Separate Opinion of Judge Oda

Document Number
066-19820720-ADV-01-04-EN
Parent Document Number
066-19820720-ADV-01-00-EN
Document File
Bilingual Document File

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE ODA

1. Although 1would agree with the Court in its conclusions regarding
the grounds of objection to thejudgement of the United Nations Admin-
istrative Tribunal (UNAT), 1 regret to Say that 1cannot agree that the
Court, in thecircumstances, ought to havecomplied with the request for an
advisory opinion.

2. The Court's Opinion points out various irregularities regarding the
composition of the Administrative Tribunal, the procedures in the Com-
mittee on Applicationsfor ReviewofAdministrative Tribunal Judgements
(hereafter referred to as the Committee on Applications) and the appli-
cation of the United States to the Committee on Applications, as well as
thefailure of theCommittee on Applicationsto do al1in itspower to secure
equality between the applicant Stateand the staff member (paras. 33-44).
Yet, despite these difficulties, the Court still holds the view that it should
comply with the request in the present case in view of the Court's juris-
prudence to the effect that only "compelling reasons" would justify a

refusal. In my view,however, the Court should have declined a reply, on
the particular ground that the actual question conveyed in the request for
advisoryopinion is (i) not only extremelysparse and elliptical,or infelici-
tously expressed and vague, but (ii) also based on a misinterpretation of
thejudgement of theAdministrativeTribunal. The question in the Request
seekingan advisory opinion of the Court,identical to that referred to in the
application of the United Statespresented to the Committee on Applica-
tions on 15June 1981,read as follows :

"1sthejudgement of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal in
Judgement No. 273, Mortished v.the Secretary-General,warranted in
determining that General Assembly resolution 34/ 165of 17Decem-
ber 1979 could not be given immediate effect in requiring, for the
payment of repatriation grants, evidence of relocation to a country
other than the country of the staff member's last duty station ?"

3. The UNAT Statute specifiesthegrounds on whichajudgement of the

68Tribunal may be challenged through the medium of advisoryjurisdiction.
Under Article 11, an application may be made to the Committee on
Applications for the purpose ofobtaining the reviewof ajudgementon any
of the following grounds, namely that the Tribunal has :

(i) "exceeded its jurisdiction or competence" ;
(ii) "failed to exercisejurisdiction vested in it";
(iii) "erred on aquestion of lawrelating to theprovisions of the Charter of
the United Nations" ; or
(iv) "committed a fundamental error in procedure which has occasioned
a failure of justice".

If the Committee on Applications decides that a substantial basis for the
application exists, it shall request an advisory opinion of the International
Court of Justice (Art. 11, para. 2). However, the Request in this case,
though expressly stating that the Committee on Applications has decided
that there is a substantial basis within the meaning of Article 11 of the
Statute for theapplication of the United States, fails to specifyany of these
four grounds. This makes this case quite different from the only previous
case to have come before the Court on the basis of the application of the
aforesaid Article 11,namely that concerning an Application for Review of
Judgement No. 158 of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal. Now,
whereas in that earlier case two grounds were specifically mentioned to
justify the application for review, scrutiny of the drafting of the present

Request raises doubt in my mind as to whether the Committee on Appli-
cations examined the matter sufficiently to convince itself that there was,
in this case, a substantial basis within the meaning of Article 11 of the
UNAT Statute.
4. The United Statesapplication of 15June 1981,asking theCommittee
on Applications to request an advisory opinion of the Court, not only
failed to comply with some of the procedural requirements, aspointed out
in the Opinion of the Court (paras. 39-41), but also overlooked the re-
quirement implicit under its Statute of indicating the ground or grounds
on which the United States objected to the judgement in question.
Although the United States representative stated in the Committee on
Applications that the

"issue of theTribunal's havingexceeded itsjurisdiction and erred on a
question of law relating to the Charter has been placed before this
Committee in the application" (A/AC.86/PV.l, p. 16),

this is not verily a fact. The importance of this failure on the part of the
United States when applying to the Committee on Applications will be
savoured if one considers that the applicant State is not necessarily a
member of the Committee on Applications, and that it thus might not have
had a chance in the Committee on Applicationsorally to makepoints not
apparent in the original application.
5. In the Committee on Applications it wasnot the representative of the
United States but the Chairman and delegates of othercountries whowere391 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (SEP.OP.ODA)

more concerned with the specific grounds on which review was called for.
After the Chairman pointed out the four grounds specified in the Statute
(A/AC.86/PV.l, p. 21), the United Kingdom representative stated his
view on two grounds of the four :

"The first is that the Tribunal erred on a question of law relating to
the Charter. Article 101lays down that the staff regulations shall be
established by the General Assembly, and the relevant paragraph of
resolution 34/ 165was an exerciseof that function.The second is that

the Tribunal exceeded itsjurisdiction or competence in giving more
weight to the doctrine of acquired rights than General Assembly
resolution 34/ 165." (Pp. 22-23.)

Only after these statements did the United States representative state :

"We are here to decide whether or not there issufficient merit in the
concern that theAdministrative Tribunal has or may haveexceededits
jurisdiction, or committed an error of law in relation to an interpre-
tation of a provision of the Charter, to require the advice of the

International Court of Justice." (P. 29.)

The representative of France, on the other hand, clearly pointed out that
"in its application the United States[did] not explicitly invoke any of these
grounds" (pp. 38-40) and concluded that the only question which the

Committee was asked or empowered to consider or on which it was
empowered to give an answer, if possible, was : "is there serious reason to
believethat the Administrative Tribunal erred on aquestion oflawrelating
to the Charter of the United Nations ?" After repeating that "none of the
grounds mentioned in article 11of the Statute of the Administrative Tri-
bunal [were]explicitly invoked by the United States", therepresentative of
France further stated that :

"We find that, even if the United Stateshad implicitly invoked an
error on a question of law concerning the provisions of the Charter,
thisground should berejected as lacking avalid basis ;wefindthat the
Tribunal committed no error of interpretation of Article 101of the
Charter since - on the contrary - it recognizes the competence of the
General Assembly ;and we find, moreover, that the United States
itself recognizes that theTribunal has somecompetence to giverulings
on decisions of the General Assembly." (A/AC.86/PV.l, p. 42.)

Sofar as the minutes of the Committee indicate, these werepractically al1
the discussions held in the Committee concerning the grounds which are
referred toin Article 11of the Statute of theTribunal and which, according
to Article II, paragraph 3 (c), of the Cornmittee's Provisional Rules of392 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (SEP.OP.ODA)

Procedure, ought to have been indicated in the application for review. It
was not even argued in the Committee how the grounds shouldbe invoked
in applying for review in this case. If there was any explanation on this
subject, it was only that made by the representative of the United King-
dom, as quoted above, who stated :

(i) concerning excess of jurisdiction or competence
"The Tribunal exceeded its jurisdiction or competence in giving
more weight to the doctrine of acquired rights than General Assembly
resolution 34/ 165" ; and

(ii) concerning error on a question of law relating to the provisions of the
Charter :

"Article 101laysdown that the staff regulations shall be established
by the General Assembly, and the relevant paragraph of resolution
34/165 was an exercise of that function."
6. Without ascertaining how any of the four grounds couldjustifiably
have constituted a basis for a request for an advisory opinion of the Court,

the Chairman of the Committee on Applications, simply requesting the
Committee to indicate whether there was substantial basis for the appli-
cation within the meaning of Article 11 on the two grounds of the four,
proceeded toput these twopoints to the vote.The two issuesand theresults
of the voting were as follows :
(a) theground that "the Tribunal haserred on aquestion of lawrelatingto
the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations" :avote of 14to 2,

with 1 abstention ;
(b) the ground that "the Tribunal has exceeded itsjurisdiction or compe-
tence" : a vote of 10 to 2, with 6 abstentions.
In spite of these decisions of the Committee on Applications, 1 would
suggest that these grounds had scarcely been discussed in the Commit-
tee.

7. While the question in the Request was not formulated soasto satisfy
the necessary conditions, theCourt, relying upon the settledjurisprudence
whereby it may "seek tobring out what it conceives to be the real meaning
of the Committee's request" (para. 47), holds the view that, in spite of the
incompleteness of the Request in this case,

"If [the legal questions really at issue in questions formulated in a
request], onceascertained, prove to be questions 'whichmay properly
be considered as falling within the terms of one or more of' the
grounds contemplated in Article 11 of the Statute of the Tribunal,
it is upon those questions that the Court can give its opinion."
(Para. 48.)TheCourt takes up the question as to whether theTribunal had erred on a
question oflawrelating tothe provisions of the United Nations Charter. If,
despite the tortuous phraseology of the Request, one can supposethat the

judgement was opposed on the ground that the Tribunal had erred on a
question of law relating to the provisions of the Charter, as can be spe-
culated from the deliberations in the Committee on Applications (the
Court reformulates the question put in the Request in that sense), 1 still
would have some doubts whether the ground that the Tribunal had erred
on such a question would have applied in this case - in other words, if the
judgement of theAdministrative Tribunal which wasdealingwith amend-
ments to Staff Rules - not Charter provisions - could prima facie have
been challenged on that ground.
8. It is pertinent here to investigatehow this ground, as provided forin
Article 11of the UNAT Statute, wasbrought in as a ground forthe review

procedure therein contemplated. While the Statute of the IL0 Adminis-
trative Tribunal, adopted on 9 October 1946, specified two grounds -
wrongful confirmation ofjurisdiction, and fundamental fault in the pro-
cedurefollowed - ascapable offoundinga request for an advisory opinion
of the Court, the process of introducing the review system for UNAT
judgements, in 1955,resulted in theaddition of twofurther grounds where
that Tribunal was concerned. Under one of these new grounds, cases
would be covered where the Tribunal had "erred on a question of law
relating to the provisions of the Charter of theUnited Nations". Asclearly
explained in the Opinion :

"the formulation of this clause was the result of a compromise be-
tween those who wanted a review system dealing with questions of
law more generally, and those who favoured the narrower range of
permissible objections that appears in the Statute of theInternational
Labour Organisation Administrative Tribunal" (para. 63).

9. In the Special Committee on Review of Administrative Tribunal
Judgements, convened on 4 April 1955,the discussions which took place
between 11 and 14April to consider various draft proposals brought to
light a wide divergence of views.In an effort to achieve a broader basis of
agreement, a newjoint draft amendment was introduced on 20April by

the representative of the United Kingdom on behalf of China, Iraq, Paki-
stan, the United Kingdom and the United States (A/AC.78/L.14 and
Corr.1) ; this suggested that thejudgement might be objected to
"on the ground that the Tribunal has exceeded its jurisdiction or
competence, or has erred on a question of law relating to the provi-

sions of the Charter, or has committed a fundamental error in pro-
cedure ..."
The representative of the United Kingdom, after having stated that the
element of an error ona question of law "represented the highest common
factor of agreement", remarked, on behalf of the CO-sponsoringStates,

that "[This] ground, whle attempting to meet half-way those represen-
tatives who favoured inclusion of any substantial question of law as a
ground for review,provided asafeguard against the danger that review
might become a matter of course in al1cases. It attempted to define
with maximum precision what questions of law could be grounds for
review. The words 'relating to the provisions of the Charter' covered
not only interpretations of the provisions of the Charter but also the
interpretation or application of staff regulations deriving from Chap-
ter XV of the Charter." (A/AC.78/SR.10, p. 3.)

On theother hand, therepresentative of theUnited States specified certain
concrete cases to be covered under the ground mentioned above. He said
that his Government

"understood the ... ground .. .to include (a) a question under Ar-
ticle 101 of the Charter whether the Secretary-General's judgement
should be upheld with regard to the conduct of a staff member under
United Nationsstandards of efficiency,competence and integrity ; (b)
a question under Article 97whether the Secretary-General's action in
giving directions to ortaking disciplinary action against a staff mem-
ber should be sustained ; (c)a question under Article 100involving a
staff member's dutyto refrain fromany action whichmight reflect on
his position as an international civil servant responsible only to the
Organization" (ibid., p. 6).

Paragraph 1 of thisjoint proposal, which contained the relevant ground,
was adopted by 9votes to 5,with 3abstentions, and thejoint proposal, as a
whole, was finally adopted by a roll-cal1vote of 9 to 4, with 4 abstentions.
Thus the Special Committee recommended to the consideration of the
General Assembly the draft amendments to the Statute of the Adminis-
trative Tribunal which contained theparagraph as quoted above from the
five nations' joint draft proposal.
10. The report of the Special Comrnittee wason the agenda asitem 49of
the tenth session of the General Assemblyin 1955and was referred to the
deliberations of the Fifth Committee. The Fifth Committeestarted delib-

eration on this agenda on 17October 1955.Bythat time the draft recom-
mended by the Special Committee, as well as a joint draft resolution
submitted by Argentina, Canada, China, Cuba, Iraq, Pakistan, theUnited
Kingdom and theUnited States (A/C.5/L.335 and Add. l), had been made
available. The eight powers'joint proposal contained a provision exactly
identical to that recommended bv the S~ecial Committee. and thus also
identical to the original five-nation proposa1 presented in the Special
Committee, as quoted in paragraph 9 of this opinion.
11. It was apparent at the outset that the staff of the Secretariat, as well395 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (SEP.OP.ODA)

as the United Nations Secretary-General, held a somewhat negative atti-
tude towards the suggestedreviewsystem.A letter of 10October 1955from

the Chairman of the Staff Committee to the Secretary-General, which was
made available to the Fifth Committee, read as follows :

"VI, 15. The proposed procedure is certainly a complex one ; it
would undoubtedly be lengthy ;it might wellbe uneconornical for al1
concerned. But more important than thesepractical weaknessesis the
fact that it would not accord with the principles inherent in the
concept ofjudicial review. The Staff Council fears that the proposed
procedure might be so used in practice as to frustrate the declared
purpose for which it was created." (A/C.5/634.)

