INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
MARITIME DISPUTE
(PERU v. CHILE)
COUNTER-MEMORIAL OF THE
GOVERNMENT OF CHILE
VOLUME IV
ANNEXES 160 – 248
9 MARCH 2010
I
VOLUME IV ANNEXES 160 - 248 OFFICIALTEXTS,OFFICIAL STATEMENTS,OFFICIALLY AUTHORIZED TEXTS AND INTERNAL DOCUMENTS:PERUAnnex 160.Reservations made by Peru to the Pact of Bogotá, 1948 967Annex 161.Supreme Resolution of 11 April 1953 973Annex 162.Official Communiqué of 16 November 1954 issued by the Directorate-General of Information 977Annex 163.Decision of the Harbour Master of Paita in the matter of the offences in the Maritime Zone of Peru, 26 November 1954 981Annex 164.Law No. 15720 of 11 November 1965: Law on Civil Aeronautics of Peru as published in United Nations Legislative Series, National Legislation and Treaties relating to the Law of the Sea, 1974, p. 27 989Annex 165.Supreme Resolution No. 0478-69-RE of 13 August 1969993Annex 166.Official Communiqué of 22 August 1969 issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs997Annex 167.Supreme Decree No. 261-69-AP of 12 December 1969 on the Regulation of Titles I, II and III of Decree-Law No. 17752: General Law on Waters 1001Annex 168.E. Mercado Jarrín, “Maritime Sovereignty: Basis for the Peruvian Position”, speech delivered on 11 May 1970 in Lima at a conference organized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the Diplomatic Corps accredited to Peru 1007
II
Annex 169.Geographic Advisor’s Office of the National Institute of Planning in the Office of the President, Atlas Histórico Geográfico y de Paisajes Peruanos, 1963-19701013Annex 170.Supreme Resolution No. 23 of 12 January 1955 as published by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Instrumentos Nacionales e Internacionales sobre Derecho del Mar, 1971 1023Annex 171.Regulation on the Visit and Stay of Foreign Warships at National Ports and Transit through the Waters under the Sovereignty and Jurisdiction of Peru, originally approved by Supreme Decree No. 004-77-MA of 22 March 1977 and modified by Supreme Decree No. 080-93-MGP of 26 October 19931027Annex 172.Directorate of Hydrography and Navigation of the Navy,Derrotero de la Costa del Perú, Vol. II, 19821037Annex 173.J.A. Benavides Estrada, Geografía del Perú y del Mundo, 1984, approved by Resolution No. 0185 of 17 April 1984 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs1041Annex 174.Supreme Decree No. 002-87-MA of 11 June 1987 approving the Regulation of Captaincies and Maritime, Fluvial and Lacustrine Activities 1047Annex 175.Directorate of Hydrography and Navigation of the Navy,Derrotero de la Costa del Perú, Vol. II, 2ndedn,19881059Annex 176.Resolution No. 006-89-M of 5 June 1989 by the Harbour Master of Ilo 1067Annex 177.Resolution No. 007-89-M of 5 June 1989 by the Harbour Master of Ilo 1075Annex 178.Directorial Resolution No. 347-91-DC/MGP of 20 December 1991 of the Directorate-General of Captaincies and Coastguard1083
III
Annex 179.Political Constitution of Peru, 29 December 1993 1095Annex 180.Directorial Resolution No. 0313-94/DCG of 23 September 1994 of the Directorate-General of Captaincies and Coastguard1101Annex 181.Directorate of Hydrography and Lighthouses of the Navy, List of Lights, 9th edn, 19981109Annex 182.Statement by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, 13 November 1999 1115Annex 183.Peruvian Congress, Foreign Affairs Committee, Congreso y Gestión Externa, Part I, Chapter IX “Congress and external issues of the 1990s”, 19991121Annex 184.L. Quintanilla, Atlas del Perú y del Mundo, 1999, authorized for circulation by Letter (DFL-CAR) No. 0-3-D/29 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs1125Annex 185.Law No. 27261 of 9 May 2000: Law on Civil Aeronautics1129Annex 186.National Institute of Statistics and Information, Perú:Estadísticas del Medio Ambiente 2000, 2000 1133Annex 187.Resolution No. 098-2000-M of 13 June 2000 by the Harbour Master of Ilo 1137Annex 188.Resolution No. 149-2000-M of 2 November 2000 by the Harbour Master of Ilo1141Annex 189.Letter No. 4626 SGMD-D of 21 November 2000 from the Minister of Defence to the Minister of Foreign Affairs1145Annex 190.Ministry of Energy and Mines, Anuario Estadístico de Hidrocarburos – Hydrocarbons Statistical Yearbook 20001153Annex 191.Law No. 27415 of 25 January 2001: Territorial Demarcation of the Province of Tacna 1155
IV
Annex 192.Supreme Decree No. 028 DE/MGP of 25 May 2001 approving the Regulation of the Law on the Control and Surveillance of Maritime, Fluvial and Lacustrine Activities 1159Annex 193.Directorate of Hydrography and Navigation of the Navy,Derrotero de la Costa del Perú,Vol. II, 3rd edn, 20011167Annex 194.Ministry of Agriculture, Perú: Estadística Agraria2000, 20021175Annex 195.Ministerial Resolution No. 068-2002-PE of 15 February 2002 by the Ministry of Production1179Annex 196.IMARPE, Coastal Laboratory of Ilo, Identificación y Delimitación de Bancos Naturales de Recursos Bentónicos en el Litoral de la Región Tacna, 20031183Annex 197.Transcript of an interview with the Minister of Foreign Affairs on 5 April 2004 1189Annex 198.Law No. 28611 of 13 October 2005: General Law of the Environment 1193Annex 199.Official Communiqué RE/13-05 of 25 November 2005 issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs1197Annex 200.Official Communiqué RE 14-05 of 1 December 2005 issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs1201Annex 201.Peru’s withdrawal of its reservations to Articles V, XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXV, and XLV of the Pact of Bogotá, 27 February 2006 1203Annex 202.Ministry of Production, Information and illustration of marine resources management areas along the coast of Tacna, 2008 1207
V
Annex 203.Examples of “Declaration for Weighing Anchor by Artisan Fishing Vessels” [Declaración de Zarpe Embarcaciones Pesqueras Artesanales] issued by the Harbour Master of Ilo 1211TEXTS AND DOCUMENTS OF THIRDSTATESAnnex 204.Ecuadorean Presidential Decree of 15 April 1836 approving the Regulation on the Coastguard and Measures for Preventing and Punishing the Maritime Smuggling 1221Annex 205.Ecuadorean Presidential Decree No. 53 of 7 October 1939 establishing the Limits of the Maritime Zone of Security 1225Annex 206.Press Release (for advance release) of 7 August 1945 issued by the United States Department of the Interior, Office of the Coordinator of Fisheries 1229Annex 207.Ecuadorean Legislative Decree of 21 February 1951 relating to Territorial Waters 1235Annex 208.Ecuadorean Decree No. 275 of 7 February 1955 1239Annex 209.Internal note of 17 January 1958 of the United Kingdom Foreign Office authored by the Legal Advisor Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice 1243Annex 210.Ecuadorean Decree No. 2556 of 9 November 1964 1249Annex 211.Ecuadorean Decree No. 1542 of 10 November 1966 modifying Article 633 of the Civil Code1255Annex 212.Ecuadorean Supreme Decree No. 959-A of 28 June 1971 prescribing straight baselines for the measurement of the Territorial Sea 1259Annex 213.United States Department of State, Office of the Geographer, Limits in the Seas, No. 42: Straight Baselines: Ecuador, May 1972 1265
VI
Annex 214.Statement of Reasons of September 1975 by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Colombia before the Colombian Congress in respect of the bill to approve the Agreement between Colombia and Ecuador concerning Delimitation of Marine and Submarine Areas and Maritime Co-operation 1273Annex 215.Presentation of 15 October 1975 by Senator Fernández before Colombia’s Congressional Commission on International Relations and National Defence of the bill approving the Colombia-Ecuador delimitation agreement before the Congressional Commission on International Relations and National Defence1279Annex 216.United States Department of State, Office of the Geographer, Limits in the Seas, No. 86: Maritime Boundary: Chile-Peru, July 1979 1289Annex 217.Grisbådarna: primary boundary lines proposed by Sweden and Norway to the Tribunal and the boundary established by the Tribunal, Figure submitted by the United States in Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/United States of America),I.C.J. Pleadings, Vol. VIII, Map No. 30 (with annotations added by Chile) 1293Annex 218.People’s Republic of China State Oceanic Administration Policy Research Office, Collection of International Maritime Delimitation Treaties, 1989 1295Annex 219.United States Department of State, Office of Ocean Affairs, Limits in the Seas,No.108: Maritime Boundaries of the World, 1st Revision, 1990 1301Annex 220.United States Department of State, Office of Ocean Affairs,Limits in the Sea,No.36: National Claims to Maritime Jurisdiction, 7th Revision, 1995 1315
VII
Annex 221.Intervention by United States Senator Pell on freedom of overflight in the Peruvian airspace beyond twelve nautical miles, United States Congressional Record, 1995, Vol. 141, p. S9196. 1319Annex 222.United States Department of State, Office of Ocean Affairs, Limits in the Seas, No. 36: National Claims to Maritime Jurisdictions, 8th Revision, 2000 1323Annex 223.Resolution of the National Congress of Ecuador, 15 November 2005 1329Annex 224.Press Release No. 660 of 2 December 2005 issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ecuador 1333DOCUMENTS OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONSAnnex 225.Communication from the Republic of Chile on the Conclusion of an Agreement between Chile and Peru regarding Tacna and Arica during the Third Meeting of the Fifty-fifth Session of the Council of League of Nations, 13 June 1929, at 10.30 a.m. 1339Annex 226.United Nations, Report of the Special Rapporteur to the ILC, Second Session of the ILC, 19501345Annex 227.United Nations, Memorandum on the Regime of the High Seas by the Secretariatof the ILC, Second Session of the ILC, 1950 1349Annex 228.United Nations, Report of the ILC on its Second Session, 1950 1355Annex 229.United Nations, Summary Record of the 69th meeting of the ILC, 17 July 1950 1359Annex 230.United Nations, “Draft Articles on the Continental Shelf and Related Subjects”, annexed to the Report of the ILC on its Third Session, 19511363
VIII
Annex 231.United Nations, Report on the Regime of the Territorial Sea by Mr. J.P.A. François, Special Rapporteur, 1952 1367Annex 232.United Nations, Summary Record of the 171st meeting of the ILC, 24 July 1952 1369Annex 233.United Nations, Annex to theSecond Report on the Regime of the Territorial Sea by Mr. J.P.A. François, Special Rapporteur, 1953 1377Annex 234.United Nations, Regime of the Territorial Sea:Information and Observations Submitted by Governments Regarding the Question of the Delimitation of the Territorial Sea of Two Adjacent States, 1953 1383Annex 235.United Nations, “Chapter III on the Regime of the High Seas”, annexed to Report of the ILC covering the Work of its Fifth Session, 19531395Annex 236.United Nations, Report of the ILC on the Work of its Eighth Session, 19561403Annex 237.Resolution XII adopted during the Fifth Ordinary Meeting of the CPPS in Santiago on 30 September and 1 October 1957 1407Annex 238.Establishment of an integrated air route network suitable for the efficient provision of air traffic services, Working paper presented by Peru, LIM SAM/SAT, WP/31, 1961 1411Annex 239.Statement by Dr. García Sayán, “Al Cabo de 15 Años” in CPPS Secretary-General, Convenios y Otros Documentos (1952-1966), p. 1 1417Annex 240.CPPS Secretary-General, Infracciones en la Zona Marítima del Pacífico Sur, January 1972 1425
IX
Annex 241.United Nations Office for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, The Law of the Sea – Maritime Boundary Agreements (1942-1969), 19911437Annex 242.United Nations, Office of Legal Affairs, Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Handbook on the Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries, 20001443Annex 243.ICAO Inter-Office Memorandum of 3 February 2005 “Boundaries of the Antofagasta and Lima FIRs” with Enclosures1447Annex 244.United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Table of Claims to Maritime Jurisdiction as at 28 May 2008 1455PRESSARTICLESAnnex 245.“El Tratado de Tacna y Arica ante el Congreso Pleno Peruano”,El Diario Ilustrado, 27 June 1929 1463Annex 246.J. M. Peña Prado, Address to the Congress of Peru, reproduced in La Crónica, 7 May 1955 1467Annex 247.“Señalan errores en medición del mar territorial peruano”,El Comercio, 23 May 1956 1473Annex 248.J. Velando Ugarteche, “La Salida al Mar de Bolivia”, Expreso, 19 May 1967 reproduced in a collection of his written work, 1988 1479
965
OFFICIAL TEXTS, OFFICIAL STATEMENTS, OFFICIALLY AUTHORIZED TEXTS AND
INTERNAL DOCUMENTS: PERU
966
967
Annex 160
Reservations made by Peru to the Pact of Bogotá, 1948
30 United Nations, Treaty Series 110
968
Annex 160
Annex 160
969
970
Annex 160
Annex 160
971
972
Annex 160
973
Annex 161
Supreme Resolution of 11 April 1953
974
Annex 161
Annex 161
975
Lima, 11 April 1953.-
In
view of the Declaration on the Maritime Zone of the First Conference on Exploitation and Conservation of the Maritime Resources of the South Pacific, signed in Santiago de Chile, on 18 August 1952;
Given
that it is a Declaration that includes provisions and commitments which fall within the capacity of the Executive Power, pursuant to paragraph eight of article 154 of the Constitution of the State;
W
ith the approving vote of the Council of Ministers;
IT
IS HEREBY RESOLVED:
T
o approve the Declaration on the Maritime Zone, signed in Santiago de Chile on 18 August 1952, during the First Conference on Exploitation and Conservation of the Maritime Resources of the South Pacific.
T
o be registered, communicated and published.-
Rivera Schreiber.- Signature of the President of the Republic.-
976
977
Annex 162
Official Communiqué of 16 November 1954 issued by the Directorate-General of Information
Memoria del Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores – Dr D. Aguilar Cornejo,
28 de Julio 1954 – 28 de Julio 1955, p. 147
978
Annex 162
Annex 162
979
[…]
This morning, the National Navy, with the cooperation of the F.A.P. [Peruvian Air Force], captured the factory ship of the foreign whaling fleet that invaded Peruvian territorial waters, which having not complied with the arrest order was intimidated and detained by force.
Furthermore, other pirate vessels of the same fleet were captured, all of which are being held in custody by our Squadron in the Port of Paita.
Lima, 16 November 1954.
Directorate General of Information of Peru.
980
981
Annex 163
Decision of the Harbour Master of Paita in the matter of the offences in the Maritime Zone of Peru, 26 November 1954
Memoria del Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores – Dr D. Aguilar Cornejo,
28 de Julio 1954 – 28 de Julio 1955, p. 149
982
Annex 163
Annex 163
983
984
Annex 163
Annex 163
985
986
Annex 163
Annex 163
987
[…]
Considering:
[…]
7. That it is laid down in the Supreme Decree of 1 August 1947, that it is necessary that the State protect, preserve and regulate the use of fishing and other natural resources which are found in the epicontinental waters covering the submarine shelf and in the adjacent continental seas in order that such resources, [which are] essential to national life, may continue to be exploited, or may be exploited in the future, in such a manner as not to cause detriment to the economy of the country, or to its food production; the national sovereignty and jurisdiction is decreed over waters adjacent to the coasts of the national territory whatever the depth and to the extent necessary to preserve, protect, maintain and utilize the national resources and wealth of all kinds found in or under the said sea; [that] this is in harmony with the Declaration on the Maritime Zone of 18 August 1952, signed by Peru, Chile and Ecuador, on the conservation and protection of the natural resources and regulation of their exploitation so as to obtain the greatest benefits for the respective countries; and that it is consequently the duty of these countries to prevent the exploitation of the above resources outside the scope of their jurisdiction from endangering the existence, integrity and conservation of those resources to the prejudice of these nations, which, because of their geographical positions, possess in their waters irreplaceable sources of subsistence and vital economic resources; that these principles are safeguarded by the Regulations of Captaincies which stipulate the need for a concession or special permit; that it is evident, therefore, that the captains and crews of the captured vessels contravened not only national regulations governing whale hunting, but also acted injuriously towards the national interests and resources by hunting whales in a clandestine and illegal manner, which they tried to conceal by invading Peruvian jurisdictional waters without a permit from the authorities and throwing overboard the documents reporting not only their nautical positions but also the quantity, class and age of the whales caught; it being furthermore well known and a matter of international comment that the captured ships are owned by a person connected with an industrial organisation which disobeys and infringes all international rules adopted for the protection of the species of whale which was caught;
[…]
988
989
Annex 164
Law No. 15720 of 11 November 1965: Law on Civil Aeronautics of Peru as published in United Nations Legislative Series, National Legislation and Treaties relating to the Law of the Sea, 1974, p. 27
990
Annex 164
Annex 164
991
992
993
Annex 165
Supreme Resolution No. 0478-69-RE of 13 August 1969
El Peruano, 16 August 1969
994
Annex 165
Annex 165
995
[Translation]
Peruvian Delegation attends a Meeting on the Peru-Chile Maritime Boundary
SUPREME RESOLUTION
No. 0478-69-RE/
Lima, 13 August 1969
As the meeting of the Mixed Commission responsible for verifying the position of boundary marker No. 1 and for setting the location of the alignment markers that both countries will build to signal the maritime boundary, will take place at the Peru-Chile frontier;
[…]
As agreed;
IT IS RESOLVED:
To appoint the following Delegation of Peru for the above mentioned meeting of the Mixed Commission:
[…]
[Transcript]
Delegación Peruana va a Cita sobre el Límite Marítimo Peruano-Chileno
Resoluci ón Suprema
No. 0478-69-RE/
Lima, 13 de Agosto de 1969.
Debiendo realizarse en la frontera peruano-chilena la reunión de la Comisión Mixta encargada de verificar la posición del hito número uno y de fijar la ubicación de las marcas de enfilamiento que construirán ambos países para señalar el límite marítimo:
[…]
Estando a lo acordado:
Se resuelveRESUELVE:
Designar la siguiente Delegación del Perú a la mencionada reunión de la Comisión Mixta:
[…]
996
997
Annex 166
Official Communiqué of 22 August 1969 issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
998
Annex 166
Annex 166
999
1000
Annex 166
EMBASSY OF PERU
OFFICIAL COMMUNIQUÉ RELATIVE TO THE QUADRIPARTITE CONFERENCE ON FISHERIES HELD IN BUENOS AIRES
The first phase of the “Conference between Chile, Ecuador, Peru and the United States of America on Fishery” was held in Buenos Aires between 1 and 19 [August 1969]. This Conference aims to seek practical solutions to problems of mutual concern related to tuna fishing in the South-East Pacific regions. The meeting, which was also convened to deal with the marketing of fishing produce, the scientific and technical cooperation between the National Fishing Institutes and the risk of factory-vessel operations, was held on the condition of not discussing or altering the legal position of the Parties.
[…]
The position of Peru in this Conference is in line with the spirit and the wording of Supreme Decree No. 781 of 1 August 1947, which defines our Zone of Maritime Jurisdiction, and the provisions of the Santiago Declaration of 1952 and other international agreements on which the system of the South Pacific Conference is founded.
Lima, 22 August 1969.
1001
Annex 167
Supreme Decree No. 261-69-AP of 12 December 1969 on the Regulation of Titles I, II and III of Decree-Law No. 17752: General Law on Waters
Legislation Database maintained by the Food and Agriculture Organization
1002
Annex 167
Annex 167
1003
1004
Annex 167
Annex 167
1005
[…]
Article 7
The rights of the State indicated by the Law shall be exercised, with respect to the 200-mile maritime zone adjacent to the coast of the national territory, in conformity with Supreme Decree No. 781 of 12 August 1947 and the Declaration on the Maritime Zone of 18 August 1952, an instrument which has the nature of an international agreement.
[…]
1006
1007
Annex 168
E. Mercado Jarrín, “Maritime Sovereignty: Basis for the
Peruvian Position”, speech delivered on 11 May 1970 in Lima at
a conference organized by the Peruvian Ministry of Foreign
Affairs for the Diplomatic Corps accredited to Peru
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru, Exposiciones Oficiales Peruanas sobre el Nuevo Derecho del Mar, 1972, p. 18(1)
1008
Annex 168
Annex 168
1009
1010
Annex 168
Annex 168
1011
[…]
Since 1964, Peru has become the first fishing nation in the world due to the volume of its catch. In 1968, of the 64 million tons of production worldwide, of which 14 were produced by Latin-American countries, Peru caught 10.4 million (16.7%), of which 2.4 million were exported for a value of 232 million dollars, or 30% of the total foreign currency brought in from national exportation.
Although currently this production comes almost entirely from the harvesting of anchovy, which is reserved for Peruvian fishermen, this reservation has been possible thanks to the exercise of national jurisdiction. If Peru had not extended its sovereignty beyond 3 or 12 miles, foreign boats would have been able to exploit that resource as they wish, destroying the local fishing industry. The damage to the economy and national income would be disastrous and would impact on the well-being of the population, whose low standard of living is the country’s most pressing problem.
[…]
1012
1013
Annex 169
Geographic Advisor’s Office of the National Institute of Planning in the Office of the President, Atlas Histórico Geográfico y de Paisajes Peruanos, 1963-1970
1014
Annex 169
Annex 169
1015
[…]
In the south, the southernmost point of Peru is found in the department of Tacna, on the frontier with Chile, to the south of the point called “Pascana del Hueso”, on the shore of the Pacific Ocean and it has the following coordinates:
18° 21' 03" Latitude South
70° 22' 56" Longitude West.
(When referring to the provisional Datum point for South America, established in Venezuelan territory, the coordinates of the southernmost point of Peru are the following: 18º 20' 50.8" Latitude South and 70º 22' 31.5" Longitude West.)
[…]
1016
Annex 169
Annex 169
1017
1018
Annex 169
Annex 169
1019
1020
Annex 169
Annex 169
1021
1022
Annex 169
1023
Annex 170
Supreme Resolution No. 23 of 12 January 1955 as published by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru, Instrumentos
Nacionales e Internacionales sobre Derecho del Mar, 1971
1024
Annex 170
Annex 170
1025
DelimitationELIMITATION of the 200-mile Maritime Zone
Supreme Resolution No. 23
12 January 1955
WHEREAS:
It is necessary to specify in cartographic and geodesic works the manner of determining the Peruvian maritime zone of 200 miles referred to in the Supreme Decree of 1 August 1947 and the Joint Declaration signed in Santiago on 18 August 1952 by Peru, Chile and Ecuador;
IT IS HEREBY RESOLVED:
1 − The said zone shall be limited at sea by a line parallel to the Peruvian coast and at a constant distance of 200 nautical miles from it;
2 − In accordance with clause IV of the Declaration of Santiago, the said line may not extend beyond that of the corresponding parallel at the point where the frontier of Peru reaches the sea.
To be registered, notified and published.
Manuel A. Odría.- President of the Republic.
David Aguilar Cornejo, Minister of Foreign Affairs.
1026
1027
Annex 171
Regulation on the Visit and Stay of Foreign Warships at
National Ports and Transit through the Waters under the
Sovereignty and Jurisdiction of Peru, originally approved by
Supreme Decree No. 004-77-MA of 22 March 1977 and
modified by Supreme Decree No. 080-93-MGP
of 26 October 1993
1028
Annex 171
Annex 171
1029
1030
Annex 171
Annex 171
1031
1032
Annex 171
Annex 171
1033
1034
Annex 171
Annex 171
1035
1036
Annex 171
RegulationULATION on the Visit and STAY of Forei gn Warships AT NationalATIONAL PORTS and Transit throu gh the WATERS under the Soverei gnty and Jurisdiction of Peru
[…]
CHAPTER III
INFORMATION
B-301 - Regardless of the nature of the visit, the note announcing the visit shall include the following information:
[…]
d. The Peruvian waters in which they will sail, indicating the estimated dates of entry and exit;
[…]
C-407 - Foreign Warships are required to report entry into and/or exit from waters under the sovereignty and jurisdiction of Peru, indicating their position, route, speed, port and estimated time of arrival. Also, they will report their position daily at 0800 hours and 2000 hours during their navigation to the Commander-General of Naval operations, [the] Director-General of Captaincies and Coastguard and the Harbour Master [of the port] in which they will arrive.
[…]
1037
Annex 172
Directorate of Hydrography and Navigation of the Navy, Derrotero de la Costa del Perú, Vol. II, 1982
1038
Annex 172
Annex 172
1039
[...]
111.55 HITO CONCORDIA (18° 20.8' S, 70° 22.5' W)
[…]
In the eastern part of the boundary marker Concordia lies the gorge of Las Salinas and, on the coastline, a place named Pascana del Hueso, which constitutes the last topographical feature of the Peruvian coast before reaching the southern frontier.
[…]
1040
1041
Annex 173
J.A. Benavides Estrada, Geografía del Perú y del Mundo, 3rd edn, 1984, approved by Resolution No. 0185 of 17 April 1984 of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
1042
Annex 173
Annex 173
1043
1044
Annex 173
Annex 173
1045
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
RE (TER) Of. No. O-3-A/125
Ref . Authoriz. through [Ministerial Resolution] 185,
two educational books
Lima, 30 April 1984
Messrs,
Editorial Escuela Nueva S.A
Av. 28 de Julio N° 1181 – 105 – La Victoria
Pte.
[...]
I
have the pleasure to address you to transcribe the text of Ministerial Resolution No. 0185, dated 17 April of the present year, which reads as follows:
“… In conformity with what was established in Legislative Decree No. 112 of 12 June 1981, in Supreme Decree No. 570 of 5 July 1957 and in Ministerial Resolution No. 458 of 28 April 1961; Given that … Peru’s international boundaries have been drawn in an acceptable way … It is hereby RESOLVED: To authorize the circulation in the country of two textbooks entitled “Geography of America and the World” for the second grade of the secondary education and “Geography of Peru and the World” for the third grade of the secondary education, authored by Juan A. Benavides Estrada and printed in first edition by Editorial Escuela Nueva S.A. …”
[...]
