritia flexuosa▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯Oenocarpus bataua▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯
D. Colonist Farming Communities in Sucumbíos
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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V. Western Ecuador: Esmeraldas and Carchi
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯
BRAZIL
VENEZUELA
Kilometres
COLOMBIA
PERU
Caribbean Sea
SEE MAPADOR
PANAMAific
El Ángel
er
i
n R
a Ecological Reserve
10 20 30 J 40 50
n
0 Sa
10 5
Awá Indigenous
and Forest Reserve
COLOMBIA
er
Ri
aj
at
M
Cotacachi-Cayapaserve
ECUADOR
Esmeraldas
Reserve
Cayapas-Mataje
PaOcifcan
Map 3
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
▯
▯
A. The Awá
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ R▯e▯s▯erva
Étnico Forestal Awá▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯quilla singa▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯n ▯acionalidad▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Musa x paradisiaca▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯Saccharum officinarum▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯M ▯ anihot esculenta▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Zea
mays▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯cui▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
B. Afro-Ecuadorians of Northern Esmeraldas
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯c▯ i▯ marones▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯z▯ambo▯▯▯▯
zambaigo▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯fincas de coco▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯c▯oco manila▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯p▯argo▯▯corvina▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ a▯t▯arraya▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯c▯h▯inchorro▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯c▯ o▯rrales▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯c▯oncha▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
concha ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯c▯honta▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
Banisteriopsis caapi ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯p▯ildé▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ayahuasca –yajé ▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
Figure 26. Local Residents in Dugout Canoe in Northwestern Ecuador (Source: Conservation
International Ecuador)
The entire system of human adaptation in this region is crucially predicated upon a
healthy forest ecosystem and the knowledge about how to wrest a living from its plant, animal,
and fluvial resources. Thus, the Afro-Ecuadorians of Esmeraldas are highly vulnerable to
environmental perturbations, particularly those which might cause the destruction of the crops
and aquatic resources upon which they rely so heavily.
VI. Conclusion
The people of Ecuador’s tropical forest regions near the border with Colombia are
inextricably linked to the natural environment as a source of food, shelter and medicine, and as a
basis for spiritual practices and other critical aspects of their liveli▯hoods. Traditional swidden
agriculture systems require a delicate ecological balance. The crops produced from these systems
are critical to the daily survival of the border communities, particularly because food storage is
difficult in the hot and humid environments of the region. Additional nutrition comes from
hunting, gathering and fishing from the area’s forests and rivers, and from raising domesticated
animals. Dwellings are constructed from forest resources, and many indigenous cultures rely on
native plant species for traditional medicines. Due to their heavy reliance on environmental
resources, border communities are extremely vulnerable to perturbations that upset this balance.
Thus, exposure to herbicide that causes loss of crops, damage to forest resources, death of
domesticated animals, or sickness, would have grave consequences for their health and
livelihood.
- 53 - Annex 5
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References Cited ▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯available at ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ Políticas Cofanes de Conservación, Manejo, y Uso de Recursos Biológicos▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ Rapid Biological Inventories (19): Ecuador: Territorio Cofán Dureno▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ Etnobiología de los Cofanes de Dureno▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯available at▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ The Ethno-Ecology of the Kofan Indians▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ Rapid Biological Inventories (3): Ecuador: Serranías Cofán Bermejo, Sinangoe▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5 Annex 5
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APPENDIX 1
Curriculum Vitae of Norman E. Whitten, Jr., Ph.D.
▯Annex 5
▯
▯
▯ Annex 5
VITA
NORMAN E. WHITTEN, Jr.
Fall 2010
BIRTH: May 23, 1937
PLACE OF BIRTH: Orange, New Jersey
MARITAL STATUS:Married: Dorothea (Sibby) Scott Whitten, no children
ADDRESSES: 507 E. Harding Drive
Urbana, Illinois 61801-6205
Cell phone (217) 649-2454
Home phone: (217) 344-1828
Office phone: (217) 244-3514
Office Fax: (217) 244-3490
Internet E-mail: [email protected]
World Wide Web: http://www.anthro.uiuc.edu/faculty/Whitten
EDUCATION: Oswego High School 1951-55; Colgate University 1955-59, B.A. ▯1959;
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 1959-64, M.A. 1961, Ph.D. 19▯64.
HONORS, LISTINGS: Colgate University Dean's List, Cum Laude, high departmental honors in
Anthropology and Sociology. 1966 NewJersey Teachers' Association Author'sAward
in Anthropology. Society of Sigma Xi. Who's Who in the Midwest. Intern▯ational
Authors and Writers Who's Who. Contemporary Authors. The Writers Directo▯ry.
Who’s Who In America. Who’s Who in the Social Sciences. Senior Uni▯versity
Scholar, UIUC, 1992. Graduate College Outstanding Mentor Award, UIUC, 20▯03.
Three Special Panels in two sessions to honor Sibby and me at the 2008 A▯AA
meetings in San Francisco, with 18 scholars participating, entitled “▯Symbolic
Affinities, Pragmatic Engagements: Shaping Latin American Ethnology thro▯ugh the
Collaborative Work of Norman and Dorothea Scott Whitten,” organized a▯nd Chaired
by Kathleen Fine-Dare, and Michelle Wibbelsman, sponsored by the American
Ethnological Society and the Society for Latin American and Caribbean An▯thropology.
ELECTED POSITIONS: Central States Anthropological Society, Executive Board Member 1967-
70; 2nd Vice President to President, 1971-74; Latin American Anthropolog▯y
Group, corresponding editor, 1975-76; American Anthropological Associati▯on,
Executive Board Member, 1975-78; American Ethnological Society, Executiv▯e
Board Member, 1980-84; Latin American Studies Association, Executive Boa▯rd
Member, 1983-1987; member of section council (Executive Board) of
Ecuadorianists of the Latin American Studies Association, 2000-2003, 2003-05.
Executive Committee, Human Relations Area Files, 2003-2005. Selected in
November 2002 by the Executive Board of the American Anthropological
Association to run for President-Elect—President in 2003; declined to run due to
need for 4-year commitment if elected (2003-2007).
Whitten, Vita, page 1Annex 5
PREDOCTORAL SCHOLARSHIPS, FELLOWSHIPS, AND TRAINEESHIPS: Colgate University—
University Scholarship; University of North Carolina—NIMH Traineeship▯ in
Health and the Health Professions, 1959-60; Institute for Research in Social
Science Research Assistantship, 1960-61; NIMH Research Fellowship, 1961-64;
research supplements to NIMH Research Fellowship, 1961, 1963.
POSTDOCTORAL GRANTS, FELLOWSHIPS, AND AWARDS: NIMH Research Associate—▯Tulane
University and the Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia, at the Interna▯tional Center
for Medical Research and Training, 1964-65; NIMH Small Grants 1966, 1967
(Summer); Washington University Faculty Grant, 1966, 1968; NIMH Project
Director on NIMH Program, 1968-69; NSF Research Grant, 1970-72; Director of
University of Illinois Latin American Studies Project (Ford Foundation ▯Grant),
1972-74; NSF Research Grant, 1972-75; John Simon Guggenheim Memorial
Foundation Fellowship 1976-77; University of Illinois Center for Advanced Study
half-time Associateship, 1976-77; University of Illinois Research-Travel Grant,
Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980,▯
1981, 1984, 1991; CICS Research Grant, 1978, 1979; Wenner-Gren Foundation
for Anthropological Research Grant, 1978; University of Illinois "Study ▯in a
Second Discipline" award, 1979 (tropical ecology); Survival Internatio▯nal grant for
applied project, 1979; Cultural Survival grant for applied research, 198▯0;
American Council of Learned Societies/Social Science Research Council Fellowship in
Latin American Studies, 1981-82; Fulbright-Hays Research Fellowship,1983▯;
Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Grant, 1983; U.S. Office of
Education Grant through the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Stud▯ies, 1984,
1988; University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign Grant from the Film Cente▯r,
1985; Hewlett Award in International Studies, UIUC,1987; Illinois Humanities
Council, 1988 (see also Imagery and Creativity Symposium funds, p. 8);▯ Wenner-
Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research Grant 1990; National Endowment for
the Humanities Summer Fellowship, 1992; Illinois Humanities Council Gran▯t,
1992; UIUC Senior University Scholar, 1992; MillerCom Grant (to Departm▯ent of
Anthropology to bring Richard and Sally Price to campus for month of October),
1994; Beckman Institute Research Award, 1994-95; Beckman Institute Resea▯rch
Award, 1996-97. United States Information Agency Grant to enhance Agreem▯ent
between the UIUC and the Universidad San Francisco de Quito, pending. FL▯ACSO
(Ecuador) travel grant, November 1998. Graduate College Special Grant for
Ecuadorian Research, 1998-99. LAS Special Travel Award, 2000; Center for▯ Latin
American and Caribbean Studies Research Award, 2000-2003; Spurlock Museum
Research Award 2002. Major Institutional: principal author and PI of US/ED Title
VI-FLAS awards to Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, UIUC,▯ 2000,
2003. Total award for the two grants $4,905,034. Author and PI of Tinker▯
Foundation Awards to Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, UI▯UC, 2001,
2003. Total of Tinker awards approximately $210,000.
EMPLOYMENT HISTORY: University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Acting Assistant Professor,
summer 1964; Washington University, St. Louis, Assistant Professor, 1965-68,
Associate Professor, 1968-70; Acting Chair, summer, 1969. Visiting Associate
Professor at University of California, Los Angeles, 1969-70; University of Illinois
(Urbana), Associate Professor, 1970-73; Professor, 1973; Department He▯ad,
Whitten, Vita, page 2 Annex 5
1983-1986; Affiliate of Afro-American Studies, 1986-continuing; Professor of
Latin American Studies 1987-continuing; Professor of Campus Honors, 1988▯-
1992. Adjunct Professor of Anthropology and International Studies, Universidad San
Francisco de Quito (Ecuador), 1989-continuing. Curator of the Spurlock▯ Museum of
World Cultures, 1998-continuing. Director-designate of the Center for Latin
American and Caribbean Studies, 1999-2000; Director, Center for Latin Am▯erican
and Caribbean Studies, 2000-2003. Emeritus status, UIUC, 2003 (August).
FIELDWORK: Afro-Americans in central North Carolina, 1959-60; Afro-Americans in west
Ecuador, 1961, 1963, 1968; Afro-Americans in Wet Littoral, Chocó and Cauca
Valley of Colombia, 1964-65; Afro-Canadians of Nova Scotians, 1966,1967. V
various groups of Upper Amazonian and Andean Native peoples in Ecua▯dor,1968,
1982, 1984; additional travel in Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru to visit various
indigenous and Afro-American groups (Indigenous: Cayapa (Chachi)▯, Colorado
(Tcháchila), Coaiquer (Awá), Chocó (Emberá), Tukuna, Witoto, Cofán, Siona-
Secoya, Shipibo-Conibo; Amazonian: Mestizo, Shuar, Achuar; Highland Quichua in
various locations in Ecuador; Afro-American: Chocó, Atlantic littoral, Highland
Ecuadorian and Colombian). Sporadic work with Salasaca Quichua, 1983, 1984,
1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990,1991,1992, and with various Quichua-
speaking peoples in Quito,1982,1983,1984, 1985,1986,1986-87, 1988, 1989,
1992, 1998; Tigua Quichua painters in Guamaní, 1998,1999, 2000; Afro-
Ecuadorians, 1994, 2000. Travel to Nicaragua as invited observer of national
elections, and to briefly assess Miskito situation of Atlantic Coa▯st, 28 October-5
November, 1984. Amazonian Quichua (Quechua) and Achuar Jivaroans▯ of
Ecuador, 1968, 1970,1971, 1972-73,1974, 1975, 1976,1977, 1978, 1979,
1980,1981,1982, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986,1986-87, 1988, 1989,1990,
1991,1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001,
2002, 2003,2004, 2005, 2006, 2007. Multicultural indigenous systems
radiating out of and moving into Urban Puyo (Canelos Quichua, Nap▯o Runa, Achuar,
Shiwiar, Shuar, Záparo, Andoas, Waorani), 1990-2009-continuing.
MAJOR RESEARCH AND TEACHING INTERESTS: Social organization, power structure and
dynamics, ritual, symbolism, ethnoaesthetics, cultural imagery, modernity and
magicality, nationalism, national development, ethnic-bloc formation, cultural
transformations, millennial movements, political democracy and social movements,
South America (particularly indigenous peoples of the moist tropics and▯ the Andes
and Afro-Latin Americans); African Diaspora.
PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS: American Anthropological Association (Fellow), Current
Anthropology (Associate), American Ethnological Society (Editor of So▯ciety's
journal, 1979-1984), Society of Cultural Anthropologists (Fellow), In▯stituto
Indigenista Interamericano, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Bri▯tain and
Ireland (Fellow); American Association for the Advancement of Science ▯(Fellow; AAA
representative to AAAS, 1989-1992, 1992-1995, 1995-1998); AES
representative to AAAS, 1992-1995), Society for Applied Anthropology (▯Fellow),
Central States Anthropological Society (President, 1973-1974), Latin A▯merican
Studies Association (advising editor, 1994-continuing, Instituto Nacional de
Antropología e Historia (Ecuador), to 1987. Instituto Colombiano de▯ Antropología, to
Whitten, Vita, page 3Annex 5
1975. Adjunct Professor of Anthropology and International Studies, Universidad San
Francisco de Quito,1989-continuing. Board of Trustees, Universidad San Francisco
de Quito—US (Miami) extension, 2000-continuing. Board of Trustees, ▯Universidad
San Francisco de Quito, 2006-continuing.
MUSEUM AND ARCHIVAL CONTRIBUTIONS: Contributor to Indiana University Archives of
Traditional Music (Ecuadorian, Colombian, Brazilian and Nova Scotian Ta▯pes
and cassettes, with documentation and commentary—approximately four h▯undred
hours of recording time). Small archaeological collection from Pacific ▯Lowlands of
Ecuador given to the Research Laboratories of Anthropology, University o▯f North
Carolina, Chapel Hill. Copies of all field notes, diary, and other materials given to
the Social Psychiatry files of Harvard School of Public Health, in colla▯boration with
the Leightons' project of social psychiatry in Nova Scotia. A comprehen▯sive
collection of material culture of the Canelos Quichua of eastern Ecuador, with full
documentation, given to the Museum of the Central Bank of Ecuador (over▯ two
hundred distinct pieces of pottery, and all other aspects of material cu▯lture; value in
Ecuador set at US $3,000 in 1973). Additional ethnographic and archaeo▯logical
collection donated to the National Museum (Central Bank) of Ecuador, 1977, 1986-
87, 1988; Research Collaborator with the Museo del Banco Central 1986-90▯;
Collection of Amazonian ceramics and other artifacts from South America ▯donated to
the Spurlock Museum of World Cultures (through the Illinois Foundation)▯, 1997.▯
Curator for Ethnology, Laboratory of Anthropology, University of Illinoi▯s (1973-
75). Director of Laboratory of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Spring, 1984;
co-director 1984-1986. Guest Curator, Krannert Art Museum, 1987-88.
Advisory Committee, Spurlock Museum of World Cultures), 1997; Curator,
Spurlock Museum of World Cultures),1998-continuing; Chair of Curatorial▯
Advisory Committee, Spurlock Museum, 2000-.
EXHIBITIONS: (all with Dorothea S. Whitten) "El Patrimonio Oriental," Puyo, Ecuador, May
1973 (with collaboration of indigenous people for founding day cer▯emonies). Sacha
Museo, Nucleo Río Chico, Sacha Museo, Nucleo Río Chico, an i▯ndigenous museum
founded in the Comuna San Jacinto, August, 1973, under the auspice▯s of the Museum
of the Central Bank of Ecuador with total native autonomy; dissolv▯ed in 1982.
"Upper Amazonian Art," Illini Union Art Gallery, University of Illinois, November
15-December 14, 1976.
"Art and Technology from Ecuador's Rainforest," Museum of Science and Na▯tural
History, St. Louis, Mo., February 12-April 10, 1978.
"Art and Technology from Ecuador's Rainforest," State Historical Buildin▯g, Madison,
Wisconsin, in conjunction with the second symposium Amazonia: Extinction or
Survival?, University of Wisconsin, April 17-24, 1978.
"Traditional Amazonian Ceramics," William Stix Friedman Gallery, Craft A▯lliance,
St. Louis, October 7-November 8,1978.
"Art and Technology from Ecuador's Rainforest," Department of Anthropolo▯gy,
Whitten, Vita, page 4 Annex 5
University of Illinois, Urbana, December 1978- February 1980.
"Andean Ecuadorian Textiles," William Stix Friedman Gallery, Craft Allia▯nce, St.
Louis, April 14-May 11, 1979.
"Amazonian Ceramics from Ecuador," University Gallery, University of Florida,
Gainesville, April 13-May 25, 1980.
"Aesthetic Resurgence in Amazonian Ecuador," Grinter Galleries, Universi▯ty of
Florida, in conjunction with a symposium on Amazonia, January 11-Februar▯y
25, 1982.
"Amazonian Ceramics from Ecuador," University Museum Gallery, Southern
Illinois University-Carbondale, March 1-31, 1982.
"Amazonian Ceramics from Ecuador," accepted for distribution by the Smithsonian
Institution Traveling Exhibition Services (SITES). Originally accepted 1979 to
begin summer or fall of 1982 to run through 1984-86 (depending on
subscribers), then "canceled" due to substantial federal cutbacks.
"Yachaj Awashka: Master Arts of Amazonian Ecuador," Logan Museum of
Anthropology, Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin, March 15, 1984-January
15, 1985.
"¡Causaunchimi!: Arte, Cultura y Poder de los Canelos Quichua de la Amazonía
Ecuatoriana" Galería de Arte del Banco Central del Ecuador, 10 March-▯20 May
1987. Facsimile Exhibit opened in Lima, Peru, 16 August 1987 and returned
to Ecuador in November 1987.
"Arte, Cultura y Poder de los Canelos Quichua de Pastaza." Exhibition in▯ the
Municipal Library of Puyo, 8 May-20 May,1987.
"From Myth to Creation: Art from Amazonian Ecuador." The Krannert Art ▯
Museum, UIUC, 16 April 1988-22 May 1988. Funded by 23 UIUC units and
Illinois Humanities Council.
"From Myth to Creation: Art from Amazonian Ecuador." The Wheelwright
Museum of the American Indian. Santa Fe, New Mexico, tentatively schedu▯led
for February-March, 1991. Canceled after Director resigned.
"'¡Causaunchimi! ' 'We are Living!' 500 Years of Canelos Quichua Aesthetics."
Art Museum of Southern Illinois University, February-December,1992.
"Culture and Ceramic Art From Amazonian Ecuador". A demonstration of
pottery making from Amazonian Ecuador by Esthela Dagua and Mirian Vargas▯, 1
September-30 September, 1992. Carbondale, Carterville, Renn Lake, Mt.
Vernon, Centralia, and Urbana, Illinois. Funded by the Illinois Humaniti▯es
Council, the UIUC, and the Sacha Runa Research Foundation.
Whitten, Vita, page 5Annex 5
“‘. . . To a Remarkable Degree of Perfection': Amazonian Ceramics from
Ecuador.” University of Illinois "I-Space" Gallery, Chicago, Illinois. 26
March-26 April 1993.
“We Are Living! Causáuchimi! " Permanent exhibition. Gallery of the Americas.
Spurlock Museum of World Cultures. Opened September 2002. Redesigned 20▯08-
2010.
"South America: Unity in Diversity.” Permanent exhibition. One half of Americas
Gallery (above). Spurlock Museum of World Cultures. Opened September, 2002.
Revised and upagraded fall 2007-fall 2010.
“Rain Forest Visions” Temporary Exhibition in the Campbell Gallery of the
Spurlock Museum. February 28-August 20, 2006. Five gallery tours and three
lectures accompanied exhibit. Now being designed for travel.
APPLIED PROGRAMS: Applied program of health care delivery and legal service for land
programs established in eastern Ecuador, 1972-73, using NSF funds initially, but
then developing a self-sufficient program with the Native people▯s by using the
resources of the "Jungle Museum" noted above. Close collaborati▯on in this
program with Evangelical medical missionaries, German volunteers▯, and the
Dominican medical missionaries. In 1975-76 program consolidated▯ as Sacha Runa
Research Foundation, incorporated as Not-For-Profit organization▯ in State of
Illinois, 1975; federal tax exempt status granted, 1976, for an initial period of
five years. Permanent federal tax exempt status granted by IRS J▯une, 1981.
Through 1990 engaged in program of training of indigenous "Medic▯al Auxiliary"
personnel funded initially by Survival International. Self-evaluation of program
carried out summer of 1980, funded by Cultural Survival. Activ▯e financial
collaboration in this program of medical auxiliary training with the Organización
de Pueblos Indígenas de Pastaza, "OPIP" (formerly, the Feder▯ación de Centros
Indígenas de Pastaza, "FECIP"), and with the Provincial Offi▯ce of Public Health,
Pastaza Province, 1979,1980-81,1981-82, 1983, 1984. Monograph on
medical program published in English, 1985 (p. 10), translation into Spanish for
publication in Ecuador in 1986; publication withheld for reasons▯ of political
sensitivity. From 1989 through 1993 worked with the Instituto I▯ndigenista
Interamericano, the University of Florida, Kalamazoo College, th▯e Universidad San
Francisco de Quito, and the Municipio of Puyo on project of bili▯ngual indigenous
writing. Founder and Director of the "Programa para la Producció▯n de Literatura
Indígena por Computación," Quito and Puyo,1990-1994 (prog▯ram suspended,
1995).
EDITORIAL EXPERIENCE: Abstracter for Folklore Abstracts, 1964-65. Manuscripts read for
Harvard University Press, Stanford University Press, University of Minne▯sota
Press, University of Illinois Press, Southern Illinois Press, University▯ of
California Press, Rutgers University Press, Cambridge University Press, The Johns
Hopkins University Press, Duke University Press, American Anthropological
Association special publications, American Ethnological Society, Human Relations
Whitten, Vita, page 6 Annex 5
Area Files, Worth Publishing Co., Prentice-Hall, Harper & Row, Universit▯y of
British Columbia Press, Indiana University Press, University of Florida ▯Press
American Association for the Advancement of Science Press, Holt, Rinehart, and
Winston, Waveland Press, Westview Press, Greenwood Press, Lexington Pres▯s, and
McGraw-Hill Press. Chairman of University of Illinois Publications in Anthropology
Series, 1971-72, 1974-76, 1977-84. Editor or co-Editor of fourteen books▯ or
monographs listed below (pp. 11-13). A number of manuscripts read for Current
Anthropology, Trans-Action, International Wildlife, Studies in Comparative
International Development, Journal of Developing Areas, Transforming
Anthropology, Ethnohistory, American Ethnologist, and American Anthropologist.
Editor of Boletín de Antropología Ecuatoriana (with José Pereira and Marcelo
Naranjo), 1973-76. LAAG editor for Anthropology Newsletter, 197 5-77.
University of Illinois Press Board, 1978-1982. Advisory Board Anthropology
(Annual Editions), 1975-78. Editorial Board of Latin American Research Review,
1979-83. Latin American Music Review,1979-present. Journal of Anthropological
Linguistics, 1982-1987. Editor, American Ethnologist ( two terms), 1979-84
(Vol. 7 through Vol. 11), Special Issues ofAE (see page 10 published
1981(8:3),1982 (9:2 and 9:4), 1984 (11:4). Advisory Editorial Board of the
Smithsonian Series in Ethnographic Inquiry,1984-present. Editorial Board,
Association of Black Anthropologists, 1987-present. Editorial Board, Latin
American Anthropological Society Publications, 1994-1999. Editorial Board,
Transforming Anthropology 2000-present. Editor, Illinois Series in Ethnography:
“Interpretations of Culture in the New Millennium,” 2001-continuing (two books
published, four scheduled for 2008-09, three others forthcoming. Editori▯al
Board, Journal of Latin American Anthropology (Became Journal of Latin American
and Caribbean Anthropology in 2007), 2003-07; 2007-continuing through 2010.
GRADUATE ADVISING: Directed in past fieldwork andpreparation for
fieldwork of students with NIMH, NSF, AAUW, SSRC-FAFP, FLAS, University ▯
Fellowship, Fulbright-Hays, Woodrow Wilson, OAS, LASPAU, Doherty, Canada
Council, Illinois Historical Society, Tinker, and Ford Foundation grants▯. Ph.D. theses
completed (filed) under my direction at Washington University, St. Louis: James C.
Pierson, DeWight Middleton, Ronald Stutzman; at University of Illinois: ▯ Michel
Laguerre, Virginia Kerns, Douglas Midgett, Theodore MacDonald, Marcelo F▯. Naranjo,
J. Peter Eckstrom, Patricia Drolet, Catherine Cameron, Iria d'Aquino, Pe▯ter Stahl,
James Belote, John Ndulue, Mary-Elizabeth Reeve, Kathleen Fine, Mary
Weismantel, Jane Adams, Cheryl Pomeroy, Luis Uriarte, Robert Carlson, Di▯ego
Quiroga, Arlene Torres, Kyejung Rhee-Yang, Patricia Hammer, Marta Zambra▯no,
Jill Leonard, Nan Volinsky, Ricardo Herrera, Isabel Pérez, Rachel Cor▯r, Gina Hunter
de Bessa, María Tapias, Kathryn Litherland, Giovanna Micarelli, Derek Pardue,
Michelle Wibbelsman, Angelina Cotler (40).
Student advisee fieldwork (M.A. and/or Ph.D.) funded and carried to co▯mpletion
under my direction in these countries: United States (4; one in Puerto ▯Rico, one
in Hawaii), Canada (1), Dominican Republic (1), Haiti (1), St. Lu▯cia (1),
Martinique (1), Cuba (1), Panama (1), Belize (1), Honduras (1)▯, Guyana (1),
Trinidad (1), Brazil (4), Colombia 2), Peru (3), Bolivia (2), E▯cuador (17),
Whitten, Vita, page 7Annex 5
Australia (1), United Kingdom (Wales) (1), Tanzania (1). Student advisee
fieldwork undertaken during 2004-06: Ecuador (2), Brazil (1).
ADMINISTRATIVE AND OTHER PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
International, National, and Regional—chairman of the American Anthropological
Association subcommittee on ethics and international research for Ecuado▯r and
Colombia, 1966. Executive Board, Central States Anthropological Society, 1967-
70, 1971-75. President, Central States Anthropological Society, 1973-74.
Program Chairman of Central States Anthropological Meetings (Cleveland), 1972.
Peace Corp lecturer on Ecuador, 1966. Organizer and co-chairman of symposium on
"Negroes in the New World," AAA meetings, Washington, D.C., 1967. Chai▯rman of
volunteered session of "Role and Role Behavior," AAA meetings, Seattle, ▯1968.
Chairman of Plenary Session of "Regional and National Professional Integration,"
CSAS meetings, 1972. Chairman of Symposium on "Afro-American Cultures in Latin
America," AAA meetings, San Francisco,1975. Chairman of "Table talk" lu▯ncheon on
the AAA and Activist Concerns, AAA meetings, Los Angeles, 1979. Chairma▯n of LAAG
"Table talk" luncheon on research in Ecuador, AAA meetings, Los Angeles,▯1981. With
John Moore (University of Florida) organized a two day ( session) Sy▯mposium
entitled "Ethnogenesis in the Americas, 1492-1992: New Cultures, New Lan▯guages,
Continuities, Transformations, and Radical Change" for the American Asso▯ciation for
the Advancement of Science Meetings in Chicago in February, 1992. All da▯y series of
presentations (slides, videos, lectures) on the subject of "Arte, La C▯ultura Indígena,
y los Mundos de Arte en Museos Modernos," at the Museo Nacional de Antro▯pología,
Arqueología y Historia, Lima, Peru, January 1994. Board of Trustees, ▯Universidad
San Francisco de Quito United States Extension, 2000-continuing. Field training of
Ecuadorian students and non Ecuadorian students in ethnological and ethn▯ographic
method and technique, 1971 (3 students), 1972-73 (1 student), 1975 (▯2
students), 1978 (1 student), 1979 (2 students), 1980 (3 students)▯, 1981 (4
students), 1984 (1 student), 1986 (2 students),1987 (2 students), 1989-90 (2
students), 1993-94 (2 students).
Application reviews for National Science Foundation, Canada Council, National
Museum of Canada, Social Science Research Council, Canadian Social Scien▯ce
Research Council, Smithsonian Institution, Fulbright-Hays, International Work
Group for Indigenous Affairs, Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological
Research, National Institute of Education, National Endowment for the Humanities, ▯
National Endowment for the Arts, National Geographic Society, MacArthur ▯Foundation
(3 reviews in three disciplines), Institute for Advanced Studies, Prin▯ceton; Center
for Advanced Study, Palo Alto; John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation▯;
Rockefeller Foundation; Ford Foundation; American Philosophical Society; American
Association for the Advancement of Science, American Council of Learned ▯Societies.
Review of anthropology department: University of Minnesota. Review of La▯tin
American and Caribbean Studies Programs: Northwestern University, Univer▯sity of
Kentucky. Site Review for promotions: Brandeis University, Tufts Univers▯ity.
Participated as delegate by invitation in the ler Congreso de la Cultura▯ Negra de
las Américas, 24-28 August, 1977, Cali, Colombia; participated as invited
Whitten, Vita, page 8 Annex 5
observer in the Primera Reunión Técnica sobre Problemas de las Pob▯laciones
Indígenas en la Región Amazónica, July 27-30, 1981, Puyo, Ecuad▯or; participated
as invited observer in Nicaraguan elections (October 28-November 5, 198▯4),
Managua, Masaya, Monambó, Matagalpa, Puerto Cabezas, Granada; Appoint▯ed to
position of Director of Anthropology and Archaeology, Casa de la Cultura▯ Ecuatoriana
de Pastaza, August-November, 1987. Appointed "Asesor Técnico" to the▯ Museo del
Banco Central and to the Department of Culture of the Ministry of Educat▯ion to
develop Museum in Puyo, June, 1988-1994. Appointed Adjunct Professor of
Anthropology and International Studies, Universidad San Francisco de Qui▯to, 1989-
present. Delivered Conferencia Magistral (keynote address) at the FLAC▯SO
conference "Entender el Racismo: El Caso de Ecuador, 20 November 1999 (▯sponsored
by UNICEF). Lecturer, Arizona State University, Title VI Field School, ▯Venencia,
Napo, Ecuador, 2005.
Executive Board, American Anthropological Association, 1975-78. Committe▯es of
the AAA Executive Board: Publications Policy (Chairman 1977-78),
Administrative Advisory, Anthropology as a Profession, Task Force on Hum▯an Rights.
Board of Advisors, Survival International (United States Office). Executive Board,
Latin American Studies Association, 1983-87. Human Relations Area Files Board of
Directors, 1983-1986. Advisory Board, Association of Black Anthropologists,
1987-1991. International Advisory Board, African Diaspora Research Project
(Ford Foundation-Michigan State University), 1988-present. AAA representative
to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, February 198▯9 -
February 1992; appointed to second term through February 1995; appointed▯ to a
third term through February 1998; American Ethnological Society representative to
the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1992-1995. Elec▯ted to the
Council of Ecuadorianists, Latin American Studies Association, 2000; ele▯cted for
second term, 2002. Human Relations Area Files Board of Directors 1995-2007;
elected to HRAF Executive Committee of Board of Directors, 2003-05. Boar▯d of
Trustees (one of five members) Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 200▯6-
continuing.
Significant campus and local—Executive Board, Center for Latin Americ▯an and
Caribbean Studies, 1971-76, 1977-1986, 1988 - present. Executive Board,
Afro-American Studies Program, 1977-79, 1980-82, 1984-1986. Research
Committee, School of Social Sciences, 1977-78. Committee on Future of S▯ocial
Sciences, School of Social Sciences, 1977-80. University Press Board, 1977-81.
Director of Research, Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, 1▯974-76.
Fulbright-Hays Committee, 1974-present. On COPE Committee to evaluate
Sociology, 1973-74. Executive Committee, School of Social Sciences, spring
semester 1976, 1979-80, 1982-85. Chancellor's Allerton Conference on
Research, 1980. Chancellor's Allerton Conference on International Affairs, 1984.
University of Illinois Senate, 1980-81. Task force in the humanities to explore
super computing facilities, 1986. Official responsible for agreement between UIUC
and the Instituto Nacional de Patrimonio Cultural del Ecuador, 1982-1988. Official
responsible for agreement between UIUC and the Universidad San Francisco▯ de Quito
1989-1997, 1997-2002. Department Head, Department of Anthropology,
1983-86. Appointed Affiliate of Afro-American Studies and Research Prog ram,
Whitten, Vita, page 9Annex 5
1987; Adjunct Curator of Krannert Art Museum, 1987-88; Professor of Lati▯n
American Studies, 1987-, Professor of Campus Honors, 1988-1991. Chancellor's
Committee to select Minority Postdoctoral Fellows, 1987-1989 (committee▯
chair,1989). College of Liberal Arts and Sciences Grievance Committee 1989-91.
Co-Organizer and Co-Chair (with Dorothea S. Whitten) of four-day "LAS ▯State of the
Art" symposium entitled, "Imagery and Creativity," Krannert Art Museum, ▯29
April- 2 May, 1988; 12 participants; financial support from 23 UIUC unit▯s and
Illinois Humanities Council. Organizer of LAS Social Sciences Commencement,
1988. Served on the Committee of the Vice Chancellor for Research to se▯lect
University Scholars and Senior University Scholars,1993, 1994. Elected to the
Executive Committee of the Graduate College for 1993-1995. Chair of the ▯
Committee for Programs and Curricula, Social Science and Education, UIUC▯ Graduate
College, 1993-1994, 1994-1995. Appointed to the Executive Committee of ▯the
Fellowship Board of the Graduate College, 1994-1997. Appointed to the G▯eneral
Committee of the Fellowship Board of the Graduate College, 1994-1997.
Chair, Committee of the Behavioral and Social Sciences, Fellowship Board▯ of the
Graduate College, 1994-1997. Elected to the Executive Committee of the C▯ollege of
Liberal Arts and Sciences, 1996-1998. Chair of the Fellowship Board and Chair of
the Executive Committee of the Fellowship Board, 1997-1999. Chair of the
interdisciplinary committee on History and Anthropology, 1997-1998, 1998▯-99,
1999-2000, 2000-2001. Curator of the Spurlock Museum of World Cultures ,
1997-continuing; Board of Directors and Advisory Committee of the Spurlock
Museum of World Cultures-continuing. Director of the Center for Latin American
and Caribbean Studies, 2000-continuing. Elected to LAS Executive Committ▯ee for
2000-2002. Chair of Advisory Committee (committee of curators), Spurlock
Museum of World Cultures, 2000-. Elected Vice Chair of the LAS College Executive
Committee (2001-02). Elected Chair of “Cuban Interest Group,” 2001, a campus
wide steering committee to determine UIUC-Cuban relationships over the n▯ext few
years. Appointed to the executive committee of the Center for Internatio▯nal Business
Education and Research (CIBER), 2002. Co-founder (with Dorothea Scott▯ Whitten)
and President of Sacha Runa Research Foundation, 1975-present.
Whitten, Vita, page 10 Annex 5
PUBLICATIONS AND MANUSCRIPTS
Authored Books and Monographs
1965 Class, Kinship, and Power in an Ecuadorian Town: The Negroes of San
Lorenzo. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 228 pp.
1974 Black Frontiersmen: A South American Case. New York: Halsted (John
Wiley). 221 pp. + 16 pp. photographs set out in 8 two-page "photograph▯ic
essay" spreads.
1976a (with the assistance of Marcelo F. Naranjo, Marcelo Santi Simbaña and
Dorothea S. Whitten) Sacha Runa: Ethnicityand Adaptation of Ecuadorian
Jungle Quichua. Urb ana: University of Illinois Press. 350 pp. + 57
photos, + maps, diagrams, illustrations. Selected in 2005 for the Histor▯y
E-Book Project of the American Council of Learned Societies.
1976b Ecuadorian Ethnocide and Indigenous Ethnogenesis: Amazonian Resurgence
amidst Andean Colonization Copenhagen: IWGIA Document No. 23. 40 pp.,▯
3 maps. Reprinted as article in theJournal of Ethnic Studies, 4(2):1-22,
September, 1976. Reprinted in Spanish in book edited by Stefano Varese, ▯
entitledLa Selva Invadida, Mexico: Nueva Imagen, in special issue of
América Indígena, 39(3):529-562, and by the Universidad Católica, Quito.
1978 Amazonian Ecuador: An Ethnic Interface in Ecological, Social and Ideolo▯gical
Perspectives. Copenhagen: IWGIA Document No. 34. 80 pp., 2 maps,
photographs. Reprinted in Spanish in Ecuador by the Federación Shuar,
Sucúa, 1981, and by the Instituto Otavaleño de Antropología, Ot▯avalo,1981.
1984 (With 14 other authors) The Electoral Process in Nicaragua: Domestic and
International Influences. Austin: Latin American Studies Association
Monograph.
1985a (with D.S. Whitten)Art, Knowledge, and Health. Cambridge: Cultural
Survival Monograph #17, 126 pp.
1985b Sicuanga Runa: The Other Side of Development in AmazonianEcuador.
Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 315 pp.+150 line drawings, art
illustrations, photographs, bibliographic essay, Epilogue.
1985c Black Frontiersmen: Afro-Hispanic Culture of Ecuador and Colombia.
Prospect Heights: Waveland Press. Third, expanded edition, 1994. Now in
its fourth edition.
1987a Sacha Runa: Etnicidad y Adaptación de las QuichuaHablantes de la Región
Amazónica Ecuatoriana. Quito: Abya Yala. 400 pp.
1987b (with Dorothea S. Whitten) Causáunchimi!: Arte, Cultura, y Poder de los
Canelos Quichua de la Amazonia Ecuatoriana. Quito: Banco Central del
Ecuador, 45 pp. black and white photographs, maps, drawings, plus four
pages of color.
1988 (with Dorothea S. Whitt en) From Myth to Creation: Art from Amazonian
Ecuador. Book to accompany exhibition (listed above) by the same name▯.
108 Black and white photographs and 8 pages of color. Urbana: Universi▯ty
of Illinois Press, 80 pp.
1992 Pioneros Negros: La Cultura Afro-Latinoamericana del Ecuador y de
Whitten, Vita, page 11Annex 5
Colombia. Quito: Centro Cultural Afro-Ecuatoriano, 235 pp.
1997 Clase, Parentesco y Poder en un Pueblo Ecuatoriano: Los Negros de San
Lorenzo. Quito: Centro Cultural Afro-Ecuatoriano. 255 pp. with nine page
Prólogo,1996.
2008 (with Dorothea Scott Whitten) Puyo Runa: Imagery and Power in Modern
Amazonia. Urb ana: University of Illinois Press. Released in November,
2007, 335 pp.
2011 (with Dorothea Scott Whitten) Histories of the Present: Culture, Power,
and Race in Ecuador. Urbana: University of Illinois Press,
accepted 28 April 2010. Will include four color plates, 344 pp ms.
Scheduled for spring.
Edited Books and Monographs
1970 (edited with John F. Szwed)Afro-American Anthropology: Contemporary
Perspectives. New York: The Free Press, London: Collier-Macmillan. 486
pp. + 32 pp. photographic essay.
1976 (edited) Afro-American Ethnohistory in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Washington, D.C.: American Anthropological Association, Contributions o▯f
the Latin American Anthropology Group, Vol. 1, 66 pp.
1977 (edited with Marcelo F. Naranjo and José Pereira)emas sobre la
Continuidad y Adaptación Cultural Ecuatoriana. Quito: Centro de
Publicaciones, Universidad Católica, 212 pp. 2nd edition published 19▯84,
195 pp.
1981a (edited)Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador. 27
articles and Foreword, Preface, Introduction, Afterword, Maps,
Diagrams, Illustrations. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 811 pp.
1981b (edited) Amazonía Ecuatoriana: La Otra Cara del Progreso. Sucúa and Quito:
Editorial Mundo Shuar, 229 pp. expanded 2nd edition, with new Foreword
and two new articles published 1985 by Abya Yala, 285 pp. 3rd edition,
1990, 285 pp.
1982a (edited)Transformaciones Culturales y Etnicidad en el Ecuador
Contemporaneo. Otavalo, Ecuador: Prensa del Instituto Otavaleño de
Antropología, 250 pp.
1993a (edited, with Dorothea S. Whitten) Imagery and Creativity: Ethnoaesthetics
and Art Worlds in the Americas. 377 pp., 16 color plates, 67
illustrations. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
1993b (edited)Transformaciones Culturales y Etnicidad en la Sierra Ecuatoriana.
Quito: Prensa de la Universidad San Francisco de Quito, 450 pp.
1998a (edited, with Arlene Torres) Blackness in Latin America and the
Caribbean: Social Dynamics and Cultural Transformations. Volume I:
Central America and Northern and Western South America. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press (Blacks in the Diaspora Series) 520 pp.
1998b (edited, with Arlene Torres) Blackness in Latin America and the Caribbean:
Social Dynamics and Cultural Transformations. Volume II: Eastern
South America and the Caribbean. Bloomington: Indiana University Press ▯
Whitten, Vita, page 12 Annex 5
(Blacks in the Diaspora Series), 557 pp.
2003 (edited) Millennial Ecuador: Critical Essays on Cultural Transformations
and Social Dynamics. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press (Preface plus
13 chapters and Epilogue 2003; 14 authors, including indigenous▯ and
nonindigenous Ecuadorian authors), 417 pp.
Special Issues of Periodicals (edited)
1981 (Edited with C. Cunningham, J.W.D. Dougherty, J. Fernandez) Symbolism
and Cognition. Special Issue of the American Ethnologist 8:3, 256 pp.
1982a (Edited with Stephen Gudeman, Virginia Kerns, and Harold K.
Schneider) Ecological and Economic Processes in Society and Culture.
Special Issue of themerican Ethnologist 9:2, 208 pp.
1982b (Edited with J.W.D. Dougherty, James W. Fernandez, and Emiko
Ohnuki-Tierney) Symbolism and Cognition II. Special Issue of the
American Ethnologist 9:4, 208 pp.
1984 (Edited) Social Structure and Social Relations. Special Issue of the
American Ethnologist 11:4, 224 pp.
Book Series (Series editor)
2003 Interpretations of Culture in the New Millennium. A new series on
contemporary ethnography. Book length to be approximately 175-2▯20 pp
(70,000-80,000 words). Seven books published, Three under contract and
listed as “forthcoming.”
Published:
Seligmann, Linda
2004 Peruvian Street Lives: Culture, Power, and Economy among Market
Women of Cuzco. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Uzendoski, Michael
2005 The Napo Runa of Amazonian Ecuador. Urbana: University of Illinois
Press.
Hill, Jonathan H.
2008 Made-from-Bone: Trickster Myths, Music, and History in an Amazonian
Community. Urb ana: University of Illinois Press.
Wibbelsman, Michelle
2009 Ritual Encounters: The Making of the Otavalan Modern and Mythic
Community. Urb ana: University of Illinois Press.
Isbell, Billie Jean
2009 Finding Cholita. Urb ana: University of Illinois Press.
Whitten, Vita, page 13Annex 5
Ntarangwi, Mwenda
2009 East African Hip Hop. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Markowitz, Fran
2010 Kalaidoscopic Bosnia: Heterogeneity and Hybridity in Sarajevo. Urbana:
University of Illinois Press.
Under Contact:
Rahier, Jean Muteba
2011 The Festival of Kings among the Black Lowlanders of Ecuador. (ms
anticipated 2010)
de Jorio, Rosa,
2011 Democracy and Change in Mali (ms anticipated 2010)
Course, Magnus
2012 Becoming Mapuche: Person and Ritual in Indigenous Chile (ms under
review April 2010; being revised for late August 2010)
Tapias, María
2012 Bolivian Women Under Stress
Works that do not fall into Book or Monograph categories, and Works in P▯rogress
1984 (c ompiled and edited with Dorothea S. Whitten and Carmen Chuquín)Yachaj
Sami Yachachina, by Alfonso Chango. 35 pp. text in Quichua and Spanish ▯
and 35 pp. colored drawings. Cayambe: Mundo Shuar.
Accepted for publication. (with Dorothea S. Whitten)rte, Conocimiento, y Salud.
Quito: Abya Yala. We are withholding this ms from publication for political
purposes. Its sensitivity is great in the current ideological situation ▯and
could be damaging to peoples served by the program it describes.
Manuscript completed Del Mito al Creación.
Commissioned Lo Quichua de la Amazonía Ecuatoriana. In,Guía Etnográfica. Fernando
Santos and Frederica Barclay, Editors. Quito and Lima: Flacso. 250 pp▯.
manuscript. Work 85% complete but suspended pending FLACSO
reorganization in publication plans. Theuía has 15 volumes
commissioned; the first was published in 1993, the second in 1995, and
the third in 2000. Monograph re-commissioned in 2000 for receipt of
manuscript in 2002.
Biography
Norman Whitten: La humanidad real de indios y negros. Fernando Ituburu, ▯2010,La
Águila bajo el sol: Entrevistas a cinco ecuatorianistas de Estados Unidos (pofile of
North American Ecuatorianists). Guayqauil: Centro Ecuatoriano Norteamer▯icano de
Guayaqui: CEN Publicaciones, pp 67-86, 153-154.
Whitten, Vita, page 14 Annex 5
Journal Articles and Book Chapters
1960 Notes on Negro folk medicine. Folk Healthways, Vol. 1, No. 2:5-8.
University of Pittsburgh.
1961 Eve nts and statuses involved in a configuration of occult behavior.
Research Previews, Institute for Research inSocial Science, University of
North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Vol. 8, 3:9-15.
1962a Contemporary patterns of malign occultism among Negroes in North
Carolina. Journal of American Folklore, Vol. 75, No. 297:311-325.
Reprinted in Mother Wit from the Laughing Barrel: Readings in the
Interpretation of Afro-American Folklore (Alan Dundes, editor).
Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1972:402-418.
1962b Sociocultu ral change in northwest Ecuador.Research Previews, Institute
for Research in Social Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill,
Vol. 9, No. 3:9-18.
1964 Towards a classification of West Alaskan social structure. Anthropological
Papers of the University of Alaska, Vol. 21, No. 2:79-91.
1965a Anthropological research in Colombia. ICMRT Progress Report, March.
Tulane University, Universidad del Valle. 119-125.
1965b Power structure and sociocultural change in Latin American communities.
Social Forces, Vol. 43, No. 3:320-329.
1966 (with Au relio Fuentes C.); ¡Baile Marimba! Negro folk-music Northwest
Ecuador in Journal of the Folklore Institute. Special Latin American
Edition, Vol. 3, No. 2:168-191.
1967a Afro-Hispanic music from western Colombia and Ecuador. Monograph
accompanying Ethnic Folkways L.P. Record No. FE 4376. 8 pp.
1967b Música y relaciones sociales en las tierras bajas colombianas y
ecuatorianas del Pacífico: Estudio sobre microevolución sociocultural.
América Indígena, Vol. 17, No. 4:635-655.
1968 Personal netwo rks and musical contexts in the Pacific Lowlands of Colombia
and Ecuador. Man: Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great
Britain and Ireland, Vol. 3, No. 1:50-63. Reprinted inAfro-American
Anthropology: 203-217; Peter Hammond, ed. Social and Cultural
Anthropology: Selected Readings, New York: Macmillan, 1975:368-384.
1969a Strategies of adaptive mobility in the Colombian-Ecuadorian litoral,
American Anthropologist, Vol. 71, No. 2:228-242. Reprinted in
Afro-American Anth ropology: 329-344.
1969b The e cology of race relations in northwest Ecuador. Journal de la Société
des Americanistes, Vol. 54: 223-235. (Paris—special Afro- American
issue edited by Roger Bastide).
1970a Network analysis and processes of adaptation among Ecuadorian and Nova
Scotian Negroes. Chapter 8:339-402, 609-612, In Marginal Natives:
Anthropologists at Work (Morris Freilich, editor), New York: Harper &
Row.
1970b Ecología de las relaciones raciales al noroeste del Ecuador.rica
Indígena, Vol. 30, No. 2:345-358.
Whitten, Vita, page 15Annex 5
1970c Network analysis in Ecuador and Nova Scotia: Some critical remarks.
Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, Vol. 7, No. 4:269-280.
(Special edition devoted to network analysis.)
1970d (with George Talbot) Afro-Americans. In, Afro-American Anthropology,
32 pp "photographic essay." (between pp. 22 and 23).
1970e (with John F. Szwed) Introduction. In,Afro-American Anthropology, pp.
23-60.
1972 (with Dorothea S. Whitten) Social strategies and social relationships
Annual Review of Anthropology, 1. Palo Alto: Annual Reviews Incorporate▯d,
pp. 247-270.
1973 The e cology of race relations in northwest Ecuador. Chapter in Dwight
Heath (ed.) Contemporary Societies and Cultures of Latin America. New
York: Random House, pp. 327-340.
1974a (with Alvin W. Wolfe) Network Analysis. Chapter 23 in Handbook of Social
and Cultural Anthropology (John J. Honigmann, editor) Chicago: Rand
McNally, pp. 717-746.
1974b Ritual enactment of sex roles in the Pacific Lowlands of Ecuador-Colombi▯a.
Ethnology, Vol. 13, No. 2. Reprinted in Old Roots in New Lands: African
Heritage and the Black Experience in Latin America and the Caribbean.
(Ann Pescatello, editor) 1977, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press,
243-261 and in Whitten and Torres, and in Blackness in Latin America and
the Caribbean: Social Dynamics and Cultural Transformations. Vol, I.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
1975a (with Nina S. de Friedemann) La cultura negra del litoral ecuatoriano y
colombiano: un modelo de adaptación étnica.evista Colombiana de
Antropología. Bogotá, Colombia, 17:75-115.
1975b Jungle Quechua ethnicity: an Ecuadorian case study. In the following b▯ooks:
Resource Competition and Ethnicity in Plural Societies (Leo Despres,
editor) Migration and Ethnicity (Helen Safa, editor); Bartolomé de las
Casas: A Commemoration (Elias Sevilla, editor); and Social Change in the
Andes and Amazonia (David Browman, editor). The Hague: Mouton (Worl▯d
Anthropology Series). Despres and Safa volumes published October, 1975▯;
Sevilla in 1977, other 1978.
1976 Introduction. In Afro-American Ethnohistory in Latin America and the
Caribbean, pp. 1-2.
1977a Introducción. In, Temas sobre la Continuidad y Adaptación Cultural
Ecuatoriana. Quito: Prensa de la Universidad Católica. pp. 15-21.
1977b Etnoc idio ecuatoriano y etnogénesis indígena: resurgencia amazónica▯ ante
la colonización andina. In Norman E. Whitten, Jr., Marcelo F. Naranjo and
José Pereira, eds.,emas Sobre la Continuidad y Adaptación Cultural
Ecuatoriana. Quito: Prensa de la Universidad Católica. pp. 169-213.
1977c Anthropology. Encyclopedia Britannica Book of the Year, for 1976. pp.
128-130.
1977d (with Dorothea S. Whitten). Report of a process linking basic science
research with an action-oriented program for research subjects.uman
Organization, Vol. 36, No. 1:101-105. Reprinted in Survival
Whitten, Vita, page 16 Annex 5
International Review 2(4): 5-8, 1977.
1978a (with Dorothea S. Whitten) Ceramics of the Canelos Quichua. Natural
History. October, Vol. 87, No. 8:90-99, 152. Reprinted in Survival
International Review.
1978b Ecological Imagery and Cultural Adaptability: the Canelos Quichua of
Eastern Ecuador. American Anthropologist, Vol. 80. No. 4:836-859.
1979a Soul Vine Shaman. Monograph to accompany L.P. Record by the same title.▯
8 pp. Urbana: Sacha Runa Research Foundation Occasional Papers, No. 5.▯
1979b Structure and transformations of contemporary Canelos Quichua spirit
relationships. In Udo Oberem, ed. Festschrift for H.C. Hermann Trimborn.
Bonn: Antropos.
Accepted for publication: The Ecuadorian Oriente: an Ethnic Interface. ▯In Joseph B.