Opening the Fifth Committee discussion on this subject, the Secretary-

General made some observations along the following lines :

"at no time have 1 felt the need for a reviewprocedure with respect to
the normal cases coming before the Administrative Tribunal. For its
part the StaffCouncil hasstated that it doesnot consider itnecessary a
procedure for reviewingjudgements of the Administrative Tribunal.
Even though there has, quite naturally, not been full agreement with
every judgment, there has been no feeling that a new step in the
judicial procedure is necessary." "1 consider basic for any review
procedure which may be adopted [theprinciple (one of four) that] the
reviewshould serveonly as an outlet in exceptional cases and should
not be for regular use." (A/C.5/635.)

The discussions on thesepoints weresummarized inthe report of the Fifth
Committee (A/3016) as follows :

"12. Discussion in the Fifth Comrnittee centred primarily on the
proposed new article 11. In favour of this article, it was argued that
experience had shown a need for some method of review of the
Administrative Tribunal judgements in certain cases. By having a
procedure of judicial review available in the event of crisis, the dis-
cussion of cases in the General Assembly could be avoided . .

13. It was pointed out that the recommendations of the Special

Committee represented a compromise which its supporters believed
contained the essential conditions of a satisfactory reviewprocedure.
Alternative proposals had been thoroughly considered in the Special
Committee and the textsrecommended werethose on whichthere was
the broadest basis of agreement. Those members of the Fifth Com-
rnittee supporting the revisedjoint draft resolution, therefore, did not consider it desirable to reopen matters which had been settled in the
Special Committee.

14. It was pointed out that the text of the proposed article 11
followed the precedent of article XII of the Statute of the Adminis-
trative Tribunal of the International Labour Organisation ...
15. The CO-sponsorsof the revisedjoint draft resolution explained
that the new draft article 11 was intended to lirnit review to exceD-
tional cases.Two of thegrounds for reviewwerethose provided in the
Statute of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal, Le.,questions of compe-
tence and of fundamental error in procedure. One additional ground
was provided, i.e., errors on 'a question of law relating to the provi-
sions of the Charter'. The CO-sponsorsof the revised draft resolution
referred to the statements which they had made concerning the inter-
pretation of this phrase which was contained in the report of the
SpecialCommittee (A/2909). Theopinion wasexpressedin the debate
that the grounds provided for review were of a fundamental nature
and that as such they could not be ignored, if and when they arose, in
the interest ofjustice."

12. Theaddition of athirdground, reading that theTribunal "has erred
on a question of lawrelating to the provisions of theCharter of the United
Nations", was explained by the representatives of both the United King-
dom and theUnited States in the samewayasinthe SpecialCommittee, as
quoted in paragraph 9 of this opinion. The statements of these two dele-

gates are worth quoting in order properly to understand the real sense of
the third ground. The representative of the United Kingdom stated :
"It has been felt that the third ground was adequate to cover cases
where the Tribunal, in interpreting and applying some of the Staff

Regulations, did so in a manner whch might be considered inconsis-
tent with the provisions of the Charter, especially of Chapter XV."
(A/C.5/SR.493, para. 9.)
According to the representative of the United States :

"[this category] would include such questions as [ilwhether the Sec-
retary-General's judgment should be upheld in regard to the conduct
of a staff member and the United Nations standards of efficiency,

cornpetence, and integrity as prescribed in accordance with Arti-
cle 101of the Charter, or, [ii]whether the Secretary-General's action
should be sustained in givingdirections to a staff member, or taking
disciplinary action against him, in view of the Secretary-General's
position as Chief Administrative Officer of the Organization under
Article 97 of the Charter ;or [iii]a question involving the staff mem-
ber's duty to refrain from any action which rnight reflect on his
position as an international officia1responsible only to the Organi-
zation, as laid down in Article 100(1)" (A/C.5/SR.494, para. 20). 397 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (SEP.OP. ODA)

13. After the Indian proposa1(toan effect not relevant to the particular
problem wearenowconcernedwith) had beenacceptedby the CO-sponsors
of the joint draft resolution, the relevant parts of the revisedjoint draft
resolution, with the Indian amendments, were adopted by a vote of 28 to
19,with 11abstentions. The whole revisedjoint resolution, including the

amendments, was approved by a vote of 27 to 18,with 12abstentions, in
the Fifth Committee, giving us the present Article 11 of the Statute as
adopted under General Assembly resolution 957 (X) of 8 Novernber
1955.
14. The three exampleswhichthe representative of theUnited States,as
a sponsor of the third ground, suggested in 1955 - both in the Special
Committee and in the Fifth Cornmittee - could admittedly not be con-
sidered as exhaustive ;as illustrations, however, they may be regarded as
particularly telling for thepresent case,as thequestion before theTribunal
incaseNo. 257involved none of them. Thus, quite apart from thefact that
no persuasive discussion took place in the Committee on Applications in

1981on how theAdministrative Tribunal couldhaveerred on aquestion of
lawrelating to the provisions of theCharter in this case,it isfarfrom clear
why this specific ground for objection to the Administrative Tribunal
judgement could have been applicable in this particular instance, in the
light of the drafting process of Article 11 of the UNAT Statute in the
Special Committee and the Fifth Cornmittee of the General Assembly in
1955.

15. As properly pointed out in the Court's Opinion (para. 55), the
question in the Request seems to be based on misinterpretation of the

judgement of theAdministrative Tribunal. Though it wasdrafted in sucha
way as to imply that the Administrative Tribunal was deemed to have
determined that
"General Assembly resolution 34/ 165of 17December 1979could
not be given immediate effect in requiring, for the payment of repa-

triation grants, evidence of relocation to a country other than the
country of the staff member's last duty station",

"the Tribunal did not sodetermine", aspointed out in the Court's Opinion
(para. 55).Thejudgement of the AdministrativeTribunal, in fact, nowhere

challenges the effect of General Assemblyresolution 34/ 165and, as again
the Court's Opinion rightly says(ibid.),"in no wayseeksto cal1inquestion
the legal validity of. . resolution 34/ 165". Combined with the failure to
specify grounds, such a misconception inherent in the question posed
could, in my view, have by itself justified a refusa1 to comply with the
request - afortiori, after the committing of procedural irregularities. Yet,
having decided nevertheless to give an opinion, the Court should in my
viewhave exposed this misconception with greater clarity. This implies a
somewhat closer analysis of the Tribunal's task. 16. The Administrative Tribunal was requested to adjudge and declare,
among other things, for Mr. Mortished, who was separated from United
Nations service on 30April 1980 -

"that the scheme and detailed conditions and definitions established
by the Secretary-General pursuant to Staff Regulation 9.4 and
Annex IV to the Staff Regulations for the payment of repatriation
grants entitled the Applicant to the payment of such a grant without

the necessity for the production of evidence of relocation".

It was bound, in reaching its findings, to apply any applicable laws in
existence, that is, in this case, those which were valid as of 30April 1980.
The specificlaws that theTribunal wouldhave hadto apply to the question
of repatriation grants were StaffRegulation 9.4and Staff Rule 109.5.Staff
Regulation 9.4has undergone barely anysubstantial changesincethe Staff
Regulations were adopted by General Assembly resolution 590 (VI) of
2 February 1952. The relevant provisions in force in 1980 read as fol-
lows :

"Regulation9.4 :The Secretary-General shallestablish a schemefor
the payment of repatriation grants within the maximum rates and
under the conditions specified in annex IV to the present Regula-
tions."

Annex IV
REPATRIATION GRANT

In principle, the repatriation grant shall be payable to staff mem-
bers whom the Organization is obligated to repatriate . ..Detailed
conditions and definitions relating to eligibilityshall bedetermined by
the Secretary-General .. ."

Staff Rule 109.5,on the other hand, hasbeenextensivelyamended overthe
past severalyears.It willbepertinent here to take abrief look at thehistory
of these amendments.
17. Staff Rule 109.5,asamended on 1June 1976(ST/SGB/Staff Rules/
1/Rev.3) and then on 1 January 1977 (ST/SGB/Staff Rules/ l/Rev.4),
read in part :

"Rule 109.5
REPATRIATION GRANT

Payment of repatriation grants under regulation 9.4 and annex IV
to the Staff Regulations shall be subject to the following conditions
and definitions :

(a) 'Obligation to repatriate', as used in annex IV to the Staff
Regulations, shall mean the obligation to return a staff member and
his or her spouse and dependent children, upon separation, at the expense of the United Nations, to aplace outside the country ofhs or
her duty station. .."

The part quoted above remained unchanged until the critical date in 1980,
but newparagraphs (d)-(g)wereintroduced by theamendment of the Staff
Rules on 22August 1979(ST/SGB/Staff Rules/ l/Rev.5), relettering the
then-existing paragraphs (e)-Ci)as new paragraphs (h)-(m).

"(d) Payment of the repatriation grant shall be subject to the pro-
visionby theformer staff member ofevidenceofrelocation awayfrom
the country of the last duty station. Evidence of relocation shall be
constituted by documentary evidence that the former staff member

has established residence in a country other than that of thelast duty
station.

(e) Entitlement to repatriation grant shall cease if no claim for
payment of the grant has been submitted within two years after the
effective date of separation.
(flNotwithstandingparagraph (d)above, staff members already in
servicebefore 1July 1979shall retain the entitlement to repatriation
grant proportionate to the years and months of servicequalifying for
the grant which they already had accrued at that date without the
necessity of production of evidenceof relocation with respect to such
qualifying service.
(g) Payment of the repatriation grant shall be calculated on the
basis of the staff member's pensionable remuneration, the amount of
which,exclusiveofnon-resident's allowanceorlanguage allowance, if
any, shall be subject to staff assessment according to the applicable
schedule of rates set forth in staff regulation 3.3 (b)."

Staff Rule 109.5was further amended on 15 July 1980(ST/SGB/Staff
Rules/ l/Rev.S/Amend.l), with effect from 1January 1980,to implement
the decision adopted by the Genera! Assembly in its resolution 34/ 165,so
that paragraph (fl was simply cancelled. (In this amendment of 15July
1980paragraph (e) was expanded, but this is not relevant to the present
case.) Staff Rule 109.5 (d), which had already been in force since 22
August 1979,categorically required the presentation of evidence of relo-
cation by a former staff member. The Administrative Tribunal, in 1981,
could not have ignored this rule, and in fact did not ignore it.

18. The Administrative Tribunal, in applying Staff Rule 109.5 (d),
which was in force at the critical date, would also have had to take into
account Staff Rule 112.2 (a), closely linked with Staff Regulation 12.1,
which is intended to ensure due regard for the acquired rights of staff
members. The provisions read as follows : "Regulation 12.1 : These Regulations may be supplemented or
amended by the General Assembly,without prejudiceto the acquired
rights of staff members."

"Rule 112.2
(a) These rules may be amended by the Secretary-General in a
manner consistent with the Staff Regulations."

The rights of the Secretariat staff are certainly protected under these
provisions.
19. The provisions on the acquired rights of staff members could have
been applied in different ways. On the one hand, the Administrative
Tribunal could havedecided that, already at the date ofitsentry into force,
namely 22 August 1979,Staff Rule 109.5(d) had deprived the staff of the
United Nations Secretariat of the alleged acquired right to receive repa-
triation grant without any evidenceofrelocation, a right implied to existin
view of the shifting of the concept of repatriation grant or the practices
followedovertheprevious few decades(cf.JudgementNo. 273,para. VII).
On the other hand, the Tribunal could simultaneously have stressed the

importance of Staff Rule 109.5 (f -) in force from 22 August 1979to 31
December 1979 - so that the applicant suffered injury by being deprived
of the entitlement he enjoyed under this specificclause. This also seems to
be an interpretation given by the Judgement (para. XIII). 1 have some
doubts, as 1willlater explain in Part II of this opinion, about the process
whereby this particular provision, Staff Rule 109.5 (f, was set up in 1979.
Yet it cannot be denied that it remained in force for severalmonthsin late
1979. It was simply cancelled in the new Staff Rules of 1980, which
implemented General Assembly resolution 34/ 165.Whether the simple
cancellation of Staff Rule 109.5(fl in the 1980Staff Rules had prejudiced
the right which the applicant rnight have acquired under this specific
provision of the 1979Staff Rules in the light of Staff Regulation 12.1and
Staff Rule 112.2(a)was also a matter for the Administrative Tribunal to
judge.
20. If a violation of acquired rights under Staff Regulation 12.1 and
Staff Rule 112.2 (a) has been ascertained, the Administrative Tribunal

cannot amend the Staff Regulations or Staff Rules, but can only adjudge
that the applicant has sustained an injury asaresult of disregard of a Staff
Regulation or a Staff Rule and is thus entitled to compensation. And,
indeed, that iswhat the Tribunal did ;it delivered ajudgement saying that
compensation for injury should be paid to Mr. Mortished without raising
any questions as to the validity of General Assembly resolution 34/ 165.It
is difficult to see in what way, by such a pronouncement, the Tribunal
could have exceeded its competence.

21. To sum up :first, quite apart from the lack of any explicit reference
in the Request to any of the four possible grounds (as required under401 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (SEP.OP.ODA)

Art. II, para. 3c),of its Provisional Rules of Procedure), thedeliberations
of the Committee on Applications do not convincingly indicate any rea-

sonable grounds on which the Judgement of the Administrative Tribunal
couldhavebeenobjected to and, in addition, itwould seemthat the ground
for objection on the basis of error on a question of law relating to the
provisions of the United Nations Charter was not applicable from the
outset ; secondly, the Request is drafted on the basis of an entirely erro-
neous premise. 1 myself wonder whether these fundamental errors of
procedure and understanding ought not to have been regarded as "com-
pellingreasons" for theCourt not to haveresponded to the Request for an
advisory opinion in the present case.