Jorge Colunge VillacortaILLACORTA
Minister
Director of Territorial Sovereignty
[…]
1. Geographic LocationOCATION of the Peruvian Sea
The Peruvian sea is part of the Pacific Ocean that washes the shores of Peru. Its boundaries are the parallel of the Boca de Capones to the North, the parallel of the Hito No. 1 of La Concordia to the South and an imaginary line parallel to the coastline, located 200 miles from it (370 Km approximately). Its total area is 617,000 Km².
[…]
1046
1047
Annex 174
Supreme Decree No. 002-87-MA of 11 June 1987 approving the Regulation on Captaincies and Maritime,
Fluvial and Lacustrine Activities
El Peruano, 11 June 1987
1048
Annex 174
Annex 174
1049
1050
Annex 174
Annex 174
1051
1052
Annex 174
Annex 174
1053
1054
Annex 174
Annex 174
1055
REGULATION OF CAPTAINCIES AND MARITIME, FLUVIAL AND LACUSTRINE ACTIVITIES
[…]
CHAPTER I
[…]
Section IV
CAPTAINCIES
duties
A-010401 The Captaincies have the following duties:
1) Exercise maritime, fluvial and lacustrine policing in the scope of their jurisdiction.
2) Control the aquatic traffic and the information system for the position and safety of vessels within the scope of their jurisdiction.
3) Remove vessels and/or remains that represent a risk for navigation as well as recue and extract vessels and/or sunken remains that have been duly authorized.
4) Halt illicit fishing activities, smuggling, drug trafficking and other illegal activities within the scope of their jurisdiction.
5) Control and protect the resources and treasures existing in the waters of their jurisdiction and in the soil and subsoil of this area.
6) Control the minimum conditions for security of national and foreign vessels as well as the qualification of the toilers of the sea in accordance with international conventions.
7) Carry out the traffic services for vessels coming in and out of the harbours.
8) Use any necessary means to carry out search and rescue operations.
9) Order the closing of the harbour in case of rough sea conditions or other risks that might jeopardize security.
10) Maintain respect for the laws, national regulations and international treaties, concerning the safety of navigation and the protection of human life at sea, rivers and navigable lakes.
11) Keep special control over vessels arriving at the port with dangerous merchandise, with a special emphasis on the loading and unloading process, and supervise the storage areas of the harbour.
12) Carry out the control and surveillance of vessels transporting explosives, by authorizing their loading and unloading process only in authorized Terminals.
13) Control the public and private piers to ensure that the security regulations are being fulfilled.
14) Inspect the shipyards, dry docks and other aquatic installations.
1056
Annex 174
15) Control, prevent and mitigate the pollution of the waters of their jurisdiction by taking appropriate measures.
16) Give the requested support to the competent Authorities as well as assistance in the event of natural disasters or other catastrophes.
17) Supervise mandatory pilotage activities.
18) Control the reception and dispatch of vessels.
19) Supervise and control the nautical signposting as well as the respect for the nautical traffic regulation.
20) Commission reports for maritime, fluvial and lacustrine accidents.
21) Commence proceedings for breach of the present Regulation and other provisions under the competence of the Maritime Authority and apply the respective penalties.
22) Carry out verifications and inspections of vessels and deliver the corresponding certificates.
23) Authenticate the employment contracts of the toilers of the sea and handle their termination.
24) Register the crew of the Merchant Navy, Fishermen, Maritime Workers, Divers, Maritime Agents, Pilots, Maritime Engineer and others if necessary.
25) Process the applications for the delivery of the titles and licences of the Merchant Navy Officials, Fishing and Sport Fishing Pilots and others if necessary.
26) Handle the registration of vessels.
27) Inform the Directorate of Hydrography and Navigation every time a difficulty or a danger for navigation arises and transmit meteorological, oceanographic and hydrographical data.
28) Preside over the Harbour Meetings.
29) Control the islands and aquatic installations within their jurisdiction.
30) Operate the Coastal Stations.
CHAPTER II
[…]
Section III
Jurisdiction of the Maritime , River and LaCUSTRINE Districts
A-020301 The jurisdiction of the Maritime Districts coming under the Directorate-General is the following:
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a) Maritime District 11
1. Jurisdiction: from the maritime frontier with Ecuador, to the parallel that passes through the departmental limit between Piura and Lambayeque (Parallel 06 21' South).
2. It covers the Major Captaincies of Talara and Paita…
[…]
f) Maritime District 31
1. Jurisdiction: from the provincial limit between Caraveli and Camaná (Parallel 16 25' South) to the frontier boundary between Peru and Chile.
2. It covers the Captaincy of the Major Port of Mollendo-Matarani and Ilo.
[…]
Section IV
Jurisdiction of the CAPTAINCIES
A-020401 The jurisdiction of the Captaincies that fall within the jurisdiction of the Directorate-General and of the Maritime Districts to which they belong is as follows:
a) Major Port Talara
1. Minor Ports: Zorritos, Puerto Pizarro, Lobitos and Negritos.
2. Coves: La Cruz, Grau, Bocapan, Mancora, Organos and Cabo Blanco.
3. Jurisdiction: It covers the maritime coastline from the maritime frontier with Ecuador, to the estuary of the Chira river to the South.
[…]
j) Major Port Ilo
1. Coves: Vila Vila.
2. Jurisdiction: It covers the Departmental Limit between Arequipa and Moquegua to the North up to the frontier with Chile to the South.
[…]
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Directorate of Hydrography and Navigation of the Navy, Derrotero de la Costa del Perú, Vol. II, 2nd edn, 1988
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1062
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[…]
PartART C
RESOLUTIONS OF THE DIRECTORATE-GENERAL OF CAPTAINCY AND COASTGUARD
[…]
1.34 VESSELS IN PERUVIAN WATERS
Any national or foreign ship of any type that crosses into Peruvian waters (200 miles) from the northern parallel 03º 24' N [or] the southern parallel 18º 21' S, and to the West, transiting innocently or requesting to enter a Peruvian Port, is obliged to give its position, course, speed and port of destination through the Coastal Stations of Paita, Callao [and] Mollendo. Also, while in Peruvian waters, they must communicate their position through the indicated Coastal Stations each day at 0800 and 2000 hours. In case they have a Telex onboard, the ships can communicate their position by radio through the Stations indicated below.
1.35. system of informationINFORMATION on position and security in the maritime dominion of Peru
ART. 1. - All national-flag vessels, [be they] merchant, fishing, for scientific research or of any type, of more than 350 GRT, and merchant vessels, scientific research vessels, and foreign-flag fishing-vessels of any type, capacity or tonnage, sailing with the intent of entering or exiting jurisdictional waters, requesting to enter or exit a port, in transit or operating within jurisdictional waters, having been granted concessions or oceanic or ichthyologic exploration permits, etc., shall provide the information determined by the system, through the measures and methods established in Appendices A, B, C, D and E.
[…]
Appendix A
SPECIFIC INFORMATION procedure For SHIPs and /or merchant , fishin g or scientific vessels and /or other types of nationalNATIONAL [VESSELS] more than 350 GRT and forei gn vessels of any tonnaTONNAge and type enterin g THE jurisdictional WATERS in transit , as kin g toTO enter peruvian PORTS and /or exitin g the jurisdictional watersWATERS
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1st Case: INFORMATION TO ENTER PERUVIAN WATERS (PW) –
Information that the vessel must transmit upon entering Peruvian jurisdictional waters.
……..... SHIPREP (Identification of the System)
A……..... EPW
B……..... Vessel name, call sign and nationality
C……..... Date and hour (of entering in the Peruvian jurisdictional waters)
D……..... Port of origin
E……..... Coordinates (upon entering the Peruvian jurisdictional waters)
F……..... True bearing
G……..... Speed
H……..... Port of destination
I…………ETA
[…]
4th Case: EXITING JURISDICTIONAL WATERS (DPW) – Information that the vessel must transmit upon exiting jurisdictional waters.
……..... SHIPREP (Identification of the System)
A……..... DPW
B……..... Name of the Vessel, call sign and nationality
C……..... Date and hour (of exiting in the Peruvian jurisdictional waters)
D……..... Port of origin
E……..... Coordinates (upon exiting the Peruvian jurisdictional waters)
F……..... True bearing
G……..... Speed
H……..... Port of destination
[…]
4.55 HITO CONCORDIA
(18º 20.8' S, 70º 22.5' W)
[…]
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Resolution No. 006-89-M of 5 June 1989
by the Harbour Master of Ilo
Archives of the Maritime and Port Authority of Arica
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Annex 176
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[Transcript]
MARINA DE GUERRA DEL PERÚ
CapitanAPITANía de PUERTO de Ilo
RESOLUCIÓN DE CAPITANÍA N° 006-89-M
Ilo, 05 Junio 1989
Vistos los Mensajes Navales 041633, 041637 y 041715 Junio 1989 del Comandante de la Unidad de Exploración, mediante el cual informa que ha avistado embarcaciones sospechosas en Latitud 18° 19' S y 70° 39' W, procediendo a interceptar, embarcaciones extranjeras fugándose, logrando capturar a la embarcación pesquera “CORAY-I” con número de registro 1917 y número de señal distintiva CB-3430, de bandera Chilena a 1.5 millas de distancia de la línea fronteriza de la República de Chile, en aguas jurisdiccionales del Perú;
CONSIDERANDO:
Que, la Unidad de Exploración en cumplimiento a sus funciones zarpó de este Puerto el día 02 del presente mes, para cumplir con su misión de patrullaje;
Que, de acuerdo al Artículo A-120103 y A-120406 inciso (a) del Reglamento de Capitanías y de las Actividades Marítimas, Fluviales y Lacustres, esta Autoridad Marítima, inició el procedimiento administrativo e hizo comparecer al patrón y motorista de la embarcación “CORAY-I”, de bandera Chilena para que presten sus manifestaciones con el fin de aclarar los hechos que han motivado que la indicada embarcación ingrese a efectuar faenas de pesca en aguas jurisdiccionales del Perú, una vez analizado lo actuado se desprende que efectivamente la mencionada embarcación fue interceptada y capturada por la Unidad de Exploración dentro de aguas jurisdiccionales del Perú, el día 04 Junio de 1989;
Que, de las investigaciones e inspección ocular, no ha comprobado que la embarcación pesquera “CORAY-I” con número de registro 1917 y número de señal distintiva CB-3430, de bandera Chilena, de 81.921 toneladas de registro grueso, de 37.214 toneladas de registro neto y de propiedad de la Pesquera del Sur S.A. fue interceptada y capturada por la Unidad de Exploración dentro de aguas jurisdiccionales del Perú, el día 04 Junio 1989, en Latitud 18° 19' Sur y Longitud 70° 39' Oeste, a 9.1 millas de tierra y a 1.5 millas de la línea divisoria de la frontera marítima con 120 toneladas de anchoveta, tripulación sin novedad;
Que, el artículo C-070004 del Reglamento de Capitanías y de las Actividades Marítimas, Fluviales y Lacustres, estipula que está prohibido a los buques y embarcaciones pesqueras extranjeras, el ejercicio de la pesca en aguas de dominio marítimo del Perú;
Que, el Artículo C-070005 del Reglamento de Capitanías y de las Actividades
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Marítimas, Fluviales y Lacustres, estipula que la infracción del artículo anterior, traerá consigo la aprehensión del buque o embarcación y sus aparejos de pesca, así como el comiso de captura existente en sus bodegas, sin perjuicio del pago de la multa;
Que, el Artículo A-120101 del Reglamento de Capitanías y de las Actividades Marítimas, Fluviales y Lacustres, estipula que la Autoridad Marítima tiene la facultad para sancionar conforme este Reglamento, a cualquier persona natural o jurídica que cometa infracción durante el ejercicio directo o indirecto de las actividades Marítimas, Fluviales o Lacustres, dentro del ámbito de su jurisdicción;
Que, de acuerdo al Artículo A-120201, A-120202, A-120203 inciso (d) y (e), A-120205, A-120206, A-120211, A-120404, C-070004, C-070005 y C-070022 del Reglamento de Capitanías y de las Actividades Marítimas, Fluviales y Lacustres;
SE RESUELVE:
1° Sancionar con una multa de VEINTE MIL DÓLARES USA ($ 20,000.00) a la embarcación pesquera “CORAY-I” de bandera Chilena, de propiedad de la Pesquera del Sur S.A. por contravenir al Artículo C-070004 del Reglamento de Capitanías y de las Actividades Marítimas, Fluviales y Lacustres.
2° Dicha multa será depositada en el Banco de la Nación en la cuenta corriente N° 000.000779 de la Dirección General de Capitanías y Guardacostas, antes de hacerse entrega al propietario de la embarcación “CORAY-I” perteneciente a la Pesquera del Sur S.A.
[…]
Capitán de Puerto de Ilo
ES COPIA FIEL DEL ORIGINAL
SECRETARIO
ORIGINAL: Interesado
Copia: Dir. Gral. Cap. y GC
Archivo
1072
Annex 176
[Translation]
NAVY OF PERU
CAPTAINCY OF ILO
CAPTAINCY RESOLUTION No. 006– 89 – M
Ilo, 05 June 1989
In view of the naval messages 041633, 041637 and 041715 of June 1989 from the Commander of the Exploration Unit in which he informs that he has seen suspicious vessels at Latitude 18º 19' S. and 70º 39' W. and that he proceeded to intercept foreign vessels while fleeing. The vessel “CORAY-I”, registry number 1917, with a distinctive signal number CB-3430, flying Chilean flag, was seized at a point located 1.5 miles from the frontier line of the Republic of Chile, in the jurisdictional waters of Peru;
CONSIDERING:
That the Exploration Unit, fulfilling its functions, set sail from this Port on the 2nd of this month to perform its patrolling functions;
That pursuant to Articles A-120103 and A-120106 paragraph (a) of the Regulation of Captaincies and Maritime, Fluvial and Lacustrine Activities, this Maritime Authority initiated these administrative proceedings and requested the appearance of the captain and the engine-room worker of the Chilean vessel “CORAY-I” to make their statements in order to clarify the facts that motivated the entry of the said vessel into Peruvian jurisdictional waters to carry out fishing activities. Having analyzed the facts, it was concluded that the said vessel was intercepted and captured by the Exploration Unit within the jurisdictional waters of Peru on 04 June 1989;
That from the investigations and the visual inspection carried out, it has been corroborated that the fishing vessel “CORAY-I”, registry number 1917, with distinctive signal number CB-3430, flying Chilean flag, of 81,921 gross registered tonnage and 37,214 net registered tonnage, property of Pesquera del Sur S.A., was intercepted and captured by the Exploration Unit within the jurisdictional waters of Peru, on 04 June 1989, while located at Latitude 18º 19' South and Longitude 70º 39' West, 9.5 miles away from land and 1.5 miles away from the dividing line of the maritime frontier, with 120 tons of anchovy onboard, no news on the crew;
That Article C-070004 of the Regulation of Captaincies and Maritime, Fluvial and Lacustrine Activities, provides that it is prohibited for foreign ships and fishing vessels to carry out fishing activities in waters under Peruvian maritime dominion;
That Article C – 070005 of the Regulation of Captaincies and Maritime, Fluvial and Lacustrine Activities provides that the violation of the aforementioned article will
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result in the seizure of the ship or vessel involved and its fishing tackles, as well as the goods carried onboard, without prejudice to the payment of the fine;
That Article A-120101 of the Regulation of Captaincies and Maritime, Fluvial and Lacustrine Activities provides that the Maritime Authority has the ability to impose sanctions pursuant to this Regulation to any natural or legal person that commits an infraction while carrying out, directly or indirectly, maritime, fluvial or lacustrine activities, within the scope of its jurisdiction;
That, according to Article A-120201, A-120202, A120203 paragraphs (d) and (e), A-120205, A-120206, A-120208, A-120211, A-120404, C-070004, C-070005 and C-070022 of the Regulation of Captaincies and Maritime, Fluvial and Lacustrine Activities;
IT IS HEREBY RESOLVED:
1. To impose a fine of TWENTY THOUSAND U.S. DOLLARS ($20,000.00) to the vessel “CORAY-I”, flying the Chilean flag, property of Pesquera del Sur S.A., for having breached Article C-070004 of the Regulation of Captaincies and Maritime, Fluvial and Lacustrine Activities;
2. The aforementioned fine shall be deposited in the National Bank in the current account No. 000.000779 of the Directorate-General of Captaincies and Coastguard, then the vessel “CORAY-I”, property of Pesquera del Sur S.A., will be handed over to the owner.
[…]
[signed]
Harbour Master of Ilo
[…]
[signed]
THIS IS A COPY OF THE ORIGINAL
SECRETARY
ORIGINAL: Interested
Copy: Dir. Gral. Cap. y GC [Dirección General de Capitanías y Guardacostas / Directorate-General of Captaincies and Coastguard] Archive.
1074
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Resolution No. 007-89-M of 5 June 1989
by the Harbour Master of Ilo
Archives of the Maritime and Port Authority of Arica
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Annex 177
1077
1078
Annex 177
[Transcript]
MARINA DE GUERRA DEL PERÚ
CapitaniaAPITANIA de PUERTO de ilo
RESOLUCIÓN DE CAPITANÍA N° 007-89-M
Ilo, 05 Junio 1989
Vistos los Mensajes Navales 041633, 041637, 041645 y 041717 Junio 1989 del Comandante de la Unidad de Exploración, mediante el cual informa que ha avistado embarcaciones sospechosas en Latitud 18° 19' SUR y 70° 39' W. procediendo a interceptar, embarcaciones extranjeras fugándose, logrando capturar a la embarcación pesquera “CORAY-II” con número de registro 1918 y número de señal distintiva CB-3429, de bandera Chilena a 1.5 millas de distancia de la línea fronteriza de la República de Chile, en aguas jurisdiccionales del Perú;
CONSIDERANDO:
Que, la Unidad de Exploración en cumplimiento a sus funciones zarpó de este Puerto el día 02 del presente mes, para cumplir con su misión de patrullaje;
Que, de acuerdo al Artículo A-120103 y A-120406 inciso (a) del Reglamento de Capitanías y de las Actividades Marítimas, Fluviales y Lacustres, esta Autoridad Marítima, inició el procedimiento administrativo e hizo comparecer al patrón y motorista de la embarcación “CORAY-II”, de bandera Chilena para que presten sus manifestaciones con el fin de aclarar los hechos que han motivado que la indicada embarcación ingrese a efectuar faenas de pesca en aguas jurisdiccionales del Perú, una vez analizado lo actuado se desprende que efectivamente la mencionada embarcación fue interceptada y capturada por la Unidad de Exploración dentro de aguas jurisdiccionales del Perú, el día 04 Junio de 1989;
Que, de las investigaciones e inspección ocular, no ha comprobado que la embarcación pesquera “CORAY-II” con número de registro 1918 y número de señal distintiva CB-3429, de bandera Chilena, de 84.085 toneladas de registro grueso, de 36.621 toneladas de registro neto y de propiedad de la Pesquera del Sur S.A. fue interceptada y capturada por la Unidad de Exploración dentro de aguas jurisdiccionales del Perú, el día 04 Junio 1989, en Latitud 18° 19' Sur y Longitud 70° 39' Oeste, a 9.1 millas de tierra y a 1.5 millas de la línea divisoria de la frontera marítima con 80 toneladas de anchoveta, tripulación sin novedad;
Que, el artículo C-070004 del Reglamento de Capitanías y de las Actividades Marítimas, Fluviales y Lacustres, estipula que está prohibido a los buques y embarcaciones pesqueras extranjeras, el ejercicio de la pesca en aguas de dominio marítimo del Perú ;
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Que, el Artículo C-070005 del Reglamento de Capitanías y de las Actividades Marítimas, Fluviales y lacustres, estipula que la infracción del artículo anterior, traerá consigo la aprehensión del buque o embarcación y sus aparejos de pesca, así como el comiso de captura existente en sus bodegas, sin perjuicio del pago de la multa ;
Que, el Artículo A-120101 del Reglamento de Capitanías y de las Actividades Marítimas, Fluviales y Lacustres, estipula que la Autoridad Marítima tiene la facultad para sancionar conforme este Reglamento, a cualquier persona natural o jurídica que cometa infracción durante el ejercicio directo o indirecto de las actividades Marítimas, Fluviales o Lacustres, dentro del ámbito de sus jurisdicción ;
Que, de acuerdo al Artículo A-120201, A-120202, A-120203 inciso (d) y (e), A-120205, A-120206, A-120211, A-120404, C-070004, C-070005 y C-070022 del Reglamento de Capitanías y de las Actividades Marítimas, Fluviales y Lacustres;
SE RESUELVE:
1° Sancionar con una multa de VEINTE MIL DÓLARES USA ($ 20,000.00) a la embarcación pesquera “CORAY-II” de bandera Chilena, de propiedad de la Pesquera del Sur S.A. por contravenir al Artículo C-070004 del Reglamento de Capitanías y de las Actividades Marítimas, Fluviales y Lacustres ;
2° Dicha multa será depositada en el Banco de la Nación en la cuenta corriente N° 000.000779 de la Dirección General de Capitanías y Guardacostas, antes de hacerse entrega al propietario de la embarcación “CORAY-II” perteneciente a la Pesquera del Sur S.A.
[…]
Capitán de Puerto de Ilo
[…]
ES COPIA FIEL DEL ORIGINAL
SECRETARIO
ORIGINAL: Interesado
Copia: Dir. Gral. Cap. y GC
Archivo
1080
Annex 177
[Translation]
NAVY OF PERU
CAPTAINCY OF ILO
CAPTAINCY RESOLUTION No. 007– 89 – M
Ilo, 05 June 1989
In view of the naval messages 041633, 041637, 041645 and 041717 of June 1989 from the Commander of the Exploration Unit in which he informs that he has seen suspicious vessels at Latitude 18º 19' South and 70º 39' W. and that he proceeded to intercept foreign vessels while fleeing. The vessel “CORAY-I”, registry number 1918, with a distinctive signal number CB-3429, flying Chilean flag, was seized at a point located 1.5 miles from the frontier line of the Republic of Chile, in the jurisdictional waters of Peru;
CONSIDERING:
That the Exploration Unit, fulfilling its functions, set sail from this Port on the 2nd of this month to perform its patrolling functions;
That pursuant to Articles A-120103 and A-120106 paragraph (a) of the Regulation of Captaincies and Maritime, Fluvial and Lacustrine Activities, this Maritime Authority initiated these administrative proceedings and requested the appearance of the captain and the engine-room worker of the Chilean vessel “CORAY-II” to make their statements in order to clarify the facts that motivated the entry of the said vessel into Peruvian jurisdictional waters to carry out fishing activities. Having analyzed the facts, it was concluded that the said vessel was intercepted and captured by the Exploration Unit within the jurisdictional waters of Peru on 04 June 1989;
That from the investigations and the visual inspection carried out, it has been corroborated that the fishing vessel “CORAY-II”, registry number 1918, with distinctive signal number CB-3429, flying Chilean flag, of 84,085 gross registered tonnage and 36,621 net registered tonnage, property of Pesquera del Sur S.A., was intercepted and captured by the Exploration Unit within the jurisdictional waters of Peru, on 04 June 1989, while located at Latitude 18º 19' South and Longitude 70º 39' West, 9.5 miles away from land and 1.5 miles away from the dividing line of the maritime frontier, with 80 tons of anchovy onboard, no news on the crew;
That Article C-070004 of the Regulation of Captaincies and Maritime, Fluvial and Lacustrine Activities, provides that it is prohibited for foreign ships and fishing vessels to carry out fishing activities in waters under Peruvian maritime dominion;
That Article C – 070005 of the Regulation of Captaincies and Maritime, Fluvial and Lacustrine Activities provides that the violation of the aforementioned article will result in the seizure of the ship or vessel involved and its fishing tackles, as well as the goods carried onboard, without prejudice to the payment of the fine;
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That Article A-120101 of the Regulation of Captaincies and Maritime, Fluvial and Lacustrine Activities provides that the Maritime Authority has the ability to impose sanctions pursuant to this Regulation to any natural or legal person that commits an infraction while carrying out, directly or indirectly, maritime, fluvial or lacustrine activities, within the scope of its jurisdiction;
That, according to Article A-120201, A-120202, A120203 paragraphs (d) and (e), A-120205, A-120206, A-120208, A-120211, A-120404, C-070004, C-070005 and C-070022 of the Regulation of Captaincies and Maritime, Fluvial and Lacustrine Activities;
IT IS HEREBY RESOLVED:
1. To impose a fine of TWENTY THOUSAND U.S. DOLLARS ($20,000.00) to the vessel “CORAY-II”, flying the Chilean flag, property of Pesquera del Sur S.A., for having breached Article C-070004 of the Regulation of Captaincies and Maritime, Fluvial and Lacustrine Activities;
2. The aforementioned fine shall be deposited in the National Bank in the current account No. 000.000779 of the Directorate-General of Captaincies and Coastguards, then the vessel “CORAY-II”, property of Pesquera del Sur S.A., will be handed over to the owner.
[…]
[signed]
Harbour Master of Ilo
[…]
[signed]
THIS IS A COPY OF THE ORIGINAL
SECRETARY
ORIGINAL: Interested
Copy: Dir. Gral. Cap. y GC [Dirección General de Capitanías y Guardacostas / Directorate-General of Captaincies and Coastguard] Archive.