Casagrande, ed.,Handbook of Ecuador. New Haven: Human Relations Area
Files Press. Available in mimeograph form as Sacha Runa Research
Foundation Occasional Papers, No. 1, expanded version, up-dated for 1978▯
published as IWGIA Document.
1981a (with Dorothea S. Whitten) Ce rámica y simbolismo del Centro Oriente
Ecuatoriano. Miscelanea Antropológica, Boletín de los Museos del Banco
Central. Guayaquil, pp. 120-135.
1981b (with the assistance of Kathleen Fine) Introduction. In,ultural
Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador, pp. 1-41.
1981c Afterword. In, Cultural Transformations and Ethnicity in Modern Ecuador,
pp. 776-797.
1981d Introducción. In,mazonía Ecuatoriana: La Otra Cara del Progreso, pp. 7-
9.
1981e La Actual Amazonía en la base de los Andes: una confluencia étnica en▯ la
perspectiva ecológica, social e ideológica. In,nsformaciones Culturales
y Etnicidad en el Ecuador Contemporaneo, pp. 153-210. Reprinted in,
Amazonía Ecuatoriana: La Otra Cara del Progreso, pp. 11-58.
1982a (with Stephen Gu deman) Introduction. In, Ecological and Economic
Processes in Society and Culture. Special Issue of the American
Ethnologist, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 223-229.
1982b Ecuador. In, Mary Anderberg, editor.Encyclopedia of Developing Nations.
New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 353-356.
1982c Introducción. In,Transformaciones Culturales y Etnicidad en el Ecuador
Contemporaneo, pp. 15-32.
1982d (with Emiko Ohnuki-Tierney) When Paradigms Collide. In, Symbolism and
Cognition II. Special Issue of the American Ethnologist, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp.
635-643.
1983 (with W. Williams, C. Suchicital, V. Amarakoon, and D. Whitten)
Characterization of Decorated Pottery from the Rain Forest of Ecuador. ▯
Abstracts: Symposium on Archaeometry. Naples, Italy, p. 124.
1984a (with Dorothea S. Whitten) Marriage among the Canelos Quichua of
East-Central Ecuador. In, Kenneth Kensinger, editor.Marriage Systems of
Amazonia. Urb ana: University of Illinois Press, pp. 194-220.
1984b Toward a Conceptualization of Power in Amazonian Ecuador. Proceedings o▯f
Whitten, Vita, page 17Annex 5
the American Ethnological Society 1982: The Prospects for Plural
Societies. David Maybury-Lewis, editor, pp. 49-63.
1984c Hacia la conceptualización del poder en la amazonía ecuatoriana. ▯In,
Relaciones interétnicas y adaptación cultural entre Shuar, Achuar,
Aguaruna y Canelos Quichua. Quito: Abya-Yala. Michael Brown, editor.
pp. 192-210.
1984d Introduction. In,Social Structure and Social Relations. Special Issue of the
American Ethnologist, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 635-641.
1984e (with 12 other authors) Report of the Latin American St▯udies Association
(LASA) Delegation to Observe the Nicaraguan General Election o▯f November
4, LASA Forum, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 9-43 (reissued by LASA as Monograph,
35pp. (see p. 8, above, ofVita).
1985a (with D.S. Whitten) Art, Knowledge, and Health. Cambridge: Cultural
Survival Monograph #17, 126 pp.
1985b (with Dorothea S. Whitten) Our Knowledge, Our Beauty: Expressive
Culture of the Canelos Quichua of Ecuador. Script written as basis for ▯
Video-cassette production. Urbana: Sacha Runa Research Foundation
Occasional Papers, 8 pp. (English); 16 pp. (Spanish).
1985c (with Diego Quiroga) Preface to the Second Edition (oflack Frontiersmen:
Afro-American Culture from Ecuador and Colombia). Prospect Heights:
Waveland Press), 3 pp.
1986a (with Dee Robbins) UIUC Anthropology; Its First Quarter Century. Urbana:
Department of Anthropology, 9 pp.
1986b Hacia una conceptualización del poder en la Amazonía Ecuatoriana. ▯rica
Indígena, Vol. No. pp.
Accepted for publication: (with Dorothea S. Whitten) Problems and Re▯sponses of
Health and Health Care Delivery in the Ecuadorian Oriente: A Working
Paper. In, Theodore Macdonald, editor. Amazonia: Extinction or Survival?
Previously scheduled for University of Wisconsin Press.Publisher now
unknown.
1987a The Religion of Quichuan and Jivaroan Peoples of the Ecuadorian-Peruvian▯
Rain Forests. In,he Encyclopedia of Religion, Claude Conyers, editor
(Mircea Eliade, Editor-in-Chief)New York: Macmillan, pp. 141-146.
1987b Prefacio a la Edición en Español (ofha Runa: Etnicidady Adaptación de
los Quichua Hablantes de la Region Amazónico Ecuatoriano). Quito: Abya
Yala, 10 pp.
1987c (with Dorothea S. Whitten) Una Presencia Dinámica Indígena en la Vida
Moderna de Puyo, Provincia de Pastaza, In Pastaza: Un Municipio al
Servicio del Pueblo. Puyo: Revista Municipal, pp. 22-25, with 20
illustrations.
1988a Historical and Mythical Evocations of Chthonic Power in South America.
Prepared as one of two commentaries (the other by Terence Turner), to ▯
conclude the volume edited by Jonathan Hill entitledethinking History and
Myth: Indigenous Perspectives on the Past, Urbana: University of Illinois
Press, 282-307.
1988b Savagery in General Anthropology. American Anthropologist 90:1: 153-
155.
Whitten, Vita, page 18 Annex 5
1989a (with Dorothea S. Whitten) Potters of the Upper Amazon. Ceramics
Monthly, Dec ember (9 color photos), pp. 55-56.
1989b (Published in 1990) The Case of Rudecindo Masaquiza and the Salasacan
Community of Ecuador. Latin American Anthropology Review. (Special
Issue on Indigenous Peoples and the Nation State in Latin America), 1 (▯2):
61-67.
1990a Introducción (to)Amazonía Ecuatoriana: La Otra Cara del Progreso. Third
Edition. Quito: Abya Yala, pp. 7-8.
1990b La Amazonía Actual en la Base de los Andes: Una Confl▯uencia Étnica en la
Perspectiva Ecológica, Social e Ideológica. Amazonia Ecuatoriana: La Otra
Cara del Progreso. Third Edition. Quito: Abya Yala, pp. 11-58.
1991a Desarrollo Truncado: Un Comentario sobre la Historia Negra de l▯a Costa del
Ecuador. Palenque. Quito: Centro Cultural Afro-Ecuatoriano
1991b PreText of the Modernist Predicament. Social Analysis: A Journal of
Cultural and Social Practice. February. pp.96-109.
1991c (wi th Diego Quiroga) "Prefacio" to the bookCambios Tecnológicos,
Organización Social y Actividades Productivas en Dos Areas de la Cost▯a
Pacífica Colombiana, by Giancarlo Corsetti, Carlo Tassara and Nancy Motta.
Bogotá: Comitato Internazionale per lo Sviluppo dei Popoli.
1992a (with Arlene Torres) Blackness in the Americas. North American
Congress of Latin America (NACLA) February, Vol XXV, No. 4 (lead arti▯cle,
pp. 16-22). Special Issue entitledThe Black Americas, 1492-1992.
Reprinted 1994 in World Views 1994: Latin America. Cesie Delve
Scheuermann and David Douglass, Coordinators. Acton, MA: Copely
Publishing Group. pp. 249-253. Reprinted 1999, Perseus Africana
Encyclopedia (C D-Rom and Print Versions), Afropaedia L.L.C. Henry Lewis
Gates, General Editor.
1992b (with Dorothea S. Whitten) Dev elopment and the Competitive Edge. In,
Redefining the 'Artisan' in Traditional and Modern Societies. Iowa City:
International Studies Program of the University of Iowa.
1993a Introducción (toTransformaciones Culturales y Etnicidad en la Sierra
Ecuatoriana). Quito: Prensa de la Universidad San Francisco de Quito, pp.
13-52.
1993b "La Luz de la Verdad" y "El Choque de las Ideas." innsformaciones
Culturales y Etnicidad en la Sierra Ecuatoriana. Quito: Prensa de la
Universidad San Francisco de Quito, pp. 393-411.
1993c (with Dorothea S. Whitten) Canelos Quichua: Culture, Ceramics, and
Continuity. In, Catalina Sosa and Noemi Paymal, editors, Amazonian
Worlds: Peoples and Cultures of Amazonian Ecuador. Quito: Prensa
Mariscal.
1993d (with Dorothea S. Whitten) Los Canelos Quichua: Cultura, Cerámica, y ▯la
Continuidad. In, Catalina Sosa and Noemi Paymal, editors, Mundos
Amazonicos. Quito: Prensa Mariscal.
1993e (with Dorothea S. Whitten) Reflections on Ethnoaesthetics and Art Worlds
in Greater Amazonia. In Maartin Van de Guchte and Douglas Brewer,
editors, Masquerades and Demons: Tukuna Bark-Cloth Painting. Urbana:
Whitten, Vita, page 19Annex 5
Krannert Art Museum and Andromeda Press.
1993f (with Dorothea S. Whitten) Introduction to Imagery and Creativity:
Ethnoaesthetics and Art Worlds in the Americas. Tucson: University of
Arizona Press, pp. 3-44.
1993g (with Dorothea S. Whitten) Creativity and Continuity; Communication
and Clay. Imagery and Creativity: Ethnoaesthetics and Art Worlds
in the Americas.). Tucson: University of Arizona Press, pp. 309-356.
I993h Cosmology, Value, and Power in Canelos Quichua Economics. Working
Papers in South American Indian Cultures. Kenneth Kensinger, Editor.
Monographs of the Latin Americanist Anthropology Group, pp. 67-77.
1994a Epilogue to the Third Edition ofBlack Frontiersmen: Afro-American
Culture from Ecuador and Colombia. Prospect Heights: Waveland Press),
pp. 202-209.
1994b The Canelos Quichua. Johannes Wilbert, General Editor, Encyclopedia of
World Cultures. New Haven and New York: Human Relations Area Files
Press and Macmillan, pp.98-102.
1994c (with Diego Quiroga) The Black Pacific Lowlanders of Ecuador and
Colombia. Johannes Wilbert, General Editor, Encyclopedia of World
Cultures. New Haven and New York: Human Relations Area Files Press and ▯
Macmillan, pp. 19-23.
1995a (with Diego Quiroga) Ecuador. No longer Invisible: The Afro-Latin
Americans Today. London: Minority Rights Group Press, pp. 287-318.
Rewritten version reprinted inBlackness in Latin America and the
Caribbean: Social Dynamics and Cultural Transformations. Vol, I.
1995b The "State of the Art" of Cultural Anthropology.ournal of the Society for
Anthropology in Community Colleges.
1995c Afro-Creoles on the Frontier: Conquering the Ecuadorian Pacific Lowlands.
Darién J. Davis, editor,he African Impact on Latin America and the
Caribbean. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources Inc. Jaguar Books on
Latin America, pp. 81-101.
In press? The Ecuadorian Levantamiento Indígena of 1990: An analysis of Culture,
Race, and Social Re-ordering." In, Andean Crises: Traditional Dilemmas
and Contemporary Challenges. Paul J. Doughty, editor. Gainesville:
University of Florida Center for Latin American Studies. 25 pp. ms.
1996a E thnogenesis. The Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology. New York:
Henry Holt and the Human Relations Area Files, Vol. 2, pp. 407-411.
1996b The E cuadorian Levantamiento Indígena of 1990 and the Epitomizing
Symbol 1992: Reflections on Nationalism, Ethnic-Bloc Formation, and
Racialist Ideologies. In, Jonathan Hill, Editor.lture, Power and History:
Ethnogenesis in the Americas, 1492-1992. Iowa City: University of Iowa
Press, pp. 191-217.
1996c (with Dorothea S. Whitten) Poder y Fuerza Estética en la Amazoní▯a
Moderna. In, Fernando Santos, editor. Globalización y Cambio en lo
Amazonía Indígena, Vol I. Quito: Flacso and Abya-Yala, pp. 289-340.
1997a (with Dorothea S. Whi tten and Alfonso Chango; illustrations by
Alfonso Chango). Return of the Yumbo: The Indigenous Caminata from
Whitten, Vita, page 20 Annex 5
Amazonia to Andean Quito. American Ethnologist 24 (2): 355-391.
1997b Prólogo 1996. to Clase, Parentesco y Poder en un Pueblo Ecuatoriano: Los
Negros de San Lorenzo. Quito: Centro Cultural Afro-Ecuatoriano. pp. 9-
18.
1998a (with Arlene Torres) Part I: To Forge the Future in the Fires of the P▯ast:
An Interpretive Essay on Racism, Domination, Resistance and Liberation. ▯
In,Blackness in Latin America and the Caribbean: Social Dynamics and
Cultural Transformations . Volume I: Central America and Northern and
Western South America; Volume II: Eastern South America and the
Caribbean. Bloomington: Indiana University Press (Blacks in the Diaspora
Series), pp. 2-33.
1998b (with Arlene Torres) Introduction to Volume I: Central America and
Northern and Western South America. In Blackness in Latin America and
the Caribbean: Social Dynamics and Cultural Transformations. Bloomington:
Indiana University Press (Blacks in the Diaspora Series), pp. 34-71.
1998c (with Arlene Torres) Introduction to Volume II: Eastern South America and
the Caribbean. In Blackness in Latin America and the Caribbean:
Social Dynamics and Cultural Transformations. Bloomington: Indiana
University Press (Blacks in the Diaspora Series), pp. 34-71.
1998d (with Diego Quiroga) "To Rescue National Dignity": Blackness as a Quality
of Nationalist Creativity in Ecuador. Inackness in Latin America and the
Caribbean: Social Dynamics and Cultural Transformations. Vol, I.
Bloomington: Indiana University Press (Blacks in the Diaspora Series), pp.
75-99.
1998e Ritual Enactment of Sex Roles in the Pacific Lowlands of Ecuador-Colombi▯a.
InBlackness in Latin America and the Caribbean: Social Dynamics and
Cultural Transformations. Vol. I. Bloomington: Indiana University Press
(Blacks in the Diaspora Series), pp.168-182.
In press? (with Dorothea S. Whitten and Alfonso Chango) La Paradigma d▯e
Multinacionalidad y la Red de Salud en el Ecuador. Quito: FLACSO y Abya-▯
Yala.
1999a (with Rachel Corr) Imagery of "Blackness" in Indigenous Myth,
Discourse, and Ritual. In, Jean Rahier, editor.presentations of Blackness
and the Performance of Identities. Westport CT: Greenwood Publishing
Group.
1999b (with Arlene Torres) Blackness in the Americas. Perseus Africana
Encyclopedia (C D-Rom and Print Versions), Afropaedia L.L.C. Henry Lewis
Gates, General Editor.
1999c Conferencia Magistral del seminario "Entender El Racismo: El Caso
de Ecuador."Los Paradigmas Mentales de la Conquista y el Nacionalismo: L▯a
Formación de los Conceptos de las "Razas" y las Transformaciones del ▯
Racismo. Ecuador Racista: Imágenes e Identidades, pp. 45-70. Emma
Cervone and Fredy Rivera, editores. Quito: FLACS0.
1999d The Canelos Quichua. Melvin and Carol Ember, Compilers, Cultures of the
World (abridged one-volume version of Encyclopedia of World Cultures).
New York: Macmillan Library References, USA, pp.984-989.
2001a (with Dorothea S. Whitten and Diego Quiroga) Ecuador. Countries and Their
Whitten, Vita, page 21Annex 5
Cultures. New York: Macmillan (Gale Group) and Human Relations Area
Files, pp. 659-672.
2001b (with Rachel Corr) Contesting the Images of Oppression:▯ Indigenous
Views of Blackness in the AmericasNorth American Congress of Latin
America (NACLA). 34 (6). Special Issues: The Social Origins of Race:▯ Race
and Racism in the Americas, Part I, pp. 24-28, 45-46.
2001c South America: Sociocultural Aspects.International Encyclopedia of the
Social and Behavioral Sciences. Neil J. Smelser and Paul B. Baltes, Editors-
in-Chief; Ulf Hannerz, Volume Editor (Anthropology). Oxford: Elsevier
Science Ltd, Pergamon, pp. 14607-14612.
2003a Symbolic Inversion, the Topology of“El Mestizaje” and the Spaces
of“Las Razas” in Ecuador. Journal of Latin American Anthropology,
special issue onMestizaje, Mulataje, Mesticagen in Latin American
Ideologies edited by Jean Muteba Rahier. 8 (1):52-85.
2003b Introduction, toMillennial Ecuador: Critical Essays on Cultural
Transformations and Social Dynamics. Iowa City: University of Iowa
Press.
2003c Epilogue, toMillennial Ecuador: Critical Essays on Cultural
Transformations and Social Dynamics. Iowa City: University of Iowa
Press.
2003d with Dorothea ScottWhitten and Alfonso Chango. Return of the Yumbo: The
Caminata from Amazonia to Quito. In,Millennial Ecuador: Critical Essays
on Cultural Transformations and Social Dynamics. Iowa City: University
of Iowa Press. (rewritten from theAE publication of 1997).
2004a Euador in the New Millennium: 25 Years of Democracy. A ctualidades: The
Journal of Latin American Anthropology 9 (2):439-460.
2004b Animism. New Dictionary of the History of Ideas. New York: Charles
Scribner’s Sons.
2004c Indigenous Perspectives on Religion: South America. New Dictionary of
the History of Ideas. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
2005a (publishiendspring, 2007) Emerald Freedom: “With Pride in the Face
of the Sun.”Tipití: The Journal of the Society for the Study of Lowland
South America, 3 (1): 3-28.
2005b Diasporic Cul ture in the Americas. Encyclopedia of African-American
Culture and History: The Black Experience in the Americas. Detroit:
Macmillan Reference USA, 2nd edition, pp. 610-617.
2007a Excerpts, From Myth to Creation: Art from Amazonian Ecuador. In the
book Antologia sztuki Andow i Zachodniej Amazonii (rt of Andes and
West Amazon. Anthology), edited by Katarzyna Zajda. Cracow: Taiwpn
Universitas Publishing.
2007b Ecological Imagery and Cultural Adaptability: the Canelos Quichua of
Eastern Ecuador. In the bookAntologia sztuki Andow i Zachodniej Amazonii
(Art of Andes and West Amazon. Anthology), edited by Katarzyna Zajda.
Cracow: Taiwpn Universitas Publishing. Scheduled for January.
2007c Soul Vine Shaman. Monograph to accompany CD by the same title.
30 pp. ms. Urbana: Sacha Runa Research Foundation Occasional Papers,
Whitten, Vita, page 22 Annex 5
No. 5. Revised from 1979 publication. Neelon Crawford, USA, Polar Fine
Arts. (Scheduled for May)
2007d The Longue Durée of Racial Fixity and the Transformative Conjunctures
of Racial Blending. Journal of Latin American and Cribbean Anthropology,
special issue on Entre ‘Lo Indio ' y‘Lo Negro': Interrogating the ▯Effects of
Latin America 's New Afro-Indigenous Multiculturalisms. Edited by Shane
Greene. Vol. 12, No. 2: 356-383.
2008a El Mestizaje. Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. New York: Macmillan.
2008b Blackness in Latin America.Encyclopedia of Race and Racism. New York:
Macmillan.
2008c Latin American Racial Transformations.Encyclopedia of Race and Racism.
New York: Macmillan.
2008d Interculturality and the Indigenization of Modernity: A View from
Amazonian Ecuador. Tipití: Journal of the Society of Lowland South
America 6 (2):3-36, 47-48(featured article with commentary). Note
that as with other publications by this journal, the formal date of
publication was December 2009.
2008e Esmeraldian Freedom: “with pride in the face of the sun.” In,
Ecuador Reader. Steve Striffler and Carlos de la Torre, editors. Durham:
Duke University Press. Condensed version of Tipití article.
2009 (with Dorothea Scott Whitten) Causáunchimi! We Are Living!. Spurlock
Museum Magazine. September.
2010 Soul Vine Sh aman. Revision and elaboration of 1979 monograph to
accompany CD by same title. www.PolarFineArts.com, 22 pp.
Accepted WhatAre You Doing Here? In Alice Kehoe and Paul Doughty (editors)
Breaking Ground: Post-War Anthropologists. Tuscaloosa: University of
Alabama Press.
Accepted Ehnogenesis and Interculturality in the “Forest of Canelos”: The
Wild and the Tame Revisited. Jonathan Hill and Alf Hornborg, Editors,
Ethnicity in Ancient Amazonia: Reconstructing Past Identities from
Archaeology, Linguistics, and Ethnohistory (solicited by editors).
Boulder: University of Colorado Press.
Accepted (with Michael Uzendoski) The Amazonian Kichwa. In Native Peoples of the
World: An Encylopedia. San Marcos, CA: Mesa Verde Publishing.
Submited (commissioned) Expanding the Purview of Shamanism in Amazonian
Ecuador. In The Anthropology of Shamanism: Essays in Honor of
Michael Harner. Edited by Jeffrey Ehrenreich and Harald Prins.
Publisher unknown.
In Prepration (commissioned) Fresh Perspectives on the Anthropological Study of
South American Peoples. Review Article of Arturo Escobar (2008)
Territories of Difference and Richard Price (2008) Travels with Tooy.
Tipití: Journal of the Society for the Anthropological Study of Lowla▯nd
South America, ca 25 pp.
Commissioned (with Mary-Elizabeth Reeve) Amazonian Quichua/Quechua: Language,
Culture, and Ethnohistory. In,uía Etnográfica. Fernando and Frederica
Barclay, Editors. Quito and Lima: Flacso. 75 pp. manuscript. Project on
hold pending reorganization in FLACSO.
Whitten, Vita, page 23Annex 5
L. P. Records
1967 Afro-Hispanic Music from Western Colombia and Ecuador. Ethnic Folkways
Library. L.P. Record FE 4376. New York: Folkways Corporation.
Repressed and released in 1985 in Smithsonian Folklore Series.
1979 (with Neelon Crawford) Soul Vine Shaman. Urbana and New York: Sacha
Runa Research Foundation and Neelon Crawford. CD pending.
Audio Cassette
1997 Afro-Hispanic Music from Western Colombia and Ecuador. Washington,
DC: Smithsonian Folklore Series. Special Re-release of 1967 LP
Audio CD
1999 Afro-Hispanic Music from Western Colombia and Ecuador. Washington,
DC: Smithsonian Folklore Series. Re-release of 1967 LP.
2003a Afro-Hispanic Bambuco: “Adiós Berejú.” Raices Latinas—Latin American
Roots. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Folklore Series.
2003b Afro-Hispanic Music from Western Colombia and Ecuador. Washington,
DC: Smithsonian Folklore Series. Permament Re-release of 1967 LP
2010 (with Neelon Crawford) Soul Vine Shaman. Fort Washakie, WY:
Polar Fine Arts (www.PolarFineArts.com), PDF provided as download from
www.PolarFineArts.com.
eHRAF
2010 (with Dorothea Scott Whitten)“Canelos Quichua” (overview, indexed,
with comparisons made with other Andean Quichua-speaking populations
and with Napo Runa). 8 pp
(with Dorothea S. Whitten) Marriage among the Canelos Quichua of
East-Central Ecuador. In, Kenneth Kensinger, editor. Marriage Systems
of Amazonia. Urb ana: University of Illinois Press, pp. 194-220. Indexed by
HRAF for electronic publication, with permission of the University of Il▯linois
Press.
Sicuanga Runa: The Other Side of Development in AmazonianEcuador.Urbana:
University of Illinois Press. Out of Print, rights returned to the author. Indexed
by HRAF for electronic publication.
Chapter 6 of Sacha Runa: Ethnicity and Adaptation of Ecuadorian Jungle Quichua.
Urbana: Universityh of Illinois Press. Out of Print, rights returned to ▯the
author. Indexed by HRAF for electronic publication.
Videocassettes
Whitten, Vita, page 24 Annex 5
1985 (with Dorothea S. Whitten) Our Knowledge, Our Beauty: Expressive
Culture of the Canelos Quichua of Ecuador 3/4 inch Umatic, 30 minutes
(available in 3/4 inch Beta, 1/2 inch Beta 2, and 1 inch VHS). Urbana:
UIUC Film Center. Also available in Spanish as official release of Museo del
Banco Central, Quito.
In preparation (with Dorothea S. Whitten) "ee my Visions; Hear my
Songs!" Work suspended due to closing of the UIUC Film Center.
World Wide Web
1992 (witDhiego Quiroga) A Brief on the March for Land and Life. http://www.
nativeweb.org /abyayala/cultures /ecuador/amazon /apr92/apr92/1/
htm/
also, http://abyayala.nativeweb.org/ecuador/quichua_am/apr92_1.html
in preparation (with Dorothea S. Whitten and Kathryn Litherland) Canelos Quichua
Musical Communication. Spurlock Museum of World Cultures Outreach Web
Site. Status unknown in 2003.
Biography
Ituburu, Fernando
2010 El Águila Bajo el Sol: Entrevistas a Cinco Ecuatorianistas de Estados▯ Unidos.
Guayaquil: Centro Ecuatoriano Norteamericano. Fifth of five chapters
features exclusive interview with Norman Whitten plus two samples of his▯
publications in Ecuador.
Review Articles, Reviews, Comments, Discussion, and Short Encyclopedia E▯ntries
1964 Rev iew of: Conflict and Solidarity in a Guianese Plantation, by Chandra
Jayawardena. Social Forces, Vol. 42, No. 4:514-515.
1966 Rev iew of: Frances Henry, "Problems of Anthropological Research in
Explosive Political SituationsCurrent Anthropology, Vol. 7, No.
5:557-558.
1967 Rev iew of: Divisiveness and Social Conflict: An Anthropological
Perspective, by Alan Beals and Bernard Siegel.American Sociological
Review, Vol. 32, No. 5:844-845.
1968a Review of: Stranger and Friend: The Way of an Anthropologist, by Hortense
Powdermaker. Trans-Action, Vol. 5, No. 7:61-62.
1968b Review of: Latin American Sociological Studies, edited by Paul Halmos
Social Forces, Vol. 46, No. 4:573-574.
1968c Review of: Social Stratification: The Forms and Functions of Inequality, by
Melvin Tumin. American Anthropologist, Vol. 70, No. 4:777-778.
1968d Review of: Leo Despres, "Anthropological Problems in the Study of
Complex Societies."Current Anthropology, Vol. 8, No. 5:22-23.
1968e Comment on: "The 'hole' community (a comment on an article by Miles
Richardson entitled, "The significance of the 'hole' community to
anthropological theory"). American Anthropologist, Vol. 70, No. 2: 363-
364.
Whitten, Vita, page 25Annex 5
1969a Review of: Race Relations, by Michael Banton. Current Anthropology, Vol.
10, No. 2-3:209-210.
1969b Review of: Community in Transition: Nayón, Ecuador, by Ralph L. Beals.
American Anthropologist, Vol. 71, 2:337-330.
1970 Rev iew of:The Negro in Brazilian Society, by Florestan Fernandes.
American Anthropologist, Vol. 72, No. 6:1511-1512.
1971 Rev iew of: Black Carib Family Structure, by Nancie L. Gonzalez,cial and
Economic Studies, Vol. 20, No. 1:101-103.
1972a Review of: Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England: A Regional and
Comparative Study, by Alan McFarlane. American Anthropologist. Vol. 74,
No. 4:913-914.
1972b Review of: Power and Conflict in a Mexican Community, by Antonio Ugalde.
American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 77, No. 6.
1972c Review of: Daemonologia: A Discourse on Witchcraft, by Edward Fairfax.
American Anthropologist, Vol. 74, No. 4:912-913.
1973 Rev iew of: Outcasts from Evolution: Scientific Attitudes of Racial
Inferiority, 1859-1900, by John S. Haller, Jr. American Anthropologist,
Vol. 75, No. 4:1144-1145.
1974a Review of: "Corporations and social classifications," by D.E. Brown,
Current Anthropology, Vol. 15, No. 1:
1974b Better things in cul ture through chemistry? Review article of:
Hallucinogens and Shamanism, edited by Michael J. Harner. Reviews in
Anthropology, Vol. 1, 2:234-238.
1975 Rev iew of: Deep the Water, Shallow the Shore: Three Essayson Shantying
in the West Indies, by Roger D. Abrahams. Austin: University of Texas
Press. Yearbook for Interamerican Musical Research, pp. 214-217.
1976a Adaptive strategy; Exchange; Matrifocality; Social Network. Separate
entries for thencyclopedia of Anthropology. New York: Harper& Row.
1976b (with Dorothea S. Whitten) Review of:Forgotten Canadians: The Blacks of
Nova Scotia, by Frances Henry. American Anthropologist, Vol. 78, No.
1:159-160.
1976c Comment: On Valentine's Distortion of Black Frontiersmen. Journal of
Ethnic Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1:107-111.
1976d Review of: Uncertainties in Peasant Farming: A Colombian Case, by Sutti
Ortiz. American Anthropologist, Vol. 78, No. 3:675-676.
1976e Review of: Sugar Plantations and Labor Patterns in the Cauca Valley,
Colombia, by Rolf Knight. American Anthropologist, Vol. 78, No.
3:675-676.
1977a Review of: Changing Rural Society: A Study of Communities in Bolivia, by
W.J.McEwen. Man: Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Vol. 11,
No. 4:617.
1977b Structure, control, and the evolution of power. Review article ofrgy
and Structure: A Theory of Social Power, By Richard N. Adams. Reviews in
Anthropology, Vol. 4, No. 6:567-574.
1977c Report(with Dorothea S. Whitten): Collaborative Research: Report on the
Sacha Runa Research Foundation. Medical Anthropology Newsletter, Vol. 8,
Whitten, Vita, page 26 Annex 5
No. 3:4-5.
1978 Rev iew of: Inequality in the Peruvian Andes: Class and Ethnicity in Cuzco,
by Pierre L. van den Berghe and George Primov. Journal of Ethnic Studies,
Vol. 6, No. 4:109-113.
1979 Rev iew of: Relationships, Residence, and the Individual: A Rural
Panamanian Community, by Stephen Gudeman. American Anthropologist,
Vol. 81, No. 2:407-408.
1980a Scaling Up and Bogging Down. Review Article of: Scale and Social
Organization, edited by Fredrik BarthReviews in Anthropology, Vol. 7,
No. 1:1-19.
1980b Review of: Frontier Adaptations in Lower Central America, by Mary Helms
and Franklin O. Loveland. Man: Journal of the Royal Anthropological
Institute, Vol., No. :
1981 Rev iew of: The Headman and I: Ambiguity and Ambivalence in the
Fieldworking Experience, by Jean-Paul Dumont. American Anthropologist.
Vol. 83, No. 2:457-459.
1982a Review of: The Devil and Commodity Fetishism in South America, by
Michael Taussig. American Anthropologist, Vol. 84, No. 3:
1982b Aesthetic Resurgence in Amazonian Ecuador. Latinamericanist Vol. 17, No.
3:4.
1983 (with Dorothea S. Whitten) Review of: Afro-American Arts of the
Suriname Rainforest , by Sally and Richard PriceCaribbean Review.
Vol.11, No.4:24-25.
1986 Rev iew of: First-Time: The Historical Vision of an Afro-American People,
by Richard Price,Ethnohistory Vol. 33, pp. 91-94.
1986b Review of: To Slay the Hydra: Dutch Colonial Perspectives on the Saramaka▯
Wars, by Richard Price,Ethnohistory Vol. 33, pp. 91-94. Both reprinted
in the UIUC Afroamericanist Newsletter. Vol. 1, No.2: pp. 4-6.
1987 Adaptive Strategy; Afro-American Anthropology; Critical Anthropology;
Ethnicity; Ethnocide; Ethnogenesis. Separate entries for the Dictionary of
Anthropology, edited by Charlotte Seymour-Smith, New York: Macmillan.
1988 Toward a Critical Anthropology. Review Article of: Anthropology as
Cultural Critique: An Experimental Moment in Human Sciences, by George
E. Marcus and Michael J. Fischer, and Shamanism, Colonialism, and the
Wild Man by Michael Taussig. American Ethnologist 15(4):
1989a Review of Domination and Cultural Resistance:Authority and Power among
an Andean People by Roger Rasnake. American Anthropologist, pp.
1989b Dialogue Metaphor: Literalist Naivete versus Polyphonic Informants and
Monophonic Ethnographer. American Ethnologist, pp.
1991 Rev iew of To Weave and Sing, by David Guss. American Anthropologist. pp.
1992a Review of:Carnival in Q'eros: Where the Mountains Meet the Jungle. 32
Minute Video. American Anthropologist.
1992b Review of: Nation-States and Indians in Latin America, edited by Greg
Urban and Joel Sherzer.American Anthropologist.
I993a Rev iew of: A Discourse-Centered Approach to Culture: Native South
American Myths and Rituals, by Greg Urban. American Ethnologist.
Whitten, Vita, page 27Annex 5
1993b Review of: Of Mixed Blood: Kinship and History in Peruvian Amazonia, by
Peter Gow. Ethnohistory.
1993c Review of: Ayahuasca Visions: The Religious Iconography of a Peruvian
Shaman, by Luis Eduardo Luna and Pablo Amaringo. American
Anthropologist.
1995 A Well-Disciplined Diet.American Ethnologist. May.
1996a Review of: Life and Death in Early Colonial Ecuador, by Linda A. Newson.
American Ethnologist.
1996b Review of: Indigenous Peoples and Democracy in Latin America. Edited by
Donna Van Lee Cotti. Cultural Survival Quarterly.
2001a Review of: Afro-Creole: Power, Opposition, and Play in the Caribbean.
by Richard D.E. Burton. Plantation Society in the Americas: an
Interdisciplinary Journal of Tropical and Subtropical History and Cultur▯e.
2001b Review of: Music, Race and Nation: Música Tropical in Colombia. by Peter
Wade. Bulletin of Latin American Research.
2002 Rev iew of: The Native Leisure Class: Consumption and Cultural Creativity
in the Andes. by Rudi Colloredo-Mansfeld. American Ethnologist.
2003 Rev iew of: African Roots/American Cultures: Africa in the Creation of the
Americas, by Sheila Walker, editor. American Anthropologist, September.
2004a Review Essay: Where Violence Reigns and Terror Rules. Law in a
Lawless Land: Diary of a Limpieza, by Michael Taussig. New York: The New
Press. Journal of Latin American Anthropology. 9 (1): 221-225.
2004b Review of: Histories and Historicities in Amazonia, Neil L. Whitehead,
Editor. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.thnohistory 51 (2): 450-
453.
2004c Review of: Trekking Through History, by Laura M. Rival. Tipití: The
Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America.
Vol. I (2):
2004d Review of: Indians, Oil, and Politics: A Recent History of Ecuador, by Allen
Gerlach. Willmington: Scholarly Resources. Hispanic-American Historical
Review.
2004e Review Article of:The Root of Roots, or How Afro-American Anthropology
Got Its Start, by Richard Price and Sally Price. Chicago: Prickly Paradi▯gm
Press. New West Indian Guide 78 (3 & 4): 308-310.
2004f Rev iew of Streams of Gold, by John Tweedy. 59.5 minute VHS Video
Cassette. The Journal of Latin American Anthropology 9 )2):
2005a Review of Race, Nature and Culture: An Anthropological Perspective, by
Peter Wade. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 10(4): 927-
28.
2005b Review of Death, Dismemberment, and Memory in Latin America,
edited by Lyman L. Johnson. Journal of Latin American Anthropology, 10
(1):
2005c (with Dorothea Sc ott Whitten) Causáunchimi! Illinois International
Newsletter, 2-page centerfold.
2006 Review of: Holy Intoxication to Drunken Dissipation: Alcohol Among Quichua
Whitten, Vita, page 28 Annex 5
Speakers in Otavalo, Ecuador. Barbara Y. Butler. Journal of Latin American
Anthropology, 11 (2):
2007a Review of: Blacks of the Rosary: Memory and History in Minas Gerais,
Brazil. Elizabeth. W. Kiddy. The Bulletin of Latin American Research,
26 (1), pp. 155-157.
2007b Review of: Remembering of the Hacienda: Religion, Authority, and Social
Change in Highland Ecuador. Barry Lyons. Journal of Latin American and
Caribbean Anthropology 12 (2): 533-536.
Manuscripts, Theses, Reports, Guest Lectures, Papers Read at Professiona▯l Meetings and
Symposia
1961 Aspects and Origins of Negro occultism in Piedmont Village. M.A. thesis▯,
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
1963a Negro kinship and social mobility in northwest Ecuador. Paper presented
at the AAA meetings, San Francisco, November.
1963b ¡Baile Marimba! Negro Folk music in northwest Ecuador. Paper presented
at the American Folklore Society meetings, Detroit, December.
1964a An analysis of social structure and change: profile of a northwest
Ecuadorian town. Ph.D. thesis, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
(described in Vol. 26 of dissertation abstracts).
1964b Witchcraft, psychiatry, and medicine among Negroes in North Carolina.
Paper presented to the Duke University Department of Psychiatry
colloquium, Durham, North Carolina, January 25.
1966a Adaptations to socioeconomic change in northwest Ecuador. Paper present▯ed
to the University of Illinois anthropology colloquium series, Urbana,
March.
1966b Music and social relationships in the Pacific Lowlands of Colombia and
Ecuador. Paper presented at the AAA meetings, Pittsburgh, November.
1967a Strategies of adaptive mobility in the Colombian-Ecuadorian littoral.
Paper presented at the Central States Anthropological Society meetings, ▯
Chicago, April, as part of a symposium entitled "Social Stratification i▯n
Latin America."
1967b Adaptation and adaptability as processes of microevolutionary change in ▯
New World Negro communities. Paper presented at the AAA meetings,
Washington, D.C., November, as part of a symposium entitled "Negroes in ▯
the New World: Problems in Theory and Methods."
1969a Aspects of black religion in western Ecuador and eastern Canada. Lectur▯e
(with tapes and slides) delivered at "Focus: Black America" series, Indiana
University, January14.
1969b Regularities in Afro-American social structure: an anthropological
perspective. Lecture delivered at the African Studies Center, Michigan
State University, as part of program: "Africans in the New World," April
16.
1969c An anthropological perspective on black studies: social organization.
Lecture delivered at the Southern Illinois University anthropology
colloquium series, Carbondale, May 10. (Mimeographed)
1969d Network analysis in Ecuador and Nova Scotia: some critical remarks.
Whitten, Vita, page 29Annex 5
Central States Anthropological Society plenary session, "International
Comparisons of Urban Networks," Milwaukee, May. 1969e The ecology of
race relations in northwest Ecuador. Paper presented at the AAA meeting▯s,
New Orleans, November.
1969f Anth ropology and "black studies": toward a productive relationship.
Colloquium given at the University of Illinois, Urbana, December 5.
1970a Discussion of: Raymond T. Smith, "Caribbean Family and Kinship
Structure." Conference on Continuities and Discontinuities in Afro-
American Societies and Cultures. Sponsored by the Social Science Resear▯ch
Council. Mona, Jamaica, April 2-4. (Mimeographed)
1970b Black subculture in northern South America. Paper presented at Stanford
University seminar on "Africa and the New World: Historical
Perspectives." Palo Alto, April 15.
1971 RituEal act ment of Sex Roles in the Pacific Lowlands of Ecuador-Colombia.
Paper presented at the AAA meetings, New York City, November, as part of▯
symposium "Ritual and Social Form", Hans Buechler, Chairman.
1973 Jungle Quechua Ethnicity: an Ecuadorian Case Study. Presented five tim▯es
between September 1 and September 7, at the IXth International Congress ▯
of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, Chicago, in the following ▯
sessions: Resource Competition and Ethnicity in Complex Societies (Leo ▯
Despres, Chairman), Migration and Ethnicity (Helen Safa, Chair),
Bartolomé de las Casas Commemoration (Elias Sevilla, chairman), the▯
Fates of Indigenous Peoples (Sam Stanley, Chairman), and Social Change▯ in
the Andes and Amazonia (David Browman, Chairman).
1974 The Central States Anthropological Society: structure and operation; pa▯st,
present, future. CSAS special colloquium, March 27, Chicago.
1975a Ecuadorian ethnocide and indigenous ethnogenesis: Amazonian resurgence
amidst Andean colonialism. Duke University Ethnicity Colloquium Series,
February 27.
1975b Mathematical mythology and social exchange: towards a qualitative
perspective on social networks. Mathematical Social Science Board
(MSSB) Advanced Research Symposium on Social Networks. Hanover, New
Hampshire, September17-21.
1976a Ecological imagery and cultural adaptability: the Canelos Quichua of
east-central Ecuador. AAA symposium: "Jivaroan Ecology," Michael J.
Harner, Chairman, Washington, D.C.
1976b Report of the President, Sacha Runa Research Foundation. Mimeograph
available.
1976c Medical Care Delivery and Human Subjects. Talk given to first Seminar in▯
School of Social Sciences, University of Illinois, November 8.
1977a Modern Medicine, Traditional Crafts, and Applied Anthropology. The Sach▯a
Runa of Eastern Ecuador. Lecture with accompanying exhibit presented to▯
the St. Louis Anthropological Society, March 18-19.
1977b Report of the President, Sacha Runa Research Foundation. Mimeograph
available.
1978a Health Care Delivery and its Problems in Eastern Ecuador. Address given at
the Symposium, "Amazonia: Extinction or Survival?", April 13, Madison,
Wisconsin. Mimeograph available.
Whitten, Vita, page 30 Annex 5
1978b The Association's Positions and Potentials Regarding Activist Concerns and
Policy-Oriented Activity. Table Talk Luncheon, AAA meetings, Los Angele▯s,
November 17, 12:00-2:00.
1978c Report of the President, Sacha Runa Research Foundation. Mimeograph
available.
1979a Indigenous Knowledge and Nationalist Folly. Paper delivered at the Lati▯n
American Studies Association Meetings, Pittsburgh, April.
1979b Report of the President, Sacha Runa Research Foundation. Mimeograph
available.
1979c Lessons in Te chnology from Amazonian Peoples. University of Illinois
YMCA-YWCA Friday Forum, October 12. Tape available, WILL Radio,
Urbana.
1979d Progress Report on Paramedical Training No. 1. Submitted toSurvival
International, 28 pp. Mimeo available.
1979e Discussion of papers presented at the symposium "Women and Change: The
Ecuadorian Case." Grace Schubert and Louisa Stark, Organizers and
chairpersons. AAA meetings, Cincinnati, December 1.
1980a Pragmatics and Symbolism: Productive Dialectic or Stultifying Polarity?
Colloquium given at the University of Florida, 15 February.
1980b Report of the President, Sacha Runa Research Foundation. Mimeograph
available.
1981a Nationalist Centralization and Ethnic Resurgence in Amazonian Ecuador.
Lecture given at the Museum Consortium Series, Southern Illinois
University, Carbondale, 6 February.
1981b Nationalist Centralization and Ethnic Resurgence in Ecuador's Heartland and
Frontier. Prepared for prior distribution for critical discussion at the
University of Oklahoma's Annual Meetings on the Frontier. Norman, 10-
12 April. 110 pp., mimeo available.
1981c Research in Ecuador. Table Talk Luncheon, AAA Meetings (sponsored by
LAAG), December, Los Angeles.
1981d Report of the President, Sacha Runa Research Foundation. Mimeograph
available.
l982a Amazonian Ecuador. Talk presented at public "round table" on Amazonia. ▯
Gainesville, Fla., Amazonian Symposium, 9 February.
1982b (with Doro thea S. Whitten) Aesthetic Resurgence in Amazonian Ecuador.
Paper prepared in conjunction with exhibit and Symposium on Amazonia,
Gainesville, FL. Mimeograph available.
1982c Amazonian Ceramics from Ecuador. Lecture presented at the University
Museum, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, March.
1982d Towards a Conceptualization of Power in Amazonian Ecuador. Paper
presented in Plenary Session of the American Ethnological Society
meetings, Lexington, Kentucky, April. Mimeograph available.
1982e Ethnic Duality of the Canelos Quichua. Paper presented in the symposium ▯
"Jivaroan Ethnic Relations," International Congress of Americanists,
Manchester, England, September. Mimeograph available.
1982f Report of the President, Sacha Runa Research foundation. Mimeograph
available.
1982g (with Dorothea S. Whitten) Ceramics and Symbolism from Ecuador's
Whitten, Vita, page 31Annex 5
Rainforest. Lecture with 125 slides given at the Lakeview Museum of
Natural History, Peoria, December.
1982h "In dian Identity", and "Indian Territoriality": Concepts forged on the Anvil
of Domination. Paper delivered at the AAA symposium on Lowland South
America, Washington, D.C.
1983a (with Wen dell S. Williams, Dorothea S. Whitten, et. al.) Characterization
of Decorated Pottery from the Rainforest of Ecuador. Paper delivered at▯ the
23rd International Archaeometry Symposium, Naples, Italy, March.
1983b (with Wen dall Williams, Dorothea S. Whitten, et. al.) Ceramic Analysis of
Thin-Walled, High-Strength Pottery from the Upper Amazon. Paper
delivered at the American Ceramic Society, April.
1983c Vehicles of Power in a Mobile Society. Lecture given at the inauguratio▯n of
the William Hammond Mathers Museum, Indiana University, April.
1983d Report of the President, Sacha Runa Research Foundation, Mimeograph
available.
1984a Canelos Quichua Arts: Context and Change in the Rainforest of Amazonian▯
Ecuador. Logan Museum of Anthropology. Lecture and slides in conjunctio▯n
with the opening of an exhibition celebrating the museum's 90th
anniversary, March 15.
1984b Discussion of Invited Session (17 papers) "From History to Myth in
Highland and Lowland South America." American Anthropological
Association Annual Meeting, Denver, 17 November.
1984c Report of the President, Sacha Runa Research Foundation, Mimeograph
Available.
1984d (with John Isaacson and Dorothea S. Whitten) Technical Analysis of Canelos
Quichua pigments, clays, and resins. ATAM working paper.
1984e "Two Nicaraguas", Lecture delivered at UIUC YMCA-YWCA Friday Forum
Series, December 7. Tape available.
1985a Indomestizaje and Indigenous Power in Ecuador. Latin American Studies
Association Symposium, "Ecuador since 1972: The Political Economy of
Petroleum." David Scott Palmer and David Schodt, Chairs and Osvaldo
Hurtado, Discussant. Albuquerque, NM: 14 April.
1985b Two Nicaraguas. Latin American Studies Association Round table on
Nicaragua. John Booth, Chair. Albuquerque, NM: 15 April.
1985c (with Dorothea S. Whitten) "Our Be auty, Our Knowledge: Expressive
Culture of the Canelos Quichua of Ecuador." Bloomington, IL, Annual
meeting of the Midwest Latin Americanist Association, Nov. 1.
1985d (with Dorothea S. Whitten) "Our Beauty, Our Knowledge: Expressive
Culture of the Canelos Quichua of Ecuador." American Anthropological
Association Meetings, Washington, D.C., December.
1985e Discussion of Invited Symposium (18 papers) "Ritual and Domination in
South American Societies," Mary-Elizabeth Reeve, Chair. Washington,
D.C., American Anthropological Association Annual Meeting December.
1985f Co-Director of Workshop on "Getting a Job in Academia." American
Anthropological Association Annual Meeting.
1985g Report of the President, Sacha Runa Research Foundation. Mimeograph
available.
1986a (with Dorothea S. Whitten) "Our Knowledge, Our Beauty: Expressive
Whitten, Vita, page 32 Annex 5
Culture of the Canelos Quichua of Ecuador. Logan Museum, Beloit College▯,
6-7 April: included workshop on use of video in ceramic arts
1986b Indomestizaje and Marxist Rhetoric in Ecuador. Paper presented at the
Symposium on Class, Ethnicity, and Peasantry in Latin America. York
University, March, 45 pp. Mimeo available.
1986c The Future of Anthropology. Position paper commissioned by the
Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. New York, March,
10 pp. Mimeo available.
1986d Cosmology, Value, and Power in Canelos Quichua Economics. Paper
delivered as the final presentation at the symposium, "Cosmology, Value▯s,
and Inter-Ethnic Contact in South America, Terence Turner, Chair. AAA
Annual Meetings, Philadelphia, December.
1986e Report of the President. Sacha Runa Research Foundation.
1987a Presentación (to the exhibition "¡Causaunchimi!") 10 March, Quito.
1987b Prese ntación (to the exhibition "Arte, Cultura, y Poder) 8 May, Puyo.
1987c Desde el Y achaj Sami Yachachina hasta la Antropología Critica: Comentario
sobre el librocuyaya Alonso y la Historia Social y Económica del Alto
Napo 1850-1950. FLACSO 13 August, Quito.
1987d Amazon Cosmos and Ecology, Lecture delivered at the Heard Museum, 25
October.
1987e Workshop in Video and Visual Anthropology. Arizona State University, 26
October.
1987f Report of the President. Sacha Runa Research Foundation.
1988a Imagery, Power, and Creativity. Lecture delivered at the College of
William and Mary. February.
1988b Introduction to symposium Imagery and Creativity. Krannert Art Museum
Auditorium, 30 April.
1988c From Myth to Creation. Three Separate Gallery Lecture Tours. Krannert
Art Museum. 17 April - 22 May.
1988d Report of the President. Sacha Runa Research Foundation.
1989a (with Dorothea S. Whitten) Development and the Competitive Edge: Canelos
Quichua Arts in a Modern World. Presentation (including video) at the
Symposium, "Redefining the 'Artisan': Traditional Techniques in Changing
Societies." University of Iowa, Center for International and Comparative
Studies, April 14-16.
1989b Report of the President, Sacha Runa Research Foundation.
1989c (with Dorothea S. Whitten) E cuadorian art and ecology. Focal Point.
(Public Television Program).
1990a Final Discussant (of session) "The Politics of Contact and Anthropolog▯ical
Theory. American Anthropological Association Annual Meeting, New Orleans▯
(Friday).
1990b First Discussant (of session) Rethinking Native Amazonia. American
Anthropological Association Annual Meeting, New Orleans (Saturday).
1991a "The Indigenous Uprising in Ecuador, 1990: an Analysis of Culture, Race
and Social re-ordering," presented at the symposiumdean Crises:
Traditional Dilemmas and Contemporary Challenges (March 26-29),
Gainesville, Florida.
1991b "1992: Nationalism, Ethnic-Bloc Formation, and Racialist Ideologies,"
Whitten, Vita, page 33Annex 5
invited lecture delivered at the Monday Afternoon Advanced Seminar in
Anthropology at the University of Chicago on 1 April.
1991c "The Ecuadorian Levantamiento Indígena of 1990: An analysis of Cultu▯re,
Race, and Social Re-ordering." Presented at the Latin American Studies
Association Session, De-mythologizing the Political Cultures of Coercion
and Terror in Latin America on Friday, 5 April, in Washington, D.C.
1991d (with Arlene Torres) "Blackness in Latin America and the Caribbean:
Social Dynamics and Cultural Transformations." Noon lecture co-sponsored
by the Program on Afro-American Studies and the Center for Latin
American and Caribbean Studies.
1992a "1492-1992: Symbolism of Nationalism, Ethnic-Bloc Formation, and
Racialist Ideologies." Lead presentation for the "Friday Forum" Series "▯500
years in the Americas. University YMCA at the University of Illinois, 31
January.
1992b "1492-1992: Symbolism of Nationalism, Ethnic-Bloc Formation, and
Racialist Ideologies.Lead presentation for the symposium "Ethnogenes▯is
in the Americas". Chicago: American Association for the Advancement of▯
Science,10 February.
1992c (with Dorothea S. Whitten) "500 Years of Canelos Quichua Continuity."
Guest Lecture. Southern Illinois University Museum. 5 April.
1992d "Killing the Yumbo II: Amazonian Ritual and Power in Quito, 1992."
American Anthropological Association Annual Meetings, 5 Decem▯ber, San
Francisco. 1993a "Alternative Modes of Ecological Interpretation in
Multicultural Settings." Paper given at the LASPAU Symposium: Real
World Responses to Agenda 21. Friday, 19 March, Smithsonian Institution.
1993b Report of the President. Sacha Runa Research Foundation.
1994a Arte, La Cultura Indígena, y los Mundos de Arte en Museos Modernos.
Day-long presentation at the Museo Nacional de Antropología, Arqueol▯ogía y
Historia, Lima, Peru, 8 January.