22. Whilevotingagainst on thefirst point in theoperativeparagraph for
the reasons 1have stated above, 1voted in favour on the second and third

points, since 1can share the viewsexpressed in the Court's Opinion, being
fullyconvinced that the Administrative Tribunal did not err on a question
of law relating to the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations and
that it did not commit any excessofjurisdiction or competencevested in it.
Yet 1cannot but suggestthat some errors seemto havebeen cornrnitted in
the preparation of the provisions on repatriation grant in the 1979Staff
Rules (ST/SGB/Staff Rules/ 1/Rev.5).
23. As thismay haveaffected the nature of thecasebefore theTribunal,
it seemspertinent to look in a more detailed manner than does the Court's
Opinion at the wayinwhich the 1979amendments affecting Rule 109.5on
repatriation grant came to be drafted. The second annual report of the
International Civil ServiceCommission (A/3 1/30) was put on the agenda
(item 103)of the thirty-first session of the General Assembly. The Inter-
national CivilServiceCommissionhad been established "in principle, as of
1January 1974" "as a new organ for the regulation and CO-ordinationof
the conditions of service of the United Nations common system" under

General Assembly resolution 3042 (XXVII) of 19 December 1972 and,
according to its Statute drafted by General Assembly resolution 3357
(XXIX) of 18 December 1974, the Commission is, under Article 10, to
"make recommendations to the General Assembly" on, among other
things, "(a) thebroad principles for thedetermination of theconditions of
service of the staff" and "(c) allowances and benefits of staff which are
determined by the General Assembly", including the repatriation grant.
On the other hand, the Commission could, under Article 11, "establish",
among other things, "rates of allowances and benefits, other than Pen-
sions and those referred to in Article 10 (c)the conditions of entitlement
thereto .. ."

24. In 1976the newly-created International Civil ServiceCommission402 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (SEP. OP. ODA)

examined, among many other things, the repatriation grant scheme and,
pending a further study, recommended in its second annual report, as
mentioned above, some changes to the scale of benefits. During the dis-

cussionson item 103in the Fifth Committee of the General Assemblyat its
thirty-first session some doubts were expressed as to the handling of the
repatriation grant, and

"The viewwas ... expressed that the Commission should consider
whether staffmembers whodidnot return to their country of origin on
retirement should be entitled to the grant." (Report of the Fifth

Committee (A/3 1/449), para. 28.)
The General Assembly, in its resolution 31/141 of 17 December 1976,
entitled "Report of the International Civil Service Commission", re-
quested the Commission

"to re-examine, in the light of the views expressed in the Fifth
Committee at the current session, .. .(a) The conditions for the pro-
vision of terminalpayments (for example, repatriation grant, .. .)(B,
II, para. 3).

In 1978,the International CivilServiceCommission studiedtheconditions
for payment of the repatriation grant, and its examination centred on, as
one of two questions, "the appropriateness of paying the grant to a staff
member who, upon separation, does not return to his home country"
(A/33/30, para. 181).However, the Commission in its report (A/33/30),
being of the view that

"Strictly speaking, it was clear that [payingrepatriation grant to a
staff member who did not in fact return to his home country upon
separation from the organization] would be inconsistent with the
stated purpose of the grant" (para. 183),
acknowledged the practical difficulties of keeping track of the movements
of aformer staff member after he had left the service,and had no desire to
seean international information network set up to do so. Believingthat to

pay repatriation grant to a person who remained permanently in the
country of his last duty station was incompatible with the purpose of the
grant, it considered the possibility that the grant be paid only to a staff
member who supplied evidence that he had settled elsewhere. It recom-
mended that

"payment of the repatriation grant should be made conditional upon

signature by the staff member of adeclaration that he does not intend
to remain permanently in the country of his last duty station"
(para. 186).
25. At the thirty-third session of the General Assembly in 1978, the
Fifth Committee considered the report of the International Civil ServiceCommission(agenda item 111).The Chairman of the Commission stated,
along the lines mentioned above, that

"it believed that the repatriation grant should not be paid when the
staff member, at the end of his service,remained in the place ofhislast
duty station. ..The Commission considered that the most practical
solution would be to require, as a condition for payment of thegrant,

that the staffmember should signadeclaration to the effectthat hedid
not intend to continue to reside permanently in thecountry of his last
duty station." (A/C.5/33/SR.32, para. 41.)

Thus the intent of the Commission was at that time crystal-clear. The
discussions in the Fifth Committee on eligibilityfor therepatriation grant
or the means of proof were very limited, and several delegates considered
that the proposed condition for payment of the grant did not constitute a
sufficient guarantee against abuse. The Chairman of the Commission
made a statement that

"greater measures of control should be applied only if there were
proven casesof abuse. In its study,the Commissionhas found that in a
few cases repatriation grants had been paid to expatriate staff mem-
bers who had not moved from the country of their last duty station,
and the proposa1wasintended to eliminate what wasconsidered to be
an unjustifiable and anomalous payment in such cases." (A/C.5/
33/SR.42, para. 69.)

26. In the Fifth Committee a draft resolution on the report of the
International Civil Service Commission read to the effect that

"The General Assembly ... decides that payment of the repatria-
tion grant to entitled staff members shall be made conditional upon
thepresentation by the staff member of evidenceof actual relocation,
subject to the terms to be established by the Commission." (A/C.5/
33/L.33/Rev.l, IV, para. 4.)

It seems certain, in the light of the cornpetence of the Commission as

provided for in its Statute, that the phrase "to be established by the
Commission" could not have been meant as corresponding to the word
"establish" in Article 11of the Statute. The representative who introduced
a draft resolution on behalf of 17countries had explained that this para-
graph had made it clear that evidence of actual relocation would be
required in addition to a signed declaration by the staff member (A/
C.5/SR.56, para. 29), and that the phrase "subject to the terms to be
established by the Commission" in no way "diluted the thrust" of the
decision for the whole paragraph but merely provided for its administra-tive implementation (para. 51).It seems that the intention of the sponsor-
ingcountries, aspointed out by many delegates at the FifthCommittee one
year later, was not to leave any doubt at al1regarding the problem of
repatriationgrants.General Assembly resolution 33/ 119,entitled "Report
of the International Civil ServiceCommission", asadopted on 19 Decem-

ber 1978,read the same as a text proposed at the Fifth Committee. No
amendment in respect of repatriation grant was made in the Staff Regu-
lations and annexed, as usual, to the General Assembly resolution. It is
quite clear that, while amendments to the Staff Regulations and "such
consequential changes as are necessary in the Staff Rules" to be made by
theSecretary-General werereferred toin thisGeneral Assembly resolution
(IV, para. 1l), they did not have any relevance to the repatriation grant. It
has, however, to be noted that the Under-Secretary-General for Admini-
stration and Management expressed some concern regarding the require-
ment of evidence of relocation and stated that, since acquired rights were
involved, the matter could create problems unless the Commission could
find some means of resolving the difficulty (A/C.5/33/SR.56, para. 32).
This statement seems to be the first sign of acquired rights rearing their
head.

27. The following facts are known from the Report of the International
CivilServiceCommission (A/34/30) :early in 1979the International Civil
ServiceCommissionconsidered,on the onehand, what should be admitted
as constituting evidence of relocation and the provision of documentary
evidence that the former member had taken up residence in another
country. On the other hand, itwas informed that the legal advisers of
several organizations had studied the question and come to the conclusion
that any entitlement already earned by a staff member could not be
affected retroactively by changing the rules, though the exercise of further
entitlements accruing after the date of the change would be subject to
compliance with the newcondition. It then sought an opinion of the Office
of LegalAffairs of the UnitedNations Secretariat, which indicated that, in
so far as the United Nations Organization itself was concerned, there was
no express or implied provision that only those who actually made use of
the travel entitlement should receive the repatriation grant. Seemingly
affected by the opinion of the Secretariat of the United Nationsand other

specialized agencies,the Commission appears to have completely changed
itsposition of one year before and surrendered to the idea that al1existing
staff members had acquired the right to repatriation grant irrespective of
their future location upon separation. The International Civil Service
Commission adopted and "promulgated" on 6 April 1979 the following
text (CIRC/GEN/39) :

"The following modifications to the terms of entitlement to the
repatriation grant are establishedby the International Civil Service Commission in pursuance of paragraph 4 of section IV of General
Assembly resolution 33/ 119 :

(a) With effect from 1Jub 1979payment of the repatriation grant
shallbesubjectto theprovisionby theformer staff member of evidenceof
relocation awayfrom the country of the last duty station ;

(b) Evidence of relocation shall be constituted by documentary
evidence that the former staff member has established residence in a
country other than that of the last duty station, such as a declaration
by the immigration, police, tax or other authorities of the country, by
the senior United Nations officia1in the country or by theformer staff
member's new employer ;

(c) Payment of the grant may be claimed by the former staff mem-
ber within two years of the effective date of separation ;

(d) Notwithstanding paragraph (a) above, staff rnembersalready in
service before 1July 1979 shall retain the entitlement to repatriation
grant proportionateto theyears andmonths of servicequalifyingfor the
grant whichtheyalreadyhadaccruedat thatdate withoutthenecessityof
production of evidence of relocation ; the exercise of any additional
entitlement accrued after that date shall, however, be subject to the
conditions set out in paragraphs (a) to (c) above." (Emphasis
added.)

28. Now, admittedly, Article 25,paragraph 1,of the Commission's Sta-
tute provides that "decisions of the Commission shall be promulgated" but
the "decisions" which are to be "promulgated" are clearly those falling
within the terms of Article 11. However, matters dealt with under Arti-
cle 10 of that Statute (which include repatriation grant) are to be the
subject of recommendations to the General Assembly, and there is no
question ofpromulgating these :they may simply becommunicated by the
Secretary-General of the United Nations to the executive heads of the

other organizations under Article 24, paragraph 1,and are not the object
of promulgation by the Commission itself. 1 wonder therefore if the
Commission, in promulgating the text concerning the repatriation grant,
did not exceed the mandate entrusted to it under Article 10of its Statute?
At any rate, it was clear to several delegates who took part in the discus-
sions in the Fifth Cornmittee at the thirty-fourth session of the General
Assembly severalmonths later that such adecision by the Commission was
not quite in conformity with the terms of its mandate under General
Assembly resolution 33/ 119. In particular, the representative of the
United States pointed out :

"As asponsor of that resolution [33/ 1191,theUnited States believed
that al1Member Stateshad understood that the phrase 'subject to the terms to be established by the Commission' meant solelyestablishing
thedocumentation which aformer staff member must subrnit in order
to qualify for a repatriation grant." (A/C.5/34/SR.46, para. 66.)

Itis possible, 1suggest, that somemisunderstanding had arisen owing to
the resolution's useof the word "establish", whichis featured in Article 11
of the Commission's Statute and may be associated with "decisions" that
are to be "promulgated" under Article 25. Though 1 do not think that the
Commission would have been justified in taking the use of this word
as automatically strengthening its powers in relation to an aspect of re-
patriation grant, 1 can see how some confusion rnight have arisen in
this respect.
29. At al1events, the veryrapid response of the Secretary-Generaltothe
action taken by the International Civil Service Commission seemed to

assume that the Commission had indeed been given a major delegation of
powers. An Administrative Instruction was issued on 23April 1979 under
the name of the Assistant Secretary-General for Personnel Services (ST/
AI/262) :

"2. Pursuant to that decision [Section IV, paragraph 4, of the
General Assembly resolution 33/ 1191,the [International Civil Ser-
vice]Commission has established the following modifications to the
terms of entitlement to the repatriation grant :
[quotation from CIRC/GEN/39, as given above]
3. Effective 1July 1979,the above-cited provisions shallgovernthe

conditions for payment of repatriation grant to United Nations staff
members under Annex IV to the Staff Regulations. Suitable amend-
ments to the Staff Rules will be made in due course."

Some revisions to the then-existing Staff Rules were introduced by the
Secretary-General's Bulletin of 22 August 1979 (ST/SGB/Staff Rules/

l/Rev.5). The Bulletin stated that Rule 109.5 was amended with effect
from 1January 1979

"as a consequence of the changes to .. .the repatriation grant . ..

adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 33/ 119," "to make
the payment of the grant conditional upon presentation of actual
evidenceof relocation withrespect toperiods ofeligibilityarising after
1July 1979".

The newtext of Rule 109.5has already been quoted inparagraph 17of this
opinion.
30. Pursuant to Staff Regulation 12.2,requiring the Secretary-General
to report annually to the General Assembly any amendments to the Staff
Rules, theSecretary-Generalmadeareport to the General Assembly dated13September 1979on "Personnel questions :Other personnel questions :
Amendments to the Staff Rules" (A/C.5/34/7) :

"Those changes [such consequential changes as were necessary in
the Staff Rules]as wellasotheramendmentstothe Staff Rules, which
were mostly based on the decisions taken by the International Civil
Service CommissionunderArticle11 of ils Statute, are incorporated in
the revised editions of the two series of Staff Rules that have been
approved by the Secretary-General for publication. ..

2. . .. (e) Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 33/119, rule

109.5,Repatriation grant, was amended to make the payment of the
grant conditional upon presentation of actual evidence of relocation
with respecttoperiods of eligihility arisingaffer 1Juiy 1979 .. ."(Em-
phasis added.)
It hasalready been pointed outthat reference toArticle 11of the Statute of
the International Civil ServiceCommission would be improper in connec-
tion with the implementation of resolution 33/119 by the Commission.
One must therefore assume that the Secretary-General did not intend the

"mostly" to apply to the modifications of Rule 109.5,but the impression
conveyed is otherwise.
31. When the report of the International Civil Service Commission to
the General Assembly (A/34/30) was discussed in the Fifth Committee of
the General Assembly at its thirty-fourth session, the significance and
implication of that decision of the Commission, as well as the revision of
the Staff Rules on 22 August 1979, gradually drew attention. Strong
criticisms of the decision were heard from various delegates and few
favourable views were expressed. Yet the Acting Chairman of the Com-
mission stated that the General Assembly had clearly mandated the Com-
mission to establish the terms under which the grant would be paid and,
noting that the question of repatriation grant had called for no action by
the General Assembly, he further stated :

"The Commission, which did not claim tobe a legalcommittee, had
taken a pragmatic decision in the interests of economy,judging that it
would beunreasonable to im~oseuDonorganizationsameasure which
would certainly be appealéd by' staff members ... The General
Assembly was, of course, free to overrule the Commission, but it
should be noted that the governing bodies of the majority of the other
organizations in the common system had, since July 1979,approved
the incorporation of the measures announced by the Commission into
their organizations' staff regulations." (A/C.5/34/SR.55, para. 41.)