1082
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Directorial Resolution No. 347-91-DC/MGP of 20 December 1991 of the Directorate-General of Captaincies and Coastguard
El Peruano, 29 December 1991
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[Transcript]
Callao, 20 de Diciembre de 1991
CONSIDERANDO:
Que, es función y responsabilidad de la Dirección General de Capitanías y Guardacostas, velar por la seguridad y la vida humana en la mar, prestando auxilio a toda nave nacional o extranjera que haya sufrido emergencia o siniestro marítimo en aguas jurisdiccionales;
Que, en la Conferencio Internacional sobre Búsqueda, Rescate y Salvamento Marítimo efectuada en el Puerto de Hamburgo 1979, se recomienda la conveniencia de que los buques notifiquen en forma uniforme cuando naveguen en aguas jurisdiccionales;
Que, en tal virtud es necesario conocer la posición de toda nave de bandera nacional, mercantes de investigación científica o de cualquier tipo mayores de 350 TRB y de los buques mercantes de investigación científica y pesquera de bandera extranjera que naveguen con intenciones de ingreso o salida de aguas jurisdiccionales, en demanda o salida de Puerto, en tránsito u operaciones diversas en aguas jurisdiccionales;
[…]
SE RESUELVE:
1.- Apruébese el Sistema de Información de Posición y Seguridad en Dominio Marítimo del Perú que se anexa y consta en 6 artículos, 4 anexos y 7 apéndices.
[…]
Regístrese y comuníquese como Documento Oficial Público (D.O.P.)
WALTER INDACOCHEA QUEIROLO, Director General de Capitanías y Guardacostas.
SISTEMAS DE INFORMACIÓN DE POSICIÓN Y SEGURIDAD EN EL DOMINIO MARÍTIMO DEL PERÚ
Artículo 1°.- Todos los buques de bandera nacional, mercantes, pesqueros, de investigación científica o de cualquier tipo, mayores de 350 TRB y los buques mercantes, de investigación científica y pesqueros de bandera extranjera de cualquier tipo, capacidad o tonelaje que naveguen con intenciones de ingreso o salida de aguas jurisdiccionales en demanda o salida de puerto, en tránsito u operaciones diversas en aguas jurisdiccionales, en uso de concesiones, permisos de exploración oceanográfica o ictiológica etc., deberán comunicar la información dispuesta por el sistema, por los medios y métodos establecidos en los anexos (1), (2), (3) y (4) de la presente Resolución Directoral.
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[…]
APÉNDICE 1 AL ANEXO (1)
[…]
1er. CASO INFORMACIÓN DE INGRESO A AGUAS PERUANAS (EPW)
Información que debe transmitir el buque al momento de ingresar a aguas jurisdiccionales peruanas:
………….. SHIPREP (Identificación del Sistema)
A……. EPW
B……. Nombre del buque, distintivo de llamada y nacionalidad
C……. Fecha y hora (de ingreso a aguas jurisdiccionales)
D…… Puerto de procedencia
E……. Coordenadas (al ingreso a aguas jurisdiccionales peruanas)
F…… Rumbo verdadero
G…… Velocidad
H…… Puerto de Destino
I…….. ETA
J…….. Agencia Representante (Nombre)
[…]
APÉNDICE 2 AL ANEXO (1)
MODELO DE MENSAJES DE POSICIÓN PARA BUQUES MERCANTES
1er. CASO SHIPREP / EPW / ATLAS / LQVJ / AR /
191300 / BUENOS
AIRES / 1820,8S / 07820W
330 / 20 / CALLAO / 301100 / OMEGA/
[…]
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ANEXO 3
Estructura del plan de navegación a ser presentado en la capitanía de puerto por las Agencias Marítimas
Structure Sailin g plan reportREPORT
01 Tipo de parte……….Plan de Navegación (PN)
Report Type ……………….Sailing Plan (SP)
02 Nombre de la Nave
Vessel Name
03 Indicativo Internacional
International call sign
04 Bandera
Flag
05 Puerto de zarpe
Port of departure
06 Fecha, hora de zarpe
Date and time of departure
a. Hora : 4 dígitos
b. Fecha : 2 dígitos
c. Mes : 2 dígitos
d.
Año : 2 dígitos
07 Rumbo a ……………………………3 dígitos
Course
08 Velocidad estimada…………………2 dígitos
Estimated Speed
09 Puerto destino
10 ETA
11 Derrota
Route
……………………………. ……………………………..
…………………………… ……………………………..
……………………………. ……………………………..
…………………………… ……………………………..
……………………………. ……………………………..
…………………………… ……………………………..
12 Cruce paralelos jurisdiccionales
Latitud 03° 24' (S)
Cruise the parallel
18° 20' 08" (S)
[…]
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[Translation]
Callao, 20 December 1991
CONSIDERING:
That, it is the responsibility of the Directorate-General of Captaincies and Coastguard, to ensure the safety of human life at sea, coming to the aid of every national and foreign vessel that has suffered a maritime casualty or undergone an emergency in jurisdictional waters;
That, at the International Conference on Maritime Search and Rescue that took place at the Port of Hamburg in 1979, it was recommended that ships give notification in a prescribed manner when navigating in jurisdictional waters;
That, it is therefore necessary to know the position of every vessel of national flag, [be they] merchant, fishing or scientific research [vessels] or [vessels of] any type, larger than 350 GRT and the position of the merchant vessels, scientific-research vessels and fishing vessels of foreign flag of any type, capacity or tonnage that navigate with the intention of entering or exiting jurisdictional waters, while requesting the entry to or exit from a Port, be they in transit or conducting any operations in jurisdictional waters;
[…]
IT IS RESOLVED:
1.- To approve the System of Information on Position and Security in the Maritime Dominion of Peru, which is annexed and which consists of 6 articles, 4 annexes and 7 appendices.
[…]
Registered and communicated as Official Public Document (O.P.D.).
WALTER INDACOCHEA QUEIROLO, Director-General of Captaincies and Coastguard.
SYSTEM OF INFORMATION ON POSITION AND SECURITY IN THE MARITIME DOMINION OF PERU
Article 1.- All vessels flying a national flag, [be they] merchant, fishing or scientific research [vessels] or [vessels of] any type, larger than 350 GRT and merchant vessels, scientific research vessels and fishing vessels of foreign flag of any type, capacity or tonnage that navigate with the intention of entering or exiting jurisdictional waters for the purpose of concessions, oceanographic or ichthyologic exploration permits, etc., must communicate the information stipulated by the system, by the means and methods provided in annexes (1), (2), (3) and (4) of the present Directorial Resolution.
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Annex 178
[…]
Appendix 1 toTO Annex (1)
[…]
1st CASE.- INFORMATION ON ENTRY INTO PERUVIAN WATERS (EPW). Information that must be transmitted by the vessel at the time of entry into the Peruvian jurisdictional waters:
………SHIPREP (Identification of the System)
A……EPW
B……Name of the vessel, call sign and nationality
C……Date and time (of entry into jurisdictional waters)
D……Port of origin
E…….Coordinates (of entry into Peruvian jurisdictional waters)
F…….True bearing
G…….Speed
H…….Destination Port
I……..ETA
J…….Representing Agency (Name)
[…]
Appendix 2 toTO Annex (1)
MODEL POSITIONING REPORT FOR MERCHANT VESSELS
1st CASE.- SHIPREP/EPW/ATLAS/LQVJ/AR/
191300/BUENOS
AIRES/1820.8S/07620W
330/20/CALLAO/301
100/OMEGA/
[…]
Annex 178
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Annex (3)
Structure of the sailing plan to be presented to the harbour master by the Maritime Agencies
STRUCTURE SAILING PLAN REPORT
01 Report type…………………Sailing Plan (SP)
02 Vessel name
03 International call sign
04 Flag
05 Port of departure
06 Date and time of departure
a.
Time : 4 digits
b. Day
:
2 digits
c. Month
: 2 digits
d.
Year : 2 digits
07 Course……………………………………………3 digits
08 Estimated Speed………………………………….2 digits
09 Port of destination
10 ETA
11 Route ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..................................
12 Crossing of the jurisdictional parallels
Latitude 03° 24' (S)
18° 20' 08" (S)
[...]
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Annex 179
Political Constitution of Peru, 29 December 1993
Website of the Congress of Peru
English translation: Congress of Peru
1096
Annex 179
Annex 179
1097
1098
Annex 179
- 1 - Political Constitution of Peru (∗)Official Edition Congress of the Republic Political Constitution of Peru Enacted on 29th December, 1993 Published by CONgRESS OF THE REPUBLIC August - 2006 POLITICAL CONSTITUTION OF PERU, 1993The President of the Democratic Constituent Congress Whereas, this constitutional draft approved by the Democratic Constituent Congress has been ratified in referendum of 31st October, 1993 The Democratic Constituent Congress do establish the following Political Constitution of Peru: (∗)N.T.: traducido del español al inglés por Juan Gotelli, Estehr Velarde y Pilar Zuazo miembros de la Oficina de Traducciones de la Biblioteca del Congreso de la República.
Annex 179
1099
- 17 - Article 51 The Constitution prevails over any other legal rule, the law over other lower level provisions and so on successively. Publication is essential to enforce any legal rule of the State. Article 52 All those born within the territory of the Nation are Peruvians by birth and also those born abroad of Peruvian father or mother and duly registered while still minors. Those who acquire the nationality by naturalization or choice are also Peruvians, as long as they maintain a residence in Peru. Article 53 Ways of acquisition or recovery of nationality are determined by law. Peruvian nationality cannot be lost unless by express renunciation before competent government authority.Article 54 The territory of the Republic is inalienable and inviolable. It includes the soil, subsoil, maritime dominion and the superjacent airspace. The maritime dominion of the State includes the sea adjacent to its coasts, as well as the seabed and subsoil thereof, extending out to a distance of 200 nautical miles measured from the baselines established by law. In its maritime dominion, the State exercises sovereignty and jurisdiction, without prejudice to the freedoms of international communication, in accordance with the law and treaties ratified by the State. The State exercises sovereignty and jurisdiction on the airspace over its territory and its adjacent sea up to the limit of 200 miles, without prejudice to the freedoms of international communication, in conformity with the law and treaties ratified by the State.CHAPTER II TREATIES Article 55 Treaties concluded by the State and in force are part of national law. Article 56 Treaties must be approved by Congress before their ratification by the President provided that they deal with the following matters:
1100
1101
Annex 180
Directorial Resolution No. 0313-94/DCG of 23 September 1994
of the Directorate-General of Captaincies and Coastguard
El Peruano, 1 October 1994
1102
Annex 180
Annex 180
1103
1104
Annex 180
[Transcript]
23 de setiembre de 1994
CONSIDERANDO:
Que, es función y responsabilidad de la Dirección General de Capitanías y Guardacostas, velar por la seguridad de la vida humana en el Mar, prestando auxilio a toda nave nacional o extranjera que haya sufrido emergencia o siniestro marítimo;
Que, en la Conferencia Internacional sobre Búsqueda, Rescate y Salvamento Marítimo 1979, efectuada en el Puerto de Hamburgo 1979, se recomienda la conveniencia de que los buques notifiquen en forma uniforme cuando naveguen en aguas jurisdiccionales;
Que, en tal virtud, es necesario uniformizar el reporte de toda nave de bandera nacional, mercante, o investigación científica, de cualquier tipo, mayores de 350 TRB, y de las naves de bandera extranjera, mercantes, investigación científica y pesqueras, de cualquier tipo, capacidad o tonelaje, que naveguen con intenciones de ingreso o salida del Dominio Marítimo del Perú, en demanda o salida de puerto, en tránsito o en operaciones diversas en nuestro Dominio Marítimo;
[…]
SE RESUELVE:
1.- Aprobar el Sistema de Información de Posición y Seguridad en el Dominio Marítimo del Perú que se anexa.
[…]
ANEXO (1)
SISTEMA DE INFORMACIÓN DE POSICIÓN Y SEGURIDAD EN EL DOMINIO MARÍTIMO DEL PERÚ
Art. 1ro. Todas las naves mercantes de bandera nacional mayores de 350 TRB, y las naves mercantes extranjeras de cualquier capacidad o tonelaje que ingresan al Dominio Marítimo del Perú, en tránsito o en demanda de puertos peruanos, deberán comunicar la información dispuesta por el sistema, por los medios y métodos establecidos en los Anexos (2) y (3).
[…]
Annex 180
1105
ANEXO (3)
SISTEMA DE INFORMACIÓN DE POSICIÓN Y SEGURIDAD EN EL DOMINIO MARÍTIMO DEL PERÚ
PROCEDIMIENTO ESPECÍFICO DE INFORMACIÓN PARA NAVES MERCANTES NACIONALES MAYORES DE 350 TRB Y EXTRANJERAS DE CUALQUIER TONELAJE Y TIPO QUE INGRESAN AL DOMINIO MARÍTIMO EN TRÁNSITO O EN DEMANDA DE PUERTOS PERUANOS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1er. CASO INFORMACIÓN DE INGRESO AL DOMINIO MARÍTIMO (EPW). Información que debe transmitir la nave al momento de ingresar al Dominio Marítimo del Perú.
……. SHIPREP (identificación del Sistema)
A….. EPW
B….. Nombre del Buque, distintivo de llamada y nacionalidad
C….. Fecha y hora (de ingreso al Dominio Marítimo)
D….. Puerto de Procedencia
E….. Coordenadas (al ingreso al Dominio Marítimo)
F….. Rumbo verdadero
G….. Velocidad
H….. Puerto de Destino
I….. ETA
J….. Ruta
K….. Agencia representante (Nombre)
[…]
Apéndice 1 al anexo (4)
SISTEMA DE INFORMACIÓN DE POSICIÓN
Y SEGURIDAD EN EL
DOMINIO MARÍTIMO DEL PERÚ
MODELOS DE MENSAJES DE POSICIÓN
PARA BUQUES
CIENTÍFICOS O PESQUEROS
1er. CASO SHIPREP / EPW / ATLAS / LQVJ / AR /
191300 / BUENOS AIRES / 1820S / 07620W
/ 330 / 20 / CALLAO / 301100 / OMEGA /.
[…]
1106
Annex 180
[Translation]
23 September 1994
CONSIDERING:
That, it is the responsibility of the Directorate-General of Captaincies and Coastguard, to ensure the safety of human life at sea, coming to the aid of every national and foreign vessel that has suffered a maritime casualty or undergone an emergency in jurisdictional waters;
That, at the International Conference on Maritime Search and Rescue that took place at the Port of Hamburg in 1979, it was recommended that ships give notification in a prescribed manner when navigating in jurisdictional waters;
That, it is therefore necessary to know the position of every vessel of national flag, [be they] merchant, fishing or scientific research [vessels] or [vessels of] any type, larger than 350 GRT and the position of the merchant vessels, scientific-research vessels and fishing vessels of foreign flag of any type, capacity or tonnage that navigate with the intention of entering or exiting jurisdictional waters, while requesting the entry to or exit from a Port, be they in transit or conducting any operations in our Maritime Dominion;
[…]
IT IS RESOLVED:
1. To approve the System of Information on Position and Security in the Maritime Dominion of Peru annexed hereto.
[…]
Annex (1)
SYSTEM OF INFORMATION ON POSITION AND SECURITY IN THE MARITIME DOMINION OF PERU
Art 1. All merchant vessels flying a national flag above 350 GRT, and the foreign merchant vessels of any capacity or tonnage entering the Maritime Dominion of Peru, in transit or requesting entry into Peruvian ports, must communicate the information required by the system, by the means and methods established in Annexes (2) and (3).
[…]
Annex 180
1107
Annex (3)
SYSTEM OF INFORMATION ON POSITION AND SECURITY IN THE MARITIME DOMINION OF PERU
SPECIFIC PROCEDURE OF INFORMATION FOR NATIONAL MERCHANT VESSELS LARGER THAN 350 GRT AND FOREIGN VESSELS OF ANY TONNAGE AND TYPE ENTERING THE MARITIME DOMINION IN TRANSIT, OR REQUESTING ENTRY INTO PERUVIAN PORTS.
1st CASE.- INFORMATION ON ENTRY INTO THE MARITIME DOMINION (EPW). Information that must be transmitted by the vessel at the time of entry into the Peruvian Maritime Dominion:
……... SHIPREP (Identification of the System)
A…… EPW
B…… Name of the Vessel, call sign and nationality
C…… Date and time (of entry into the Maritime Dominion)
D…… Port of origin
E……. Coordinates (of entry into the Maritime Dominion)
F……. True bearing
G……. Speed
H……. Destination Port
I…….. ETA
J…….. Route
K……. Representing Agency (Name)
[…]
Appendix 1 toTO Annex (4)
SYSTEM OF INFORMATION ON POSITION AND SECURITY IN THE MARITIME DOMINION OF PERU
MODEL POSITIONING REPORT FOR RESEARCH AND FISHING VESSELS
1st CASE.- SHIPREP/EPW/ATLAS/LQVJ/AR/
191300/BUENOS
AIRES/1820.8S/07620W
330/20/CALLAO/301
100/OMEGA/.
[…]
1108
1109
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Directorate of Hydrography and Navigation of the Navy,
List of Lights, 9th edn,1998
1110
Annex 181
Annex 181
1111
preface
PREFACE
The current LIST OF LIGHTS AND NAVIGATION AIDS has been edited by the Directorate of Hydrography and Navigation (DHN). This publication replaces the previous edition (8th Edition 1989) and has been elaborated in accordance with the norms recommended by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) and the International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA).
It contains information on lighthouses, beacons, radio beacons and buoys, which are of interest to mariners, corresponding to the Peruvian coast, from Punta Capones (Dpt. of Tumbes) to La Concordia (Dpt. of Tacna).
Corrections and updates of the present publication will be published in the “Notice to Mariners” bulletin. In addition, in order to ensure the immediate informing of the mariners, it will be broadcasted through the INMARSAT C system and by radiotelegraphy in the area of NAVAREA XVI.
This publication has been updated as of the date indicated here below.
Chucuito, September 1988
1112
Annex 181
Annex 181
1113
1
Order No.
International No.
2
Place
Name
Year of installation
Year of last modification
3
Position
LAT (S), LONG (W)
4
Type of lighting devise
Light-Period
Characteristics
5
Focal Height in meters
S N M M
6
Range
(miles)
nominal geographic
7
Type of light-house
Height in meters
8
Complementary data
La Canoa 1956
WGS 1984
[…]
23235
G.1996
Tacna, Frontier Peru – Chile
La Concordia
1970
1976
18° 20' 48.2"
70° 22' 27.8"
18° 21' 04.1"
70° 22' 34.7"
Electric
697 cd
(2) Gp. Dest. V 10 s
L. 0.5 Ecl. 1.5
L. 0.5 Ecl. 7.5
25
8
15
Pyramidal concrete
Horizontal straps
Blue – White
22
Sector of enlightening 7° in direction 86.5° at 93.5° HIDRONAV
1114
1115
Annex 182
Statement by the Minister of Foreign Affairs,
13 November 1999
Fuerzas Armadas y Sociedad, Year 15, No. 1, January-March 2000, p. 47
1116
Annex 182
Annex 182
1117
1118
Annex 182
Annex 182
1119
1120
Annex 182
[…]
2. Speech of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Peru, Dr. Fernando de Trazegnies Granda, to mark the signing of the Act of Execution of the Treaty of 1929 Lima-Peru (13-11-99)
[…]
The signing of the Act of Execution on the pending issues of the Treaty of 1929, that we have witnessed a few minutes ago, puts to an end the last consequences of the conflict between Peru and Chile which took place 120 years ago and which, happily, is now completely resolved. From that time until today, a process of healing the wounds of war and restoration of normal relations between our countries has taken place. In recent decades, this process has accelerated remarkably, thereby creating ties of close friendship between our peoples and important political and economic ties between our nations. The new generations have completely left behind the old grudges and acknowledge a deep empathy between Peruvians and Chileans. In the past 50 years, Chile has played an important role as Guarantor of the Protocol of Rio de Janeiro, a role that Peru recognizes and appreciates. Only the completion of a few material issues was missing in order that the final and permanent peace that was already in their hearts would also be present in reality in the South of Peru and the North of Chile: the Treaty of 1929 should be executed in its entirety, so that Tacna could have access to the sea through the port of Arica.
[…]
1121
Annex 183
Peruvian Congress, Foreign Affairs Committee,
Congreso y Gestión Externa, Part I,
Chapter IX “Congress and external issues of the 1990s”, 1999
Website of the Congress of Peru
1122
Annex 183
Annex 183
1123
[…]
In addition, two events that have been momentous in Latin American History should be noted. The first one is the signature of the global and definitive agreement with Ecuador and the second one is the signature of the 1929 Act of Execution of the Lima Treaty and its Complementary Protocol, ending any pending possible conflict with neighbouring countries.
[…]
1124
1125
Annex 184
L. Quintanilla, Atlas del Perú y del Mundo, 1999, authorized
for circulation by Letter (DFL-CAR) No. 0-3-D/29 of the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs
1126
Annex 184
Annex 184
1127
[…]
The treaties that have fixed our frontiers with neighbouring countries are the following:
[…]
f. Maritime frontier
Established with sovereignty and exclusive jurisdiction over the seabed and subsoil of the continental shelf up to 200 nautical miles, according to Supreme Decree No. 781, signed by President José Luis Bustamante y Rivero, reaffirmed in the Declaration of Santiago, in 1952.
[…]
1128
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Law No. 27261 of 9 May 2000: Law on Civil Aeronautics
Website of the Ministry of Transport of Peru
1130
Annex 185
LEY Nº. 27261Promulgada el 09.MAYO.2000Publicada el 10.MAYO.2000LEY DE AERONÁUTICA CIVIL DELPERÚTÍTULO IAERONÁUTICA CIVILCAPÍTULO IDISPOSICIONES GENERALESArtículo 1º.- De las normas que regulan la Aeronáutica Civil1.1La Aeronáutica Civil se rige por la Constitución Política del Perú, por los instrumentos internacionalesvigentes, por la presente Ley, sus reglamentos y anexos técnicos, las Regulaciones Aeronáuticas del Perú y demásnormas complementarias.1.2 Los aspectos de orden técnico y operativo de las actividades aeronáuticas civiles se regulan por los anexostécnicos del Reglamento de la presente Ley, aprobados por el Ministerio de Transportes, Comunicaciones, Vivienda yConstrucción, así como por las Regulaciones Aeronáuticas del Perú aprobadas por la Dirección General de AeronáuticaCivil.1.3 Las cuestiones no previstas en la legislación aeronáutica se resolverán por los principios generales del derechoaeronáutico y por los usos y costumbres de la actividad aeronáutica internacional o, en su defecto, por las leyesanálogas y por los principios generales del derecho común.Artículo 2º.- De la Aeronáutica Civil2.1 La Aeronáutica Civil es el conjunto de actividades vinculadas al empleo de aeronaves civiles.2.2 Las normas relativas a circulación aérea, responsabilidad, búsqueda, asistencia y salvamento son aplicables a lasaeronaves de Estado, cuando realicen actividades sujetas al ámbito de esta Ley.Artículo 3º.- De la soberanía sobre el espacio aéreoEl Estado Peruano ejerce soberanía completa y exclusiva sobre el espacio aéreo que cubre su territorio y maradyacente, hasta el límite de las 200 (doscientas) millas, de conformidad con la Constitución Política del Perú.Artículo 4º.- De los objetivos permanentes del Estado en Aeronáutica CivilSon objetivos permanentes del Estado en materia de Aeronáutica Civil, los siguientes:a) Incentivar el desarrollo de una aviación civil segura en el Perú;b) Promover la integración del territorio nacional, especialmente la de las zonas geográficamente alejadas;c) Fomentar la vinculación permanente del Perú con los demás países, a través de empresas de transporte aéreonacionales o extranjeras, mediante servicios de aviación comercial económicos, ordenados y seguros;d) Promover el desarrollo de la tecnología aeronáutica, otorgando prioridad al establecimiento de fábricas y talleresaeronáuticos;e) Promover la capacitación del personal aeronáutico nacional, mediante el apoyo a la creación y desarrollo de lasescuelas de aviación de tripulantes técnicos, aeroclubes, centros de instrucción y asociaciones aerodeportivas engeneral;f) Asegurar el desarrollo de las operaciones aerocomerciales en un marco de leal competencia y con estrictaobservancia de las normas técnicas vigentes;g) Incentivar el incremento y modernización del parque aéreo nacional, así como el mejoramiento y ampliación de lainfraestructura aérea pública y privada;h) Fomentar la creación y desarrollo de aeródromos públicos y privados, otorgando las facilidades que seanconvenientes para este propósito;i) Fomentar la ampliación de los servicios ofertados por las empresas de transporte aéreo, como un medio parapromover el incremento de la actividad turística;j) Promover el ordenamiento y racionalización de los servicios de navegación aérea, a través del Plan Nacional deNavegación Aérea, yk) Apoyar los procesos de integración latinoamericana mediante acuerdos multilaterales entre los países de la región.Artículo 5º.- De la reserva de la actividad Aeronáutica Civil a favor del sector privado5.1 La actividad Aeronáutica Civil está reservada al sector privado.5.2 El Estado sólo podrá realizar, subsidiariamente, actividades de Aviación Comercial por alto interés público omanifiesta conveniencia nacional, previa autorización y en las condiciones establecidas mediante ley expresa.Artículo 6º.- De la aplicación de la ley nacional y competencia jurisdiccionalLos hechos ocurridos, actos realizados y delitos cometidos a bordo de una aeronave civil peruana fuera del territoriodel Perú también se someten a las leyes y tribunales peruanos en los siguientes casos cuando se encuentre sobre:a) Altamar o en espacio aéreo donde ningún Estado ejerza soberanía, ob)Territorio extranjero, excepto que los efectos de tales hechos, actos o delitos afecten la seguridad o el ordenpúblico del Estado subyacente o causen daño a personas o bienes dentro de dicho territorio.