1994b Commentary on the papers in a Symposium on the Pacific Lowlands of
Colombia. Atlanta, Latin American Studies Association. March.
1994c El Levantamiento Indígena de 1990 y el Simbolismo de 1992. Primer
Simposio Etnohistórico de Relaciones Andinos-Tierras Bajas (amazónico y
costa pacífica). Popayán, Colombia. October.
1994d Cultural Anthropology in the Late Twentienth Century. Guest Presentation
in the Symposium on the State of Anthropology: Five Field Update.
Association of Community Colleges Special Session. American
Anthropological Association Annual Meeting, Atlanta. November.
1995 Report of the President. Sacha Runa Research Foundation.
1996a Report of the President. Sacha Runa Research Foundation.
1996b & c Indigenous and Black Social Movements in the Americas. Associ▯ation of
Agriculuralists, UIUC, March. International Studies Symposium, April. In
section entitled "Ethnic Fragmentation."
1996d Cultural Ecology and Cosmology in Middle and South America. Commentary
on the Symposium in honor of Johannes Wilbert. American Anthropological ▯
Association, San Francisco. November.
1996e (with Dorothea S. Whitten and Alfonso Chango) La Paradigma de
Multinacionalidad y la Red de Salud en el Ecuador. Primer Congreso
Whitten, Vita, page 34 Annex 5
Ecuatoriano de Antropología. Quito, Ecuador, 28-31(illustrated with nine
color transparencies of indigenous Andean art) October 29.
1997a (with Dorothea S. Whitten and Alfonso Chango). Multiculturality and the
Imagery of Health Networks in Ecuador. Twenty fifth meeting of the Mid-
West Association of Andeanists. Madison, Wisconsin, February.
1997b Indigenous Social Movements, Aesthetics, and Health Networks in Ecuador.▯
University of Pennsylvania Monthly Symposium on Latin America. Center
for Latin American Studies, University of Pennsylvania. April 3.
1997c (with Rachel Corr) Los Imágenes de "Lo Negro" en las Fiestas indígenas d▯e
Sud America. 49th Congreso de Americanistas, 11 July, Quito, Ecuador.
1997d On Ecocide and Ethnocide in Contemporary Amazonia. American
Anthropological Association Annual Meeting. Invited Session on "Petroleu▯m
and Mining in Amazonia Today. Organized and Chaired by Les Sponsel.
1998a (with Rachel Corr) Braided Paradigms in Native American and African
American Diasporic Arts and Representations. Symposium: "Identity and th▯e
Arts in Diaspora Communities." University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign, 12-14 November.
1998b Report of the President, Sacha Runa Research Foundation. November.
1998c Los paradigmas mentales de la conquista y el nacionalismo: La Formación d▯e
los conceptos de las "razas" y las transformaciones del racismo. Quito: ▯
Flacso. Conference on "Entender el Racismo: El Caso de Ecuador," sponsor▯ed
by UNICEF. November 14-20 (delivered 20 November).
1999a Comment on "Conservation and Conflict: State and Peasantry in
Revolutionary Ethiopia, by Dessalegn Rahmato. Conference on Peasants in ▯
Comparative and Interdisciplinary Perspective, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Allerton Conference Center, 9 April.
1999b Comment on paper by Richard Handler, Crossing the Boundaries between
History and Anthropology. Urbana: Illinois Center for the Humanities, 16▯
September.
1999c The ideology of Mestizaje/Creólité in the Greater ▯Caribbean Region:
Cultural Performances, Ritual Dramas, and Political Events. Symposium
on Mestizaje/Creólité: Topologies of Race in the Circum-Caribbean,
Organized by Andrew Apter and Robin Derby. Chicago, 2-3 Octobe▯r.
1999d With Dorothea Scott Whitten.From Local to Cosmopolitan: The
Transformations of an Ecuadorian Art Form. AAA meeting, Chicago,
November, in a Symposium organized by Michael Chibnik on Aesthetics
and Arts in Latin America.
2000a Elite and Subaltern Political Imaginaries in the Transition from the
Colonial to the Republican Order: Critical Remarks. Symposium on
"Political Cultures in the Andes, 1750-1950. Organized by Nils Jacobsen.▯
NEH funded. Urbana, Illinois, 23 March-26 March.
2000b African Diaspora Studies, 1959-2000: A Personal Reflection. Brief (15
minutes) presentation made Saturday, April 10, at the conference
celebrating the 30th year of the Afro-American Studies and Research
Program at the UIUC.
2001b Cultural Diversity and Artistic Expressions in Amazonian and Andean
Ecuador. Northwestern University Center for Latin American Studies,
invited lecture. April.
Whitten, Vita, page 35Annex 5
2001c Ethnogenesis and Cultural Transformations in Amazonian Ecuador and the
Ecuadorian Nation-State. Paper presented a the Latin American
Studies Association (LASA) Conference, Washington, DC. Session chaired▯ by
León Zamosc. September 6.
2001d Symbolic Inversion and Urban Transformations: Discussion of session
chaired and organized by Rachel Corr. November 27, American
Anthropological Association Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.
2002 Dark Shamanic Perform ance Reconsidered. Discussant of session organized
and chaired by Neil Whitehead. American Anthropological Association (AA▯A)
Annual Meeting.
2003a Masculinity and Multiculture. Discussant of session organized and chaired
by Mary Weismantel. Latin American Studies Association (LASA) Annual
Meeting, Dallas.
2003b From Mestizaje to Interculturality: Ecuadorian Transformations. Joint
Area Center Symposium (JACS) on “Interculturality in a Globalizing
World,” UIUC, November 14, 2003.
2004a What are you doing here? Association of Senior Anthropologists session
the American Anthropological Association Annual Meeting, Atlanta,
December.
2004b (with Dorothea Scott Whitten),Yachaj Sami Yachachina: Shaman Class
Lessons from Amazonian Ecuador. Poster session on Amazonian
Shamanism sponsored by the Society for Visual Anthropology and the
Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America (SALSA).
American Anthropological Association Annual Meeting, Atlanta, December.
2005 Guest Lecture: The Structure of Power and the Spirit World of the
Canelos Quichua. Arizona State University Title VI FLAS Field School,
Cotacachi Foundation, Napo-Ecuador, 18 July.
2006a American Ethnologist: The early years, a history. University of Iowa
workshop on 30 years of the American Ethnologist. Iowa City: March 3-4.
2006b (with Dorothea Scott Whitten) Introduction to Rain Forest Visions.
Spurlock Museum Celebratory Opening, 12 March.
2006c The Longue Durée of Racial Fixity and the Conjunctures of Racial Fluidity.
American Anthropological Association Annual Meetings in the session
Entre ‘lo Indio’ y ‘lo negro’: Interrogating the effects of Latin America’s
New Afro-Indigenous Multiculturalisms. San José, American
Anthrological Association Annual Meeting. (I also chair this session).▯
2006d Commentary, on the session organized by Kathleen Fine-Dare,
American Anthrological Association Annual Meeting, San José, CA, 14
November.
2008a Interculturality and the Indigenization of Modernity: A View from
Amazonian Ecuador. Keynote address for the Southeastern Society of
Amazonian and Andean Studies. Boca Raton, Florida, September 20.
2008b Final Discussant, Symbolic Affinities, Pragmatic Engagements: Shaping
Latin American Ethnology through the Collaborative Work of Norman and
Dorothea Scott Whitten. Two sessions, six hours. AAA Annual Meeting,
Organized by Michelle Wibbelsman and Kathleen Fine, Chaired by Linda
Seligmann and Arlene Torres. San Francisco, November.
2009a From the American Ethnologist to Interpretations of Culture in the New
Whitten, Vita, page 36 Annex 5
Millennium. Ce ntral States Anthropological Society, Urbana, Illinois, 9
April.
2009b Expanding a Shamanic Purview in Amazonian Ecuador. in the session
“Consciousness, Agency and Authenticity in Shamanic Identity and
Ritual: Expanding the Range of the Sound of Rushing Water. AAA Annual
Meeting, Philadelphia. December 5.
2010 Ethnogenesis, Symbolic Inversion, and Festivity Revisited. In the session
“Carnival in the New World.” AAA Annual Meeting, New Orleans,
Tributes to Deceased Colleagues
1982 Joseph Casagrande and Anthropological Research, Memorial Service:
Joseph Bartholomew Casagrande, 1915-1982. Smith Music Hall, UIUC,
September 30.
1984 Tribute from a Colleague. In Memoriam: Dr. Marshall E. Durbin. Graham
Chapel, Washington University, St. Louis, February 11.
1996 Obituary: Iria d'Aquino.nthropology Newsletter.
2004 Obituary: Ronald Stutzman.Anthropology Newsletter, January.
Whitten, Vita, page 37Annex 5
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▯ Annex 5
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▯
APPENDIX 2
Curriculum Vitae of Dr. William T. Vickers, Ph.D
▯Annex 5
▯
▯
▯ Annex 5
October 2010
VITAE CURRICULUM
Will.im T William T. Vickers
Profenshrtpology
Position: Department of Global and Sociocultural Studies
Florida International University
Miami, Florida 33199
Home Address: 45.2. tStreet
Gainesville, Florida 32606-4100
Teleph(7o2-)914
Internet Address: [email protected]
Marital Status: Married to Edite Vargas de Souza Vickers
Education:
1993 National Science Foundation Chautauqua Short Course entitled, "Aggressio▯n and the
Animal Kingdom (Humans Included)," Temple University
1976 Ph.D., Anthropology, University of Florida
1976 Ph.D. Certificate in Latin American Studies, University of Florida
1973 Summer program, "Man and Environment," Leiden University, The Institute of Social
Studies, The Hague, and the University of Florida
1972 Summer program in Latin American literature, Georgetown University and Pontificia
Universidad Católica del Ecuador
1971 National Science Foundation Field School in Ethnography and Linguistics, Ixmiquilpan,
Hidalgo, Mexico, Washington State University and The Catholic University of America
1971 M.A. bypass by examination, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida
1967 B.A., Psychology, Jacksonville University
1964 Certificate, Peace Corps Training, University of DenverAnnex 5
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯Annex 5
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯
▯
▯ Annex 5
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯Annex 5
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯$ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯Annex 5
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯Annex 5
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ Annex 5
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
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▯
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▯
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▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯# ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ Annex 5
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯ ▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯ ▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯ ▯▯ ▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯ ▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Annex 5
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Annex 5
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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APPENDIX 3
Curriculum Vitae of Michael Cepek, Ph.D.
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Michael Lewis Cepek
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EDUCATION
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯T ▯h▯e Cofán
Experiment: Expanding an Indigenous Amazonian World▯▯
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Struggle for Territory: Environment, Way of Life, and the Indigenous-
Environmentalist Alliance▯▯
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Reorganization and Resistance: Petroleum, Conservation, and Cofán
Transformations.▯
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FELLOWSHIPS AND HONORS
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Dissertation Prize ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATIONS
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯M ▯▯obility and Migration in Indigenous Amazonia
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Customizing Indigeneity: Paths to a Visionary Politics in
Peru ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ Of Passionate Curves and Desirable Cadences: Themes on
Waiwai Social Being ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯Strange Enemies: Indigenous
Agency and Scenes of Encounter in Amazonia ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Journal of
Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯J▯ournal of
Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯A Possible Forest: Identity, Environment,
and the Cofán Experiment▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯American
Ethnologist▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ Annex 5
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Gringo▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯J ▯o▯urnal
of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ T▯▯e Magical State▯▯▯The Chicago
Anthropology Exchange▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯V ▯irtualism, Governance and Practice:
Vision and Execution in Environmental Conservation▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Green Encounters: Shaping and Contesting Environmentalism
in Costa Rica▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Focaal: European Journal of Anthropology▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Vital Enemies: Slavery, Predation, and the Amerindian
Political Economy of Life▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯B ▯ulletin of Latin American
Research▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Puyo Runa: Imagery and Power in Modern Amazonia▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Anthropological Quarterly▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ I Foresee My Life: The Ritual Performance of Autobiography in an
Amazonian Community▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Journal of Anthropological Research▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Crude Chronicles: Indigenous Politics, Multinational Oil, and
Neoliberalism in Ecuador▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Tipití: Journal of the Society for the
Anthropology of Lowland South America▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯RBI 03: Ecuador: Serranías Cofán—Bermejo, Sinangoe▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯Annex 5
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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PAPERS PRESENTED
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯I ▯▯▯terpreting Activism in Amazonia:
Indigenous Perspectives on the Inequalities of Advocacy▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Gringo▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ Annex 5
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯A’i▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯Annex 5
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯T ▯▯▯e Magical State▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
TEACHING POSITIONS
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Assistant Professor▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Mellon Postdoctoral Fellow▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯Adjunct Instructor▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯Frederick K. Starr Lecturer▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯Teaching Assistant▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯Teaching Assistant▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Voluntary Lecturer▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ Annex 5
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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WORK EXPERIENCE
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Fellow▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Research Assistant-III▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯Research Intern▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯President▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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FIELD RESEARCH
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯Annex 5
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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FIELD RESEARCH GRANTS
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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WRITING GRANTS
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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ACADEMIC SERVICE
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯E ▯nvironment and Society: Advances in
Research▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ Annex 5
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯Conservation and Society, Current Anthropology, Development and Change,
Ethnohistory, The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology, The
Journal of Consciousness Studies.
▯
UNIVERSITY SERVICE
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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MEMBERSHIP IN PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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LANGUAGES
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯Annex 5
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
REFERENCES
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯e▯meritus▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
(***Contact Anne Chien, University of Chicago administrative assistant,▯ to request
a letter of▯recommendation: [email protected])
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯e▯meritus▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
(***Contact Anne Chien, University of Chicago administrative assistant,▯ to request
a letter of▯recommendation: [email protected])
▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
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▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯ Annex 5
▯ ▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯ ▯▯
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(***Contact Anne Chien, University of Chicago administrative assistant,▯ to request
a letter of▯recommendation: [email protected])
▯
▯ Annex 6
CharlesA. Menzie, Ph.D. & Pieter N. Booth, M.S., Response to: “Critique of Evaluation of
Chemicals Used in Colombia’s Aerial Spraying Program, and Hazards Presented to People,
Plants, Animals and the Environment in Ecuador,” As Presented in: Counter-Memorial of the
Republic of Colombia, Appendix (Jan. 2011) Annex 6
Response to:
“Critique of Evaluation of
Chemicals Used in Colombia’s
Aerial Spraying Program, and
Hazards Presented to People,
Plants, Animals and the
Environment in Ecuador”
As Presented in:
Counter-Memorial of the
Republic of Colombia,
Appendix
Prepared by
Charles A. Menzie, Ph.D., and
Pieter N. Booth, MSAnnex 6
Response to:
“Critique of Evaluation of
Chemicals Used in Colombia’s
Aerial Spraying Program, and
Hazards Presented to People,
Plants, Animals and the
Environment in Ecuador”
As Presented in:
Counter-Memorial of the
Republic of Colombia, Appendix
Prepared for
Republic of Ecuador
Prepared by
Charles A. Menzie, Ph.D., and
Pieter N. Booth, MS
Exponent
15375 SE 30th Place, Suite 250
Bellevue, Washington 98007
January, 2011
Exponent, Inc.
Doc. no. MY03197.000 0304 0111 PB14 Annex 6
January 2011
Contents
Page
List of Tables iii
Executive Summary iv▯
1▯ The Menzie et al. (2009) Hazard Assessment is Validated by New Drift Modeling
Based on Field Data and Dose-Response Study 1▯
2▯ Uncertainties Associated with Health and Environmental Effects of the
Colombian Herbicide Spray Program 6▯
2.1 ▯ Meteorology: Uncertainties Arising from Variations in Weather Conditions 8▯
2.2 ▯ Uncertainties Arising from Variable and Unknown Composition of the Herbicide
Mixture 11▯
2.3 ▯ Uncertainties Arising from the Greater Vulnerability of Human Populations along
the Ecuador/Colombia Border 13▯
2.4 ▯ Uncertainties Arising from Lack of Knowledge about Ecuador’s Ecological
Conditions 15▯
2.5 ▯ Uncertainties Arising from Differential Sensitivity of Species 19▯
2.5.1 ▯ Risks to Amphibians (frogs) 19▯
2.5.2 ▯ Risks to Plants 23▯
2.6 ▯ Uncertainties Arising from Lack of Exposure Data 25▯
2.7 ▯ Uncertainties Arising from Colombia’s Dismissal of Reported Adverse Effects 26▯
2.8 ▯ Uncertainties Related to the Likelihood of Extreme Adverse Events Not
Anticipated by Modeling 31▯
3▯ Managing Uncertainty for Risk-Based Decision Making 33▯
3.1 ▯ Uncertainty Factors for Protection of Human Health 37▯
3.2 ▯ Uncertainty Factors for Protection of Fish, Wildlife, and Other Biota 38▯
3.3 ▯ Buffer Zones as Risk Management Tools 39▯
4▯ References 42 ▯
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List of Tables
Page
Table 1. Status of selected species documented to be present in the border area and
species tested by Bernal et al. (2009a,b) 22
Table 2. Criteria for judging the weight of evidence associated with claims by
Ecuadorians on the border regarding adverse effects due to aerial spray drift
from Colombia 29
Table 3. Description of typical uncertainty and modifying factors in the development
of subthreshold doses for several groups (from Dourson et al. 1996) 36
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Executive Summary
The authors have reviewed the Counter-Memorial (Republic of Colombia 2010) and the
comments by Dobson (2010) on our Menzie et al. (2009) report. The Counter-Memorial and
Dobson (2010) assert that Menzie et al. (2009) describe potential harmful impacts of the spray
program but do not support those assertions with a risk assessment, and in particular, that
Menzie et al. (2009) do not provide an assessment of exposure. In this report, we first provide a
reassessment of hazards that relies on previously unavailable flight-path data for flights
occurring within 10 km of the Ecuador-Colombia border. Next, we examine major sources of
uncertainty that were not considered appropriately by Dobson (2010) or▯ in earlier studies by
Solomon et al. (2005). Finally, we describe methods for managing uncertainty in risk
management and argue that such methods are clearly applicable to the present case.
Flight-path data were used to develop realistic projections of spray drift and consequent hazards
posed to sensitive plant species (Hansman and Mena 2011; Giles 2011; and Weller 2011). The
results of these analyses indicate that spray drift could produce adverse impacts to sensitive
plants 10 km or more from the site of application. The re-analysis of exposure based on actual,
rather than hypothetical, flight-path data clearly indicates that spray drift from Colombia’s aerial
spraying program has resulted in a significant hazard. Our analysis of all available information
confirms our earlier conclusions; in particular, we identify sources of uncertainty that have not
been considered by Solomon et al. (2005) or by Dobson (2010) and tha▯t have substantial risk
management implications.
We now know that flight-related protocols for spray applications were commonly violated. The
violations would tend to result in greater spray drift. However, there are several other important
sources of uncertainty that Solomon et al. (2005) and Dobson (2010) do not consider:
x Common meteorological conditions such as wind gusts and temperature
inversions were not controlled for adequately and can result in farfield
transport of spray droplets.
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x The composition of the spray mixture is unknown, and it may contain
substances that are more toxic than those present in formulations used for
toxicity testing.
x Communities near the Ecuador/Colombia border consist largely of
impoverished subsistence farmers who are more vulnerable than other
populations due to limited access to health care, good nutrition, clean water,
and sanitation.
x Particular aspects of the ecology of Ecuador present unique and important
exposure pathways to many species, including endangered species.
x Little is known about the sensitivity of Ecuador’s plant and animal species,
and some species and populations may be particularly vulnerable due to their
population status or life histories.
x Colombia has not attempted to measure glyphosate residue near the border
with Ecuador, and thus, actual exposure is not known. ▯
Each of these sources of uncertainty taken alone mandates the use of an abundance of caution in
managing risk. Moreover, with over 100,000 spray events occurring within 10 km of Ecuador’s
border border during the period 2000 to 2008, it is highly likely that an unexpected event
occurred that is not predicted by modeling, and which will result in more extreme exposure.
This concept, called extreme value theory, is an important and recognized element of risk
assessment and cannot be ignored. In the face of large uncertainty such as that inherent in the
aerial spray program, risk managers use various approaches for reducing the possibility of harm:
x Incorporating additional uncertainty or “safety” factors into the risk
assessment, and thus, lowering exposure concentrations deemed to be
protective (and therefore erring on the side of caution).
x Implementing management actions that minimize risk by minimizing
exposure (e.g., institutional controls) or through other actions.
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Buffer zones are a common risk management strategy for protecting vulnerable human
populations and ecosystems. Buffer zones have been used to limit the potential for harm in a
variety of management settings, including pesticide application on agricultural fields, ar▯ound
industrial facilities to insulate human populations and natural areas from air emissions, and
around sensitive habitats (riparian areas, wetlands, national parks or other protected areas) to
minimize impacts from nearby human activities. The exposure analysis presented in this report
clearly shows that, under realistic spray-drift conditions, deposition rates that are harmful to
sensitive plants can readily extend over distances of 10 km or more. Buffer zones at the scale of
10 km have been employed elsewhere. Considering the high degree of uncertainty associated
with the aerial spray program, a buffer zone equal to or greater than 10 km would be consistent
with accepted risk management practice to ensure protection from adverse effects.
The remainder of this report is presented in three sections:
x Section 1— The Menzie et al. (2009) Hazard Assessment is Validated by
New Drift Modeling Based on Field Data and Dose Response Study
x Section 2— Uncertainties Associated with Health and Environmental Effects
of the Colombian Herbicide Spray Program.
x Section 3— Managing Uncertainty for Risk-Based Decision Making.
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1 The Menzie et al. (2009) Hazard Assessment is
Validated by New Drift Modeling Based on Field
Data and Dose-Response Study
The Counter-Memorial and Dobson (2010) take issue with Menzie et al. (2009) by asserting that
Menzie et al. describe potential harmful impacts of the spray program but do not support those
assertions with a risk assessment, and in particular, that Menzie et al. do not provide an
assessment of exposure. Dobson (2010) refers to Menzie et al. (2009) as providing
“speculation” regarding the potential for harm, but in their own risk assessment, they fail to
acknowledge major sources of uncertainty associated with the aerial spray program. Instead,
they paint a picture of certainty regarding how the program was conducted and conclude that
resultant environmental and human health impacts are negligible or low. Dobson (2010) does
not consider the fact that, at the time Menzie et al. (2009) was prepared, Colombia had not made
information publicly available that is critical to development of an informed and reliable
assessment of exposure. Hewitt et al. (2009) conducted an exposure analysis, as did Dobson
(2010), but these authors also lacked actual data, forcing them to assume that all of the
operational parameters documented by Colombia were strictly adhered to. These authors made
no effort to independently verify whether those assumptions were accurate. Furthermore,
Dobson (2010) does not try to resolve differences between adverse effects reported by people in
Ecuador and predicted risks, despite the fact that this is standard practice in carrying out a cau▯sal
analysis of reported harm. Ecuador has obtained the relevant flight-pat▯h dataing it
possible to complete an exposure analysis, and such an analysis is presented by Hansman and
Mena (2011), Giles (2011), and Weller (2011). This body of work fully supports the
conclusions reached by Menzie et al. (2009), as described below.
Both Colombia and Ecuador agree that the exposure pathway for spray drif▯t from Colombia to
Ecuador is complete and that the only dispute concerns the amount of spray and the potential for
harm associated with those amounts. Dobson (2010) describes the pattern of drift using a drift
model by Hewitt et al. (2009) that is based on operational parameters stated by Colombia.
Figure 1 from Dobson (2010) depicts this modeling.
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As indicated by Figure 1, Dobson (2010) acknowledges that even when Colombia’s spraying
program protocols are observed (which was assumed to be true by Hewitt et al. 2009), there will
be long-distance drift of the fraction of spray that consists of very sm▯all droplets. He states:
“The long tail in the plot in Figure 1 predicts that a very small proportion of the spray, the
finest droplets, will drift for long distances.” However, based on the drift modeling of Hewitt
(2009), Dobson (2010) concluded that the amount of herbicide deposition was not sufficient to
cause harm in Ecuador.
Colombia and Ecuador concur that the exposure pathway from Colombia to Ecuador is
complete; that is, that at least some droplets from Colombia’s aerial spraying can drift for long
distances. The dispute is over whether resulting exposures will be sufficient to cause harm.
The conclusion by Dobson (2010) that not enough deposition will reach Ecuador to cause
adverse impacts relies on at least one critical fallacy: he assumes that the herbicide is sprayed
by Colombia in a manner consistent with the assumptions made by Hewitt et al. (2009). Menzie
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et al. (2009) pointed out that this might not be the case, for a variety of reasons, and viewed this
as a source of significant uncertainty in the risk assessment conducted by Solomon et al. (2005).
Specifically, Menzie et al. (2009) explained that the likelihood of spray drift is increased under a
variety of potential or likely scenarios, including:
x Pilots failing to recognize or adhere to operational and environmental
constraints for spraying, including failure to adhere to spray release heights,
due to terrain, height of vegetation, or hostilities
x Variable wind speeds and thermal inversions
x Decreased droplet size.
Studies of spray drift conducted in the United States have shown that, d▯epending on
environmental factors, a substantial portion of the spray can leave the target area as spray drift
and can be carried for miles beyond the target area (Currier et al. 1982; Murray and Vaughn
1970; Westra and Schwartz 1989; Robinson and Fox 1978). Hansman and Mena (2011),
analyzed the flight records for the spraying program, and showed that violations of the spray
protocols were pervasive, thereby proving that the assumptions in Hewitt et al. (2009) are
incorrect. By extension, use of such assumptions in an exposure assessment or risk assessment
led to the erroneous conclusion by Dobson (2010) that risks are low or negligible.
Hansman and Mena (2011) analyzed data from 114,525 aerial eradication spray events
conducted by Colombia within 10 km of the border between Colombia and Ecuador from
January 2000 to January 2008. The objective of the analysis was to asse▯ss compliance with
territorial and operational restrictions identified in Colombia’s Environmental Management Plan
and with other limitations imposed at various times by the Colombian government. Their
analysis revealed, among other things, that:
x Of the spray events for which data were recorded, 96% (89,124 of 92,643
spray events) were flown higher than the 25-m maximum ceiling referred to
in Colombia's submission to the Inter-American Commission on Human
Rights, and 17% (16,143) were higher than the 50-m altitude ceiling referred
to in the Counter-Memorial.
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x Of the spray events for which data were recorded, 69% (75,841 of 110,418
spray events) were flown faster than the 265-km/hr (165-mph) “maximum
operational speed,” and 10% (11,113) exceeded the 333-km/hr “worst case
scenario” referenced in the Counter-Memorial.
x The 225-km/hr (140-mph) maximum speed reported by Colombia to the
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights was exceeded in 98%
(108,563) of the spray events.
x With respect to application rate, at least 27,429 documented spray events
exceeded the 23.65-L/ha maximum application rate established by
Colombia’s Environmental Management Plan.
x With respect to the time of day, a total of 24,540 spray events were recorded
within 10 km of the Ecuador border during nighttime hours (8 pm to 4 am)
when temperature inversions are most likely to occur.
These actual operational conditions during the aerial spray program within 10 km of the
Ecuador border are in sharp contrast with the assumptions made by the Hewitt et al. (2009) drift
modeling. The implication is that actual spray drift is greater than that predicted by Hewitt et al.
(2009). This implication is confirmed by applying the spray drift model used by Dobson (2010)
and Hewitt et al. (2009) incorporating actual operational data from Colombia’s spray program.
Giles (2011) performed just such an analysis, the results of which show that quantities of
herbicide are likely to be deposited long distances from the site of application, including deep
into Ecuador. Weller (2011) provides an analysis of dose-response for plants using modeling
results from Giles (2011) and concludes that, under a scenario based on actual spr▯ay parameters,
sensitive plants can be injured 1 km from the spray path under a single application, and up to
10 km from the spray path under four or more applications. Thus, a re-analysis of exposure
based on actual, rather than hypothetical, flight path data indicates th▯at spray drift from
Colombia’s aerial spraying program can produce a significant exposure hazard. Even though
Menzie et al. (2009) did not have access to actual flight data, these authors applied a reasoned
and responsible uncertainty analysis of key assumptions and arrived at the same conclusion.
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Thus, the analyses presented here and referenced herein fully support th▯e conclusions reached
by Menzie et al. (2009).
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2 Uncertainties Associated with Health and
Environmental Effects of the Colombian Herbicide
Spray Program
In Section 1, we showed that the hazard assessment provided in Menzie et al. (2009) has been
verified by the spray-drift modeling and dose-response evaluation carried out by Giles (2011)
and Weller (2011). In this section, we show that numerous sources of uncertainty suggest that
the actual effects could be significantly worse than those estimated by the exposure and effects
assessments presented by Giles (2011) and Weller (2011). We reach this conclusion by
examining each source of uncertainty and demonstrating how reasonable and responsible
assumptions would result in higher estimates of exposure or estimates of increased sensitivity of
environmental receptors and humans. Finally, we address how the importance of these
uncertainties, taken in the context of standard scientific practice and accepted environmental
regulatory frameworks, demand the incorporation of safety factors into Colombia’s risk
management protocols.
These additional uncertainties, each of which could increase the likelihood and extent of harm,
include the following:
x Meteorology— Application protocols dictate that spraying should occur only
under conditions that minimize the potential for spray drift. However, no
data are available to confirm that this practice was followed; such data would
include temperature, humidity, and wind direction and speed during each
spray event. Therefore, there is no basis on which to assume compliance
with these parameters. Further, the extent to which spraying occurred during
high-wind events and/or during thermal inversions is not known. It has been
demonstrated, however, that spraying occurred at night, in violation of
protocol, a time when thermal inversions are common. The implication of
spraying during high winds and during thermal inversions is that the spray is
carried away from the target area. This increases the likelihood of significant
deposition in Ecuador.
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January 2011
x Composition of the spray mixture— The spray mixture has changed over
time, and the spray mixtures used historically are reportedly more toxic than
the mixture that Colombia asserts it currently uses. In fact, the Counter-
Memorial states that the mixture was changed in 2005 due to the risk it posed
to human eyes. In addition, the complete composition of the various spray
mixtures that Colombia has used (including its current one) has not been
disclosed.
x Vulnerability of human populations in the Ecuador-Colombia border
region— Residents of the remote communities near the Ecuador/Colombia
border, which consist largely of impoverished subsistence farmers, are
subject to a variety of stresses that render them more vulnerable than other
populations that have greater access to health care and to good nutrition,
clean water, and sanitation. These conditions contribute to a higher
vulnerability to additional stresses, such as adverse impacts due to exposure
to herbicide.
x Ecology of Ecuador— The analysis presented by Solomon et al. (2005) and
Dobson (2010) assume that the characteristics of species in Ecuador are
similar to Europe and North America. This leads them to neglect to consider
important exposure pathways. As a result, they likely underestimate the
exposure and risk to many species in Ecuador, including endangered species.
x Sensitivity of species to spray mixtures and increased vulnerability of
some species and populations— Dobson (2010) uses species sensitivity
distributions based almost exclusively on plant species that are crops and on
frogs that do not occur in the Ecuador-Colombia border area. Toxicity data
are provided for a small fraction (less than 2%) of the frog species in
Ecuador, and there is no reason to believe that the tested species are
representative, much less that they are among the most sensitive species in
Ecuador. Thus, there is substantial uncertainty concerning the sensitivity of
Ecuadorian species, as well as the ability to extrapolate from species with
different characteristics to Ecuadorian ones.
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x Measurements of exposure— Uncertainty is also present because there are
no direct measurements of glyphosate residue near the border with Ecuador
that are close in time and distance to spray events.
x Colombia’s Dismissal of Reported Adverse Effects— Colombia’s failure to
consider the possibility that the reports of harm may be accurate, and thus
that its risk assessment was flawed, is contrary to accepted environmental
regulatory practice.
x Extreme Adverse Events Not Anticipated by Modeling— Although
modeling is necessarily constrained by anticipated conditions, actual field
conditions may sometimes be radically different from the model’s
assumptions, resulting in potentially extreme exposure events.
2.1 Meteorology: Uncertainties Arising from Variations in
Weather Conditions
Spray drift is influenced by meteorological conditions, including temperature, humidity, and
wind speed and direction (Menzie et al. 2009). Further, factors such as thermal inversions,
especially when combined with adverse wind conditions, can cause spray drift to travel well
beyond intended targets. ▯
Colombia acknowledges the important influence of meteorological conditions on spray drift,
and states that measures are implemented to ensure that spraying does not occur during
conditions that favor drift. Specifically, the Counter-Memorial states at paragraph 4.61:
Following an assessment of whether the minimum requisite security and we▯ather
conditions – including temperature, wind direction and speed and rela▯tive
humidity – are present in the areas to be sprayed, the operations begin.
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The Counter-Memorial criticizes the observation by Menzie et al. (2009) that localized wind
conditions can increase the risk of off-target deposition by arguing that it:
seeks to infer local circulation conditions on the basis of notions of general
circulation of the atmosphere. But local conditions are random in character,
depending on the time of year, time of day, etc. To determine a local wi▯nd
circulation pattern, it is necessary to have actual data obtained from direct
measurements from both land and air (radio scanning) meteorological stations,
which the Menzie Report does not provide, but which are checked in situ prior to
each spray mission.
Colombia’s statement supports rather than refutes the uncertainty identified in Menzie et al.
(2009). This is especially clear when Colombia states that “local conditions are random in
character,” and that:
it is necessary to have actual data obtained from direct measurements from both
land and air (radio scanning) meteorological stations, which the Menzie Report
does not provide, but which are checked in situ prior to each spray mission.
We agree with the underlying premise that it is critical to know local meteorological conditions
while spraying. However, this supports Ecuador, not Colombia. The evidence indicates that
Colombia does not measure weather conditions at the site of application. There are no data▯
provided in the flight records, and Colombia has not indicated that its spray aircraft are
equipped with meteorological instruments that could provide the pilots with current weather
conditions at the site of application. To the contrary, Colombia has stated that weather
conditions are observed at the airport, which may be located many kilometers from the site of
application. Consequently, Colombia’s statement that weather conditions are checked “in situ”
is meaningless. Indeed, Colombia routinely violates the protocols that are within the pilots’
control (e.g., altitude of release, speed of the plane, application rat▯e, time of day of application),
and therefore, it is very unlikely that they would adhere to weather-related protocols that are
beyond their ability to measure, much less control.
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With respect to thermal inversions, which occur frequently in the border region and are
especially conducive to long-distance drift, the flight records support the conclusions of Menzie
et al. (2009) that there is a significant risk of spraying during an inversion. The Counter-
Memorial states with respect to inversions:
for a thermal inversion to occur, very particular local meteorological conditions
are needed, such as clear sky at night and calm winds so that the soil cools down
faster than the air located above it. Even when this phenomenon does occur, it is
of short duration because it usually starts to disappear from the very m▯oment the
sun comes up. It would have little or no influence on drift because spraying
operations take place after sunrise.
Again, there is agreement regarding the underlying premise that inversions are common in the
area near the border. The only reason given for there being no risk of spraying during an
inversion is that, according to the Counter-Memorial, spray operations take place only during
the daytime. Leaving aside the fact that inversions can also happen during the daytime, the
Counter-Memorial assumes that the pilots follow protocols with respect to the time of day when
spraying is permitted. However, Hansman and Mena (2010) show that the spray program was
not restricted to daytime—24,540 spray events were recorded within 10 km of the Ecuador
border between 8 p.m. and 4 a.m. As noted in the Counter-Memorial, this is when temperature
inversions are most likely to occur.
In summary, substantial uncertainties are associated with meteorological conditions, and the
available data show that Colombia did not comply with protocols designed to prevent spraying
during inversions. As a result, spray drift is likely to be worse than predicted by the drift
modeling of Giles (2011).
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2.2 Uncertainties Arising from Variable and Unknown
Composition of the Herbicide Mixture
Dobson (2010) restates several assertions that have been made by Colombia, including that:
x The spraying in Colombia currently uses a mixture of a commercial
formulation of glyphosate (Glyphos as Gly41) consisting of 44% glyphosate▯,
1% Cosmo-Flux 411F, and 55% water.
x The Glyphos formulation uses predominantly POEA as its surfactant,
although the POEA content of Glyphos/Gly41 is lower than that of Roundup.
x Based on information provided to Dobson (2010), Gly41 does not contain
organosilicone surfactants.
x Speculation by Menzie et al. (2009) regarding the presence of other
herbicides, fungal plant pathogens, or other additives, seems unfounded
based on published information on the spray mixtures actually used.
Each of these assertions assumes that the information provided to Dobson (2010) with respect to
the formulation of the herbicide mixture was accurate. Dobson (2010) fails to acknowledge
conflicting information about the spray mixtures used by Colombia, including information
reported by Colombia itself. Moreover, the failure by Colombia to provide a precise description
of each spray formulation that has been used contributes to a high level of uncertainty regarding
the potential for adverse effects and consequently calls for a higher level of caution than
otherwise would be warranted.
In particular, we highlight the following regarding the spray mixture:
x The only surfactant that Colombia admits to using in the Counter-Memorial
is polyethoxylated tallow amine, or POEA. The term POEA refers to a
category of chemicals, not a single chemical. POEA has been demonstrated
in controlled laboratory experiments to be more toxic than glyphosate.
Without any information about which POEA surfactant was used in the spray
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mixtures, it is impossible to establish the toxicity of that constituent. Even
Dobson (2010) acknowledges that POEA is a “worst case for surfactant
toxicity” and “has been identified as a major contributor to the aquatic
toxicity of glyphosate formulations.”
x Dobson (2010) states that the “formulation uses predominantly POEA as its
surfactant.” This implies that there are other surfactants in addition to
POEA, and their presence has not been acknowledged nor have they been
identified by Colombia. The presence of other surfactants is also mentioned
in multiple reports by the U.S. EPA and the U.S. State Department.
x Colombia has not revealed the full composition of CosmoFlux 411-F.
x The Counter-Memorial states that Colombia changed the formulation in 2005
from Roundup SL to Gly41, because Roundup SL was too damaging to
human eyes. The assessments conducted by Hewitt et al. (2009) and Dobson
(2010) considered a formulation referred to as “Glyphos.” They ▯asserted,
without explanation, that Gly41 is Glyphos. Leaving aside whether that ▯
assertion is accurate, their assessment of the risks of Gly41/Glyphos cannot
be applied to the use of Roundup SL.
In addition to the uncertainty regarding the actual composition of surfactants, Colombia has
acknowledged that the spray mixture also contains 1,4-dioxane, which is considered by the U.S.
EPA to be a probable human carcinogen (U.S. EPA 2009).
Perhaps of greatest concern from a toxicological standpoint is that, in its 14 July 2001
diplomatic note, Colombia informed Ecuador that the spray mixture contains dioxin. The term
dioxin refers to a family of chemicals with similar structure and mode of action. Dioxins are
persistent, bioaccumulative compounds that exhibit a wide range of carcinogenic and non-
cancer effects in animals. Evidence suggests that dioxin may produce adverse effects in
humans, even at background levels. To the extent that this occurs in a population, any
additional exposure above background levels can be expected to exacerbate effects or result in
additional adverse impacts. The lack of quantitative information, beyond Colombia’s statement
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in 2001 verifying the presence of dioxin in the spray mixture, adds to the uncertainty regarding
potential effects to human health and the environment from exposure to the herbicide.
Accordingly, the human health impacts of exposure to the spray could be much worse than
predicted by assessing only exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide.
In summary, as we demonstrated previously in Menzie et al. (2009), there are significant
uncertainties associated with the toxicity of the various herbicide mixtures that Colombia used
in the aerial spray program. Nothing in Dobson (2010) undermines that conclusion.
2.3 Uncertainties Arising from the Greater Vulnerability of
Human Populations along the Ecuador/Colombia Border
Another reason why Colombia’s drift modeling and related exposure analysis likely
underestimate the risk posed by the spray program is the vulnerability of the inhabitants of the
Ecuador/Colombia border region. These include indigenous peoples and non-indigenous
subsistence farmers. Colombia acknowledges the vulnerable position of these communities,
stating in its Counter-Memorial that “these groups of Ecuadorians live in precarious hygienic
1
conditions and only have limited access to medical facilities.” Colombia, however, views
these conditions solely as factors that could provide alternative explanations for their reported
harms. It does not acknowledge, contrary to standard risk regulation practice, that these are
vulnerable populations for whom especially precautionary measures are needed. In that regard,
Colombia’s approach is inconsistent with the generally accepted approach to regulating the risk
of environmental harm. Because Ecuadorian families living along the border with Colombia fit
definitions of vulnerable populations, the potential for cumulative risks must be considered and
a precautionary approach adopted as a risk management principle.
More specifically, because the relevant populations live in relatively poor sanitary conditions
and have relatively poor nutrition, they are more susceptible to the negative effects of the spray
drift. Acknowledging and addressing this special vulnerability is a standard part ▯of
environmental risk regulation. U.S. EPA (2003) defines vulnerability using attributes developed
1 Counter-Memorial, para. 7.37.
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by Kasperson (2000). Two attributes relevant to the assessment of risks to Ecuadorian farmers
and their families include:
x Susceptibility or sensitivity—An increased likelihood of sustaining an
adverse effect.
x Differential ability to recover from the effects of the stressor—This is
linked to the coping systems and resources an individual, population, or
community may have.
In concert with the U.S. EPA, the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council (NEJAC
2004), which includes representatives of community, academia, industry, environmental,
indigenous, and state/local/tribal governments, describes “vulnerability” in the following terms:
Vulnerability recognizes that disadvantaged, underserved, and overburden▯ed
communities come to the table with pre-existing deficits of both a physical and
social nature that make the effects of environmental pollution more, and in some
cases unacceptably, burdensome. As such, the concept of vulnerability
fundamentally differentiates disadvantaged, underserved, and overburdene▯d
communities from healthy and sustainable communities.
Vulnerable populations may require an additional degree of environmental protection because
they are already stressed. For example, the NEJAC explains that the vulnerability of a
population “provides the added dimension of considering the nature of the receptor population
when defining disproportionate risks or impacts.” Similarly, the U.S. EPA recognizes that
certain populations are more vulnerable than others, and that the risks of chemical exposure
must be considered within the overall context of the at-risk community (U.S. EPA 2003).
Accordingly, a risk assessment is incomplete if it fails to take into account the vulnerability of
the population, including the cumulative risks to which they may be subjected.
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U.S. EPA (2003) defines cumulative risk as the combined risks from aggregate exposures to
2
multiple agents or stressors. According to U.S. EPA (2003):
[First]… assessments involving a single chemical or stressor are not “cumulative
risk assessments” under this definition. Second, there is no limitation that the
“agents or stressors” be only chemicals; they may be, but they may▯ also be
biological or physical agents or an activity that, directly or indirectl▯y, alters or
causes the loss of a necessity such as habitat. Third, this definition requires that
the risks from multiple agents or stressors be combined. This does not necessarily
mean that the risks should be “added,” but rather that some analysis should be
conducted to determine how the risks from the various agents or stressors
interact. It also means that an assessment that covers a number of chemi▯cals or
other stressors but that merely lists each chemical with a corresponding▯ risk
without consideration of the other chemicals present is not an assessment of
cumulative risk under this definition.
The approach to cumulative risk assessment described by the U.S. EPA is at variance with the
single-stressor analysis performed by Solomon et al. (2005) and Dobson (2010). Their failure to
adopt a cumulative approach is especially problematic, because Colombia acknowledges that
the relevant communities in Ecuador have characteristics that make them particularly
vulnerable. ▯
2.4 Uncertainties Arising from Lack of Knowledge about
Ecuador’s Ecological Conditions
Solomon et al.(2005) and Dobson (2010) also likely underestimate the potential for significant
adverse impacts to Ecuador, because their assessment methodology was based only on an
2 A stressor is a physical, chemical, biological, or other entity that can cause an adverse response in a human or
other organism or ecosystem. Exposure to a chemical, biological, or physical agent can be a stressor, as can the
lack of, or destruction of, some necessity, such as a habitat. The stressor may not cause harm directly, but it
may make the target more vulnerable to harm by other stressors. A socioeconomic stressor, for example, might
be the lack of needed health care, which could lead to adverse effects. Harmful events, such as automobile
crashes, could also be termed stressors. Risks from different types of stressors can be calculated using widely
differing methods, including probabilistic estimates of disease via dose-response relationships, and looking up
rates in statistical tables of historical events, among others.
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assessment of exposure pathways present in Europe and North America; they failed to consider
possible additional pathways relevant to species in Ecuador.
We identified this as a significant source of uncertainty in Menzie et al. (2009). Although
Dobson (2010) responded to our comments, he failed to appreciate our p▯rincipal criticism of
Colombia’s approach to ecology, which was that because many Ecuadorian frog species exhibit
different life histories from temperate-zone frogs, that difference is important for assessing the
potential for harm. In particular, Menzie et al. (2009) discussed several aspects of anuran life
history that may put certain species at increased risk of exposure; many of these life history
characteristics are not shared by the species tested by Bernal et al. (▯2009a,b). These include
diurnal habits; parental care; breeding and development in very small and ephemeral pools of
water, including in canopy-dwelling bromeliads; and laying eggs on the surfaces of leaves.
Of particular importance is the fact that some frog species in Ecuador exhibit parental care,
unlike species in temperate environments (like North America and Europe), which do not. The
disruption of this aspect of reproduction was not part of the assessment protocols adopted by
Solomon et al. (2005). Thus, the possibility that these species could be affected by direct
3
exposure to undiluted spray droplets was not accounted for.
Dobson (2010) refers to toxicity testing by Bernal et al. (2009a,b) with death as an endpoint for
eight frog species described as “Colombian.” The extent to which these studies are
representative of the fauna of Ecuador bears consideration. The eight species tested represent
less than 2% of the Ecuadorian frog species and do not represent the range of life histories
exhibited by Ecuadorian frogs. Following is a summary of the breeding b▯ehavior of the species
tested by Bernal et al (2009a,b) (http://www.iucnredlist.org).
x Rhinella granulosa—Eggs and larva develop in ponds and can be found in
very small and shallow puddles.
3
Dobson’s (2010) only acknowledgement of a difference in ecology was an exposure estimate in which he
estimated exposure to tadpoles using a mixing (dilution) depth of water of 7.5 cm versus 15 cm used by
Solomon et al. (2005). But this calculation does not address the particular pathway of direct exposure to adult
and larval frogs to undiluted spray droplets, or the potential adverse physiological response due to the high
permeability of amphibian skin, or the behavioral responses to a substance that is known to be a significant skin
irritant. This mismatch between assessment methods and ecology is a source of uncertainty that is not
addressed in the risk evaluations of Solomon et al. (2005) or Dobson (2010).
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x Rhinella marina—Eggs and larvae develop in slow-moving water or still,
shallow waters of ponds, ditches, temporary pools, reservoirs, canals, a▯nd
streams.
x Rhinella margaritifera—Eggs and larvae develop in temporary pools and
streams.
x Centrolene prosoblepon—Eggs are laid on leaves overhanging the water of
streams.
x Dendropsophus microcephalus—Eggs are laid on leaves overhanging the
water of temporary and permanent pools.
x Hypsiboas crepitans—Eggs and larvae develop in temporary pools at the
beginning of the rainy season.
x Scinax ruber—Eggs and larvae develop in temporary pools and in roadside
ditches and shallow, temporary ponds.
x Engystomops pustulosus—Eggs are laid in foam nests, and larvae develop in
any natural or human-made temporary ponds or puddles.
The species tested by Bernal et al. (2009a,b) lay their eggs directly in standing water, in slow-
flowing water, or on the surface of leaves where they drop into standing or flowing surface
water. By contrast, many species in Ecuador exhibit very different reproductive behavior that
places them at increased risk of exposure to undiluted spray droplets. For example, Hylids lay
their eggs in water that collects in holes in trees, bromeliads, or other water-holding plants, or
they brood their eggs on the back of the female. The family Hemiphractidae contains direct-
developing frogs that bear the developing eggs on the back until they hatch. Dendrobatidae are
diurnal and lay their eggs in moist places, including on leaves, in plants, among exposed roots,
and in leaf litter. The eggs of Dendrobatid frogs are actively guarded, and when hatched, the
tadpoles wriggle onto the backs of the adults and are then carried to a suitable pool of standing
water (including in plants), where the larva remain until metamorphosis. In some species, each
tadpole is placed in a separate tree hole or other small water-containing enclosure, and females
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or both parents visit the tadpoles periodically, with the female depositing unfertilized eggs at
each visit to feed the tadpole. Because of the lower potential for dilution and dissipation, in
addition to diurnal activity and parental behavior, all Ecuadorian frog ▯species that lay their eggs
in confined “bodies of water” (such as water trapped in small tree holes and plants) are at a
higher risk of exposure to higher concentrations of herbicide than frogs that lay e▯ggs in larger
pools, ponds, or streams (like the frogs tested by Bernal et al. 2009a,b).
Ecuadorian frogs may also be more vulnerable to undiluted spray droplets for other reasons as
well. Adult frogs that are active during the day, such as Dendrobatids ▯in Ecuador, are more
likely to be exposed directly to spray droplets than nocturnally active frogs, insofar as spraying
is supposed to occur only during daylight hours. (However, as we have shown, Colombia also
sprays at night, in violation of the spray protocols.) Among the Dendrobatids alone, 43 species
are listed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (I▯UCN) in Ecuador,
including one critically endangered and one endangered species documented to be present in the
border area (see Table 1).
Further, Ecuadorian species that exhibit parental care (e.g., members of the families
Hemiphractidae and Dendrobatidae, among others)—especially those whose adults actively
guard egg masses—are at increased risk from direct, undiluted exposure to both larvae and
adults during breeding and over the entire larval development stage, a period that often lasts as
long as 60 days. Solomon et al. (2005) or Dobson (2010) never considered any of these
exposure pathways. 4
In sum, the methods employed by Solomon et al. (2005) and Dobson (2010) are likely to
underestimate exposure, because their assessments assume dilution in water— rather than direct
contact with skin—and because they assume that mortality is the only relevant toxicological
endpoint and ignore other endpoints, such as skin irritation and disruption of behavior.
4 These behaviors may also increase the susceptibility of adult frogs to toxic spray drift, because they are already
exposed to stressors such as high levels of solar radiation, dry air currents, and high temperatures that may
provoke elevated evaporative water loss.
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2.5 Uncertainties Arising from Differential Sensitivity of
Species
Solomon et al. (2005) and Dobson (2010) rely on species sensitivity distributions as a tool for
assessing potential risks to animals and plants. The underlying concept is that toxicological data
for species tested in the laboratory can be used to derive exposure concentrations that are
protective for species in the field. This is a standard approach; however, its reliability depends,
in part, on how well the data represent the relevant exposure routes, to▯xicological endpoints, and
species. As described above, there is uncertainty in the risk evaluations, because Solomon et al.
(2005) and Dobson (2010) have not considered all relevant exposure pathways and effects
endpoints. In addition to those flaws, Solomon and Dobson (2010) also failed to consider the
full range of sensitivity of Ecuadorian species. We previously argued (Menzie et al▯. 2009) that
the approach used by Solomon et al. (2005) was unlikely to capture the range of sensitivities for
species living in Ecuador. Nothing in Dobson (2010) has caused us to ▯change that conclusion.
2.5.1 Risks to Amphibians (frogs)
Dobson (2010) presents the following steps in risk assessment for amphibians:
1. Conduct laboratory toxicity tests on species
2. Calculate the protective concentration
3. Compare the protective concentration with the exposure estimate
4. Determine the distance from the spray line beyond which no adverse effects
are expected.
Dobson (2010) derives what he concludes are protective exposure concentrations in water and
terrestrial environments by relying on analysis of the available toxicity literature for glyphosate
formulations on anuran species, and in particular on two studies (Bernal et al. 2009a,b) that
tested “Colombian” species. However, the process described by Dob▯son (2010) for developing
protective exposure concentrations is flawed, because the evidence shows that the species
sensitivity distributions upon which he relies are not representative of potentially exposed frog
species in Ecuador.
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Bernal et al. (2009a) exposed eight species of frog to glyphosate plus Cosmo-Flux in water in
the laboratory. 5 Bernal (2009b) exposed four species of frog to glyphosate plus Cosmo-Flux in
outdoor microcosms intended to simulate field conditions in aquatic and terrestrial
environments. The species were ostensibly selected as being representative of Colombian
species, and are called “Colombian” species by Bernal et al. (2009a,b) and Dobson (2010).
