Dissenting Opinion of Judge El-Khani (translation)

Document Number
066-19820720-ADV-01-07-EN
Parent Document Number
066-19820720-ADV-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE EL-KHAN1

[Translation]

To my great regret 1find myself obliged to dissociate myself from the

Advisory Opinion which the Court has seenfit to givein the present case,
because 1consider that, for reasons of principle bound up with the very
nature of the Court's jurisdiction, and having regard to the procedural
irregularities committed by the body which referred the case to it, the
Court, inthisinstance, ought tohaverefusedtocomplywith therequest for
an advisory opinion.

The Court decided by a majority to comply with the request submitted
by the Cornmitteeon Applications for the Reviewof AdministrativeTri-
bunal Judgements (hereinafter called "the Committee"). In the exerciseof
the discretionary power conferred upon it by Article 65 of its Statute, the
Court agreed to give an advisory opinion on the question laid before the
Committee by the United States of America, as to whether the United

Nations Administrative Tribunal (hereinafter called "the Tribunal") was
"warranted" in Judgement No. 273in the case Mortishedv. the Secretary-
Generalof the United Nations, a question which the Committee made its
own.
Thus the Court was indirectly led to study a case opposing a United
Nations staff member to the Secretary-General, within the framework of
the reviewof ajudgement rendered by theTribunal. But 1believe,to begin
with, that the Court's principal task should be to concern itself with cases
between States, which alone may appear before it (Statute, Art. 34)where-
as private individuals have no access.
Moved by a concern for equality which was lacking within the Com-
mittee, the Court has not held any hearing in the present case; othenvise
counsel for Mr. Mortished would have had to plead before the Court.
It is true that, by virtue of Article 96 of the Charter of the United
Nations and Article 65of the Statute of theCourt, duly authorized organs
of the United Nations may request an advisory opinion of the Court. The

Committee on Applications for Reviewis one of those organs, by virtue of
Article 11,paragraph 4,of the Statute of theAdministrative Tribunal ;but
isnot thisan indirect wayof givingaccessto theCourt to any staffmember
concerning whom the Committee, for one reason or another, might con-
sider that there was a "substantial basis" for an application? Besides, is
there not arisk that suchadiscretionary powermay be usedwithout regard
to law, giventhe political natureand thecomposition of the Committee ?1do not believe that such unlimited access to the Court entered into the
intentions of those who, in 1955, sought to widen the possibilities of
challenging Administrative Tribunal judgements.
Furthermore, the Advisory Opinion, in paragraph 26, mentions the
followingpoint raisedby theGovernment of theUnited States ofAmerica
in its written statement :

"The Assembly appears to have decided that the United Nations
and the General Assembly will not be bound by an adverse Admin-
istrative Tribunal judgement with respect to which substantial legal
doubt exists [that is to Say,if objection has been taken to thejudge-
ment, and the Committee hasfoundthat thereis asubstantial basis for
the objection] unless the Court sustains the Administrative Tribunal
on the law of the matter."

1find that to venture upon such a statement involves entering into the
future intentions of eachmember State of the United Nations or claiming
to speak in the name of the General Assembly. 1 do not think that the
Court, whosejurisdiction, powers and functions are governed by its Sta-
tute and the Charter of the United Nations, may base its decisions
on considerations of probability or on future intentions as yet unex-
pressed.
In its Advisory Opinion, the Court, basing itself on longstanding juris-

prudence, refutes the argument of theGovernment of theUnited States of
America ; it concludes however that :
"even if its giving of an advisory opinion were legally indispensable
for ajudgement of the Administrative Tribunal to become final .. .
this consideration should not prevent it frommaintaining unimpaired
the discretionary character of its exercise of advisory jurisdiction"
(ibid.).

In my viewthe Court should in the circumstances have made use of the
discretionary power conferred upon it by Article 65 of its Statute and
refused to give an advisory opinion.

The Court's AdvisoryOpinion explicitlyand clearlyenumerates in great
detail the irregularities marring the Committee's request concerning the
Tribunal's Judgement No. 273. Despite the fundamental nature of these
irregularities, which according to the Advisory Opinion almost constitute
"compelling reasons" for not entertaining the request, the Court has
decided to comply with it in order "to assist the General Assembly if it
should decide to reconsider its present procedure related to review of the
Administrative Tribunal's Judgements" (Opinion, para. 79).

Earlier the Opinion had stated : "Of course the irregularities which feature throughout the proceed-

ings in the present case could well be regarded as constituting 'com-
pellingreasons'fora refusa1by theCourt to entertain the request. The
stability and efficiencyof theinternational organizations, ofwhichthe
United Nations is the supreme exarnple, are however of such para-
mount importance to world order, that the Court should not fail to
assist a subsidiary body of the United Nations General Assembly in
putting its operation upon a firm and secure foundation." (Opinion,
para. 45.)

While agreeing that the stability and efficiencyof international organi-
zations must be maintained and strengthened, that there must be closer
CO-operationto that end among the various organs and agencies of the
United Nations family and that it is the duty of the Court, as the Orga-
nization's principal judicial organ, to assist in the work of placing the
operation of thesebodies on solidfoundations of law and legality,1do not
understand this to mean that the Court should sacrifice the elementary
principles of procedure, which are a major factor in the administration of
justice.

1propose to consider in detail some of these irregularities whch 1find
sufficient for the Court to have decided not to entertain the request for
advisory opinion submitted by the Cornmittee.

1. The Compositionof theAdministrative Tribunal

Article 3, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal

provides that :
"The Tribunal shall be composed of seven members, no two of
whom may be nationals of the same State. Only three shall sit in any
particular case." (My emphasis.)

Under Article 6, paragraph 1, of the same instrument :
"Subject to the provisions of the present Statute, theTribunal shall

establish itsrules."
Article 6, paragraph 1, of the Rules in question reads

"The President shall designate the three members of the Tribunal
who, in accordancewith article3 of the Statute, shall constitute the
Tribunal for the purpose of sitting in each particular case or group of
cases.The Presidentmay,in addition, designate one or more members
of the Tribunal to serve as alternates." (My emphasis.)