In so saying, he noted that "the practice of paying the grant to staff
members who did not leave their duty station had been established", andhe admitted that the majority of the members of the Commission had felt
that the practice was in conformity with the provisions of the Staff Rules
and Regulations (ibid., para. 40).
32. In such a situation, the idea that effective 1January 1980no staff
member should be entitled to any part of the repatriation grant unless he
provided evidence of relocation away from the country of the last duty
station was introduced by severaldelegates as a part of a draft resolution,
but on the other hand some of them were aware that it might create a

number of problems, particularly from the point of viewof other organi-
zations in the common system. The Under-Secretary-General for Admin-
istration, Finance and Management was concerned about such an idea
because it would have the effect of revoking a decision which was in
process of implementation by the agencies in the common system (A/
C.5/34/SR.60, para. 59).It isquite clear, in the light of his suggestion that
transitional arrangements regarding the requirement of evidence of relo-
cation as a condition for payment of the repatriation grant be accepted,
that he held the viewthat Rule 109.5 0, with the effect of not applyingthe
new obligation concerning the evidence of relocation to any period of
service prior to 1 July 1979,would simply be revoked. That this point
reflected the interpretation of the United Nations Secretariat was also
clearfromthe statement made later by the Assistant Secretary-General for
Personnel Services to the effect that -

"The net result of the newdecision wouldbe to nullify thenotion of
such service credit and make al1payments of the repatriation grant
subject to the uniform requirement of evidence of relocation." (A/
C.5/34/SR.79, para. 111 .)

His appeal for a period of transition in the form of a grace period of one
month during which al1staff members (ibid.,para. 112)wouldhavebeen in
aposition to assessitsimpact on their terminal benefits alsoaffords further
proof that the proposed imposing of a deadline would, in his view,simply
revoke the right of the personnel to receive repatriation grant without
provision of evidenceofrelocation. Further evidencein the same sensewas
furnished by his Information Circular of 14 December 1979 (ST/IC/
79/84).

33. On 17December 1979 the General Assembly adopted resolution
34/ 165entitled "Report of the International Civil ServiceCommission",
which contained the following provision :

"The General Assembly ... decidesthat effective 1January 1980no
staff member shall be entitled to any part of the repatriation grant
unless evidence of relocation away from the country of the last duty
station is provided." (II, para.3.)

On 21 December 1979 an Administrative Instruction was issued fromthe Assistailt Secretary-General for Personnel Services (ST/AI/269) :

"2. ... the terms of entitlement to the repatriationgrant set out in
administrative instruction ST/AI/262 of 23 April 1979are amended
by thesubstitution of anewsubparagraph (d)and, assoamended with
effect from 1 January 1980,are as follows :

(d) No staff member shall beentitled to any part of the repatriation
grant unlessevidence ofrelocation of residence away from the country
of the last duty station is provided."

Somenew amendments to the Staff Rules (ST/SGB-/Staff Rules/ l/Rev.5/
Amend.1) were introduced by the Secretary-General in his Bulletin of 25
July 1980.The Bulletin stated that -

"Rule 109.5.Repatriation grant, is amended with effect from 1Jan-
uary 1980 to implement the decision concerning repatriation grant
adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 34/165 by can-
celling the transitional arrangement which had been established with
regard to staff members already in service before 1July 1979"

and the new Rule 109.5read in part as follows :

"Rule 109.5
REPATRIATION GRANT

.............................
(fl (Cancelled)."

34. The International CivilServiceCommission presented to the thirty-
fifth session of the General Assembly,in 1980,areport (A/35/30) inwhich
it commented upon the effect of General Assembly resolution 34/ 165on
the harmonization of personnel practices of the organizations within the
United Nations common system. It stated :

"The Commission was concerned that the General Assembly, hav-
ing at its thirty-third session given an express mandate to the Com-
mission to establish terms under which repatriation grant would be
payable to the staff, should, at itsthirty-fourth session,have reversed
the decision taken by the Commission. It wished to draw to the
attention of the General Assembly the implication of such action for
the harmonization of personnel practices in the common system, as
well as for the credibility and the effectiveness of the Commission
which the General Assembly had itself set up and to which it had assigned certain responsibilities. The Commission, therefore, would
have preferred that the General Assembly refer this question back to
the Commission for reconsideration of its decision as allowed for
under the Statute approved by the Assembly." (Para. 14.)

As 1seeit, this criticism of theGeneral Assembly bythe International Civil
Service Commission was perhaps somewhat over-hasty in view of the
doubts about the Commission's own interpretation of resolution 33/
119.
35. To sum up, 1would suggest that if in 1979the Staff Rules had been
revised in a more cautious and proper manner, so as to meet the wishes of
the member States of the United Nations, such confusion as has con-
fronted the Court could well have been avoided. More particularly, if the
amendment of Staff Rule 109.5in 1979had been carried outin conformity
with thespirit of the General Assembly resolution of the previous year, the
situation of therepatriationgrant systemmight have been totally different
and the Administrative Tribunal might have delivered a different judge-
ment on any case therefrom arising.

(Signed) Shigeru ODA

Bilingual Content

SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE ODA

1. Although 1would agree with the Court in its conclusions regarding
the grounds of objection to thejudgement of the United Nations Admin-
istrative Tribunal (UNAT), 1 regret to Say that 1cannot agree that the
Court, in thecircumstances, ought to havecomplied with the request for an
advisory opinion.

2. The Court's Opinion points out various irregularities regarding the
composition of the Administrative Tribunal, the procedures in the Com-
mittee on Applicationsfor ReviewofAdministrative Tribunal Judgements
(hereafter referred to as the Committee on Applications) and the appli-
cation of the United States to the Committee on Applications, as well as
thefailure of theCommittee on Applicationsto do al1in itspower to secure
equality between the applicant Stateand the staff member (paras. 33-44).
Yet, despite these difficulties, the Court still holds the view that it should
comply with the request in the present case in view of the Court's juris-
prudence to the effect that only "compelling reasons" would justify a

refusal. In my view,however, the Court should have declined a reply, on
the particular ground that the actual question conveyed in the request for
advisoryopinion is (i) not only extremelysparse and elliptical,or infelici-
tously expressed and vague, but (ii) also based on a misinterpretation of
thejudgement of theAdministrativeTribunal. The question in the Request
seekingan advisory opinion of the Court,identical to that referred to in the
application of the United Statespresented to the Committee on Applica-
tions on 15June 1981,read as follows :

"1sthejudgement of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal in
Judgement No. 273, Mortished v.the Secretary-General,warranted in
determining that General Assembly resolution 34/ 165of 17Decem-
ber 1979 could not be given immediate effect in requiring, for the
payment of repatriation grants, evidence of relocation to a country
other than the country of the staff member's last duty station ?"

3. The UNAT Statute specifiesthegrounds on whichajudgement of the

68 OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. ODA

[Traduction]

1. Sij'approuve les conclusions de la Cour quant aux motifs de con-
testation du jugement du Tribunal administratif des Nations Unies
(TANU), je ne puis en revanche, à mon grand regret, m'associer à sa
décisionde donner suite en l'espèce à la requêtepour avis consultatif.

2. L'avisde la Cour fait état de diverses irrégularitésdans la composi-
tion du Tribunal, dans la procéduresuiviepar le Comitédes demandes de
réformationdejugements du Tribunal administratif (dénomméci-aprèsle
Comité)et dans la demande adresséeau Comitépar les Etats-Unis, en
ajoutantque le Comitén'apas uséde tous lesmoyens en son pouvoir pour
garantir l'égalitéentre 1'Etat demandeur et le fonctionnaire intéressé
(par. 33-44).Or, malgré cesdifficultés,la Cour estime devoir accéder à la
requêteen raison de la jurisprudence établie, selon laquelle seules des
<<raisons décisives)>pourraient en justifier le rejet. A mon avis, la Cour
aurait dû se récuserau motif précisque la question à elle soumise avait le
défaut : i) non seulement d'être libelléeen termes extrêmementbrefs et

elliptiques, ou d'êtremal poséeet vague ;ii) mais aussi de reposer sur une
interprétation erronéedujugement du Tribunal administratif. Cette ques-
tion, rédigéedans la requête pouravis consultatif de la mêmefaçon que
dans la demande présentée le15juin 1981au Comitépar les Etats-Unis,
était la suivante:

(Dans son jugement no 273 concernant l'affaire Mortished c. le
Secrétaire général de l'Organisation d Nestions Unies le Tribunal
administratif des Nations Unies pouvait-il légitimement déterminer
que la résolution 34/165 de l'Assemblée générale en date du 17dé-
cembre 1979,quisubordonne lepaiement de la prime derapatriement
à la présentation de piècesattestant la réinstallationdu fonctionnaire
dans un pays autre que celui de son dernier lieu d'affectation, ne
pouvait prendre immédiatement effet ? )>

3. Le statut du TANU précise les motifs permettant de contester lesTribunal may be challenged through the medium of advisoryjurisdiction.
Under Article 11, an application may be made to the Committee on
Applications for the purpose ofobtaining the reviewof ajudgementon any
of the following grounds, namely that the Tribunal has :

(i) "exceeded its jurisdiction or competence" ;
(ii) "failed to exercisejurisdiction vested in it";
(iii) "erred on aquestion of lawrelating to theprovisions of the Charter of
the United Nations" ; or
(iv) "committed a fundamental error in procedure which has occasioned
a failure of justice".

If the Committee on Applications decides that a substantial basis for the
application exists, it shall request an advisory opinion of the International
Court of Justice (Art. 11, para. 2). However, the Request in this case,
though expressly stating that the Committee on Applications has decided
that there is a substantial basis within the meaning of Article 11 of the
Statute for theapplication of the United States, fails to specifyany of these
four grounds. This makes this case quite different from the only previous
case to have come before the Court on the basis of the application of the
aforesaid Article 11,namely that concerning an Application for Review of
Judgement No. 158 of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal. Now,
whereas in that earlier case two grounds were specifically mentioned to
justify the application for review, scrutiny of the drafting of the present

Request raises doubt in my mind as to whether the Committee on Appli-
cations examined the matter sufficiently to convince itself that there was,
in this case, a substantial basis within the meaning of Article 11 of the
UNAT Statute.
4. The United Statesapplication of 15June 1981,asking theCommittee
on Applications to request an advisory opinion of the Court, not only
failed to comply with some of the procedural requirements, aspointed out
in the Opinion of the Court (paras. 39-41), but also overlooked the re-
quirement implicit under its Statute of indicating the ground or grounds
on which the United States objected to the judgement in question.
Although the United States representative stated in the Committee on
Applications that the

"issue of theTribunal's havingexceeded itsjurisdiction and erred on a
question of law relating to the Charter has been placed before this
Committee in the application" (A/AC.86/PV.l, p. 16),

this is not verily a fact. The importance of this failure on the part of the
United States when applying to the Committee on Applications will be
savoured if one considers that the applicant State is not necessarily a
member of the Committee on Applications, and that it thus might not have
had a chance in the Committee on Applicationsorally to makepoints not
apparent in the original application.
5. In the Committee on Applications it wasnot the representative of the
United States but the Chairman and delegates of othercountries whowerejugements du Tribunal par le moyen d'un recours à lajuridiction consul-

tative de la Cour. Aux termes de l'article 11,leComitépeutêtresaisid'une
demande de réformation pour les motifs suivants :

i) le Tribunal ((a outrepassé sajuridiction ou sa compétence 1);
ii) le Tribunal (n'a pas exercésajuridiction >> ;
iii) leTribunal a commis uneerreur de droit concernant lesdispositions
de la Charte des Nations Unies >);
iv) leTribunal ((acommis, dans laprocédure,une erreur essentielle qui a
provoqué un mal-jugé )).

SileComitédécideque la demande repose surdes bases sérieuses,ilpriela
Cour internationale de Justice de donner un avis consultatif (art. 11,
par. 2).Or la présenterequête, sielledit bien que le Comitéadécidé que la
demande des Etats-Unis d'Amérique reposaitsur des bases sérieusesau

sens de l'article 11du statut du Tribunal administratif, ne mentionne en
revanche aucundes quatre motifs précitésC . ette lacunefait que laprésente
espèce estfoncièrement différente de la seule affaire dont la Cour ait été
jusque-là saisie en application de l'article 11précité, à savoir la Demande
de réformationdujugement no 158 du Tribunal administratif des Nations
Unies. Alors que deux motifs avaient étéexpressément invoqués à l'appui
decette demandede réformation,l'examendu libelléde laprésenterequête

m'amène à douter que le Comité soit suffisamment entré dans les détails
pour pouvoir se convaincre qu'en l'espècela demande reposait sur des
bases sérieuresau sens de l'article 11 du statut du TANU.

4. La demande du 15juin 1981par laquelle les Etats-Unis ont priéle
Comitéde solliciter un avis consultatif de la Cour n'étaitpas seulement

entachéede vicesdeprocédure,ainsi qu'ilestindiquédans l'avisde la Cour
(par. 39-41) :elle négligeaiten outre de stipuler le ou les motifs de con-
testation du jugement, comme l'exigeimplicitement le statut du Tribunal.
Certes, lereprésentant des Etats-Unis s'estexprimécomme suit au Comité
des demandes de réformation :

<(les deux questions (de l'excèsdejuridiction et de l'erreur de droit
concernant lesdispositions de la Charte) sont poséesdans la demande
mentionnée précédemment à notre Comité )>(A/AC.86/PV.l, p. 8).