Annex 185
1131
Artículo 19º.- Del transporte de mercancías peligrosasEl transporte de mercancías peligrosas por vía aérea sólo se realizará de acuerdo a la reglamentacióncorrespondiente.Artículo 20º.- De la documentación de la aeronave20.1 Ninguna aeronave nacional o extranjera puede realizar operaciones aéreas dentro del territorio nacional sinestar provista de los certificados de matrícula y de aeronavegabilidad y seguros vigentes, así como de los libros de abordo que establezca la reglamentación respectiva. Las tripulaciones que la conduzcan deberán contar con lasrespectivas licencias habilitadas.20.2 Si la aeronave transporta pasajeros o carga, el transportista debe contar con la relación de nombres de lospasajeros y sus lugares de embarque y destino y los documentos que correspondan a la carga transportada.CAPÍTULO IIENTRADA, TRÁNSITO Y SALIDA DE AERONAVES DEL TERRITORIO PERUANOArtículo 21º.- De la circulación aérea en territorio peruano21.1 El ingreso, tránsito y salida del país de aeronaves civiles requiere autorización previa de la Dirección General deAeronáutica Civil, la misma que precisa los puntos de cruce de frontera y designa a los aeropuertos de control.21.2 La circulación de aeronaves extranjeras dentro del territorio de la República sólo puede ser efectuada en lascondiciones, rutas y aerovías establecidas en la autorización correspondiente.Artículo 22º.- De la obligación de aterrizar22.1 Si una aeronave ingresa al territorio peruano sin la autorización debida o viola disposiciones relativas a lacirculación aérea, será obligada a aterrizar, disponiéndose su inmovilización. A tales efectos, las autoridadescompetentes harán uso de todos los medios permitidos por el derecho internacional.22.2 También será obligada a aterrizar la aeronave que sobrevuele territorio nacional, cuando existan motivosrazonables para determinar que se utiliza con propósitos distintos a los autorizados.Artículo 23º.- Del uso obligatorio de distintivos de nacionalidad y matrículaToda aeronave en vuelo sobre territorio peruano debe exhibir en su exterior los distintivos visibles de su nacionalidady matrícula.Artículo 24º.- Del impedimento de salida de aeronaves y motoresSólo por resolución judicial se impedirá la salida al exterior de las aeronaves y motores.Artículo 25º.- De las causales de inmovilización de aeronaves y motores25.1 La inmovilización de las aeronaves y motores deberá ser dispuesta por resolución judicial, debidamente motivaday de acuerdo a las condiciones o circunstancias de la obligación, sólo en los casos siguientes, cuando se trate delincumplimiento de pago:a) Del contrato de compraventa de la aeronave a cargo del comprador, b) Del contrato de arrendamiento de laaeronave a cargo del arrendatario, o c) Por la utilización de aeródromos o de los servicios de navegación aérea.25.2 En estos casos, la inmovilización se tramitará bajo las reglas del proceso sumarísimo, contenidas en el CódigoProcesal Civil.TÍTULO IIIINFRAESTRUCTURACAPÍTULO IAERÓDROMOS Y AEROPUERTOSArtículo 26º.- De los aeródromos26.1 Aeródromo es el área definida de tierra o agua que incluye todas sus edificaciones, instalaciones y equiposdestinada a la llegada, salida y movimiento de aeronaves, pasajeros o carga en su superficie.26.2 Los aeródromos son públicos o privados. Son aeródromos públicos los que están destinados al uso público, losdemás son privados.26.3 La condición del propietario del inmueble no califica a un aeródromo como público o privado.Artículo 27º.- De los aeropuertos27.1 Aeropuerto es el aeródromo de uso público que cuenta con edificaciones, instalaciones, equipos y serviciosdestinados de forma habitual a la llegada, salida y movimiento de aeronaves, pasajeros y carga en su superficie. Lasáreas que lo conforman son intangibles, inalienables e imprescriptibles y las áreas circundantes son zonas de dominiorestringido.27.2 Son aeropuertos internacionales aquellos aeródromos públicos destinados al ingreso o salida del país deaeronaves, donde se prestan normalmente servicios de aduana, sanidad, migraciones y otros complementarios.Artículo 28º.- Del funcionamiento de los aeródromos28.1 El funcionamiento de todo aeródromo deberá ser autorizado por la Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil,conforme a la reglamentación pertinente, fijando las condiciones de su operación.28.2 La Dirección General de Aeronáutica Civil puede suspender, restringir o cancelar el tránsito aéreo en cualquieraeródromo, cuando medien razones de seguridad o de emergencia.28.3 La construcción, explotación, operación, equipamiento y conservación de los aeródromos públicos o privados sonefectuados por personas naturales o jurídicas públicas o privadas.
1132
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[…]
Article 3.- Sovereignty over the Airspace
The Peruvian State exercises full and exclusive sovereignty over the airspace that covers its territory and adjacent sea, up to the limit of 200 (two hundred) miles, according to the Political Constitution of Peru.
[…]
Article 21.- Air traffic over Peruvian territory
21.1 The entry into, transit within and exit from the country by civil aircraft requires prior authorization by the Directorate General of Civil Aeronautics, which specifies the points at which the frontier is to be crossed and designates the controlling airports.
21.2 Foreign traffic within the territory of the Republic is only permitted along the routes, within the airspace and under the conditions as set forth in the corresponding authorization.
[…]
1133
Annex 186
National Institute of Statistics and Information,
Perú: Estadísticas del Medio Ambiente 2000, 2000
Website of the National Institute of Statistics and Information of Peru
1134
Annex 186
Annex 186
1135
1136
Annex 186
Peru: Environmental Statistics 2000
[…]
1. Geo graphic characteristics of Peru
[…]
The South American - Peruvian continental surface extends between the meridians 68º 39' 27" Boca del Río Heath or Abuyama in the Department of Madre de Dios and 81º 19' 34.5" longitude West (Punta Balcón, in the Department of Piura); and between the parallels 0º 01' 48" (Thalweg in the Putumayo River, Department of Loreto) and 18º 21' 03" (Pascana del Hueso, in the Department of Tacna).
[…]
1137
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Resolution No. 098-2000-M of 13 June 2000
by the Harbour Master of Ilo
Archives of the Maritime and Port Authority of Arica
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Annex 187
1139
[Transcript]
[…]
Visto el Memorándum Nro. 079 de fecha 08 de Junio de 2000, mediante el cual el Comandante de la Patrullera de Costa “RIO ZAÑA”, durante operaciones de patrullaje en la zona sur, informa la captura de la embarcación Pesquera “ISAURA” de bandera Chilena, de matrícula … Arica, la misma que fue capturada efectuando faenas de pesca en aguas jurisdiccionales Peruanas en las coordenadas Latitud 18º 16' 00 S y Longitud 70º 35' 00 W.
CONSIDERANDO:
[…]
Que, de las manifestaciones e investigaciones realizadas se ha comprobado que la Embarcación Pesquera “ISAURA” de bandera Chilena, de matricula Nro. … Arica fue capturada por la Patrullera de Costa “RIO ZAÑA” … en aguas jurisdiccionales del Perú el día 08 de Junio 2000, a las 0300 horas en la Latitud … y a Cinco Punto Cinco 5.5 millas de la Línea de Tratamiento Especial.
[…]
[Translation]
[…]
In view of Memorandum No. 079, dated 8 June 2000, by which the Commander of the Coastal Patrol “RIO ZAÑA”, during patrolling operations in the southern zone, informed of the capture of the Fishing vessel “ISAURA” of Chilean flag, licence … Arica, which has been captured carrying out fishing activities in Peruvian jurisdictional waters in coordinates of Latitude 18º 16' 00 S and Longitude 70º 35' 00 W.
CONSIDERING:
[…]
That the statements and investigations carried out have shown that the Fishing Vessel “ISAURA”, flying the Chilean flag, registration No. 511 … was captured by the coastal patrol “RIO ZAÑA” … in the jurisdictional waters of Peru on 08 June 2000 at 0300 hours … Five Point Five 5.5 miles from the Line of Special Treatment.
[…]
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Resolution No. 149-2000-M of 2 November 2000
by the Harbour Master of Ilo
Archives of the Maritime and Port Authority of Arica
1142
Annex 188
Annex 188
1143
[Translation]
[…]
In view of Memorandum No. 108, dated 31 October 2000, by which the Commander of the Coastal Patrol BAP “RIO OCOÑA”, during patrolling operations in the southern zone, informed of the capture of the Fishing vessel “MILAGRO - 1” of Chilean flag, licence No. 1111-IQUE, which had been captured carrying out fishing activities in Peruvian jurisdictional waters in coordinates of Latitude 18º 17’ 00 S and Longitude 71º 31’ 00 W, as a result of which the Notice of Infraction No. 325 was delivered.
CONSIDERING:
[…]
That the statements and investigations carried out have shown that the Fishing Vessel “MILAGRO - 1”, flying the Chilean flag, registration No. 1111 – IQUE of Gross Registered Tonnage (GRT) 17.74 according to the certificates submitted, was captured by the Coastal Patrol BAP “RIO OCOÑA”, in the jurisdictional waters of Peru on 31 October 2000 at 00.05 hours at Latitude 18º 17’ 00 S and Longitude 70° 31’ 00 W, Four (4) miles from the Line of Special Treatment.
[…]
[Transcript]
[…]
Visto el Memorándum Nro. 108 de fecha 31 de Octubre del 2000, mediante el cual el Comandante de la Patrullera de Costa BAP “RIO OCOÑA”, durante operaciones de patrullaje en la zona sur, informa la captura de la embarcación pesquera “MILAGRO - 1” de bandera Chilena, de matrícula Nro. 1111-IQUE, la misma que fue capturada navegando en aguas jurisdiccionales Peruanas en las coordenadas de Latitud 18º 17' 00 S y Longitud 71º 31' 00 W, lo que motivó la entrega del Aviso de Infracción Nº 325.
CONSIDERANDO:
[…]
Que de las manifestaciones e investigaciones realizadas se ha comprobado que la Embarcación Pesquera “MILAGRO - 1” de bandera Chilena, de matricula Nro. 1111-IQUE, de Tonelaje de Registro Bruto (TRB) 17.74, según los Certificados presentados, fue capturada por la Patrullera de Costa BAP “RIO OCOÑA”, en aguas jurisdiccionales del Perú el día 31 de Octubre 2000, a las 00,05 horas en la Latitud 18° 17' 00 S y Longitud 71° 31' 00 W, a Cuatro (4) millas de la Línea de Tratamiento Especial.
[…]
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1145
Annex 189
Letter No. 4626 SGMD-D of 21 November 2000 from the Minister of Defence to the Minister of Foreign Affairs
Archives of the Congress of Peru
1146
Annex 189
Annex 189
1147
1148
Annex 189
Annex 189
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Annex 189
1151
MinistryINISTRY of DEFENcE
Lima , 21 Nov 2000
Letter No. 4626 SGMD-D
Mr. FERNANDO DE TRAZEGNIES GRANDA
Minister
of Foreign Affairs
Matter: United Nations Convention on “The Law of the Sea”
Ref: Letter RE (DFL – AMA) No. 2-20 – A/148 of 23 October 2000
I have the pleasure of writing to you, Minister, regarding the document referred to above, by which the Ministry of Foreign Affairs announces that it is evaluating the Peruvian position concerning the United Nations Convention on “The Law of the Sea”, for the purpose of taking action with respect to that international instrument and the possible accession of Peru to this Treaty.
In this regard, I hereby inform you that the Navy has assessed the relevant Convention and thus believes that the observations found in annex (1) should be subject to the review of this Ministry, recommending the accession of Peru to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, to the Agreement on Implementation of Part XI of the said Convention and to the Agreement on the Implementation of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the conservation and management of schools of trans-zonal and highly migratory fish.
[…]
Annex (1)
OBSERVATIONS ON THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA
[…]
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m) To date Peru has not enacted its Law on the Baselines, as established by Article 98 of the Political Constitution of 1979 and as provided by Article 54 of the Political Constitution currently in force. This situation prevents the delimitation of the Maritime Dominion, which creates difficulties for controlling purposes, especially regarding the fishing activities of foreign ships. Also, signing the Convention and enacting the Law would allow the correction of the existing error in the current legislation (Supreme Resolution No. 23 of 12 January 1955, Law No. 11780 of 12 March 1952) in measuring the 200 miles following the parallels of the points of the coast.
n) In various national fora, it has been repeatedly stated that the frontier that Peru is still pending to delimit is the maritime frontier in its three (3) sectors, Ecuador, Chile and the high seas. Since 1954, there have been a series of legal facts through which Peru has involuntarily reinforced the wrong criterion concerning [the existence of] a potential maritime delimitation with Chile and Ecuador on the geographic parallel, an aspect that needs to be amended by means of a strategy of negotiation, using the framework of the Convention in order to achieve bilateral negotiations and achieve maritime boundary Treaties. The development of this strategy would begin with setting forth the Baselines, as stated in the Political Constitution of Peru.
[…]
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Ministry of Energy and Mines, Anuario Estadístico de Hidrocarburos – Hydrocarbons Statistical Yearbook 2000
Website of the Ministry of Energy and Mines of Peru
1154
Annex 190
13Ministerio de Energía y MinasMinistry of Energy and MinesResumenSummaryLOCALIZACION GEOGRAFICACon relación a la línea ecuatorial, elPerú se halla situado en el Hemisferio Sur y enel Hemisferio Occidental si se considera elmeridiano base o de Greenwich.Si tomamos en consideración a nuestrocontinente, el Perú se localiza en la parte cen-tro-occidental de América del Sur, inmediata-mente al sur del Ecuador Geográfico.UBICACIONEl territorio peruano se sitúa entre losparalelos: 0°01’48" L.S. al norte; y 18°21’03" L.S.al sur.EXTENSIONLa superficie total del territorio peruanoincluyendo las islas y la parte peruana del lagoTiticaca es de 1 285 216,60 kilómetros cuadra-dos.POBLACIONSegún el Instituto Nacional deEstadística e Informática, la población del Perúen el año 2000 fue estimada en 25 millones 662mil habitantes. GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONTaking the Equatorial Line as reference,Peru is located in the Southern Hemisphere andin the Western Hemisphere considering the baseor Greenwich Meridian.Within the American continent, Peru islocated to the South of the Geographic Equator,in the Midwest of South America.LOCATIONThe Peruvian territory is located betweenlatitude 0º01’48” S.L. in the north and18º21’03” S.L. in the south.AREAThe total area of the Peruvian territory,including islands and the Peruvian part of LakeTiticaca is 1,285,216.60 square kilometers. POPULATIONAccording to the National Institute ofStatistics and Data Systems, Peru’s populationin 2000 was estimated at 25 million 662thousand inhabitants.AnuarioEstadístico deHidrocarburos2000Ministerio de Energía y MinasMinistry of Energy and MinesHydrocarbonsStatistical YearbookExploraciónExplorationExplotaciónExploitationReservasReservesRefinaciónRefiningComercializaciónMarketingGeneral Bureau of Hidrocarbons
1155
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Law No. 27415 of 25 January 2001:
Territorial Demarcation of the Province of Tacna
El Peruano, 3 February 2001
1156
Annex 191
Annex 191
1157
[…]
Article 3.
[…]
TO THE EAST AND SOUTH-EAST: borders with the Republics of Bolivia and Chile.
The boundary starts at the intersection of the river Caño and the Peru-Bolivia international boundary, continues to the South to Boundary Marker No. 80 of the Peru-Bolivia-Chile frontier (tripartite). From that point the boundary continues along the frontier line with the Republic of Chile from Boundary Marker No. 80 to Boundary Marker No. 1 (Pacific Ocean).
TO THE SOUTH-WEST: borders with the Pacific Ocean.
The boundary starts at Boundary Marker No. 1 (Pacific Ocean), continues along the coastline to the mouth of the gully of Los Mendocinos on the Pacific Ocean, at a point with coordinates of UTM [Universal Transverse Mercator] 8011.4 Km N and 299.8 Km E, the starting point of the present description.
[…]
1158
1159
Annex 192
Supreme Decree No. 028 DE/MGP of 25 May 2001 approving the Regulation of the Law on the Control and Surveillance of Maritime, Fluvial and Lacustrine Activities
El Peruano, 2 June 2001
1160
Annex 192
Annex 192
1161
1162
Annex 192
Annex 192
1163
1164
Annex 192
Annex 192
1165
RegulationULATION oF the LAW on the control and SURVEILLANCE of maritime , Fluvial and Lacustrine Activities
[…]
SECTION III
JURISDICTION OF THE CAPTAINCY DISTRICTS
a
-010301 The Jurisdiction of the Captaincy Districts coming under the Directorate-General are [sic] the following:
a) Captaincy District 1
Jurisdiction: From the coastline from the frontier with Ecuador up to the departmental limit between La Libertad and Ancash; in the maritime dominion up to 200 nautical miles.
[…]
c) Captaincy District 3
Jurisdiction: On the coastline from Punta Capa in the North, up to the frontier with Chile; in the maritime dominion up to 200 nautical miles…
[…]
SECTION IV
JURISDICTION OF THE captainciesCAPTAINCIES
a
-010401 The jurisdiction of the Captaincies is the following:
a) Captaincy of Zorritos, based in the locality of Zorritos, from the frontier with Ecuador in the North, up to the Departmental limit between Tumbes and Piura to the South.
[…]
m) Captaincy of Ilo, based in the Port of Ilo, from the departmental limit between Arequipa and Moquegua to the North, up to the frontier with Chile to the South.
[…]
1166
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Annex 193
Directorate of Hydrography and Navigation of the Navy, Derrotero de la Costa del Perú, Vol. II, 3rd edn, 2001
1168
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Annex 193
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1170
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Annex 193
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[…]
4.4 system of informationINFORMATION on position and security in the maritime dominion of Peru
Art. 1 - All national-flag merchant vessels over 350 GRT and foreign merchant vessels of any capacity or tonnage entering the Maritime Dominion of Peru, in transit or requesting entry to Peruvian ports, shall provide the information determined by the System, through the measures and methods established in Annexes (1) and (2).
Art. 2 - All national-flag fishing vessels, scientific-research vessels of any kind of more than 350 GRT, and foreign-fishing or scientific-research vessels of any type, capacity or tonnage, sailing with the intent of entering or exiting the Maritime Dominion of Peru, requesting to enter or exit the port, in transit or for different operations in the Maritime Dominion, through concessions, performing oceanic or ichthyologic exploration, etc. shall provide the information determined by the System, through the means and methods established in Annexes (1) and (3).
[…]
ANNEX (3)
system
of informationINFORMATION on position and security in the maritime dominion of Peru
SPECIFIC procedure OF INFORMATION fOR scientific or fishin g vessels of more than 350 GRT of nationalNATIONAL fla g and of any type , capacityCAPACITY or TONNAge of forei gn fla g operatinOPERATINg in the maritime dominion
1st Case: INFORMATION FOR ENTERING THE MARITIME DOMINION (EPW) – Information that the vessel must transmit at the moment of entry into the Maritime Dominion of Peru:
……....... SHIPREP (Identification of the System)
A……..... EPW
B……..... Vessel name, call sign and nationality
C……..... Date and hour (of entry into the Maritime Dominion)
D……..... Port of origin
E……..... Coordinates (upon entry into the Maritime Dominion)
F……..... True bearing
G……..... Speed
H……..... Port of destination
I……...... ETA
J……...... Representing agency (name)
Annex 193
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[…]
APPENDIX TO ANNEX (3)
MODELS OF POSITION MESSAGES FOR SCIENTIFIC OR FISHING VESSELS
1st Case: SHIPREP/ EPW/ ATLAS/ LQVJ/ AR/ 191300/ BUENOS AIRES/ 1820S/ 07620W/ 330/ 20/ CALLAO/ 301100/ OMEGA/.
1174
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Annex 194
Ministry of Agriculture, Perú: Estadística Agraria 2000, 2002
Website of the Ministry of Agriculture of Peru
1176
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Annex 194
1177
1178
Annex 194
[…]
Note: Peru has sovereignty and jurisdiction over the sea adjacent to the coasts of its national territory, a portion of the Pacific called Mar de Grau . This area is located between the above-mentioned coasts and an imaginary parallel line to them at a distance of two hundred (200) nautical miles measured following the line of the geographical parallels. As regards islands pertaining to the Nation, this demarcation is traced to include the sea area adjacent to the shores of these islands to a distance of two hundred nautical miles measured from all points on the contour of these islands. It is considered, whatever its depth and in the extension necessary to reserve, protect, maintain and utilize natural resources and wealth of any kind which may be found in or below those waters. This is without affecting the right to free navigation of ships of all nations according to international law. This maritime area was declared in the Peruvian Supreme Decree No. 781 of 1 August 1947.
[…]
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Ministerial Resolution No. 068-2002-PE of 15 February 2002
by the Ministry of Production
Website of the Ministry of Production of Peru
1180
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Annex 195
1181
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[…]
Article 1.- To authorize the Marine Science and Geology Research Centre (GEOMAR) of the Christian – Albrecht University of Kiel, represented in Peru by the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany, to carry out oceanographic and geological research in Peruvian jurisdictional waters in the period between 21 February and 12 March 2002, with the use of the vessel “SONNE” …
[…]
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IMARPE, Coastal Laboratory of Ilo, Identificación y Delimitación de Bancos Naturales de Recursos Bentónicos en el Litoral de la Región Tacna, 2003
Website of the Sea Institute of Peru (IMARPE)
1184
Annex 196
II. METODOLOGÍA 2.1 La zona de estudio: Los estudios se realizaron entre marzo a octubre del 2003, comprendiendo la franja litoral costera de la región Tacna, desde la Playa Tacahuay (17º 49’ 18.7” S - 71º 08’ 24” W) por el norte, hasta el Límite Fronterizo con Chile (18º 20’ 56.8” S - 70º 22’ 47.32” W) por el sur. (Fig. 1). IcuyPicataPunta Santa RosaPunta MecaMorro SamaPuerto GrauQbda de BurrosPunta MesasCanepaVila vilaTomoyo BeachBoca del RíoIteLos PalosLlostay71º00'71º05'70º55'70º45'70º35'70º40'70º30'70º25'18º00'17º50'17º55'18º05'18º10'18º15'18º20'La Yarada18º00'17º50'17º55'18º05'18º10'18º15'18º20'70º50'71º00'71º05'70º55'70º45'70º35'70º40'70º30'70º25'70º50'Litoral de la Región TacnaOCEANOPACIFICO80º78º76º74º72º70º80º78º76º74º72º70º18º16º14º12º10º8º6º4º18º16º14º12º10º8º6º4ºPERUFig. 1: Mapa de ubicación del litoral de la región Tacna. “Identificación y delimitación de Bancos Naturales de Recursos Bentónicos en la Región Tacna - 2003” 2.2 Reuniones de coordinación En los puertos y caletas del litoral de la Región Tacna se realizaron reuniones de coordinación con las siguientes asociaciones y gremios de pescadores artesanales marisqueros • Asociación de Pescadores Artesanales de Cruz de Picata • Asociación de Pescadores Artesanales y Buzos Civiles de Punta Grau• Sindicato de Pescadores Artesanales de Vila vila 3Laboratorio Costero de Ilo INSTITUTO DEL MAR DEL PERU LABORATORIO COSTERO DE ILO“IDENTIFICACION Y DELIMITACION DE BANCOS NATURALES DE RECURSOS BENTONICOS EN EL LITORAL DE LA REGION TACNA” 2003
Annex 196
1185
[…]
II. Methodology
2.1 Area of study:
The studies were conducted from March to October 2003, within the coastal strip of the region of Tacna, from “Playa Tacahuay” (17° 49' 18.7" S – 71° 08' 24" W) in the North, to the Frontier Boundary with Chile (18° 20' 56.8" S - 70° 22' 47.32" W) in the South. (Fig. 1).
[…]
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Annex 196
3.5.2 Banco Natural La Yarada Descripción Ubicada entre los balnearios de Llostay (18° 10’ 53.9” S – 70° 38’ 30.3” W) y Los Palos (18° 17’ 15.3” S – 70° 27’ 43.4” W), este banco natural de macha es el de mayor extensión, aproximadamente unos 22 Km, delimitándose mediante 04 vértices (Fig. 23 y Tabla 44). Tabla 44: Vértices del banco natural delimitado de La Yarada. “Identificación y delimitación de Bancos Naturales de Recursos Bentónicos en la Región Tacna - 2003”GradosMinutosSegundosGradosMinutosSegundos1181053.9703830.37988942326359218110.8703847.279887273258643181728702757.779769863450474181715.3702743.47977678345462LongitudLatitudLa YaradaCOORDENADAS GEOGRAFICASUTMBanco NaturalVérticesNorteEste3.5.3 Banco natural Los Palos Descripción Presenta una extensión de 7 km aproximadamente, ubicada entre el balneario de los Palos hasta el límite fronterizo con Chile, este banco natural se prolonga hasta el vecino país de Chile, donde se le denomina como el Chinchorro. (Fig. 23 y Tabla 45). Tabla 45: Vértices del banco natural delimitado de Los Palos. “Identificación y delimitación de Bancos Naturales de Recursos Bentónicos en la Región Tacna - 2003”GradosMinutosSegundosGradosMinutosSegundos1181812.7702622.279756323478602181827.7702635.679751673474703182052702318.679707773532884182041.470235.77971106353665LongitudLatitudNorteEsteLos Palos Banco NaturalVérticesCOORDENADAS GEOGRAFICASUTM63Laboratorio Costero de Ilo
Annex 196
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3.5.2. Natural Bank “La Yarada”
Description
Located between the beaches of “Llostay” (18° 10' 53.9" S – 70° 38' 30.3" W) and “Los Palos” (18° 17' 15.3" S – 70° 27' 43.4" W), this natural bank of clams is the largest one in size, approximately 22 km long, being delimited by 4 vertices (Fig. 23 and Table 44).
Table 44: Vertices of the delimited natural bank of La Yarada
“Identification and delimitation of Natural Banks of Benthonic Resources in the Region of Tacna – 2003”
G
eographic Coordinates
UTM
Natural bank
Vertices
Longitude
Latitude
North
East
Degrees
Minutes
Seconds
Degrees
Minutes
Seconds
La Yarada
1
18
10
53.9
70
38
30.3
7988942
326359
2
18
11
0.8
70
38
47.2
7988727
325864
3
18
17
28
70
27
57.7
7976986
345047
4
18
17
15.3
70
27
43.4
7977678
345462
3.5.3. Natural Bank “Los Palos”
Description
Approximately 7 km long and located between the beach of “Los Palos” and the frontier boundary with Chile, this natural bank extends to the neighbouring country of Chile where it is named “El Chinchorro” (Fig. 23 and Table 45).