It clearlyemergesfrom thesetexts that the Tribunal may onlybe composedof threemembers. The word onlyin Article 3,paragraph 1,of the Statute
excludesanyinterpretation enabling four members instead of three to "sit
in any particular case".
The alternates designated by the President of the Tribunal (Rules,
Art. 6)are,astheword suggests,chosen forthe purpose ofreplacing ifneed
be any member who fallsill,is absent or isprevented from sitting. But it is
incomprehensible, and even unlawful, for an altemate to "replace" a full
member of theTribunal whoispresent, othenvise theTribunal wouldhave
a composition of four and not three members,whichwould be a violation
of Article 3, paragraph 1, of its Statute. Admittedly, in the instant case
there wasno problem of a majority ;but, supposing thatthe President and
the alternate had taken one viewand the two vice-presidents the opposite
view,whichviewwould prevail ?Might there not inthat casehavebeen an
additional element, namely a fundamental error in procedure having

occasioned a failure ofjustice ?
1 presume that if some judgements of the Administrative Tribunal,
particularly precedent to theAdvisoryOpinion of 1954(EffectofAwards of
CompensationMade bythe UnitedNationsAdministrative Tribunal),havein
the past been signed by four members, that was perhaps because the
alternate had at somestage or other of the proceedings replaced one of the
ordinary memberswho had been sick,absent orprevented from sitting ;or
that the alternate possessed some specialization or exceptional qualifica-
tion that the othersdid not. Howeverthat may be, no explanationwasgiven
at the timeand no criticismensued. That doesnot mean, however,that this
ought to constitute a precedent.
But in the Mortished case the alternate, who by a strange coincidence
possessed thenationality of the State whch later was to cal1for the review
of Judgement No. 273, not only sat throughout the proceedings but also
appended a dissenting opinion breaking the unanimity of the members
composing theTribunal. Byfailing to consider this aspect of the matter in

any way whatever, the Committee betrayed a degree of casualness in
regard to the rules of procedure and the need to subject the "substantial
basis" of the application to a sufficiently searching examination.
1 believethat theCourt should have taken account of this legalaspect of
the procedure and refused to entertain the request for an advisory opin-
ion.

2. The Compositionof the Committee

The Advisory Opinion very clearly enumerates the irregularities tar-
nishing the composition and operation of this Committee.
Article 11,paragraph 4, of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal
provides :
"For the purpose of this article, a Committee is established and

authorized under paragraph 2 of Article 96 of the Charter to request
advisory opinions of the Court. The Committee shall be composed of the Member States the representatives of which have served on the
General Committee of the most recent regular session of the General
Assembly. The Committee shall meet at United Nations Headquar-
ters and shall establish its own rules."

This Committee is composed of 29 members, selected in accordance
with aregional and geographic distribution whichiswellestablished at the
United Nations. It is an essentially political organ but one having quasi-
judicial competence in this instance. It has discretionary power to decide
whether or not thereis a "substantial basis" for anyapplication for review.
It may therefore either accept that application or reject it.
Given its quasi-judicial character and theimportance and novelty of the

case(it wasthe first time thatan application for reviewhad been submitted
by a State), every member of the Committee should have been present or
represented at the twentieth session which took the decision. But there
were only 17.No official list of the members attending that session has
been communicated to the Court and, sofar as one canjudge, thequorum
and number of votes required by the Committee's rules of procedure were
obtained by the barest of margins.
Here attention should be drawn to the presence of the representative of
Canada, who, in the absence of the representative of Sierra Leone, the
Chairman of the Sixth Committee, and being designated by the latter to
represent him as Vice-Chairman of the Sixth Cornmittee, not only
attended the meetings of the Committee but was elected to be its Chair-
man, directed its deliberations and took part in the vote. But the presence
of the re~resentative of Canada was illicit - which did not Drevent him
from casting a vote which was important in the circumstances. The mem-
ber from Sierra Leone ought to have had someone of his own delegation

deputize for him, not somebody foreign to the Committee.
The Committee, whichis essentially a political organ, exercisesjudicial
functions when it decides that there is a "substantial basis" for an appli-
cation for review.To take such a decision, it has to study thoroughly not
only the legalvalidity of theapplication itself andits concordance with the
grounds of reviewenumerated in Article 11,paragraph 1,of the Statute of
the Administrative Tribunal, but also the judgement itself. (Article 65 of
the Statute of the Court emphasizes the legalnature of the question whch
the organ of the United Nations is authorized to put to it.)

An investigation of this kind callsforjudicial qualifications. This Com-
mittee, which constitutes a link between the Tribunal, the applicant State
and the Court, has to verify the legal validity and the specificity of the
application before deciding whether it has a substantial basis or not.
These requirements do not appear to have been satisfied in the present

case. The Comrnittee itself does not appear to have been legally consti-
tuted, andits Chairman, the delegate from Canada, had no standing to be
part of it. Thus, if the representative of theUnited States, out of concern
for equality and justice, ought not to have participated in the vote, and ifthe representative of Canada ought not to have been present, that leaves
only 15members out of the 17present. That being so, it was only by the
finest of margins that the quorum and number of votes required by the
Committee's rules of procedure were obtained, and the formation of the
Committee appears irregular for want of a legally elected chairman. It
follows that the request for reviewpresented by this Committee was itself

irregular, and the Court should have rejected it out of hand.

3. The Inequality of the Parties beforethe Committee

The Advisory Opinion does well to stress this inequality between the
parties, which was merely accentuated in the proceedings before the
Committee, whichdid not permit counsel for Mr. Mortished toattendand
takepart in its deliberations, afact whichdeprived one of theparties of the
possibility of learning the grounds of the application for review and of
replying to them. Admittedly, this inequality waseffaced beforetheCourt
by the omission of oral proceedings, but wasnot that alacuna whichought
to have been filled in the proceedings within the Committee before the
matter reached the Court ?

1find herein another important reason which should have impelled the
Court to decline to give an opinion.

4. The Singular Formulation of the Question

The Court beginsby quoting in itsAdvisoryOpinion the question as put
to it:

"1sthejudgement of theUnitedNations Administrative Tribunal in
Judgement No. 273, Mortished v. the Secretaiy-General,warranted in
determining that General Assembly resolution 34/ 165of 17Decem-
ber 1979 could not be given immediate effect in requiring, for the
payment of repatriation grants, evidence of relocation to a country
other than the country of the staff member's last duty station ?"

Subsequently the Opinion adds
"The Court has therefore to considerwhether it shouldconfine itself

to answering the question put ; or, having examined the question,
declineto givean opinion in response to therequest ;or,in accordance
with its establishedjurisprudence, seek to bring out what it conceives
to be the real meaning of the Comrnittee's request, and thereafter
proceed to attempt to answer rationally and effectively 'the legal
questions really in issue'." (Para. 47.)