All of the species tested by Bernal et al. (2009a,b) have wide distributions and are known to use
a wide range of habitats. For example, the cane toad R. marina occurs in northern Mexico,
throughout Central America, and over most of the Amazon Basin. With the exception of
C. prosoblepon and E. pustulosus, which are restricted to Central America and northern
Colombia and Ecuador, the remaining test species have ranges that extend throughout most of
the Amazon basin and even to northern Argentina (e.g., R. margaritifera).
The Colombian anuran fauna is estimated at 748 species, and the Ecuadorian anuran fauna is
estimated at 494 species (http://amphibiaweb.org). IUCN lists the conservation status for 449
frog species in Ecuador. These species occur in 15 families and include 44 species of
Bufonidae, 48 species of Centrolenidae, 81 species of Hylidae, and 7 spe▯cies of Leiuperidae.
The species tested by Bernal et al. (2009a,b) represent only about 25% of the frog families that
occur in Ecuador, and a mere 7% of Bufonidae, 2% of Centrolenidae, 4% of Hylidae, and 14%
of Leiuperidae.
Moreover, the families tested by Bernal et al. (2009a,b) do not include the family with the most
species of anurans in Ecuador—Strabomantidae—with 159 species list▯ed by IUCN
(http://www.iucnredlist.org). Of the eight species tested by Bernal e▯t al. (2009a,b), four are not
known to occur along the Colombia/Ecuador border (D. microcephalus, H. crepitans, R.
granulosa, and E. pustulosus ) and are thus of questionable value for deriving a species
sensitivity relationship for that geographic area. Significantly, the most sensitive species tested
5 In particular, Bernal et al. (2009a) tested three frogs in the family Hylidae (Scinax ruber, Dendropsophus
microcephalus, and Hypsiboas crepitans), three frogs in the family Bufonidae (Rhinella granulosa, R. marina,
and R. margaritifera [a.k.a. typhonius]), one Centrolenidae (Centrolene prosoblepon); and one Leiuperidae
(Engystomops pustulosus).
6 The four species are R. granulosa, R. marina, H. crepitans, and S. ruber.
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in terrestrial exposures of adults was C. prosoblepon, a species that is documented to occur
along the Ecuador-Colombia border.
As shown in Table 1, of the 449 Ecuadorian frog species listed by IUCN, ▯35 are listed as
critically endangered, and another 73 are listed as endangered. Of thes▯e, 4 critically endangered
species have been documented in the border area, and 15 endangered species have been
documented in the border area. In contrast, all of the test species used by ▯Bernal et al. (2009a,b)
are widespread and abundant and thus are listed by IUCN as “Least Concern.” These species
are also presented in Table 1.
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Table 1. Status of selected species documented to be present in the border area
and species tested by Bernal et al. (2009a,b)
a Tested by Bernal Documented in
Family Genus/Species StItsN et al. (2009a,b) Border Area
Bufonidae Andinophryne colomai CR No Yes
Atelopus lynchi CR No Yes
Rhinella granulosa LC Yes No
R. marina LC Yes Yes
R. margaritifera LC Yes Yes
Centrolenidae Centrolene ballux CR No Yes
C. prosoblepon LC Yes Yes
Dendrobatidae Hyloxalus delatorreae CR No Yes
H. toachi EN No Yes
Hemiphractidae Gastrotheca cornuta EN No Yes
G. espeletia EN No Yes
G. orophylax EN No Yes
Hylidae Ecnomiohyla phantasmagoria EN No Yes
Dendropsophus microcephalus LC Yes No
Hypsiboas crepitans LC Yes No
Scinax ruber LC Yes Yes
Hyloscirtus pantostictus EN No Yes
H. psarolaimus EN No Yes
Leiuperidae Engystomops pustulosus LC Yes No
Strabomantidae Hypodactylus brunneus EN No Yes
H. elassodiscus EN No Yes
Pristimantis colomai EN No Yes
P. degener EN No Yes
P. festae EN No Yes
P. loustes EN No Yes
P. ocreatus EN No Yes
P. scolodiscus EN No Yes
a
CR – critically endangered; EN – endangered; LC – least concerned
Both Solomon et al. (2005) and Dobson (2010) fail to acknowledge the presence of endangered
frog species in the border area, even though consideration of the presence of endangered species
is standard practice in risk assessment. The failure to address this issue is perhaps most
egregious at paragraph 79 of Dobson (2010), which cites a study by Lynch and Arroyo (2009)
as concluding that “several species of frogs are at risk from the coca growing itself (habit▯ at
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January 2011
destruction and use of a range of pesticides), possibly with a contribution from the eradication
programmes.” Dobson (2010) then concludes, “The chances of similar risk to species in
Ecuador exposed only to drifted spray is much lower and, in my opinion, negligible.” However,
Dobson (2010) selectively cites Lynch and Arroyo (2009), ignoring th▯eir conclusion thatthe
effects of coca production and aerial eradication sprayshave placed several species of frogs at
risk [including] Pristimantis Colomai and Pristimantis degener” [emphasis added]. Both of
these endangered species are documented to be present in Ecuador near the Colombian border.
Although Dobson (2010) describes the potential of populations to be resilient, including the
ability to recover from local extinctions, he fails to consider the lack of such compensating
mechanisms in species with limited distributions and small population sizes. For such species,
mortality or reproductive failure in even a relatively few individuals can result in extinction.
In sum, based on a comparison of the species tested by Bernal et al. (2009a,b) to the anuran
fauna in Ecuador, it is not reasonable to conclude that the eight species selected by Bernal et al.
(2009a,b) are representative of the anuran fauna of Ecuador. Moreover▯, the lacof
representativeness is exacerbated by the failure to consider the potential for exposure and
toxicity to endangered species.
2.5.2 Risk tslants
Dobson (2010) refers to species sensitivity distributions as a basis for judging risks to plants.
The flaws that we describe for the assessment of risks to amphibians are also evident in
Dobson’s (2010) approach to plants. Dobson (2010) considers only▯ rik ss to crops as relevant to
risks to all plant species, including non-crop species, even though the vast▯ majority of plants in
Ecuador are not crops (Balslev 2011). Indeed, he explicitly states, “The studies cited by Menzie
et al. (2009) as supporting long-term effects of glyphosate refer to direct application of
glyphosate to forests to control non-productive vegetation and are not r▯elevant to likely effects
of spray drift.” This perspective cannot be correct, not least because “non-prod▯uctive
vegetation” (i.e., Ecuador’s natural fauna) is critically important for its biodiversity.
Hewitt et al. (2009) does not consider the full range of sensitivity of plant species, especially the
native plants of Ecuador. Instead, they obtained toxicity data on 21 pl▯ant species that were
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January 2011
tested against formulated glyphosate. These included 18 that are typical North American and
European crops. Although some of these plants may be adaptable to growing in the tropics
(e.g., corn and onions), neither Hewitt et al. (2009) nor Dobson (2010) considered the
uncertainty associated with extrapolating data for crop species in North America and Europe to
the diverse native plant biota of Ecuador. It is highly likely that among the thousands of plant
species in Ecuador (2,549 plant species are listed by IUCN for Ecuador) there are numerous
species that are more sensitive than the 21 crop species considered by Hewitt et al. (2009). At
the very least, the uncertainty associated with extrapolating the dose-response information
related to the species relied upon by Hewitt et al. (2009) to the crops and natural flora in
Ecuador provides a compelling reason for adopting protective exposure concentrations and
establishing a sufficiently broad buffer zone.
Dobson’s (2010) approach is flawed for another reason as well: he failed to account for the
increased efficacy achieved by Colombia’s inclusion of Cosmo-Flux 411F in the her▯bicide
formulation. Menzie et al. (2009) observed that research by the U.S. Department of Agriculture
indicates that Cosmo-Flux causes a four-fold increase in efficacy, and suggested that this should
be applied across the spectrum of plants, not just to the targeted coca crops. Dobson (2010)
agreed with much of our analysis:
[Menzie et al. (2009)] state, correctly, that the addition of extra surfactant
Cosmo-Flux (as an adjuvant in the tank mix) increases the potency of the
glyphosate formulation to coca plants fourfold. They also state, correctly, that
the increased potency is due to surfactant effects on the waxy cuticle of the coca
leaf; glyphosate penetrates to the sensitive inner tissues of the plant via the
damaged cuticle. They also state, correctly, that plants other than coca▯ will,
therefore, be more susceptible to the herbicide spray enhanced with the ▯
adjuvant.
Despite these areas of agreement, Dobson (2010) argues that Cosmo-Flux would not have a
four-fold increase in efficacy for all plants, because:
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Plants with cuticular protection comparable to the coca will be killed m▯ re
effectively with the enhanced spray; with increased potency of approxima▯tely
fourfold. Those with greater protection than coca would show a less than▯ four-
fold increase in potency and might show little or no increased toxicity. Those
with no protective coating on the leaves would show no increased toxicit▯y – it is
only possible to die once and the application rate of spray in terms of the
glyphosate itself remains constant for all formulations/adjuvants.
Dobson (2010), however, has missed the essential point, which is that the addition of Cosmo-
Flux reduces by a factor of four the amount of herbicide that must be deposited on a plant to
cause harm. While it is true that plants for which a particular dose is lethal even without
Cosmo-Flux will die regardless of whether the surfactant is present, when Cosmo-Flux is added,
the same plant will be killed at one-fourth the dose. This has important implications for plants
exposed to herbicide via spray drift, because it increases the distance from the site of application
at which injury will occur.
2.6 Uncertainties Arising from Lack of Exposure Data
We are not aware of Colombia having measured exposure to the herbicide spray near the border
with Ecuador. No such data are presented by Solomon et al. (2005) or Dobson (2010). The lack
of measured data on glyphosate deposition obtained in the field is another significant source of
uncertainty that Colombia fails to consider.
In fact, obtaining measurements of glyphosate residue is inherently difficult and unreliable. To
be useful, attempts to measure glyphosate residue must be contemporaneous with or
immediately subsequent to the application of the herbicide mixture. The samples must also be
taken from media where the chemical occurs as a residue. Even then, the level of residue in
water or soil is of limited utility in assessing exposure, because exposure to droplets suspended
in the air is not necessarily reflected in concentrations of glyphosate in water or soil samples.
Therefore, while the presence of glyphosate in environmental media may be an indicator that
environmental exposures have occurred, the absence of residues does not mean that exposures
have not occurred. Further, with respect to water concentrations, the l▯kielihood that aerial
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January 2011
exposure will be reflected in water or sediments is very low, because the droplets of herbicide
mix into the water column and are adsorbed to plants and suspended sediments. This reduces
concentrations to below detectable levels, especially when sampling occurs later than
immediately after the time of deposition. 7
2.7 Uncertainties Arising from Colombia’s Dismissal of
Reported Adverse Effects
Many people in Ecuador report that they were exposed to spray from Colombian aircraft. At the
very least, their reports call into question the certainty with which Colombia has asserted that
the spray program poses negligible risks to Ecuador.
Colombia’s failure to consider the possibility that the reports of harm may be accurate, and thus
that its risk assessment was flawed, is contrary to accepted environmental regulatory practice.
When an unexpected result is reported, the proper procedure is to carry out a causal analysis. In
that regard, whereas risk analysis is a forward-looking exercise that begins with a set of
assumptions and makes predictions about the likelihood of different types of effects, causal
analysis operates in reverse. It begins with observed harm and then attempts to identify its
causes. This evaluation necessarily requires considering whether one or more of the
assumptions made in the risk analysis are incorrect. This is logical: if a causal analysis were
constrained by assumptions made in a risk assessment, it might prove impossible to identify the
root cause of the reported harm if the cause is inconsistent with assumptions on which the risk
analysis is based. Indeed, were causal analysis forbidden to question risk analysis assumptions,
evaluators could not have examined—and hopefully uncovered—the causes of such diverse
occurrences as the Challenger explosion or the recent financial crisis, and unexpected
7
Moreover, glyphosate is not persistent in the environment due to chemical degradation. The half-life (the time
required for the concentration or amount to decrease by one-half) is on the order of days for water
(http://www.epa.gov/safewater/pdfs/factsheets/soc/tech/glyphosa.pdfnd the average half life in soil is on the
order of 47 to 60 days (http://www.speclab.com/compound/c1071836.htm;
http://extoxnet.orst.edu/pips/glyphosa.htmttp://www.epa.gov/safewater/p…
glyphosa.pdf) but can be even faster in conditions that favor biodegradation, such as the warm, moist soils of
Ecuador.
8
The explosion of the space shuttle pointed out the failures in the risk assessment concerning the safety of these
missions. The physicist Richard Feynman pointed out some of the missed assumptions in a famous presentation
before Congress. He did this by illustrating what happened to the elasticity of the rubber “O” rings when they
were submerged in ice water.
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exposure pathways such as those for chemicals in sediments. 10 These examples underscore the
importance of working backward from the observed harms to better understand the causes of
those harms. For this reason, causal analysis is a standard part of environmental regulatory
regimes.
There is strong testimonial evidence that the people and resources in Ecuador have experienced
harms. The authors of this report interviewed Ecuadorians at several locations along the border
and concluded that the interviewed individuals were, in fact, likely exposed to herbicide drift
from aerial spraying. The impacts they reported include, among other things, obvious crop
failure, foliar damage, and death of coffee plants on hillsides facing the spraying activit▯y. They
also reported acute toxic effects such as irritation of the eye and thro▯at. In addition, numerous
similar accounts of such effects are documented (Menzie et al. 2009). These accounts support a
conclusion that actual exposure within Ecuador occurred because, among other things:
x The reported harm occurred in temporal proximity to the reported spraying.
x The reported symptoms are consistent with the types of acute toxic effects
expected from exposure to the herbicides used by Colombia.
x Similar accounts were reported by people from many different locations near
the border.
Suter et al. (2010) describe the methodology that the U.S. EPA uses to identify possible causes
of an observed impairment or harm (U.S. EPA 2000). U.S. EPA’s cumulative risk framework
and causal analysis begins with the experience of the affected communities and examines the
factors that could have produced the reported events and harmful effects. In that regard, it has
adopted a methodology for assessing observed adverse harms that applies criteria to evaluate
possible causes. The methodology does not require satisfaction of all criteria, although the
9 ▯
See for example, Zeckhauser, Richard. Causes of the Financial Crisis: Many Responsible Parties. HKS Faculty
Research Working Paper Series RWP10-016, April 2010. This work shows how the risk assessments failed to
consider extreme events that contributed to the crisis.
10 See for example, Thibodeaux, Louis. 2005. Recent advances in our understanding of sediment-to-water
contaminant fluxes: The soluble release fraction. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management; Jan 2005, Vol. 8,
No. 1, pp. 1–9. Risk assessments had been assuming that the chemicals in question would bind to and travel
with the sediments.
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strength of the evidence increases as more criteria are satisfied. To a▯ddress these uncertainties,
we used a causal analysis approach that builds evidence for ruling in or out possible candidate
causes of the experienced events, based on the following categories of i▯nformation:
x Spatial Co-occurrence—This refers to the degree to which reported
exposures or effects occur near reported spray events. This also allows▯ for
the presence of exposure and effects gradients with distance from these
events.
x Temporal Co-occurrence—This refers to the degree to which reports of
exposure or effects are coincident or shortly follow evidence of spray events.
x Biological Gradient—This refers to the existence of a decreasing gradient of
effects with distance from the spot of highest exposure.
x Presence of Potentially Complete Pathways—This refers to the ability to
connect spray events and their locations to locations and receptors that are
reported to be exposed.
x Consistency of Association—This refers to the commonality of reported
spray events, exposure, and observed effects among communities along the
border and with other communities near similar types of events.
x Experiment—This refers to whether controlled experiments have
demonstrated a relationship between the exposure and an effect.
x Plausibility—This refers to the degree to which reported exposures or effects
could have been related to a spray event. An aspect of this involves
examining the extent to which reported effects are consistent with exposures
to herbicide mixtures containing glyphosate.
x Specificity—This refers to the degree to which the reported effects are
specific to or diagnostic of exposure to a particular constituent in an herbicide
mixture.
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x Consistency of Evidence—This refers to the concept that confidence in the
argument for or against a candidate cause is increased when many types of
evidence consistently support or weaken it.
x Coherence of Evidence—This refers to whether a conceptual or
mathematical model can explain any apparent inconsistencies among the
lines of evidence.
Table 2 lists the U.S. EPA criteria for judging causal information and applies them to reports by
Ecuadorians that they were adversely affected by aerial spraying in Colo▯mbia.
Table 2. Criteria for judging the weight of evidence associated with claims by
Ecuadorians on the border regarding adverse effects due to aerial spray drift
from Colombia
Criterion for Judging
Causal Evidence Observations Related to Strength of Evidence
Spatial Co-occurrence The Ecuadorians who report experiencing drift inhabit areas very near where
spraying occurred.
Temporal Individuals report seeing aerial spraying immediately prior to experiencing
Co-occurrence spray drift and shortly before developing adverse health impacts and observing
impacts to plants and animals.
Biological Gradient Actual exposures are not known, so this cannot be characterized. However, the
complaints are from residents in the border region close to the spray locations.
Complete Exposure Modeling by both Hewitt et al. (2009) and Giles (2011) indicates that aerial
Pathway spray could be transported into Ecuador. The only issues in dispute are the
level of exposure and its resultant effects.
Consistency of The same type of effects were reported by Ecuadorians located far apart, from
Association different ethnic groups (e.g., Awá, Cofan, Kichwa, Afro-Ecuadorians), and in
different years.
Experiment The reports relate to historical experience; no specific experiments have been
performed.
Plausibility Colombia did not follow protocols for spraying that were designed to minimize
spray drift. This increases the plausibility that Ecuadorians were exposed to
drift in amounts sufficient to cause adverse impacts to human health and the
environment.
Specificity Menzie et al. (2009) and Dobson (2010) concur that the herbicide mixture used
by Colombia can produce the types of acute toxic effects to plants reported by
Ecuadorians. They also concur that the herbicide mixture can cause, among
other things, acute eye and skin irritation. They differ only in whether the
exposure concentrations were high enough to have caused these effects.
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Criterion for Judging
Causal Evidence Observations Related to Strength of Evidence
Consistency of The evidence is consistent. Menzie et al. (2009) and Dobson (2010) differ only
Evidence on whether the exposure concentrations were sufficiently high to cause the
effects.
Coherence of The alleged inconsistency raised by Colombia is that its drift modeling
Evidence suggests that an insufficient amount of herbicide would reach Ecuador to
cause adverse impacts. However, as demonstrated by Hansman and Mena
(2011), Giles (2011), and Weller (2011), when modeling reflects actual spray
conditions (e.g., flight speed and height as recorded by the aircraft), sufficient
amounts of herbicide can reach Ecuador.
According to the U.S. EPA, the first four criteria outlined in Table 2—co-occurrence,
temporality, biological gradient, and complete exposure pathway—form the strongest basis for
causal inference. Elimination of a cause typically involves clear demonstration that one or more
of these criteria have not been satisfied. 11 In this case, three of the criteria are satisfied, as
indicated in Table 2. The fourth—biological gradient—is not amenable to evaluation, because
there are no measurements. We conclude that, based on U.S. EPA methodology, aerial spray
cannot be eliminated as a cause for the observed adverse effects in Ecuador.
In addition to these four criteria, the U.S. EPA considers others factor▯s, which are also included
in Table 2. As noted in Menzie et al. (2009), common complaints made by Ecuadorians near
12
the border include irritation of the eyes, throat, and skin. Dobson (2010) agrees that the types
of effects most commonly reported in Ecuador are consistent with exposure to herbicide:
Irritation of the eyes and skin are indeed the most common and consistent effects
reported by people claiming exposure to glyphosate sprays, not only in Ecuador
11 The U.S. EPA also states, “A stressor can be confidently eliminated if case-specific measurements clearly show
that a necessary step in the causal chain of events has not occurred.”
12 Dobson (2010) goes on to dismiss the Exponent (2009) literature review on this subject with the illogical
argument that most of the data on reported effects either indicate mild irritation or are derived for individuals
applying the herbicide formulation. Dobson (2010) never explains why individuals who get spray droplets in
their eye or mouth would not experience acute toxic effects. His main point seems to be that because studies
have been done on applicators, those studies are not relevant to other people exposed to the same material. It is
possible that Dobson (2010) is making an exposure argument—i.e., even though people are exposed to spray
drift, the concentrations are too low or there are not enough droplets. He does not state that and does not
provide any dose-response information or exposure assessment. Because the Colombia risk assessment
indicated that most of the spray would land on or near the applied areas, Dobson (2010) could be using that as
the basis for his conclusion. However, as already discussed, Dobson (2010) is not relying on correct
information when he relies on the assertions of Colombia.
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and Colombia but also globally. The exposure is to a combination of glyp▯hosate
and surfactants found in commercial formulations plus the extra adjuvant in the
Colombian spray programme. (Dobson, 2010)
Based on the foregoing application of the U.S. EPA criteria, we conclude that the available
evidence supports the conclusion that spray drift was a cause of the adv▯erse effects reported by
people in Ecuador. The evidence indicates that the exposure is complete and that the reported
adverse effects could indeed be related to exposures from Colombia. Accordingly, the alleged
“certainty” claimed by Colombia that aerial spraying cannot be responsible for adverse impacts
in Ecuador cannot be supported. To the contrary, the reported adverse effects, including
irritation of the eyes, throat, and skin, are likely attributable to exposure to the spray mixture.
2.8 Uncertainties Related to the Likelihood of Extreme
Adverse Events Not Anticipated by Modeling
Another reason why adverse impacts in Ecuador are likely underestimated by drift modeling
concerns the fact that modeling is necessarily constrained by anticipated conditions. However,
actual field conditions may sometimes be radically different than the model’s assumptions. For
example, the spray-drift model assumes a relatively light wind, even though strong gusts of
wind will arise occasionally. If that were to occur in concert with spraying that takes place at a
high rate of speed and during a temperature inversion, an extremely high rate of deposition
could result far from the spray line.
Although such a confluence of events is unlikely to happen during any particular spray event,
given the frequency with which Colombia has sprayed near Ecuador (more than 100,000 times
between January 2000 and January 2009) it is likely that, on at least some occasions, such
occurrences did indeed materialize. The exact set of circumstances that will give rise to the high
chemical exposure cannot be anticipated, but the fact that it is likely to occur can and should be
anticipated. This recognized analytic technique is known as extreme value theory, and it has
great importance for risk management. 13 Because probability distributions include such
13 Chavez-Demoulin, V., and A. Roehrl. 2004. Extreme value theory can save your neck. White paper available
at http://www.approximity.com/papers/evt_wp.pdf
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January 2011
relatively rare but extremely adverse events, the phenomenon is also referred to as being the
“long” or “fat tail” on the probability distribution curve. The consideration of fat-tailed
probability distributions is particularly relevant to low-probability but extremely adverse events,
such as natural disasters. 14 As discussed further in the section that follows, the adoption of a
buffer zone of sufficient breadth is an important risk management tool to help guard against
toxic exposure from these relatively rare but highly damaging events.
14 Pisarenko, V., and M. Rodkin. 2010. Heavy-tailed distributions in disaster analysis. Advances in natural and
technological hazards research. Volume 30. 190 p. ISBN: 978-90-481-9170-3. See also Malamud, B.D.
2004. Tails of natural hazards. Physics World 17:31–35.
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3 Managing Uncertainty for Risk-Based
Decision Making
Risk assessments link information on exposure and toxicity to derive estimates of risk (i.e., the
potential for harm to people or the environment). Because risk assessments are models that
provide predictions, the assumptions and model components have inherent uncertainties.
In the face of large uncertainty such as that inherent in the aerial spray program, risk managers
use various approaches to reduce the possibility of harm:
x Incorporating additional uncertainty or “safety” factors into the risk
assessment, thus lowering exposure concentrations deemed to be protective
(and therefore erring on the side of caution).
x Implementing management actions that minimize risk by minimizing
exposure (e.g., institutional controls) or through other actions.
As explained in this section, the inherent uncertainty in the assessment of risks to Ecuador is a
primary reason for taking a precautionary approach to risk management.
Uncertainty occurs because of a lack of knowledge (U.S. EPA 2010a). As discussed earlier in
this report, uncertainties are indicated when there are differences between predictions and actual
experience. Uncertainties also arise when the assumptions made about exposure are not valid
and the implications of violating the assumptions are not fully understood. As already
discussed, Hansman and Mena (2010) have shown that Colombia’s spray protocols are violated
regularly. As indicated by Giles (2011) and Weller (2011), these violations would result in
exposures that are substantially higher than those estimated in Colombia’s risk assessment. The
violations of the protocols are in sharp contrast with the claims made in the Counter-Memorial
that protocols are followed strictly. The discrepancy between the assumptions made by Hewitt
et al. (2009) and Dobson (2010) for estimates of spray-drift exposure and the reality of the
situation is a good example of lack of knowledge and a source of uncertainty in the overall
analysis. Moreover, the pervasive violations of protocols call into question other assertions that
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January 2011
influence risk. One of these assertions is that the composition and associated toxicity of the
spray mixture is known. As discussed earlier, while Colombia claims that the herbicide mixture
is known and its toxicity understood, there remains considerable uncertainty about the
composition of the spray mixture, both as currently used and as used historically. Additives that
are not identified in historical mixtures or present in larger-than-stated amounts could cause the
mixtures to be more toxic.
Uncertainties about exposure and toxicity are managed by putting into place systems to limit
exposure. This typically involves deriving a margin of safety, the magnitude of which
corresponds to the potential for harm and the degree of uncertainty. Margins of safety take into
account, among other things, knowledge about the toxicity of the chemical, its exposure
pathways, and the sensitivity or vulnerability of the exposed population▯s and environment. It
also considers the degree to which the exposed populations are willing to accept risk for
themselves or to their resources.
In many environmental regulatory regimes, including in the United States and Europe,
environmental regulatory policy involves deriving “acceptable” exposure limits by applying
uncertainty factors to known information about the levels of chemicals that have been shown to
be safe. For certain ecological exposures, risk managers also use a statistical procedure to
derive “acceptable” levels.
Uncertainty factors typically account for, among other things, variations in exposure or
sensitivity between individual humans or between species, extrapolation of experimental data
from animals to humans, extrapolation of data on subchronic effects to chronic effects,
extrapolation of data on lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAELs)▯ to no-observed-
adverse-effect levels (NOAELs), and incomplete toxicity data bases (e.g., inappropriate or
missing endpoints, insufficient species, species not representative or applicable, or the range of
concentration did not identify a NOAEL) (Table 3). The associated un▯certainty factors or
modifying factors typically range from 1 to 10 and are multiplicative to create an overall
uncertainty factor (Dourson et al. 1996). In the case of an incomplete database, Health Canada
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34Annex 6
January 2011
and the International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) 15employ uncertainty factors of
1 to 100. Multiplying the uncertainty factors together creates an overall uncertainty factor that
yields protective levels that may be orders of magnitude below the levels that would otherwise
have been shown to be acceptable. While the composite uncertainty factor for a chemical was
typically limited to 100 two decades ago, it may now be as high as 10,000 for a chemical with a
poor database.
15 The IPCS is a joint program of three Cooperating Organizations—WHO, ILO, and UNEP—which implements
activities related to chemical safety. WHO is the Executing Agency of the IPCS, whose main roles are to
establish the scientific basis for safe use of chemicals, and to strengthen national capabilities and capacities for
chemical safety.
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35 Annex 6
U.SE.PA <10
d <10
January 2011 U.SA.TSDR
10 10 10 10 10 10 NA NA 0 < to
Agency
3.16) 4.0)
u
10 (3.16u 10 (2.5 not extrapolate among durations. Therefore, an
are nominal values that are used frequently by these
HeCalan1–10IPCS 1–10 RIVM 10 NA 11100010101010–10 NA–10 NA <10
a than chronic NOAELs or LOAELs to chronic
from valid rerultsvrld etsuussof floo-temedstudies onvalid results in experimental animals
is factor is intended to account for the
olating from less than chronic results on
c
GuidGeenxevalaristdawarrlntxhtaGeenxrnrNOAELs or LOAELs.aratedafro. lehs factor is intended to account for thetvai(ibouexdorphe, the number of
groups (from Dourson et al. 1996)
SourTes:Professional judgment is required to determine the appropriate value to use for any given UF. The values listed in this table
Table 3. UnecacrIittioamsaec(es)nciaaettnc SuCbhrrnnicic todifying factors intodifyina tbe dceveagenciuncertainty factor for extrapolation between subchronic and chronic exposures is not used.
36Annex 6
January 2011
The level of protection appropriate for addressing uncertainty factors should account for the
sensitivity of the relevant populations and environment. The U.S. Food Quality Protection Act
(FQPA) provides an example of using an uncertainty factor for the explicit consideration of
sensitive individuals, namely children (U.S. EPA 2002). It directs the U.S. EPA, in setting
pesticide tolerances, to use an additional ten-fold margin of safety to protect infants and
children, taking into account the potential for pre- and postnatal toxicity and the completeness of
the toxicology and exposure databases.
3.1 Uncertainty Factors for Protection of Human Health
The need for special consideration of vulnerable populations in the development of protective
levels is also reflected in the risk assessment approach used by the U.S. Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR 2005), which identifies factors that contribute to
sensitivity to environmental exposures and emphasizes the need to determine whether any
special characteristics of the substance and/or of the exposed community might affect public
health conclusions. These include:
x Age—Children differ from adults in their exposures and susceptibility to
certain hazardous substances. Elderly populations may have significantly
heightened susceptibility to certain contaminants because of lower functional
capacities of various organ systems, reduced capacity to metabolize foreign
compounds, and diminished detoxification mechanisms.
x Sex—Some substance-specific adverse health effects can be mediated by
hormonal influences and other factors that are sex-linked. In addition,
because of various physiologic modifications in the body that occur during
pregnancy, pregnant women are often at significantly greater risk of adverse
effects from exposure to beryllium, cadmium, lead, manganese, and
organophosphate insecticides than the general population.
x Genetic background or ethnicity—Genetic factors can increase the risk of
developing chemical-induced health effects. In addition, individual variability in the
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January 2011
induction of metabolic enzymes can cause people to respond differently to the same
environmental exposure.
x Health and nutritional status—Understanding the location and characteristics of
subgroups, such as the elderly and those of lower socioeconomic status, can help
identify pre-existing health conditions, including nutritional deficienc▯ies, that can
influence the impact of exposure.
x Cultural practices—Various practices, such as ceremonies among indigenous
peoples, subsistence fishing, and medicinal use of plants, can lead to increased
exposures.
The U.S. EPA also emphasizes the need to be especially protective of populations that are
disadvantaged. This is determined based on, among other things, health indicators such as
infant mortality, birth weight, and the percent of the population living in poverty.
Both the ATSDR considerations and the U.S. EPA characteristics of communities requiring
special protective measures are applicable to the relevant communities in Ecuador.
3.2 Uncertainty Factors for Protection of Fish, Wildlife, and
Other Biota
Environmental regulatory regimes also use uncertainty factors to establish protective levels of
exposure for fish, wildlife, and other ecological receptors. Again, the magnitudes of these
uncertainty factors reflect information about the chemical’s known toxicity and the nature of the
receptor. U.S. EPA guidance on conducting ecological risk assessments (1998) states,
“Empirically based uncertainty factors or taxonomic extrapolations may be used when adequate
effects databases are available but the understanding of underlying mechanisms of action or
ecological principles are [sic] limited.” In practice, the U.S. EPA uses the most sensitive
indicator species tested in risk assessments of pesticides, but in the case of endangered species,
it acknowledges that there is uncertainty regarding the relationship of the en▯dangered species’
sensitivity and the most sensitive species tested (U.S. EPA 2004).▯
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January 2011
As discussed earlier in this report, there is a higher diversity of species in Ecuador than in
temperate environments, where most of the toxicity studies have been conducted. In addition,
there are numerous endangered species in Ecuador, including along the border with Colombia.
One should therefore be especially protective when deriving exposure con▯centrations that may
be deemed protective of Ecuadorian fish, wildlife, and other biota.
For example, the IUCN lists the conservation status for 449 species of frogs in ▯Ecuador. These
species occur in 15 families and include 44 species of Bufonidae, 48 species of Centrolenidae,
81 species of Hylidae, and 7 species of Leiuperidae. The risk acceptability (level of
protectiveness) criteria applied by Dobson (2010) would imply that 23 Ecuadorian species can
th th
be placed at risk at the 96 percentile protection level, and 4 species at the 99 percentile
protection level. This represents the risk of mortality to 50% of exposed individuals at standard
application rates. To state the obvious, the risk assessment methodology employed by
Colombia is not designed to protect the most sensitive biota, and certainly not all biota.
Colombia does not know what the most sensitive or vulnerable species are and, as discussed
earlier, gives no consideration for sensitivity below the tested range, sublethal effects, or to the
special vulnerability of endangered species.
3.3 Buffer Zones as Risk Management Tools
Buffer zones are used as a risk management tool to minimize the likelihood of adverse effects
from environmental contamination (and other stressors) to sensitive human populations and
ecosystems. Examples of the establishment of buffer zones to manage risk include:
x Buffer zones around industrial facilities such as aluminum smelters to isolate
human populations and natural areas from air emissions.
x Buffer zones to manage odors from certain agricultural practices such as pig
farms and dairies.
x Buffer zones around loud industrial or commercial zones to minimize
exposure to noise, dust, etc.
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39 Annex 6
January 2011
x Buffer zones for pesticide application on agricultural fields.
x Buffer zones around sensitive habitats (riparian areas, wetlands, national
parks, or other protected areas) to minimize impacts from nearby human
activities.
Buffer zones are also commonly established as a tool for ensuring the pr▯otection of sensitive
species, areas of biodiversity, and integrated conservation and development projects. These
include buffers designed to protect cultural/historical resource sites a▯nd biodiversity hotspots,
such as national parks and unique ecosystems. According to Ebregt and De Greve (2000), the
buffer-zone concept was already integrated into policy making and program planning of multi-
lateral development organizations by the early 1970s, and evolved from the desire to protect
conservation areas by minimizing potentially negative impacts from human activities. More
recently, the integrated buffer-zone concept has been used in Integrated Conservation and
Development Projects (ICDPs) on a larger scale and among a wider group of development
organizations. The size of the buffer zone depends on the conservation and socio-economic
objectives, the availability of land, and traditional land use systems, threats, and opportunities
(Ebregt and De Greve 2000).
The buffer-zone concept has been given structure and definition through the United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO’s) Man and Biosphere
Programme. 16 Several programs, such as UNESCO’s World Heritage Sites, Biosphere
Reserves, and International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) protected areas, use
buffer zones as conservation tools. Examples of protected areas and their buffer zones include:
x Yasuní National Park in Ecuador, which contains one of the highest levels of
plant and animal diversity on the planet, has a 10-km buffer zone to protect it
from encroachment.
16 http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sc…-
programme/
17
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list
18 http://www.iucn.org/what/tpas/biodiversity/
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January 2011
x Tambopata Department of Madre de Dios in Peru, a high-biodiversity
lowland forest, has a buffer zone ranging from 2 to 25 km Wide.
x The Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve in Mexico has a 12-km buffer
zone to protect hibernating monarch butterflies.
x Batang Gadis National Park in Sumatra has a 10-km buffer zone to protect its
biodiversity from encroachment and development (logging) pressures.
In the context of protecting against exposure to harmful substances, est▯ablishment of a buffer
zone should consider the known harm caused by the substance, the likelihood of toxic exposure,
the vulnerability and sensitivity of ecological receptors and humans, and the major sources of
uncertainty described above. The exposure analysis presented in the fir▯st section of this report
clearly shows that, under realistic spray-drift conditions, deposition rates that are harmful to
sensitive plants can readily extend over distances of 10 km or greater. Considering the high
degree of uncertainty associated with a thorough hazard assessment and risk assessment, it
would be consistent with accepted risk management practice to ensure protection from adverse
effects over at least that distance.
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January 2011
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▯
Prepared▯for▯the▯Government▯of▯Ecuador ▯
▯
▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯ ▯
▯
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▯
▯
The▯Development▯of▯the▯2009▯European▯Union▯Pesticides▯Directive▯
With▯Particular▯Focus▯on▯Aerial▯Spraying▯
▯
▯
▯
▯
January▯2011▯
▯
▯
▯
BiPRO
▯
Beratungsgesellschaft für integrierte Problemlösungen
▯
▯Annex 7
▯
ii
▯
Contents▯
1 Executive Summary......................................................................................................3
2 About the Authors.........................................................................................................4
3 EU Directive 2009/128/EC and the Ban on Aerial Spraying.......................................5
3.1 Origin and Purpose of the Directive and the Ban on Aerial Spraying.........................................5
3.2 Character and Legal Effect of the Directive...............................................................................7
3.3 Development of the Directive ................................................................................................ ....7
3.4 Summary of Provisions Related to Aerial Spraying.................................................................11
4 Colombia’s Aerial Spraying Program and the EU Directive....................................13
4.1 Factual basis............................................................................................................... ............13
4.2 Application of the Standards of Directive 2009/128/EC to Colombia’s Aerial Spraying
Program..................................................................................................................................13
5 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................16
6 Annexes....................................................................................................................... 16
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▯
▯
Government▯of▯Ecuador ▯ BiPRO
The▯Development▯of▯the▯2009▯European▯Union▯Pesticides▯Directive▯With▯Particular▯Focus▯on▯Aerial▯Spraying▯ Annex 7
▯ 3
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1 Execu Stuimemary
The▯purpose▯of▯this▯report▯is▯to▯provide▯an▯overview▯of▯the▯development,▯legislative▯process▯and▯
effect▯of▯the▯European▯Union▯ban▯on▯the▯aerial▯spraying▯of▯pesticides.▯▯The▯report▯also▯considers▯
Colombia’s▯aerial▯spraying▯program▯in▯the▯context▯of▯the▯new▯EU▯Directive.▯▯▯
EU▯Directive▯2009/128/EC▯entered▯into▯force▯on▯25▯November▯2009.▯It▯sets▯mandatory▯rules▯for▯the▯
use▯of▯pesticides▯in▯the▯EU,▯and▯has▯as▯its▯objective▯to▯reduce▯the▯risks▯and▯impacts▯of▯pesticide▯use▯
on▯human▯health▯and▯the▯environment.▯
Among▯the▯measures▯introduced▯by▯the▯Directive▯is▯a▯general▯ban▯on▯the▯aerial▯spraying▯of▯pesticides,▯
subject▯only▯to▯a▯limited▯ability▯to▯derogate▯in▯exceptional▯circumstances▯when▯certain▯conditions▯are▯