Table 45: Vertices of the delimited natural bank of Los Palos
“Identification and delimitation of Natural Banks of Benthonic Resources in the Region of Tacna – 2003”
G
eographic Coordinates
UTM
Natural bank
Vertices
Longitude
Latitude
North
East
Degrees
Minutes
Seconds
Degrees
Minutes
Seconds
Los Palos
1
18
18
12.7
70
26
22.2
7975632
347860
2
18
18
27.7
70
26
35.6
7975167
347470
3
18
20
52
70
23
18.6
7970777
353288
4
18
20
41.4
70
23
5.7
7971106
353665
1188
1189
Annex 197
Transcript of an interview with the Minister of Foreign Affairs on 5 April 2004
Website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru
1190
Annex 197
Annex 197
1191
1192
Annex 197
[…]
Chile states that the respective treaties have been signed.
A series of instruments have been signed that according to Peru were destined for the settlement of special fishing areas. They have never set boundaries in terms of International Law. When there are two interpretations, the International Court of Justice indicates that this is a legal dispute.
Did we grant a fishing area to Chile?
No. We established - as provisional accords - certain agreements in order for a parallel line to mark the end of the fishing areas between the two countries. It has nothing to do with the definition of the boundaries, which should refer, necessarily, to the territorial sea, the contiguous zone and the continental shelf. Peru has never signed instruments of this nature.
[…]
1193
Annex 198
Law No. 28611 of 13 October 2005:
General Law of the Environment
Website of the Congress of Peru
1194
Annex 198
Annex 198
1195
1196
Annex 198
[…]
Article 2: Scope
2.1 The provisions of this Law as well as those in its complementary rules and regulations are binding on all natural or legal persons, public or private, within the national territory, which includes the seabed, subsoil, the maritime dominion, lacustrine, hydrological and hydrogeological, and the airspace.
[…]
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Official Communiqué RE/13-05 of 25 November 2005 issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru
1198
Annex 199
Comunicado Oficial RE / 13-05El Gobierno del Perú ha tomado conocimiento del Comunicado Conjunto suscrito a propósito de lavisita del Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores de Chile al Ecuador. En el Comunicado Conjunto chileno-ecuatoriano emitido en la fecha se señala que los Cancilleres de Chile y Ecuador “reafirmaron laplena vigencia y su firme adhesión a los Tratados y otros Instrumentos del Pacífico Sudeste, enparticular, a la Declaración sobre Zona Marítima de 1952 y al Convenio sobre Zona EspecialFronteriza Marítima de 1954 que establecen la delimitación marítima entre las Partes a través delparalelo geográfico”.El Gobierno del Perú declara que la interpretación contenida en el citadopárrafo carece de efectos jurídicos.Al reconocer la plena vigencia de los instrumentos internacionales citados en el ComunicadoConjunto chileno-ecuatoriano antes aludido, el Gobierno del Perú reitera que ninguno de ellosconstituye un tratado de límites marítimos.La alusión al paralelo geográfico como método de delimitación marítima es sólo aplicable a lafrontera peruano-ecuatoriana ante la existencia de islas. El Gobierno del Perú reitera que no existecontroversia de límites marítimos con Ecuador.El Perú sólo tiene una controversia de delimitación marítima en su frontera sur. La referidacontroversia ha sido reconocida por el Gobierno de Chile y está siendo encauzada por losrespectivos canales diplomáticos y eventualmente lo será por las vías jurisdiccionalescorrespondientes, conforme al Derecho Internacional.Lima, 25 de noviembre de 2005Actividades del Sector Relaciones Exteriores(25/11/2005)Anterior /Page1 of1Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores del Perú-Portal Institucionalhttp://Comunicado Oficial RE / 13-05El Gobierno del Perú ha tomado conocimiento del Comunicado Conjunto suscrito a propósito de lavisita del Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores de Chile al Ecuador. En el Comunicado Conjunto chileno-ecuatoriano emitido en la fecha se señala que los Cancilleres de Chile y Ecuador “reafirmaron laplena vigencia y su firme adhesión a los Tratados y otros Instrumentos del Pacífico Sudeste, enparticular, a la Declaración sobre Zona Marítima de 1952 y al Convenio sobre Zona EspecialFronteriza Marítima de 1954 que establecen la delimitación marítima entre las Partes a través delparalelo geográfico”.El Gobierno del Perú declara que la interpretación contenida en el citadopárrafo carece de efectos jurídicos.Al reconocer la plena vigencia de los instrumentos internacionales citados en el ComunicadoConjunto chileno-ecuatoriano antes aludido, el Gobierno del Perú reitera que ninguno de ellosconstituye un tratado de límites marítimos.La alusión al paralelo geográfico como método de delimitación marítima es sólo aplicable a lafrontera peruano-ecuatoriana ante la existencia de islas. El Gobierno del Perú reitera que no existecontroversia de límites marítimos con Ecuador.El Perú sólo tiene una controversia de delimitación marítima en su frontera sur. La referidacontroversia ha sido reconocida por el Gobierno de Chile y está siendo encauzada por losrespectivos canales diplomáticos y eventualmente lo será por las vías jurisdiccionalescorrespondientes, conforme al Derecho Internacional.Lima, 25 de noviembre de 2005Actividades del Sector Relaciones Exteriores(25/11/2005)Anterior /www.rree.gob.pe/portal/boletinInf.nsf/c0ced712d6fc638e05256e52005238f7/…...
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The Government of Peru has been informed of the Joint Communiqué signed on the occasion of the visit of the Chilean Minister of Foreign Affairs to Ecuador. In the Chile - Ecuador Joint Communiqué issued on this date, it is noted that the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Chile and Ecuador, “reaffirmed the full validity of, and their firm adherence to, the Treaties and other Instruments of the South-East Pacific, in particular, the Declaration on the Maritime Zone of 1952 and the Agreement Relating to a Special Maritime Frontier Zone of 1954, which establish the maritime delimitation between the Parties through a geographic parallel.” The Government of Peru declares that the interpretation contained in the above mentioned paragraph lacks legal effect.
By recognizing the full force of the international instruments cited in the Chile-Ecuador Joint Communiqué referred to above, the Government of Peru reiterates that neither one of them constitutes a maritime boundary treaty.
The reference to the geographic parallel as a method of maritime delimitation is only applicable to the Peru-Ecuador frontier due to the existence of islands. The Government of Peru reiterates that there is no controversy on maritime boundaries with Ecuador.
Peru has a maritime delimitation dispute only in relation to its southern frontier. The said dispute has been recognized by the Government of Chile and is being dealt with through the appropriate diplomatic channels and will eventually be dealt with by the appropriate jurisdictional means, according to International Law.
Lima, 25 November 2005
Activities of the Foreign Affairs Sector (25/11/2005)
1200
1201
Annex 200
Official Communiqué RE 14-05 of 1 December 2005 issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru
1202
Annex 200
In relation to the Joint Declaration of the Presidents of Chile and Ecuador, signed today, in the city of Quito, the Government of Peru reiterates the Official Communiqué RE/13-05, of 25 November 2005, and reaffirms that the Declaration on the Maritime Zone of 1952 and the Agreement Relating to a Special Maritime Frontier Zone of 1954, to which Peru is a party, are not maritime delimitation treaties.
In this sense, the affirmation contained in paragraph 6 of the aforementioned Joint Declaration according to which the abovementioned international instruments establish the maritime delimitation between the parties through the geographic parallel, is an interpretation which does not conform with international law and, thus, is devoid of all legal effect.
Lima, 1 December 2005
Activities of the Foreign Relations Sector (01/12/2005)
1203
Annex 201
Peru’s withdrawal of its reservations to Articles V, XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXV, and XLV of the Pact of Bogotá,
27 February 2006
Website of the Organization of American States
1204
Annex 201
[Treaty] [text in Spanish]A-42: AMERICAN TREATY ON PACIFIC SETTLEMENT (PACT OF BOGOTA)ADOPTED AT: BOGOTA, COLOMBIA DATE: 04/30/48 CONF/ASSEM/MEETING: NINTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF AMERICAN STATES ENTRY INTO FORCE: 05/06/49, IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE LIII OF THE TREATY DEPOSITORY: GENERAL SECRETARIAT, OAS (ORIGINAL INSTRUMENT AND RATIFICATIONS)TEXT: OAS, TREATY SERIES, NOS. 17 AND 61 UN REGISTRATION: 05/13/49 No. 449 Vol. 30 OBSERVATIONS: As this Treaty enters into force through the successive ratifications of the Parties, the treaties, conventions and protocols mentioned in Article LVIII cease to be in force with respect to such Parties.GENERAL INFORMATION OF THE TREATY: A-42COUNTRYSIGNATURERATIFICATION/ACCESSIONDEPOSITINFORMATION*Antigua & Barbuda----Argentina04/30/48--YesBahamas----Barbados----Belize----Bolivia04/30/48--YesBrazil04/30/4811/09/6511/16/65 RA-Canada----Chile04/30/4808/21/6704/15/74 RAYesColombia04/30/4810/14/6811/06/68 RA-Costa Rica04/30/4804/27/4905/06/49 RA-Cuba04/30/48---Dominica----Dominican Republic04/30/4808/04/5009/12/50 RA-Ecuador04/30/4803/03/0803/07/08 RAYesEl Salvador04/30/4808/15/5009/11/50 RADenunciationGrenada----Guatemala04/30/48---Guyana----Haiti04/30/4808/21/5003/28/51 RA-Honduras04/30/4801/13/5002/07/50 RA-Jamaica----Mexico04/30/4811/23/4811/23/48 RA-Nicaragua04/30/4806/21/5007/26/50 RAYesPage 1of 7AMERICAN TREATY ON PACIFIC SETTLEMENT (PACT OF BOGOTA)14/02/2010http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/sigs/a-42.html
Annex 201
1205
*DECLARATIONS/RESERVATIONS/DENUNCIATIONS/WITHDRAWSA-42. AMERICAN TREATY ON PACIFIC SETTLEMENT "PACT OF BOGOTA"1. Argentina:(Reservation made at the time of signature) The Delegation of the Argentine Republic, on signing the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement (Pact of Bogotá), makes reservations in regard to the following articles, to which it does not adhere:1) Article VII, concerning the protection of aliens: 2) Chapter Four (Articles XXXI to XXXVII), Judicial Procedure: 3) Chapter Five (Articles XXXVIII to XLIX), Procedure of Arbitration; 4) Chapter Six (Article L), Fulfillment of Decisions. Arbitration and judicial procedure have, as institutions, the firm adherence of the Argentine Republic, but the Delegation cannot accept the form in which the procedures for their application have been regulated, since, in its opinion, they should have been established only for controversies arising in the future and not originating in or having any relation to causes, situations or facts existing before the signing of this instrument. The compulsory execution of arbitral or judicial decisions and the limitation which prevents the states from judging for themselves in regard to matters that pertain to their domestic jurisdiction in accordance with Article V are contrary to Argentine tradition. The protection of aliens, who in the Argentine Republic are protected by its Supreme Law to the same extent as the nationals, is also contrary to that tradition.2. Bolivia:(Reservation made at the time of signature)The Delegation of Bolivia makes a reservation with regard to Article VI, inasmuch as it considers that pacific procedures may also be applied to controversies arising from matters settled by arrangement between the Parties, when the said arrangement affects the vital interests of a state.3. Ecuador: (Reservation made at the time of signature) Panama04/30/4804/17/5104/25/51 RA-Paraguay04/30/4805/23/6707/27/67 RAYesPeru04/30/4802/28/6705/26/67 RAYesSt. Kitts & Nevis----St. Lucia----St. Vincent & Grenadines----Suriname----Trinidad & Tobago----United States04/30/48--YesUruguay04/30/4808/17/5509/01/55 RA-Venezuela04/30/48---Page 2of 7AMERICAN TREATY ON PACIFIC SETTLEMENT (PACT OF BOGOTA)14/02/2010http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/sigs/a-42.html
1206
Annex 201
(Reservation made at the time of signature) Paraguay stipulates the prior agreement of the parties as a prerequisite to the arbitration procedure established in this Treaty for every question of a non-juridical nature affecting national sovereignty and not specifically agreed upon in treaties now in force.7. Peru:(Reservation made at the time of signature)1. Reservation with regard to the second part of Article V, because it considers that domestic jurisdiction should be defined by the state itself.2. Reservation with regard to Article XXXIII and the pertinent part of Article XXXIV, inasmuch as it considers that the exceptions of res judicata, resolved by settlement between the parties or governed by agreements and treaties in force, determine, in virtue of their objective and peremptory nature, the exclusion of these cases from the application of every procedure.3. Reservation with regard to Article XXXV, in the sense that, before arbitration is resorted to, there may be, at the request of one of the parties, a meeting of the Organ of Consultation, as established in the Charter of the Organization of American States.4. Reservation with regard to Article XLV, because it believes that arbitration set up without the participation of one of the parties is in contradiction with its constitutional provisions. Peru confirmed the reservations at the time of the ratification.On February 27th, 2006, Peru notified the General Secretariat of the OAS of the withdrawal of the reservations made to articles V, XXXIII, XXXIV, XXXV and XLV of the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement, “Pact of Bogota”.8. Chile: (Reservation made at the time of ratification)Chile considers that Article LV of the Pact, in the part that refers to the possibility that some of the Contracting States would make reservations, must be interpreted in the light of paragraph No. 2 of Resolution XXIX adopted at the Eighth International Conference of American States.Permanent Panel of American Conciliators (Information provided in accordance with Article XVIII)On August 19, 1987, the Government of Chile notified the General Secretariat the appointment of Messrs. Julio Phillipi Izquierdo and Helmut Brunner Noerr to be members of the Permanent Panel of American Conciliators for a three year period. Such period started on October 21, 1987, the date on which the General Secretariat received from Messrs. Phillipi and Brunner the acceptance of their appointments.9. El SalvadorDENUNCIATION Page 4of 7AMERICAN TREATY ON PACIFIC SETTLEMENT (PACT OF BOGOTA)14/02/2010http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/sigs/a-42.html
1207
Annex 202
Ministry of Production, Information and illustration of marine resources management areas along the coast of Tacna, 2008
Website of the Ministry of Production of Peru
1208
Annex 202
Annex 202
1209
1210
Annex 202
[…]
AREA AUTHORIZED FOR AQUACULTURE
SITUATION
AREA AUTHORIZED FOR AQUACULTURE
DEPARTEMENT
TACNA
PROVINCE
TACNA
DISTRICT
SAMA
ZONE
LOS BAÑOS-LOS PALOS
RESOLUTION
DIRECTORIAL RESOLUTION No. 462-2007/DCG
DATE
12/10/2007
VALIDITY
-
HAS
2,293.06
SYSTEM VERTICES
WGS84 DATUM
VERTICE_A
18º 10' 09.624" LS; 70º 40' 26.771" LW
VERTICE_B
18º 10' 27.599" LS; 70º 39' 51.700" LW
VERTICE_C
18º 10' 52.298" LS; 70º 39' 01.102" LW
VERTICE_D
18º 11' 0.802" LS; 70º 38' 47.198" LW
VERTICE_E
18º 13' 29.078" LS; 70º 34' 40.591" LW
VERTICE_F
18º 17' 28.000" LS; 70º 27' 57.499" LW
VERTICE_G
18º 18' 27.698" LS; 70º 26' 35.599" LW
VERTICE_H
18º 20' 56.796" LS; 70º 23' 12.268" LW
VERTICE_I
18º 20' 56.908" LS; 70º 24' 09.392" LW
VERTICE_J
18º 20' 25.508" LS; 70º 24' 44.233" LW
VERTICE_K
18º 20' 07.285" LS; 70º 25' 08.555" LW
VERTICE_L
18º 19' 34.550" LS; 70º 25' 52.468" LW
VERTICE_M
18º 17' 51.972" LS; 70º 28' 06.953" LW
VERTICE_N
18º 14' 45.323" LS; 70º 33' 03.449" LW
VERTICE_O
18º 10' 19.913" LS; 70º 40' 33.902" LW
VERTICE_P
-
VERTICE_Q
empty
VERTICE_R
empty
VERTICE_S
empty
VERTICE_T
empty
VERTICE_W
empty
VERTICE_X
empty
VERTICE_Z
empty
VERTICE_AA
empty
VERTICE_AB
empty
OBSERVATIONS
AVAILABLE
[…]
1211
Annex 203
Examples of “Declaration for Weighing Anchor by Artisanal Fishing Vessels”
[Declaración de Zarpe Embarcaciones Pesqueras Artesanales] issued by the Harbour Master of Ilo
1212
Annex 203
Annex 203
1213
Declaration of Weighing Anchor by Artisanal Fishing Vessels
(less than 6.48 gross tonnage)
Name of vessel: Brayan Alexis
Licence No.: IO -10063 GRT:
Captain: Julio Martin [Illegible] Title: [Illegible]
Date of weighing anchor: [Illegible]
[stamp]
captain
CAPTAIN
and
crew MEMBERS ARE REMINDED
of
the prohibition ON SAILING toTO the South
of
the parallelPARALLEL 18º 21' 03" S
_________________________________
Declaration of Weighing Anchor by Artisanal Fishing Vessels
(less than 6.48 gross tonnage)
Name of vessel: Rolando III
Licence No.: IO – 20918 GRT:
Captain: Rolando [Illegible] Title: [Illegible]
Date of weighing anchor: [Illegible]
[stamp]
captain
CAPTAIN
and
crew MEMBERS ARE REMINDED
of
the prohibition ON SAILING toTO the South
of
the parallelPARALLEL 18º 21' 03" S
1214
Annex 203
Annex 203
1215
Declaration of Weighing Anchor by Artisanal Fishing Vessels
(less than 6.48 gross tonnage)
Name of vessel: Piolin I
Licence No.: [Illegible] GRT: 4 tons
Captain: Edgar [Illegible] Title: [Illegible]
Date of weighing anchor: 16 – 05 – 02
[stamp]
captain
CAPTAIN
and
crew MEMBERS ARE REMINDED
of
the prohibition ON SAILING toTO the South
of
the parallelPARALLEL 18º 21' 03" S
_________________________________
Declaration of Weighing Anchor by Artisanal Fishing Vessels
(less than 6.48 gross tonnage)
Name of vessel: Jhojani I
Licence No.: PS -19362 BM GRT: 2 tons
Captain: Javier Coapaza [Illegible] Title: [Illegible]
Date of weighing anchor: 09 – 07 – 02
[stamp]
captain
CAPTAIN
and
crew MEMBERS ARE REMINDED
of
the prohibition ON SAILING toTO the South
of
the parallelPARALLEL 18º 21' 03" S
1216
Annex 203
Annex 203
1217
Declaration of Weighing Anchor by Artisanal Fishing Vessels
(less than 6.48 gross tonnage)
Name of vessel: Jhojoni I
Licence No.: PS -19302 GRT: 3 tons
Captain: Segundo [Illegible] Title: [Illegible]
Date of weighing anchor: 21 – 11 – 02
[stamp]
captain
CAPTAIN
and
crew MEMBERS ARE REMINDED
of
the prohibition ON SAILING toTO the South
of
the parallelPARALLEL 18º 21' 03" S
1218
Annex 204
1219
TEXTS AND DOCUMENTS OF THIRD STATES
1220
1221
Annex 204
Ecuadorean Presidential Decree of 15 April 1836 approving the Regulation on the Coastguard and Measures for Preventing and Punishing the Maritime Smuggling
Gazette of the Government of Ecuador, 21 May 1936
1222
Annex 204
Annex 204
1223
[Translation]
[…]
Art. 1. Vessels leaving the coasts of Peru, or elsewhere heading down the coast, either [from] El Chocó, Panama, Costa Rica, &c. &c.; and carrying goods on board susceptible of landing furtively on the coasts of the territory, shall not go beyond the limits defined hereafter.
[...]
Art. 10. [Vessels] shall pass three miles to the west of Cabo San Francisco and must maintain that trajectory until they have reached the neighbouring State parallel.
[...]
[Transcript]
[…]
Art. 1°. Las embarcaciones que salgan de las costas del Perú, o cualquier otra parte, y se dirijan a la costa abajo, ya sea el Chocó, Panamá, Costa Rica &c. &c.; y tengan a su bordo mercancías susceptibles de desembarcarse furtivamente en las costas correspondientes al territorio, no podrán traspasar los límites que a continuación se expresan.
[…]
Art. 10. Deberán pasar tres millas al Oeste del cabo san Francisco y conservar este meridiano hasta llegar al paralelo del estado limítrofe.
[…]
1224
1225
Annex 205
Ecuadorean Presidential Decree No. 53 of 7 October 1939 establishing the Limits of the Maritime Zone of Security
Registro Oficial No. 287, 16 November 1939
1226
Annex 205
Annex 205
1227
[Translation]
[…]
Considering:
[…]
2.- That in the same Declaration the limits of the maritime zone of security adjacent to the American territory have been established and that these limits cover around two hundred and fifty miles to three hundred miles west to our Colón [Galápagos] Archipelago.
Decrees:
Art. 1: The following is considered as a maritime zone of security adjacent to Ecuadorean territory: the [zone] included between two imaginary lines drawn from the north and south extremities of the Ecuadorean coast to the degrees of longitude west of Greenwich which correspond respectively to Article 1 of the Declaration of Panama so as to include in this space all the islands of the Colón [Galápagos] Archipelago and its adjacent waters.
[Transcript]
[…]
Considerando:
[…]
2°- Que en la misma Declaración se establecieron los límites de la zona marítima de seguridad adyacente al territorio americano, limites que comprenden alrededor de doscientas cincuenta a trescientas millas al occidente de nuestro Archipiélago de Colón.
Decreta:
Art. 1° - Considérase como zona marítima de seguridad adyacente al territorio ecuatoriano la comprendida entre dos líneas que se tirarán imaginariamente desde los extremos norte y sur de la costa ecuatoriana hasta los grados respectivos de longitud oeste de Greenwich que correspondan conforme al Art. 1° de la Declaración de Panamá de modo que dentro de este espacio queden incluidas también todas las islas del Archipiélago de Colón y sus aguas adyacentes.
[…]
1228
1229
Annex 206
Press Release (for advance release) of 7 August 1945
issued by the United States Department of the Interior,
Office of the Coordinator of Fisheries
Website of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service
1230
Annex 206
Annex 206
1231
1232
Annex 206
Annex 206
1233
1234
1235
Annex 207
Ecuadorean Legislative Decree of 21 February 1951
relating to Territorial Waters
Registro Oficial No. 756, 6 March 1951
1236
Annex 207
Annex 207
1237
1238
Annex 207
[Translation]
[…]
Art. 1 - The continental platform or shelf adjacent to the Ecuadorean Coasts, and all of the resources contained in it, belong to the State, which shall have the necessary use and control over it to preserve this heritage and to control and protect the corresponding fishing zones.
Art. 2 - The submerged lands adjacent to the continental territory that are covered by up to two hundred meters of water at most, are considered to be Ecuadorean continental shelf.
Art. 3 - The territorial sea of the national dominion includes the minimum distance of 12 nautical miles, to twenty degrees, measured from the most salient points of the Ecuadorean Coast in the Pacific Ocean as well as the inland waters of the gulfs, bays, straits and channels which fall within a line drawn through these points.
The interior sea within the perimeter of the 12 nautical miles from the furthest points of the furthest islands of the Colón [Galápagos] Archipelago is also considered to be territorial sea; therefore the provisions of Article 1 of this Law are applicable.
[…]
[Transcript]
[…]
Art. 1° - La plataforma o zócalo continental adyacente a las Costas Ecuatorianas, y todas y cada una de las riquezas que se encuentran en la misma, pertenecen al Estado, el mismo que tendrá el aprovechamiento y control necesarios para la conservación de dicho patrimonio y para el control y protección de las zonas pesqueras correspondientes.
Art. 2° - Considéranse como plataforma continental ecuatoriana las tierras sumergidas, contiguas al territorio continental y que se encuentran cubiertas hasta por doscientos metros de aguas como máximo.
Art. 3° - El mar territorial de dominio nacional comprende la distancia mínima de 12 millas marinas, de veinte al grado, contadas desde los puntos más salientes de la Costa Ecuatoriana en el Océano Pacífico, así como las aguas interiores de los golfos, bahías, estrechos y canales comprendidos dentro de una línea trazada por esos puntos.
Igualmente es mar territorial el mar interior comprendido dentro del perímetro de las 12 millas marinas contadas desde los extremos más salientes de las islas más externas del Archipiélago de Colón, siendo aplicables para este caso las disposiciones del Art. 1° de la presente Ley.
[…]
1239
Annex 208
Ecuadorean Decree No. 275 of 7 February 1955
Registro Oficial No. 1029, 24 January 1956
1240
Annex 208
Annex 208
1241
[…]
EXECUTIVE
No. 275
JOSÉ MARIA VELASCO IBARRA
Constitutional President of the Republic,
Considering:
That the Representative of Ecuador, duly authorized, signed ad referendum in the city of Santiago, on 18 August 1952, together with the Representatives of Chile and Peru, the “Declaration on the Maritime Zone”, the “Joint Declaration Concerning Fishing Problems in the South Pacific”, the “Regulation for Maritime Hunting Operations in the Waters of the South Pacific” and the Agreement relating to the “Organization of the Permanent Commission of the Conference on the Exploitation and Conservation of the Marine Resources of the South Pacific”;
That these International Instruments are based on the full and perfect right of nations to maintain and defend their fishing and marine resources in order to satisfy their vital interests;
That the reasons invoked by the three Governments for signing the Declaration and other instruments arise out of the rights of existence and conservation of the human communities protected under their sovereignty;
That the Honourable National Congress approved the above International Instruments, by Legislative Decree of 6 November 1954;
Decrees:
Art. 1 - The following International Instruments signed in Santiago on 18 August 1952 are hereby ratified:
1. Joint Declaration Concerning Fishing Problems in the South Pacific;
2. Declaration on the Maritime Zone;
3. Regulation for Maritime Hunting Operations in the Waters of the South Pacific;
4. Agreement relating to the Organization of the Permanent Commission of the Conference on the Exploitation and Conservation of the Marine Resources of the South Pacific.