After examining "the objections, for which the Committee found there
was a 'substantial basis' " (ibid.,para. 48) and discussing various consid-
erations, the Court accepts the Committee's interpretation of this vagueand ambiguous question and itself concludes likewise that the two out of
four possible grounds discerned by the representative of the United King-
dom, accepted and enlarged upon by the representative of the United
States,arepoints oflawupon whichthe Court should giveitsopinion.And
so it is thanks to the representative of the United Kingdom that the two
grounds of review were finaily defined. Nevertheless the question re-
mained the same, without any fresh formulation such as might have ren-
dered it clearer, more juridical or more in conformity with the require-
ments of Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the United Nations
Administrative Tribunal. It remained vague,imprecise and badly drafted.
It lends itself to ambiguities and is contrary to the terms of Article 65,
paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, which stipulates :

"Questions upon whch the advisory opinion of the Court is asked
shallbe laidbefore theCourt by means of awritten request containing
an exact statement of the question upon which an opinion is required,
and accompanied by al1documents likely to throw light upon the
question." (My emphasis.)

But the sort of terms to be found in the question, e.g., "warranted",
"légitimement"provide no kind of "exact statement" of the two grounds
envisagedby the United States, adoptedby theCommittee and taken over
by the Court.
In 1973,in theFaslacase,the question put to the Court didindicate, very
clearly, the two grounds of application for review.
In the present case, the Court did not giveits own interpretation of the
question asit didin 1980(Interpretation oftheAgreement of25 March 1951
betweenthe WHO andEgypt). If it had done so,it would haveadded to the
existingconfusionand, although itsjurisprudence authorizesit so to act, it
should only do so in cases of absolute necessity. The Court admitted the
Committee's interpretation, which, by giving twogrounds of reviewfor a
single question, created a confusion that resulted in the diversity of the
voting both in the Committee itself and within the Court. It may be
wondered whether the second ground adduced, namely excessofjurisdic-
tion, isnot includedin thefirst :error on a question of law ;or if error on a
question of law does not engender excess ofjurisdiction. It is in order to
avoid al1ambiguity that the Statute of the Court requires that the request
should contain an exact statement of thequestion and be "accompanied by
al1documents likelyto throw lightupon" it (Art. 65,para. 2).If such isnot
the case and the Court findsthe question vague,ill-drafted, imprecise and

conducive to ambiguity, the Court is entitled and has an obligation to
reject it. That, in my view, is what it ought to have done.
The Court may not evade its judicial obligations. If it recognizes that
errors committed in proceedings which are "quasi-judicial" in character
are fundamental, that they constitute "compelling reasons" for rejecting
the request for an opinion, it is to offer up procedure as a sacrifice to
disregard the fact and Saythat, these blatant errors notwithstanding, the
Court, in order to assist the United Nations to put its authority andoperation on a firm foundation, agrees to comply with the request and
render its opinion.

1have therefore voted against point 1in the operative paragraph of the
Advisory Opinion because 1consider :
(a) that the Court, whoseprimary roleis to dealwith casesbetween States,
should not be led into givingopinions which finally result in diverting
it from its principal sphere of jurisdiction and reducing it to being a
court of appeal fromjudgements of the United Nations Administra-
tive Tribunal in cases between officials and the Secretary-General ;

(b) that the grave errors vitiating the request constitute "compelling rea-
sons" that should induce the Court to consider the request for advisory
opinion as inadmissible.
1voted against point 2, paragraphs A and B,in order to be rational and
consistent, because 1consider that the Court should have gone no farther

after point 1.

(Signed) A. EL-KHANI.

Bilingual Content

OPINION DISSIDENTE DE M. EL-KHAN1

Amongrandregret, je mevoisdans l'obligationde medissocier de l'avis
que la Cour a estimédevoir rendre en la présenteespèce.Je considèreen
effet que, pour des raisons de principe liées à la nature mêmede la
juridiction de la Cour, eà cause desirrégularitésprocéduralescommises
au niveau de l'instance qui l'asaisie,la Cour aurait dû, en l'espèce,refuser
de donner suite à la requête pouravis consultatif.

La Cour a décidé , la majorité, de donner suità la requête présentée
par le Comité des demandes de réformation de jugements du Tribunal
administratif (appelé ci-2prèsle Comité).Dans l'exercicedu pouvoir dis-
crétionnairequeluireconnaît l'article 65de son Statut, la Cour accepte de
donner un avisconsultatif sur la question dont les Etats-Unis d'Amérique
ont saisile Comité, au sujet de la(<légitimité1du jugement no 273 pro-
noncépar le Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies (appeléci-aprèsle
Tribunal) dans l'affaireMortishedc.leSecrétairegénéral dle'Organisation
des Nations Unies,question que le Comité a adoptée.

Ainsi la Cour aétéindirectementamenée àétudierune affaireopposant
un fonctionnaire de l'organisation desNations Unies au Secrétaire géné-
ral, dans lecadre de laréformationd'unjugement du Tribunal. Or,je crois
pour commencer que la tâche principale de la Cour devrait êtrede s'oc-
cuperdesaffairesopposant lesEtats,qui seulsont qualitépourseprésenter
devant elle (Statut, art. 34), les individus n'y ayant pas accès.
Animéepar un souci d'égalité quia fait défaut au sein du Comité,la
Cour n'apas tenud'audience enl'espèce ;sinonle conseilde M. Mortished
aurait dû plaider devant la Cour.
Il est vrai qu'en vertude l'article96dela ChartedesNations Unieset de
l'article65 du Statut de la Cour les organes des Nations Uniesà ce auto-

riséspeuvent demander un avis consultatif à la Cour. Le Comité des
demandes de réformation est un de ces organes en vertu de l'article 11,
paragraphe 4,du statut du Tribunaladministratif ;maisn'est-cepas làune
manièreindirecte de donner accès àla Cour à tout fonctionnaireà propos
duquel le Comité jugerait, pour une raison ou pour une autre, qu'une
demande repose sur des <<bases sérieuses))?Un tel pouvoir discrétion-
naire ne risque-t-il d'ailleurs pas d'êtreutilisésans égardau droit étant
donnéla nature politique et la composition du Comité ? Je ne crois pas DISSENTING OPINION OF JUDGE EL-KHAN1

[Translation]

To my great regret 1find myself obliged to dissociate myself from the

Advisory Opinion which the Court has seenfit to givein the present case,
because 1consider that, for reasons of principle bound up with the very
nature of the Court's jurisdiction, and having regard to the procedural
irregularities committed by the body which referred the case to it, the
Court, inthisinstance, ought tohaverefusedtocomplywith therequest for
an advisory opinion.