Mais celane correspondait manifestementpasauxfaits. Cette lacune dans
la demande desEtats-Unis apparaîtdans toute sa gravité sil'on serappelle
que 1'Etatdemandeur n'est pas nécessairementmembre du Comité,et que
dans un tel cas cet Etat n'aurait pas la possibilitéde faire valoir oralement

les arguments omis dans sa demande initiale.

5. Lors des travaux du Comité,ce n'est pas le représentant des Etats-
Unis mais le président du Comitéet les représentants d'autres pays qui se391 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (SEP.OP.ODA)

more concerned with the specific grounds on which review was called for.
After the Chairman pointed out the four grounds specified in the Statute
(A/AC.86/PV.l, p. 21), the United Kingdom representative stated his
view on two grounds of the four :

"The first is that the Tribunal erred on a question of law relating to
the Charter. Article 101lays down that the staff regulations shall be
established by the General Assembly, and the relevant paragraph of
resolution 34/ 165was an exerciseof that function.The second is that

the Tribunal exceeded itsjurisdiction or competence in giving more
weight to the doctrine of acquired rights than General Assembly
resolution 34/ 165." (Pp. 22-23.)

Only after these statements did the United States representative state :

"We are here to decide whether or not there issufficient merit in the
concern that theAdministrative Tribunal has or may haveexceededits
jurisdiction, or committed an error of law in relation to an interpre-
tation of a provision of the Charter, to require the advice of the

International Court of Justice." (P. 29.)

The representative of France, on the other hand, clearly pointed out that
"in its application the United States[did] not explicitly invoke any of these
grounds" (pp. 38-40) and concluded that the only question which the

Committee was asked or empowered to consider or on which it was
empowered to give an answer, if possible, was : "is there serious reason to
believethat the Administrative Tribunal erred on aquestion oflawrelating
to the Charter of the United Nations ?" After repeating that "none of the
grounds mentioned in article 11of the Statute of the Administrative Tri-
bunal [were]explicitly invoked by the United States", therepresentative of
France further stated that :

"We find that, even if the United Stateshad implicitly invoked an
error on a question of law concerning the provisions of the Charter,
thisground should berejected as lacking avalid basis ;wefindthat the
Tribunal committed no error of interpretation of Article 101of the
Charter since - on the contrary - it recognizes the competence of the
General Assembly ;and we find, moreover, that the United States
itself recognizes that theTribunal has somecompetence to giverulings
on decisions of the General Assembly." (A/AC.86/PV.l, p. 42.)

Sofar as the minutes of the Committee indicate, these werepractically al1
the discussions held in the Committee concerning the grounds which are
referred toin Article 11of the Statute of theTribunal and which, according
to Article II, paragraph 3 (c), of the Cornmittee's Provisional Rules ofsontmontréspréoccupésdesmotifsprécis surlesquelsreposaitla demande
de réformation. Après que le président eut rappelé les quatre motifs
énoncés dans le statut du Tribunal (A/AC.86/PV.l, p. IO),le représentant
du Royaume-Uniafaitconnaître dans lestermes suivants sesvuessurdeux
de ces motifs :

(Le premier est que le Tribunal a commis une erreur de droit
concernant les dispositions de la Charte. D'après l'article 101, les
règles touchant le personnel sont fixéespar l'Assemblée générale,

laquelle aexercécettefonction en adoptant leparagraphe pertinent de
la résolution34/ 165.Le deuxième estque le Tribunal a outrepassé sa
juridiction ou sa compétence en donnant plus de poids à la doctrine
des droits acquisqu'à la résolution34/ 165de l'Assemblée générale. ))
(P. 12.)

Ce n'est qu'après ces interventions que le représentant des Etats-Unis a
déclaré :

(Nous sommes ici pour déterminer si la question de savoir si le
Tribunal administratif a ou peut avoir outrepassé sajuridiction, ou
commisune erreur dedroit touchant l'interprétation d'une disposition
de la Charte, est suffisamment sérieusepour justifier que la Cour
internationale de Justice soit sollicitée de donner son avis. )>
(P. 15.)

Cependant le représentant de la France, précisant que (<dans leur de-
mande, les Etats-Unis n'invoquent pas expressément l'unede ces bases )>
(p. 21), en a tiréla conséquenceque la seule question que le Comité fût

habilité à traiter, la seuleà laquelle il pouvait éventuellementdonner une
réponse,était : existe-t-il une présomption sérieuseque le Tribunal admi-
nistratif ait commis une erreur dedroit concernant la Charte des Nations
Unies ? )>Et, aprèsavoir répété qu'~aucun desmoyensprévus à l'article 11
du statut du Tribunal administratif n'est expressémentinvoquépar les
Etats-Unis )>le représentant de la France a ajouté :

(<Nous constatons que, quand bien même lesEtats-Unis invoque-
raient implicitement l'erreur dedroit concernant lesdispositions de la
Charte, ce moyen devrait êtreécartécomme ne reposant sur aucune

base sérieuse ; nousconstatons quele Tribunal n'a nullement commis
d'erreur d'interprétation de l'article 101de la Charte puisqu'il recon-
naît au contraire la compétence de l'Assemblée générale ; et nous
constatons d'ailleurs que les Etats-Unis reconnaissent eux-mêmes au
Tribunal une certaine compétence pour statuer sur les décisionsde
l'Assemblée générale. ))(A/AC.86/PV. 1, p. 23.)

Pour autant qu'il ressorte des comptes rendus de séances,c'est à ces
quelques échangesque serésumentpratiquement lesdébatsdu Comitésur
les motifs qui sont prévus à l'article 11du statut du Tribunal et qui, aux
termes de l'article II, paragraphe 3 c),du règlementintérieurprovisoire du392 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (SEP.OP.ODA)

Procedure, ought to have been indicated in the application for review. It
was not even argued in the Committee how the grounds shouldbe invoked
in applying for review in this case. If there was any explanation on this
subject, it was only that made by the representative of the United King-
dom, as quoted above, who stated :

(i) concerning excess of jurisdiction or competence
"The Tribunal exceeded its jurisdiction or competence in giving
more weight to the doctrine of acquired rights than General Assembly
resolution 34/ 165" ; and

(ii) concerning error on a question of law relating to the provisions of the
Charter :

"Article 101laysdown that the staff regulations shall be established
by the General Assembly, and the relevant paragraph of resolution
34/165 was an exercise of that function."
6. Without ascertaining how any of the four grounds couldjustifiably
have constituted a basis for a request for an advisory opinion of the Court,

the Chairman of the Committee on Applications, simply requesting the
Committee to indicate whether there was substantial basis for the appli-
cation within the meaning of Article 11 on the two grounds of the four,
proceeded toput these twopoints to the vote.The two issuesand theresults
of the voting were as follows :
(a) theground that "the Tribunal haserred on aquestion of lawrelatingto
the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations" :avote of 14to 2,

with 1 abstention ;
(b) the ground that "the Tribunal has exceeded itsjurisdiction or compe-
tence" : a vote of 10 to 2, with 6 abstentions.
In spite of these decisions of the Committee on Applications, 1 would
suggest that these grounds had scarcely been discussed in the Commit-
tee.

7. While the question in the Request was not formulated soasto satisfy
the necessary conditions, theCourt, relying upon the settledjurisprudence
whereby it may "seek tobring out what it conceives to be the real meaning
of the Committee's request" (para. 47), holds the view that, in spite of the
incompleteness of the Request in this case,

"If [the legal questions really at issue in questions formulated in a
request], onceascertained, prove to be questions 'whichmay properly
be considered as falling within the terms of one or more of' the
grounds contemplated in Article 11 of the Statute of the Tribunal,
it is upon those questions that the Court can give its opinion."
(Para. 48.)Comité,auraient dû êtreindiquésdans lademande. La manièred'invoquer
en l'espèce cesdeux motifsdans la demande de réformation n'a pasmême
étédébattue. La seule explication donnée à cet égard,si tant est qu'il y
en ait une, se trouve dans l'intervention déjà citéedu représentant du
Royaume-Uni, où il est dit :

i) au sujet de l'excèsde juridiction ou de compétence,que :

<<leTribunal aoutrepassésajuridiction ou sacompétenceendonnant
plus de poids àla doctrine des droits acquis qu'à la résolution34/ 165
de l'Assemblée générale ;
ii) et au sujet de l'erreurdedroit concernant lesdispositions de laCharte,

que :
<<d'aprèsl'article 101,les règlestouchant lepersonnel sont fixéespar
l'Assemblée générale, laquella e exercécette fonction en adoptant le
paragraphe pertinent de la résolution 34/ 165 o.

6. Le présidentdu Comité,sansrechercher à quel titre lesquatre motifs
de l'article 11pouvaient servir de base àune requêtepour avis consultatif,
s'estcontentéde prier le Comité d'indiquersila demande reposait sur des
bases sérieuses au sens dudit article pour deux des quatre motifs, et a mis
ces deux questions aux voix. Les résultats du vote furent les suivants :

a) Au motif que leTribunal avait commisune erreur de droit concernant
les dispositions de la Charte des Nations Unies >>:14voixpour, 2 voix
contre et 1 abstention ;

b) au motif que le Tribunal avait t<outrepassé sajuridiction ou sa com-
pétence :10 voix pour, 2 voix contre et 6 abstentions.
Malgré ces décisionsdu Comité,j'estime que sesmembres avaient à peine
discutéces deux motifs.

7. Bien que la question ne fût pas formuléede manière à répondreaux
conditions requises, la Cour, se fondant sur lajurisprudence bien établie
d'après laquelle ellepeut dégager ce quilui paraît êtrel'intention véritable
du Comité (par. 47), déclare que, malgré leslacunes de la requête en
l'espèce :

t<Si [les questions juridiques que soulèvent véritablement les
demandes formuléesdans unerequête],une fois éclaircies,serévèlent
êtredesquestions t<qui peuvent légitimementêtreconsidéréescomme
se rattachant à un ou plusieurs des motifs envisagés àl'article 11du
statut duTribunal, c'est à leur propos quela Courpourra exprimerson
avis. 1)(Par. 48.)TheCourt takes up the question as to whether theTribunal had erred on a
question oflawrelating tothe provisions of the United Nations Charter. If,
despite the tortuous phraseology of the Request, one can supposethat the

judgement was opposed on the ground that the Tribunal had erred on a
question of law relating to the provisions of the Charter, as can be spe-
culated from the deliberations in the Committee on Applications (the
Court reformulates the question put in the Request in that sense), 1 still
would have some doubts whether the ground that the Tribunal had erred
on such a question would have applied in this case - in other words, if the
judgement of theAdministrative Tribunal which wasdealingwith amend-
ments to Staff Rules - not Charter provisions - could prima facie have
been challenged on that ground.
8. It is pertinent here to investigatehow this ground, as provided forin
Article 11of the UNAT Statute, wasbrought in as a ground forthe review

procedure therein contemplated. While the Statute of the IL0 Adminis-
trative Tribunal, adopted on 9 October 1946, specified two grounds -
wrongful confirmation ofjurisdiction, and fundamental fault in the pro-
cedurefollowed - ascapable offoundinga request for an advisory opinion
of the Court, the process of introducing the review system for UNAT
judgements, in 1955,resulted in theaddition of twofurther grounds where
that Tribunal was concerned. Under one of these new grounds, cases
would be covered where the Tribunal had "erred on a question of law
relating to the provisions of the Charter of theUnited Nations". Asclearly
explained in the Opinion :

"the formulation of this clause was the result of a compromise be-
tween those who wanted a review system dealing with questions of
law more generally, and those who favoured the narrower range of
permissible objections that appears in the Statute of theInternational
Labour Organisation Administrative Tribunal" (para. 63).

9. In the Special Committee on Review of Administrative Tribunal
Judgements, convened on 4 April 1955,the discussions which took place
between 11 and 14April to consider various draft proposals brought to
light a wide divergence of views.In an effort to achieve a broader basis of
agreement, a newjoint draft amendment was introduced on 20April by

the representative of the United Kingdom on behalf of China, Iraq, Paki-
stan, the United Kingdom and the United States (A/AC.78/L.14 and
Corr.1) ; this suggested that thejudgement might be objected to
"on the ground that the Tribunal has exceeded its jurisdiction or
competence, or has erred on a question of law relating to the provi-

sions of the Charter, or has committed a fundamental error in pro-
cedure ..."
The representative of the United Kingdom, after having stated that the
element of an error ona question of law "represented the highest common
factor of agreement", remarked, on behalf of the CO-sponsoringStates,

thatPuiselleaborde laquestion de savoir sileTribunal a commis uneerreur de
droitconcernant lesdispositions dela Charte desNations Unies. Or, même
sil'on pense, malgrélelibellé tortueux dela requête,que lacontestation du
jugement apour motif une erreur de droit concernant lesdispositions de la
Charte, comme les délibérationsdu Comité permettent de le supposer
(c'est dans ce sens que la Cour a reformulé la question poséedans la

requête), je persiste à me demander si l'on peut vraiment, en l'espèce,
invoquer le motif d'une erreur de ce genre commise par le Tribunal - en
d'autres termes, si lejugement du Tribunal, qui porte sur la modification
du règlement du personnel et non pas des dispositions de la Charte, peut,
tel qu'il est rédigéê , tre contesté pource motif.