Art. 2 - The Ministers of Foreign Affairs, National Defence and Economy are responsible for the execution of this Decree.
Executed in Quito at the National Palace, on the seventh day of February of 1955.
1242
1243
Annex 209
Internal note of 17 January 1958 of the United Kingdom Foreign
Office authored by the Legal Advisor Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice
National Archives of the United Kingdom
1244
Annex 209
Annex 209
1245
1246
Annex 209
Annex 209
1247
1248
1249
Annex 210
Ecuadorean Decree No. 2556 of 9 November 1964
Registro Oficial No. 376, 18 November 1964
1250
Annex 210
Annex 210
1251
1252
Annex 210
Annex 210
1253
1254
Annex 210
Supreme Decrees
[…]
No. 2556
[…]
Considering:
That during the Second Conference of the South Pacific, which took place in the city of Lima, from the first to the fourth of December, nineteen fifty-four, the Plenipotentiary Representative of Ecuador, together with the Delegates of the Republics of Chile and Peru, signed the following tripartite Agreements:
i) Complementary Convention to the Declaration of Sovereignty over the Two-Hundred-Mile Maritime Zone;
ii) Agreement Relating to a Special Maritime Frontier Zone; and
iii) Agreement Relating to Measures of Supervision and Control in the Maritime Zones of the Signatory Countries.
[…]
First Article – The following Agreements signed in the city of Lima are approved and ratified:
a) Complementary Convention to the Declaration of Sovereignty over the Two-Hundred-Mile Maritime Zone;
b) Agreement Relating to a Special Maritime Frontier Zone; and
c) Agreement Relating to Measures of Supervision and Control in the Maritime Zones of the Signatory Countries.
[…]
1255
Annex 211
Ecuadorean Decree No. 1542 of 10 November 1966
modifying Article 633 of the Civil Code
P. Goyes Arroyo, Límite Marítimo: Ecuador-Perú, 2007, p. 162
English translation of article 633 as amended by Decree No. 1542: United Nations Legislative Series, National Legislation and Treaties Relating to the Territorial Sea, the Contiguous Zone, the Continental Shelf, the High Seas and to Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the Sea: 1921-1967, 1970, p.78
1256
Annex 211
Annex 211
1257
1258
1259
Annex 212
Ecuadorean Supreme Decree No. 959-A of 28 June 1971 prescribing straight baselines for the measurement of the Territorial Sea
Registro Oficial No. 265, 13 July 1971
English translation: United Nations Legislative Series, National Legislation and
Treaties Relating to the Law of the Sea, 1976, p. 15
1260
Annex 212
Annex 212
1261
1262
Annex 212
Annex 212
1263
1264
1265
Annex 213
United States Department of State, Office of the Geographer, Limits in the Seas, No. 42: Straight Baselines: Ecuador,
May 1972
Website of the United States Department of State
1266
Annex 213
Annex 213
1267
1268
Annex 213
2STRAIGHT BASELINES: ECUADOR Ecuadorean straight baselines were proclaimed most recently by Supreme Decree No. 959-A on June 28, 1971 (Official Register No. 265 of July 13, 1971). The Decree established straight baselines adjacent to the mainland and around the Galapagos Islands (Archipélago de Colón). However, the existence of straight baselines around the Galapagos Islands has been inferred since 1950. Neither the inferred 1950 nor the 1971 straight baselines have been published on official Ecuadorian charts. Ecuador claims a 200-nautical-mile territorial sea measured seaward from the straight baselines. The 200-nautical-mile claim was promulgated by Decree 1542 of November 10, 1966. Waters within the baselines of both the mainland and the Galapagos Islands are considered to be internal waters (see Article 2 of Decree No. 959-A).Ecuador is not a party to the four 1958 Geneva conventions on the law of the sea. These conventions concern 1) the territorial sea and contiguous zone, 2) the high seas, 3) the continental shelf, and 4) fishing and conservation of living resources of the high seas. Supreme Decree No. 959-A established the following system of straight baselines for continental and insular Ecuador: SUPREME DECREE NO. 959-AJOSE MARIA VELASCO IBARRA President of the Republic WHEREAS, Article 628 of the Civil Code establishes that the Ecuadorean territorial sea shall be measured, in both the continental territory of the Republic and the Galapagos Islands, from the straight base lines which will be determined for this purpose under an Executive Decree, and WHEREAS, a Commission composed of representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Relations, the Navy and the Military Geographic Institute has studied the plotting of such lines and determined their trajectory; and WHEREAS, such study has been approved by the Ministry of Foreign Relations and the Ministry of National Defense on the grounds that it is in the national interest and fully conforms to the rules of international law which are in force on the matter, It is Decreed: Article 1. The straight base lines from which the width of the territorial sea of the Republic shall be measured will be constituted by the following-described traverses: I.ON THE CONTINENT
Annex 213
1269
3(a)The line will start from the point of intersection of the maritime border with Colombia with the straight line Punta Manglares (Colombia)--Punta Galera (Ecuador);(b)From this point a straight line passing through Punta Galera and meeting the northernmost point of Isla de la Plata; (c)From this point a straight line to Puntilla de Santa Elena; (d)A straight line from Puntilla de Santa Elena in the direction of Cabo Blanco (Peru) to the intersection with the geographic parallel constituting the maritime border with Peru. II.IN THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS (a)From Islote Darwin a straight line to the northeastern tip of Isla Pinta; (b)A straight line to the northernmost point of Isla Genovesa; (c)A straight line passing through Punta Valdizan, Isla San Cristobal, and intersecting the northern extension of the straight line joining the southeastern tip of Isla Espanola to Punta Pitt, Isla San Cristobal; (d)A straight line from this intersection to the southeastern tip of Isla Espanola;(e)A straight line to Punta Sur, Isla Santa Maria; (f)A straight line passing through the southeastern tip of Isla Isabela, near Punta Essex, and intersecting the southern extension of the line joining the outermost projecting point of the western coast of Isla Fernandina, approximately in its middle, with western tip of the Southern sector of Isla Isabela, in the vicinity of Punta Cristobal; (g)From this point of intersection a line passing through the western tip of the Southern sector of Isla Isabela, in the vicinity of Punta Cristobal, to the outermost projecting point in the western coast of Isla Fernandina, approximately in its middle; and (h)A straight line to Isla Darwin.Article 2. The sea areas lying between the lines described in Article 1 (I) and the coast line on the Continent, and within the lines described in Article 1 (II), in the Galapagos Islands, constitute interior waters.
1270
Annex 213
4Article 3. The Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Navy, in cooperation with the Military Geographic Institute, will perform the necessary geodetic and astronomical work for determining the geographic coordinates of the reference points throughout the lines in both the continental coast and in the coast of the Galapagos Islands and the outer limits of the territorial sea, and will also establish the azimuths and extensions of the segments of each traverse described in Article 1, and any other technical data that may be essential in plotting the aforesaid straight base lines. Article 4. The funds required for performing the work to which reference is made in Article 3 will be made available to the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Navy by the National Government through the proper Ministries. Article 5. Upon completion of the work to which reference is made in Article 3, the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service of the Navy, in cooperation with the Military Geographic Institute, will plot, on a nautical chart drawn up to a suitable scale, the straight base lines and the outer and lateral limits of the territorial sea of the Republic. Article 6. The nautical chart, with the plottings to which reference is made in Article 4, shall be approved under an Executive Decree.Issued at the National Palace, in Quito, on June 28, 1971. /s/ J.M. Velasco Ibarra /s/ Vicente Burneo Burneo President of the Republic Minister of Production, Acting Minister of Foreign Relations /s/ Luis Robles Plaza Minister of National Defense ANALYSISA previous law, which inferred a system of straight baselines around the Galapagos Islands, and two maritime boundary delineations relate to the current system of straight baselines established by Ecuador. Galapagos Islands, 1950The Legislative Decree of February 21, 1951, promulgated the Law of November 6, 1950, concerning the Ecuadorean territorial sea. Article 3 of the Law specified that: The inner sea included within the perimeter of 12 nautical miles measured from the mostsalient tips of the outermost islands of the Colon Archipelago is also held to be territorial waters….This Article was interpreted by some as implying that straight baselines existed around the
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5Galapagos Islands. One Ecuadorean interpretation was that the Galapagos Islands should be viewed as one continuous land mass, for territorial water purposes, with a marginal belt which encircles the entire archipelago. These straight baselines about the Galapagos Islands were never publicized but rather they were presumed to exist. It was not clear whether or not the outliers of Isla Darwin and Isla Wolf were considered to be geographically part of the Galapagos Islands. The Supreme Decree No. 959-A of June 28, 1971, has clarified this issue. Ecuador-Peru Maritime Boundary The Ecuador-Peru maritime boundary is delimited in two separate declarations emanating from two conferences of the Permanent Commission of the South Pacific. Chile, Ecuador, and Peru are members of the Commission. Article IV of the 1952 Santiago Declaration on the Maritime Zone defines the maritime boundary between adjacent member states. The Article states that: The zone of 200 nautical miles shall extend in every direction from any islands or group of islands forming part of the territory of the declarant country. The maritime zone of an island or group of islands belonging to one declarant country and situated less than 200 nautical miles from the general maritime zone of another declarant country shall be bounded by the parallel of latitude drawn from the point of which the land frontier between the two countries reaches the sea. At the second conference of the Permanent Commission of the South Pacific, held in Lima in 1954, the Agreement Relating to a Special Maritime Frontier Zone was drafted. The Agreement specified that: A special zone is hereby established, at a distance of 12 miles from the coast, extending to a breadth of 10 nautical miles on either side of the parallel which constitutes the maritime boundary between the two countries. The attached chart shows the Ecuador-Peru maritime boundary and associated buffer zone which extends 10 nautical miles into the territorial sea of the two countries. The landward terminus of the maritime boundary is Boca Capones, the site where the Ecuador-Peru land boundary meets the sea. The seaward terminus of the boundary is the point at which the parallel extending from Boca Capones intersects the Ecuador and Peru 200-nautical-mile territorial sea claims. The buffer zone was established to deal with inadvertent violations of the maritime zone of a member state by another member state of the Permanent Commission of the South Pacific. The Second Article of the Agreement Relating to a Special Maritime Frontier Zone states that: The accidental presence in the said zone of a vessel of either of the adjacent countries,
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6which is a vessel of the nature described in the paragraph beginning with the words "Experience has shown" in the preamble hereto, shall not be considered to be a violation of the waters of the maritime zone, though this provision shall not be construed as recognizing any right to engage, with deliberate intent, in hunting or fishing in the said special zone. Colombia-Ecuador Maritime Boundary No bilateral agreement exists which delimits the Colombia-Ecuador maritime boundary.Section I(a) of the straight baseline legislation does note the existence of such a maritime boundary when it states that "The line will start from the point of intersection of the maritime boundary with Colombia." To be consistent the Ecuadoreans might view the Colombia-Ecuador maritime boundary as being based on the same principle employed in delimiting the Ecuador-Peru maritime boundary; that is, a latitudinal line extending seaward for a distance of 200 nautical miles from the point where the Colombia-Ecuador land boundary meets the sea.1The Third Article of the above Agreement specifies that "Fishing or hunting within the zone of 12 nautical miles from the coast shall be reserved exclusively to the nationals of each country." This is probably the primary reason for delimiting the 12-nautical mile coastal zone in the vicinity of the buffer zone. Straight Baselines, 1971 The straight baseline system consists of 13 points: 5 on or near the mainland, and 8 around the Galapagos Islands. The total length of all the straight baselines is 897 nautical miles. The longest segment, 136 nautical miles, connects Punta Galera (Point 2) and Isla de la Plata (Point 3). The shortest baseline, 37 nautical miles, connects Isla Isabela (Point 12) and Isla Fernandina (Point 13). The average length of the straight baseline segments is 74.8 nautical miles. The following point-by-point analysis of the straight baselines utilizes Chart N.O. 21036 (H.O. 5743), 2nd Edition, Feb. 1952; revised 1/12/70, published by the U.S. Navy Oceanographic Office. 1The seaward extension of the Colombia-Ecuador land boundary into Bahia Ancon de Sardinas is not delimited. Moreover, the precise coastal terminus of the international boundary and its relationship to Cabo Manglares is unclear.
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Statement of Reasons of September 1975 by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Colombia before the Colombian Congress in respect of the bill to approve the Agreement between Colombia and Ecuador concerning Delimitation of Marine and Submarine Areas and Maritime Co-operation
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Colombia, Convenio Sobre Delimitación de Areas Marinas y Submarinas y Cooperación Marítima entre las Repúblicas de Colombia y del Ecuador, 2nd edn, 1979, p. 14
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[…]
This system of delimitation [using parallels of geographic latitude], used frequently by several States, was in particular chosen by the three signatory countries of the Santiago Declaration for delimiting their respective maritime jurisdictions. The line of parallel will be the limit of each country’s jurisdictions, up to 200 miles or even further, in accordance with the developments of the Conference on the Sea. It is evident that, in the Pacific Ocean, this line [of parallel] constitutes a clear, fair and simple frontier, which meets the interests of the two countries adequately.
[…]
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Presentation of 15 October 1975 by Senator Fernández before Colombia’s Congressional Commission on International Relations and National Defence of the bill approving the Colombia-Ecuador delimitation agreement before the Congressional Commission on International Relations and National Defence
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Colombia, Convenio Sobre Delimitación de Areas
Marinas Y Submarinas y Cooperación Marítima entre las Repúblicas de Colombia y
del Ecuador, 2nd edn, 1979, p. 17
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[…]
PRESENTATION FOR FIRST DEBATE
of the Bill No. 64 Senate - 55 Chamber “whereby the Agreement concerning Delimitation of Marine and Submarine Areas and Maritime Cooperation between the Republics of Colombia and Ecuador, signed at Quito on 23 August 1975, is approved.”
[...]
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It is important to note that the provisions of the Colombia-Ecuador Agreement were inspired by the modern trends that guide and direct the progressive development of Maritime Law.
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The first article of the Quito Agreement clearly demonstrates the above. The States from the South Pacific, that is, Chile, Peru and Ecuador, agreed, as stated in the “Santiago Declaration”, to employ or use for the delimitation of their maritime spaces the parallel line at the point at which the land frontier of the respective States reaches the sea. This is the path followed by Colombia and Ecuador. This process [of agreement] is enshrined as a priority in Article VI of the Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf. Furthermore, it specifies that the geographic parallel will be the boundary not only of the established marine and submarine areas, but also of those [areas] that may be established in the future. This means that the new situations that may arise from the conclusions reached in future meetings of the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea are provided for.
The second article of the Agreement is also further proof of the good intentions of the signatory countries to prevent boundary incidents that may arise or result from the “accidental presence” of small vessels of either country practising artisanal fishing in the 10 miles on either side of the parallel set to be the boundary, that is, beyond the 12 miles counted from the coasts of the contracting States. This does not recognize any rights but limits the possibility of claims for involuntary trespasses of the boundary parallel in an area in which an acceptable control seems difficult for now, at least for Colombia.
[…]
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United States Department of State, Office of the Geographer, Limits in the Seas, No. 86: Maritime Boundary:
Chile-Peru, July 1979
Website of the United States Department of State
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Grisbådarna: primary boundary lines proposed by Sweden and Norway to the Tribunal and the boundary established by the
Tribunal, Figure submitted by the United States in Delimitation
of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area
(Canada/United States of America), I.C.J. Pleadings, Vol. VIII
Map No. 30 (with annotations added by Chile)
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People’s Republic of China State Oceanic Administration Policy Research Office, Collection of International Maritime
Delimitation Treaties, 1989
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[…]
Maritime delimitation between adjacent countries or countries with opposing coasts shall be fairly and reasonably determined by these countries after negotiations. The content of this book does not represent an official acceptance of the PRC of the boundaries represented. Certain treaties mentioned herein infringe the sovereignty of the PRC. In respect of those treaties, our Government has made its position clear. These treaties have been included in this book for research purposes only.
[…]
The Santiago Declaration on the Maritime Zone between Chile, Ecuador and Peru (dated 18 August 1952)
[…]
Chile, Ecuador and Peru entered into the Santiago Declaration on the Maritime Zone on 18 August 1952. This Declaration determines that the maritime boundary of the three countries shall be the parallel of latitude at the point at which the land frontier meets the sea, and that each party may mark off a 10-nautical mile buffer area on both sides of the boundary beyond 12 nautical miles from the coast, to prevent fishermen from entering the maritime zones of the neighbouring countries.
Pursuant to this treaty, the maritime boundary between Chile and Peru is located at 18° 23' 03" latitude south, and the maritime boundary between Ecuador and Peru is located at 3° 23' 33.96" latitude south.
[…]
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United States Department of State, Office of Ocean Affairs, Limits in the Seas, No. 108: Maritime Boundaries of the World, 1st Revision, 1990
Website of the United States Department of State
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2TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction...................................................................................................................................3
Table 1: Summary of Maritime Boundaries: By Region........................................................5
Table 2: Maritime Boundaries: By Region .............................................................................8
Table 3: Boundary Agreements: By Type.............................................................................13
Table 4:Maritime Boundaries: By Country...........................................................................18
Table 5: Chronology of Boundary Agreements.....................................................................32
Table 6: Joint Arrangements...................................................................................................34
Selected Bibliography ..............................................................................................................35
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3INTRODUCTIONThisLimits in the Seas study is the first revision of a compilation and classification of the world's maritime boundaries. The texts of the agreements are not presented, but most of the agreements can be found in one of the references cited in the bibliography. This paper consists of six tables and a select bibliography. A brief explanation follows on methodology and terms. Prior to the mid-1970s, most boundary agreements delimited either the territorial sea or the continental shelf. During the United Nations Third Law of the Sea Conference consensus was reached on the concept of an exclusive economic zone. States subsequently began to negotiate a more comprehensive maritime boundary that separated all maritime jurisdiction permitted under international law. For the purpose of the compilations in this study, boundaries separating exclusive economic zones are counted in the maritime boundary category. The total number of maritime boundaries cited, both negotiated and potential, represents known boundary agreements of all types-territorial sea, fishing, continental shelf, and maritime- and potential maritime boundary situations seaward to 200 nautical miles. The existing boundary delimitations have resulted either from direct negotiations or from third-party adjudications. Not counted in these lists are territorial sea boundaries created prior to 1925, such as the United States- Canada boundary in the Grand Manan Channel or the Denmark-Sweden boundary resulting from the Grisbadarna case. In some cases, a boundary has been established by several agreements. India and Sri Lanka, for example, have reached three agreements establishing their maritime boundary, including one tripartite agreement that created a tripoint with the Maldives. In other cases, a single boundary agreement has created more than one boundary. The agreement between France and Venezuela, for example, established two maritime boundaries with Venezuela, on the one side, and Guadeloupe and Martinique, on the other side. Another example is the 1976 boundary agreement between the United States and Mexico which created three boundaries to the 200-nautical-mile limit- two in the Gulf of Mexico and one in the Pacific Ocean. The number for the boundaries not yet negotiated, the "potential" boundaries, is based on drawing hypothetical equidistant lines. Should states decide to use methods other than equidistance, then some of the boundary situations listed in these tables may become irrelevant, and other situations may be created. For example, following the negotiations between the Netherlands and Venezuela in which a non-equidistant line was used in the central Caribbean, a potential Netherlands-United States boundary in the area between Puerto Rico and Aruba, Bonaire, and Curacao no longer existed. The total number of boundaries will increase significantly should states with existing continental shelf boundary agreements decide to negotiate new maritime boundaries to delimit their respective exclusive economic zones. For example, the Soviet Union has reached agreements with three neighbors- Finland, Poland and Turkey-creating both
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4continental shelf boundaries and then maritime boundaries. With minor adjustments these new maritime boundaries are identical in location to the former continental shelf boundaries.This study does not address potential boundary situations where the continental shelf extends beyond 200 nautical miles. It should also be noted that since this study was first published two unifications have occurred. Yemen (Aden) and Yemen (Sanaa) unified on May 22, 1990, and the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany unified on October 3, 1990. It is unclear at this point in time how these states will treat their previously negotiated boundaries. Thus, for the listings contained in this revision, the above states are treated as separate entities. THE TABLES Table 1 presents a summary of maritime boundaries, by region, based on information available as of November 30, 1990. The information available indicates that 154 boundary agreements have been reached- 36.7 percent of the 420 total number of boundaries. Of these, 70, or about 45 percent, establish comprehensive maritime boundaries, including exclusive economic zone boundaries; 59, or another 38 percent, create continental shelf boundaries, or continental shelf and fisheries boundaries; 23, or 15 percent, are territorial sea boundaries; and 2 agreements establish fishing boundaries. Table 2 lists, by region, those delimitations that either have been signed or have entered in force. The marine regions used in tables 1 and 2 have been arbitrarily selected. Table 3 lists the boundary agreements/adjudications by type: maritime, continental shelf/fishing, continental shelf, territorial sea, and fishing. Table 4 lists maritime boundaries (here the term "maritime" is used generically) by country, including those agreements that have entered into force, those that have been signed but not yet in force, and potential boundary situations. Table 5 gives a chronology of the boundary agreements, by date of signature. And, Table 6 lists those states which have established some form of joint arrangement. A selected bibliography is given. Unfortunately, most of the Limits in the Seas studies listed are out of print. Scholars interested in consulting any of these studies should contact a major marine institute which is likely to have been on the mailing list to receive these studies. Examples of institutes receiving the Limits in the Seas include the United Nations Office of Ocean Affairs and Law of the Sea in New York City and the Center for Ocean Law and Policy at the University of Virginia School of Law. Pleadings of parties in some of the maritime boundary cases before the World Court, in particular the Tunisia-Libya case and the United States-Canada case, include extensive state practice studies. Finally, it should be noted that the American Society of International Law is nearing completion of a major study on all negotiated maritime boundary agreements, the results of which should be published in 1991.
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8TABLE 2 MARITIME BOUNDARIES BY REGION The following maritime boundary agreements, or adjudications, are in force unless followed by an asterisk (*) indicating that the agreement has been signed only. Unless otherwiseindicated the delimitation creates a maritime boundary separating all applicable maritime jurisdiction permitted under international law, including the territorial sea, fishing, continental shelf, and other rights permitted in the exclusive economic zone. Boundaries separating other specific types of jurisdiction are noted as follows: TS= territorial sea; CZ= contiguous zone; CS= continental shelf; F= fishing zone. The date that the agreement or adjudication entered into force, or was signed, is inparenthesis.Northwest Atlantic Ocean Canada-Denmark (Greenland: CS; Mar. 13 74) Canada-France (St. Pierre and Miquelon: TS; Mar. 27 72) Canada-United States (Oct. 12 84; adjudication) CaribbeanColombia-Costa Rica * (Mar. 17 77)
Colombia-Dominican Republic (Feb. 15 79)
Colombia-Haiti (Feb. 16 79)
Colombia-Honduras * (Aug. 2 86)
Colombia-Panama (Nov. 30 77; same as Eastern Pacific agreement)
Costa Rica-Panama (Feb. 11 82; same as Eastern Pacific agreement)
Cuba-Haiti (Jan. 6 78)
Cuba-Mexico (July 26 76)
Cuba-United States (Jan. 1 78)
Dominica-France * (Guadeloupe; May 5 87; same agreement for Martinique)
Dominica-France * (Martinique; May 5 87; same agreement for Guadeloupe)
Dominican Republic-Venezuela (Jan. 15 82)
France (Guadeloupe)-Venezuela (Jan. 28 83); same agreement for Martinique
France (Martinique)-Saint Lucia (Mar. 4 81)
France (Martinique)-Venezuela (Jan. 28 83); same agreement for Guadeloupe
Mexico-United States (TS & CZ; Apr. 18 72; same as Eastern Pacific agreement)
Mexico-United States (2 boundaries; Nov. 24 76; same as Eastern Pacific agreement)
Netherlands (Neth. Antilles)-Venezuela (2 boundaries; Dec. 15 78)
Trinidad and Tobago-Venezuela (CS; Gulf of Paria, Sep. 22 45)
Trinidad and Tobago-Venezuela * (Apr. 18 90; same as Southwest Atlantic agreement)
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9United States-Venezuela (Nov. 24 80) Eastern Pacific Ocean Chile-Peru (Sep. 23 54)
Colombia-Costa Rica * (Apr. 6 84)
Colombia-Ecuador (Dec. 22 75)
Colombia-Panama (Nov. 30 77; same as Caribbean agreement)
Costa Rica-Ecuador * (Mar. 12 85)
Costa Rica-Panama (Feb. 11 82; same as Caribbean agreement)
Ecuador-Peru (May 6 55 for Peru; Feb. 7 55 for Ecuador)
Mexico-United States (TS & CZ; Apr. 18 72; same as Caribbean agreement)
Mexico-United States (Nov. 24 76; same as Caribbean agreement)
USSR-United States * (June 1 90)
Southwest Atlantic Ocean
Argentina-Chile (May 6 85)
Argentina-Uruguay (Feb. 12 74)
Brazil-France (French Guiana- Oct. 19 83)
Brazil-Uruguay (June 12 75)
Trinidad and Tobago - Venezuela * (Apr. 18 90; same as Caribbean agreement)
Northeast Atlantic and Arctic Oceans
Denmark (Faroe Islands)-Norway (June 3 80)
France-Spain (TS & CZ; Apr. 5 75)
France-Spain (CS; Apr. 5 75)
France-United Kingdom (CS; June 30 77 and Feb. 4 83, two agreements)
France-United Kingdom (TS; Apr. 6 89)
Iceland-Norway (Jan Mayen- CS; June 2 82)
Ireland-United Kingdom (CS; Jan. 11 90)
Norway-Soviet Union (CS; Mar. 17 58)
Portugal-Spain * (TS; Feb. 12 76; 2 boundaries)
Portugal-Spain * (CS; Feb. 12 76; 2 boundaries)
North Sea
Denmark-Germany, Federal Rep. (CS; May 27 66 and Dec. 7 72, two agreements)
Denmark-Norway (CS; June 22 66 and June 4 74, amendment to 1966 agreement)
Denmark-Sweden (TS; Jan 30 32)
Denmark-United Kingdom (CS; Dec. 7 72)
Germany, Federal Rep.-Netherlands (CS; Sep. 18 65 and Dec. 7 72, two agreements)
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13TABLE 3 BOUNDARY AGREEMENTS: BY TYPE The numbering pertains to the number of boundaries that have been created by the agreement(s) or adjudications. Boundary delimitations are in force unless noted by an asterisk (*). For dates of signature or of entry into force, see Table 4. Maritime Boundaries 1.Argentina- Chile 2.Argentina- Uruguay 3.Australia- France (New Caledonia) 4.Australia (Heard/McDonald Islands) - France (Fr. Southern and Antarctica Lands) 5-6. Australia - Papua New Guinea (2) 7.Australia- Solomon Islands * 8.Brazil- France (French Guiana) 9.Brazil- Uruguay 10.Burma- India 11.Burma- Thailand12.Cameroon- Nigeria 13.Canada- United States (Gulf of Maine) 14.Chile- Peru 15.Colombia- Costa Rica * (Pacific) 16.Colombia- Costa Rica * (Caribbean) 17.Colombia- Dominican Republic 18.Colombia- Ecuador 19. Colombia - Haiti 20.Colombia- Honduras * 21-22. Colombia - Panama (2) 23.Cook Islands - United States (American Samoa) 24.Costa Rica - Ecuador * 25-26. Costa Rica - Panama (2) 27.Cuba- Haiti 28.Cuba- Mexico 29.Cuba-United States 30.Denmark (Faroe Islands) - Norway 31-32. Dominica - France * (Guadeloupe and Martinique- 2) 33.Dominican Republic - Venezuela 34.Ecuador- Peru 35.Fiji- France (New Caledonia) * 36.Fiji- France (Wallis and Futuna Islands) * 37.Finland- USSR 38.France- Monaco
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17TABLE 4 MARITIME BOUNDARIES BY COUNTRYThe following list provides information on both resolved (either by negotiation or by
adjudication) and potential maritime boundaries of the world's coastal states. One asterisk
(*) indicates a boundary agreement has been signed only; two asterisks (**) signifies the
agreement is in force. Date of signature or date agreement entered into force is given in
parenthesis.
