Separate Opinion of Judge Rezek (translation)

Document Number
100-19990429-ADV-01-03-EN
Parent Document Number
100-19990429-ADV-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE REZEK

[Translation]

The obligation incumbent uponMalaysia is not merely IOnotify the Malay-
sian courts of thejinding of the Secretury-General, but ensurethat the immu-
nity is respected- A Governmentivillensure respectfor immunity if if uses al1
the means ut its disposal in relation to thejudiciary inorder to have that immu-
nity applied in exactly the same ivay as it defend.7its oivn interests andposi-
tions before the courts- Membership of an international organization requires
that elleryState, in its relations with the organization andits agents, display un
attitude ut least as constructiveus tlzatit'hichcharacterizesdiplomatic relations.

Having established the exact scope of the request for advisory opinion
(paras. 32-37),the Court examined the facts in the light of the applicable
law and concluded that the Special Rapporteur is entitled to immunity
from legal process of every kind before national courts. The Secretary-

General was therefore correct in ruling as he did. It accordingly served no
purpose for the Court to go into the question of whether or not the Sec-
retary-General's power of determination was exclusiveand to decide how
the State in question should proceed in the event that it contested the
Secretary-General's determination.
1share the views of the majority on these points, but 1would wish to
emphasize that the obligation incumbent upon Malaysia is not merely to
notify the Malaysian courts of the finding of the Secretary-General, but
to ensure that the immunity is respected.

This is in no way to suggest a course of conduct incompatible with the
very notion of the independence of the judiciary (which independence,
moreover, constitutes the subject-matter of the Special Rapporteur's mis-
sion). The Government will ensure respect for immunity if, having
endorsed the finding of the Secretary-General, it uses al1the means at its
disposa1 in relation to the judiciary (action by the public prosecutor or
the advocate-general in the majority of countries) in order to have that
immunity applied, in exactly the same way as it defends its own interests
and positions before the courts. Admittedly, where the judiciary is an

independent power, it is always possible that, notwithstanding the Gov-
ernment's efforts, immunity may finally bedenied by the highest judicial
instance. In that hypothetical case, just as in the concrete one of the
refusa1by the Malaysian courts to deal with the question of immunity in
limine litisMalaysia would incur international responsibility vis-à-visthe
United Nations by reason of the acts of a power other than the executive.
That would not be a situation unknown to international law, or indeed a
rare occurrence in the history of international relations.
There is no obligation on sovereign States to found international

organizations, or to remain members of them against their will. However, IMMUNITY FROM LEGAL PROCESS (SEP.OP. REZEK) 110

the fact of membership - even in the case of an organization whose
objectives are less essential than those of the United Nations, and in
fields lesssalient than that of human rights - requires that every State,
in its relations with the organization and its agents, display an attitude at

least as constructive as that which characterizes diplomatic relations
between States.

(Signed) Francisco REZEK.

Bilingual Content

OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. REZEK

Le devoir qui s'impose a la Malaisie n'estpas simplement d'aviserles tribu-
naux malaisiens de lu conclusion duSecrétaire généram l,ais deaire respecter
l'immunité - Ungouverrzernrntfait respecter l'immunités'il utilise lesmoyens
dont il disposeauprèsdu pouvoir judiciaire pour lafaire prévaloitro,ut comme
il défendenjustice ses propresthPseset intérêt-s La qualitéde membre d'une
organisation internationalerequiert de touttat, dans ses rapports avecI'orga-
nisation et ses agents. une attitude au moins uussi constructive que celle qui
caractériseles relations diplomatiques.

Une fois établie la portée exacte de la demande d'avis consultatif
(par. 32-37), la Cour a examinéles faits à la lumièredu droit applicable

pour conclure que le rapporteur spécialbénéficie de I'immunitéde toute
juridiction nationale. C'est donc a bon droit que le Secrétaire général
s'estprononcécomme il l'a fait. Il étaitdèslors inutile pour la Cour de se
pencher sur la question de savoir si le pouvoir d'appréciation du Secré-
taire général estou non exclusif et de déterminer comment 1'Etat ter-
ritorial devrait procéder au cas où il contesterait l'appréciation du
Secrétaire général.
Je partage lesvues de la majoritésur ces points, tout en insistant sur ce
que le devoir qui s'impose à la Malaisie n'est pas simplement d'aviser les
tribunaux malaisiens de la conclusion du Secrétairegénéral, mais defaire

respecter l'immunité.
Cette conclusion ne suggère nullement uneconduite incompatible avec
l'idée mêmd e'indépendancede la justice (indépendance qui constitue au
demeurant l'objet de la mission du rapporteur spécial).Le gouvernement
fait respecter I'immunité si,ayant adopté la conclusion du Secrétaire
général,il utilise les moyens dont il dispose auprès du pouvoir judiciaire
(l'action du procureur ou de l'avocat généraldans la plupart des pays)
pour la faire prévaloir,tout comme il défend enjusticeses propres thèses
et intérêts. Certes,si le pouvoir judiciaire est un pouvoir indépendant, il
demeure toujours possible que, nonobstant les efforts du gouvernement,