The Court decided by a majority to comply with the request submitted
by the Cornmitteeon Applications for the Reviewof AdministrativeTri-
bunal Judgements (hereinafter called "the Committee"). In the exerciseof
the discretionary power conferred upon it by Article 65 of its Statute, the
Court agreed to give an advisory opinion on the question laid before the
Committee by the United States of America, as to whether the United

Nations Administrative Tribunal (hereinafter called "the Tribunal") was
"warranted" in Judgement No. 273in the case Mortishedv. the Secretary-
Generalof the United Nations, a question which the Committee made its
own.
Thus the Court was indirectly led to study a case opposing a United
Nations staff member to the Secretary-General, within the framework of
the reviewof ajudgement rendered by theTribunal. But 1believe,to begin
with, that the Court's principal task should be to concern itself with cases
between States, which alone may appear before it (Statute, Art. 34)where-
as private individuals have no access.
Moved by a concern for equality which was lacking within the Com-
mittee, the Court has not held any hearing in the present case; othenvise
counsel for Mr. Mortished would have had to plead before the Court.
It is true that, by virtue of Article 96 of the Charter of the United
Nations and Article 65of the Statute of theCourt, duly authorized organs
of the United Nations may request an advisory opinion of the Court. The

Committee on Applications for Reviewis one of those organs, by virtue of
Article 11,paragraph 4,of the Statute of theAdministrative Tribunal ;but
isnot thisan indirect wayof givingaccessto theCourt to any staffmember
concerning whom the Committee, for one reason or another, might con-
sider that there was a "substantial basis" for an application? Besides, is
there not arisk that suchadiscretionary powermay be usedwithout regard
to law, giventhe political natureand thecomposition of the Committee ?1qu'un tel accèsillimité à la Cour ait été dans lesintentions de ceuxqui, en
1955, ont voulu élargirles possibilités de contestation de jugements du
Tribunal administratif.
D'autre part, l'avis consultatif mentionne, au paragraphe 26, le point
évoqué par le Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d'Amériquedans son exposé
écrit :

<L'Assembléeparaît avoir décidéque ni l'organisation des Na-
tions Unies ni elle-mêmene seraient tenues par un jugement défavo-
rable du Tribunal administratif qui soulèverait des doutesjuridiques
sérieux [c'est-à-diresi, le jugement étant contesté, le Comité avait
estiméque lacontestation reposait sur desbasessérieuses] à moins que

la Cour ne confirme la décision du Tribunal administratif sur le
droit )).
Je trouve que c'est entrer dans les intentions futures de chaque Etat
Membre des Nations Unies ou prétendre parler au nom de l'Assemblée

généraleque de pouvoir formuler une pareille affirmation. Je ne crois pas
que la Cour, dont lajuridiction, lesattributions et lesfonctionssont régies
par son Statut et par la Charte des Nations Unies, puisse fonder ses
jugements sur des considérationsprobables ou desintentions futures non
exprimées.
Dans son avis, la Cour, se fondant sur une jurisprudence ancienne,
réfute l'argument du Gouvernement des Etats-Unis d'Amérique ; elle
conclut cependant que si

(<un avisconsultatif de sapart étaitjuridiquement indispensable pour
qu'un jugement du Tribunal administratif devienne définitif, cette
considération ne devrait pas l'empêcherde préserver intégralementle
caractère discrétionnaire de l'exercice de sa fonction consultative )>

(ibid.).
Selon moi la Cour aurait dû en l'occurrence user du pouvoir discrétion-
naire que lui accorde l'article 65 de son Statut et refuser de donner un

avis.

L'avis consultatif rendu par la Cour énumère,d'une façon explicite,
claire et fort détailléel,esirrégularitésqui entachent la requêtedu Comité
concernant le jugement no 273 du Tribunal. Malgréle caractère fonda-

mental de ces irrégularités, qui,d'aprèsl'avisconsultatif, constitueraient
presque des <(raisons décisives )pour ne pas répondre à la requête,la Cour
décidede donner suite àla demandepour <<aider l'Assemblée générala eu
cas où celle-ci décideraitde reconsidérer la procédure actuellement suivie
enmatière de réformation desjugements du Tribunal administratif )>(avis
consultatif, par. 79).
Auparavant, l'avis énonce :do not believe that such unlimited access to the Court entered into the
intentions of those who, in 1955, sought to widen the possibilities of
challenging Administrative Tribunal judgements.
Furthermore, the Advisory Opinion, in paragraph 26, mentions the
followingpoint raisedby theGovernment of theUnited States ofAmerica
in its written statement :

"The Assembly appears to have decided that the United Nations
and the General Assembly will not be bound by an adverse Admin-
istrative Tribunal judgement with respect to which substantial legal
doubt exists [that is to Say,if objection has been taken to thejudge-
ment, and the Committee hasfoundthat thereis asubstantial basis for
the objection] unless the Court sustains the Administrative Tribunal
on the law of the matter."

1find that to venture upon such a statement involves entering into the
future intentions of eachmember State of the United Nations or claiming
to speak in the name of the General Assembly. 1 do not think that the
Court, whosejurisdiction, powers and functions are governed by its Sta-
tute and the Charter of the United Nations, may base its decisions
on considerations of probability or on future intentions as yet unex-
pressed.
In its Advisory Opinion, the Court, basing itself on longstanding juris-

prudence, refutes the argument of theGovernment of theUnited States of
America ; it concludes however that :
"even if its giving of an advisory opinion were legally indispensable
for ajudgement of the Administrative Tribunal to become final .. .
this consideration should not prevent it frommaintaining unimpaired
the discretionary character of its exercise of advisory jurisdiction"
(ibid.).

In my viewthe Court should in the circumstances have made use of the
discretionary power conferred upon it by Article 65 of its Statute and
refused to give an advisory opinion.

The Court's AdvisoryOpinion explicitlyand clearlyenumerates in great
detail the irregularities marring the Committee's request concerning the
Tribunal's Judgement No. 273. Despite the fundamental nature of these
irregularities, which according to the Advisory Opinion almost constitute
"compelling reasons" for not entertaining the request, the Court has
decided to comply with it in order "to assist the General Assembly if it
should decide to reconsider its present procedure related to review of the
Administrative Tribunal's Judgements" (Opinion, para. 79).

Earlier the Opinion had stated : (<Certes lesirrégularités quid,epuis ledébut,ont marquélaprésente
affaire, pourraient fort bien êtreconsidérées commedes <<raisons
décisives )permettant à la Cour de décliner la requête. Toutefois la
stabilitéet l'efficacité des organisationsinternationales, dont l'Orga-
nisation des Nations Unies représente l'exemple suprêmes,ont d'une

importance si fondamentale pour l'ordre mondial que la Cour ne
sauraitmanquerd'aider un organe subsidiaire del'Assembléegénérale
des Nations Unies à asseoir son fonctionnement sur desbases fermes
et sûres. (Avis consultatif, par. 45.)