Unless otherwise indicated, the cited agreement creates a boundary that separates all
applicable maritime jurisdiction permitted under international law, including the territorial
sea, fishing, continental shelf, and any other rights permitted in the exclusive economic
zone. Agreements separating other specific types of sovereignty or jurisdiction are noted
as follows: TS= territorial sea; CZ= contiguous zone; CS= continental shelf; F= fishing
zone.
ALBANIA (3) Uruguay ** (Feb. 2 74)
GreeceAUSTRALIA (10)
ItalyFrance (New Caledonia)** (Jan. 9 83)
YugoslaviaIndonesia ** (2;CS- Nov. 8 73)
Indonesia ** (F; Feb. 1 82) ALGERIA (4) Indonesia * (CS; Dec. 11 89) ItalyNew Zealand (2) MoroccoPapua New Guinea **(2; Feb. 15 85) SpainSolomon Islands * (Sept. 13 88) TunisiaAUSTRALIA (Heard & McDonald I) (1) ANGOLA (4) France (Kerguelen I) ** (Jan. 9 83) CongoNamibiaTHE BAHAMAS (4) Zaire (2) CubaHaitiANTIGUA AND BARBUDA (5) United Kingdom (Turks and Caicos) France (Guadeloupe- 2) United States St. Kitts and Nevis United Kingdom (Anguilla) BAHRAIN (3) United Kingdom (Montserrat) Iran ** (CS; May 14 72) QatarARGENTINA (3) Saudi Arabia ** (CS; Feb. 26 58) Chile ** (May 5 85) United Kingdom (Falkland I) BANGLADESH (2) [note: Argentina claims the Falkland BurmaIslands]India
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19CANADA (8)
Denmark ** (Greenland-CS; Mar 13 74)
France ** (St. Pierre & Miquelon-TS; Mar 27
72)
France (St. Pierre & Miquelon)
United States ** (Gulf of Maine; Oct. 12 84)
United States (4)
CAPE VERDE (3) The Gambia MauritaniaSenegalCHILE (2)
Argentina ** (May 6 85)
Peru ** (Sept. 23 54)
CHINA (5) JapanKorea, North Korea, South PhilippinesVietnamCOLOMBIA (12)
Costa Rica * (Mar. 17 77)
Costa Rica * (Apr. 6 84)
Dominican Republic ** (Feb. 15 79)
Ecuador ** (Dec. 22 75)
Haiti ** (Feb. 16 79)
Honduras * (Aug. 2 86)
Jamaica
Nicaragua
Panama ** (2; Nov. 30 77)
United Kingdom (Cayman Is)
Venezuela
COMOROS (6)
France (Mayotte)
France (Reunion)
Madagascar
Mozambique
Seychelles
Tanzania
CONGO (2) AngolaGabonCOOK ISLANDS (5)
France (Fr.Polynesia)
Kiribati
New Zealand (Tokelau)
Niue
United States (American Samoa)** (Sept. 8
83)
COSTA RICA (7)
Colombia * (Mar. 17 77)
Colombia * (Apr. 6 84)
Ecuador * (Mar. 12 85)
Nicaragua (2)
Panama_** (2; Feb. 11 82)
COTE D'IVOIRE (2)
Ghana
Liberia
CUBA (8)
The Bahamas
Haiti ** (Jan. 6 78)
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico ** (July 26 76)
United Kingdom (Cayman I.)
United States ** (Jan 1 78);
Pending the exchange of instruments of
ratification the boundary agreement will be
applied provisionally for two-year periods
through the biennial exchange of notes.
United States (Navassa)
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20CYPRUS (14) Colombia ** (Feb. 15 79) EgyptHaiti (2) GreeceNetherlands (Neth.Antilles) IsraelUnited Kingdom (Cayman I) LebanonUnited States (Puerto Rico) SyriaVenezuela ** (Jan 15 82) TurkeyUnited Kingdom ** (Sovereign Base ECUADOR (3) Areas-4; TS- Aug. 16 60) Colombia ** (Dec. 22 75) United Kingdom (Sovereign Base Areas; 4) Costa Rica * (Mar. 12 85) Peru ** (Feb. 7 55) DENMARK (10) German Dem. Rep. ** (CS + F; June 14 89) EGYPT (10) Germany, Fed. Rep. (CS; May 27 66 and CyprusDec. 7 72) GreeceGermany, Fed. Rep. ** (CS; July 1 77) Israel (2) Norway ** (CS; June 22 66 and June 4 74) JordanPolandLibyaSweden ** (TS; Jan. 30 32) Saudi Arabia Sweden ** (3-CS and F; Sept. 3 85) SudanUnited Kingdom ** (CS; Dec. 7 72) TurkeyUnited Kingdom (Sovereign Base Areas) DENMARK (FAROE ISLANDS-3)IcelandEL SALVADOR (3) Norway ** (June 3 80) GuatemalaUnited Kingdom HondurasNicaraguaDENMARK (GREENLAND- 3) Canada ** (CS; Mar. 13 74) EQUATORIAL GUINEA (6) IcelandCameroonNorway (Jan Mayen) Gabon (2) NigeriaDJIBOUTI (3) Sao Tome & Principe (2) EthiopiaSomaliaETHIOPIA (4) Yemen (Aden) DjiboutiSaudi Arabia DOMINICA (3) SudanFrance (Guadeloupe) *(May 5 87);same Yemen (Sanaa)agreement as with Martinique France (Martinique) *(May 5 87);same agreement as with Guadeloupe VenezuelaDOMINICAN REPUBLIC (7)
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26NIUE (3) Solomon Islands * (Jan. 25 89) Cook Islands PERU (2) TongaChile ** (Sept. 23 54) United States (American Samoa) Ecuador ** (May 6 55) NORWAY (6) PHILIPPINES (6) Denmark ** (CS; June 22 66 & June 4 74) ChinaDenmark (Faroe I.) ** (June 3 80) IndonesiaSweden ** (CS; Mar. 18 69)JapanUSSR ** (CS; Mar. 17 58) MalaysiaUSSRPalauUnited Kingdom ** (CS; June 29 65 & Feb. Vietnam20 80) POLAND (7) NORWAY (Jan Mayan- 2) DenmarkDenmark (Greenland) German Dem. Rep. ** (CS; Apr. 16 69)Iceland ** (CS; June 2 82) German Dem.Rep. * (May 22 89) Sweden * (CS + F; June 30 89) OMAN (6) Sweden-USSR * (June 20 89) Iran ** (CS; May 28 75) USSR ** (CS; May 13 70) IranUSSR ** (Mar. 13 86) PakistanUnited Arab Emirates (2) PORTUGAL (3) Yemen (Aden) MoroccoSpain * (TS; Feb. 12 76) PAKISTAN (3) Spain * (CS; Feb. 12 76) IndiaIranQATAR (4) OmanBahrainIran ** (CS; May 10 70) PALAU (3) SaudiArabiaFederated States of Micronesia United Arab Emirates ** (Abu Dhabi- CS; IndonesiaMar. 20 69) PhilippinesROMANIA (3) PANAMA (4) BulgariaColombia ** (2; Nov. 30 77) TurkeyCosta Rica ** (2; Feb. 11 82) USSRPAPUA NEW GUINEA (7) SAINT KITTS & NEVIS (5) Australia ** (Feb. 15 85) Antigua and Barbuda Federated States of Micronesia France (Guadeloupe) France (New Caledonia) Netherlands (Neth.Antilles) Indonesia ** (2; TS; Nov. 26 74) United Kingdom (Montserrat) Indonesia ** (CS; July 10 82) Venezuela
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32TABLE 5 CHRONOLOGY OF MARITIME BOUNDARY AGREEMENTS The following agreements are placed in the order by which they were signed. Entry into force dates, if applicable, are shown in parentheses. Agreements establish maritime boundaries unless accompanied by one of the following symbols: CS= continental shelf; TS= territorial sea; F= fishing; CZ= contiguous zone. Pre-1960Aug. 3, 1928: Malaysia-Singapore; TS (Aug. 3 28) Jan. 30, 1932: Denmark-Sweden; TS (Jan. 30 32) Feb. 26, 1945: United Kingdom (Trinidad & Tobago)-Venezuela; CS, Gulf of Paria (Sept. 22 45) Aug. 18, 1952: Chile-Peru (Sept. 23 54) Aug. 18, 1952: Ecuador-Peru (Feb. 7 55 for Ecuador; May 6 55 for Peru) March 17, 1957: Norway-USSR; CS (April 24 57) for Descriptive Protocol, see Nov. 29 57 Nov. 29, 1957 Norway-USSR; CS (Descriptive Protocol of March 17 57 Agreement-March 17 58) Feb. 22, 1958: Bahrain-Saudi Arabia; CS (Feb. 26 58) 1960April 26: Guinea-Bissau-Senegal; CS (April 26 60); see March 12 85) Aug. 16: Cyprus-United Kingdom (Sovereign Base Areas); TS; 4 boundaries- (Aug. 16 60) 1964Dec. 1: Germany, Federal Rep.-Netherlands; CS (Sept. 18 65) 1965March 10: Norway-United Kingdom; CS (June 29 65) May 20: Finland-USSR; CS (May 25 66) June 9: Denmark-Germany, Federal Rep.;
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United States Department of State, Office of Ocean Affairs, Limits in the Sea, No. 36: National Claims to Maritime Jurisdiction, 7th Revision, 1995
United States Department of State
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1317
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1319
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Intervention by United States Senator Pell on freedom of overflight in the Peruvian Airspace beyond twelve nautical miles
United States Congressional Record, Vol. 141, p. S9196
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1321
1322
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1323
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United States Department of State, Office of Ocean Affairs, Limits in the Seas, No. 36: National Claims to Maritime Jurisdictions, 8th Revision, 2000
Website of the United States Department of State
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1327
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1329
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Resolution of the National Congress of Ecuador,
15 November 2005
Archives of the Congress of Ecuador
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[…]
FIRST.- Reiterates the full force of the Santiago Declaration which established the 200-mile maritime sovereignty on 18 August 1952, and the Agreement Relating to a Special Maritime Frontier Zone of 4 December 1954, International Treaties that established as maritime frontier boundaries between Ecuador, Peru and Chile those which are determined by the parallel at the point at which the land frontier of the signatory States reaches the sea;
[…]
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Press Release No. 660 of 2 December 2005 issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ecuador
Website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ecuador
1334
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Annex 224
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[…]
Regarding Official Statement RE 14-05 issued by the Government of Peru, which refers to the Joint Declaration, signed in Quito by Presidents Alfredo Palacio of Ecuador, and Ricardo Lagos of Chile, on 1 December 2005, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs declared the following:
[…]
3. The maritime boundaries between Ecuador and Peru are grounded on the Declaration of Santiago of 1952, the Agreement Relating to a Special Maritime Frontier Zone of 1954 and the Act of Brasilia of 1998 in which it is declared that the boundary disputes between the two countries are definitely settled.
4. The statement that the Declaration on the Maritime Zone of 1952 and the Agreement Relating to a Special Maritime Frontier Zone of 1954, to which Chile, Ecuador and Peru are Parties, “are not maritime delimitation treaties”, is a unilateral interpretation that does not accord with a strict application of the international law on boundary matters.
5. The maritime frontier between Ecuador and Peru is the parallel line that is projected on to the sea along the 200 miles, whose latitude is 3° 23' 33" 96 S.
[…]
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DOCUMENTS OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
1338
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Communication from the Republic of Chile on the Conclusion of an Agreement between Chile and Peru regarding Tacna and Arica during the Third Meeting of the Fifty-fifth Session of the Council of League of Nations, 13 June 1929, at 10.30 a.m.
League of Nations, Official Journal, 10th Year, No. 7, July 1929, p. 1004
1340
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Annex 225
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Annex 225
Annex 225
1343
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Annex 226
United Nations, Report of the Special Rapporteur to the ILC, Second Session of the ILC, 1950
United Nations document A/CN.4/17
Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1950, Vol. II
1346
Annex 226
Annex 226
1347
1348
Annex 226
1349
Annex 227
United Nations, Memorandum on the Regime of the High Seas submitted by the Secretariat of the ILC, Second Session of the ILC, 1950
United Nations document A/CN.4/32
Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1950, Vol. II
1350
Annex 227Document:-A/CN.4/32 (French only)Memorandum on the Regime of the High Seas, by the SecretariatTopic:Law of the sea - régime of the high seasExtract from the Yearbook of the International Law Commission:-1950,vol. IIDownloaded from the web site of the International Law Commission (http://www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htm)Copyright © United Nations
Annex 227
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Annex 227
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Annex 228
United Nations, Report of the ILC on its Second Session, 1950
United Nations document A/CN.4/34
Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1950, Vol. II
1356
Annex 228Document:-A/CN.4/34Report of the International Law Commission on its Second Session, 5 June to 29 July 1950,Official Records of the general Assembly, Fifth session, Supplement No.12 (A/1316)Topic:<multiple topics>Extract from the Yearbook of the International Law Commission:-1950,vol. IIDownloaded from the web site of the International Law Commission (http://www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htm)Copyright © United Nations
Annex 228
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Annex 229
United Nations, Summary Record of the 69th
meeting of the ILC, 17 July 1950
United Nations document A/CN.4/SR.69
Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1950, Vol. I
1360
Annex 229 Document:- A/CN.4/SR.69 Summary record of the 69th meeting Topic: Law of the sea - régime of the high seas Extract from the Yearbook of the International Law Commission:- 1950 , vol. I Downloaded from the web site of the International Law Commission (http://www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htm) Copyright © United Nations
Annex 229
1361
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Annex 230
United Nations, “Draft Articles on the Continental Shelf and Related Subject”, annexed to the Report of the
ILC on its Third Session, 1951
United Nations document A/CN.4/48 and Corr. 1 & 2
Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1950, Vol. II
1364
Annex 230 Document:- A/CN.4/48 and Corr.1 & 2 Report of the International Law Commission on its Third Session, 16 May to 27 July Official Records of the General Assembly, Sixth Session, Supplement No.9 (A/1858) Topic: <multiple topics> Extract from the Yearbook of the International Law Commission:- 1951 , vol. II Downloaded from the web site of the International Law Commission (http://www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htm) Copyright © United Nations
Annex 230
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Annex 230
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Annex 231
United Nations, Report on the Regime of the Territorial Sea by Mr. J.P.A. François, Special Rapporteur, 1952
United Nations document A/CN.4/53
Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1952, Vol. II
1368
Annex 231 Document:- A/CN.4/53 (French only) Report on the Regime of the Territorial Sea by Mr. J.P.A. François, Special Rapporteur Topic: Law of the sea - régime of the territorial sea Extract from the Yearbook of the International Law Commission:- 1952 , vol. II Downloaded from the web site of the International Law Commission (http://www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htm) Copyright © United Nations
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United Nations, Summary Record of the 171st
meeting of the ILC, 24 July 1952
United Nations document A/CN.4/SR.171
Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1952, Vol. I
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Annex 232 Document:- A/CN.4/SR.171 Summary record of the 171st meeting Topic: Law of the sea - régime of the territorial sea Extract from the Yearbook of the International Law Commission:- 1952 , vol. I Downloaded from the web site of the International Law Commission (http://www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htm) Copyright © United Nations
Annex 232
1371
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Annex 232
Annex 232
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Annex 232
Annex 232
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1376
1377
Annex 233
United Nations, Annex to the Second Report on the Regime of the Territorial Sea by Mr. J.P.A. François, Special Rapporteur, 1953
United Nations document A/CN.4/61/Add.1
Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1953, Vol. II
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Annex 233 Document:- A/CN.4/61 (French only) and Add.1 & Corr.1 Second Report on the Regime of the Territorial Sea, by Mr. J.P.A. François, Special Rapporteur Topic: Law of the sea - régime of the territorial sea Extract from the Yearbook of the International Law Commission:- 1953 , vol. II Downloaded from the web site of the International Law Commission (http://www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htm) Copyright © United Nations
Annex 233
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Annex 233
Annex 233
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1382
1383
Annex 234
United Nations, Regime of the Territorial Sea: Information and Observations Submitted by Governments Regarding the
Question of the Delimitation of the Territorial Sea of Two
Adjacent States, 1953
United Nations documents A/CN.4/71 and Add.1 & 2
Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1953, Vol. II
1384
Annex 234 Document:- A/CN.4/71 and Add.1 & 2 Regime of the Territorial Sea – Information and Observations Submitted by Regarding the Question of the Delimitation of the Territorial Sea of two Adjacent States Topic: Law of the sea - régime of the territorial sea Extract from the Yearbook of the International Law Commission:- 1953 , vol. II Downloaded from the web site of the International Law Commission (http://www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htm) Copyright © United Nations
Annex 234
1385
1386
Annex 234
Annex 234
1387
1388
Annex 234
Annex 234
1389
1390
Annex 234
Annex 234
1391
1392
Annex 234
Annex 234
1393
1394
Annex 234
1395
Annex 235
United Nations, “Chapter III on the Regime of the High Seas”, annexed to Report of the ILC covering the Work of its Fifth Session, 1953
United Nations document A/CN.4/76
Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1953, Vol. II
1396
Annex 235 Document:- A/CN.4/76 Report of the International Law Commission Covering the Work of its Fifth Session, 1 June - 14 August 1953, Official Records of the General Assembly, Eighth Session, Supplement No. 9 (A/2456) Topic: <multiple topics> Extract from the Yearbook of the International Law Commission:- 1953 , vol. II Downloaded from the web site of the International Law Commission (http://www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htm) Copyright © United Nations
Annex 235
1397
1398
Annex 235
Annex 235
1399
1400
Annex 235
Annex 235
1401
1402
1403
Annex 236
United Nations, Report of the ILC on the Work of its Eighth Session, 1956
United Nations document A/CN.4/104
Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1956, Vol. II
1404
Annex 236 Document:- A/CN.4/104 Report of the International Law Commission on the Work of its Eighth Session, 23 4 July 1956, Official Records of the General Assembly, Eleventh Session, Supplement No. 9 (A/3159) Topic: <multiple topics> Extract from the Yearbook of the International Law Commission:- 1956 , vol. II Downloaded from the web site of the International Law Commission (http://www.un.org/law/ilc/index.htm) Copyright © United Nations
Annex 236
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Annex 237
Resolution XII adopted during the Fifth Ordinary Meeting of the
CPPS in Santiago on 30 September and 1 October 1957
Compilación de Acuerdos y Resoluciones del Sistema Marítimo del Pacífico Sur 1952-1969, Conferencia Sobre Explotación y Conservación de las Riquezas Marítimas del Pacífico Sur, Chile-Ecuador-Perú, December 1969, p. 73
1408
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Annex 237
1409
[…]
XII
THE FIFTH OrdinaryRDINARY Meeting of the Permanent Commission of the South Pacific
CONSIDERING:
That a chief objective for Ecuador, Peru and Chile in setting up a Conference aimed at achieving the conservation and reasonable exploitation of living resources of the marine waters under their jurisdiction was to ensure that these resources serve the continuing need of feeding their respective peoples; that in order to achieve that objective these nations determined, in 1952, the maritime zones over which they have dominion and exclusive sovereignty to develop and exploit these riches; that in the Ordinary Meetings of the Permanent Commission held in Santiago, in October 1954, and in Quito, in December 1955, presentations aimed at inviting Governments to encourage and protect national exploitation of marine waters were made;
RECOMMENDS:
That the Secretary-General of the Permanent Commission … suggest to the Governments the adoption of legislative and economic measures aimed at protecting and promoting the industries involved in the exploitation of marine products.
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Annex 238
Establishment of an integrated air route network suitable for the efficient provision of air traffic services, Working paper
presented by Peru, LIM SAM/SAT, WP/31, 1961
Archives of the International Civil Aviation Organization
1412
Annex 238
Annex 238
1413
1414
Annex 238
Annex 238
1415
1416
Annex 238
1417
Annex 239
Statement by Dr. García Sayán, “Al Cabo de 15 Años”
CPPS Secretary-General, Convenios y Otros Documentos (1952-1966), p. 1
1418
Annex 239
Annex 239
1419
1420
Annex 239
Annex 239
1421
1422
Annex 239
Annex 239
1423
[Translation]
[…]
5. Moreover, the patrolling exercised by the three countries in their respective maritime zones is increasingly preventing foreign intrusions into [those zones] and to subject foreign fishing vessels to the regulation of the respective coastal States. The world resonance of the Onassis affair occurred in 1954 inside the Peruvian maritime zone, as well as other minor incidents, have represented serious and repeated warnings that the three member States of the regional system are resolved to ensure the respect for the regime of sovereignty and maritime jurisdiction that they have proclaimed.
[…]
6. Even though a condominium was not established and each country has its own maritime zone in front of its coastline, the pact of Santiago is in line with the historic evolution towards the economic integration of the States. Given the efficiency with which the system had come to function since its creation, an increasingly reasonable exploitation of marine resources that it protects may be expected, not only to the benefit of the three coastal States but to the benefit of mankind, insomuch as the established regime provided for the conservation of the species and did not exclude the granting of permits to nationals of other States. Without affecting the measures of conservation, these permits were requested and granted continuously, which implied a tacit recognition of the proclaimed jurisdiction.
[…]
[Transcript]
[…]
5. Por otra parte, el patrullaje ejercido por los tres países en sus respectivas zonas marítimas, tiende cada vez más a excluir de ellas las intrusiones foráneas y a someter a las naves pesqueras extranjeras a la reglamentación de los respectivos Estados costeros. La resonancia mundial del affaire Onassis ocurrido en 1954 dentro de la zona marítima peruana, así como otros incidentes menores, han sido serias y reiteradas advertencias de que los tres Estados integrantes del sistema regional están resueltos a hacer respetar el régimen de soberanía y jurisdicción marítima que tienen proclamado.
[…]
6. Aún cuando no exista establecido condominio y cada país tenga su propia zona marítima frente a su respectivo litoral, el pacto de Santiago está en línea con la evolución histórica hacia las integraciones económicas estatales. Dada, por otra parte, la eficacia con que viene funcionando el sistema desde su creación, cabe esperar que habrá de redundar en una explotación cada vez más racional de los recursos marinos que protege, no sólo en beneficio de los tres Estados costeros sino de la humanidad, ya que el régimen establecido provee a la conservación de las especies y no excluye el otorgamiento de permisos a nacionales de otros Estados. Sin mengua, en efecto, de las medidas de conservación, estos permisos se vienen solicitando y otorgando continuadamente, lo que importa un tácito reconocimiento de la jurisdicción proclamada.
[…]
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Annex 240
CPPS Secretary-General, Infracciones en la Zona Marítima del Pacífico Sur, January 1972
1426
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Annex 240
1427
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Annex 240
PRESENTATION
ORIGIN, OBJECTIVE AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION1.
Article 6 of the Statute of the Secretariat-General of the Permanent Commission of the South Pacific, paragraph h), provides that this Secretariat, in its capacity as the executive organ of the Commission, has to “keep a record of the infractions to the Agreements of the South Pacific and the domestic Laws on Fishing and Hunting, which shall be prepared on the basis of the information provided by the National Sections.”
Since the adoption of this Statute in 1967, the Secretariat-General has maintained a “Record of Infractions in the Maritime Zone of the South Pacific”, which records, in a chronological way and country by country, the infractions to the domestic Laws on Fishing and Hunting and the agreements of the Tripartite Maritime System, committed during the 19 years of existence of this organ. [The Record] focuses on the fines and other sanctions imposed by each one of the three States on foreign fishing vessels which are not part of the System and that have trespassed the 200-mile limit.
The Record, which allows one to appreciate objectively the magnitude of an important problem, namely the illegal fishing within waters of the South Pacific, proves that the three countries exercise effective and practical jurisdiction within their waters and that their respective authorities are qualified to protect them.
In view of the usefulness of this Record, the Secretariat-General has deemed appropriate to prepare the present edition. In this way, the important amount of data contained therein will not be confined in the Secretariat-General but will also serve as a permanent source of information to the National Sections and to other organs of the three countries of the South Pacific.