present.▯ ▯ This▯ provision▯ was▯ included▯ in▯ the▯ Directive▯ following▯ extensive▯ discussions▯ by▯ EU▯
institutions,▯Member▯States’▯representatives▯and▯numerous▯stakeholders.▯It▯reflects▯the▯consensus▯
view▯at▯the▯EU▯level▯that▯the▯risks▯related▯to▯aerial▯spraying▯–▯the▯most▯important▯being▯adverse▯
effects▯to▯non▯target▯areas▯caused▯by▯spray▯drift▯–▯are▯not▯acceptable.▯▯▯Consequently,▯under▯the▯
Directive,▯aerial▯spraying▯is▯only▯permitted▯in▯limited▯situations▯and▯under▯strict▯conditions▯of▯use,▯
which▯help▯control▯the▯risks▯to▯human▯health▯▯the▯environment.▯▯EU▯Member▯States▯may▯apply▯
stricter▯legal▯restrictions▯than▯foreseen▯in▯the▯Directive▯but▯are▯not▯permitted▯to▯fall▯short▯of▯the▯
standards▯it▯imposes.▯▯
Based▯ on▯ the▯ risk▯prevention▯ rationale▯ of▯ Directive▯ 2009/128/EC▯ and▯ its▯ general▯ ban▯ on▯ aerial▯
spraying,▯the▯aerial▯spraying▯program▯to▯eradicate▯coca▯crops▯in▯Colombia▯would▯not▯be▯authorized▯in▯
the▯EU.▯
Government▯of▯Ecuado▯ BiPRO
The▯Development▯of▯the▯2009▯European▯Union▯Pesticides▯Directive▯With▯Particular▯Focus▯on▯Aerial▯Spraying▯Annex 7
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2 A Aubhoeuotrs
This▯ report▯ was▯ prepared▯ by▯ Dr.▯ Reinhard▯ Joas▯ (Dipl.▯Ing.,▯ Dipl.▯Ök.)▯ with▯ the▯ assistance▯ of▯ Dr.▯
Alexandra▯ Polcher,▯ of▯ the▯ consulting▯ company▯ BiPRO▯ (Beratungsgesellschaft▯ für▯ integrierte▯
Problemlösungen).▯
Dr.▯Joas▯is▯the▯founder▯and▯Managing▯Director▯of▯BiPRO.▯▯He▯has▯served▯as▯consultant▯and▯policy▯
adviser▯for▯more▯than▯a▯decade▯to▯national▯regulatory▯authorities,▯European▯institutions,▯including▯
the▯European▯Commission▯and▯the▯European▯Parliament,▯and▯industry,▯focusing▯on▯issues▯related▯to▯
pesticides,▯chemicals▯management,▯and▯risk▯prevention.▯▯
Dr.▯Joas▯has▯also▯served▯as▯an▯international▯expert▯for▯the▯United▯Nations▯Industrial▯Development▯
Organisation▯(UNIDO)▯on▯chemicals,▯pesticides▯and▯cleaner▯production▯for▯more▯than▯7▯years,▯and▯is▯a▯
member▯of▯the▯UNIDO▯advisory▯board▯for▯Latin▯America.▯▯Dr.▯Joas’▯work▯on▯behalf▯of▯UNIDO▯has▯
included▯a▯project▯on▯the▯use▯of▯Plant▯Protection▯Products▯in▯Sri▯Lanka▯and▯another▯project▯on▯the▯use▯
of▯Plant▯Protection▯Products▯in▯Serbia,▯both▯of▯which▯involved▯advising▯on▯the▯risks▯associated▯with▯
pesticide▯use.▯Dr.▯Joas▯has▯also▯been▯ retained▯as▯an▯ international▯expert▯for▯the▯United▯Nations▯
Environmental▯Programme▯(UNEP)▯on▯the▯responsible▯production▯and▯prevention▯of▯accidents.▯▯He▯is▯
an▯ active▯ member▯ of▯the▯ international▯ UNIDO▯UNEP▯ network▯onsource▯efficiency▯ and▯cleaner▯
production.▯
Beginning▯in▯2003,▯Dr.▯Joas▯served▯as▯a▯consultant▯to▯the▯European▯Commission▯to▯evaluate▯policy▯
options▯ for▯regulating▯ pesticide▯ use▯generally▯and▯ aerial▯ spraying▯ in▯ particular.▯ ▯Dr.▯ Joas▯ led▯ the▯
project▯ team▯ that▯ conducted▯ an▯ extended▯ impact▯ assessment▯ for▯ the▯ European▯ Commission▯ to▯
evaluate▯ proposed▯ policies▯ related▯ to▯ the▯ use▯ of▯ pesticides,▯ including▯ the▯ general▯ ban▯ on▯ aerial▯
spraying.▯▯The▯assessment▯examined▯various▯policy▯options▯with▯regard▯to▯their▯economic,▯social▯and▯
environmental▯impacts▯in▯order▯to▯provide▯EU▯institutions▯with▯a▯basis▯on▯which▯to▯make▯an▯informed▯
decision.▯▯The▯final▯report,▯“Assessing▯economic▯impacts▯of▯the▯specific▯measures▯to▯be▯part▯of▯the▯
Thematic▯ Strategy▯ on▯ the▯ Sustainable▯ Use▯ of▯ Pesticides,”▯ issued▯ in▯ October▯ 2004,▯ contributed▯
significantly▯ to▯ the▯ European▯ Commission’s▯ development▯ of▯ Directive▯ 2009/128/EC▯ on▯ the▯
sustainable▯use▯of▯pesticides.▯▯
On▯behalf▯of▯the▯European▯Commission,▯Dr.▯Joas▯helped▯to▯conduct▯an▯Expert▯Meeting▯on▯Aerial▯
Spraying▯held▯in▯March▯2004,▯which▯included▯more▯than▯80▯stakeholders▯ranging▯from▯regulatory▯
authorities▯from▯Member▯States,▯to▯applicators▯and▯pilots,▯farmers,▯industry▯and▯NGOs.▯▯The▯Expert▯
Meeting▯further▯contributed▯to▯the▯evaluation▯of▯various▯policy▯options▯and▯the▯development▯of▯
provisions▯that▯wereincluded▯in▯Article▯9▯of▯Directive▯2009/128/EC.▯▯▯
Dr.▯Joas▯also▯participated▯in▯the▯Inter▯Service▯consultation▯regarding▯the▯proposed▯policies,▯which▯
involved▯ the▯ EU▯ Directorates▯ General▯ for▯ Environment,▯ Health▯ and▯ Consumers,▯ Agriculture,▯ and▯
Enterprise▯and▯Industry.▯▯The▯impact▯assessment▯that▯resulted▯from▯the▯Inter▯Service▯consultation▯
represented▯a▯key▯step▯towards▯the▯Commission’s▯legislative▯proposal▯that▯was▯ultimately▯adopted▯by▯
the▯European▯Parliament▯and▯the▯European▯Council▯on▯13▯January▯2009▯and▯24▯September▯2009,▯
respectively.▯▯Dr.▯Joas’▯curriculum▯vitae▯is▯provided▯in▯Appendix▯1.▯▯
▯
▯
Government▯of▯Ecuado▯
The▯Development▯of▯the▯2009▯European▯Union▯Pesticides▯Directive▯With▯Particular▯Focus▯on▯Aerial▯Spraying▯ Annex 7
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3 EU Directive 2009/128/EC and the Ban on Aerial
Spraying
In▯2009,▯the▯European▯Union▯adopted▯a▯general▯ban▯on▯aerial▯spraying▯that▯applies▯to▯all▯EU▯Member▯
States.▯▯More▯specifically,▯Article▯9▯of▯Directive▯2009/128/EC▯states▯that▯“Member▯States▯shall▯ensure▯
that▯ aerial▯ spraying▯ is▯ prohibited”▯ (Art.▯ 9(1)).▯ ▯ Derogations▯ are▯ allowed▯ only▯ in▯ exceptional▯
circumstances▯when▯certain▯conditions▯are▯met.▯▯This▯policy▯is▯part▯of▯a▯broader,▯legally▯binding▯
Directive▯to▯strengthen▯the▯regulation▯of▯pesticide▯use▯in▯the▯EU.▯▯▯▯▯▯
This▯section▯discusses▯the▯origin▯and▯purpose▯of▯the▯Directive▯and▯the▯ban▯on▯aerial▯spraying,▯which▯
are▯intended▯to▯reduce▯the▯health▯and▯environmental▯risks▯associated▯with▯the▯use▯of▯pesticides.▯▯▯It▯
then▯addresses▯the▯character▯and▯legally▯binding▯nature▯of▯the▯Directive▯under▯EU▯law,▯and▯describes▯
the▯development▯of▯the▯ban▯on▯aerial▯spraying,▯which▯included▯extensive▯public▯consultation,▯expert▯
review,▯and▯input▯from▯both▯the▯administrative▯and▯legislative▯branches▯of▯the▯European▯Union.▯▯The▯
section▯concludes▯with▯a▯summary▯of▯the▯Directive’s▯provisions▯regarding▯aerial▯spraying.▯
3.1 Origin▯and▯Purpose▯of▯the▯Directive▯and▯the▯Ban▯on▯Aerial▯Spraying▯
The▯central▯objective▯of▯Directive▯2009/128/EC▯is▯the▯minimisation▯of▯risk▯for▯human▯health▯and▯the▯
environment.▯▯The▯general▯ban▯on▯aerial▯spraying▯was▯seen▯as▯a▯necessary▯measure▯in▯this▯context.▯
The▯overall▯purpose▯of▯the▯Directive▯is▯reflected▯by▯its▯Article▯1:▯▯
“The▯Directive▯aims▯at▯achieving▯a▯sustainable▯use▯of▯pesticides▯by▯reducing▯the▯risks▯and▯
impacts▯of▯pesticide▯use▯on▯human▯health▯and▯the▯environment▯and▯promoting▯the▯use▯of▯
integrated▯ pest▯ management▯ and▯ of▯ alternative▯ approaches▯ or▯ techniques▯ such▯ as▯ non▯
chemical▯alternatives▯to▯pesticides.”▯
With▯respect▯to▯aerial▯spraying,▯the▯Directive▯states▯that:▯▯
“Aerial▯ Spraying▯ of▯ pesticides▯ has▯ the▯ potential▯ to▯ cause▯ significant▯ adverse▯ impacts▯ on▯
human▯health▯and▯the▯environment,▯in▯particular▯from▯spray▯drift.▯▯Therefore,▯aerial▯spraying▯
should▯ generally▯ be▯ prohibited▯ with▯ derogations▯ possible▯ where▯ it▯ represents▯ clear▯
advantages▯ in▯ terms▯ of▯ reduced▯ impacts▯ on▯ human▯ health▯ and▯ the▯ environment▯ in▯
comparison▯to▯other▯spraying▯methods,▯or▯where▯there▯are▯no▯viable▯alternatives,▯provided▯
that▯the▯best▯available▯technology▯to▯reduce▯drift▯is▯used.”▯▯(Directive▯2009/128/EC,▯Recital▯
14).▯
Thus,▯ the▯ overarching▯ objective▯ of▯ both▯ the▯ Directive▯ as▯ a▯ whole▯ and▯ its▯ general▯ ban▯ on▯ aerial▯
spraying▯is▯to▯reduce▯the▯risks▯and▯impacts▯of▯pesticide▯use▯on▯human▯health▯and▯the▯environment.▯▯
The▯European▯Commission’s▯“Impact▯Assessment▯of▯the▯Thematic▯Strategy▯on▯the▯Sustainable▯Use▯of▯
Pesticides”▯explains▯the▯concerns▯behind▯the▯Directive▯in▯greater▯detail:▯
x Pesticides▯have▯an▯adverse▯impact▯on▯human▯health▯when▯the▯degree▯of▯exposure▯exceeds▯
the▯level▯considered▯to▯be▯safe.▯Both▯direct▯exposure▯(workers▯and▯operators)▯and▯indirect▯
exposure▯(consumers,▯residents,▯and▯bystanders)▯are▯of▯concern▯in▯this▯respect.▯▯Indirect▯
risks,▯via▯spray▯drift▯or▯otherwise,▯can▯be▯amplified▯for▯vulnerable▯population▯groups▯such▯as▯
Government▯of▯Ecuador ▯
The▯Development▯of▯the▯2009▯European▯Union▯Pesticides▯Directive▯With▯Particular▯Focus▯on▯Aerial▯Spraying▯Annex 7
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children,▯the▯elderly,▯immunologically▯compromised▯people,▯and▯agricultural▯workers▯who▯
receive▯more▯intensive▯exposure.▯
x Pesticides,▯which▯may▯enter▯the▯environment▯through▯direct▯application,▯leaching,▯run▯off▯or▯
spray▯drift,▯have▯adverse▯impacts▯by▯contaminating▯water,▯air▯and▯soil,▯damaging▯plants▯and▯
wildlife,▯and▯causing▯a▯loss▯of▯biodiversity. ▯▯▯▯
A▯study▯mandated▯by▯the▯Commission▯and▯relating▯to▯future▯EU▯policy▯on▯pesticides▯(called▯“plant▯
protection▯ products▯ (PPP)”▯ under▯ EU▯ legislation)▯ identified▯ the▯ following▯ “Top▯ Ten”▯ concerns▯ in▯
connection▯with▯pesticide▯use▯in▯the▯Member▯States:▯
▯▯▯
x Contamination▯of▯water▯resources▯used▯for▯human▯consumption▯
x Possible▯adverse▯effects▯on▯the▯ecology,▯e.g.,▯non▯target▯species▯
x Risks▯to▯consumers▯from▯food▯via▯residues▯
x Effects▯of▯exposure▯to▯residues▯in▯water,▯soil▯and▯air▯
x Contamination▯of▯surface▯water▯or▯marine▯environments▯
x Risks▯to▯users▯of▯agricultural▯chemicals▯
x Misuse▯of▯PPP▯due▯to▯lack▯of▯knowledge▯among▯the▯users▯
x Specific▯concern▯about▯adverse▯effects▯on▯an▯ecosystem▯element▯
x Dependence▯of▯agriculture▯on▯chemicals▯for▯pest▯control▯
x Frequent▯and▯large▯scale▯use▯of▯PPP 2▯
In▯ order▯ to▯ avoid▯ these▯ risks,▯ the▯ starting▯ point▯ for▯ the▯ discussion▯ of▯ policy▯ options▯ during▯ the▯
development▯of▯the▯Directive▯was▯the▯proposal▯that▯use▯of▯pesticides▯must▯be▯well▯directed▯to▯the▯
intended▯target,▯and▯off▯target▯effects▯of▯pesticides▯should▯be▯avoided▯in▯order▯to▯protect▯water,▯air▯
3
and▯soil,▯plants▯and▯wildlife,▯and▯biodiversity. ▯▯With▯respect▯to▯aerial▯spraying,▯the▯policy▯discussions▯
considered▯that:▯
x spray▯drift▯is▯a▯side▯effect▯which▯is▯inherent▯to▯aerial▯spraying;▯
x spray▯ drift▯ always▯ has▯ some▯ effect▯ on▯ non▯target▯ organisms,▯ which▯ is▯ considered▯ an▯
undesirable▯consequence;▯▯
x thus,▯a▯general▯ban▯on▯aerial▯spraying▯minimises▯risks▯to▯human▯health▯and▯the▯environment.▯
In▯particular,▯the▯Commission’s▯Impact▯Assessment▯explained▯that▯aerial▯spraying▯“is▯suspected▯to▯
have▯ been▯ at▯ the▯ origin▯ of▯ a▯ majority▯ of▯ cases▯ where▯ dosages▯ were▯ exceeded▯ and▯ where▯ the▯
environment,▯in▯particular,▯watercourses,▯and▯residents▯and▯bystanders▯were▯endangered.” 4▯▯The▯
Commission▯also▯noted▯that▯among▯the▯national▯policy▯initiatives▯that▯have▯been▯used▯to▯address▯the▯
risks▯of▯pesticides▯to▯human▯health▯and▯the▯environment▯was▯the▯“[p]rohibition▯of▯aerial▯spraying▯for▯
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targeted▯protection▯of▯sensitive▯species▯and▯habitats,▯and▯protection▯of▯waters▯in▯general.” ▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
1▯▯ (SEC▯(2006)▯894),▯p.▯6,▯available▯at▯http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ppps/pdf/sec_2006_0894.pdf,▯p.▯24;▯
see▯also▯Communication,▯Towards▯a▯Thematic▯Strategy,▯p.▯12▯13,▯available▯at▯http://eur▯
2 lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2002/com2002_0349en01.pdf.▯▯
▯Oppenheimer,▯Wolf▯and▯Donnelly,▯1998.▯Possibilities▯for▯future▯EU▯environmental▯policy▯on▯plant▯
protection▯products,▯Synthesis▯report▯of▯six▯sub▯reports▯in▯PES▯A/phase▯2,▯referenced▯in▯COM(2002)▯349▯final,▯
p.▯21.▯
3▯▯ Document▯SEC▯(2006)▯894),▯p.▯24.▯
4
5▯▯ Document▯SEC▯(2006)▯894,▯p.▯39.▯
▯COM▯(2002)▯349▯final,▯p.▯22.▯
Government▯of▯Ecuador ▯ BiPRO
The▯Development▯of▯the▯2009▯European▯Union▯Pesticides▯Directive▯With▯Particular▯Focus▯on▯Aerial▯Spraying▯ Annex 7
▯ 7
▯
Following▯the▯course▯already▯taken▯by▯a▯number▯of▯Member▯States,▯the▯European▯Union▯determined▯
that▯the▯risks▯posed▯by▯aerial▯spraying▯were▯unacceptable▯and▯that,▯as▯a▯result,▯aerial▯spraying▯should▯
not▯be▯permitted.▯▯Only▯in▯rare,▯exceptional▯cases▯could▯derogations▯from▯the▯ban▯be▯authorized,▯and▯
in▯such▯cases,▯specific▯measures▯must▯be▯taken▯to▯reduce▯the▯impacts▯and▯risks▯from▯aerial▯spraying.▯▯
3.2 Character▯and▯Legal▯Effect▯of▯the▯Directive▯
In▯the▯European▯Union,▯environmental▯policies▯such▯Directive▯2009/128/EC▯represent▯the▯agreement▯
of▯the▯European▯Parliament▯and▯the▯European▯Council▯on▯a▯proposal▯by▯the▯European▯Commission,▯as▯
amended▯ during▯ readings▯ before▯ the▯ legislative▯ bodies.▯ ▯ Like▯ most▯ EU▯ Directives,▯ the▯ Pesticides▯
Directive▯ reflects▯ the▯ result▯ of▯ expert▯ statements,▯ stakeholder▯ consultation,▯ inter▯services▯
consultation▯among▯the▯relevant▯EU▯agencies,▯and▯compromises▯between▯the▯institutions▯and▯various▯
involved▯actors.▯▯
Legally,▯an▯EU▯Directive▯requires▯Member▯States▯to▯directly▯implement▯the▯provisions▯adopted▯by▯the▯
competent▯EU▯institutions.▯▯Directives▯are▯implemented▯through▯national▯legislation▯that▯makes▯the▯
policy▯binding▯on▯citizens▯and▯private▯legal▯entities.▯The▯precise▯form▯and▯method▯of▯implementation▯
is▯left▯to▯national▯authorities▯(see▯Article▯249▯of▯Treaty▯Establishing▯the▯European▯Community▯(TEC)▯
6
and▯Article▯288▯of ▯Treaty▯on▯the▯Functioning▯of▯the▯European▯Union▯(TFEU) ).▯
With▯respect▯to▯the▯development▯of▯Directive▯2009/128/EC,▯the▯European▯Commission▯determined▯
that▯ additional▯ guidance▯ and/or▯ recommendations▯ would▯ be▯ inadequate.▯ ▯ In▯ that▯ regard,▯ the▯
legislative▯ proposal▯ of▯ the▯ European▯ Commission▯ explains▯ the▯ choice▯ of▯ a▯ binding▯ framework▯
directive▯as▯the▯appropriate▯instrument▯by▯observing▯that▯“simple▯recommendations▯would▯not▯be▯
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efficient▯to▯achieve▯the▯envisaged▯objectives▯as▯these▯could▯not▯be▯enforced.” ▯▯A▯binding▯directive▯
was▯therefore▯recommended▯because▯if▯a▯Member▯State▯fails▯to▯implement▯a▯Directive,▯the▯European▯
Commission▯ has▯ the▯ authority▯ to▯ launch▯ an▯ infringement▯ procedure▯ and▯ to▯ bring▯ the▯ respective▯
Member▯State▯to▯the▯European▯Court▯of▯Justice▯(Article▯228▯TEC▯/▯Article▯260▯TFEU).▯▯▯
Importantly,▯an▯EU▯Directive▯represents▯a▯minimum▯standard▯and▯the▯national▯legislation▯of▯Member▯
States may▯ be▯ stricter▯ than▯ the▯ minimum▯ requirements▯ in▯ the▯ Directive▯ itself. 8▯▯In▯the▯case▯of▯
Directive▯2009/128/EC,▯some▯Member▯States▯have▯in▯place▯a▯total▯ban▯on▯aerial▯spraying▯with▯no▯
possibility▯for▯derogation,▯which▯goes▯beyond▯the▯requirements▯of▯the▯Directive.▯▯▯
3.3 Development▯of▯the▯Directive▯
Directive▯2009/128/EC▯was▯the▯result▯of▯an▯extended▯consultation▯process▯amongst▯stakeholders▯and▯
policymakers▯at▯the▯European▯and▯national▯levels.▯▯During▯this▯process,▯various▯policy▯options▯were▯
evaluated▯ based▯ on▯ their▯ economic,▯ social,▯ health,▯ and▯ environmental▯ impacts.▯ ▯ The▯ European▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
6▯▯ Directive▯2009/128/EC▯was▯adopted▯under▯the▯framework▯of▯the▯TEC▯which▯was▯repealed▯and▯replaced▯
effective▯1▯December▯2009▯by▯the▯TFEU▯as▯the▯Treaties▯of▯Lisbon▯entered▯into▯force.▯In▯this▯document,▯
references▯are▯made▯to▯both▯the▯TEC▯and▯the▯TFEU;▯deviations▯by▯the▯new▯framework▯are▯indicated.▯
7▯Proposal▯for▯a▯Directive▯of▯the▯European▯Parliament▯and▯of▯the▯Council▯establishing▯a▯framework▯for▯
Community▯action▯to▯achieve▯a▯sustainable▯use▯of▯pesticides,▯presented▯by▯the▯Commission▯(COM(2006)▯
373▯final),▯p.▯12,▯available▯at▯http://eur▯
8 lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2006:0373:FIN:EN:PDF▯▯
▯For▯the▯case▯of▯legal▯acts▯based▯on▯the▯competence▯on▯the▯environment,▯see▯Article▯176▯TEC▯/▯Article▯193▯
TFEU.▯▯
Government▯of▯Ecuador ▯ BiPRO
The▯Development▯of▯the▯2009▯European▯Union▯Pesticides▯Directive▯With▯Particular▯Focus▯on▯Aerial▯Spraying▯Annex 7
▯ 8
▯
Commission▯ received▯ significant▯ feedback▯ from▯ interested▯ parties,▯ including▯ industry,▯ NGOs,▯ and▯
Member▯States.▯▯Different▯geographical▯conditions▯and▯agricultural▯histories▯were▯represented.▯▯ ▯
The▯ purpose▯ of▯ Directive▯ 2009/128/EC▯ was▯ to▯ minimize▯ the▯ health▯ and▯ environmental▯ risks▯
associated▯with▯the▯use▯of▯pesticides▯and▯to▯fill▯a▯legislative▯gap▯at▯the▯EU▯Level▯regarding▯the▯use▯
phase▯of▯pesticide▯regulation.▯▯While▯the▯EU▯had▯previously▯established▯consistent▯standards▯for▯the▯
authorisation▯ of▯ pesticides▯ and▯ requirements▯ governing▯ certain▯ other▯ issues,▯ such▯ as▯ maximum▯
residue▯levels▯on▯food▯and▯feedstuffs,▯water▯protection,▯and▯the▯proper▯disposal▯of▯pesticides,▯the▯
use▯phase▯had▯not▯been▯not▯regulated▯at▯the▯EU▯level.▯▯Rather,▯the▯regulation▯of▯pesticide▯use▯prior▯to▯
the▯ Directive▯ had▯ been▯ largely▯ left▯ to▯ the▯ Member▯ States.▯ ▯ As▯ a▯ result,▯ there▯ were▯ different▯
approaches▯and▯different▯levels▯of▯protection▯throughout▯the▯EU.▯▯With▯respect▯to▯aerial▯spraying,▯the▯
approach▯of▯the▯Member▯States▯varied.▯A▯total▯ban▯(e.g.▯Estonia,▯Slovenia)▯could▯be▯observed▯as▯well▯
as▯▯a▯ban▯with▯exceptions▯(e.g.▯Italy)▯or▯regulatory▯schemes▯controlling▯how▯aerial▯spraying▯may▯be▯
carried▯out▯(e.g.▯Spain).▯▯In▯10▯of▯the▯EU▯Member▯States,▯no▯aerial▯spraying▯took▯place,▯partly▯on▯the▯
basis▯of▯a▯national ▯legal▯ban. ▯▯▯
During▯the▯course▯of▯the▯consultation▯process,▯the▯rationale▯behind▯the▯Directive▯–▯namely▯that▯
minimising▯risks▯for▯health▯and▯the▯environment▯arising▯from▯pesticides▯use▯should▯be▯tackled▯at▯the▯
Community▯level▯to▯ensure▯a▯high▯level▯of▯protection▯across▯Europe▯–▯was▯never▯seriously▯questioned.▯▯
▯
3.3.1 The▯6th▯Environmental▯Action▯Programme▯
Efforts▯at▯the▯EU▯level▯to▯address▯the▯risks▯associated▯with▯the▯use▯of▯pesticides▯started▯in▯2002▯with▯
th th 10
the▯adoption▯of▯the▯6 ▯Environment▯Action▯Programme▯(6 ▯EAP) ▯by▯the▯European▯Parliament▯and▯
the▯European▯Council.▯▯The▯Decision▯adopting▯the▯6 t▯EAP▯recognised▯that▯the▯impact▯of▯pesticides▯on▯
human▯health▯and▯the▯environment▯must▯be▯reduced▯and▯stated▯that▯“there▯is▯no▯equal▯level▯of▯
protection▯ of▯ human▯ health▯ and▯ the▯ environment▯ throughout▯ the▯ Community▯ and▯ pesticide▯ use▯
11 th
shows▯diverging▯trends▯between▯Member▯States.” ▯The▯6 ▯EAP▯proposed▯the▯development▯of▯a▯
Thematic▯Strategy▯on▯the▯Sustainable▯Use▯of▯Pesticides▯with▯the▯following▯specific▯objectives:▯
1. to▯minimise▯the▯hazards▯and▯risks▯to▯health▯and▯the▯environment▯from▯the▯use▯of▯pesticides;▯
2. to▯improve▯controls▯on▯the▯use▯and▯distribution▯of▯pesticides;▯
3. to▯reduce▯the▯levels▯of▯harmful▯active▯substances,▯including▯through▯substituting▯the▯most▯
dangerous▯ones▯with▯safer▯(including▯non▯chemical)▯alternatives;▯
4. to▯encourage▯the▯use▯of▯low▯input▯or▯pesticide▯free▯crop▯farming,▯in▯particular▯by▯raising▯
users'▯awareness▯and▯by▯promoting▯codes▯of▯good▯practices;▯and▯
5. to▯establish▯a▯transparent▯system▯for▯reporting▯and▯monitoring▯the▯progress▯made▯in▯the▯
achievement▯ of▯ the▯ objectives▯ of▯ the▯ strategy,▯ including▯ the▯ development▯ of▯ suitable▯
indicators. ▯
▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
9▯▯ Document▯SEC▯(2006)▯894,▯p.▯99▯100.▯
10
▯▯ Decision▯n°▯1600/2002/EC▯of▯the▯European▯Parliament▯and▯of▯the▯Council▯of▯22▯July▯2002▯laying▯down▯the▯
Sixth▯Community▯Environment▯Action▯Programme▯–▯OJ▯L▯242,▯10.9.2002,▯p.1▯
11▯▯ COM(2006)▯373▯final,▯p.▯8▯
12▯The▯concept▯of▯thematic▯strategies▯was▯introduced▯in▯the▯6 ▯EAP▯and▯should▯be▯seen▯as▯a▯complement▯to▯the▯
full▯implementation▯and▯review▯of▯the▯effectiveness▯of▯the▯existing▯legal▯framework.▯▯
Government▯of▯Ecuador ▯
The▯Development▯of▯the▯2009▯European▯Union▯Pesticides▯Directive▯With▯Particular▯Focus▯on▯Aerial▯Spraying▯ BiPRO Annex 7
▯ 9
▯
th
Pursuant▯ to▯ the▯ 6 ▯ EAP,▯ the▯ European▯ Commission▯ adopted▯ in▯ 2002▯ a▯ Communication▯ entitled▯
“Towards▯ a▯ Thematic▯ Strategy▯ on▯ the▯ Sustainable▯ Use▯ of▯ Pesticides.” 13▯ ▯ In▯ particular,▯ the▯
Communication▯identified▯aerial▯spraying▯as▯an▯area▯where▯action▯was▯needed▯to▯minimize▯hazards▯
and▯risks▯to▯health▯and▯environment▯from▯the▯use▯of▯pesticides.▯▯The▯Commission▯proposed▯a▯general▯
ban▯ on▯ aerial▯ spraying▯ with▯ specific▯ derogations▯ authorized▯ by▯ the▯ national▯ authorities▯ of▯ the▯
Member▯ States▯ only▯ if▯ aerial▯ spraying▯ presents▯ clear▯ advantages▯ and▯ environmental▯ benefits▯
14
compared▯to▯other▯methods. ▯▯The▯Communication▯was▯primarily▯based▯on▯the▯results▯of▯a▯two▯
phase▯study▯programme▯conducted▯in▯co▯operation▯with▯the▯Dutch▯authorities▯since▯1992.▯▯
3.3.2 Public▯Consultation▯and▯Technical▯Meetings▯
The▯ Thematic▯ Strategy▯ was▯ the▯ basis▯ for▯ a▯ public▯ consultation▯ process▯ that▯ began▯ in▯ July▯ 2002.▯▯
Enterprises,▯associations,▯and▯other▯concerned▯stakeholders,▯including▯private▯persons,▯were▯invited▯
to▯comment▯on▯the▯document.▯▯More▯than▯150▯responses▯were▯received▯between▯July▯and▯November▯
2002.▯▯Subsequently,▯a▯stakeholder▯conference 15▯on▯“Discussing▯the▯communication▯and▯establishing▯
a▯priority▯list▯to▯develop▯the▯Thematic▯Strategy,”▯was▯held.▯▯The▯conference▯was▯attended,▯among▯
others,▯ by▯ farmers▯ and▯ growers,▯ NGOs,▯ industry,▯ social▯ partners,▯ the▯ EU▯ Commission,▯ and▯
representatives ▯of▯public▯authorities▯in▯Member▯States,▯as▯well▯as▯by▯other▯interested▯parties.▯▯
Additional▯ public▯ consultation▯ regarding▯ the▯key▯ elements▯of▯the▯new▯ legislative▯ framework▯was▯
conducted▯over▯the▯internet▯from▯17▯March▯2005▯to▯12▯May▯2005.▯▯The▯Commission▯received▯nearly▯
1,800▯ responses.▯ ▯ Nearly▯ half▯ of▯ the▯ responses▯ submitted▯ highlighted▯ the▯ need▯ for▯ minimum▯
requirements▯to▯ensure▯that▯aerial▯spraying▯is▯done▯with▯great▯care,▯the▯need▯for▯risk▯assessments▯by▯
national▯authorities,▯and▯the▯importance▯of▯training▯and▯certification▯of▯pilots.▯
Further,▯between▯March▯2003▯and▯June▯2004,▯a▯number▯of▯technical▯meetings▯were▯held,▯including▯
meetings▯on▯aerial▯spraying.▯▯During▯these▯discussions,▯it▯was▯emphasized▯by▯numerous▯stakeholders▯
that▯minimum▯requirements▯at▯the▯EU▯level▯should▯be▯established▯and▯that▯training▯and▯certification▯
16
of▯applicators▯was▯a▯critical▯element▯for▯regulating▯the▯effects▯of▯aerial▯spraying. ▯▯
3.3.3 Expert▯Analysis▯
In▯parallel▯to▯the▯public▯comment▯process▯and▯the▯technical▯meetings,▯the▯possible▯impacts▯of▯the▯
different▯policy▯options▯were▯assessed▯in▯a▯study▯carried▯out▯by▯Dr.▯Reinhard▯Joas▯on▯behalf▯of▯the▯
17
European▯Commission. ▯▯For▯each▯of▯the▯policies▯under▯consideration,▯three▯to▯five▯options▯ranging▯
from▯voluntary▯to▯mandatory▯measures▯were▯examined▯with▯regard▯to▯their▯economic,▯social,▯and▯
environmental▯impacts.▯▯In▯addition,▯a▯no▯action▯scenario▯was▯considered▯as▯a▯reference▯against▯
which▯to▯appraise▯the▯costs▯and▯benefits▯anticipated▯from▯the▯measures▯proposed.▯▯This▯report▯was▯
also▯subject▯to▯public▯comment,▯and▯a▯broad▯range▯of▯feedback▯was▯received▯from▯stakeholders.▯▯▯▯
With▯respect▯to▯the▯analysis▯of▯policy▯options▯to▯regulate▯aerial▯spraying,▯the▯study▯found▯that▯while▯
13▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯▯ COM▯(2002)▯349▯
14▯▯▯COM▯(2002)▯349,▯p.▯30.▯▯
15▯▯ http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ppps/1st_step_conf.htm▯
16
▯See▯minutes▯of▯technical▯meeting▯of▯31▯March▯2004,▯available▯at▯
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ppps/pdf/minutes_aerialspray.pdf ▯▯▯
17▯Assessing▯economic▯impacts▯of▯the▯specific▯measures▯to▯be▯part▯of▯the▯Thematic▯Strategy▯on▯the▯Sustainable▯
Use▯of▯Pesticides,▯ENV.C.4/ETU/2003/0094R,▯p.▯103,▯October▯2004,▯
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ppps/pdf/bipro_ppp_final_report.pdf .▯
Government▯of▯Ecuador ▯
The▯Development▯of▯the▯2009▯European▯Union▯Pesticides▯Directive▯With▯Particular▯Focus▯on▯Aerial▯Spraying▯ BiPROAnnex 7
▯ 10
▯
the▯situation▯varies▯between▯the▯Member▯States,▯all▯Member▯States▯(except▯Malta)▯regulated▯aerial▯
18
spraying. ▯▯The▯study▯also▯found▯that▯while▯strict▯minimum▯requirements▯or▯a▯legally▯binding▯ban▯on▯
aerial▯spraying▯would▯bring▯major▯benefits▯to▯the▯environment▯and▯to▯the▯health▯of▯operators▯and▯
bystanders,▯financial▯instruments▯were▯not▯favoured▯because▯they▯could▯not▯guarantee▯the▯necessary▯
controls▯and▯ensure▯a▯clear▯shift▯away▯from▯improper▯aerial▯spraying▯practices.▯▯▯
3.3.4 Inter▯Service▯Group▯Impact▯Assessment▯
On▯the▯basis▯of▯the▯analyses▯developed▯in▯the▯Commission’s▯Communication▯“Towards▯a▯Thematic▯
Strategy▯on▯the▯Sustainable▯Use▯of▯Pesticides” ▯and▯in▯the▯outcome▯of▯the▯consultation▯process,▯an▯
Inter▯Service▯Group▯consisting▯of▯experts▯from▯the▯EU▯Directorates▯General▯for▯Environment,▯Health▯
and▯Consumers,▯Agriculture▯and▯Enterprise▯and▯Industry,▯conducted▯an▯extended▯assessment▯of▯the▯
20
economic,▯social,▯and▯environmental▯impacts▯of▯the▯policies▯under▯consideration. ▯▯Among▯the▯most▯
important▯measures▯considered▯were▯training▯and▯certification▯of▯pesticide▯users,▯certification▯and▯
technical▯checks▯of▯spraying▯equipment,▯enhanced▯protection▯of▯water,▯and▯a▯general▯ban▯on▯aerial▯
spraying.▯▯▯▯
3.3.5 Legislative▯Process▯
In▯ July▯ 2006,▯ following▯ the▯ extended▯ public▯ consultation▯ process,▯ expert▯ review,▯ and▯ impact▯
assessment,▯the▯European▯Commission▯adopted▯the▯final▯“Thematic▯Strategy▯on▯the▯Sustainable▯Use▯
of▯ Pesticides” ▯ and▯ prepared▯ a▯ legislative▯ proposal▯ for▯ revising▯ the▯ European▯ Union’s▯ legal▯
framework▯on▯pesticides.▯▯This▯legislative▯proposal▯included▯a▯framework▯Directive▯on▯the▯Sustainable▯
Use▯of▯Pesticides,▯which▯included▯a▯general▯ban▯on▯aerial▯spraying. 22▯▯Taking▯into▯consideration▯the▯
outcome▯of▯the▯consultation▯process,▯the▯Commission▯explained▯the▯rationale▯for▯the▯proposed▯ban▯
on▯aerial▯spraying▯as▯follows:▯
“Article▯9▯obliges▯Member▯States▯to▯prohibit▯Aerial▯Spraying▯but▯allows▯for▯derogations.▯Aerial▯
Spraying▯should▯be▯prohibited▯because▯of▯its▯high▯potential▯to▯cause▯adverse▯effects▯on▯human▯
health▯and▯the▯environment▯from▯spray▯drift.▯Derogations▯could▯be▯granted▯where▯Aerial▯
Spraying▯ has▯ clear▯ advantages▯ and▯ environmental▯ benefits▯ compared▯ to▯ other▯ spraying▯
methods▯or▯where▯there▯are▯no▯viable▯alternatives.▯Detailed▯requirements▯for▯derogation▯will▯
be▯ adopted▯ at▯ the▯ level▯ of▯ the▯ Member▯ States,▯ on▯ which▯ they▯ shall▯ report▯ to▯ the▯
Commission.” 2▯
Unlike▯ other▯ pieces▯ of▯ environmental▯ legislation▯ at▯ the▯ EU▯ level,▯ Directive▯ 2009/128/EC▯ moved▯
relatively▯swiftly▯through▯the▯legislative▯process.▯▯Notably,▯both▯the▯European▯Parliament▯and▯the▯
European▯ Council▯ endorsed▯ the▯ Commission’s▯ proposed▯ general▯ ban▯ on▯ aerial▯ spraying▯ and▯ the▯
18▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯Assessing▯economic▯impacts▯of▯the▯specific▯measures▯to▯be▯part▯of▯the▯Thematic▯Strategy▯on▯the▯Sustainable▯
Use▯of▯Pesticides,▯ENV.C.4/ETU/2003/0094R,▯p.▯97▯98,▯October▯2004..▯
19▯Document▯COM(2002)▯349▯final,▯available▯at▯http://eur▯
20x.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2002/com2002_0349en01.pdf▯
▯Document▯SEC▯(2006)▯894.▯▯
21▯ COM▯(2006)▯372▯final▯
22▯▯ COM▯(2006)▯373▯final.▯▯Directive▯2009/128/EC▯is▯part▯of▯a▯“package”▯of▯EU▯regulation▯that▯includes▯the▯
▯
Regulation▯1107/2009▯on▯the▯collection▯on▯statistics▯on▯plant▯protection▯products▯on▯the▯market (COM▯
(2006)▯778▯final,▯revising▯Directive▯91/414/EEC)▯and▯Directive▯2009/127/EC▯which▯regulates▯the▯placement▯
of▯pesticide▯application▯equipment▯on▯the▯market▯(amending▯Directive▯2006/42/EC).▯
23▯▯ COM▯(2006)▯373▯final▯
Government▯of▯Ecuador ▯
The▯Development▯of▯the▯2009▯European▯Union▯Pesticides▯Directive▯With▯Particular▯Focus▯on▯Aerial▯Spraying▯ BiPRO Annex 7
▯
11
▯
amendments▯offered▯served▯to▯strengthen▯the▯policy.▯▯In▯the▯first▯reading▯of▯the▯European▯Parliament▯
in▯ September▯ 2007,▯ Article▯ 9▯ on▯ aerial▯ spraying▯ was▯ strengthened▯ by▯ introducing▯ measures▯ to▯
absolutely▯prohibit▯aerial▯spraying▯in▯close▯proximity▯to▯public▯or▯residential▯areas.▯▯In▯the▯exceptional▯
cases▯where▯aerial▯spraying▯would▯be▯allowed,▯the▯European▯Parliament▯added▯measures▯to▯require▯
that▯warnings▯be▯given▯to▯nearby▯residents▯and▯bystanders▯and▯to▯further▯require▯the▯use▯of▯best▯
available▯technology▯to▯reduce▯spray▯drift. 24▯▯The▯European▯Council▯further▯strengthened▯the▯policy▯
by▯adding▯a▯provision▯providing▯that▯where▯aerial▯spraying▯is▯allowed,▯the▯pesticides▯used▯must▯be▯
explicitly▯approved▯following▯a▯risk▯assessment▯addressing▯the▯affects▯from▯aerial▯spraying▯and▯a▯
25
separate▯provision▯mandating▯that▯enterprises▯conducting▯aerial▯spraying be▯certified. ▯
Following▯two▯readings▯by▯the▯European▯Parliament▯and▯the▯European▯Council,▯the▯two▯legislative▯
bodies▯reached▯agreement▯on▯the▯text.▯▯The▯Directive▯was▯passed▯by▯a▯majority▯vote▯of▯the▯European▯
Parliament▯on▯13▯January▯2009▯and▯confirmed▯by▯a▯majority▯vote▯of▯the▯Council▯on▯24▯September▯
2009.▯▯▯
3.3.6 Entry▯into▯Force▯and▯Implementation▯
Directive▯2009/128/EC▯entered▯into▯force▯on▯25▯November▯2009.▯▯Member▯States▯must▯implement▯
the▯ provisions▯ of▯ the▯ Directive▯ into▯ national▯ legislation▯ by▯ 14▯ December▯ 2011.▯ (see▯ Directive▯
2009/128/EC▯Articles▯23,▯24).▯▯Whereas▯some▯Member▯States▯already▯have▯a▯compliant▯regime▯in▯
place▯(e.g.▯Slovenia,▯with▯a▯total▯ban▯on▯aerial▯spraying),▯other▯Member▯States▯will▯be▯required▯to▯
adjust▯their▯national▯legislation▯in▯order▯to▯comply▯with▯the▯requirements▯set▯out▯by▯the▯Directive.▯
3.4 Summary▯of▯Provisions▯Related▯to▯Aerial▯Spraying▯
Article▯9▯of▯Directive▯2009/128/EC▯states▯that▯“Member▯States▯shall▯ensure▯that▯aerial▯spraying▯is▯
prohibited”▯ (Art.▯9(1)).▯▯ Derogations▯are▯allowed▯only▯ in▯exceptional▯circumstances▯ when▯certain▯
conditions▯are▯met.▯▯Among▯other▯things,▯there▯must▯be▯no▯viable▯alternatives,▯or▯there▯must▯be▯clear▯
advantages▯in▯terms▯of▯reduced▯impacts▯on▯human▯health▯and▯the▯environment▯as▯compared▯with▯
land▯based▯ application▯ of▯ pesticides;▯ the▯ pesticides▯ used▯ must▯ be▯ explicitly▯ approved▯ for▯ aerial▯
spraying▯by▯the▯Member▯State▯following▯a▯specific▯assessment▯addressing▯risks▯from▯aerial▯spraying;▯
and▯best▯available▯technology▯must▯be▯used▯to▯reduce▯spray▯drift▯(Art.▯9(2)).▯▯The▯operator▯proposing▯
to▯carry▯out▯the▯application▯must▯be▯certified▯by▯a▯program▯that▯includes▯training▯on▯a▯range▯of▯
subjects,▯ including▯ relevant▯ legislation,▯ preparation▯ and▯ maintenance▯ of▯ equipment,▯ the▯ risks▯ of▯
pesticides▯ to▯ human▯ health,▯ non▯target▯ plants,▯ beneficial▯ insects,▯ wildlife,▯ biodiversity▯ and▯ the▯
environment▯in▯general,▯and▯special▯care▯for▯sensitive▯areas▯(Art.▯9(2)(c),▯Art.▯5,▯Annex▯1).▯▯In▯addition,▯
if▯the▯area▯to▯be▯sprayed▯is▯in▯close▯proximity▯to▯areas▯open▯to▯the▯public,▯specific▯risk▯management▯
measures▯ must▯ be▯ put▯ into▯ place▯ to▯ ensure▯ that▯ there▯ are▯ no▯ adverse▯ effects▯ on▯ the▯ health▯ of▯
bystanders.▯▯Aerial▯spraying▯is▯expressly▯prohibited▯ “in▯close▯proximity▯to▯residential▯areas”▯(Art.▯
9(2)(e)).▯▯By▯imposing▯these▯numerous▯and▯strict▯requirements,▯the▯Directive▯recognized▯that▯all▯risk▯
minimization▯measures▯must▯be▯complied▯with▯in▯order▯to▯ensure▯proper▯risk▯prevention▯and▯to▯make▯
aerial▯spraying▯acceptable▯in▯the▯limited▯circumstances▯where▯it▯may▯be▯allowed.▯▯▯▯
24▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯▯
▯Documentation▯of▯proposed▯amendments▯available▯at▯
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&language=EN&refer…▯TA▯2007▯0444 ▯▯
25▯Documentation▯of▯proposed▯amendments▯available▯at▯
http://register.consilium.europa.eu/pdf/en/08/st06/st06124.en08.pdf▯▯
Government▯of▯Ecuador ▯ BiPRO
The▯Development▯of▯the▯2009▯European▯Union▯Pesticides▯Directive▯With▯Particular▯Focus▯on▯Aerial▯Spraying▯Annex 7
▯ 12
▯
In▯those▯exceptional▯cases,▯operators▯do▯not▯have▯an▯automatic▯right▯to▯execute▯an▯aerial▯spraying▯
operation▯if▯they▯believe▯they▯fulfil▯the▯requirements▯set▯forth▯in▯Article▯9.▯▯Rather,▯the▯operator▯must▯
demonstrate▯that▯the▯envisaged▯operation▯fully▯complies▯with▯the▯numerous▯and▯strict▯provisions▯of▯
Article▯9(2)▯and▯(3).▯▯Further,▯the▯operation▯must▯be▯expressly▯approved▯by▯the▯competent▯authority▯
in▯the▯relevant▯Member▯State▯(Art.▯9(4)).▯▯All▯approvals▯must▯specify▯the▯measures▯required▯for▯
warning▯nearby▯residents▯and▯bystanders,▯as▯well▯as▯the▯specific▯measures▯required▯to▯protect▯the▯
environment▯(Art.▯9(3)).▯
The▯ Directive▯ assigns▯ important▯ functions▯ to▯ Member▯ States.▯ ▯ The▯ competent▯ authorities▯ at▯ the▯
national▯level▯must▯implement▯monitoring▯programs▯to▯ensure▯that▯the▯strict▯conditions▯imposed▯by▯
Article▯9(2)▯and▯9(3)▯are▯implemented▯(Art.▯9(5).▯▯In▯addition,▯Member▯States▯must▯make▯available▯to▯
the▯public▯relevant▯information▯contained▯in▯any▯approvals▯for▯aerial▯spraying,▯including▯the▯area▯to▯
be▯sprayed,▯the▯provisional▯day▯and▯time▯of▯the▯spraying,▯and▯the▯type▯of▯pesticide▯that▯will▯be▯used▯
(Art.▯9(6)).▯▯
The▯full▯text▯of▯the▯Directive▯is▯included▯in▯Appendix▯2.▯▯
Government▯of▯Ecuador ▯
The▯Development▯of▯the▯2009▯European▯Union▯Pesticides▯Directive▯With▯Particular▯Focus▯on▯Aerial▯Spraying▯O Annex 7
▯ 13
▯
4 Colombia’s Aerial Spraying Program and the EU
Directive
4.1 Factual▯basis▯
This▯Section▯evaluates▯whether▯the▯aerial▯spraying▯ program▯to▯eradicate▯coca▯crops▯in▯Colombia,▯
executed▯under▯similar▯conditions,▯would▯be▯permissible▯under▯EU▯Directive▯2009/128/EC.▯▯It▯also▯
describes▯the▯environmental▯assessment▯and▯planning▯that▯would▯be▯required▯for▯an▯aerial▯spraying▯
program▯of▯this▯size,▯scope,▯and▯intensity.▯
▯
The▯authors▯of▯this▯report▯have▯reviewed▯the▯following▯materials,▯which▯describe▯Colombia’s▯aerial▯
spraying▯program:▯▯
▯
a. Colombia▯Counter▯Memorial,▯Chapter▯4;▯
▯
b. Colombia▯Counter▯Memorial▯Annex▯67▯(Report▯by▯the▯Anti▯Narcotics▯Direction▯of▯the▯
Colombian▯National▯Police,▯8▯Feb.▯2010);▯
▯
c. Republic▯of▯Colombia,▯Environmental▯Management▯Plan▯for▯the▯Illicit▯Crop▯
Eradication▯Program▯Using▯Aerial▯Spraying▯with▯the▯Herbicide▯Glyphosate▯(2003),▯
available▯at▯http://www.state.gov/p/inl/rls/rpt/aeicc/27399.htm;▯
▯
d. U.S.▯Department▯of▯State,▯Chemicals▯Used▯for▯the▯Aerial▯Eradication▯of▯Illicit▯Coca▯in▯
Colombia▯and▯Conditions▯of▯Application▯(2002),▯available▯at▯
http://www.state.gov/p/inl/rls/rpt/aeicc/13234.htm;▯
▯
e. U.S.▯Department▯of▯State,▯Updated▯Report▯on▯Chemicals▯Used▯in▯the▯Colombian▯
Aerial▯Eradication▯Program▯(2003),▯available▯at▯
http://www.state.gov/p/inl/rls/rpt/aeicc/26581.htm;▯▯
▯
f. Solomon,▯K.R.▯et▯al.▯2005,▯Environmental▯and▯Human▯Health▯Assessment▯of▯the▯Aerial▯
Spray▯Program▯for▯Coca▯and▯Poppy▯Control▯in▯Colombia;▯▯
▯
g. Solomon,▯K.R.▯et▯al.▯2009,▯Human▯Health▯and▯Environmental▯Risks▯from▯the▯Use▯of▯
Glyphosate▯Formulations▯to▯Control▯the▯Production▯of▯Coca▯in▯Colombia,▯Journal▯of▯
Toxicology▯and▯Environmental▯Health,▯Part▯A,▯72:▯961▯965;▯and▯
▯
h. Hewitt,▯A.J.▯et▯al.▯2009,▯Spray▯Droplet▯Size,▯Drift▯Potential,▯and▯Risks▯to▯Nontarget▯
Organisms▯from▯Aerially▯Applied▯Glyphosate▯for▯Coca▯Control▯in▯Colombia,▯Journal▯of▯
Toxicology▯and▯Environmental▯Health,▯Part▯A,▯72:▯921▯929.▯▯▯
▯
4.2 Application▯of▯the▯Standards▯of▯Directive▯2009/128/EC▯to▯Colombia’s▯Aerial▯
Spraying▯Program▯
As▯discussed▯in▯Section▯3,▯the▯EU▯Directive▯creates▯a▯general▯ban▯on▯aerial▯spraying.▯▯In▯the▯case▯of▯an▯
exceptional▯derogation▯from▯the▯ban,▯the▯Directive▯sets▯out▯a▯number▯of▯risk▯reduction▯requirements▯
at▯the▯EU▯level▯that▯must▯be▯met.▯▯It▯is▯unlikely▯that▯Colombia’s▯aerial▯spraying▯program▯would▯be▯
considered▯one▯of▯these▯exceptional▯cases▯because▯the▯size,▯scope▯and▯intensity▯of▯the▯program▯
Government▯of▯Ecuador ▯
The▯Development▯of▯the▯2009▯European▯Union▯Pesticides▯Directive▯With▯Particular▯Focus▯on▯Aerial▯Spraying▯iPROAnnex 7
▯ 14
▯
significantly▯increase▯the▯risks▯to▯human▯health▯and▯the▯environment,▯particularly▯in▯the▯form▯of▯off▯
target▯damage▯caused▯by▯spray▯drift.▯▯These▯are▯precisely▯the▯types▯of▯risks▯that▯the▯EU▯Directive▯
seeks▯to▯prevent.▯▯Further,▯Colombia’s▯aerial▯spraying▯program▯does▯not▯meet▯many▯of▯the▯specific▯
requirements▯necessary▯to▯allow▯a▯derogation▯from▯the▯general▯ban▯on▯aerial▯spraying.▯
x Risk▯assessment▯and▯pesticide▯used▯▯
In▯ cases▯ where▯ aerial▯ spraying▯ is▯ allowed▯ under▯ the▯ EU▯ Directive,▯ “the▯ pesticide▯ used▯ must▯ be▯
explicitly▯ approved▯ for▯ aerial▯ spraying▯ by▯ the▯ respective▯ Member▯ State▯ following▯ a▯ specific▯
assessment▯ addressing▯ risks▯ from▯ aerial▯ spraying.”▯ Art.▯ 9(2)(b).▯ ▯ Colombia▯ has▯ presented▯ several▯
studies▯evaluating▯the▯environmental▯risks▯associated▯with▯the▯aerial▯spraying▯operations,▯including▯
Solomon▯et▯al.▯2005▯and▯Solomon▯et▯al.▯2009.▯▯However,▯these▯studies▯do▯not▯involve▯field▯based▯
testing▯of▯important▯factors,▯such▯as▯pesticide▯spray▯drift,▯nor▯do▯they▯address▯the▯actual▯conditions▯
of▯application▯in▯Colombia.▯▯In▯addition,▯there▯have▯been▯changes▯to▯the▯pesticides▯used▯during▯the▯
course▯of▯Colombia’s▯aerial▯spraying▯program▯and▯it▯is▯not▯clear▯whether▯a▯specific▯assessment▯of▯risks▯
from▯aerial▯spraying▯was▯conducted▯for▯each▯combination▯of▯chemicals.▯
Independent▯of▯the▯formal▯question ▯of▯whether▯a▯“specific▯assessment▯addressing▯the▯risks▯of▯aerial▯
spraying”▯ has▯ been▯ conducted▯ or▯ not,▯ the▯ manner▯ in▯ which▯ Colombia▯ aerially▯ sprays▯ an▯
indiscriminate,▯broad▯spectrum▯herbicide▯contradicts▯the▯underlying▯rationale▯of▯the▯EU▯Directive▯to▯
reduce▯risks▯from▯spray▯drift▯to▯non▯target▯organisms.▯▯
x Risk▯minimisation▯measures▯regarding▯sensitive▯areas▯
The▯Directive▯requires▯that▯“if▯the▯area▯to▯be▯sprayed▯is▯in▯close▯proximity▯to▯areas▯open▯to▯the▯public,▯
specific▯risk▯management▯measures▯to▯ensure▯that▯there▯are▯no▯adverse▯effects▯on▯the▯health▯of▯
bystanders▯have▯to▯be▯included▯in▯the▯approval.”▯▯In▯addition,▯“the▯area▯to▯be▯sprayed▯must▯not▯be▯in▯
close▯proximity▯to▯residential▯areas.”▯▯Art.▯9(2)(e).▯▯Colombia’s▯Environmental▯Management▯Plan▯and▯
other▯ procedures▯ are▯ unlikely▯ to▯ ensure▯ “no▯ adverse▯ effects”▯ on▯ the▯ health▯ of▯ bystanders.▯ ▯ In▯
particular,▯the▯fact▯that▯aerial▯spraying▯is▯allowed▯within▯100▯meters▯of▯human▯settlements▯increases▯
the▯risk▯of▯human▯health▯effects▯and▯would▯most▯likely▯be▯considered▯to▯be▯“in▯close▯proximity▯to▯
residential▯areas”,▯particularly▯under▯the▯conditions▯of▯application▯in▯Colombia.▯▯
Further,▯ Member▯ States▯ must▯ specify▯ the▯ means▯ to▯ announce▯ the▯ operation▯ and▯ give▯ adequate▯
warnings▯to▯residents.▯The▯authors▯are▯not▯aware▯ of▯specific▯risk▯management▯measures▯of▯this▯type▯
that▯are▯ in▯ place▯ in▯Colombia.▯▯ The▯ operations▯ conducted▯near▯the▯international▯ border▯ are▯not▯
announced▯in▯advance,▯so▯no▯warnings▯are▯given▯to▯people▯in▯Ecuador.▯
x Best▯available▯technology▯
The▯Directive▯requires▯the▯use▯of▯“best▯available▯technology▯to▯reduce▯spray▯drift.”▯▯Art.▯9(f).▯▯While▯
the▯authors▯of▯this▯study▯do▯not▯have▯the▯information▯available▯to▯evaluate▯all▯of▯the▯technologies▯
employed▯by▯Colombia’s▯aerial▯spraying▯program,▯we▯note▯that▯the▯use▯of▯OV▯10▯aircraft,▯which▯were▯
not▯designed▯for▯aerial▯spraying,▯would▯not▯be▯considered▯“best▯available▯technology.”▯▯In▯addition,▯
the▯study▯by▯Hewitt▯et▯al.▯(2009)▯indicates▯that▯the▯spray▯nozzles▯used▯are▯not▯optimal▯in▯terms▯of▯
reducing▯spray▯drift.▯
x Emergency▯situations▯
Article▯9(4)▯of▯the▯EU▯Directive▯addresses▯emergency▯situations▯where▯expedited▯procedures▯may▯be▯
allowed▯ to▯ authorize▯ aerial▯ spraying.▯ ▯ Nevertheless,▯ the▯ requirements▯ of▯ Articles▯ 9(2)▯ and▯ 9(3),▯
Government▯of▯Ecuador ▯
The▯Development▯of▯the▯2009▯European▯Union▯Pesticides▯Directive▯With▯Particular▯Focus▯on▯Aerial▯Spraying▯ Annex 7
▯ 15
▯
including▯the▯risk▯assessment▯and▯risk▯minimization▯measures▯described▯above,▯must▯be▯fulfilled.▯▯In▯
other▯ words,▯ addressing▯ risks▯ and▯ impacts▯ and▯ providing▯ adequate▯ information▯ to▯ bystanders▯ is▯
considered▯more▯important▯than▯the▯possible▯benefits▯from▯quickly▯implementing▯aerial▯spraying.▯▯
Colombia’s▯aerial▯spraying▯program,▯which▯has▯been▯conducted▯for▯more▯than▯10▯years,▯would▯not▯
likely▯be▯considered▯an▯emergency▯situation▯subject▯to▯expedited▯procedures.▯▯Even▯if▯it▯were▯justified▯
as▯an▯emergency▯situation,▯the▯requirements▯of▯the▯Directive▯would▯still▯have▯to▯be▯met,▯and▯the▯
program▯as▯currently▯conducted▯would▯be▯prohibited.▯▯▯
x Environmental▯Impact▯Assessment▯
Assuming▯for▯the▯sake▯of▯argument▯that▯Colombia’s▯aerial▯spraying▯could▯be▯undertaken▯in▯the▯EU,▯▯
an▯aerial▯spraying▯program▯of▯the▯size▯and▯scope▯of▯Colombia’s▯coca▯eradication▯program▯would▯not▯
only▯have▯to▯comply▯with▯Directive▯2009/128/EC,▯it▯would▯also▯require▯an▯in▯depth▯environmental▯
impact▯assessment▯(EIA)▯prior▯to▯authorization.▯▯The▯EIA▯requirement▯is▯not▯unique▯to▯the▯EU;▯it▯
would▯also▯be▯required▯in▯all▯of▯the▯other▯jurisdictions▯that▯the▯authors▯of▯this▯report▯are▯familiar▯
with.▯▯
In▯ the▯ EU,▯ the▯ environmental▯ impact▯ assessment▯ of▯ an▯ aerial▯ spraying▯ program▯ of▯ the▯ scope▯ of▯
Colombia’s▯would▯need▯to▯identify,▯at ▯the▯very▯least,▯the▯direct▯and▯indirect▯effects▯of▯the▯project▯on▯
the▯following▯factors:▯human▯health,▯fauna,▯flora,▯soil,▯water,▯air,▯climate,▯landscape,▯material▯assets▯
and▯cultural▯heritage,▯and▯the▯interaction▯between▯these▯various▯elements.▯▯Based▯on▯our▯review▯of▯
Colombia’s▯aerial▯spraying▯program,▯however,▯there▯is▯no▯indication▯that▯a▯prior▯EIA▯was▯designed▯or▯
carried▯out▯that▯would▯satisfy▯the▯requirements▯of▯the▯EU▯or▯any▯other▯jurisdiction▯with▯which▯we▯are▯
familiar.▯
Colombia▯has▯presented▯an▯Environmental▯Management▯Plan▯(EMP).▯This▯can▯be▯considered▯as▯a▯
supportive▯tool▯for▯an▯EIA,▯but▯it▯cannot▯replace▯an▯environmental▯impact▯assessment.▯An▯EMP,▯
which▯is▯a▯plan▯for▯mitigating▯risks,▯must▯be▯based▯on▯an▯EIA,▯which▯identifies▯the▯risks▯in▯the▯first▯
place▯and▯evaluates▯options▯to▯address▯them.▯▯For▯example,▯Colombia▯would▯need▯to▯analyze▯the▯
risks▯associated▯with▯various▯operational▯parameters▯before▯setting▯such▯parameters.▯▯As▯another▯
example,▯Colombia▯would▯need▯to▯evaluate▯impacts▯to▯non▯target▯organisms▯before▯designing▯a▯plan▯
to▯protect▯such▯organisms.▯
The▯EMP▯should▯be▯designed▯to▯ensure▯an▯adequate▯margin▯of▯safety▯to▯avoid▯risks▯to▯human▯health▯
and▯ the▯ environment.▯ Such▯ margins▯ of▯ safety▯ can▯ be▯ derived,▯ for▯ example,▯ from▯ chemicals▯ risk▯
assessment▯(see▯Regulation▯(EC)▯No▯1907/2006▯“REACH”▯and▯corresponding▯guidance▯on▯chemicals▯
safety,▯where▯a▯NOAEL▯(No▯Observed▯Adverse▯Effect▯Level)▯of▯a▯chemical▯is▯measured▯and▯a▯safety▯is▯
applied▯to▯derive▯acceptable▯exposure▯limits▯for▯humans).▯▯In▯the▯case▯of▯Colombia’s▯aerial▯spraying▯
program,▯the▯margin▯of▯safety▯should▯take▯into▯account,▯at▯a▯minimum:▯the▯scale▯of▯the▯project,▯the▯
variability▯of▯environmental▯conditions▯and▯unpredictable▯events▯(e.g.▯weather▯patterns,▯hostile▯fire,▯
etc),▯the▯number▯of▯operational▯parameters▯that▯must▯be▯controlled▯for,▯and▯the▯sensitivity▯of▯the▯
receiving▯ environment▯ (vulnerable▯ human▯ population▯ and▯ highly▯ diverse▯ and▯ sensitive▯ ecology).▯▯
Colombia,▯however,▯has▯not▯done▯this.▯
In▯sum,▯Colombia’s▯aerial▯spraying▯program▯presents▯risks▯to▯off▯target▯people▯and▯environmental▯
resources▯that▯are▯not▯in▯line▯with▯the▯guiding▯principles▯of▯EU▯legislation.▯The▯operations▯would▯not▯
be▯acceptable▯under▯the▯Directive▯and▯would▯not▯be▯permitted▯by▯any▯EU▯Member▯State.▯
▯
Government▯of▯Ecuador ▯
The▯Development▯of▯the▯2009▯European▯Union▯Pesticides▯Directive▯With▯Particular▯Focus▯on▯Aerial▯Spraying▯Annex 7
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5 Conclusion
EU▯Directive▯2009/128/EC▯sets▯standards▯for▯the▯sustainable▯use▯of▯pesticides▯throughout▯the▯EU.▯
One▯of▯the▯measures▯introduced▯by▯the▯Directive▯is▯a▯general▯ban▯on▯aerial▯spraying▯of▯pesticides,▯
with▯the▯possibility▯for▯derogation▯in▯exceptional▯circumstances▯when▯certain▯conditions▯are▯met.▯
This▯ provision▯ was▯ included▯ in▯ the▯ Directive▯ following▯ extensive▯ discussions▯ by▯ EU▯ institutions,▯
Member▯States’▯representatives,▯and▯numerous▯stakeholders.▯It▯expresses▯the▯consensus▯at▯the▯EU▯
level▯that▯the▯risks▯related▯to▯aerial▯spraying▯–▯the▯most▯important▯being▯adverse▯effects▯to▯non▯
target▯areas▯caused▯by▯spray▯drift▯–▯are▯unacceptable.▯▯▯Thus,▯aerial▯spraying▯is▯only▯allowed▯in▯very▯
limited▯cases▯and▯under▯strict▯conditions▯of▯use,▯which▯help▯control▯the▯risks▯to▯human▯health▯and▯the▯
environment.▯▯Based▯on▯the▯information▯provided▯by▯Colombia,▯its▯aerial▯spraying▯program▯does▯not▯
fulfil▯several▯of▯the▯conditions▯required▯to▯obtain▯an▯exceptional▯permit▯under▯the▯EU▯Directive.▯▯In▯
light▯of▯the▯risk▯prevention▯rationale▯of▯Directive▯2009/128/EC▯and▯its▯general▯ban▯on▯aerial▯spraying,▯
the▯aerial▯spraying▯program▯to▯eradicate▯coca▯crops▯in▯Colombia▯would▯not▯be▯authorized▯in▯the▯EU.▯▯▯
6 Annexes
Annex▯1▯–▯Curriculum▯vitae▯of▯Reinhard▯Joas▯
Annex▯2▯–▯Copy▯of▯Directive▯2009/128/EC▯▯
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Government▯of▯Ecuador ▯
The▯Development▯of▯the▯2009▯European▯Union▯Pesticides▯Directive▯With▯Particular▯Focus▯on▯Aerial▯Spraying▯ Annex 7
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Contact details:
BiPRO GmbH
Grauertstr. 12
81545 Munich, Germany
Phone: +49-89-18979050
Fax: +49-89-18979052
URL: http://www.bipro.de ▯
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Government▯of▯Ecuador ▯ BiPRO
The▯Development▯of▯the▯2009▯European▯Union▯Pesticides▯Directive▯With▯Particular▯Focus▯on▯Aerial▯Spraying▯Annex 7 Annex 7
APPENDIX▯1▯
Curriculum▯Vitae▯of▯Reinhard▯Joas,▯Ph.D.▯Annex 7 Annex 7
Europass
Curriculum Vitae
Personal information
First name(s) / Surname(s) Reinhard Joas
Address(es) BiPRO GmbH, Grauertstr. 12, 81545 Munich, Germany
Telephone(s) +49 89 18 97 90 50
Fax(es) +49 89 18 97 90 52
E-mail [email protected]
Nationality German
Date of birth 21 November 1961
Gender male
Work experience
Dates Since1999
Occupation or position held Managing Director
Main activities and Environmental technologies and industrial processes
responsibilities
x Key expert on process optimization, environmental technologies and risk
prevention
x Project leader for diverse projects for public authorities and industry on
sustainable use of chemicals
Innovative business models regarding the sustainable use of chemicals
x International key expert for chemicals management, chemical leasing and cleaner
production
x Project leader for implementation projects for innovative sustainable business
models related to various processes and industry branches
Occupational Health & Safety
x Responsibilities in studies on health and safety at work place
Environment and Health
x Project coordinator for several projects in the field of human biomonitoring
REACH and chemicals policy
x Key expert for REACH
x Project leader for elaboration of REACH dossiers and REACh related services
Name and address of employer BiPRO GmbH, Munich, Germany
Type of business or sector Consultancy
Dates 1990 - 1999
Occupation or position held Director, project leader
Main activities and Project leader for various consulting tasks for ministries and companies regarding
responsibilitiestechnical, economical, ecological problems
Name and address of employer ECOTEC, Munich, Germany
Type of business or sector Consultancy
Dates 1989 – 1990
Page 1/3 - Curriculum vitFor more information on Europass go to http://europass.cedefop.europa.eu
Joas, Reinhard© European Communities, 2020060628Annex 7
Occupation or position held Expert, project leader
Main activities and x Risk assessment for industrial risks in all branches as an expert for the world wide
responsibilities business of technical insurance
x Strategy development for business implementation in emerging markets in South
East Asia
Name and address of employer Allianz AG, Germany
Type of business or sector Technical Insurance
Education and training
Dates 1989-1990
Title of qualification awarded Doctor of Economic Science (Dr. rer. pol.)