Tout en convenant que la stabilitéet l'efficacité desorganisationsinter-
nationales doivent êtremaintenues etrenforcées,quela coopération àcette
fin entre les différents organes etinstitutions de la famille des Nations
Unies doit êtreresserrée etque le devoir de la Cour, organe judiciaire
principal de l'organisation, est d'aider à asseoir lefonctionnement de ses
organes sur des bases solides de droit et de légalitéj,e ne crois pas que la
Cour doivepour autant sacrifierlesprincipes élémentaires delaprocédure,
élément principal d'unebonne justice.

Je me propose d'examiner en détail quelques-unesde ces irrégularités
qui me paraissent suffisantes pour que la Cour décidede ne pas donner
suite à la requête pouravis consultatif présentéepar le Comité.

1. La compositiondu Tribunaladministratif

L'article 3, paragraphe 1, du statut du Tribunal administratif précise
que :
<<Le Tribunal se compose de sept membres, tous de nationalité
différente.Trois d'entre eux seulement siègentdans chaque espèce. )>

(Les italiques sont de moi.)
En vertu de l'article6, paragraphe 1,de ce statut :

(<Sousréservedesdispositionsdu présentStatut, leTribunal arrête
son règlement. ))

L'article 6, paragraphe 1, du règlement est ainsi conçu :
(<Leprésident désigneles troismembresdu Tribunal qui, conformé-

ment à l'article3 du Statut, composent le Tribunal siégeant dans
chaque affaire ou groupe d'affaires. Il peut également désignerun ou
plusieurs autres membres du Tribunal en qualitéde suppléants. ))(Les
italiques sont de moi.)

Il ressort clairement decestextes quele Tribunal nepeut êtrecomposéque "Of course the irregularities which feature throughout the proceed-

ings in the present case could well be regarded as constituting 'com-
pellingreasons'fora refusa1by theCourt to entertain the request. The
stability and efficiencyof theinternational organizations, ofwhichthe
United Nations is the supreme exarnple, are however of such para-
mount importance to world order, that the Court should not fail to
assist a subsidiary body of the United Nations General Assembly in
putting its operation upon a firm and secure foundation." (Opinion,
para. 45.)

While agreeing that the stability and efficiencyof international organi-
zations must be maintained and strengthened, that there must be closer
CO-operationto that end among the various organs and agencies of the
United Nations family and that it is the duty of the Court, as the Orga-
nization's principal judicial organ, to assist in the work of placing the
operation of thesebodies on solidfoundations of law and legality,1do not
understand this to mean that the Court should sacrifice the elementary
principles of procedure, which are a major factor in the administration of
justice.

1propose to consider in detail some of these irregularities whch 1find
sufficient for the Court to have decided not to entertain the request for
advisory opinion submitted by the Cornmittee.

1. The Compositionof theAdministrative Tribunal

Article 3, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal

provides that :
"The Tribunal shall be composed of seven members, no two of
whom may be nationals of the same State. Only three shall sit in any
particular case." (My emphasis.)

Under Article 6, paragraph 1, of the same instrument :
"Subject to the provisions of the present Statute, theTribunal shall

establish itsrules."
Article 6, paragraph 1, of the Rules in question reads

"The President shall designate the three members of the Tribunal
who, in accordancewith article3 of the Statute, shall constitute the
Tribunal for the purpose of sitting in each particular case or group of
cases.The Presidentmay,in addition, designate one or more members
of the Tribunal to serve as alternates." (My emphasis.)

It clearlyemergesfrom thesetexts that the Tribunal may onlybe composedde troismembres. Le mot seulement qui figure à l'article 3, paragraphe 1,
du statut exclut toute interprétation de nature à permettre que quatre
membres au lieu de trois (<siègentdans chaque espèce )).

Les membres suppléants désignéspar le président du Tribunal (règle-
ment, art. 6) sont choisis,comme ce mot l'indique, pour remplacer, le cas
échéant,un membre qui tombe malade, qui s'absente ou qui est empêché
de siéger. Maisil est incompréhensible, et même illicite, qu'un membre
suppléant (<remplace )un membre titulaire du Tribunal qui est présent,
sinon la composition duTribunal serait dequatre, etnonde trois membres,
cequi constitueraitune violation de l'article3,paragraphe 1,de son statut.
Il est vrai qu'en l'espèceil n'y a pas eu de problème de majorité ;mais, à
supposer que la présidente etce membre suppléantsoient d'un côté et les

deuxvice-présidentsde l'autre, quelleopinion l'emporterait ?N'y aurait-il
pas alors un élémentadditionnel d'erreur essentielle dans la procédure
ayant provoqué un mal-jugé ?
Je présumeque s'il estarrivédans le passé,et notamment dans ce qui a
précédé l'avid se 1954 (Effet de jugements du Tribunal administratif des
Nations Uniesaccordantindemnité),que lesjugements du Tribunal admi-
nistratif aient étsignéspar quatre membres, c'étaitpeut-êtreparceque le
membre suppléant avait remplacé l'un des autres membres ordinaires,
malade, absent ou empêché de siégerà un stade quelconque de l'instance.

Ou encore ce membre suppléant avait une spécialisation ou une qualifi-
cation exceptionnelle que lesautres membres ne possédaient pas.De toute
façon, aucune explication n'a étédonnée alors et lecas n'a pas soulevéde
critique.Il ne devrait pas pour autant constituer un précédent.
Mais dans l'affaireMortished,lemembre suppléantqui, par uneétrange
coïncidence,possèdela nationalitéde l'Etat qui devait plus tard demander
la réformation du jugement no273, n'a pas seulement siégé à toutes les
phases de l'affaire, il a aussi émis une opinion dissidente contrariant
l'unanimité desmembresqui composaient leTribunal. Le Comitén'ayant

pas du tout examiné cet aspect témoigne làd'une certaine insouciance à
l'égardtant desrèglesdeprocédurequed'un examensuffisamment appro-
fondi des (bases sérieuses ))de la demande.
Je crois que la Cour aurait dû tenir compte de cet aspect juridique de la
procédure pour décliner la requêtepour avis consultatif.