This work was prepared with the important data provided by the National Sections and with other public and official sources of information from the three countries and from the United States of America. It constitutes, above all, a compilation and systematization of data.
Despite our wish to prepare a complete work, some information may be missing. We hope that with the constant collaboration of the National Sections we will overcome these deficiencies in the future.
PLAN AND COMMENTS2.
This work consists of three series of tables:
Infractions in the Maritime Zone of the South Pacific.1.
Vessels that violated the Maritime Zone of the South Pacific.2.
Summaries.3.
Annex 240
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The first series of tables contains a chronological list of the infractions committed in the Maritime Zone (1.1) of Chile, (1.2) of Ecuador and (1.3) of Peru, by fishing vessels from third countries. The information in this series tends to clearly describe each infraction, indicating the name of the vessel, its flag, date and location of capture, the species caught or hunted, the tonnage of fish found on board and the amount, date, authority and legal foundation of the fine imposed. Furthermore, useful observations are added for a clear understanding of the facts. This series includes all the infractions known, not only the ones that resulted in the arrest and fine of the offender.
In this first series of tables, one can see that the [number of] infractions to the Maritime Zone of Chile [is] lower than the one for Peru and Ecuador. In fact, between 1951 and 1971, out of a total of 180 offences, 5 correspond to the Maritime Zone of Chile, 122 to the [Maritime Zone] of Ecuador and 53 to the [Maritime Zone] of Peru, which is explained by the fact that the interest of foreign fishing fleets has focused, especially in recent years, on tuna, the catch of which is greater in Ecuadorean waters.
Although as previously noted our work records infractions as of 1952, when the Tripartite Maritime System was created, we have included in the first series of tables, with respect to Ecuador, three arrests verified by that country in 1951, all of them in the vicinity of the coast, one of them being less than 3 miles away from the coast. We have considered useful to include this information, which proves that even before the Santiago Declaration was signed, the American tuna-clippers were fishing within our waters, and very close to the coast. The Notre Dame was captured two and a half miles from Isla de la Plata, a fact that cannot be justified even if one argues the existence of different opinions as to the breadth of the territorial sea.
The first series of tables also shows that the years in which the largest number of infractions occurred within Ecuadorean waters are 1971 (53), 1967 (11) and 1962 (10). Out of the 53 offences committed in 1971, 52 took place during the so-called “Tuna War” against the United States. The largest number of infractions within Peruvian waters was recorded in 1955 (11) and 1954 (9). The captures within Peruvian waters in 1954 are, however, of major importance, given that they include the whole Onassis fleet.
The months with the largest flow of foreign vessels into the waters of the Maritime Zone of the South Pacific during the period of time covered by this work (1952-1971) were: November (39 vessels), January and February (29 vessels each) and June (17 vessels).
The location of the captures varies considerably. Some vessels are captured in the vicinity of the coast, 2 1/2 miles away from it, or maybe less, as in the case of the abovementioned Notre Dame. Others [are captured] far away from the coast, such as the Kurosho Maru No. 31, which was captured 183 miles away from the Archipelago Colón (Galápagos). Some other vessels are captured at the port, when the infraction is discovered upon arrival to the port for repairs.
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The available data for the first ten years of the Record is incomplete, especially regarding the species caught or hunted. The Onassis fleet, which was captured by Peru in 1954, would have killed approximately between 2,500 and 5,000 whales. 6,800 tons of oil were found on board. It was almost the extermination of the species. American vessels fish yellow-fin tuna and, in previous years, skipjack tuna and also anchovy as bait for tuna. Japanese fishing has been more varied: tuna, skipjack, swordfish, shark, blue marlin and bait of the mackerel type.
Fines have varied according to the tonnage of the seized vessels. The two highest fines imposed by Ecuador correspond to two recidivist American tuna-clippers, “Apollo” and “Ocean Queen”, both in 1971; the amounts were 138,080.00 and 110,560.00 dollars, respectively. In 1954, Peru imposed a joint fine of three million dollars to the Onassis fleet (5 vessels). This is the highest fine ever imposed within the Tripartite System. The fines imposed by the three countries between 1952 and 1971 amount to 6,148,717.84 dollars, of which 6,000.00 dollars correspond to Chile, 2,950,393.84 to Ecuador and 3,192,324.00 to Peru.
The second series of tables contains lists of the offending vessels in alphabetical order, according to nationality: (2.1) Canada; (2.2) United States; (2.3) Japan and (2.4) Panama. This series contains the infractions committed by two Canadian vessels, by one hundred and nine American vessels, nine Japanese vessels and seven Panamanian vessels, five of which belong to the Onassis fleet.
The purpose of the first series was to describe the infractions; the second one is a sort of historical record of the offending vessels, which records each offense together with information on the vessel’s captain, ship-owner, registration number – if available – net and gross tonnage, breached maritime zone, date and fine imposed, as well as other additional observations. These tables show which vessels have breached domestic legislation of the three countries more than once, thereby identifying the recidivist trespassers of the Maritime Zone. The tuna-clipper Western King is on top with six arrests; it is followed by the tuna-clippers Caribbean, Day Island, Nautilius, Hornet, Royal Pacific and San Juan, all [of them of] American [nationality], with four arrests.
The third series contains the following tables, which summarize the abovementioned information and which are self-explanatory:
3.1) General summary of infractions;
3.2) Summary of infractions by year;
3.3) Summary of infractions by month;
3.4) General summary of imposed fines; and
3.5) Summary of imposed fines by year.
[…]
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Permanent Commission of the South Pacific
T
able 1.3
I
nfractions in the Maritime Zone of the South Pacific
(Chronological list by countries)
PERU
Vessel
Nationality (Flag)
Capture of the Vessel
Fished or hunted species
Tonnage captured
Fine
Observations
Date
Location
Amount in US$
Date
Senten-
cing Authority
Legal basis
[…]
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Annex 240
1433
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Annex 240
Permanent Commission of the South Pacific
T
able 3.1
I
nfractions in the Maritime Zone of the South Pacific
1952 – 1971
G
eneral Summary
Nationality of the Vessel
(Flag)
Maritime Zone of Chile
Maritime Zone of Ecuador
Maritime Zone of Peru
Maritime Zone of the South Pacific
Infractions
Infractions sanctioned by a fine
Infractions
Infractions sanctioned by a fine
Infractions
Infractions sanctioned by a fine
Infractions
Infractions sanctioned by a fine
Canadian
US American
Japanese
Panamanian
[…]
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Permanent Commission of the South Pacific
T
able 3.4
F
ines imposed for infractions in the Maritime Zone of the South Pacific
1952 – 1971
G
eneral Summary
Nationality of the Vessel (Flag)
Chile
Ecuador
Peru
South Pacific
Fines
Amount in US$
Fines
Amount in US$
Fines
Amount in US$
Fines
Amount in US$
Canadian
US American
Japanese
Panamanian
[…]
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Annex 241
United Nations Office for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, The Law of the Sea – Maritime Boundary Agreements
(1942-1969), 1991
1438
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Annex 241
1439
1440
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Annex 241
1441
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1443
Annex 242
United Nations, Office of Legal Affairs, Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Handbook on the Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries, 2000
1444
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Annex 242
1445
1446
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Annex 243
ICAO Inter-Office Memorandum of 3 February 2005 “Boundaries of the Antofagasta and Lima FIRs”
with Enclosures
Archives of the International Civil Aviation Organization
1448
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Annex 243
1449
1450
Annex 243
Annex 243
1451
1452
Annex 243
Annex 243
1453
1454
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Annex 244
United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Table of Claims to Maritime Jurisdiction
as at 28 May 2008
United Nations Law of the Sea Bulletin 54, p. 132
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Table of claims to maritime jurisdiction (as at 28 May 2008)Introductory note: The present table of claims to maritime jurisdiction represents a review of information published, inter alia, in the report of the Secretary General on oceans and the law of the sea (document A/56/58). It is based on national legislation and other relevant information obtained from reliable sources with a view to ensuring the most accurate representation of the status of claims. Despite extensive research and periodic review, however, the table may not always reflect the latest developments, especially those which have not been brought to the attention of the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Office of Legal Affairs of the United Nations, the publisher of the Bulletin. To report any new developments or inaccuracies regarding the status of claims, please contact the Division, Room DC2-0460, United Nations, New York, NY 10017, or send an email to: [email protected]. Concerning approach, which has been adopted with respect to the information regarding the continental shelf, the following is to be noted: The Convention on the Continental Shelf which was adopted in Geneva on 29 April 1958 (“the 1958 Geneva Convention”) defines the term "continental shelf" as: (a) the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas adjacent to the coast but outside the area of the territorial sea, to a depth of 200 metres or, beyond that limit, to where the depth of the superjacent waters admits of the exploitation of the natural resources of the said areas; and (b) the seabed and subsoil of similar submarine areas adjacent to the coasts of islands. Under the provisions of article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 (“the 1982 Convention”), the continental shelf extends up to the outer edge of the continental margin, or up to 200 nautical miles where the outer edge does not extend up to 200 nautical miles, or up to the line of delimitation. The table reflects the fact that, under international law, 1 the rights of a coastal State over the shelf do not depend on occupation, effective or notional, or on any express proclamation. However, in a number of cases, discrepancies seem to exist between the limits as reflected in the national legislation, originally based on the 1958 Geneva Convention, and the entitlements of States Parties under the 1982 Convention. That Convention, pursuant to its article 311, paragraph 1, prevails, as between States Parties, over the 1958 Geneva Convention. As it appears, certain States that became States Parties to the 1982 Convention have not yet completed the process of harmonization of their national legislation with its provisions. However, the entitlement of coastal States to their respective continental shelves up to the limit allowed by international law is not affected. In this connection, it has also to be noted that, under current international law of the sea and all legal aspects considered, the outer limits of the continental shelf would extend, in most cases, up to 200 nautical miles or up to the line of maritime delimitation. Regarding the limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, States Parties to 1982 Convention need to make a submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in order to seek its recommendation. Several submissions have already been made and a number of other States Parties are in the process of preparing such submissions. This material is unofficial and for informational purposes only. The designations employed and the presentation of the material on this site do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Publication on this site of information concerning developments relating to the law of the sea emanating from actions and decisions taken by States does not imply recognition by the United Nations of the validity of the actions and decisions in question. 1 Article 2, paragraph 3, of the 1958 Geneva Convention and article 77, paragraph 3, of the 1982 Convention.
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Territorial SeaContiguous Zone Exclusive Economic ZoneFisheries Zone Continental Shelf (see introductory note): Parties to 1982 Convention or, where the State is not a party to it, parties to 1958 Convention | Outer limit claims as reflected in legislation4STATEUNCLOS Ratification, Accession Does the legislation provide for straight baselines? 2Does the State claim archipelagic status? 3Breadth of the zone in nautical miles4Party to: Outer limit Barbados 12/10/1993 Yes 122001982N/ABelgium13/11/1998 122411121982DLMBelize 13/08/1983 Yes 12132001982N/ABenin16/10/1997 2001982N/ABosnia and Herzegovina 12/01/1994 1982N/ABrazil 22/12/1988 Yes 12242001982CM/200Brunei Darussalam 05/11/1996 122001982N/ABulgaria15/05/1996 Yes 12242001982DLMCambodiaYes 1224200200Cameroon 19/11/1985 Yes 1214151982CM/200Canada 07/11/2003 Yes 12242001982CM/200Cape Verde 10/08/1987 Yes 12242001982200Chile25/08/1997 Yes 12242001982N/AChina07/06/1996 Yes 12242001982CM/200 11 Defined by coordinates of points. 12 Coterminous with the exclusive economic zone. 13 Three-mile limit applies from the mouth of Sarstoon River to Ranguana Caye. 14 See article 45 of Law 96-06 of 18 January 1996 on the revision of the Constitution of 2 June 1972. 15 No legislation available. See ICJ Judgment of 10 October 2002 in the Case concerning the land and maritime boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria.
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Territorial SeaContiguous Zone Exclusive Economic ZoneFisheries Zone Continental Shelf (see introductory note): Parties to 1982 Convention or, where the State is not a party to it, parties to 1958 Convention | Outer limit claims as reflected in legislation4STATEUNCLOS Ratification, Accession Does the legislation provide for straight baselines? 2Does the State claim archipelagic status? 3Breadth of the zone in nautical miles4Party to: Outer limit Denmark 16/11/2004 Yes 122024200/DLM21200221982200m/EXPL.23Djibouti08/10/1991 Yes 12242001982N/ADominica24/10/1991 Yes 12242001982N/ADominican RepublicYes Yes 1224200CM/200EcuadorYes 2002420025Egypt 26/08/1983 Yes 1224261982N/AEl Salvador 200N/AEquatorial Guinea 21/07/1997 Yes 122001982N/AEritrea1227N/A 20 Act No. 200 of 7 April 1999 on the delimitation of the territorial sea does not apply to the Faroe Islands and Greenland but may become effective by Royal Decree for those parts of the Kingdom of Denmark with the amendments dictated by the special conditions prevailing in the Faroe Islands and Greenland. As far as Greenland is concerned, the outer limit of the external territorial waters may be measured at a distance shorter than 12 nautical miles from the baselines. 21 Applies also to Greenland. 22 For Greenland and Faroe Islands. 23 200m - depth of 200 metres. 24 Only between the continental territorial sea of Ecuador and its insular territorial sea around the Galápagos Islands. 25 Also 100 nautical miles from isobath 2,500m (Only between the continental territorial sea of Ecuador and its insular territorial sea around the Galápagos Islands). 26 In March 2003, Cyprus and Egypt signed an agreement on the delimitation of their respective exclusive economic zones. 27 The exclusive economic zone has been delimited in arbitration Eritrea-Yemen, Award in phase II: Maritime delimitation.
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Territorial SeaContiguous Zone Exclusive Economic ZoneFisheries Zone Continental Shelf (see introductory note): Parties to 1982 Convention or, where the State is not a party to it, parties to 1958 Convention | Outer limit claims as reflected in legislation4STATEUNCLOS Ratification, Accession Does the legislation provide for straight baselines? 2Does the State claim archipelagic status? 3Breadth of the zone in nautical miles4Party to: Outer limit Nicaragua 03/05/2000 12242001982CMNigeria14/08/1986 122001982200m/EXPL.Niue11/10/2006 122001982N/ANorway 24/06/1996 Yes 1224200200451982CM/200Oman17/08/1989 Yes 12242001982Limits not specified.Pakistan26/02/1997 Yes 12242001982CM/200Palau30/09/1996 32001982N/APanama01/07/1996 12242001982CM/200Papua New Guinea 14/01/1997 Yes 12462001982200m/EXPL.Peru20047200Philippines08/05/1984 Yes X482001982EXPL.Poland13/11/1998 Yes 12DLM1982N/APortugal03/11/1997 Yes 12242001982EXPL. 44 Includes Tokelau. 45 Jan Mayen and Svalbard. 46 Three nautical miles in certain areas. 47 Called “Maritime Dominion” in article 54 of the 1993 Constitution: “ ...In its maritime dominion, Peru exercises sovereignty and jurisdiction, without prejudice to the freedoms of international communication, in accordance with the law and the treaties ratified by the State...” 48 Rectangle defined by coordinates. Claim extends beyond 12 nautical miles.
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PRESS ARTICLES
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“El Tratado de Tacna y Arica ante el Congreso Pleno Peruano”
El Diario Ilustrado, 27 June 1929, p. 16
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[Transcript]
[…]
El Presidente Leguía, en el discurso que pronunció esta tarde, a las 18 horas, en la sesión conjunta celebrada por el Senado y la Cámara de Diputados, explicó las cláusulas del tratado de paz y amistad suscrito entre Perú y Chile y que pone fin al problema del Pacífico, y declaró que este tratado representaba el acto más transcendental de la vida democrática del país y la salvación del futuro de la República.
[…]
… como hoy digo con la mano sobre el corazón y mi conciencia plena de regocijo patriótico, que se ha celebrado un tratado que consulta lo mejor de cualquier otro tratado, las más recónditas y positivas conveniencias presentes y futuras de la República.
[…]
[Translation]
[…]
President Leguía, in the speech that he gave this afternoon, at 6 pm, at the joint session of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, explained the clauses of the Treaty of Peace and Friendship signed between Peru and Chile which puts an end to the problem of the Pacific, and declared that this treaty represents the most significant act of the country’s democratic life and the salvation of the Republic’s future.
[…]
… I say today, hand on my heart and with a strong patriotic conscience, that a treaty has been concluded that gathers the best of any other treaty, the deepest and most positive benefits present and future to the Republic.
[…]
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J. M. Peña Prado, Address to the Congress of Peru
reproduced in La Crónica, 7 May 1955
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[Transcript]
Estas conferencias realizadas en Santiago de Chile tienen por objeto la declaración de la zona marítima, los Convenios celebrados para establecer el control y la vigilancia de nuestros mares, para establecer los límites marítimos entre los países signatarios para determinar las sanciones, los permisos y la reunión de la Conferencia Permanente que debe realizarse todos los años.
[Translation]
The purposes of these conferences held in Santiago de Chile are the declaration of the maritime zone, the Agreements signed for establishing the control and surveillance of our seas, for establishing the maritime boundaries between the signatory countries, for determining the sanctions, the permits and the meeting of the Permanent Commission that must take place every year.
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[Transcript]
Esta Conferencia y los acuerdos de ella no constituyen sino el cumplimiento de la primera conferencia realizada en Santiago el año 1952, en la que se establece la soberanía de la Zona Marítima, la vigilancia y control de nuestros mares, la demarcación de nuestra frontera marina, las sanciones, los permisos y la reunión de la Comisión Permanente que debe realizarse todos los años.
[Translation]
This Conference and its agreements constitute the accomplishment of the first conference held in Santiago in the year 1952, in which the sovereignty over the Maritime Zone, the surveillance and control of our seas, the demarcation of our maritime boundary, the sanctions, the permits and the meeting of the Permanent Commission that must take place every year.
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[Transcript]
En el Convenio sobre los límites marítimos se establece que, a partir de las doce millas de la Costa, se trazará una línea imaginaria de 10 millas de ancho a cada uno de los lados del paralelo que sirve de límite entre los dos países. Esta zona es una zona neutral que sirve para evitar que puedan existir tropiezos y que surjan conflictos o rozamientos entre países limítrofes, especialmente tratándose de embarcaciones pequeñas cuyos marinos pueden perderse o introducirse en ella, lo que, por cierto no implicaría un derecho de pesca sobre el País que se invade.
[Translation]
In the Agreement on maritime boundaries it is established that as from 12 miles off the Coast, an imaginary line with a width of 10 miles will be drawn on each side of the parallel that serves as the boundary between the two countries. This zone is a neutral zone that serves for avoiding the existence of slips and the emergence of conflicts or frictions between bordering countries, especially regarding small vessels whose sailors may get lost or enter into it. This would certainly not imply a right to fish in the Country that has been invaded.
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“Señalan errores en medición del mar territorial peruano”
El Comercio, 23 May 1956
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[Transcript]
Señalan errores en medición del mar territorial peruano
Una superficie de 301,296 Km2 debe ser incluida dentro de nuestra soberanía marítima, dijo el profesor Pedro Martínez de Pinillos
________________________
Continuando el ciclo auspiciado y organizado por la Asociación de Egresados del Instituto Geográfico, ayer, en el Salón de Actos de la Sociedad Geográfica, el profesor Pedro Martínez de Pinillos, disertó sobre el tema “Geografía y Superficie de Nuestro Mar”.
A la hora señalada y hallándose presentes distinguidos representantes del Cuerpo Diplomático, Catedráticos de la U.N.M.S.M., miembros de la Asociación de Egresados, Alumnos de la Academia Diplomática y numeroso público, hizo la presentación del interviniente en finos y delicados términos, el señor Edmundo Rey Riveros, Presidente de la entidad organizadora.
[…]
Analizó el Decreto Supremo del 1ro de Agosto de 1947 que establece la soberanía del Perú sobre 200 millas al Oeste y sobre y debajo de la superficie del Océano y lo objetó diciendo que nuestro Mar es un conjunto geográfico en el que no caben soluciones de continuidad artificial como ocurría con la determinación de la línea Fronteriza, respecto a las islas y la línea trazada a 200 millas al Oeste del litoral siguiendo la de nuestra costa, pues esto permitía a los foráneos, respetando el límite señalado, estar dentro de las 200 millas por error de concepción que había traído como consecuencia el error en el procedimiento para medir dichas distancias hacia el Oeste.
Expresó que esta línea debería trazarse a base de arcos; determinados por líneas oblicuas a la costa desde las puntas más salientes de ella, incluyendo en ellos a las islas. Este procedimiento había dado 301,296 Km2 más que el determinado por el Profesor Vergaray, dato que había sido tomado como oficial. Lo que arrojaba una superficie total de 927,536 Km2 que corresponde al área de las 200 millas marítimas del Mar Peruano.
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Pasó luego a analizar el Acuerdo Tripartito Internacional del 4 de Diciembre de 1954 firmado entre Perú, Chile y Ecuador, por el cual se determinaba entre otras cosas, que la frontera marítima entre estos países se trazaría a partir del punto de unión de las fronteras terrestres y siguiendo las líneas de los paralelos a una distancia hasta 200 millas al Oeste. La objetó indicando que en lo que respecta a la frontera con el país del Sur, este procedimiento atenta contra nuestros derechos. Pues es el caso que la costa del continente Suramericano forma un ángulo justamente en el punto de nuestra frontera con Chile y que lo justo debería ser trazar la bisectriz de este ángulo a partir de dicho punto y no una línea paralela a partir de él.
Señaló que la diferencia obtenida de 301,296 Km2 era la consecuencia de una labor hecha con criterio geográfico, que mucho nos había costado el desconocimiento de este criterio en tiempos pasados y que aún hoy vemos cómo se procede. Que por reparto tradicional somos los desposeídos de America. Pero que felizmente ese acuerdo debería ser ratificado por los Congresos respectivos de los países firmantes y que el nuevo Parlamento vería con ojos muy distintos estos problemas.
Finalizó diciendo que los eternos factores de la Tierra son Suelo, Mar, Espacio y Situación. Que los hombres necesitamos espacio para vivir y para crecer y que nuestros descendientes han de necesitarlo más que nosotros y que guardando el equilibrio entre la fuerza y el propósito deberíamos actuar no sin antes tener muy presente que se tiene tantos derechos como fuerza se posee. Que es obligación y deber de todos nosotros crear conciencia en ésta y en las nuevas generaciones, y en bien de estas mismas en la nueva dimensión Geográfica que es el Mar Peruano para hacer permanente la Dualidad del Perú: Tierra y Mar, porque así se da en la Naturaleza.
[…]
Annex 247
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[Translation]
Errors in the measurement of the Peruvian territorial sea are pointed out
An area of 301,296 km² should be included within our maritime sovereignty, Professor Pedro Martínez de Pinillos said
________________________
Following the series sponsored and organized by the Association of Alumni of the Institute of Geography, yesterday, at the Conference Room of the Geographic Society, professor Pedro Martínez de Pinillos eloquently spoke on the subject of “Geography and the Surface of our Sea.”
At the appointed time and before distinguished representatives of the Diplomatic Corps, professors from the U.N.M.S.M [Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos], members of the Diplomatic Academy Alumni Association and a large audience, Mr. Edmundo Rey Riveros, president of the organizing entity, presented the lecturer in fine and delicate terms.
[…]
He then analyzed the Supreme Decree of 1 August 1947, which establishes the sovereignty of Peru over 200 miles to the west and above and below the ocean surface, and objected it by saying that our sea is a geographic whole in which no artificial solutions, as the determination of the frontier line [línea fronteriza] concerning the islands and the line drawn at 200 miles west of our coast, are conceivable, since this allowed outsiders, respecting the prescribed limit, to be inside the 200 miles by an error of conception that had led to the error in the procedure for measuring these distances to the west.
Professor Martínez then expressed that this line should be drawn based on arcs determined by oblique lines to the coast from the most salient points from it, including the islands within them. This procedure resulted in 301,296 km² more than [the extension] determined by Professor Vergaray, which is the data that had been considered official. This leads to a total area of 927,536 km² which corresponds to the area of the 200 nautical miles of the Peruvian sea.
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He also analyzed the International Tripartite Agreement of 4 December 1954 signed between Peru, Chile and Ecuador, by which it was determined, amongst other things, that the maritime frontier [frontera marítima] between these countries would be drawn from the junction of the land boundaries, following the parallel lines to a distance of 200 miles to the west. The professor objected this by indicating that, regarding the frontier with the Southern country, this procedure was at odds with our rights as the coast of the South American continent forms an angle precisely at the point of our frontier with Chile and that the fair solution would be to draw the bisector of this angle from that point and not a parallel line from it.
He pointed out that the 301,296 km² difference results from applying a geographic criterion and that ignoring this criterion had resulted in a significant cost for us in the past. The Professor states that, as a consequence of a traditional division, we are now the dispossessed of America, but that fortunately that Agreement should be ratified by the respective Congresses of the signatory countries and that the new parliament would see this problem with a different view.
The lecture ended with the Professor’s statement that the eternal land factors are Soil, Sea, Space and Location. That men need space to live and to grow and that our descendants are going to need it more than us and that we should act by keeping the balance between strength and purpose, not without first having in mind that you have as many rights as the strength you hold. That we all have the obligation and duty to raise awareness about the new geographic dimension of the Peruvian Sea amongst the future generations for their own sake, in order to enforce the duality of Peru: land and sea, for this is how it happens in the Nature.
[…]
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J. Velando Ugarteche, “La Salida al Mar de Bolivia”,
Expreso, 19 May 1967, reproduced in a collection
of his written work, 1988
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[…]
Personally, I have contributed to the peace and friendship with Chile as Chief of Frontiers and Boundaries of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, having presided nearly twenty years ago over the Peruvian Commission that, together with the Chilean [Commission], constructed towers and lighthouses for signalling the maritime frontier and avoiding incidents provoked by fishing motor boats and vessels.
[…]
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Volume IV - Annexes 160-248