Principal subjects/occupational Scientific work on environmental, technical and economic improvement of chlorine
skills covered chemistry
Name and type of organisation Universität Bremen, Germany
providing education and training
Level in national or internationalLevel 6
classification
Dates 1983-1987
Title of qualification awarded Economist (Dipl. Ök.)
Principal subjects/occupational Scientific work on decision making theories; micro- and macro economy education
skills covered
Name and type of organisation Fernuniversität Hagen, Germany
providing education and training
Level in national or internationalLevel 5
classification
Dates 1982-1988
Title of qualification awarded Engineer (Dipl. -Ing.)
Principal subjects/occupational Chemical and mechanical engineering, processing
skills covered
Name and type of organisation Technical University of Munich, Germany
providing education and training
Level in national or internationalLevel 5
classification
Personal skills and
competences
Mother tongue(s) German
Other language(s)
Self-assessment Understanding Speaking Writing
European level Listening Reading Spoken Spoken
interaction production
English C2 Proficient user C2 Proficient user C2 Proficient user C2 Proficient user C2 Proficient user
Spanish Independent Independent Independent Independent Independent
B2 user B2 user B2 user B2 user B2 user
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Joas, Reinhard © European Communities, 20020060628 Annex 7
Organisational skills and x Company leader with all related organisational competences
competences
x Organisation, moderation and post-processing of international meetings,
conferences and negotiations
x Chair of working groups for health, safety and environmental topics of several
associations
x Advisor to UNIDO and UNEP
x Advisor to the European Commission and national governments
Technical skills and x Policy options assessment and policy support on decision making process
competences
x Drafting of documents and guidance for European governments
x Stakeholderconsultation
x Execution of impact assessments
x Execution of risk assessments and risk quantifications (for various branches)
Computer skills and x Proficient user of Microsoft Office application
competences
Additional information x Founding Member of the international network on Resource Efficiency and
Cleaner Production (RECP) of UNIDO/UNEP
x Member of the UNIDO Advisory Committee for Latin America
x Member of International working group on Chemical Leasing
Page 3/3 - Curriculum vitFor more information on Europass go to http://europass.cedefop.europa.eu
Joas, Reinhard© European Communities, 20020060628Annex 7 Annex 7
APPENDIX▯2▯
European▯Union▯Pesticides▯Directive▯Annex 7309/71 Union L European the of Journal24.11.2009 Official
DIRECTIVE 2009/128/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL
establishing a framework for Community action to achieve the sustainable use of pesticides
THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE
EUROPEAN UNION,
Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European
Community, and in particular Article 175(1) thereof,
Having regard to the proposal from the Commission,
Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and
Social Committee( ), 1
Having reg2rd to the opinion of the Committee of the
Regions ( ),
Acting in accordance with the procedure laid down in
Article 251 of the Treaty( 3),
Whereas:
(1) In line with Articles 2 and 7 of Decision No
1600/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 22 July 2002 laying down the Sixth
Community Environment Action Programm(e
common legal framework for achieving a sustainable
use of pesticides should be established, taking account
of precautionaryand preventive approaches.
(2) Aptresentisirectivsehouladpoesticides
which are plant protection products. However, it is
anticipated that the scope of this Directive will be
extended to cover biocidal products.
(3) Thmeeasuresrovidfirisirectieouble
complementary to, and not affect, measures laid down in
1
( ) OJ C 161, 13.7.2007, p. 48.
( ) OJ C 146, 30.6.2007, p. 48.
( ) Opinion of the European Parliament of 23 October 2007 (OJ C 263
E, 16.10.2008, p. 158), Council Common Position of 19 May 2008
(OJ C 254 E, 7.10.2008, p. 1) and Position of the European
Parliament of 13 January 2009 (not yet published in the Official
Journal). Council Decision of 24 September 2009.
(4) OJL242,10.9.2002,p.1.Annex 7
L 309/72 EN OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanUnion 24.11.2009
establish timetables and targets for the reduction of their (11) Research programmes aimed at determining the impacts
use, in particular when it is an appropriate means to of pesticide use on human health and the environment,
achieve risk reduction targets. National Action Plans including studies on high-risk groups, should be
should be coordinated with implementation plans promoted at European and national level.
under other relevant Community legislation and could
be used for grouping together objectives to be achieved
under other Community legislation related to pesticides.
(12) To the extent that the handling and application of
pesticides require the setting of minimum health and
safety requirements at the workplace, covering the risks
(6) The exchange of information on the objectives and arising from exposure of workers to such products, as
actions Member States lay down in their National well as general and specific preventive measures to
Action Plans is a very important element for achieving reduce those risks, those measures are covered by
the objectives of this Directive. Therefore, it is appro▯ Council Directive 98/24/EC of 7 April 1998 on the
priate to request Member States to report regularly to protection of the health and safety of workers from the
the Commission and to the other Member States, in 2
risks related to chemical agents at work( ) and Directive
particular on the implementation and results of their 2004/37/EC of the European Parliament and of the
National Action Plans and on their experiences. On the Council of 29 April 2004 on the protection of
basis of information transmitted by the Member States, workers from the risks related to their exposure to
the Commission should submit relevant reports to the carcinogens or mutagens at work( 3).
European Parliament and to the Council, accompanied, if
necessary, by appropriate legislative proposals.
(13) Sinceirectiv2e006/42/EC otfeuropean Parliament
and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on machinery( 4) will
(7) For the preparation and modification of National Action provide for rules on the placing on the market of
Plans, it is appropriate to provide for the application of pesticide application equipment ensuring that environ▯
Directive 2003/35/EC of the European Parliament and of mental requirements are met, it is appropriate, in order
the Council of 26 May 2003 providing for public partici▯ to minimise the adverse impacts of pesticides on human
pation in respect of the drawing up of certain plans and health and the environment caused by such equipment,
programmes relating to the environment( 1).
to provide for systems for regular technical inspection of
pesticide application equipment already in use. Member
States should describe in their National Action Plans how
they will ensure the implementation of those
(8) It is essential that Member States set up systems of both requirements.
initial and additional training for distributors, advisors
and professional users of pesticides and certification
systems to record such training so that those who use
or will use pesticides are fully aware of the potential risks (14) Aerial spraying of pesticides has the potential to cause
to human health and the environment and of the appro ▯ significant adverse impacts on human health and the
priate measures to reduce those risks as much as environment, in particular from spray drift. Therefore,
possible. Training activities for professional users may aerial spraying should generally be prohibited with dero ▯
be coordinated with those organised in the framework gations possible where it represents clear advantages in
of Regulation (EC) No 1698/2005. terms of reduced impacts on human health and the
environment in comparison with other spraying
methods, or where there are no viable alternatives,
provided that the best available technology to reduce
(9) Sales of pesticides, including Internet sales, are an drift is used.
important element in the distribution chain, where
specific advice on safety instructions for human health
and the environment should be given to the end user at
the time of sale, in particular to professional users. For
(15) The aquatic environment is especially sensitive to
non-professional users who in general do not have the pesticides. It is therefore necessary for particular
same level of education and training, recommendations attention to be paid to avoiding pollution of surface
should be given, in particular on safe handling and water and groundwater by taking appropriate measures,
storage of pesticides as well as on disposal of the such as the establishment of buffer and safeguard zones
packaging.
or planting hedges along surface waters to reduce
exposure of water bodies to spray drift, drain flow and
run-off. The dimensions of buffer zones should depend
in particular on soil characteristics and pesticide
(10) Considering the possible risks from the use of pesticides,
the general public should be better informed of the properties, as well as agricultural characteristics of the
areas concerned. Use of pesticides in areas for the
overall impacts of the use of pesticides through abstraction of drinking water, on or along transport
awareness-raising campaigns, information passed on
through retailers and other appropriate measures. 2
(3) OJL131,5.5.1998,p.11.
1 (4) OJL158,30.4.2004,p.50.
() OJL156,25.6.2003,p.17. ( ) OJL157,9.6.2006,p.24.309/73 Union L European the of Journal24.11.2009 Official
routes, such as railway lines, or on sealed or very
permeable surfaces can lead to higher risks of pollution
of the aquatic environment. In such areas the pesticide
use should, therefore, be reduced as far as possible, or
eliminated, if appropriate.
(16) Use of pesticides can be particularly dangerous in very
sensitive areas, such as Natura 2000 sites protected in
accordance with Directives 79/409/EEC and 92/43/EEC.
In other places such as public parks and gardens, sports
and recreation grounds, school grounds and children’s
playgrounds, and in the close vicinity of healthcare
facilities, the risks from exposure to pesticides are high.
In these areas, the use of pesticides should be minimised
or prohibited. When pesticides are used, appropriate risk
management measures should be established and low-
risk pesticides as well as biological control measures
should be considered in the first place.
(17) Handlingopfesticidesi,ncludistoraged,ilutand
mixing the pesticides and cleaning of pesticide appli▯
cation equipment after use, and recovery and disposal
of tank mixtures, empty packaging and remnants of
pesticides are particularly prone to unwanted exposure
of humans and the environment. Therefore, it is appro▯
priate to provide for specific measures addressing those
activities as a complement to the measures provided for
under Directive 2006/12/EC of the European Parliament
and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on waste(
Council Directive 91/689/EEC of 12 December 1991 on
hazardous waste( 2). Measures should also encompass
non-professional users, since inappropriate handling is
very likely to occur in this group of users due to their
lack of knowledge.
(18) The application of general principles and crop and
sector-specific guidelines with respect to integrated pest
management by all farmers would result in a better
targeted use of all available pest control measures,
including pesticides. Therefore, it would contribute to a
further reduction of the risks to human health and the
environment and the dependency on the use of
pesticides. Member States should promote low
pesticide-input pest management, in particular integrated
pest management, and establish the necessary conditions
and measures for its implementation.
(19) Ontheasisfegulatio(EC)o1107/2009 anodf
this Directive, implementation of the principles of inte▯
grated pest management is obligatory and the subsidiarity
principle applies to the way the principles for integrated
pest management are implemented. Member States
should describe in their National Action Plan how they
ensure the implementation of the principlesof integrated
pest management, with priority given wherever possible
to non-chemical methods of plant protection and pest
and crop management.
1
(2) OJL114,27.4.2006,p.9.
( ) OJL377,31.12.1991,p.20. (Annex 7
L 309/74 EN OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanUnion 24.11.2009
(26) In accordance with point 34 of the Interinstitutional 3.‘advisor’ means any person who has acquired adequate
agreement on better law-making( ), Member States are knowledge and advises on pest management and the safe
encouraged to draw up, for themselves and in the use of pesticides, in the context of a professional capacity
interests of the Community, their own tables illustrating, or commercial service, including private self-employed and
as far as possible, the correlation between this Directive public advisory services, commercial agents, food producers
and the transposition measures, and to make them and retailers where applicable;
public,
4. ‘pesticide application equipment’ means any apparatus
HAVE ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE: specifically intended for the application of pesticides,
including accessories that are essential for the effective
operation of such equipment, such as nozzles, manometers,
filters, strainers and cleaning devices for tanks;
CHAPTER I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
5. ‘aerial spraying’ means application of pesticides from an
Article 1
Subject matter aircraft (plane or helicopter);
This Directive establishes a framework to achieve a sustainable
use of pesticides by reducing the risks and impacts of pesticide 6. ‘integrated pest management’ means careful consideration
use on human health and the environment and promoting the of all available plant protection methods and subsequent
use of integrated pest management and of alternative integration of appropriate measures that discourage the
approaches or techniques such as non-chemical alternatives to development of populations of harmful organisms and
pesticides.
keep the use of plant protection products and other
forms of intervention to levels that are economically and
ecologically justified and reduce or minimise risks to
Article 2 human health and the environment. ‘Integrated pest
management’ emphasises the growth of a healthy crop
Scope with the least possible disruption to agro-ecosystems and
1. Thisirectivsehllpploesticidetshaaelant encourages natural pest control mechanisms;
protection products as defined in point 10(a) of Article 3.
7. ‘risk indicator’ means the result of a method of calculation
that is used to evaluate risks of pesticides on human health
2. ThDisirectihaal lyithoptrejudicenoyther and/or the environment;
relevant Community legislation.
3. Tperovisiotoisirectseanl trevMtember 8.‘non-chemical methods’ means alternative methods to
States from applying the precautionaryprinciplein restricting or chemical pesticides for plant protection and pest
prohibiting the use of pesticides in specific circumstances or management, based on agronomic techniques such as
those referred to in point 1 of Annex III, or physical,
areas. mechanical or biological pest control methods;
Article 3
9. the terms ‘surface water’ and ‘groundwater’ have the same
Definitions meaning as in Directive 2000/60/EC;
For the purposes of this Directive, the following definitions shall
apply:
10. ‘pesticide’means:
1. ‘professional user’ means any person who uses pesticides in
the course of their professional activities, including (a) a plant protection product as defined in Regulation (EC)
operators, technicians, employers and self-employed No 1107/2009;
people, both in the farming and other sectors;
(b) a biocidalproduct as defined in Directive98/8/EC of
2. ‘distributor’meansanynaturalorlegalpersonwhomakesa the European Parliament and of the Council of
pesticide available on the market, including wholesalers, 16 February 1998 concerning the placing on the
retailers, vendors and suppliers; market of biocidal products( 2).
() OJ C 321, 31.12.2003, p. 1. ( ) OJL123,24.4.1998,p.1.309/75 Union L European the of Journal24.11.2009 Official
Article 4
National Action Plans
1. MembS etratsaaldptationalctilasetp
their quantitative objectives, targets, measures and timetables to
reduce risks and impacts of pesticide use on human health and
the environment and to encourage the development and intro▯
duction of integrated pest management and of alternative
approaches or techniques in order to reduce dependency on
the use of pesticides. These targets may cover different areas
of concern, for example worker protection, protection of the
environment, residues, use of specific techniques or use in
specific crops.
The National Action Plans shall also include indicators to
monitor the use of plant protection products containing
active substances of particular concern, especially if alternatives
are available.Member States shall give particularattention to the
plant protection products containing active substances approved
in accordance with Council Directive 91/414/EEC of 15 July
1991 concerning the placing of plant products on the
1
market ( ) which, when subject to renewal of approval under
Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 will not fulfil the criteria
relevant for approval laid down in Annex II, points 3.6 to
3.8 of that Regulation.
On the basis of such indicators and taking into account where
applicable the risk or use reduction targets achieved already
prior to the application of this Directive, timetables and
targets for the reduction of use shall also be established, in
particular if the reduction of use constitutes an appropriate
means to achieve risk reduction with regard to priority items
identified under Article 15(2)(c). These targets may be inter▯
mediate or final. Member States shall use all necessary means
designed to achieve these targets.
When drawing up and revising their National Action Plans,
Member States shall take account of the health, social,
economic and environmental impacts of the measures
envisaged, of specific national, regional and local conditions
and all relevant stakeholder groups. Member States shall
describe in their National Action Plans how they will
implement measures pursuant to Articles 5 to 15 in order to
achieve the objectives referred to in the first subparagraph of
this paragraph.
The National Action Plans shall take into account plans under
other Community legislation on the use of pesticides, such as
planned measures under Directive 2000/60/EC.
2. B1y4ecemb2er012,embSetratsaclolmmunicate
their National Action Plans to the Commission and to other
Member States.
(1) OJL230,19.8.1991,p.1.Annex 7
L 309/76 EN OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanUnion 24.11.2009
Certification systems shall include requirements and procedures organisms and the environment arising from their use, and
for the granting, renewal and withdrawal of certificates. the use of non-chemical alternatives.
2. MembeSrtatesshapltlacseystemfsograthering
3. Measures designed to amend non-essential elements of information on pesticide acute poisoning incidents, as well as
this Directive relating to amending Annex I in order to take chronic poisoning developments where available, among groups
account of scientific and technical progress shall be adopted in that may be exposed regularly to pesticides such as operators,
accordance with the regulatory procedure with scrutiny referred
to in Article 21(2). agricultural workers or persons living close to pesticide appli ▯
cation areas.
Article 6 3. Toenhancethecomparabilityofinformationt,he
Commission, in cooperation with the Member States, shall
Requirements for sales of pesticides develop by 14 December 2012 a strategic guidance document
on monitoring and surveying of impacts of pesticide use on
1. MembS etratselnlsuedaitstributosefficient human health and the environment.
staff in their employment holding a certificate referred to in
Article 5(2). Such persons shall be available at the time of
sale to provide adequate information to customers as regards
pesticide use, health and environmental risks and safety CHAPTER III
instructions to manage those risks for the products in
PESTICIDE APPLICATION EQUIPMENT
question. Micro distributors selling only products for non-
professional use may be exempted if they do not offer for Article 8
sale pesticide formulations classified as toxic, very toxic, carci▯
nogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction pursuant to Inspection of equipment in use
Directive 1999/45/EC of the European Parliament and of the
1. MembeS rtatesshalelnsurttesticidepplication
Council of 31 May 1999 concerning the approximation of the equipment in professional use shall be subject to inspections
laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member at regular intervals. The interval between inspections shall not
States relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of exceed five years until 2020 and shall not exceed three years
dangerous preparations( ).1 thereafter.
2. By 14 December 2016, Member States shall ensure that
2. MembeSrtatesshatlalkneecesyeasuretrsoestrict pesticide application equipment has been inspected at least
sales of pesticides authorised for professional use to persons
holding a certificate referred to in Article 5(2). once. After this date only pesticide application equipment
having successfully passed inspection shall be in professional
use.
3. Member States shall require distributors selling pesticides
to non-professional users to provide general information New equipment shall be inspected at least once within a period
regarding the risks for human health and the environment of of five years after purchase.
pesticide use, in particular on hazards, exposure, proper storage,
handling, application and safe disposal in accordance with
Community legislation on waste, as well as regarding low-risk
alternatives. Member States may require pesticide producers to 3. By way of derogation from paragraphs 1 and 2 and,
following a risk assessment for human health and the
provide such information. environment including an assessment of the scale of the use
of the equipment, Member States may:
4. The measures provided for in paragraphs1 and 2 shall be
established by 14 December 2015. (a)apply different timetables and inspection intervals to
pesticide application equipment not used for spraying
pesticides, to handheld pesticide application equipment or
knapsack sprayers and to additional pesticide application
Article 7 equipment that represent a very low scale of use, which
shall be listed in the National Action Plans provided for
Information and awareness-raising in Article 4.
1. Member States shall take measures to inform the general
public and to promote and facilitateinformation and awareness-
raising programmes and the availability of accurate and The following additional pesticide application equipment
balanced information relating to pesticides for the general shall never be considered as constituting a very low scale
public, in particular regarding the risks and the potential of use:
acute and chronic effects for human health, non-target
() OJL200,30.7.1999,p.1. (i) spraying equipment mounted on trains or aircraft;309/77 Union L European the of Journal24.11.2009 Official
(ii) boom sprayers larger than 3 m, including boom
sprayers that are mounted on sowing equipment;
(b) exempt from inspection handheld pesticide application
equipment or knapsack sprayers. In this case the Member
States shall ensure that operators have been informed of the
need to change regularlythe accessories,of the specific risks
linked to that equipment, and that operators are trained for
the proper use of that application equipment in accordance
with Article 5.
4. Thienspectionsshalvlerifttesticiepplication
equipment satisfies the relevant requirements listed in Annex
II, in order to achieve a high level of protection for human
health and the environment.
Pesticide application equipment complying with harmonised
standards developed in accordance with Article 20(1) shall be
presumed to comply with the essential health and safety and
environmental requirements.
5. Professionaulserssl nducrtgulacralibrationasnd
technical checks of the pesticide application equipment in
accordance with the appropriate training received as provided
for in Article 5.
6. MembeS rtatesshaldlesigeodiersesponsiblfeor
implementing the inspection systems and inform the
Commission thereof.
Each Member State shall establish certificate systems designed to
allow the verification of inspections and recognise the
certificates granted in other Member States following the
requirements referred to in paragraph 4 and where the time
period since the last inspection carried out in another
Member State is equal to or shorter than the time period of
the inspection interval applicable in its own territory.
Member States shall endeavour to recognise the certificates
issued in other Member States provided that the inspection
intervals referred to in paragraph 1 are complied with.
7. Measures designed to amend non-essential elements of
this Directive relating to amending Annex II in order to take
account of scientific and technical progress shall be adopted in
accordance with the regulatory procedure with scrutiny referred
to in Article 21(2).Annex 7
L 309/78 EN OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanUnion 24.11.2009
In the approval the competent authorities shall specify the shall support and be compatible with relevant provisions of
measures necessary for warning residents and bystanders in Directive 2000/60/EC and Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009.
due time and to protect the environment in the vicinity of
the area sprayed.
2. Theeasurepsrovidedaragrashaillclude:
4. Arofessionalwrishinoppplyesticibasyerial
spraying shall submit a request for approval of an application (a) giving preference to pesticides that are not classified as
plan to the competent authority accompanied by evidence to dangerous for the aquatic environment pursuant to
show that the conditions referred to in paragraphs2 and 3 are
fulfilled. The request for application of aerial spraying in Directive 1999/45/EC nor containing priority hazardous
accordance with the approved application plan shall be substances as set out in Article 16(3) of Directive
submitted in due time to the competent authority. It shall 2000/60/EC;
contain information about the provisional time of spraying
and the amounts and the type of pesticides applied.
(b) giving preference to the most efficient application tech▯
niques such as the use of low-drift pesticide application
equipment especially in vertical crops such as hops and
Member States may provide that requests for applications of
aerial spraying in accordance with an approved application those found in orchards and vineyards;
plan, for which no answer was received on the decision taken
within the time period laid down by the competent authorities,
shall be deemed to be approved. (c) use of mitigation measures which minimise the risk of off-
site pollution caused by spray drift, drain-flow and run-off.
These shall include the establishment of appropriately-sized
buffer zones for the protection of non-target aquatic
In particular circumstances such as emergency or specific organisms and safeguard zones for surface and groundwater
difficult situations, single requests for application of aerial
spraying may also be submitted for approval. Where justified, used for the abstraction of drinking water, where pesticides
competent authorities shall have a possibility to apply an accel▯ must not be used or stored;
erated procedure in order to verify that the conditions referred
to in paragraphs2 and 3 are fulfilled before the application of
aerial spraying. (d) reducing as far as possible or eliminating applications on or
along roads, railway lines, very permeable surfaces or other
infrastructure close to surface water or groundwater or on
sealed surfaces with a high risk of run-off into surface water
5. Member States shall ensure that the conditions referred to or sewage systems.
in paragraphs 2 and 3 are met by conducting appropriate
monitoring.
Article 12
6. The competent authorities shall keep records of the Reduction of pesticide use or risks in specific areas
requests and approvals as referred to in paragraph 4 and shall Member States shall, having due regard for the necessary
make available to the public the relevant information contained
therein such as the area to be sprayed, the provisional day and hygiene and public health requirements and biodiversity, or
time of the spraying and the type of pesticide, in accordance the results of relevant risk assessments, ensure that the use of
with the applicable national or Community law. pesticides is minimised or prohibited in certain specific areas.
Appropriate risk management measures shall be taken and the
use of low-risk plant protection products as defined in Regu▯
lation (EC) No 1107/2009 and biological control measures shall
be considered in the first place. The specific areas in question
Article 10
are:
Information to the public
Member States may include in their National Action Plans
provisions on informing persons who could be exposed to (a) areas used by the general public or by vulnerable groups as
the spray drift. defined in Article 3 of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009, such
as public parks and gardens, sports and recreation grounds,
school grounds and children’s playgrounds and in the close
vicinity of healthcare facilities;
Article 11
Specific measures to protect the aquatic environment and
drinking water
(b) protectedareasasdefinedinDirective2000/60/ECorother
1. Member States shall ensure that appropriate measures to areas identified for the purposes of establishing the
protect the aquatic environment and drinking water supplies necessary conservation measures in accordance with the
from the impact of pesticides are adopted. Those measures provisions of Directives 79/409/EEC and 92/43/EEC;309/79 Union L European the of Journal24.11.2009 Official
(c) recently treated areas used by or accessible to agricultural
workers.
Article 13
Handling and storage of pesticides and treatment of their
packaging and remnants
1. MembeSrtatesshalldoptteecessary easuretso
ensure that the following operations by professional users and
where applicable by distributors do not endanger human health
or the environment:
(a) storage, handling, dilution and mixing of pesticides before
application;
(b) handling of packaging and remnants of pesticides;
(c) disposal of tank mixtures remaining after application;
(d) cleaning of the equipment used after application;
(e)recovery or disposal of pesticide remnants and their
packaging in accordance with Community legislation on
waste.
2. Member States shall take all necessary measures regarding
pesticides authorised for non-professional users to avoid
dangerous handling operations. These measures may include
use of pesticides of low toxicity, ready to use formulations
and limits on sizes of containers or packaging.
3. Member States shall ensure that storage areas for
pesticides for professional use are constructed in such a way
as to prevent unwanted releases. Particular attention shall be
paid to location, size and construction materials.
Article 14
Integrated pest management
1. MembeS rtatesshaltlalecessarymeasuretso
promote low pesticide-input pest management, giving
wherever possible priority to non-chemical methods, so that
professional users of pesticides switch to practices and
products with the lowest risk to human health and the
environment among those available for the same pest
problem. Low pesticide-input pest management includes inte▯
grated pest management as well as organic farming according to
Council Regulation (EC) No 834/2007 of 28 June 2007 on
organic production and labelling of organic products(
(1) OJL189,20.7.2007,p.1.Annex 7
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2. Membe Srtassall: this Directive and shall take all measures necessary to ensure
that they are implemented. The penalties provided for shall be
effective, proportionate and dissuasive.
(a) calculate harmonised risk indicators as referred to in
paragraph1 by using statistical data collected in accordance
with the Community legislation concerning statistics on
plant protection products together with other relevant data;
Member States shall notify those provisions to the Commission
by 14 December 2012 and shall notify it without delay of any
subsequent amendment.
(b) identify trends in the use of certain active substances;
(c) identify priority items, such as active substances, crops,
regions or practices, that require particular attention or Article 18
good practices that can be used as examples in order to Exchange of information and best practice
achieve the objectives of this Directive to reduce the risks
and impacts of pesticide use on human health and the The Commission shall put forward as a priority for discussion
environment and to encourage the development and intro▯ in the expert group on the thematic strategy on the sustainable
duction of integrated pest management and of alternative use of pesticides the exchange of information and best practice
approaches or techniques in order to reduce dependency on in the field of sustainable use of pesticides and integrated pest
management.
the use of pesticides.
3. Member States shall communicate the results of the
evaluations carried out pursuant to paragraph 2 to the Article 19
Commission and to other Member States and shall make this
information available to the public. Fees and charges
1. Member States may recover the costs associated with any
work pursuant to obligations under this Directive by means of a
4. The Commission shall calculate risk indicators at fee or charge.
Community level by using statistical data collected in
accordance with the Community legislation concerning statistics
on plant protection products and other relevant data, in order
to estimate trends in risks from pesticide use.
2. Member States shall ensure that the fee or charge referred
to in paragraph 1 is established in a transparent manner and
corresponds to the actual cost of the work involved.
The Commission shall also use these data and this information
to assess progress in achieving the objectives of other
Community policies aimed at reducing the impact of pesticides
on human health and on the environment.
Article 20
The results shall be made available to the public on the website Standardisation
referred to in Article 4(4).
1. The standards referred to in Article 8(4) of this Directive
shall be established in accordance with the procedure provided
for in Article 6(3) of Directive 98/34/EC of the European
Article 16 Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998 laying down
a procedure for the provision of information in the field of
Reporting
technical standar1s and regulations and of rules on Information
The Commission shall regularly submit to the European Society services( ).
Parliament and to the Council a report on progress in the
implementation of this Directive, accompanied where appro▯
priate by proposals for amendments.
The request for developing these standards may be established
CHAPTER VI in consultation with the Committee referred to in Article 21(1).
FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 17
2. The Commission shall publish the references of the
Penalties standards in the Official Journal of the European Union .
Member States shall determine penalties applicable to
infringements of the national provisions adopted pursuant to () OJL204,21.7.1998,p.37.309/81 Union L European the of Journal24.11.2009 Official
3. When a Member State or the Commission considers that a
harmonised standard does not entirely satisfy the requirements
which it covers and which are set out in Annex II, the
Commission or the Member State concerned shall bring the
matter before the Committee set up by Article 5 of Directive
98/34/EC, giving its arguments. The Committee shall, having
consulted the relevant European standardisation bodies, deliver
its opinion without delay.
In the light of the Committee’s opinion, the Commission shall
decide to publish, not to publish, to publish with restriction, to
maintain, to maintain with restriction or to withdraw the
references to the harmonised standard concerned in or from
the Official Journal of the European Union.
The Commission shall inform the European standardisation
body concerned and, if necessary, request the revision of the
harmonised standards concerned.
Article 21
Committee procedure
1. TheCommissionshalb leassistedbytheStanding
Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health established
by Article 58 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down
the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing
the European Food Safety Authority and laying down
procedures in matters of food safety( 1).
2. Where reference is made to this paragraph, Article 5a(1)
to (4) and Article 7 of Decision 1999/468/EC shall apply,
having regard to the provisions of Article 8 thereof.
Article 22
Expenditure
In order to support the establishment of a harmonised policy
and systems in the field of sustainable use of pesticides, the
Commission may finance:
(a)the development of a harmonised system including an
appropriate database to gather and store all information
relating to pesticide risk indicators, and to make such
information available to the competent authorities, other
interested parties and the general public;
() OJL31,1.2.2002,p.1.Annex 7
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ANNEX I
Training subjects referred to in Article 5
1. All relevant legislation regarding pesticides and their use.
2. The existence and risks of illegal (counterfeit) plant protection products, and the methods to identify such products.
3. The hazards and risks associated with pesticides, and how to identify and control them, in particular:
(a) risks to humans (operators, residents, bystanders, people entering treated areas and those handling or eating
treated items) and how factors such as smoking exacerbate these risks;
(b) symptomsofpesticidepoisoningandfirstaidmeasures;
(c) risks to non-target plants, beneficial insects, wildlife, biodiversity and the environment in general.
4. Notions on integrated pest management strategies and techniques, integrated crop management strategies and tech▯
niques, organic farming principles, biological pest control methods, information on the general principles and crop or
sector-specific guidelines for integrated pest management.
5. Initiation to comparative assessment at user level to help professional users make the most appropriate choices on
pesticides with the least side effects on human health, non-target organisms and the environment among all auth▯
orised products for a given pest problem, in a given situation.
6. Measures to minimise risks to humans, non-target organisms and the environment: safe working practices for storing,
handling and mixing pesticides, and disposing of empty packaging, other contaminated materials and surplus
pesticides (including tank mixes), whether in concentrate or dilute form; recommended way to control operator
exposure (personal protection equipment).
7. Risk-based approaches which take into account the local water extraction variables such as climate, soil and crop
types, and relieves.
8. Procedures for preparing pesticide application equipment for work, including its calibration, and for its operation
with minimum risks to the user, other humans, non-target animal and plant species, biodiversity and the
environment, including water resources.
9. Use of pesticide application equipment and its maintenance, and specific spraying techniques (e.g. low-volume
spraying and low-drift nozzles), as well as the objectives of the technical check of sprayers in use and ways to
improve spray quality. Specific risks linked to use of handheld pesticide application equipment or knapsack sprayers
and the relevant risk management measures.
10. Emergency action to protect human health, the environment including water resources in case of accidental spillage
and contamination and extreme weather events that would result in pesticide leaching risks.
11. SpecialcareinprotectionareasestablishedunderArticles6and7ofDirective2000/60/EC.
12. Health monitoring and access facilities to report on any incidents or suspected incidents.
13. Record keeping of any use of pesticides, in accordance with the relevant legislation.309/83 Union L European the of Journal24.11.2009 Official
Health and safety and environmental requirements relating to the inspection of pesticide application equipment
The inspection of pesticide application equipment shall cover all aspects important to achieve a high level of safety and
protection of human health and the environment. Full effectiveness of the application operation should be ensured by
proper performance of devices and functions of the equipment to guarantee the following objectives are met.
The pesticide application equipment must function reliably and be used properly for its intended purpose ensuring that
pesticides can be accuratelydosed and distributed. The equipment must be in such a condition as to be filled and emptied
safely, easily and completely and prevent leakage of pesticides. It must permit easy and thorough cleaning. It must also
ensure safe operations, and be controlled and capable of being immediately stopped from the operator’s seat. Where
necessary, adjustments must be simple, accurate and capable of being reproduced.
Particular attention should be paid to:
1. Powertransmissionparts
The power take-off driveshaft guard and the guard of the power input connection shall be fitted and in good
condition and the protective devices and any moving or rotating power transmission parts shall not be affected in
their function so as to ensure protection of the operator.
2. Pump
The pump capacity shall be suited to the needs of the equipment and the pump must function properly in order to
ensure a stable and reliable application rate. There shall be no leakages from the pump.
3. Agitation
Agitation devices must ensure a proper recirculation in order to achieve an even concentration of the whole volume
of the liquid spray mixture in the tank.
4. Sprayliquidtank
Spray tanks including indicator of tank content, filling devices, strainers and filters, emptying and rinsing systems,
and mixing devices shall operate in such a way as to minimise accidental spillage, uneven concentration distribution,
operator exposure and residual content.
5. Measuring systems, control and regulation systems
All devices for measuring, switching on and off and adjusting pressure and/or flow rate shall be properly calibrated
and work correctly and there shall be no leakages. Control of pressure and operation of pressure adjustment devices
shall be easily possible during application. Pressure adjustment devices shall maintain a constant working pressure at
constant revolutions of the pump, in order to ensure that a stable volume application rate is applied.
6. Pipesandhoses
Pipes and hoses shall be in proper condition to avoid disturbance of liquid flow or accidental spillage in case of
failure. There shall be no leakages from pipes or hoses when run with the maximum obtainable pressure for the
system.
7. Filtering
In order to avoid turbulence and heterogeneity in spray patterns, filters shall be in good condition and the mesh size
of the filters shall correspond to the size of nozzles fitted on the sprayer. Where applicable the filter blockage
indication system shall operate correctly.
8. Spray boom (for equipment spraying pesticides by means of a horizontally positioned boom, located close to the
crop or the material to be treated).
The spray boom must be in good condition and stable in all directions. The fixation and adjustment systems and the
devices for damping unintended movements and slope compensation must work correctly.
9. Nozzles
Nozzles must work properlyto control dripping when spraying stops. To ensure homogeneity of the spray pattern,
the flow rate of each individual nozzle shall not deviate significantly from the data of the flow rate tables provided by
the manufacturer.Annex 7
L 309/84 EN OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanUnion 24.11.2009
10. Distribution
The transverse and vertical (in case of applications in vertical crops) distribution of the spray mixture in the target
area must be even, where relevant.
11. Blower (for equipment distributing pesticides by air assistance)
The blower must be in good condition and must ensure a stable and reliable air stream.309/85 Union L European the of Journal24.11.2009 Official
General principles of integrated pest management
1. The prevention and/or suppression of harmful organisms should be achieved or supported among other options
especially by:
— croprotation,
— use of adequate cultivation techniques (e.g. stale seedbed technique, sowing dates and densities, under-sowing,
conservation tillage, pruning and direct sowing),
— use, where appropriate,of resistant/tolerant cultivars and standard/certified seed and planting material,
— use of balanced fertilisation, liming and irrigation/drainagepractices,
— preventing the spreading of harmful organisms by hygiene measures (e.g. by regular cleansing of machinery and
equipment),
— protection and enhancement of important beneficial organisms, e.g. by adequate plant protection measures or the
utilisation of ecological infrastructures inside and outside production sites.
2. Harmful organisms must be monitored by adequate methods and tools, where available. Such adequate tools should
include observations in the field as well as scientifically sound warning, forecasting and early diagnosis systems, where
feasible, as well as the use of advice from professionally qualified advisors.
3. Based on the results of the monitoring the professional user has to decide whether and when to apply plant protection
measures. Robust and scientifically sound threshold values are essential components for decision making. For harmful
organisms threshold levels defined for the region, specific areas, crops and particularclimatic conditions must be taken
into account before treatments, where feasible.
4. Sustainable biological, physical and other non-chemical methods must be preferred to chemical methods if they
provide satisfactory pest control.
5. The pesticides applied shall be as specific as possible for the target and shall have the least side effects on human
health, non-target organisms and the environment.
6. The professional user should keep the use of pesticides and other forms of intervention to levels that are necessary, e.g.
by reduced doses, reduced application frequency or partial applications,considering that the level of risk in vegetation
is acceptable and they do not increase the risk for development of resistance in populations of harmful organisms.
7. Where the risk of resistance against a plant protection measure is known and where the level of harmful organisms
requires repeated application of pesticides to the crops, available anti-resistance strategies should be applied to
maintain the effectiveness of the products. This may include the use of multiple pesticides with different modes of
action.
8. Based on the records on the use of pesticides and on the monitoring of harmful organisms the professional user
should check the success of the applied plant protection measures.Annex 7
L 309/86 EN OfficialJournaloftheEuropeanUnion 24.11.2009
ANNEX IV
Harmonised risk indicators Annex 8
Claudia Rojas Quiñonez, Esq., The Aerial Spray Program and Violations of Colombia’s Domestic
Laws Regarding the Environment and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (Jan. 2011) Annex 8
The Aerial Spray Program and Violations of Colombia’s Domestic Laws Regarding the
Environment and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
Report Prepared by
Claudia Rojas Quiñonez, Esq.
January 2011Annex 8
Introduction
▯▯ This report focuses on the State’s failure to comply with internal Colombian law in
the areas of Environmental Impact Assessments, the use of pesticides, and indigenous rights
in connection with its program to spray illicit crops with herbicides. It includes a brief
introduction to Colombian environmental law, and then a review of Colombian legislation and
regulations regarding Environmental Impact Assessments and their application in practice.
Next, in order to evaluate the level of compliance by the State with its domestic legal
obligations, it includes an analysis of the development and application of the regulations on
Environmental Licensing and Environmental Impact Assessments (in Section III), an
evaluation of the standards regarding pesticide use (in Section IV), and a study of indigenous
rights law (in Section V).
▯▯ As explained in the Conclusion, the aerial spraying program has been carried out
in violation of Colombia’s relevant domestic laws. These laws were established to protect the
country’s natural resources, human health, and the rights of indigenous peoples. The
Colombian Government’s violation of these laws has thus led to serious risks and harms to the
things that these laws were designed to protect.
About the Author
▯▯ Claudia Rojas is a Colombian lawyer and a Lecturer at the Universidad Externado
de Colombia, where she specializes in Colombian environmental law and international
environmental law. She holds a Law degree from the Universidad Externado de Colombia
(1994), a Masters degree in International Studies from the Universidad de Barcelona (1996),
and is a Ph.D. candidate in International Law at the University of St. Gallen. Mrs. Rojas
previously served as a Legal Adviser to the Colombian Administrative Department of State
Security (Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad del Estado, “DAS”), and as a Lecturer
in Public International Law at the University of Barcelona. She is the author of the treatise,
1 Annex 8
The Evolution of the Characteristics and Principles of International Environmental Law and
its Application in Colombia (Evolución de las Características y los Principios del Derecho
Internacional Ambiental y su Aplicación en Colombia) (2004). Her other publications
include: “The International Protection of the Human Right to the Environment,” in Sindico et
al. (Eds.), International Environmental Law: An Ibero-american Perspective (“La protección
internacional del derecho humano al medio ambiente” en Derecho Internacional del Medio
Ambiente: Una Visión desde Iberoamérica), CMP Publishing (2010); and “The Jurisprudence
of the International Court of Justice: From Gabcikovo-Nagymaros to Argentina-Uruguay”
(“Die Rechtsprechung des internationalen Gerichtshofs auf dem Gebiet internationaler
Wasserläufe. Von Gabcikovo-Nagymaros bis Argentinien-Uruguay”), Jusletter, (June 2007).
Mrs. Rojas’s curriculum vitae is provided in Appendix 1.
Section I. Environmental protection in the Colombian legal system
A. Constitutional Law and basic legislation related to the environment in Colombia
▯▯ The Colombian State has distinguished itself for having pioneering legislation in
the area of environmental protection. In this sense, it should be noted that already in the
1970s, under the influence of the principles established in the Stockholm Declaration of 1972,
Colombia issued Decree 2811 of 1974, or the National Code of Renewable Natural Resources
and Environmental Protection (known as the CNRNR for its initials in Spanish). This was the
first framework law in this field enacted in Latin America and the Caribbean.
▯▯ Based on the CNRNR, Colombia began to address the environment as an issue in
its own right and in a coherent and unified fashion -- thereby overcoming the previous system
which operated based on the fragmented and isolated regulation of natural resources --
primarily focused on those resources which were of special importance to the national
economy.
2Annex 8
▯▯ The issuance of the CNRNR therefore represents the consideration of the
environment as a legal asset in and of itself, worthy of legal protection as a whole and as the
heritage of all Colombians. From this perspective, the CNRNR is based on a series of rules,
of which we can highlight: the placing of environmental policy management in the hands of
the national government, the express introduction of the right of all people to enjoy a healthy
environment, the joint duty of the State and of individuals to preserve the environment, and
the civil liability of the State and of individuals for damage caused as a result of activities that
generate pollution or environmental degradation.
▯▯ In addition to the regulatory decrees issued in the development of the CNRNR,
many environmental regulations were adopted from this point on. However, despite the
apparent interest in the issue of the environment beginning in the 1970s, the Colombian
Political Constitution at that time did not make any reference to the environment, and
therefore any Constitutional backing in this field had to be sought in article 16 of the
Constitution, according to which the authorities of the Republic were instructed to protect the
life, integrity, and property of all persons residing in Colombia.
▯▯ The lack of constitutional provisions in the area of the environment was overcome
with the passage of the Political Constitution of 4 July 1991, which included the commitment
to environmental protection in an intentional and comprehensive manner throughout its
articles.
▯▯ In general terms, the Constitution of 1991 orders that natural resources are a
birthright of all Colombians; it incorporates in the chapter dedicated to collective rights the
right of all people to enjoy a healthy environment, and establishes the responsibility of the
State and of individuals and institutions to preserve and properly manage the environment,
guided by the goal of sustainable development.
3 Annex 8
▯▯▯ Under this perspective, and particularly from the point of view of the content of
the regulations regarding environmental protection, it can be affirmed that the 1991
Constitution considered the most cutting-edge criteria that had been developed at the time at
the international level, including those put forth by the United Nations Commission for
Environment and Development.
▯▯▯ Despite the fact that the Constitution was issued before the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development in 1992 (the Rio “Earth Summit”) took place,
it is important to recognize that the guidelines of the constitutional text coincide with the
principles developed during that conference. The Constitution, in addition to including the
concept of sustainable development throughout its text, considers the linkage between
environmental protection and human rights, and institutes the principles of prevention,
liability for environmental damages, citizen participation, and international cooperation
(article 80).
▯▯▯ In order to develop these constitutional precepts, and those inspired by the Rio
Conference, Law 99 of 1993 was enacted, “by which the Ministry of the Environment is
created, the public agencies in charge of the management and conservation of the
environment and renewable natural resources are reorganized, the National Environmental
System (SINA) is established, and other provisions are issued.”
▯▯▯ Article 1 of Law 99, corresponding to Title I on “Foundations of Colombian
Environmental Policy,” refers to general environmental principles, of which the following are
of note: sustainable development as a goal; respect for the human right to the environment;
attention to the principles of precaution, polluter pays, prevention, the repair of environmental
damage and participation; and the need to conduct Environmental Impact Assessments.
4Annex 8
▯▯▯ These principles acquired great importance by being incorporated into this
framework Law, which is hierarchically superior and regulates environmental protection and
management in Colombia. Of particular importance for this study are the principles of
precaution, prevention, and the need for Environmental Impact Assessments. In this regard,
the following provisions are of particular importance:
x Article 1.6 on precaution: “The formulation of environmental policies shall take into
account the results of the process of scientific investigation. Nevertheless, environmental
authorities and individuals shall apply the precautionary principle, according to which,
when there exists the risk of grave and irreversible damage, the lack of absolute scientific
certainty shall not be used as a reason to delay the adoption of effective measures to
prevent the degradation of the environment.”
x Article 1.7 on prevention and the polluter pays principle: “The State shall promote the
integration of economical instruments for the prevention, correction, and restoration of
environmental deterioration, and for the conservation of renewable natural resources.”
x Article 1.11 on Environmental Impact Assessments: “Environmental impact assessments
shall be the basic instrument for decision-making with respect to construction projects
and activities which significantly affect the natural or artificial environment.”
▯▯▯ In the same way it should be noted that one of the central aspects of Law 99 is the
creation of the Ministry of the Environment, as the governing entity of national environmental
policy. Article 5 of Law 99 defines the functions of this Ministry. Within the functions
related to regulatory and oversight authority, the following are particularly relevant to the
subject of this study:
x “5) To establish environmental criteria that must be incorporated into the formulation of
sectoral policies and in the planning processes of the other Ministries and entities, upon
consultation with those bodies”;
x “10) To determine the minimum environmental rules and regulations to be observed by
urban centers and human settlements and mining and industrial activities, transportation
5 Annex 8
and in general any service of activity that can directly or indirectly generate
environmental damages”;
x “15) To evaluate environmental studies and issue, deny or suspend the corresponding
1
environmental license, in those cases indicated in title VIII of this law”;
x “17) To contract, when necessary for the performance of its duties, research studies and
the monitoring of ecological and environmental processes and the evaluation of
Environmental Impact Assessments”;
x “To issue environmental regulations on the distribution and use of chemical or biological
substances used in agricultural activities.”
▯▯▯ In addition, according to article 6 of Law 99, the Ministry of the Environment
(since 2002, the Ministry of the Environment, Housing, and Territorial Development) enjoys a
general authority clause, by which: “in addition to the other functions assigned by law or
regulations, the MINISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT will exercise in relation to the
environment and renewable natural resources those functions which have not been expressly
attributed by law to any other authority.”
▯▯▯ The Ministry of the Environment also possesses sanctioning powers. According to
article 83 of Law 99 of 1993, this Ministry is vested with: “(…) police functions to impose
and execute police-like measures, fines and penalties established by law, that are applicable
to the case”.2 In this regard, article 85 of this law states that the Ministry of the Environment
will impose various types of sanctions and injunctions on anyone who violates environmental
protection regulations or regulations on the management and use of renewable natural
resources. Here we can highlight the Ministry’s authority to order the “performance within a
fixed term of the studies and evaluations required to establish the nature and characteristics
of the damages, effects and impacts caused by the infraction, as well as the measures
1
2Chapter VIII of the Law refers to the Environmental License.
Title XII (articles 83 to 86) of Law 99 of 1993 refers to “Sanctions and Police Measures.”
6Annex 8
3
necessary to mitigate them or compensate for them.” In other words, the Ministry of
Environment has authority to create, implement and enforce laws concerning environmental
protection. In so doing, it can direct other government agencies, including the National
Narcotics Directorate (DNE), and enforce compliance through orders and sanctions when
4
necessary.
B. Incorporation of international environmental law in internal Colombian law
▯▯▯ Colombia has ratified most of the international treaties related to environmental
protection. 5 By ratifying them, the State has assumed the obligations contained therein,
which means that it is internationally accountable for any failures to comply with them. In
this sense, by way of example, the Colombian State is bound by the commitments it assumed
in the 1992 Rio Convention on Biological Diversity, which among other things includes
provisions on the need to carry out Environmental Impact Assessments (article 14).
▯▯▯ In addition, as mentioned above, the vast majority of the principles established in
the large international conferences on development and the environment, and especially in the
Rio Declaration of 1992, were incorporated into the Constitution of 1991 and Law 99 of 1993
(Const. arts. 80 and Law 99 art. 1). Therefore, those general principles of international
environmental law, which in addition to being consolidated as binding legal rules by the effect
3
4Law 99 of 1993, Art. 85(2)(d).
Law 1333 of 2009, which establishes the Environental Sanction Procedure along with other provisions,
subrograted articles 83 and 86 of Law 99 of 1993 (regarding Sanctions and Police Measures). Law 1333
established, in a detailed manner, the procedure for imposing preventive and punitive measures in environmental
issues. It also granted the relevant powers to the Ministry of Environment, the Regional Autonomous
Corporations, the urban Environmental Units, and the Special Administrative Unit of the National Parks System.
5Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat, Ramsar, reprinted in 11
ILM 963 (1972); Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 993
U.N.T.S. 243 reprinted in 12 I.L.M. 1085 (1973); The Amazon Cooperation Treaty (1978); International
Tropical Timber Agreement (1994);Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, 1673 U.N.T.S. 125, reprinted in l28 I.L.M. 657 (1989); Convention for
the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1513 UNTS 323 reprinted in 26 ILM 1529 (1987); United Nations
Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification,
Particularly in Africa, 1954 UNTS 3 reprinted in 33 ILM 1328 (1994); United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change, U.N. Doc. A/AC.237/18 (Part II)/Add.1 (1992), reprinted in 31 I.L.M. 849 (1992);
Convention on Biological Diversity, 1760 UNTS 79, reprinted in 31 I.L.M. 818 (1992); Cartagena Biosafety
Protocol to the Convention on Biological Diversity, reprinted in 39 I.L.M. 1027 (1983).