2. La compositiondu Comité

L'avis énumèrede façon très claire les irrégularités quientachent la
composition et le fonctionnement du Comité.
L'article 11, paragraphe 4, du statut du Tribunal administratif dis-
pose :

<Aux fins du présent article,il est créun Comité,autoriséenvertu
du paragraphe 2 de l'article 96 de la Charte à demander des avis
consultatifs à la Cour. Le Comité est composé des Etats Membresof threemembers. The word onlyin Article 3,paragraph 1,of the Statute
excludesanyinterpretation enabling four members instead of three to "sit
in any particular case".
The alternates designated by the President of the Tribunal (Rules,
Art. 6)are,astheword suggests,chosen forthe purpose ofreplacing ifneed
be any member who fallsill,is absent or isprevented from sitting. But it is
incomprehensible, and even unlawful, for an altemate to "replace" a full
member of theTribunal whoispresent, othenvise theTribunal wouldhave
a composition of four and not three members,whichwould be a violation
of Article 3, paragraph 1, of its Statute. Admittedly, in the instant case
there wasno problem of a majority ;but, supposing thatthe President and
the alternate had taken one viewand the two vice-presidents the opposite
view,whichviewwould prevail ?Might there not inthat casehavebeen an
additional element, namely a fundamental error in procedure having

occasioned a failure ofjustice ?
1 presume that if some judgements of the Administrative Tribunal,
particularly precedent to theAdvisoryOpinion of 1954(EffectofAwards of
CompensationMade bythe UnitedNationsAdministrative Tribunal),havein
the past been signed by four members, that was perhaps because the
alternate had at somestage or other of the proceedings replaced one of the
ordinary memberswho had been sick,absent orprevented from sitting ;or
that the alternate possessed some specialization or exceptional qualifica-
tion that the othersdid not. Howeverthat may be, no explanationwasgiven
at the timeand no criticismensued. That doesnot mean, however,that this
ought to constitute a precedent.
But in the Mortished case the alternate, who by a strange coincidence
possessed thenationality of the State whch later was to cal1for the review
of Judgement No. 273, not only sat throughout the proceedings but also
appended a dissenting opinion breaking the unanimity of the members
composing theTribunal. Byfailing to consider this aspect of the matter in

any way whatever, the Committee betrayed a degree of casualness in
regard to the rules of procedure and the need to subject the "substantial
basis" of the application to a sufficiently searching examination.
1 believethat theCourt should have taken account of this legalaspect of
the procedure and refused to entertain the request for an advisory opin-
ion.

2. The Compositionof the Committee

The Advisory Opinion very clearly enumerates the irregularities tar-
nishing the composition and operation of this Committee.
Article 11,paragraph 4, of the Statute of the Administrative Tribunal
provides :
"For the purpose of this article, a Committee is established and

authorized under paragraph 2 of Article 96 of the Charter to request
advisory opinions of the Court. The Committee shall be composed of représentés au Bureaude ladernièreen date des sessions ordinaires de
l'Assemblée générale L.e Comitése réunitau Siègede l'organisation
et établit son propre règlement.))

Ce comité est composé de vingt-neuf membres, choisis suivant une

distribution régionaleet géographique bien établie aux Nations Unies.
C'est un organe essentiellement politique mais qui exerceici une compé-
tence quasi judiciaire. Il a le pouvoir discrétionnaire de juger si une
demande de réformation repose ou non sur des (bases sérieuses n.Il peut
donc accepter cette demande ou la rejeter.
Etant donné son caractère quasijudiciaire et l'importance et la nou-
veautédu cas (c'est la première fois qu'une demande de réformation est
introduite par un Etat), tous les membres du Comité auraient dû .être
présents ou représentés à la vingtième sessionqui a pris la décision.Or, il
n'y en avait que dix-sept. Aucune liste officielle des membres assistantà
cette session n'a étécommuniquée à la Cour et, autant qu'on puisse en
juger, le quorum et le nombre de voix exigéspar le règlementintérieurdu
Comité semblent avoir été tout justerespectés.

Ilfaut relevericila présencedureprésentant du Canada qui, enl'absence
dureprésentant dela SierraLeone, présidentdela SixièmeCommission,et
désignépar celui-ci pour le représenter au Comité en sa qualitéde vice-
présidentde la SixièmeCommission, a non seulement assistéaux séances
du Comitémais en a étééluprésident, a dirigé sesdélibérationset a pris
part au vote. Or laprésencedureprésentant du Canada estillicite,cequi ne
l'apas empêché d'émettreun vote important en l'occurrence. Lemembre
de la Sierra Leone aurait dû se faire suppléerpar quelqu'un de sa délé-
gation et non par un étranger au Comité.

Le Comité, qui est un organe essentiellement politique, a des attribu-
tionsjudiciaires lorsqu'il décidequ'une demande de réformation (<repose
sur des bases sérieuses o.Or, pour prendre une telle décision,il lui faut
étudier àfond non seulement lavaliditéjuridique dela demande elle-même

et sa concordance avec les motifs de réformation énumérés à l'article 11.
paragraphe 1,du statut du Tribunal administratif, mais aussi lejugement
lui-même.(L'article 65 du Statut de la Cour insiste sur le caractèrejuri-
dique de la question que l'organe des Nations Unies est autorisé à lui
poser.)
Une telle étudenécessite des qualifications judiciaires. Ce comité,qui
constitue un lien entre le Tribunal, YEtat demandeur et la Cour aura à
vérifierla valeurjuridique et la spécificide la demande avant de décider
si elle repose ou non sur des bases sérieuses.
Cesexigencesne semblent pas satisfaites dans lecasd'espèce. LeComité
lui-mêmene paraît pas avoir été légalementconstituéet son président, le
délégué du Canada, n'avait pas qualité pour en faire partie. Donc si le
représentant des Etats-Unis, par souci d'égalitéet dejustice, n'aurait pas

dû prendre part au vote et si le représentant du Canada n'avait pas àêtre the Member States the representatives of which have served on the
General Committee of the most recent regular session of the General
Assembly. The Committee shall meet at United Nations Headquar-
ters and shall establish its own rules."

This Committee is composed of 29 members, selected in accordance
with aregional and geographic distribution whichiswellestablished at the
United Nations. It is an essentially political organ but one having quasi-
judicial competence in this instance. It has discretionary power to decide
whether or not thereis a "substantial basis" for anyapplication for review.
It may therefore either accept that application or reject it.
Given its quasi-judicial character and theimportance and novelty of the

case(it wasthe first time thatan application for reviewhad been submitted
by a State), every member of the Committee should have been present or
represented at the twentieth session which took the decision. But there
were only 17.No official list of the members attending that session has
been communicated to the Court and, sofar as one canjudge, thequorum
and number of votes required by the Committee's rules of procedure were
obtained by the barest of margins.
Here attention should be drawn to the presence of the representative of
Canada, who, in the absence of the representative of Sierra Leone, the
Chairman of the Sixth Committee, and being designated by the latter to
represent him as Vice-Chairman of the Sixth Cornmittee, not only
attended the meetings of the Committee but was elected to be its Chair-
man, directed its deliberations and took part in the vote. But the presence
of the re~resentative of Canada was illicit - which did not Drevent him
from casting a vote which was important in the circumstances. The mem-
ber from Sierra Leone ought to have had someone of his own delegation

deputize for him, not somebody foreign to the Committee.
The Committee, whichis essentially a political organ, exercisesjudicial
functions when it decides that there is a "substantial basis" for an appli-
cation for review.To take such a decision, it has to study thoroughly not
only the legalvalidity of theapplication itself andits concordance with the
grounds of reviewenumerated in Article 11,paragraph 1,of the Statute of
the Administrative Tribunal, but also the judgement itself. (Article 65 of
the Statute of the Court emphasizes the legalnature of the question whch
the organ of the United Nations is authorized to put to it.)