I'immunité soit finalement déniépear l'instance judiciaire suprême.Dans
cette hypothèse abstraite, comme dans celle plus concrètedu refus par la
justice malaisienne de traiter la question de I'immunité in limine litisla
responsabilité internationale de la Malaisie serait engagée vis-à-vis des
Nations Unies du fait des actes d'un pouvoir autre que l'exécutif. Cene
serait pas là une situation inconnue en droit international, pas même une
situation rare dans l'histoire desrelations internationales.

Rien n'oblige les Etats souverains à fonder des organisations interna-
tionales, et aucun d'entre eux n'est tenu d'en rester membre contre son SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE REZEK

[Translation]

The obligation incumbent uponMalaysia is not merely IOnotify the Malay-
sian courts of thejinding of the Secretury-General, but ensurethat the immu-
nity is respected- A Governmentivillensure respectfor immunity if if uses al1
the means ut its disposal in relation to thejudiciary inorder to have that immu-
nity applied in exactly the same ivay as it defend.7its oivn interests andposi-
tions before the courts- Membership of an international organization requires
that elleryState, in its relations with the organization andits agents, display un
attitude ut least as constructiveus tlzatit'hichcharacterizesdiplomatic relations.

Having established the exact scope of the request for advisory opinion
(paras. 32-37),the Court examined the facts in the light of the applicable
law and concluded that the Special Rapporteur is entitled to immunity
from legal process of every kind before national courts. The Secretary-

General was therefore correct in ruling as he did. It accordingly served no
purpose for the Court to go into the question of whether or not the Sec-
retary-General's power of determination was exclusiveand to decide how
the State in question should proceed in the event that it contested the
Secretary-General's determination.
1share the views of the majority on these points, but 1would wish to
emphasize that the obligation incumbent upon Malaysia is not merely to
notify the Malaysian courts of the finding of the Secretary-General, but
to ensure that the immunity is respected.

This is in no way to suggest a course of conduct incompatible with the
very notion of the independence of the judiciary (which independence,
moreover, constitutes the subject-matter of the Special Rapporteur's mis-
sion). The Government will ensure respect for immunity if, having
endorsed the finding of the Secretary-General, it uses al1the means at its
disposa1 in relation to the judiciary (action by the public prosecutor or
the advocate-general in the majority of countries) in order to have that
immunity applied, in exactly the same way as it defends its own interests
and positions before the courts. Admittedly, where the judiciary is an

independent power, it is always possible that, notwithstanding the Gov-
ernment's efforts, immunity may finally bedenied by the highest judicial
instance. In that hypothetical case, just as in the concrete one of the
refusa1by the Malaysian courts to deal with the question of immunity in
limine litisMalaysia would incur international responsibility vis-à-visthe
United Nations by reason of the acts of a power other than the executive.
That would not be a situation unknown to international law, or indeed a
rare occurrence in the history of international relations.
There is no obligation on sovereign States to found international

organizations, or to remain members of them against their will. However,110 IMMUNITÉ DE JURIDICTION (OP. IND. REZEK)

gré.Cependant la qualité de membre - mêmelorsqu'il s'agit d'une orga-
nisation dont les objectifs sont moins essentiels que ceux des Nations
Unies, et alors que le domaine d'action concernén'est pas aussi éminent
que celui des droits de l'homme - requiert de tout Etat, dans ses rap-
ports avec l'organisation et ses agents, une attitude au moins aussi cons-
tructive que celle qui caractériseles relations diplomatiques entre Etats.

(SignéF )rancisco REZEK. IMMUNITY FROM LEGAL PROCESS (SEP.OP. REZEK) 110

the fact of membership - even in the case of an organization whose
objectives are less essential than those of the United Nations, and in
fields lesssalient than that of human rights - requires that every State,
in its relations with the organization and its agents, display an attitude at

least as constructive as that which characterizes diplomatic relations
between States.

(Signed) Francisco REZEK.

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Document Long Title

Separate Opinion of Judge Rezek (translation)

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