7 Annex 8
of custom -- as are, for example, the principles of prevention (Law 99, art. 1.7; Const. art. 80)
and of international cooperation (Law 99, art. 5.22, Const. art. 80) -- have been expressly
incorporated into the Colombian legal order not only through legislation but also in the
Constitution.
Section II. Environmental Licensing and Environmental Impact Assessments in
Colombia: law and practice
▯▯▯ Studying the regime of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) in Colombia
requires beginning with an analysis of the broader context, that is, Environmental Licensing
regulation.
▯▯▯ The Environmental License does not simply represent a requirement to verify a
series of data, but it is a process through which the relevant environmental authority decides
on the viability of executing a project or carrying out a particular activity, by determining the
maximum limit of damage to the environment, and the obligations required to achieve the
desired objective.
▯▯▯ The issue of Environmental Licenses in Colombia began in earnest in the 1970s.
The Constitutional Court itself has called attention to the importance of this instrument for
environmental protection in its ruling C-328 of 1995, which finds that “the duty to prevent
and control environmental deterioration is exercised, among other ways, through the
granting, denial or cancellation of environmental licenses by the State”. To this, the Court
adds that “only the prior permission of the relevant authorities makes it legally viable to
execute construction works or activities that can have potential effects on the ecosystem
(…)”. 7 The Court goes on to maintain that “the reason for the existence of environmental
licenses is to protect individual and collective rights. It is the responsibility of public
6
7Constitution Court, Sentence C-328 of 1995, Judge: Eduardo Cifuentes Muñoz, para. 16.
Ibid.
8Annex 8
authorities to ensure these rights, particularly when the risk of them being violated increases
due to the performance of hazardous activities.” 8
▯▯▯ In this way, Colombia’s highest jurisdictional body makes it clear in a harmonious
interpretation of the relevant constitutional mandate, that the ultimate end of Environmental
Licenses and their correlates, among them Environmental Impact Assessments, is to prevent
the possible negative effects of a project or activity, and with this, to ultimately guarantee
respect for individual rights, like the right to health (Const. art. 49) or to life (Const. art. 11),
and for collective rights, like the right to the environment (Const. art. 79).
A. The Environmental License before Law 99 of 1993
▯▯▯ The institutionalization of environmental management in the country began with
the CNRNR in 1974, as discussed above.
▯▯▯ In effect, beginning in 1974 and based on the CNRNR, two environmental
management and oversight instruments were established: The Declaration of Environmental
Effect (DEE) and the Ecological and Environmental Study (EES), which are considered to be
the precursors of the Environmental License and the Environmental Impact Assessment. In
particular, the EES, according to article 28 of the CNRNR, was required prior to obtaining the
License and consisted of a study that had to be carried out before the execution of works, the
establishment of an industry or the performance of activities that could produce serious
environmental deterioration. This Study had to contain information about the social and
economic environment of the project and its influence on the respective region.
▯▯▯ It is useful here to reproduce the content of the relevant provisions of the CNRNR
9
in the area of environmental impact assessments, specifically articles 27, 28 and 29:
8
Constitution Court, Sentence C-328 of 1995, Judge: Eduardo Cifuentes Muñoz, para. 11.
9 Annex 8
x Article 27 of the CNRNR orders that “any individual or entity, public or private which
plans to carry out or is carrying out any work or activity that could produce
environmental damage, is obligated to declare the presumed danger that is a consequence
of the work or activity.”
x Article 28 of the CNRNR states that “in order to build works, establish industries or carry
out any other activity which due to its nature could produce serious deterioration to
renewable natural resources or the environment or introduce considerable or notable
modifications to the landscape, a prior ecological and environmental study will be
necessary, and a license must be obtained.”
x Article 29, which is especially relevant to activities that could have repercussions outside
of the national territory, states that “when the abovementioned works or activities could
have effects of an international nature on natural resources and other environmental
elements, the opinion of the Ministry of Foreign Relations must be sought.” This
provision reflects the Colombian State’s commitment, at that time, to avoid damaging the
environment and natural resources of other States.
▯▯▯ It must be clarified that originally the first two abovementioned provisions were
intended to regulate different situations. Based on Article 27, it was the responsibility of the
people executing the respective projects or works to classify their activity as environmentally
risky or not. Before the first event, the person would acquire the obligation of declaring the
danger that their project or activity involved. This Declaration is known as the Declaration of
Environmental Effect (DEE). Based on the DEE, the State would issue its decision. The
difficulty in enforcing this provision lay in the lack of regulations to indicate what kind of
projects could involve danger to the environment.
▯▯▯ Article 28 focused its attention not on a presumed situation of danger, but on a
series of characteristics of the work that made it possible to predict that it would produce
grave danger to the environment, in which case it was obligatory to submit an Ecological and
Environmental Study (EES) to the State, in addition to requesting a license.
9Article 118 of Law 99 of 1993 repealed, among others, these three provisions.
10Annex 8
▯▯▯ Essentially, the purpose of these rules was related to the duty to disclose and the
principle of prevention, which is of enormous significance for environmental preservation and
protection. In fact, this goal is confirmed in the attitude adopted by the authorities in charge
of environmental issues during this period of time, which consisted of assuming that all
construction projects were required to present a DEE, and if the environmental authority
considered it necessary, an EES was required as well.
B. The Environmental License after Law 99 of 1993
▯▯▯ The inconsistencies of the rules discussed above were resolved with the enactment
of Law 99 of 1993. The Political Constitution of 1991 had already incorporated in its text the
main environmental principles, developed at the international level, among them sustainable
development and prevention, which in turn demanded from the State a more proactive attitude
in relation to the control and management of natural resources, and assigned the State the
ultimate responsibility to determine the effects of a project and to adopt the appropriate
measures.
▯▯▯ Nevertheless, one aspect that Law 99 of 1993, unlike the CNRNR (article 29), did
not consider within its provisions on Environmental Licensing was the potential cross-border
environmental effects of the projects carried out in Colombian territory. In fact, Law 99 has a
significant legal vacuum on this issue, to the extent that the provisions that define the content
of the EIA do not make any reference to the consideration of the possible consequences of
activities, projects or construction works that go beyond national borders. In any case,
bearing in mind the functions and powers of the Ministry of the Environment, defined in Law
99, it is understood that it is left to the Ministry, when establishing the terms of reference for
the EIA and EMP, 10to set the necessary parameters to consider cross-border environmental
10
Articles 5 and 57 of Law 99 of 1993.
11 Annex 8
impacts that could potentially be caused by the project to be carried out on Colombian
territory.
▯▯▯ Title VIII of Law 99 defines the concept of the Environmental License (art. 50),
and establishes that it is obligatory and must be obtained prior to the development of any
projects that require it (art. 49). In addition, the law regulates the process of granting the
license (art. 58) and defines the responsibilities of the environmental authorities in this area
(art. 51).
C. Differences between an Environmental License, an Environmental Impact
Assessment, and an Environmental Management Plan
▯▯▯ Before proceeding, it is important to highlight the difference between an
Environmental License (EL), an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and an
Environmental Management Plan (EMP), under Colombian law.
▯▯▯ According to article 49 of Law 99 of 1993, “The execution of works, the
establishment of industries or the performance of any activity which according to the law and
regulations could produce serious damage to renewable natural resources or to the
environment or introduce significant or notable modifications to the landscape will require an
environmental license.”
▯▯▯ The Environmental License (EL) consists, therefore, of the authorization granted
by the competent environmental authority with respect to the execution of a construction
project or activity, which commits its beneficiary to comply with the requirements established
therein with regard to the prevention, mitigation, correction, compensation and management
of the environmental effects of the authorized project or activity, as described in article 50 of
Law 99 of 1993.
12Annex 8
▯▯▯ The EIA, for its part, is the fundamental instrument based on which the
environmental authorities adopt decisions on whether or not to grant a license to projects or
activities that could significantly affect the environment prior to their implementation, as
determined by article 1, paragraph 11 of Law 99 of 1993. More specifically, article 57 of
Law 99 defines the EIA as the set of information that anyone requesting an environmental
license must submit to the relevant environmental authority. This assessment must contain,
according to article 57: “information regarding the location of the project and the abiotic,
biotic and socioeconomic elements of the environment that could suffer damage due to the
project or activity, for whose execution the license is requested, as well as the evaluation of
impacts that could occur. In addition, it shall include the design of plans for the prevention,
mitigation, correction and compensation of impacts and the environmental management plan
for the project or activity.”
▯▯▯ Under these terms, the EIA is intended to predict, identify, value and correct the
environmental consequences or effects that certain actions could cause to the quality of the
natural and artificial surroundings. To do this, the assessment must appropriately identify,
describe and value the notable, foreseeable effects that the implementation of the project will
have on the different environmental aspects.
▯▯▯ This content, in practice and according to relevant current regulations, is contained
in: an executive summary; a delimitation of the direct and indirect area of influence of the
project; a project description, including: location, stages, dimensions, estimated costs,
execution timetable, processes, basic identification and estimate of inputs, products, wastes,
emissions, effluent and risks inherent to the technology to be used, its sources and control
systems; the determination of the natural renewable resources that are planned to be used,
processed or affected in the development of the project; the description, classification and
analysis of the biotic, abiotic, socio-economic and cultural context in which the project is to
13 Annex 8
be carried out; the identification and evaluation of the environmental impacts that the project
could cause, including what can be prevented, mitigated or compensated for.
▯▯▯ The EMP, meanwhile, according to Colombian law, is one of the documents that
the applicant for the license must attach to the EIA when submitting the application for a
license to the corresponding environmental authority. The EMP is intended for the monitoring
and oversight phase of the respective authorized project. That is, it is a part of the EIA that
describes how the environmental monitoring of the project in question will be carried out.
The EMP establishes in a detailed fashion, after an environmental assessment, the actions that
will be taken to mitigate, correct or compensate for the negative environmental impacts
identified by the EIA, and includes the follow-up, monitoring, emergency and abandonment
plans depending on the nature of the project.
▯▯▯ In procedural terms, article 57 orders that the environmental authority that is
competent to grant the environmental license will establish the terms of reference for the EIA
within a term that cannot exceed sixty (60) working days, counting from the date of the
application submitted by the interested party.
▯▯▯ Thus, according to Colombian environmental legislation, the EL is the
authorization issued by the relevant environmental authority to be able to begin a project,
work or activity that has the potential to be harmful to the environment. The environmental
authority’s decision to grant or not grant the EL is based on information provided by the
applicant, primarily through the EIA, which in turn is comprised of the set of information
related to both the phase prior to the initiation of the corresponding activity (in line with the
prevention principle), as well as to the phase after the startup of the activity which is
described in the EMP.
14Annex 8
D. Regulations regarding Law 99 of 1993 in the area of Environmental Licensing
▯▯▯ Title VIII of Law 99 of 1993 on Environmental Licensing constitutes the overall
regulatory framework for the subject. Through the years this issue has been the subject of
various additions and modifications.
▯▯▯ The regulation of this general framework begins with Decree 1753 of 1994, which
developed in detail the notion of Environmental Licensing, and the nature, types, effects,
content, procedures, requirements and authority for granting licenses.
▯▯▯ Article 7 of the Decree defined those projects that were exclusively the domain of
the Ministry of the Environment, including “the production and importation of pesticides and
those substances, materials or products subject to controls by virtue of international treaties,
agreements and protocols ratified for Colombia and currently in force” (Art. 7, paragraph 8).
In addition, paragraph 9 referred to projects that affect the National System of National Parks.
Article 25 of the Decree dealt with the concrete content of the EIA. Article 26 provided that
the Ministry of the Environment, in consultation with the Technical Advisory Council for
Environmental Policy and Legislation, would establish the terms of reference for each sector,
11
with their respective instructions.
▯▯▯ It should be mentioned that, in 1995, Decree 2150 was issued, which among other
things, was intended to simplify the process of granting an Environmental License and other
types of permits. At the same time, it introduced the possibility of allowing an exemption
from the requirement of the Environmental Assessment of Alternatives (art. 133), the
Environmental Impact Assessment (art. 134) and abolished the normal Environmental
License. Article 133 stated that “The National Government shall regulate those cases in
▯▯
▯Decree 1753 was in force until it was replaced by Decree 1728 of 2002, which in turn was repealed by Decree
1180 of 2003. This latter decree was overturned by Decree1220 of 2005, which is the regulatory instrument
currently in force, and was partially modified by Decree 500 in 2006.▯
15 Annex 8
which the environmental authority may refrain from requiring the Environmental Assessment
of Alternatives.” This provision was declared unenforceable by the Constitutional Court in
Ruling C-433 of 1996. For its part, article 134, which was also declared unenforceable in the
same ruling, ordered that “The National Government will determine those cases in which the
submission of an environmental management plan is sufficient to begin activities.”
▯▯▯ All of the above-mentioned regulations (whether repealed or currently in force) in
the area of Environmental Licensing contain precise provisions intended to concretely define
12
the content of the EIA.
▯▯▯ Finally, the obligation to request an Environmental License and with it to submit
Environmental Impact Assessments before initiating construction works, projects, or activities
that are susceptible to producing environmental deterioration has existed without interruption
since 1974. This obligation is reinforced with the commitment that Colombia made to ratify
the Convention on Biological Diversity of 1992, article 14 of which, in discussing the impact
assessment and the reduction of any adverse impact to a minimum, states: “1. Each
Contracting Party, as far as possible and as appropriate, shall: (a) Introduce appropriate
procedures requiring environmental impact assessment of its proposed projects that are likely
to have significant adverse effects on biological diversity with a view to avoiding or
minimizing such (…).”
Section III. Colombian practice concerning Environmental Impact Assessments in
relation to the eradication of illegal crops by aerial spraying
▯▯▯ This section is dedicated to the evaluation of the Colombian government’s
compliance with the obligations established in its internal legislation with regard to
12
In summary, the content of the EIA has been regula ted by Chapter V of Decree 1753 of 1994, Article 17 of
Decree 1728 of 2002, Article 16 of Decree 1180 of 2003 and Article 20 of Decree 1220 of 2005.
16Annex 8
Environmental Impact Assessments, specifically in relation to the government activities to
eradicate illicit crops through the aerial spraying of chemical herbicides.
▯▯▯ In order to carry out this analysis, this Section will first examine the Colombian
legal-regulatory framework in the area of illicit crop eradication. It will then evaluate the
Colombian government’s compliance with the regulations on Environmental Licenses with
regard to its aerial spraying activities.
A. Colombian legislation and regulations on the eradication of illicit crops
▯▯▯ This section provides a brief overview of the various stages of Colombian
legislation and regulations regarding the aerial eradication of illicit crops.
▯▯▯ The first relevant phase of government activity in relation to aerial eradication of
illicit crops lasted from 1974 to 1992. This phase was characterized by the adoption and
execution of decisions without the backing of a resolution, and by the experimental nature of
the respective programs.
▯▯▯ It was only in 1994 that the decision was made to spray illegal crops pursuant to an
official resolution. Resolution 001 of 1994 authorized -- on an “experimental basis” -- aerial
spraying using chemical herbicides of coca and poppy crops, and established the obligation to
conduct constant monitoring and evaluation by an environmental auditor, as well as to initiate
the Epidemiological Surveillance Plan that had been proposed by the Ministry of Health in
1984.
▯▯▯ In support of this Resolution, the government invoked communications dated
October 8 and 11, 1993, signed by the General Manager of INDERENA and the Minister of
Health, respectively, which considered the CNE (Spanish initials for the National Council of
Narcotics) strategy for eradicating poppy, coca, and marihuana crops under the conditions that
17 Annex 8
the parameters recommended by these institutions were strictly applied. These
communications did not include any supporting documentation in the form of technical
studies, much less studies on potential environmental impacts.
▯▯▯ Resolution 001 of 1994 was modified by the CNE in Resolution 005 of 2000,
which recognized the need to assess environmental impacts, but relegated them to the phases
of oversight, follow-up and monitoring of the illicit crop eradication program and not to the
phase prior to the implementation of the project. The issuance of this Resolution and its
emphasis on environmental protection, demonstrate that the authorities in the area of narcotics
were aware that the implementation of the new spraying program, under the laws in place at
that time, required Environmental Licensing. In this way the modification of Resolution 001
of 1994 can be seen as an attempt to correct the lack of attention to environmental regulations.
▯▯▯ In accordance with Resolution 005 of 2000, the Anti-Narcotics Police, in order to
determine possible risks, had to request information from various public and private entities
(paragraph 2, article 2). The information collected was to be evaluated by the Anti-Narcotics
Police themselves in order to determine the potential risks with regard to human health, the
environment and agricultural activities. This dilutes the essence of the prevention principle,
one of whose corollaries is focused on the need to evaluate the possible negative impact of a
project or activity on the environment, as a prerequisite prior to its authorization by an
environmental authority. In this case, the Anti-Narcotics Police did not have the
independence or expertise to evaluate the environmental impacts of a program that it was
going to execute itself.
▯▯▯ The result of the sprayings was such that citizen discontentment with spraying
operations significantly grew. This discontentment was reflected in an increase in the number
of complaints, to the point that the government, through the CNE, issued a Resolution in order
to regulate the procedure to attend to complaints resulting from the alleged damages caused
18Annex 8
by the aerial spraying within the Illicit Crops Eradication Program: DNE Resolution 0017,
dated October 4, 2001. 13
▯▯▯ In 2003, the CNE issued Resolution 0013, which adopted a “new Procedure” for
14
the PECIG and revoked CNE Resolutions 001 of 1994 and 005 of 2000. The new
Resolution authorized spraying in any part of the national territory where illegal crops are
present, including National Parks, and reduced the buffer zones around urban centers,
aqueducts, paramos (high-altitude Andean plateaus), bodies of water and areas of socio-
economic, ethnic and environmental interest, leaving them practically unprotected from spray
15
drift.
▯▯▯ Finally, Resolution No. 0026 issued by the National Council of Narcotics in
October 2007, authorized “the eradication of illicit crops in areas of indigenous reservations
where processes of consultation have taken place in advance,” consolidating the legal
framework for a situation that had already been taking place in practice in an unlawful
manner. For many years, the government carried out spraying in indigenous reservations,
openly violating laws on the protection of indigenous rights, particularly Law 21 of 1990
which approved ILO Convention 169 of 1989 and which requires holding a consultation with
indigenous populations prior to the exploitation of natural resources or to affecting indigenous
territories. This has been confirmed by the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court and in
the pronouncements of the Ombudsman’s Office, as will be examined later in this study.
13Modified by Resolution 0008 of 2007.
14Program of Eradication of Illicit Crops using Aerial Spraying with Glyphosate (Spanish initials).
15Spray drift refers to the fact that the herbicide is not only dispersed on the place that is intended to be sprayed,
but also falls in unplanned areas due to the wind, and even more so when these fumigations are done by airplane.
The buffer zones or spaces where spraying should not be done, to avoid the effects of fumigation in special
areas, had been defined in Order 558 of 13 August 1996 by the Ministry of the Environment, which established
the Terms of Reference for the DNE (National Narcotics Director ate) to produce the EMP for the aerial spray
program and were later confirmed precisely in Resolution 1065 of 2001 “Whereby a management plan is
established and other decisions are made.”
19 Annex 8
B. Aerial spraying operations in the context of Environmental Licensing regulations
▯▯▯ This section analyzes whether the various stages of the government’s aerial
spraying program complied with existing Environmental Licensing regulations.
▯▯▯ This analysis must begin by considering, on the one hand, the type of activity –
widespread and intensive aerial sprayings – and on the other, the biological wealth that the
country possesses, particularly in its National Natural Parks, where said sprayings have been
carried out.
▯▯▯ The Colombian government has premised the legality of its aerial spraying
operations on the environmental requirements established under Law 99 of 1993. According
to article 49 of Law 99, as analyzed previously, any project that could cause serious damage
to the environment must have an environmental license granted by the corresponding
environmental authority. The use of pesticides – chemical herbicides – in aerial spraying
operations, requires having an Environmental License, given that they are, in essence and by
virtue of Law 9 of 1979 and its Regulatory Decree 1843 of 1991, substances that have the
potential to cause serious changes to the environment and to natural resources. Yet, the
Colombian Government has circumvented this requirement by conflating the different aerial
spraying operations authorized over three decades into one single event and ignoring the
significant distinctions between the various spraying programs over the years.
▯▯▯ However, due to their different nature, characteristics, objectives, scope,
procedures, and potential environmental impacts, a distinction must be made between the
different programs that the Colombian state has carried out, in order to identify the laws and
regulations that applied to each of them at the corresponding point in time.
▯▯▯ The first sprayings were carried out on an “experimental” basis with the herbicide
Paraquat in 1978 on marihuana crops in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. At this time, the
20Annex 8
Decree Law 2811 of 1974 or the National Code of Renewable Natural Resources and
Environmental Protection (CNRNR) was in effect. As a result, the spraying undoubtedly
required what was then called the Ecological and Environmental Study (EES) and an
16
Environmental License, according to article 28 of said Law. In light of the fact that these
requirements were not met, the Colombian State was in violation of its environmental law in
effect at the time when these experimental sprayings were carried out in the Sierra Nevada de
Santa Marta beginning in 1978. In effect, on the occasion of these sprayings, INDERENA
(the Colombian environmental authority which predated the creation of the Ministry of the
Environment in 1993) pointed out this fact, and advised the CNE that according to the
17
CNRNR it was necessary to perform an EES. This demand was not met.
▯▯▯ Similarly, the spraying operations to eliminate marihuana crops pursuant to the
order from the Ministry of Justice in 1984, were also done while the CNRNR was in force,
and therefore the above analysis applies to this case as well. That is to say, these spraying
activities were performed without regard for the provisions in articles 27 and 28 of the
CNRNR on the Environmental Declaration and the Ecological and Environmental Study,
respectively, 18such that during these aerial sprayings we can also see the Colombian
government’s failure to comply with the requirement to conduct an environmental study and
obtain an environmental license, as can be observed in INDERENA’s pronouncements made
19
in August 1984, calling for the execution of an EES of the spray program.
▯▯▯ In addition, when the Colombian Government decided to implement the program
for the aerial eradication of illicit crops in 1984, the Group of Scientific Experts that had been
called together by the National Institute of Health recommended the creation of a committee,
16As analyzed previously in the section entitled “Environmental Licensing before Law 99 of 1993”.
17Report of the INDERENA visit to Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, 1978, Official communication 05821 of July
19, 1978.
18
19See the content of these articles in section “Environmental Licensing before Law 99 of 1993,” above.
INDERENA, Official communication number 08885 of August 8, 1984. Attached to this communication
INDERENA provided the terms of reference that the DNE should have considered to produce an Ecological and
Environmental Study, which was never done.
21 Annex 8
composed of epidemiologists and toxicologists, who would be in charge of the design and
execution of a toxic surveillance program to monitor people exposed to the sprayings because
of the aerial eradication program. The Group also emphasized the need for the country to
develop its own technology to analyze the herbicides that were being sprayed in
environmental and biological samples, in order to develop appropriate programs of
toxicological surveillance and monitoring. Neither of these recommendations were followed.
▯▯▯ In light of the fact that no studies on the effect of the sprayings had been initiated
by the CNE, officials from INDERENA were commissioned to fly over the sprayed areas. As
a result of this commission, which found very worrying evidence of environmental
deterioration, INDERENA developed a proposal called “Studies for the environmental
management of areas of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta National Park and buffer zones
affected by marihuana crops and their destruction by aerial spraying with glyphosate.” 20
This proposal for environmental studies was sent by the management of INDERENA for the
consideration of the National Council of Narcotics (CNE) in official communication number
07364 dated July 31, 1986.
▯▯▯ The new and expanded wave of spraying operations that were announced in a
press release to the public in 1992 referred to the elimination of the poppy crop and were of
21
an “experimental” nature. These operations were carried out during the time when the
CNRNR was still in effect. In this regard, while the aerial spraying order expressly mentions
the participation of the Ministry of Health and INDERENA in the poppy crop reconnaissance
and identification phase, in reality the initiation of these spraying operations did not rely on
the opinion or authorization of said entities, which constituted a clear failure to comply with
20See Report from the Commission of INDERENA officials held from December 12-16, 1986 in:
Documentation Center, Pro-Sierra Nevada Foundation of Santa Marta.
21Communiqué of the National Narcotics Council of Colombia to public opinion on the eradication illicit poppy
crops, 31 January 1992.
22Annex 8
existing environmental law, particularly in relation to the requirement of conducting an
environmental study and requesting a license, as indicated by the CNRNR.
▯▯▯ In this respect, one should note proposition No. 56 of the Plenary Minutes of the
ordinary session of the Senate on February 5, 1992, which states: “The Senate of the Republic
recommends to the National Government that it review the decision made by the National
Council of Narcotics on January 31, in which it approves the use of Glyphosate via aerial
application to eradicate illegal crops in our country. A decision of this nature cannot be
made without the corresponding study on the environmental impact and the effects on human
health, flora and fauna. That is what this body recommended in its proposition approved
unanimously on December 19, 1991. If that decision was approved by the null vote of the
Ministry of Education and the Attorney General and also with the negative vote of the
Ministry of Health, it should be studied with greater care, with an analysis of alternatives that
do not damage the ecosystem nor affect the social and ecological peace.”
▯▯▯ The aerial spraying operations of 1994 were authorized through CNE Resolution
001 of February 1994. These were the first spray operations authorized under an official
Government resolution. This spray program was intended to eliminate poppy, coca and
marihuana crops. Despite the fact that the resolution mentions the communications sent in
April 1993 by the General Manager of INDERENA and by the Minister of Health at the time,
who gave their support for the aerial spraying operations over poppy fields, according to Law
30 of 1986 or the National Narcotics Statute, article 91(g), the authorization to spray given by
the CNE did not comply with the legal-environmental requirements in effect in 1994 for two
fundamental reasons:
x First, the letter or communication from the Manager of INDERENA was not supported by
any environmental or other studies. For environmental matters, the requirement
established in article 91(g) of Law 30 of 1986 (“favorable opinion of the entity in charge
23 Annex 8
of ensuring the preservation of the equilibrium of the country’s ecosystem”) cannot be
understood as a mere formality, but involves a detailed, deep and documented
environmental assessment, which makes it possible to decide on the environmental
viability of the project or work in question.
x Second, the Resolution was adopted after Law 99 of 1993 had gone into effect, and
therefore it was not allowed to ignore the mandates established in that law in the area of
Environmental Licensing (Title VIII). Specifically, the above-mentioned mandate of
article 49 of Law 99 on the obligatory nature of the Environmental License, interpreted
together with the already cited article 91g) of Law 30 of 1986, reinforced even more the
obligation to carry out studies on the detailed environmental assessment of the coca,
poppy and marihuana spraying operations of 1994. That mandate was clearly disregarded.
▯▯▯ In addition, while paragraph 7 of Resolution 001 of 1994 calls for the hiring of an
environmental auditor to “control and supervise the technical and proper execution of the
eradication strategy,” this does not compensate for the failure to obtain the Environmental
License and ignores the prevention principle which is enshrined not only in the law but in the
Constitution, 22to the extent that the sprayings were carried out without any prior
Environmental Impact Assessments which are part of the process of obtaining the license as
put forth in article 57 of Law 99. It is worth noting that the environmental audit, while still
recommended for the purposes of environmental protection, is to be done after the
corresponding project or activity has begun.
▯▯▯ Later, in an order dated October 26, 1996, reiterating the position adopted on
August 15, 1995, the Council of State said, in response to a compliance action, that the
authorization of illicit crop eradication in Resolution 001 of February 1994 constituted a
continuation of the governmental authorization of 1992 to eradicate poppy crops, and in this
sense, because it began before the enactment of Law 99 of 1993, it was under the transitional
22
Article 1.1, 1.10, 1.11 of Law 99 of 1993; Article 80 of the Political Constitution of Colombia.
24Annex 8
regime described in article 38 of Regulatory Decree 1753 of August 1994, so that the activity
could continue to be carried out without the need for an Environmental License.
▯▯▯ Nevertheless, a strict legal analysis of the laws and regulations in force at that
time, can only lead to the conclusion that the spraying operations of 1994 and subsequent
programs, due to their particularities and their scope, would have had to be distinguished from
those previously authorized, and therefore would have had to submit to the regulatory regime
of the Environmental License contained in Law 99 of 1993.
▯▯▯ In any event, even if one accepts the arguments of the Council of State of 1995,
and considers the 1994 operations to be under the transitional regime of Decree 1753 of 1994,
that does not completely release the CNE from its environmental obligations, as the Council
of State itself acknowledged in saying: “without prejudice to the fact that the environmental
authorities can intervene when they deem necessary to enforce compliance with the laws that
regulate the environment in order to maintain it healthy, recover it or restore it as the case
23
may be”. Within the framework of general environmental obligations, the principles of
prevention and precaution could not be ignored, as they are guiding principles of legislation.
▯▯▯ Moreover, in a letter to the Minister of Justice, dated 20 December 1994, the
Minister of Environment made clear that even under Law 99 of 1993 and the transitional
regime it established, the Ministry of Environment would still require the Government to
carry out an Environmental Impact Assessment for the aerial spray program. 24
▯▯▯ Ultimately, the aerial sprayings of illicit crops carried out in 2000 under
Resolution 005 of August 2000, constituted a significantly different activity from those
programs designed and executed in the earlier years referred to above. Resolution 005 of
23Council of State, Sentence of 27 October 1995, Judge: Dra. Nubia González Cerón.
24 Letter from Cecilia Lopez Montano, Minister oEnvironment, Republic of Colombia, to Nestor Humberto
Martinez Neira, Minister of Justice and Law, Republic of Colombia of December 20, 1994.
25 Annex 8
August 2000 announced a spraying program, to accompany the implementation of the
recently implemented “Plan Colombia”. This resolution marked the end of the
“experimental” nature of the former spraying program. Three fundamental changes
distinguish the 2000 aerial spray program from the ones that preceded it: the first is the
radical increase in the intensity of the sprayings; the second is the new territories exposed to
the spray, particularly including Colombia’s southern international border; and the third is the
change in the composition and concentration of the herbicide used in the sprayings and the
new norms for their application.
x With respect to the first change, it should be noted that beginning in 2000, the number of
hectares fumigated was much more than had been fumigated in earlier years. This
25
increase was revealed in figures reported in 2001. In that year, the government
fumigated 94,153 hectares of land – compared to the period from 1994 – 1999, when
26
between 3,871 and 66,029 hectares were fumigated each year.
x Regarding the second fundamental change, the Government program had a new
orientation, in that it concentrated on the border between Colombia and Ecuador – in the
border provinces of Putumayo and Nariño, which are also close to natural parks and
reserves, areas long excluded from aerial eradication.
x In terms of the third fundamental change, it must be remembered that after the events that
27
occurred surrounding the so-called Aponte case in 2000, an attempt was made to find an
28
explanation for the unusual injuries suffered by the population after an intense spraying,
under the suspicion that the government had begun to use a new chemical product of
greater reach, the formula for which was not yet publicly known. In fact, it later was
revealed that the chemicals were different than had been used previously.
▯▯▯ The changes described above resulted in new risks that did not exist before,
particularly the risk of cross-border environmental impacts.
252003 UNODC Report, p. 51.
26
272003 UNODC Report, p. 51.
28See more information in Section V of this study on indigenous rights.
Organization of Indigenous Nations of Colombia (ONIC), Black Communities Process (PCN), National
United Agricultural Labor Federation (FENSUAGRO- CUT), Evaluation of the Fumigations in Colombia,
Destruction of Rural Areas by the Plan Colombia, August 2002, Page 20 ff.
26Annex 8
▯▯▯ Evidently, the aerial spraying program, carried out in the context of the Plan
Colombia and strongly focused on the southern part of the country, was not part of the
operations to which the transitional regime described in article 38 of the Regulatory Decree of
Law 99 of 1993 applied, but rather they were operations which were to take place under the
regular Environmental Licensing regime contained in that Law (Title VIII). In this respect,
the 2000 spraying program required an Environmental License that should have been
processed before the Ministry of the Environment, and for which an EIA would have had to
be done, as required by article 57 of the Law. None of the above was done, and therefore
Colombia failed to comply with its own internal environmental legislation.
▯▯▯ In any event, even if one accepts that the transitional regime described in the
Regulatory Decree of Law 99 of 1993 should apply to the spraying operations the Colombian
government nonetheless still would have breached its environmental obligations, since, given
the lack of an Environmental License, the Ministry of the Environment in Order 588A of
August 13, 1996 had established Terms of Reference (TOR) for the EMP for the aerial spray
program. Consequently, based on those TOR the CNE was required to design an EMP, which
had to be submitted for approval by the Ministry of the Environment. As can be observed
from the series of events described below, the DNE did not readily meet its obligations:
x In 1998, in official communication No. 11430 of July 30, 1998, the National Directorate
of Narcotics (DNE) sent the Ministry of the Environment (MMA) a proposed EMP for the
activity of “Illicit crop eradication through aerial spraying with Glyphosate,” without the
chapter corresponding to the “Identification and Assessment of Environmental Impacts.”
Once the proposed EMP had been evaluated, Technical Opinion No. 419-99 dated
December 21, 1999 was issued, in Order No. 599 of December 23, 1999, which required
the DNE to complete the Environmental Management Plan, which had been deemed
inadequate.
x In a letter dated February 1, 2000, the DNE filed an Appeal for Reversal against Order
No. 599 of 23 December 1999, arguing among other things that it did not agree with the
27 Annex 8
technical opinions issued by the Colombian Institute of Agriculture and Livestock (ICA,
for its initials in Spanish) and the technical office of the Ministry of the Environment, nor
with the deadline established for the presentation of the complete Environmental
Management Plan.
x In Order No. 143 of March 29, 2000, the Ministry of Environment resolved the Appeal for
Reversal by confirming the other terms of the first article of Order 599 of 1999, and
setting a term of 3 months for the delivery of the information requested, which had not
been provided by the DNE.
x In an official communication dated May 10, 2000, the DNE filed an Appeal for Reversal
against the Order mentioned above, arguing, among other things, that in order to expand,
revise and submit the EMP, it would need the participation of other entities.
x In Order 275 of June 6, 2000, the Ministry of the Environment decided on the appeal for
reversal filed against Order No. 143 of March 29, 2000, by denying the appeal and
ratifying the order in its entirety.
x The DNE, in a communication dated September 13, 2000, submitted to the Ministry of the
Environment the document entitled “Complement to the Environmental Management Plan
for the application of the herbicide Glyphosate in the eradication of illicit crops,” which
was supplemented on October 17, 2000. After receiving and studying the additional
information complementary to the proposed EMP in question, the Sub-directorate of
Licenses, in its technical opinion No. 589, dated December 20, 2000, found that this
information provided by the DNE did not comply with the requirements established under
Order No. 588A of 1996.
x In response to the above, on December 20, 2000, the Ministry of the Environment invited
the DNE to a meeting where the Ministry informed the DNE that the information provided
did not satisfy the requirements imposed. At this meeting, the DNE committed to
submitting a document providing greater detail in its descriptions and orienting the impact
assessment to an analysis of risks, for the Putumayo region, according to what had been
requested in the terms of reference for the Environmental Management Plan contained in
Order 558A of 1996.
x In compliance with the above, in official communication numbered 3111-1-1627 of
January 30, 2001, the DNE delivered a document entitled “Environmental Management
28Annex 8
Plan based on the assessment of the potential operations risks derived from the
eradication of illicit crops by spraying in the Putumayo Department.” Through
Resolution 341 of May 4, 2001, the Ministry of the Environment decided not to accept the
Environmental Management Plan submitted by the DNE.
x The Ministry of the Environment in Order 516 of July 16, 2001, required the DNE to
report the steps it had taken to comply with Resolution 341 of 2001.
x In communication number 3110-1-1069 of August 8, 2001, the DNE sent the Ministry of
the Environment the first progress report regarding the obligations established in
Resolution 341 of 2001. In response to this report, the Ministry, in official
communication 2211-2-126 of August 24, 2001, requested clarifications regarding the
communications with the Ministry of Health and ICA.
x Through official communication No. 3113-1-14331 dated November 7, 2001, the DNE
sent the Ministry a document entitled “Environmental Management Plan for the Program
to Eradicate Illicit Crops with the Aerial Spraying of Glyphosate,” as well as the
document related to the Status of Progress of Resolution 341 of 2001.
x Soon thereafter, the Ministry of Environment imposed a revised Environmental
Management Plan on the DNE, through Resolution 1065 of 26 November 2001. At the
same time, the Ministry of Environment initiated an investigation of the DNE for its
failure to comply with Resolution 341 of 2001, through Resolution 1066 of 26 November
2001. The sanctioning procedure brought under Resolution 1066 resulted in the
imposition of a fine in the amount of 33,200,00 Pesos, under Resolution 0670 of 2003.
▯▯▯ For its part, Resolution 1065 of 2001 required the clarification of a series of issues
that up to that time the DNE had not verified. Two questions raised in this resolution are
particularly relevant: the first question relates to buffer zones and the second question refers
to the insistence that the spray program not operate in environmentally sensitive areas like
populated areas, parks, nature reserves, aqueducts and bodies of water.
▯▯▯ With respect to the buffer zones, through Resolution 0013 of 2003, the CNE
unilaterally and without due authority, reduced their dimensions, thus modifying the terms
29 Annex 8
established by the Ministry of Environment for the EMP. Reducing the buffer zones was not
within its scope of powers. It is the Ministry of the Environment’s duty to establish the
parameters of the Environmental Management Plan for the spray program and the dimensions
of these zones are part of those parameters. To justify the modifications, the CNE invoked
29
the application of article 87 of Decree 1843 of 1991, according to which the buffer zone for
the application of pesticides in rural areas must be at least 10 meters if applied on the ground
and 100 meters if by air, from bodies of water, highways, human settlements, herds of animals
or any other area requiring special protection. However, it must be stated that legally the
definition of buffer safety zones established in Resolution 341 of 2001 and confirmed in
Resolution 1065 of 2001 prevail, particularly because the aerial spray program is a special
case of widespread and intensive aerial spraying, which requires greater care due to the
special circumstances under which the program is executed, and is not a spraying of
30
traditional agricultural crops. The failure to abide by the provisions on buffer zones
imposed by the MMA therefore represented a violation by the State of its internal
environmental regulations.
▯▯▯ It must also be pointed out that CNE Resolution 0013 of 2003, “By which
Resolutions numbered 0001 of 11 February 1994 and 0005 of 11 August 2000 are repealed
and a new procedure is adopted for the Illicit Crop Eradication Program,” is a clear violation
of what the Ministry of Environment instructed in Resolution 1065. In fact, the
Environmental Management Plan imposed by the Ministry of the Environment in 2001 had
established buffer zones of 2000, 1600 and 200 meters, while Resolution 0013 of June 2003
reduced the protection zone to between 10 and 100 meters, by invoking article 87 of CNE
Decree 1843 of 1991, as noted above.
29Decree No. 1843 of 1991, which partially regulates titles III, V, VI, VII and XI of Law 09 of 1979, on the use
and handling of pesticides.
30
See Resolution No. 108 of January 31, 2002 of the Ministry of the Environment.
30Annex 8
▯▯▯ Additionally, Resolution 0013 of 2003 fails to comply with the terms imposed by
the Ministry of Environment in Resolution 1065 in relation to the coverage of the aerial spray
program, by ordering that the Program may operate in all areas of the country where there is
evidence of the presence of illegal crops, which opens up the possibility of spraying even in
National Natural Parks; areas where Resolution 1065 expressly orders only manual
eradication (article 3).
▯▯▯ In other words, by November 2003, there was no EIA, much less an
Environmental License, and therefore there was an open violation of Colombian law in this
respect.
▯▯▯ The Ministry of Environment, in Resolution 1054 of November 2003, approved
the DNE’s request to modify the aerial program’s Environmental Management Plan based on
the transitional regime of article 28 (paragraph 3) of the new Decree 1180 of 2003, which
regulates Law 99 of 1993 in the area of Environmental Licensing. Article 28 establishes that:
“The projects, works or activities that before the issuance of this decree initiated all of the
steps necessary to obtain the corresponding environmental license or to establish the
environmental management plan, required by the laws in effect at that time, will continue
their processes in accordance with those laws and should they obtain the license and/or
management plan, may move ahead and/or continue the project, work or activity.” Thus, the
Ministry of Environment approved the Environmental Management Plan proposed by the
DNE with the respective proposed changes.
▯▯▯ In addition to what has been discussed already about the DNE regarding
Resolution 0013 of 2003 -- in which it disregarded the EMP guidelines imposed on it by the
Ministry of Environment in Resolution 1065 of 2001 -- the Ministry of Environment’s
approval of the EMP included in Resolution 0013 of 2003 also constitutes an open disregard
of Colombian environmental law for the following reasons:
31 Annex 8
x The spraying operations begun in 2003, authorized by CNE Resolution 0013, constitute a
completely different program than those carried out previously, as its very title
demonstrates: “By which Resolutions numbered 0001 of 11 February 1994 and 0005 of
11 August 2000 are repealed and a new procedure is adopted for the Illicit Crop
31
Eradication Program”.
x These operations, in terms of their scope, refer to all illicit crops in the national territory,
whether industrial or small and independent crops and regardless of where they are found,
that is, even in National Parks which are especially protected by Colombian
32
environmental legislation.
x The most important law of the juridical hierarchy regarding the environment, Law 99 of
1993, clearly states, in article 52, that projects that affect the National System of Natural
Parks are subject to the obtainment of an Environmental License from the Ministry of the
Environment, with no exceptions.
▯▯▯ In light of the foregoing, no other conclusion can be reached than that the
Colombian Government failed to comply with its internal environmental laws and regulations
in the area of Environmental Licensing and Environmental Impact Assessments.
▯▯▯ In fact, this non-compliance has been demonstrated by Colombia’s jurisprudence.
In this regard, we can highlight the decision of the Administrative Court of Cundinamarca of
2003, which relates to a popular legal action filed against the Program of Eradication of Illicit
Crops with Glyphosate (PECIG), claiming that the program violated, inter alia, the collective
rights to enjoy a healthy environment (Const. art. 79) and the State’s obligations to ensure the
proper management and use of natural resources (Const. art. 80) and public health and safety
(Const. art. 78).
▯▯▯ The Court, in its ruling, ordered the temporary suspension of the aerial spraying of
illicit crops with the glyphosate – POEA – Cosmoflux mixture throughout the entire national
31
32Emphasis added.
Decree 2811 of 1974, Law 99 of 1993, Law 599 of 2000 (Penal Code).
32Annex 8
33
territory. This suspension was to remain in place until all of the following conditions were
met: 1) That the DNE comply strictly with the measures imposed by the Ministry of the
Environment, including both the preventative measures required in Resolution 341 of 2001
(arts. 2, 6, 7 and 8) and those established for the EMP under Resolution 1065 of 2001; 2) That
the Ministry of Social Security and Protection (Colombia’s Ministry of Health) provide the
“medical-scientific studies that determine the effect of glyphosate, POEA, Cosmo Flux, on the
health of Colombians”; and 3) That the DNE comply with CNE Resolution 0017 of 2001
which was intended to address the damage caused by the application of the aerial spraying
program.
▯▯▯ In 2004, the Council of State overturned this decision and ruled that the suspension
of the aerial spraying program should be lifted on the condition that “the guidelines stated by
the environmental authorities should be followed when illicit crops are being sprayed, and
not even the slightest deviation from these should be permitted, which means that it is
therefore necessary for permanent controls to be undertaken, with continuous evaluations, of
any effects which might begin to appear”. 34
▯▯▯ As can be seen, although the Council of State revoked the decision of the
Administrative Court of Cundinamarca of 2003, it demonstrated a concern for the root of the
problem, and at the same time established clear obligations for the State, in Numerals 2 and 3
of the Court’s decision, which are:
x The Ministry of the Environment, Housing and Territorial Development must continue
with “its work of verification in order to assure strict compliance with the Environmental
Management Plan imposed by Resolution No. 1065 of 2001, as well as the obligations
33State Council of Colombia, Claudia Sampedro and Others , Judgment on Appeal From the Administrative
Tribunal of Cundinamarca (19 Oct. 2004).
34State Council of Colombia, Claudia Sampedro and Others, Judgment on Appeal From the Administrative
Tribunal of Cundinamarca (19 Oct. 2004), p. 10.
33 Annex 8
contained in Articles 2, 6, 7, and 8 of Resolution No. 341 of 2001, both Resolutions issued
by that same Ministry.”
x The Ministry of Social Protection “must carry out studies which include groups exposed
to glyphosate, plus POEA, plus cosmoflux, and with a control group that has not been
exposed over time. These studies should include records of mortality and morbidity in
order to determine the impact of the referenced chemicals on the health and life of the
Colombian people living in the sprayed areas, especially in the area of influence of the
Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, but also other areas which have been subjected to
spraying. The study areas are to be chosen by the Ministry of Social Security, and must
include areas sprayed during different periods.”
▯▯▯ These obligations have not been properly fulfilled by the corresponding State
entities. On one hand, as mentioned previously, the terms of reference established in
Resolutions 341 and 1065 of 2001, issued by the Ministry of the Environment, have never
been properly followed by the DNE, and in addition, there is no evidence that the Ministry of
Social Protection has carried out the study ordered by the Council of State in its ruling.
▯▯▯ In addition, it is important to note the decision of the Contentious-Administrative
Court of Nariño in response to a Popular Action interposed in 2001 by the a representative of
the municipality of Barbacoas against the Nation, the Ministry of Defense, the National Police
35
and the Government of Nariño. This Action requested the preventative suspension of the
spraying in that province, and the continuation of manual eradication, in order to protect the
collective rights of the inhabitants of Barbacoas, Roberto Payan and Magui.
▯▯▯ The Court ruled that the DNE, by initiating the spraying program without having
an EMP approved by the environmental authorities had violated the collective right to a
healthy environment. Additionally, it ruled that the DNE and the DIRAN“may not carry out
indiscriminate Glyphosate spraying without being subject to the corresponding regulations.”
35
By request of the Prosecutor’s Office the Ministry of the Environment, the National Drug Council and the
Autonomous Regional Corporation of Nariño – CORPONARIÑO, were joined in the case.
34Annex 8
The ruling states that a “lack of foresight” by those entities had caused damage to property
and protected resources, particularly those located in exclusion areas and along safety zones.
▯▯▯ Because the actor did not continue the case, there was no accompanying proof of
damage, and the petition to suspend the Eradication Program was not heeded. Nonetheless,
based on what had been presented, the Court ordered the Nation, the Ministry of Justice, the
DNE, the Ministry of Defense, and DIRAN to abstain from continuing sprayings in the
mentioned municipal areas, “unless they are in compliance with the stipulations of the
36
Ministry of Environment imposed in the Environmental Management Plan”.
▯▯▯ This decision was upheld by the Contentious Administrative Court, Second
Section, Subsection “B” of the Council of State. 37
▯▯▯ Based on the analysis presented in this Section, it can be concluded that Colombia
did not have the Environmental License required for performing aerial spraying activities.
Therefore, Colombia was not in compliance with its own legal obligations. It is worth
repeating that the presentation of an EMP in 2003 did not satisfy the Colombian legal
requirements for Environmental License, and specifically did not comply with the
fundamental principle of prevention in environmental matters. The EMP is only one part of
the EIA, which must be presented in order to obtain an Environmental License before
initiating any activity involving projects that could potentially cause serious damage to the
environment, such as the case of the government program of aerial spraying.
36Contentious-Administrative Court of Nariño; Popular Action No. 2 -1172 of June 14, 2002.
37
Council of State, Statement No. 5200123310002000117201 of October 10, 2002.
35 Annex 8
Section IV. Colombian practices regarding pesticides in relation to eradication of illicit
crops by aerial spraying
▯▯▯ In Colombia there are regulations addressing the use, production, storage, sale,
importation, aerial application and, in general, any activities related to the management of
pesticides. Pesticides are broadly defined to include fungicides, insecticides, and herbicides.
▯▯▯ This topic has been the subject of policies and regulations due to growing
awareness of the large number of chemical formulations that have effects on the environment
and human health. As evidenced in official reports, there are currently more than 1000 types
38
of pesticides used in Colombia, marketed as approximately 40,000 products.
▯▯▯ The objective of this Section is to analyze Colombian pesticide regulations
particularly in the context of aerial spraying of illicit crops with herbicides. The main
regulatory standards on the subject of pesticides in Colombia are the Renewable Natural
Resource Code, Law 9 of 1979, and Decree 1843 of 1991 issued by the Ministry of Health.
The analysis of pesticide regulations in this Section focuses on the following: the emphasis
on prevention in Colombian pesticide regulations; the distribution of authority in matters of
pesticide regulation and control; and, the regulation of pesticide use, with emphasis on aerial
application methods.
A. General framework and emphasis on prevention
▯▯▯▯ Colombian law on the subject emphasizes prevention, which generally implies
meeting all requirements necessary to protect the environment and human health prior to
importation, production, commercialization, storage, use, handling, or disposal of pesticides.
▯▯▯▯ The regulation of pesticides began in Colombia with Decree 2811 of 1974, or
the Renewable Natural Resources Code (CNRNR). Article 300 of that Code establishes a
38
The Auditor General of the Republic, Office of Analysis and Oversight of the use and handling of pesticides in
Colombia, Bogotá D.C.; March, 2004, page 13
36Annex 8
core principle, according to which, “The importation, production, commercialization,
transportation, storage and application of products destined for use on animals or vegetation
will be controlled, and require permission.” This requirement is still in effect at the present
time.
▯▯▯▯ Later, Law 9 of 1979 outlined health measures and established certain
standards and principles, including an emphasis on prevention. It stipulates in its Article 142,
that: “In the application of pesticides, all appropriate measures must be adopted in order to
avoid health risks to the people employed in this activity, and the occupants of the treated
areas, as well as to avoid contamination of products destined for human consumption, and
risks to the environment in general, in accordance with the regulations issued by the Ministry
39
of Health”.
▯▯▯▯ These stipulations set out the general standards, which required a more detailed
set of regulations in order to be applied. Those regulations were established in 1990, by
Decree 775, which was replaced by Decree 1843 of August 26, 1991. Decree 1843
40
establishes a regulatory regime for control of the use and application of pesticides. These
regulations contain an equal emphasis on prevention of risks to human health and to the
environment. Particularly notable is Article 86, regarding “Prevention of Environmental
Risks,” which requires that application of pesticides near populated areas, places that cultivate
fish, bees, birds, or other animals, water sources or streams, and areas that are managed for
39
Other evidence of the emphasis on prevention of risk to human health and the environment in Colombian
pesticide law can be found, for example, in Law 9 of 1979, whose Article137, regarding prior registration of
pesticides, requires that: “ For importation, manufacture and commerce (…). This registration may only be
issued by the appropriate authority when in the judgment of the Ministry of Health the pesticide in question does
not represent a serious risk to human health or the environment, and it would not be possible to adequately
substitute less risky products.” Also, Article 140 of this regulation, regarding storage, states that “in any activity
involving handling of pesticides, any situation that would allow a pesticide to come in contact with or have close
proximity to food, drugs, medicines or any other substances, or objects whose use would pose a risk to human
40alth if contaminated, is prohibited.”
Decree 1843 of 1991, was partially revised on several occasions by: Decree 1840 of 1994, which modified
Numeral 3 of Article 195 regarding the functions of the ICA over pesticides; Decree 3213 of 2003, which
modified Articles 11 and 12 regarding the composition an d functions of the Intra-sectional Pesticide Council;
Decree 4368 of 2006, which modified Article 98 regarding location of runways and tanking sites; and Decree
3830 of 2008, which modified Article 8 regarding the formation of the Sectional Pesticide Council.
37 Annex 8
the protection of natural resources, must utilize protective techniques appropriate to the risks
inherent in that activity.
▯▯▯▯ Other evidence of the emphasis on prevention in Colombian pesticide
regulation is seen in the requirements regarding the labeling of pesticides and the emphasis on
strict compliance with those label requirements. Specifically, Chapter XI of Decree 1843 is
dedicated to regulating the manner and content of labeling on containers and packages
containing pesticides. Among other requirements, Article 149 of Decree 1843 states that
pesticide labels must include the following inscriptions: “Warnings or information about
precautions that should be taken to minimize risks to human health and the environment,
highlighting in technical language any risk specific to that product. For example:
‘Flammable. Keep out of reach of children and away from animals and food.’” In addition,
those responsible for any activities related to use and handling of pesticides are obligated to
comply with the pesticide label. Decree 1843 provides that “Anyone involved in the use and
handling of pesticides must comply with and enforce the regulations applicable to that
41
activity, as outlined in this ruling”. These regulations include “Handling products in
accordance with the instructions on the label or as indicated by the technical advisor of the
42
company”. Failure to comply with this obligation may result in safety measures and
43
sanctions on the part of the health authorities.