An investigation of this kind callsforjudicial qualifications. This Com-
mittee, which constitutes a link between the Tribunal, the applicant State
and the Court, has to verify the legal validity and the specificity of the
application before deciding whether it has a substantial basis or not.
These requirements do not appear to have been satisfied in the present

case. The Comrnittee itself does not appear to have been legally consti-
tuted, andits Chairman, the delegate from Canada, had no standing to be
part of it. Thus, if the representative of theUnited States, out of concern
for equality and justice, ought not to have participated in the vote, and ifprésent, sur les dix-sept membres présents il n'en resterait que quinze.
Dans cesconditions lequorum etlenombrede voix exigéspar lerèglement
intérieurdu Comitéont étérespectésd'extrêmejustessele atformationdu

Comitéparaît irrégulièrefaute d'un président légalement élu.Il s'ensuit
que la demande de réformation présentéepar ce Comité estelle-même
irrégulièreet la Cour aurait dû la rejeter d'emblée.

3. L'inégalité despartieasu sein du Comité

L'avisinsiste bien sur cette inégalitéentre les parties, qui n'a fait que
s'accentuer au sein du Comité,celui-ci n'ayant pas permis au conseil de
M. Mortished d'assister au Comité etde prendre part à ses délibérations,
fait qui a privél'unedesparties dela possibilitéde connaître lesmotifs de
la demande de réformation et d'y répondre.Cértes,cette inégalitéa été

effacéedevant la Cour par la suppression de la phase orale, mais n'est-ce
pas là une lacune qui aurait dû êtrecombléeau sein du Comitéavant
d'atteindre la Cour ?

Je trouve là une autre raison importante qui aurait dû porter la Courà
décliner lademande d'avis.

4. La formulation unique dela question

La Courcommence par citer dans son avislaquestion telle qu'elleluiest
posée.

<Dans son jugement no 273 concernant l'affaire Mortished c. le
Secrétaire général de I'Organisationdes Nations Unies le Tribunal
administratif des Nations Unies pouvait-il légitimement déterminer
que la résolution 34/165de l'Assembléegénérale endate du 17dé-
cembre 1979,qui subordonne lepaiement de laprime de rapatriement
à la présentationde piècesattestant la réinstallationdu fonctionnaire
dans un pays autre que celui de son dernier lieu d'affectation, ne
pouvait prendre immédiatement effet ?

Et, plus loin, l'avis ajoute

<La Cour doit donc se demander si elle doit se contenter de
répondre àlaquestion tellequ'elleestposéeou,ayantexaminécelle-ci,
refuserd'y donner suite ;ou si,conformément àsajurisprudence, elle
doit s'efforcerde dégagercequilui paraît êtrel'intentionvéritabledu
Comité, puisde chercher à répondre, de façon rationnelle et satisfai-
sante, aux <<points de droit...véritablementmis en jeu. ))(Par. 47.)

Après son examen (des motifs de contestation auxquels le Comité a
trouvé des <<bases sérieuses))(ibid., par. 48), et après divers développe-
ments, la Cour accepte l'interprétation que le Comitéa donnéede cettethe representative of Canada ought not to have been present, that leaves
only 15members out of the 17present. That being so, it was only by the
finest of margins that the quorum and number of votes required by the
Committee's rules of procedure were obtained, and the formation of the
Committee appears irregular for want of a legally elected chairman. It
follows that the request for reviewpresented by this Committee was itself

irregular, and the Court should have rejected it out of hand.

3. The Inequality of the Parties beforethe Committee

The Advisory Opinion does well to stress this inequality between the
parties, which was merely accentuated in the proceedings before the
Committee, whichdid not permit counsel for Mr. Mortished toattendand
takepart in its deliberations, afact whichdeprived one of theparties of the
possibility of learning the grounds of the application for review and of
replying to them. Admittedly, this inequality waseffaced beforetheCourt
by the omission of oral proceedings, but wasnot that alacuna whichought
to have been filled in the proceedings within the Committee before the
matter reached the Court ?

1find herein another important reason which should have impelled the
Court to decline to give an opinion.

4. The Singular Formulation of the Question

The Court beginsby quoting in itsAdvisoryOpinion the question as put
to it:

"1sthejudgement of theUnitedNations Administrative Tribunal in
Judgement No. 273, Mortished v. the Secretaiy-General,warranted in
determining that General Assembly resolution 34/ 165of 17Decem-
ber 1979 could not be given immediate effect in requiring, for the
payment of repatriation grants, evidence of relocation to a country
other than the country of the staff member's last duty station ?"

Subsequently the Opinion adds
"The Court has therefore to considerwhether it shouldconfine itself

to answering the question put ; or, having examined the question,
declineto givean opinion in response to therequest ;or,in accordance
with its establishedjurisprudence, seek to bring out what it conceives
to be the real meaning of the Comrnittee's request, and thereafter
proceed to attempt to answer rationally and effectively 'the legal
questions really in issue'." (Para. 47.)

After examining "the objections, for which the Committee found there
was a 'substantial basis' " (ibid.,para. 48) and discussing various consid-
erations, the Court accepts the Committee's interpretation of this vaguequestion vague et ambiguë et conclut elle aussi que les deux des quatre
motifs dégagés par lereprésentant du Royaume-Uni, acceptéset amplifiés
par lereprésentant des Etats-Unis, sont lespointsjuridiques sur lesquels la
Courdoit donner son avis.C'estdonc grâce au représentant du Royaume-
Uni que les deux motifs de réformation sont enfin définis.Toutefois la
questionest restéela même,sans aucune formulation nouvelle denature à
la rendre plus claire, plus juridique ou plus conforme aux exigences de
l'article 11,paragraphe 1,du statut du Tribunal administratif des Nations

Unies. Elle est restée vague, impréciseet mal rédigée. Elleprête à équi-
voque et est contraire aux termes de l'article65,paragraphe 2,du Statutde
la Cour qui prescrit :

Les questions sur lesquelles l'avis consultatif de la Cour est
demandésont exposées à la Cour par une requêteécritequi formule,
entermesprécis,laquestion sur laquelle l'avisde la Cour est demandé.
Il y est joint tout document pouvant servir à éluciderla question. ))
(Les italiques sont de moi.)