8. Il faut ici rechercher comment cemotif, inscrit àl'article 11du statut
duTribunal, a pu êtreretenu parmi lesautres motifs de réformationprévus
dans ce texte. Alors que le statut du Tribunal administratif de l'OIT,

adopté le 9 octobre 1946, prévoyait deux motifs de requêtepour avis
consultatif - le motif que le Tribunal a affirmé à tort sa compétence etle
motif que le Tribunal a commis une faute essentielle dans la procédure
suivie -, deux motifs supplémentaires furent ajoutés en 1955, lors de
l'institution du systèmede réformation desjugements du Tribunal admi-
nistratif des Nations Unies. Selonl'unde cesnouveaux motifs, ilpouvaity
avoir recours sile Tribunal avait (commis une erreur de droit concernant
les dispositions de la Charte des Nations Unies )).Comme il est précisé
dans l'avis :

<<la formuleretenue est lerésultatd'un compromis entre lespartisans
d'un systèmede réformationportant sur les questions de droit à titre
généralet ceux qui penchaient pour la gamme d'objections plus
restreinte envisagée dans le statut du Tribunal administratif ))

(par. 63).
9. Le Comitéspécialchargéd'étudierla question de la réformationdes
jugements du Tribunal administratif, réuni le 4 avril 1955, procéda du
11au 14avril à un examen des divers projets de propositions qui révéla

d'importantesdivergencesd'opinion. Le 20 avril, dans un effort pour élar-
gir les bases d'un accord possible, le représentant du Royaume-Uni pré-
senta une nouvelle proposition au nom de la Chine, des Etats-Unis, de
l'Irak, du Pakistan et de son propre pays (A/AC.78/L.14 et Corr.1). Aux
termes de cette proposition, il étaitpossible de contester lejugement

<<en alléguantque le Tribunal a outrepassé sajuridiction ou sa com-
pétence,acommis uneerreur de droitconcernant lesdispositions dela
Charte, ou a commis une erreur essentielle dans la procédure ..))

Après avoir déclaré que l'élémend te l'erreur de droit représentait (leplus
grand commun dénominateur des diverses opinions )>,le représentant du
Royaume-Uni déclara ce qui suit au nom des Etats auteurs du texte : "[This] ground, whle attempting to meet half-way those represen-
tatives who favoured inclusion of any substantial question of law as a
ground for review,provided asafeguard against the danger that review
might become a matter of course in al1cases. It attempted to define
with maximum precision what questions of law could be grounds for
review. The words 'relating to the provisions of the Charter' covered
not only interpretations of the provisions of the Charter but also the
interpretation or application of staff regulations deriving from Chap-
ter XV of the Charter." (A/AC.78/SR.10, p. 3.)

On theother hand, therepresentative of theUnited States specified certain
concrete cases to be covered under the ground mentioned above. He said
that his Government

"understood the ... ground .. .to include (a) a question under Ar-
ticle 101 of the Charter whether the Secretary-General's judgement
should be upheld with regard to the conduct of a staff member under
United Nationsstandards of efficiency,competence and integrity ; (b)
a question under Article 97whether the Secretary-General's action in
giving directions to ortaking disciplinary action against a staff mem-
ber should be sustained ; (c)a question under Article 100involving a
staff member's dutyto refrain fromany action whichmight reflect on
his position as an international civil servant responsible only to the
Organization" (ibid., p. 6).

Paragraph 1 of thisjoint proposal, which contained the relevant ground,
was adopted by 9votes to 5,with 3abstentions, and thejoint proposal, as a
whole, was finally adopted by a roll-cal1vote of 9 to 4, with 4 abstentions.
Thus the Special Committee recommended to the consideration of the
General Assembly the draft amendments to the Statute of the Adminis-
trative Tribunal which contained theparagraph as quoted above from the
five nations' joint draft proposal.
10. The report of the Special Comrnittee wason the agenda asitem 49of
the tenth session of the General Assemblyin 1955and was referred to the
deliberations of the Fifth Committee. The Fifth Committeestarted delib-

eration on this agenda on 17October 1955.Bythat time the draft recom-
mended by the Special Committee, as well as a joint draft resolution
submitted by Argentina, Canada, China, Cuba, Iraq, Pakistan, theUnited
Kingdom and theUnited States (A/C.5/L.335 and Add. l), had been made
available. The eight powers'joint proposal contained a provision exactly
identical to that recommended bv the S~ecial Committee. and thus also
identical to the original five-nation proposa1 presented in the Special
Committee, as quoted in paragraph 9 of this opinion.
11. It was apparent at the outset that the staff of the Secretariat, as well ((Ce motif vise à donner partiellement satisfaction aux représen-

tants qui voudraient que toute importante question de droit donne
ouverture à recours, mais il est énoncéde manière à éviterle risque de
voir la procédurede réformation devenirune procédurenormale dans
toutes les affaires. Le texte s'efforce de définiravec le maximum de
précision les questions de droit qui peuvent donner ouverture à
recours. Les mots << concernant les dispositions de la Charte ))ne
visent pas seulement I'interprétation des dispositions de la Charte,
mais aussi l'interprétation ou l'application du statut du personnel
édictéen application duchapitre XVdelaCharte. >(A/AC.78/SR. 10,

P 3.)
De son côté, le représentant des Etats-Unis, indiquant certains cas

concrets auxquels devaient s'appliquer les motifs susmentionnés, précisa
que, selon son gouvernement, le deuxièmemotif visait :
a) les questions mettant en jeu l'article 101 de la Charte, lorsqu'il
s'agit de savoir s'ily a lieu de confirmer la façon dont le Secrétaire

générala jugé la conduite d'un fonctionnaire du point de vue des
normes de travail, de compétenceet d'intégrité requised su personnel
de l'organisation ;b)lesquestions mettant en jeu l'article 97,lorsqu'il
s'agit de savoir s'il a lieu de confirmer la décisiondu Secrétaire
généraldans lescas où il a donnédes directives à un fonctionnaire ou
pris contre lui des mesures disciplinaires c)les questions mettant en
jeu l'article 100,qui impose à tout fonctionnaire l'obligation de s'abs-
tenir de tout actequi est incompatible avec sa situation de fonction-
naire international, responsable seulement envers l'organisation. >)
(Ibid., p. 6.)

Leparagraphe 1de cetteproposition commune, où figurait lemotif dont il
s'agit,fut adoptépar 9 voix contre 5, avec 3abstentions, et l'ensemble du
texte fut finalement adopté à l'issue d'unscrutin par appel nominal, par
9 voix contre 4, avec 4 abstentions. Par ce vote, le Comitéspécialrecom-
mandait à l'examende l'Assembléegénérale lesprojets d'amendements au
statut du Tribunal administratif contenant le paragraphe précitéde la

proposition commune des cinq nations.
10. Le rapport du comitéspécial,point 49 de l'ordre du jour de la
dixième sessionde l'Assemblée générale e,n 1955,fut renvoyédevant la
Cinquième Commission. Celle-ci aborda la question le 17 octobre 1955,
aprèsavoir été saisiedu projet recommandépar lecomitéspécialainsi que
d'un projet de résolution conjointement présentépar l'Argentine, leCana-
da, la Chine, Cuba, les Etats-Unis, l'Irak, le Pakistan et le Royaume-Uni
(A/C.5/L.335 et Add. 1). Ce dernier projet contenait une disposition
absolument identique à celle que recommandait le comitéspécial,et par
conséquent à la proposition initialement présentée à celui-ci, telle que
reproduite au paragraphe précédent.

11. D'oreset déjà,ilétaitapparent quele personnel du Secrétariat,ainsi395 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (SEP.OP.ODA)

as the United Nations Secretary-General, held a somewhat negative atti-
tude towards the suggestedreviewsystem.A letter of 10October 1955from

the Chairman of the Staff Committee to the Secretary-General, which was
made available to the Fifth Committee, read as follows :

"VI, 15. The proposed procedure is certainly a complex one ; it
would undoubtedly be lengthy ;it might wellbe uneconornical for al1
concerned. But more important than thesepractical weaknessesis the
fact that it would not accord with the principles inherent in the
concept ofjudicial review. The Staff Council fears that the proposed
procedure might be so used in practice as to frustrate the declared
purpose for which it was created." (A/C.5/634.)

Opening the Fifth Committee discussion on this subject, the Secretary-

General made some observations along the following lines :

"at no time have 1 felt the need for a reviewprocedure with respect to
the normal cases coming before the Administrative Tribunal. For its
part the StaffCouncil hasstated that it doesnot consider itnecessary a
procedure for reviewingjudgements of the Administrative Tribunal.
Even though there has, quite naturally, not been full agreement with
every judgment, there has been no feeling that a new step in the
judicial procedure is necessary." "1 consider basic for any review
procedure which may be adopted [theprinciple (one of four) that] the
reviewshould serveonly as an outlet in exceptional cases and should
not be for regular use." (A/C.5/635.)

The discussions on thesepoints weresummarized inthe report of the Fifth
Committee (A/3016) as follows :

"12. Discussion in the Fifth Comrnittee centred primarily on the
proposed new article 11. In favour of this article, it was argued that
experience had shown a need for some method of review of the
Administrative Tribunal judgements in certain cases. By having a
procedure of judicial review available in the event of crisis, the dis-
cussion of cases in the General Assembly could be avoided . .

13. It was pointed out that the recommendations of the Special

Committee represented a compromise which its supporters believed
contained the essential conditions of a satisfactory reviewprocedure.
Alternative proposals had been thoroughly considered in the Special
Committee and the textsrecommended werethose on whichthere was
the broadest basis of agreement. Those members of the Fifth Com-
rnittee supporting the revisedjoint draft resolution, therefore, did notque le Secrétaire général, envisageait avecune certaine inquiétude le sys-
tèmede réformation proposé.Dansune lettre adresséele 10octobre 1955

au Secrétaire généralq , ui fut portée à la connaissance de la Cinquième
Commission, le président du conseil du personnel déclarait :

(<VI, 15.Laprocédureproposée estde toute évidencecompliquée ;
elle serait sans doute longue ; elle risquerait de se révélercoûteuse
pour toutes les parties en cause. De plus, et c'est là un défaut plus
grave que ces imperfections pratiques, cette procédure ne serait pas
conformeauxprincipes inhérents à la notion mêmederéformation.Le
conseil du personnel craint que la procédureproposéene puisse être
utilisée,dansla pratique, àl'encontre desfins mêmesenvuedesquelles
elle aurait étéadoptée. ))(A/C.5/634.)

Ouvrant les délibérationsde la Commission sur ce sujet, le Secrétaire
général formula,entre autres, les observations suivantes :

((je n'ai jamais éprouvéle besoin d'une procédure de réformation
pour les affaires normales qui viennent devant le Tribunal adminis-
tratif. De son coté,le conseil du personnel a déclaré qu'il n'estimait
pas nécessaire d'instituer une procédure de réformation des juge-
ments du Tribunal. Bien que, cela va de soi, les jugements du Tri-
bunal n'aient pas toujours donné satisfaction à tout le monde, un

nouveau degrédejuridiction n'a pas pam nécessaire. ))([C'estun prin-
cipe fondamental (l'un des quatre) auquel] devrait, selon moi, satis-
faire toute procédure de réformation qui pourrait être adoptée ...
est que ...la procédure de réformation devrait constituer non pas
une procédure normale mais seulement une issue pour des cas
exceptionnels. ))(A/C.5/635.)

Les débats surla question sont résumés comme suitdans le rapport dela
Cinquième Commission (A/3016) :

<<12. C'est surtout surle projet d'article 11qu'a portéle débat àla
Cinquième Commission. Les défenseurs de ce texte ont dit que l'ex-

périenceavait à plusieurs reprises fait apparaîtrela nécessité d'insti-
tuer une procédure de réformation desjugements du Tribunal admi-
nistratif. S'ilexistait uneprocédurede réformationjudiciaire encas de
conflit, les affaires portées devant le Tribunal n'auraient pas à être
discutées à l'Assembléegénéral e..
13. On afait remarquer que lesrecommandations du comitéspécial
constituaientune solution decompromisqui, del'avisde sespartisans,
réunissaitlesconditions essentiellesquedoit remplir uneprocédurede
réformation satisfaisante. Le comité special avait examiné de façon
approfondie diverses autres propositions, et les textes qu'il avait

recommandés étaientceux qui avaient recueilli le plus de suffrages.
Les délégationsqui appuyaient le projet commun revisé n'avaient consider it desirable to reopen matters which had been settled in the
Special Committee.

14. It was pointed out that the text of the proposed article 11
followed the precedent of article XII of the Statute of the Adminis-
trative Tribunal of the International Labour Organisation ...
15. The CO-sponsorsof the revisedjoint draft resolution explained
that the new draft article 11 was intended to lirnit review to exceD-
tional cases.Two of thegrounds for reviewwerethose provided in the
Statute of the IL0 Administrative Tribunal, Le.,questions of compe-
tence and of fundamental error in procedure. One additional ground
was provided, i.e., errors on 'a question of law relating to the provi-
sions of the Charter'. The CO-sponsorsof the revised draft resolution
referred to the statements which they had made concerning the inter-
pretation of this phrase which was contained in the report of the
SpecialCommittee (A/2909). Theopinion wasexpressedin the debate
that the grounds provided for review were of a fundamental nature
and that as such they could not be ignored, if and when they arose, in
the interest ofjustice."

12. Theaddition of athirdground, reading that theTribunal "has erred
on a question of lawrelating to the provisions of theCharter of the United
Nations", was explained by the representatives of both the United King-
dom and theUnited States in the samewayasinthe SpecialCommittee, as
quoted in paragraph 9 of this opinion. The statements of these two dele-

gates are worth quoting in order properly to understand the real sense of
the third ground. The representative of the United Kingdom stated :
"It has been felt that the third ground was adequate to cover cases
where the Tribunal, in interpreting and applying some of the Staff

Regulations, did so in a manner whch might be considered inconsis-
tent with the provisions of the Charter, especially of Chapter XV."
(A/C.5/SR.493, para. 9.)
According to the representative of the United States :

"[this category] would include such questions as [ilwhether the Sec-
retary-General's judgment should be upheld in regard to the conduct
of a staff member and the United Nations standards of efficiency,

cornpetence, and integrity as prescribed in accordance with Arti-
cle 101of the Charter, or, [ii]whether the Secretary-General's action
should be sustained in givingdirections to a staff member, or taking
disciplinary action against him, in view of the Secretary-General's
position as Chief Administrative Officer of the Organization under
Article 97 of the Charter ;or [iii]a question involving the staff mem-
ber's duty to refrain from any action which rnight reflect on his
position as an international officia1responsible only to the Organi-
zation, as laid down in Article 100(1)" (A/C.5/SR.494, para. 20). donc pas jugésouhaitable de rouvrir à la Cinquième Commission le
débat sur une question qui avait étérégléeau comité spécial.
14. On a fait observer que le texte du projet d'article 11s'inspirait
de l'articleII du statut du Tribunal administratif de l'organisation
internationale du Travail ...