B. Jurisdiction over regulation and control of the use of pesticides
▯▯▯▯ Decree 1843 establishes a distribution of authority among three agencies, in
order to ensure comprehensive prevention of environmental and health risks. The Colombian
41Decree 1843 of 1991, Article 180.
42Decree 1843 of 1991, Article 181(h).
43
Article 196 and following, of Decree 1843 of 1991. It is worth noting that ICA Resolution No. 03759 of
December 16, 2003, states in its Article 26 that it is necessary to comply with Section 3 of the Technical Manual
of the Andean Countries regarding labeling. Civil or criminal penalties may apply in cases of non-compliance.
ICA Resolution No. 03759, Article 33. Also, ICA Resolution No. 002713 of October 10, 2006, Article 11.8
establishes that the labeling must comply with the FAO International Code of Conduct for the Distribution and
Use of Pesticides.
38Annex 8
Agricultural Institute (ICA), which is under the Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for
analyzing the agricultural effectiveness of a pesticide and granting permission for its
commercialization, after receiving approval from the Ministry of Health. The ICA is also
responsible for approving pesticide product labels. The Ministry of Health, in turn, is in
charge of issuing toxicity statements. There are also certain areas of authority belonging to
the Ministry of the Environment, including the evaluation and prevention of environmental
risks which are inherent to pesticide use. In addition, issues regarding aerial application of
pesticides require the involvement of authorities such as the Civil Aeronautics
Administration. 44
▯▯▯▯ Regarding the application of pesticides it is important to note that Article 27 of
45
the cited Resolution 3079 of 1995 established that any individual or entity involved in the
commercial application of the products referred to in that Resolution, whether by air or by
land, must comply with the procedures and obligations established by the ICA through the
46
Division of Agricultural Supplies, as outlined in the corresponding technical manual. This
is in addition to the regulations of the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of the Environment,
and the Civil Aeronautics Administration (Aerocivil).
▯▯▯▯ In addition, in order to coordinate the application of pesticide regulations,
Decree 1843 of 1991 creates a National Pesticide Council. This Council includes delegates
from the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Rural Development, the Ministry of Social
Protection, industry, and pesticide users. The purpose of the Council is the study and
planning of solutions regarding pesticides issues in Colombia. Through this Council, the
44Article 195 of Decree 1843. Following the issuance of Decree 1843 of 1991, pesticides use has been regulated
based on various Resolutions issued by the Ministry of Health (Resolution 010834 of 1992), the Ministry of the
Environment (Resolution 0189 of July 15, 1994) and by the ICA (Resolutions Number 3079 of 1995 and 1068 of
4596). Nevertheless, Decree 1843 of 1991 remains in effect.
This Resolution, issued by the ICA, regulated functions of this Institute which are directed toward having
technical control over agricultural supplies commercialized within the country; authorizing exportation of
pesticides; and maintaining a registry of importers, quality-control loratories, and sales records. This
Resolution, 3079 of 1995, was replaced by ICA Resolution 2713 of 2006.
46In Resolution 1068 of 1996, the ICA adopts the Technical Manual for Application of Agricultural Supplies.
39 Annex 8
Ministry of Health (now the Ministry of Social Protection) and the Ministry of Agriculture
coordinate the public and private entities involved in use, handling and disposal of pesticides.
The objective is to ensure the health of the community and the preservation of agricultural,
livestock, and natural resources.
▯▯▯▯ Article 7 of Decree 1843 of 1991 of the Ministry of Health gave the National
Pesticide Council important functions in the areas of control and oversight of pesticide use in
Colombia, including control and oversight of both aerial application and land application.
Considering the importance of these functions to prevent and control the risks related to the
government program of aerial spraying of illicit crops, it is surprising to note that, although
there is no evident reason or legal impediment, this Council has only met one time since its
creation.
▯▯▯▯ In addition, it is worth noting the statements made by the General Auditor of
the Republic in 2004, in his report on the use of pesticides in Colombia:
“12.7. In accordance with the information requested of the Department of
Public Health of the Ministry, we were able to verify that the National
Pesticide Council had a meeting, after 6 years of inactivity, on October 16,
2001. Since that date they have not had any other sessions, even though they
are required to do so every six (6 ) months, according to Article 6 of Decree
1843 of 1991. Consequently, they ha ve not complied with one of their main
functions, which is to formulate and adopt an annual plan of basic activities
for the oversight and control of the use and handling of pesticides, during the
47
last quarter of each year, for the following year”.
C. Regulation of the use, handling and application of pesticides
▯▯▯▯ One of the central questions to be analyzed for purposes of this study is the
regulation of use, handling and application of pesticides. In that regard, two basic questions
need to be considered: first, how pesticides are registered, and second, the measures and
procedures stipulated by law for the use of pesticides.
47
General Auditor of the Republic, Analytical Auditor for the use and handling of pesticides in Colombia,
Bogotá D.C. March, 2004
40Annex 8
▯▯▯▯ In general any activity related to use and handling of pesticides 48 requires a
registration. For that purpose, Article 13 of Decree 1843 requires that each product receive a
toxicity classification and a permit for use in Colombia. Article 13 states that: “any
individual or entity who imports or manufactures pesticide products for application within the
country, regardless of the quantity to be imported or commercialized, must first obtain the
toxicity classification and permit for use in the country from the Ministry of Health or its
delegated authority, in compliance with the stipulations of Chapter X of this Decree”. 49
▯▯▯▯ Classification of pesticides based on toxicity levels is established in Article 14
of Decree 1843, in the following toxicity categories:
- CATEGORY I "Extremely toxic"
- CATEGORY II "Highly toxic"
- CATEGORY III "Moderately toxic"
- CATEGORY IV "Slightly toxic"
According to Article 18 of Decree 1843, the Ministry of Health, through its Division of
Potentially Toxic Substances, issues the toxicity classification and either permits or denies use
of the product in Colombia. The classification process involves a series of tests for acute,
sub-acute and chronic toxicity in mammals, generally conducted by the product manufacturer.
After reviewing the documentation, the Ministry of Health, through its Division of Potentially
Toxic Substances, will issue a toxicity classification and will permit or deny permission for
the use of the product within the country. 50
▯▯▯▯ In addition, Decree 1843 regulates in detail the various activities related to use
and handling of pesticides, and requires licenses or special permits for such activity. Article
48
Pursuant to Article 3 of Decree 1843 this includes any activity related to those pesticides, including synthesis,
experimentation, importation, exportation, formulation, transport, storage, distribution, supply, application, and
final disposal of wastes or remnants of pesticides.
49Chapter X of Decree 1843 outlines the procedures for Authorizations, Health Licenses, Registrations, Permits
and Approvals.
50Decree 1843, Article 18.
41 Annex 8
29 stipulates that “Any individual or entity involved in activities related to experimentation
51
with pesticides must have prior permission from the Ministry of Health”. Activities related
to production, processing and formulation of pesticides are regulated in Chapter V (Articles
44 to 51) of Decree 1843. Article 44 stipulates that “Any individual or entity involved in the
production, processing or formulation of pesticides, whether they perform all the chemical
and physical steps necessary, or only one or some of them, must have a Health License issued
by the Ministry of Health, which will be valid for five (5) years, renewable for equal periods.”
Chapter VI of Decree 1843 (Articles 52 to 57) refers to the activity of pesticide storage, and
Article 52 stipulates that “Any individual or entity involved in the storage of pesticides to be
commercialized must obtain a Health License to Operate, issued by the appropriate Sectional
Health Office, which will be valid for five (5) years, renewable for equal periods.” The
activity of supply and distribution of pesticides is regulated in Chapter VII of Decree 1843
(Articles 58 to 64) and its Article 58 stipulates that “Any individual or entity involved in the
distribution or supply of pesticides must obtain a Health License to Operate, issued by the
appropriate Sectional Health Office.” Chapter VIII of Decree 1843 (Articles 65 to 81)
regulates the activity of transportation of pesticides, and its Article 65 establishes that “Any
individual or entity involved in the transportation of pesticides by land, air, sea, or rivers,
must obtain a transportation license for a term of five (5) years, renewable for equal periods,
issued by the Sectional Health Office, in accordance with the stipulations of this Decree.”
▯▯▯▯ It should be clarified that Andean Decision 436 of 1998, which became
effective in 2002, 52regulates the harmonized requirements and procedures for the registration
and control of chemical pesticides intended for agricultural use, orienting their correct use and
handling toward preventing or minimizing damage to health and the environment in the
51Title IV of Decree 1843 (Articles 29 to 43) regulates experimentation with pesticides
52Article 70 of Ruling 436 deferred the effective date, making it subject to approval of the Andean Technical
Manual, which was only issued in 2002, by Resolution 630 of June 25, by the Secretary General of the Andean
Community of Nations.
42Annex 8
conditions authorized, and facilitating their commercialization in the region. Therefore,
Decision 436 describes procedures for obtaining national and sub-regional registration of
pesticides as well as procedures for three special permits (investigation, experimentation, and
phytosanitary emergencies). However, it should be noted that the Andean regulations do not
deal with specific topics, such as the aerial application of pesticides. Therefore, with respect
to those activities, the national internal regulations remain in effect. In other words, Decree
1843 of 1991 and the other special regulations govern this specific subject area.
▯▯▯▯ From the time the above-mentioned Andean Ruling became effective in
Colombia, certain regulations were issued, such as Decree 502 of 2003 by the Ministry of
Agriculture “which regulates Andean Ruling 436 of 1998 for registration and control of
chemical pesticides for agricultural use,” Resolution 0662 of 2003 of the Ministry of the
Environment which regulates issuance of the Technical Environmental Rulings, and
Resolution 770 of 2003, overturned by Resolution 3759 of 2003 of the ICA, which is
currently in effect for the registration and control of pesticides. This last regulation, in its
Article 2, establishes that “obtaining the national registration is a requirement for the use of
agricultural chemical pesticides in Colombia, in accordance with the stipulations of this
resolution.”
▯▯▯▯ The application or use of pesticides is regulated under Chapter IX of Decree
53
1843. Article 82 clarifies that the idea of application includes both aerial and terrestrial
methods, and mandates that this must be done in compliance with the regulations established
by the Ministry of Health, the Colombian Agricultural Institute, the National Institute for
Renewable Natural Resources and the Environment, and other State organizations in their
respective field of expertise.
53
In accordance with the definitions of Article 3 of the Decree, application consi“Any action by any
appropriate person, whether connected to a company or not, involved with the control or elimination of pests
using officially registered and authorized chemical or biological substances, using techniques, equipment, and
tools approved by the health authorities and the Colombian Agricultural Institute.”
43 Annex 8
▯▯▯▯ Within the framework of the Section concerning the application of pesticides,
we must remember that, in addition to respect for the safety zones, 54 the abovementioned
Article 86, along with Article 89, stipulate special attention to avoiding risks to environment
or human health. 55
▯▯▯▯ Furthermore, Article 93 of Decree 1843 defines the obligations of those
responsible for the prescription and application of pesticides, emphasizing in general that
“Any individuals or entities responsible for the prescription and/or application of pesticides
must comply with all the pertinent requirements of the preceding Chapters of this Decree.”
In addition, the regulation establishes, among other obligations, that pesticide applicators
must be registered in the corresponding Sectional or Regional Health Office of the Colombian
Agricultural Institute, depending on the type of activity. It also establishes the obligation for
the responsible parties to demonstrate that they have complied with all preventative measures
and safety measures in the area, buildings, vehicles, or product to be treated, as well as in the
56
surrounding areas.
▯▯▯▯ Therefore, according to the current regulations on the matter, the ICA has the
sole authority for performing registration of pesticides. However, there is also some
involvement of both the Ministry of Environment, as the entity that issues the Technical
Environmental Rulings, and the Ministry of Social Protection, which issues the Toxicity
Evaluation. Activities related to the use and management of pesticides, including pesticide
application, are regulated primarily under Decree 1843 of 1991.
54
Analyzed in Section III of this study.
55Article 89 of Decree 1843: “Pesticides must be applied within a determined area, respecting the safety zones,
to avoid damage to the health of the population and the environment.”
56Decree 1843, Article 93.
44Annex 8
D. Regulation of the aerial application of pesticides
▯▯▯▯ The activity of aerial application of pesticides is specifically addressed in
Decree 1843, Articles 95 through 102. Among other requirements, any individual or entity
who applies pesticides using airplanes, based on Article 95, must:
x Obtain an operating permit for each of their runways, issued by the Civil Aeronautics
Administration (DAAC);
x Obtain a health license issued by the respective Sectional Health Office;
x Comply with and enforce the pertinent current regulations established by the Ministry of
Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and any other State organizations.
▯▯▯▯ The health license required by Article 95 is necessary for every individual or
entity that applies pesticides using aircraft. The requirements for obtaining a health license
are described in Articles 131 and 132 of Decree 1843 1991.
▯▯▯▯ Under the pertinent regulations, it should be noted that there is no distinction
made between public entities or private companies. Article 3 of Decree 1843, broadly defines
an APPLICATOR, as “Any individual or entity involved in the application of pesticides.”
That means that the DNE, as the entity responsible for the aerial spraying of illicit crops, was
subject to the legal requirement to obtain a Health License and Permit from the DAAC.
▯▯▯▯ Article 102 establishes the obligations of the pilots that carry out aerial
spraying operations. In general, these requirements refer to compliance with the pertinent
regulations established in Decree 1843 of 1991. In particular, pilots must comply with the
following requirements, among others:
“a) To take into account wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, flight
speed and altitude, in accordance with the stipulations of the respective
agricultural and civil aviation authorities;
b) To make applications within a fixed-width area;
45 Annex 8
c) Not to fly over populated areas, wa ter supplies, schools, or other locations
that would present a risk to the health or safety of humans, animals, or
vegetation;
d) Not to apply pesticides over housing located within the treatment area,
areas of protection for bodies of water, natural parks, reserved or restricted
areas.”
▯▯▯▯ These obligations are also referenced in Item No. 1 of the Environmental
Management Plan, adopted in Resolution 1054 of 2003. Resolution 1054 states that, in order
to avoid the adverse consequences of the drift effect: “Article 102 of Decree 1843 of 1991
which refers to pilots’ obligations must be strictly obeyed; likewise, any other articles that
may be applicable to the program must also be taken into account.”
▯▯▯▯ The complaints received from the civil population after the aerial sprayings
57
with glyphosate, are just one piece of evidence of non-compliance with these requirements.
As discussed above, it is not only the non-compliance by the pilots that is relevant, as
described in Decree 1843 (Article 102); the responsible agency must also verify that all
personnel involved in the operation comply with the preventive measures and safety measures
that apply to aerial spraying.58
▯▯▯▯ Decree 1843 was in effect at the moment when Resolution 001 of 1994 was
issued by the DNE, authorizing the aerial spraying of coca and poppy plantations with
herbicides, and also when it was modified by Resolution 005 of 2000. Therefore, pursuant to
the requirements just described, the DNE was required to obtain an operating permit for the
operation of its runways from the Civil Aeronautics Administration and a health license
issued by the Sectional Health Office. In addition, the DNE had the obligation to ensure that
the pilots carrying out aerial spraying operations complied with the requirements of Decree
57Reason for which the DNE had to adopt Resolution 0017 of 2001 regarding the procedure for addressing
58mplaints arising from aerial spraying.
Decree 1843, Article 93.
46Annex 8
1843 Article 102. Nevertheless, Colombia has not provided evidence to demonstrate
compliance with these requirements.
Section V. Colombian practices regarding indigenous rights in relation to the
eradication of illicit crops by aerial spraying
A. Background
▯▯▯▯ According to information from the National Statistics Administration (DANE),
the indigenous population in the country is currently estimated at approximately 1.3 million
inhabitants, occupying 25% of the country’s territory. The majority of the indigenous
populations are located in the south of the country, along the border areas.
▯▯▯▯ In addition to the problems that have historically affected these populations due
to poverty, marginalization, and discrimination, in recent years they have also had the
problem of aerial spraying over their territories.
▯▯▯▯ On many occasions, the activity of aerial spraying over lands which are
indigenous reserves has coincided in time with the death of the people’s traditional legal crops
(yucca, plantain, corn, and potatoes), as well as soil erosion problems, livestock diseases and
the appearance of human illnesses such as digestive, respiratory, and skin problems among the
indigenous people in the sprayed areas.
▯▯▯▯ The problem was at its peak, and became a subject of considerable public
attention, during the government of President Pastrana. At that time, the Organization of
Indigenous Populations of the Colombian Amazon (OPIAC) filed an action of protection
against the President of the Republic, arguing that forced eradication of illicit crops using
glyphosate affected their rights to life (Const. art. 11), to community existence (Const. arts. 1,
7, 70), to a healthy environment (Const. art. 79), to due process (Const. art. 29) and the right
47 Annex 8
of the indigenous populations to participate in decisions affecting their development (Const.
art. 330).
▯▯▯▯ The Court ruling on this matter did not ultimately order a suspension of the
sprayings, but it did partially protect the rights of the indigenous communities. It mandated
that the President and the National Narcotics Council were obligated to consult the indigenous
and tribal peoples about eradication of illicit crops in their territories, in order to reach
59
agreement on or get their approval for any measures to be adopted in this matter.
▯▯▯▯ In 2005, another case raised issues caused by the sprayings over indigenous
territories. A short time after intense sprayings in the territory of the Esperara Saipidara tribe,
in northeastern Nariño province, three indigenous children died and sixteen more were
affected by the aerial sprayings in Bocas de Satinga on March 25, 2005, according to reports
by the Provincial Health Department of Nariño. 60 Additionally, according to the census of the
Association of Indigenous Esperara Siapidaara Councils of Nariño (Aciesna), 107,337 plants
were lost to the sprayings, including plantain, banana, Chinese yams, yucca, sugar cane,
chilma, limes, coconut, sapodilla, orange, chontaduro, cocoa and wood-producing plants.
▯▯▯▯ Based on this brief description of the situation of the indigenous population in
the context of the aerial spray program, this Section focuses on the analysis of the Colombian
government’s compliance with its own obligations regarding the protection of indigenous
peoples’ rights in the matter of aerial eradication of illicit crops.
B. Law on the protection of indigenous rights
▯▯▯▯ The constitutional reform of 1991 elevated the subject of ethnic groups’ rights
to the Constitutional level, for the first time in Colombia. Legislative treatment of the issue
59Constitutional Court, Protection Ruling of May 13, 2003, File entry T-517583, Presenting Magistrate Álvaro
Tafur Galvis.
60
García, Mario Camilo, Human Rights: Indigenous Children Victims of Fumigation with Glyphosate,
Voltairenet.org, June 23, 2005.
48Annex 8
was addressed in the following regulations: Law 160 of 1994 regarding the National System
of Agrarian Reform; 61Law 70 of 1993 regarding the rights of black and racial communities;
Law 21 of 1991 which approved Convention 169 of the International Labor Organization
(OIT, initials in Spanish); and Law 99 of 1993 regarding environmental protection and
licensing.
▯▯▯▯ In compliance with Colombian legal regulations, the indigenous communities
and populations were granted the same administrative, fiscal and financial autonomy over
their own territories as is granted to the provinces, districts, and municipalities. They were
also given a certain level of autonomy in political and legal matters. In addition, they were
granted autonomy over other aspects, including issues of language, education and culture
(Const. art. 68, para. 5 and art. 70, para. 2). This autonomy was rooted in the general
principles of democratic and pluralist participation established in Article 7 of the Constitution.
▯▯▯▯ The Constitutional Court, in essence, has stated that justice will only be done,
according to Article 7 of the Constitution, once the indigenous communities are granted
maximum autonomy, with the aim of assuring their cultural survival. 62 Based on this
reflection, the Constitutional Court developed the principal of maximizing autonomy, the
63
corollary of which is limiting interference, as a way to protect the greater good.
▯▯▯▯ The principle of maximizing autonomy to benefit indigenous peoples
transcends all national legal regulations, such that in practice it must prevail in any case where
there is a conflict between other properties and interests. That was the decision of the
Constitutional Court in 1992, when construction was suspended on a highway that would
64
have crossed through indigenous lands. On that occasion, the Court determined that
61
62Chapter XIV of the Law makes reference to Indigenous Reserves.
Constitutional Court, Rulings SU-510/98, T-349/96, T-523/97, T-266/99.
63Constitutional Court, Rulings T-349/96, T-523/97, SU-383/03.
64Constitutional Court, Ruling T-428/92.
49 Annex 8
indigenous peoples’ rights to autonomy are not merely private interests. Rather, they are
general interests arising from the principle embodied in Article 7 of the Constitution.
Similarly, in the previously-cited OPIAC ruling of 2003, the Court clarified that an overall
reference to peaceful coexistence and public order as legal goods of a higher order was not
65
sufficient to merit the limitation of constitutional rights.
▯▯▯▯ As a consequence of autonomy, and beginning with the regulations included in
the Constitution and in Law 21 of 1991, which make reference to the participation of
indigenous peoples, the Constitutional Court developed and established the content of the
mechanism of the prior consultation, at the time that it granted the protection now enjoyed by
66
those basic rights. In principle, this consists of the State’s duty to consult indigenous people
when legislative or administrative measures are adopted that would directly affect them. This
prior consultation is not an end in itself, but has the objective of assuring the effectiveness and
enforcement of the basic rights to cultural, social, and economic integrity of the indigenous
community and its survival as a social group. In the end, it is the process that puts the concept
67
of maximizing indigenous autonomy into practice.
▯▯▯▯ In addition to the rights recognized for the indigenous communities by Law 21
of 1991 and Law 99 of 1993, these regulations have in common that they establish the
obligation of the State to consult indigenous communities when they plan to adopt any
measures that would affect them.
▯▯▯▯ Therefore, Law 21 of 1991, under Article 6, establishes the obligation to apply
the procedure of prior consultation with indigenous communities in any case involving
activities related to the exploitation of natural resources or that affect their territory. That
mandate specifically states that the Government must:
65Constitutional Court, Ruling SU 383/03.
66Constitutional Court, Ruling T-652/98.
67Constitutional Court, Ruling SU 383/03.
50Annex 8
“a) consult the population involved, using appropriate procedures –
specifically, through their representative in stitutions – any time legislative or
administrative measures are being considered that could directly affect them;
… 2. The consults carried out under this Agreement must be done in good faith
and in a manner appropriate to the circumstances, with the objective of
reaching an agreement upon or obtaining consent for the proposed measures.”
The objective of the law, therefore, is to protect these communities which are often affected
by State intervention or private entities, in their own territories, without being considered and
without being able to express their opinion regarding the measures to be implemented in their
lands.
▯▯▯▯ In this regard, Article 76 of Law 99 of 1993 stipulates that “The exploitation of
natural resources must be done without negatively affecting the cultural, social, or economic
integrity of the indigenous or traditional black communities, in accordance with Law 70 of
1993 and Article 330 of the National Constitution, and the decisions regarding the matter
must be made only after consulting the representatives of those communities.”
▯▯▯▯ The preceding finds additional support in Article 330 of the National
Constitution, which establishes that “…The exploitation of natural resources in indigenous
territories must be done without negatively affecting the cultural, social, or economic
integrity of the indigenous communities. In the decisions made regarding such exploitation,
the Government must enlist the participation of the representatives of the respective
communities.”
▯▯▯▯ Along with the jurisprudence of the Colombian Constitutional Court, the ILO
Conventions ratified by Colombia constitute one of the main sources of their internal body of
68
law. Therefore, this high court ruled that, in accordance with Section 4 of Article 53 of the
National Constitution, “generally, any conventions ratified by Colombia take on the character
of obligatory legal regulations in internal law by the simple fact of their ratification, without
68
Constitutional Court, Ruling C-401 of April 14, 2005.
51 Annex 8
any need for new laws to be issued in order to incorporate their specific content into the legal
69
system of the country”. In addition, the Court confirmed that “conventions ratified by
Colombia that protect and promote human rights are the source that prevails in the internal
legal system, forming part of the framework of constitutionality”, 70 in light of Article 93 of
the National Constitution, which places them in a higher position within the hierarchy of
71
internal law.
▯▯▯▯ Therefore, the ratification of ILO Convention 169 by Colombia signifies that
its terms are incorporated into internal legal regulation. Consequently, any obligations
acquired as a result of the Convention, related to recognized indigenous rights and particularly
in relation to prior consultation, constitute regulations that are directly applicable and whose
compliance may be demanded by the citizens.
▯▯▯▯ In addition to the rights recognized by the Constitution, such as the right to life,
health, and healthy environment, which are generally enjoyed by everyone in Colombia,
indigenous peoples also enjoy the specific protection of their right to autonomy, particularly
the right to be consulted regarding matters that would affect them.
C. The Colombian government's non-compliance with internal regulations
regarding indigenous rights
▯▯▯▯ The spray operations that the Colombian government has carried out under the
aerial spray program since 2000 over indigenous territories, and with special intensity in the
communities in the south of the country, have been done without the obligatory prior
consultation established in the Constitution and the law, as demonstrated in the preceding
discussion.
69
Constitutional Court, Ruling C-401 of April 14, 2005, Paragraph 17.
70Constitutional Court, Ruling C-401 of April 14, 2005, Paragraph 20.
71For an analysis of the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court on this matter, see : Alzate Vargas, Beatriz E.,
Ruling C-401/05 Constitutional Court, The OIT Conventions as a primary source of internal order, in: School
Documents, N° 54, Escuela Nacional Sindical, Editors; Medellín, 2005.
52Annex 8
▯▯▯▯ In that regard Article 40 of the Constitution has been ignored. That article
makes reference to the participation of citizens in the decisions of the State, as expressly
indicated by the Constitutional Court. The Court maintains that, in order to assure the
survival and integrity of the indigenous communities as a people and as a culture, as ordered
by the Constitution and the law, “when dealing with the exploitation of natural resources in
indigenous territories, it is absolutely necessary to include the participation of the community
in decisions made about authorizing exploitation. In this way, the fundamental right of the
community to preserve their integrity is guaranteed, and enforced through the exercise of
another right, which is also considered to be fundamental in nature, in terms of Article 40,
Numeral 2 of the Constitution, which is the right to participation of the community in
72
adopting those decisions”. Additionally, pursuant to the Court’s decision, and based on
various constitutional standards, there are several modalities of citizen participation (Const.
Preamble, arts. 1, 2, 40, 79, 103, and others). Political participation is not the only form. For
that reason, in regard to the indigenous communities, the mechanism of prior consultation is
one of the main ways to facilitate self-determination as well as participation. As stated by the
Court: “the participation of the indigenous communities in decisions that could affect them in
relation to the exploitation of natural resources offers the particular fact or circumstance that
this participation, through the mechanism of consultation, takes on the connotation of a basic
right, because it is established as part of an instrument which is fundamental for the
preservation of the ethnic, social, economic and cultural integrity of the indigenous
communities and to assure, ultimately, their survival as a social group”. 73 Therefore, the
72Constitutional Court, Ruling SU-039 of February 3, 1997
73Constitutional Court, Ruling SU-039 of February 3, 1997. This position has been strongly supported by the
Court on various occasions, such as, for example, Ruling C-418 of 2002, which decided the unconstitutionality
suit against Article 122 (partial) of the Mining Code approved by Law 685 of 2001.
53 Annex 8
spraying that was done without fulfilling the legal requirement for prior consultation
constitutes a clear violation of Laws 21 of 1991 and Law 99 of 1993. 74
▯▯▯▯ Subsequently, in 2001 the National Ombudsman reported this violation,
maintaining that the aerial sprayings had destroyed development programs in Putumayo,
which had included crop substitution projects supported by international cooperation.
According to the National Ombudsman, the most critical case at that time occurred in
December of 2000 when 45 hectares of forest in areas belonging to the indigenous people of
Putumayo were fumigated. Those forests were part of a substitution project sponsored by the
United Nations. On that occasion, according to the Colombian Ombudsman’s Resolution of
2001, the chemical spray had affected chicken pens and fields that were used for livestock.
As a result, the National Ombudsman’s Office asked the government to suspend the
sprayings, and Plan Colombia, and to compensate for the damages caused to the communities
involved in the crop substitution program. 75
▯▯▯▯ It is interesting that after signing several treaties for voluntary eradication and
substitution of crops with the indigenous communities under the National Plan for Alternative
Development, the aerial eradication programs were carried out, regardless, at the end of 2000
and beginning of 2001, and again at the end of 2001 and beginning of 2002, which, as
indicated in various reports from the Ombudsman’s Office, affected many indigenous
76
families.
▯▯▯▯ In 2001, various Colombian organizations initiated legal actions demanding
respect for the rights of the populations located within the spray zones. The most significant
action was the case initiated by the Organization of Indigenous Peoples of the Colombian
74
75Ombudsman’s Office “Amicus Curiæ; The Fumigations and Human Rights”, Bogotá, April of 2002.
Ombudsman’s Resolution N° 4 of 2001 and their Reports - No. 1: “Fumigations and Alternative Development
Projects in Putumayo” of February 9, 2001 and No. 2: “Follow-up to the Ombudsman’s Resolution No. 4, of
February 12, 2001” dated April 16, 2001.
76National Ombudsman’s Resolution No. 026 Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law in the context
of armed conflict an fumigations of coca crops in the Province of Putumayo, Bogotá, D.C., October 9, 2002.
54Annex 8
Amazon (OPIAC), which requested the “interim protection of the rights to life, health, and
free development of personality, cultural integrity, participation, due process, and a healthy
77
environment”.
▯▯▯▯ In that case, the Court ultimately decided against the request for suspension of
sprayings and did not make any statement regarding the protection of the rights to life, health
and a healthy environment. However, the Court did agree with the protection of the right of
the indigenous communities to their cultural integrity, thus ordering the responsible
authorities to proceed with a prior consultation before aerially spraying over indigenous lands.
▯▯▯▯ To support its decision the Court invoked several anthropological studies
describing and demonstrating the special relationship between the indigenous people and their
natural environment. These studies highlighted the spiritual nature of the ancestral lands,
which is very different from the way they are perceived in Western cultures. This way of
seeing the world on the part of the indigenous cultures has allowed them to accumulate certain
knowledge over the centuries about ways of conserving the environment, and has put these
populations in a position of being the guardians of the ecosystem and its balance.
▯▯▯▯ The Court gave priority to the right to prior consultation over arguments about
social interest – in this case, combating drug trafficking – without ignoring its importance.
The Court stated that “the indigenous and tribal people have managed to link the Colombian
Government to ILO Convention 169, and also managed to have the Constitutional Assembly
of 1991 recognize their right to diversity. The Judges at that time were not able to hide the
mechanism of prior consultation, and even less so by arguing that reasons of general interest
would impede it. Nor did they succeed in giving the impression that the populations
demanding it had lost that right by being involved in the offense of cultivating the illegal
77
Upon admitting the case, the court ordered the suspension of the aerial fumigations, as a provisional measure,
on 23 July 2001. The suspension was terminated on 6 August 2001.
55 Annex 8
plantations which the State is obligated to suppress. Even if that were the case, consults
would still be required, in order to respect the mechanisms that allow preservation of their
customs and institutions”. 78
▯▯▯▯ The Court insisted that in accordance with Article 13 of ILO Convention 169
(Law 21 of 1991, art. 13), by applying the mandates of the international treaty, governments
must respect the special importance of indigenous peoples’ relationship with their land, the
cultures and the spiritual values of the people involved, and the collective aspects of that
relationship.
▯▯▯▯ The Court also mentioned one aspect that took on special significance -- that
prior consultation is not an objective in itself. Rather, in addition to enforcing the right to
self-determination and participation, prior consultation addresses the problem of population
displacement. In the Court’s words, observing the requirement for prior consultation “is a
concern for the international community, because the effects of mining and other large, non-
consulted projects that were carried out in indigenous territories ... threaten to displace or
have already displaced hundreds of thousands of indigenous people and tribes ... from their
habitat,” citing the study “An International Agenda” by Julian Burger, the person responsible
for the program for indigenous populations at the United Nations Center for Human Rights. 79
▯▯▯▯ Beginning on 28 July 2002, as described in the National Ombudsman’s
Resolution No. 026 of 2002, the aerial spray campaigns reinitiated in some of the
municipalities of Putumayo. Several complaints were presented by the indigenous
communities to the Ombudsman’s Office for damages caused by the sprayings to various food
security initiatives, and to production projects in which state resources had been invested as
well as international aid, particularly from Europe. Such was the case, for example, in the
78Constitutional Court, Ruling SU 383/03 (OPIAC), 2003
79
Burger, Julian, An International Agenda, in: “The State of the (World’s Indigenous) People” Cultural Survival
(1993), Bellaterra Editor, Barcelona, 2000
56Annex 8
report publicly issued by the Indigenous Organization of Putumayo (OZIP), the associations
of Indigenous Councils, and the Indigenous Councils of Putumayo, regarding spraying in the
“Nasa Chamb” community of Puerto Asís, where it was stated that“there has never been any
80
coca”.
▯▯▯▯ In addition, relating to the matter of prior consultation, the opinion of the U.N.
Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous
peoples, Mr. Rodolfo Stavenhagen, should be noted. Stavenhagen stated: “82. The spread of
narcotics cultivation and trafficking, and efforts to combat that spread, notably by spraying
fields from the air, have had an adverse effect on indigenous peoples’ environment, economy,
social life, health and culture (...) 106. Except where expressly requested by an indigenous
community which has been fully apprised of the implications, no aerial spraying of illicit
crops should take place near indigenous settlements or sources of provisions”. 81
▯▯▯▯ The Colombian Government has not complied with its constitutional and legal
obligations to consult the indigenous communities before carrying out aerial sprayings over
indigenous territories, on numerous occasions since 2000, thereby violating the rights of those
communities to cultural integrity and self-determination.
▯▯▯▯ In addition to this non-compliance, recognized by Colombian courts, one must
not neglect the rights granted by Law 21 of 1991, which approved ILO Convention 169
regarding indigenous and tribal people. The following provisions have been affected by the
government’s aerial spray activities carried out without the required prior consultation:
x Article 4: Special protective measures to safeguard persons, institutions, property, culture,
work and the environment;
80National Ombudsman’s Resolution No. 026 Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law in the context
of armed conflict an fumigations of coca crops in the Province of Putumayo, Bogotá, D.C., October 9, 2002.
81Stavenhagen, Rodolfo, Special Rapporteur’s Report on the situation of human rights and basic liberties of the
indigenous people; Human Rights Commission, 61st term of sessions, Topic 15 of the provisional agenda;
INDIGENOUS ISSUES Human Rights and indigenous issues, 2003.
57 Annex 8
x Article 7: The right of indigenous peoples to decide their own priorities in matters of
development and the extent to which this affects their life, beliefs, institutions, spiritual
well-being, and the lands they inhabit as well as controlling their economic, social and
cultural development;
x Article 13: Cultural integrity -- recognition of the special cultural and spiritual
relationship with their lands;
x Article 14: Ownership of traditional territories -- recognition of ownership and possession
of traditional territories inhabited by indigenous people;
x Article 15: Special protection of natural resources, especially resources existing in
indigenous territories;
x Article 16: Territorial seizure -- indigenous people may not be moved away from their
territories. In exceptional cases, relocation may be provided; and
x Article 17: Prohibition against seizure of indigenous territories -- government authorities
must prevent any outside parties from appropriating lands that belong to indigenous
people.
Conclusions
▯▯▯▯ It follows from the preceding analysis of Colombian law on the subject of
Environmental Licenses and Impact Assessments, pesticides, and indigenous rights in the
specific case of the aerial spraying program, that the Colombian Government has failed to
comply with its own internal legislation in the cited areas, as is summarized in the following
conclusions:
Regarding Environmental Licenses and Environmental Impact Assessments:
▯▯▯▯ Since 1974, in the framework of Colombian environmental legislation, there
has been an obligation to request an Environmental License and to carry out Environmental
Impact Assessments before implementing any activity, project, or work that could have a
58Annex 8
serious negative effect on natural resources or the environment. Two periods can be
distinguished in that regard:
x The first period (1974 – 1993) was governed by the CNRNR. This was the basis for
establishing two instruments for environmental management and control: the
Declaration of Environmental Effects (DEE) and the Ecological and Environmental
Study (EES), which were the precursors to the Environmental License and the
Environmental Impact Assessment. Specifically the EES, under Article 28 of the
CNRNR, was needed prior to obtaining a license, and consisted of an ecological and
environmental study that had to be carried out before starting any work, establishing
any industry or developing any activities that could produce serious environmental
degradation. The study also had to contain information about the social and economic
environment of the project and its impact on the respective region.
x The second period (1993 - present), governed by Law 99 of 1993, which defines the
concept of Environmental License (Article 50), and establishes that this license is
obligatory prior to developing any projects that would require it (Article 49). In
addition, Article 57 of that law establishes the content and definition of the
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), as the information that must be presented to
the appropriate environmental authority in order to attain an Environmental License.
Likewise, the law regulates the process for granting the license (Art. 58) and defines
the jurisdiction of various environmental authorities in this area (Art. 51). That law
has been modified by a series of regulations since 1994, however, the content and the
objective of the obligations regarding Environment Licenses has remained the same.
▯▯▯▯ The aerial spraying operations to eradicate illicit crops carried out by the
Colombian Government fall within the realm of activities that require an Environmental
License and Environmental Impact Assessment, in accordance with the previously cited
regulations.
▯▯▯▯ Due to the way that the policies on illicit crop eradication by the Colombian
government have been developed and executed, it is not possible to refer to one single aerial
eradication program. Essentially, considering the differing policies’ various objectives,
59 Annex 8
scopes, areas of operation, types of herbicide, etc., it is more accurate to recognize that in
Colombia, since 1978 (the date when the sprayings began) there have been various aerial
spraying programs for the elimination of illicit crops, each one governed by the environmental
obligations for new projects in effect at that time. Of those, we can clearly distinguish the
following:
x The first aerial spraying in 1978, under the label of an “experimental” program, using the
herbicide Paraquat, was carried out during the time of Decree Law 2811 of 1974 or the
National Code of Renewable Natural Resources and Environmental Protection (CNRNR).
It required an Environmental and Ecological Study (EES) and an Environmental License,
according to the stipulations of Article 28 of that legal document. This requirement was
not fulfilled.
x Starting in 1984, spray operations to eliminate marijuana crops were carried out based on
an order from the Ministry of Justice. These also took place during the time that the
CNRNR was in effect, so the previous analysis applies here as well. In other words, these
spray activities were carried out in disregard for the requirements of Article 28 of the
CNRNR.
x The aerial spraying operations on illicit crops were opened up to public attention through
a press communication in 1992. Its details made reference to the elimination of poppy
crops, and said that it was “experimental.” These operations were also done under the
CNRNR. Again, there is clear evidence of non-compliance with the regulations in effect
at the time, specifically regarding the requirement to perform an environmental study and
obtain a license, as stipulated in the CNRNR.
x The aerial spraying operations starting in 1994 were authorized under CNE Resolution
001 of February of 1994 and aimed at the elimination of poppy, coca and marijuana crops.
Even though the resolution mentions official communications from the environmental
authority (IDERENA) and of the Ministry of Health of that time, who gave approval for
the spraying operations of poppy corps, these spraying operations did not comply with the
legal environmental requirements in effect at the time, established under Law 99 of 1993,
since the cited communications were not supported by any environmental study and
cannot be considered to be a license. These operations did not have any Environmental
60Annex 8
Impact Assessment, nor an Environmental License, and did not fall within the interim
regime established by the regulatory standards in Law 99 or Decree 1753 of 1994 (which
entered into force after this program’s establishment).
x The aerial spraying of illicit crops starting in 2000 were authorized under Resolution 005
of 2000. These sprayings constituted an activity significantly different from the programs
designed and carried out in the previous years, as previously cited. This resolution
marked the end of the “experimental” phase of the old spraying program. Three principle
changes highlighted the difference between this program and the previous ones: First, it
involved a sharp increase in the intensity of the sprayings. Second, there was a new focus
on sprayings in the areas along the southern border of the country. Third, the composition
and concentration of the herbicide used in the sprayings was different. Evidently the
government’s new aerial spraying program, under Plan Colombia - and strongly focused
on the south of the country - did not form part of the operations that fell under the interim
regime outlined in Article 38 of the Decree regulating Law 99 of 1993. Rather, they were
operations that fell under the normal regulations of Environmental License stipulated in
said Law (Title VIII). Therefore, the spraying program of 2000 required an
Environmental License that should have been requested from the Ministry of the
Environment, and for which it would have consequently been necessary to do an
Environmental Impact Assessment, as stipulated in Article 57 of the cited Law. None of
the preceding requirements were fulfilled and Colombia was therefore in non-compliance
with its own internal environmental regulations.
x In the same way, the sprayings carried out under Resolution 013 of 2003, which approved
a “new aerial spraying program” and that were aimed at any part of the territory where
there were illicit crops (including National Parks), constituted a disregard for Colombian
environmental legislation and regulations. First of all, as it was a new program, clearly
distinguishable from other programs, it was subject to the existing Colombian
environmental legal obligations. Secondly, this resolution was adopted in violation of
Resolution 1065 of 2001 of the Ministry of Environment. And furthermore, the later
approval by the Ministry of the Environment of the changes to the EMP made by the DNE
allowed a violation of superior environmental laws, like those that protect the National
Park System, where any intervention, according to Law 93 of 1993, requires, necessarily
and without exception, an Environmental License.
61 Annex 8
▯▯▯▯ Consequently, since 1978, Colombia has been in non-compliance with its own
internal standards related to the obligation to solicit an Environmental License and perform an
Environmental Impact Assessment for its various programs of aerial eradication of illicit
crops with chemical herbicides, and consequently has ignored the basic environmental
principle of prevention.
Regarding the pesticides regulations:
▯▯▯▯ The standards regarding pesticides in Colombia regulate a broad range of
activities related to pesticides, including the use, sale, importation, and in general, any
activities involving the handling of pesticides. These regulations take a preventative
approach, emphasizing the prevention of risks to the environment and human health.
▯▯▯▯ The aerial spraying operations that have been carried out by the Colombian
government for eradication of illicit crops clearly fall within the scope of Colombian pesticide
regulations, and Decree 1843 of 1991 applies specifically to aerial spraying activities. These
standards complement the specific standards issued for this specific case by the Ministry of
Environment.
▯▯▯▯ In particular, those responsible for any activities related to the use and handling
of pesticides are obligated to comply with the pesticide label, and failure to comply with this
obligation may result in sanctions.
▯▯▯▯ Decree 1843 of 1991 precisely regulates aerial spraying in its Articles 95 to
102. It requires operating permits to be issued by the Civil Aeronautics Administration
(D.A.A.C) as well as a health license to be issued by the respective Sectional Health Office
before spraying. In addition, the DNE had the responsibility to verify that the pilots operating
the spray aircraft complied with the specific requirements of Article 102, including the
requirement to “take into account wind speed, temperature, relative humidity, flight speed
62Annex 8
and altitude, in accordance with the stipulations of the respective agricultural and civil
aviation authorities.” In this case, such requirements were established by the Environmental
Management Plan. In addition, DNE had the responsibility to verify compliance with the
obligations of pilots “[n]ot to fly over populated areas, water supplies, schools, or other
locations that would present a risk to the health or safety of humans, animals, or vegetation.”
Several sources of evidence, including the demands of the Ministry of the Environment with
respect to the Environmental Management Plan, and the establishment of a formal complaint
mechanism, indicate a failure to comply with these requirements.
Regarding protection of indigenous rights:
▯▯▯▯ Protection of indigenous rights in Colombia is rooted in the Political
Constitution of 1991 and in the legal instruments that have been developed to address the
issue, such as: Law 160 of 1994 regarding the National Agrarian Reform System; Law 70 of
1993 regarding the rights of black and racial communities; Law 21 of 1991 which approved
International Labor Organization (ILO) Convention 169; and Law 99 of 1993 governing
environmental protection.
▯▯▯▯ Legal recognition of the autonomy of these peoples and communities has
special significance within the protection of indigenous rights, and is supported by the
principle established by Article 7 of the Political Constitution, which recognizes that
Colombia is a pluralistic, democratic and participative State which respects ethnic and cultural
diversity.
▯▯▯▯ A reflection of the autonomy enjoyed by the indigenous people, based on the
Constitution and on Law 21 of 1991, is the mechanism of prior consultation, which the
Colombian Constitutional Court has established as a fundamental right.
63 Annex 8
▯▯▯▯ The mechanism of prior consultation consists fundamentally of the duty of the
State to consult indigenous peoples when adopting legislative or administrative measures that
could directly affect them. It is not an end in itself, but is intended to assure the effectiveness
and enforcement of the indigenous peoples’ fundamental rights to cultural, social and
economic integrity and their survival as social groups. This includes the concept of
maximizing indigenous autonomy. This principle is further recognized by the Constitutional
Court, which has limited interference as a means to protect broader interests in order to assure
the respect for and survival of native cultures.
▯▯▯▯ The Colombian government has been openly non-compliant with its own
internal standards in the matter of the protection of indigenous rights, and specifically in the
requirement of prior consultation regarding the aerial spraying of illicit crops. This has
endangered the fundamental indigenous rights affected by such operations, including the right
to their own ethnic identity, to their cultural integrity, to their autonomy, and to the integrity
of their lands. The State has only carried out the prior consultation process since the order
imposed by the Constitutional Court in its OPIAC Ruling of 2003. It should be clarified,
however, that even after that time, it has not done so in all of the sprayings performed in
indigenous territories. Consequently, it can be firmly concluded that the sprayings carried out
by Colombia under the aerial spray program since 2000 in indigenous territories, and with
even more intensity in the communities in the south of the country, have been done on the
majority of occasions with disregard for Article 40 of the Political Constitution concerning
citizen participation, and above all, they have been done without the obligatory prior
consultation with indigenous peoples established by the Constitution and Colombian law.
64Annex 8 Annex 8
APPENDIX 1
Curriculum Vitae of Claudia Rojas Quiñonez, Esq.Annex 8 Annex 8
Claudia Rojas Quiñonez
Education
x University of St. Gallen, Ph.D Studies in International Law (2006 – present).
Research: The Protection of Indigenous Languages in International Law.
x University of Barcelona, Masters Degree in In ternational Studies, with specialization
in European Law (1994-1996).
Research: The Freedom of Expression on the Subject of the Environment within the
European Union.
x Universidad Externado de Colombia, Law Degree (1989-1994).
Research: Legal Defence Mechanisms of the Right to the Environment in Colombia
Professional experience
x 1996 – present Universidad Externado de Co lombia, Lecturer on Environmental Law,
Bogotá - Colombia
x 2010 Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETH), Guest Lecturer on
International Water Law, Zurich - Switzerland
x 2007-2008 University of St. Gallen, Researcher at the Chair of International and
European Law, St. Gallen - Switzerland
x 2003 – 2004 Observatori de Drets Ecònomics Socials i Culturals de Catalunya,
Barcelona - Spain
x 2002 Federal University of Espiritu Santo, Guest Lecturer on International
Cooperation on Environmental Protection in the Amazon Basin, Vitoria - Brasil
x 2002 Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Right to Food, Geneva -
Switzerland
x 2001 Ecoburo Consulting, Legal Adviser on Spanish and European Environmental
Law, Barcelona - Spain
x 2000 Council of Europe, Right to a Healthy Environment, Strasbourg - France
x 2000 Universtiy of Lérida, Guest Lecturer on The Right to Information on
Environmental Subjects in the European Union, Lérida - Spain
x 1998 – 2003 University of Barcelona, Lecturer and Researcher in International and
Environmental Law, Barcelona - SpainAnnex 8
x 1994 Departamento Administrativo de Segurid ad del Estado - DAS (Department of
State Security), Legal Adviser to the General Secretary, Bogotá - Colombia
x 1992 Ministerio Relaciones Exteriores de Colombia, Oficina de Derechos Humanos
(Colombian Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Human Rights Office), Bogotá - Colombia
x 1992 – 1994 Universidad Externado de Colombia, Researcher in the Department of
Civil Law, Bogotá - Colombia
Languages
Spanish (native), German, English and French
Areas of Expertise
x International, European, and Colombian law
x Environmental law
x Human Rights law
x Indigenous Rights law
Publications
Books
EVOLUCIÓN DE LAS C ARACTERÍSTICAS Y LOS PRINCIPIOS DEL D ERECHO
NTERNACIONAL A MBIENTAL Y SU APLICACIÓN EN COLOMBIA (THE EVOLUTION OF THE
CHARACTERISTICS AND PRINCIPLES OFNTERNATIONAL E NVIRONMENTAL L AW AND ITS
APPLICATION INC OLOMBIA ), Universidad Externado de Colombia, Bogotá (2004)
Articles
x “La protección internacional del derecho humano al medio ambiente” (“The
International Protection of the HumaRight to the Environment”), in: Francesco
Sindico, Rosa Fernandez Egea and Susana Borras Pentinat (Eds.), Derecho
Internacional del Medio Ambiente: Una Visión desde Iberoamérica, CMP Publishing,
(2010).
x “Los cursos de agua internacionales en la jurisprudencia de la Corte Internacional de
Justicia” (“International Watercourses in the Jurisprudence of the International Court
of Justice”), in: Derecho de Aguas, Volume IV, Universidad Externado de Colombia,
Bogotá, (2010)
x Book review: Turner Stephen J., A Substantive Environmental Right, An Examination
of the Legal Obligations of Decision-Makerstowards the Environment, Wolters
Kluwer, Kluwer International Law, 2009, in: Ambientalia, Revista interdisciplinar de
ciencias ambientales, Ambientalia, Vol. 1, (2009)
x “La diversidad lingüística en Colombia– Protección de las lenguas indígenas”
(“Linguistic Diversity in Colombia– Protection of Indigenous Languages”) in:
Revista Pensamiento Jurídico, N° 22, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, (2008) Annex 8
x “Die Rechtsprechung des internationalen Gerichtshofs auf dem Gebiet internationaler
Wasserläufe. Von Gabcikovo-Nagymaros bis Argentinien-Uruguay” (“The
Jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice: From Gabcikovo-Nagymaros to
Argentina-Uruguay”), Jusletter, (2007)
x “El nuevo reto de la cooperación internacional en el marco de la Cuenca del Río
Amazonas: La gestion integrada” (“The New Challenge of International Cooperation
in the Amazon Basin: Integrated Managem ent”), in: Gestión Integrada de Recursos
Hídricos , Amaya Navas, Oscar Darío and Ga rcía, María del Pilar (Eds.), Universidad
Externado de Colombia, Bogotá, (2007)
x “Derecho a la vivienda en Africa Subsahariana” (“The Right to Housing in Sub-
Saharan Africa”), in: Mundialización y Equi dad Social, Observatori de Drets
Economics Social i Culturals, Barcelona, (2004)
x “Del desarrollo sostenible al desarrollo humano sostenible” (“From Sustainable
Development to Human Sustainable Develo pment”), in: Lecturas sobre Derecho del
Medio ambiente IV, Universidad Externado de Colombia, Bogotá, (2003)
x Translation of: Déjeant-Pons, Maguelone, “Les droits de l’homme à l’envirnnement
au niveau national, international et europeen” into Spanish : “Los derechos del hombre
al medio ambiente en el ámbito nacional, mundial y europeo” (“Man’s Rights to the
Environment in the National, Global, and European Context”), in: Justicia Ambiental
– las Acciones Judiciales para la Defensa del Medio Ambiente, Universidad Externado
de Colombia, Bogotá, P. 25-74, (2001)
x “El efecto directo de las directivas comunitarias de medio ambiente” (“The Direct
Effect of the European Directives on Environmental Protection”), in: Lecturas sobre
Derecho del Medio ambiente I, Universidad Externado de Colombia, Bogotá, (2000)
x “La reparación de los daños ambientales en el marco del Derecho Comunitario
Europeo” (“Reparation of Environmental Damages in European Law”), in: La
Responsabilidad Ambiental, Universidad Externado de Colombia, Bogotá, (2000)
volume II