Or les<(termes précis ))que 1'01-t1ouve dans laquestion :((warranted )),
<<légitimement D, ne spécifient nullement les deux motifs viséspar les
Etats-Unis, adoptéspar le Comitéet repris par la Cour.

En 1973,dans l'affaire Fasla,la question posée à la Cour indiquait bien,
et très clairement, les deux motifs de la demande de réformation.
Dans lecas d'espècela Cour n'apasdonnésapropreinterprétationde la

question comme elle l'a fait en 1980 (Interprétationde l'accord du
25mars 1951 entrel'OMS et lYEgypte).Elle aurait ainsi ajouté à la confu-
sion déjàexistante et, quoique sajurisprudence l'autorise à agir ainsi, elle
ne devrait le faire qu'en cas d'extrême nécessité. L Caour a admis l'inter-
prétationdu Comité,lequel, en énonçantdeux motifs de réformationpour
une questionunique,a créé une confusion quia abouti àla diversitédu vote
tantau sein du Comitélui-mêmequ'au seindelaCour. On sedemande sile
deuxièmemotif qui a étédégagé, à savoir l'excèsde compétence, n'estpas

inclus dans lepremier : l'erreur dedroit ;ou sil'erreur de droit n'engendre
pas d'excèsde compétence. C'estpour évitertoute équivoqueque le Statut
de la Cour exige que la question soit préciseet accompagnée de <tout
document pouvant servir à l'élucider )(art. 65,par. 2). Si tel n'est pas le
cas, et si la question lui paraît vague, mal rédigée, imprécise et prêtant à
équivoque,la Cour a la facultéetl'obligation de la rejeter. C'est ce qu'elle
aurait dû faire à mon avis.

La Cour ne peut sedérober à sesobligationsjudiciaires. Siellereconnaît
que leserreurs commises dans uneprocédurede nature quasijudiciaire ))
sont fondamentales, qu'elles constituent des (<raisons décisives )> pour
rejeter la demande d'avis, c'est sacrifierla procédurequedene pas en tenir
compte et de dire que, malgré ceserreurs flagrantes, la Cour, pour aider
l'organisation des Nations Unies à asseoir son autorité et son fonction-and ambiguous question and itself concludes likewise that the two out of
four possible grounds discerned by the representative of the United King-
dom, accepted and enlarged upon by the representative of the United
States,arepoints oflawupon whichthe Court should giveitsopinion.And
so it is thanks to the representative of the United Kingdom that the two
grounds of review were finaily defined. Nevertheless the question re-
mained the same, without any fresh formulation such as might have ren-
dered it clearer, more juridical or more in conformity with the require-
ments of Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the United Nations
Administrative Tribunal. It remained vague,imprecise and badly drafted.
It lends itself to ambiguities and is contrary to the terms of Article 65,
paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, which stipulates :

"Questions upon whch the advisory opinion of the Court is asked
shallbe laidbefore theCourt by means of awritten request containing
an exact statement of the question upon which an opinion is required,
and accompanied by al1documents likely to throw light upon the
question." (My emphasis.)

But the sort of terms to be found in the question, e.g., "warranted",
"légitimement"provide no kind of "exact statement" of the two grounds
envisagedby the United States, adoptedby theCommittee and taken over
by the Court.
In 1973,in theFaslacase,the question put to the Court didindicate, very
clearly, the two grounds of application for review.
In the present case, the Court did not giveits own interpretation of the
question asit didin 1980(Interpretation oftheAgreement of25 March 1951
betweenthe WHO andEgypt). If it had done so,it would haveadded to the
existingconfusionand, although itsjurisprudence authorizesit so to act, it
should only do so in cases of absolute necessity. The Court admitted the
Committee's interpretation, which, by giving twogrounds of reviewfor a
single question, created a confusion that resulted in the diversity of the
voting both in the Committee itself and within the Court. It may be
wondered whether the second ground adduced, namely excessofjurisdic-
tion, isnot includedin thefirst :error on a question of law ;or if error on a
question of law does not engender excess ofjurisdiction. It is in order to
avoid al1ambiguity that the Statute of the Court requires that the request
should contain an exact statement of thequestion and be "accompanied by
al1documents likelyto throw lightupon" it (Art. 65,para. 2).If such isnot
the case and the Court findsthe question vague,ill-drafted, imprecise and

conducive to ambiguity, the Court is entitled and has an obligation to
reject it. That, in my view, is what it ought to have done.
The Court may not evade its judicial obligations. If it recognizes that
errors committed in proceedings which are "quasi-judicial" in character
are fundamental, that they constitute "compelling reasons" for rejecting
the request for an opinion, it is to offer up procedure as a sacrifice to
disregard the fact and Saythat, these blatant errors notwithstanding, the
Court, in order to assist the United Nations to put its authority andnement sur des bases solides, accepte de donner suite à la requête et

d'émettre sonavis.

J'ai donc voté contre le point 1du dispositif de l'avisconsultatif parce

que je considère :
a) que la Cour, dont le rôle primordial est de connaître des affaires entre
les Etats, ne devrait pas êtreamenée à donner des avis qui aboutissent

finalement à la détourner desajuridiction principale et à la réduireà
être une cour d'appel desjugements du Tribunal administratif des
Nations Unies opposant des fonctionnaires au Secrétairegénéral ;
b) que les erreurs graves dont la requêteest entachée constituent des
(<raisons décisives))devantinciterla Cour a considérerlarequêtepour
avis consultatif comme irrecevable.

J'aivotécontre lespoints 2A et 2 B,par soucide cohérenceetparce que
je crois que la Cour aurait dû s'arrêterau premier point.

(Signé A. EL-KHANI.operation on a firm foundation, agrees to comply with the request and
render its opinion.

1have therefore voted against point 1in the operative paragraph of the
Advisory Opinion because 1consider :
(a) that the Court, whoseprimary roleis to dealwith casesbetween States,
should not be led into givingopinions which finally result in diverting
it from its principal sphere of jurisdiction and reducing it to being a
court of appeal fromjudgements of the United Nations Administra-
tive Tribunal in cases between officials and the Secretary-General ;

(b) that the grave errors vitiating the request constitute "compelling rea-
sons" that should induce the Court to consider the request for advisory
opinion as inadmissible.
1voted against point 2, paragraphs A and B,in order to be rational and
consistent, because 1consider that the Court should have gone no farther

after point 1.

(Signed) A. EL-KHANI.

Document file FR
Document Long Title

Dissenting Opinion of Judge El-Khani (translation)

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