15. Les auteurs du projet commun revisé ont dit que le nouvel
article 11avait pour objet de limiter la réformation à des cas excep-
tionnels.Deux desmotifs deréformationétaientanalogues aux motifs
énoncésdans le statutdu Tribunal administratif de l'OIT, à savoir les
questions de compétence et une faute essentielle dans la procédure
suivie. Un motif supplémentaire étaitprévu, à savoir les(<erreurs de
droit concernant lesdispositions de laCharte o. Les auteurs du projet
ont appelé l'attention de la Commission sur l'interprétation qu'ils
donnaient à cette expression, interprétation qui était exposéedans le

rapport du comité spécial (A/2909). On a soutenu,au cours du débat,
que lesmotifs de réformation avaient un caractèresifondamental que
l'intérêdte lajustice obligeaitàlesprendre en considérationlorsqu'ils
étaientinvoqués. ))

12. L'apparition d'un troisièmemotif - (<le Tribunal a commis une
erreur de droit concernant les dispositions dela Charte - fut expliquée
par les représentants des Etats-Unis et du Royaume-Uni de la même
manière que lors des débats au comité spécial, comme il estindiqué au
paragraphe 9 de la présente opinion. Ces interventions valent la peine
d'être citées, caerlles aidentà comprendre la véritable significationde ce
troisièmemotif. Le représentant du Royaume-Uni déclara :

<<On a estiméquele troisièmemotif serait appropriédans lescas où
le Tribunal administratif, en interprétant et en appliquant certains

articles du statut du personnel, agirait d'une façonincompatible avec
lesdispositions dela Charte,notamment aveccellesdu chapitre XV. 1)
(A/C.5/SR.493, par. 9.)

Et le représentant des Etats-Unis affirma de son côté

<<Ce deuxième motif vise notamment, d'abord, les cas où l'on se
demande s'ilfaut confirmerlafaçon dont leSecrétairegénéraaljugéla
conduite d'un fonctionnaire du point de vue desnormes de travail, de
compétenceet d'intégrité requises du personnel del'organisation aux
termes de l'article 101de la Charte ;ensuite, lepoint de savoir s'ilfaut
confirmer la décision du Secrétairegénérad lans les cas où il a donné
des directives à un fonctionnaire ou pris contre lui des mesures dis-
ciplinaires en sa qualitéde plus haut fonctionnaire de l'organisation,
aux termes de l'article 97 ;enfin, les questions qui mettent enjeu le

paragraphe 1 de I'article 100 qui impose à tous les fonctionnaires
l'obligation de s'abstenir de tout acteincompatible avecleur situation
de fonctionnairesinternationaux responsables seulement enversl'Or-
ganisation. ))(A/C.5/SR.494, par. 20.) 397 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (SEP.OP. ODA)

13. After the Indian proposa1(toan effect not relevant to the particular
problem wearenowconcernedwith) had beenacceptedby the CO-sponsors
of the joint draft resolution, the relevant parts of the revisedjoint draft
resolution, with the Indian amendments, were adopted by a vote of 28 to
19,with 11abstentions. The whole revisedjoint resolution, including the

amendments, was approved by a vote of 27 to 18,with 12abstentions, in
the Fifth Committee, giving us the present Article 11 of the Statute as
adopted under General Assembly resolution 957 (X) of 8 Novernber
1955.
14. The three exampleswhichthe representative of theUnited States,as
a sponsor of the third ground, suggested in 1955 - both in the Special
Committee and in the Fifth Cornmittee - could admittedly not be con-
sidered as exhaustive ;as illustrations, however, they may be regarded as
particularly telling for thepresent case,as thequestion before theTribunal
incaseNo. 257involved none of them. Thus, quite apart from thefact that
no persuasive discussion took place in the Committee on Applications in

1981on how theAdministrative Tribunal couldhaveerred on aquestion of
lawrelating to the provisions of theCharter in this case,it isfarfrom clear
why this specific ground for objection to the Administrative Tribunal
judgement could have been applicable in this particular instance, in the
light of the drafting process of Article 11 of the UNAT Statute in the
Special Committee and the Fifth Cornmittee of the General Assembly in
1955.

15. As properly pointed out in the Court's Opinion (para. 55), the
question in the Request seems to be based on misinterpretation of the

judgement of theAdministrative Tribunal. Though it wasdrafted in sucha
way as to imply that the Administrative Tribunal was deemed to have
determined that
"General Assembly resolution 34/ 165of 17December 1979could
not be given immediate effect in requiring, for the payment of repa-

triation grants, evidence of relocation to a country other than the
country of the staff member's last duty station",

"the Tribunal did not sodetermine", aspointed out in the Court's Opinion
(para. 55).Thejudgement of the AdministrativeTribunal, in fact, nowhere

challenges the effect of General Assemblyresolution 34/ 165and, as again
the Court's Opinion rightly says(ibid.),"in no wayseeksto cal1inquestion
the legal validity of. . resolution 34/ 165". Combined with the failure to
specify grounds, such a misconception inherent in the question posed
could, in my view, have by itself justified a refusa1 to comply with the
request - afortiori, after the committing of procedural irregularities. Yet,
having decided nevertheless to give an opinion, the Court should in my
viewhave exposed this misconception with greater clarity. This implies a
somewhat closer analysis of the Tribunal's task. 13. Une proposition de l'Inde (sansrapport direct avecleproblème qui
nous occupe ici) ayant étéacceptéepar les coauteurs du projet de réso-
lution, les passages pertinents du projet conjoint reviséfurent adoptés,
avec les modifications proposéespar l'Inde, par 28 voix contre 19, avec
11 abstentions. L'ensembledu projet conjoint revisé, tel que modifié,fut
ensuiteapprouvépar la CinquièmeCommission par 27voixcontre 18,avec

12abstentions, aboutissant ainsi au texte actuel de l'article 11,tel qu'ilfut
approuvépar l'Assemblée générald eans sa résolution957 (X)en datedu
8novembre 1955.
14. Lestrois exemplesque lereprésentant desEtats-Unis donna en 1955
en tant que coauteur du projet relatif au troisième motif, tant devant la
Cinquième Commissionque devantlecomitéspécial,nepeuvent certespas
êtreconsidéréscommeépuisant toutes lespossibilités. Mais ilsprésentent,
à titre d'illustration, un intérêt particulier en l'espèce,car la question

soumise auTribunaldans l'affaire no257ne correspondait à aucund'entre
eux. Ainsi, tout à fait indépendamment du fait qu'aucun débatconvain-
cant n'a eu lieu en 1981 au Comité des demandes de réformation sur
l'erreur dedroitque leTribunal administratif auraitpu commettre au sujet
des dis~ositions de la Charte. on ne voit Dascomment cemotif ~articulier
de coniestation auraitpu s'appliquer da; laprésenteaffaire, cohpte tenu
des circonstances dans lesquellesl'article 11fut adoptéen 1955,au comité
spécialpuis à la Cinquième Commission de l'Assemblée générale.

15. Comme il est justement indiqué dans l'avis (par. 55), la question
contenue dans la requêtesemble reposer sur une fausse interprétation du
jugement du Tribunal administratif. Tellequ'elle estrédigée,ellesemble en
effet donner l'impression que le Tribunal aurait statué que :

(<La résolution34/ 165de l'Assembléegénérale endate du 17dé-
cembre 1979,quisubordonne lepaiement de laprime de rapatriement
àla présentation de piècesattestant la réinstallationdu fonctionnaire
dans un pays autre que celui de son dernier lieu d'affectation, ne
pouvait prendre immédiatement effet D.

Le Tribunal - la Cour le dit fort bien dans son avis (par. 55- n'a (<rien
déterminéde semblable ))En fait, le Tribunal administratif ne conteste
nulle part dans sonjugement l'effetdela résolution34/ 165de l'Assemblée
générale ; et, comme le dit encore avec raison la Cour, il n'a nullement
cherché àmettre en doute la validitéjuridique )de ce texte (ibid.).S'ajou-
tant à l'omission des motifs de contestation, cette erreur inhérente à la

question poséepouvait, selon moi, justifier le rejet de la requête,compte
tenu surtout desirrégularitésde procédurequi ont été commises. La Cour
ayant décidéde rendre un avis, je pense qu'elle aurait dû relever plus
nettement l'erreur enquestion. Mais ilfaut pour celaexaminer deplusprès
la tâche qui était demandée au Tribunal. 16. The Administrative Tribunal was requested to adjudge and declare,
among other things, for Mr. Mortished, who was separated from United
Nations service on 30April 1980 -

"that the scheme and detailed conditions and definitions established
by the Secretary-General pursuant to Staff Regulation 9.4 and
Annex IV to the Staff Regulations for the payment of repatriation
grants entitled the Applicant to the payment of such a grant without

the necessity for the production of evidence of relocation".

It was bound, in reaching its findings, to apply any applicable laws in
existence, that is, in this case, those which were valid as of 30April 1980.
The specificlaws that theTribunal wouldhave hadto apply to the question
of repatriation grants were StaffRegulation 9.4and Staff Rule 109.5.Staff
Regulation 9.4has undergone barely anysubstantial changesincethe Staff
Regulations were adopted by General Assembly resolution 590 (VI) of
2 February 1952. The relevant provisions in force in 1980 read as fol-
lows :

"Regulation9.4 :The Secretary-General shallestablish a schemefor
the payment of repatriation grants within the maximum rates and
under the conditions specified in annex IV to the present Regula-
tions."

Annex IV
REPATRIATION GRANT

In principle, the repatriation grant shall be payable to staff mem-
bers whom the Organization is obligated to repatriate . ..Detailed
conditions and definitions relating to eligibilityshall bedetermined by
the Secretary-General .. ."

Staff Rule 109.5,on the other hand, hasbeenextensivelyamended overthe
past severalyears.It willbepertinent here to take abrief look at thehistory
of these amendments.
17. Staff Rule 109.5,asamended on 1June 1976(ST/SGB/Staff Rules/
1/Rev.3) and then on 1 January 1977 (ST/SGB/Staff Rules/ l/Rev.4),
read in part :

"Rule 109.5
REPATRIATION GRANT

Payment of repatriation grants under regulation 9.4 and annex IV
to the Staff Regulations shall be subject to the following conditions
and definitions :

(a) 'Obligation to repatriate', as used in annex IV to the Staff
Regulations, shall mean the obligation to return a staff member and
his or her spouse and dependent children, upon separation, at the 16. M. Mortished, qui a quitté le service de l'organisation desNations
Unies le 30 avril 1980,demandaitnotamment auTribunal administratif de
dire et juger :

(<qu'en vertu des modalités et desconditions et définitionsfixéesde
façon détailléepar le Secrétairegénéral en application de l'article9.4
du statut dupersonnel et del'annexe IVaudit statut encequi concerne

le paiement de primes de rapatriement, lerequérant avait droit àune
telleprime sans avoir à produire depiècesattestant sonchangement de
résidence )).

Pour statuer sur ce point, le Tribunal devait tenir compte de toutes les
règlesde droitpertinentes, c'est-à-dire enl'espècedesrèglesen vigueur àla
date du 30 avril 1980. Les règlesspécialement applicables à la prime de
rapatriement sont l'article 9.4du statutdu personnel etladisposition 109.5
du règlementdupersonnel. L'article 9.4dustatutdu personnel n'apresque

pas été modifié quant au fond depuis l'adoption du statut par la résolu-
tion 590 (VI) de l'Assemblée généraleq ,ui date du 2 février 1952. Ses
dispositions en vigueur en 1980étaientles suivantes :

Article 9.4.- Le Secrétaire général fixe unbarème pour le verse-
ment des primes de rapatriement dans les limites des maximums
indiqués à l'annexe IV du présent statut et aux conditions prévues
dans cette annexe. ))

«Annexe IV
PRIME DE RAPATRIEMENT

Ont droit, enprincipe, à la prime derapatriement lesfonctionnaires
que l'organisation est tenue de rapatrier ...Les conditions et défini-
tions concernant le droit à cette prime sont fixéesde façon détaillée
par le Secrétaire général ...))

Au contraire, la disposition 109.5du règlement du personnel a étéconsi-
dérablement modifiée au cours des dernières années, et il convient ici

d'examiner brièvement cette évolution.
17. La disposition 109.5du règlementdu personnel, modifiéele lerjuin
1976 (ST/SGB/Staff Rules/ 1/Rev.3) puis le lerjanvier 1977(ST/SGB/
Staff Rules/ l/Rev.4), contenait le texte suivant :

(<Disposition 109.5

PRIME DE RAPATRIEMENT
Leversement de la prime de rapatriement prévuepar l'article 9.4et
l'annexe IV du statut est régipar les conditions et définitions ci-
après :

a) les personnes que l'organisation est (tenue de rapatrier ))aux
termes de l'annexe IV du statut sont les fonctionnaires, les enfants
à charge et leur conjoint dont, à la cessation de service, elle doit as- expense of the United Nations, to aplace outside the country ofhs or
her duty station. .."

The part quoted above remained unchanged until the critical date in 1980,
but newparagraphs (d)-(g)wereintroduced by theamendment of the Staff
Rules on 22August 1979(ST/SGB/Staff Rules/ l/Rev.5), relettering the
then-existing paragraphs (e)-Ci)as new paragraphs (h)-(m).

"(d) Payment of the repatriation grant shall be subject to the pro-
visionby theformer staff member ofevidenceofrelocation awayfrom
the country of the last duty station. Evidence of relocation shall be
constituted by documentary evidence that the former staff member

has established residence in a country other than that of thelast duty
station.

(e) Entitlement to repatriation grant shall cease if no claim for
payment of the grant has been submitted within two years after the
effective date of separation.
(flNotwithstandingparagraph (d)above, staff members already in
servicebefore 1July 1979shall retain the entitlement to repatriation
grant proportionate to the years and months of servicequalifying for
the grant which they already had accrued at that date without the
necessity of production of evidenceof relocation with respect to such
qualifying service.
(g) Payment of the repatriation grant shall be calculated on the
basis of the staff member's pensionable remuneration, the amount of
which,exclusiveofnon-resident's allowanceorlanguage allowance, if
any, shall be subject to staff assessment according to the applicable
schedule of rates set forth in staff regulation 3.3 (b)."

Staff Rule 109.5was further amended on 15 July 1980(ST/SGB/Staff
Rules/ l/Rev.S/Amend.l), with effect from 1January 1980,to implement
the decision adopted by the Genera! Assembly in its resolution 34/ 165,so
that paragraph (fl was simply cancelled. (In this amendment of 15July
1980paragraph (e) was expanded, but this is not relevant to the present
case.) Staff Rule 109.5 (d), which had already been in force since 22
August 1979,categorically required the presentation of evidence of relo-
cation by a former staff member. The Administrative Tribunal, in 1981,
could not have ignored this rule, and in fact did not ignore it.

18. The Administrative Tribunal, in applying Staff Rule 109.5 (d),
which was in force at the critical date, would also have had to take into
account Staff Rule 112.2 (a), closely linked with Staff Regulation 12.1,
which is intended to ensure due regard for the acquired rights of staff
members. The provisions read as follows : surer le retour à ses frais en un lieu situéhors du pays d'affecta-
tion..))
Le texte précitéresta inchangéjusqu'à la date critique de 1980,mais des
textesnouveaux yfurent ajoutésauxparagraphes d) à g) lors de la revision
du règlement du personnel du 22 août 1979 (ST/SGB/Staff Rules/l/
Rev.5), les anciens paragraphes e) à j) apparaissant désormais sous les
lettresh) à m) :

d) Le paiement de la prime de rapatriement est subordonné à la
présentation, par l'ancien fonctionnaire, de pièces attestant qu'il a
changéde résidenceen s'installant dans un pays autreque celuide son
dernier lieu d'affectation. Est acceptéecomme preuve du changement
de résidencetoute pièceattestant que l'ancien fonctionnaire a établi
sa résidencedans un pays autre que celui de son dernier lieu d'affec-

tation.
e) Le droit à la prime de rapatriement s'éteintsi l'intéresséne
présente pas de demande de paiement à cet égarddans les deux ans
qui suivent la date effective de cessation de service.
fl Nonobstant l'alinéad) ci-dessus, les fonctionnaires ayant pris
leurs fonctionsavant le lerjuillet 1979conservent le droit au montant
de laprime qui correspond aux annéeset aux mois de serviceouvrant
droità ladite primedéjà accomplis à cette date, sans avoiàproduire,
en ce qui concerne cette période de service, une pièceattestant leur
changiment de résidence.
g) Lemontant delaprime derapatriement estcalculésurlabase du
traitement soumis àretenue pour pension du fonctionnaire, qui, sauf
en ce qui concerne, le cas échéant,le montant correspondant à l'in-

demnitédenon-résident ou àlaprime de connaissances linguistiques,
est soumis à retenue au titre des contributions du personnel confor-
mément au barèmeapplicable indiqué à l'alinéab)de l'article 3.3du
statut du personnel. ))
Cette disposition 109.5fut modifiéeune nouvelle fois le 15juillet 1980
(ST/SGB/Staff Rules/l/Rev.5/Amend.l), avec effet à partir du
lerjanvier 1980,en application de la décision prisepar l'Assemblée géné-
rale dans sa résolution 34/ 165, et leparagraphefl fut purement et sim-
plement abrogé(en même temps, leparagraphe e) étaitcomplété, maisce

changement n'intéressepas laprésenteaffaire). Le paragraphe d),quiétait
en vigueur depuis le 22 août 1979,exigeait formellement la présentation,
par l'ancien fonctionnaire, de pièces attestant son changement de rési-
dence. Le Tribunal administratif ne pouvait, en 1981,faire autrementque
de tenir compte de cette disposition, et c'est bien ce qu'il a fait.
18. En appliquant la disposition 109.5 d) du règlement du personnel,
telle qu'elle était envigueurà la date critique, le Tribunal administratif
devait aussi tenir compte de la disposition 112.2 a) du même règlement,
disposition étroitement liée à l'article 12.1 du statut du personnel, qui a
pour but de garantir le respect des droits acquis des fonctionnaires. Ces
dispositions sont ainsi rédigées: "Regulation 12.1 : These Regulations may be supplemented or
amended by the General Assembly,without prejudiceto the acquired
rights of staff members."

"Rule 112.2
(a) These rules may be amended by the Secretary-General in a
manner consistent with the Staff Regulations."

The rights of the Secretariat staff are certainly protected under these
provisions.
19. The provisions on the acquired rights of staff members could have
been applied in different ways. On the one hand, the Administrative
Tribunal could havedecided that, already at the date ofitsentry into force,
namely 22 August 1979,Staff Rule 109.5(d) had deprived the staff of the
United Nations Secretariat of the alleged acquired right to receive repa-
triation grant without any evidenceofrelocation, a right implied to existin
view of the shifting of the concept of repatriation grant or the practices
followedovertheprevious few decades(cf.JudgementNo. 273,para. VII).
On the other hand, the Tribunal could simultaneously have stressed the

importance of Staff Rule 109.5 (f -) in force from 22 August 1979to 31
December 1979 - so that the applicant suffered injury by being deprived
of the entitlement he enjoyed under this specificclause. This also seems to
be an interpretation given by the Judgement (para. XIII). 1 have some
doubts, as 1willlater explain in Part II of this opinion, about the process
whereby this particular provision, Staff Rule 109.5 (f, was set up in 1979.
Yet it cannot be denied that it remained in force for severalmonthsin late
1979. It was simply cancelled in the new Staff Rules of 1980, which
implemented General Assembly resolution 34/ 165.Whether the simple
cancellation of Staff Rule 109.5(fl in the 1980Staff Rules had prejudiced
the right which the applicant rnight have acquired under this specific
provision of the 1979Staff Rules in the light of Staff Regulation 12.1and
Staff Rule 112.2(a)was also a matter for the Administrative Tribunal to
judge.
20. If a violation of acquired rights under Staff Regulation 12.1 and
Staff Rule 112.2 (a) has been ascertained, the Administrative Tribunal

cannot amend the Staff Regulations or Staff Rules, but can only adjudge
that the applicant has sustained an injury asaresult of disregard of a Staff
Regulation or a Staff Rule and is thus entitled to compensation. And,
indeed, that iswhat the Tribunal did ;it delivered ajudgement saying that
compensation for injury should be paid to Mr. Mortished without raising
any questions as to the validity of General Assembly resolution 34/ 165.It
is difficult to see in what way, by such a pronouncement, the Tribunal
could have exceeded its competence.

21. To sum up :first, quite apart from the lack of any explicit reference
in the Request to any of the four possible grounds (as required under Article 12.1.- Les dispositions du présent statut peuvent être
complétéesou amendéespar l'Assemblée générale, sanpsréjudice des
droits acquis des fonctionnaires. )>

<<Disposition 112.2
a) Le Secrétaire générap l eut apporter au présent règlement les
amendements compatibles avec le statut du personnel. )>

Incontestablement les droits des fonctionnaires du Secrétariat sont pro-
tégéspar ces dispositions.
19. Cependant, lesdispositions relatives aux droits acquisdesfonction-
naires pouvaient s'appliquer de différentes manières.D'une part, le Tri-
bunal administratif pouvait décider que dès son entrée en vigueur, le
22 août 1979,la disposition 109.5d) du règlementavait privé lesfonction-

naires du Secrétariatde l'ONU d'un droit acquis au paiement de la prime
de ra~atriement sans meuve de leur réinstallation - droit censé résulter
des modifications survenues depuis plusieurs dizaines d'annéesdans la
notion de prime de rapatriement et dans la pratique suivie(voirjugement
no273, par. VII). D'autre part, le Tribunal pouvait en mêmetemps sou-
ligner l'importance de la disposition 109.5 fl e, vigueur du 22 août au
31décembre1979,et enconclure que lerequérantavait été léséparla perte
du droit qu'iltenait de cette clauseprécise interprétationqui sembleelle
aussi retenue dans lejugement du Tribunal (par. XIII). Comme on leverra
dans la deuxièmepartie de la présenteopinion. J'ai quelques doutesquant
au processus selon lequel cette disposition 109.5f) a été établie en1979.
Mais il est incontestable qu'elle est restéeen vigueur pendant plusieurs
mois à la fin de 1979et qu'elle a simplement étéabrogéedans lenouveau
règlementde 1980,établi en application de la résolution 34/ 165de l'As-

sembléegénérale. Il appartenait aussi au Tribunal administratif de décider
si la simple abrogation de cette disposition dans le règlement de 1980
portait atteinte aux droits que le requérant avait pu acquérir envertu de
cette clauseformelle du règlementde 1979,compte tenu del'article 12.1du
statut du personnel et de la disposition 112.2 a)du règlement.
20. S'il était établi qu'uneviolation des droits acquis au sens de l'ar-
ticle12.1du statut du personnel et de la disposition 112.2a)du règlement
avait étécommise,leTribunal administratif ne pouvait modifier nilestatut
ni ce règlement :il pouvait seulementjuger que le requérant avait étélésé
par l'inapplication d'une de ces dispositions, et imposer réparation. C'est
précisément cequ'a fait le Tribunal en déclarant qu'une indemnitédevait
êtrepayée à M. Mortishedpour lepréjudice subi,sans souleverlaquestion
de la validitéde la résolution34/ 165de l'Assemblée générale O.n ne voit

pas comment le Tribunal, en statuant ainsi, pouvait outrepasser sa com-
pétence.

21. Pour me résumer :premièrement, outre que la requêtene se ré-
fère expressément à aucun des quatre motifs exigéspar l'articleII, para-401 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (SEP.OP.ODA)

Art. II, para. 3c),of its Provisional Rules of Procedure), thedeliberations
of the Committee on Applications do not convincingly indicate any rea-

sonable grounds on which the Judgement of the Administrative Tribunal
couldhavebeenobjected to and, in addition, itwould seemthat the ground
for objection on the basis of error on a question of law relating to the
provisions of the United Nations Charter was not applicable from the
outset ; secondly, the Request is drafted on the basis of an entirely erro-
neous premise. 1 myself wonder whether these fundamental errors of
procedure and understanding ought not to have been regarded as "com-
pellingreasons" for theCourt not to haveresponded to the Request for an
advisory opinion in the present case.

22. Whilevotingagainst on thefirst point in theoperativeparagraph for
the reasons 1have stated above, 1voted in favour on the second and third

points, since 1can share the viewsexpressed in the Court's Opinion, being
fullyconvinced that the Administrative Tribunal did not err on a question
of law relating to the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations and
that it did not commit any excessofjurisdiction or competencevested in it.
Yet 1cannot but suggestthat some errors seemto havebeen cornrnitted in
the preparation of the provisions on repatriation grant in the 1979Staff
Rules (ST/SGB/Staff Rules/ 1/Rev.5).
23. As thismay haveaffected the nature of thecasebefore theTribunal,
it seemspertinent to look in a more detailed manner than does the Court's
Opinion at the wayinwhich the 1979amendments affecting Rule 109.5on
repatriation grant came to be drafted. The second annual report of the
International Civil ServiceCommission (A/3 1/30) was put on the agenda
(item 103)of the thirty-first session of the General Assembly. The Inter-
national CivilServiceCommissionhad been established "in principle, as of
1January 1974" "as a new organ for the regulation and CO-ordinationof
the conditions of service of the United Nations common system" under

General Assembly resolution 3042 (XXVII) of 19 December 1972 and,
according to its Statute drafted by General Assembly resolution 3357
(XXIX) of 18 December 1974, the Commission is, under Article 10, to
"make recommendations to the General Assembly" on, among other
things, "(a) thebroad principles for thedetermination of theconditions of
service of the staff" and "(c) allowances and benefits of staff which are
determined by the General Assembly", including the repatriation grant.
On the other hand, the Commission could, under Article 11, "establish",
among other things, "rates of allowances and benefits, other than Pen-
sions and those referred to in Article 10 (c)the conditions of entitlement
thereto .. ."

24. In 1976the newly-created International Civil ServiceCommissiongraphe 3 c), du règlement intérieur provisoire du Comité des demandes
de réformation, les délibérationsde celui-ci ne font apparaître de façon
concluanteaucun motif raisonnablede contesterlejugement du Tribunal, et
il semble d'ailleurs que le motif de l'erreur de droit concernant les dispo-
sitions de la Charte des Nations Unies ne puisse êtreinvoqué d'emblée ;
deuxièmement, la requête estrédigée surla base d'une supposition entiè-
rement erronée. Pour ma part,je me demande si la Cour n'aurait pas dû
considérer ces erreurs fondamentales de procédure et d'interprétation

comme des << raisons décisives i)de ne pas accueillir la demande d'avis
consultatif en l'espèce.

22. Bien qu'ayant votécontre le point 1 du dispositif pour les raisons

expliquéesci-dessus,j'ai voté pour les points 2A et 2B, car, étantpleine-
ment convaincu que le Tribunal administratif n'a pas commis d'erreur de
droit concernant les dispositions de la Charteni outrepassésajuridiction
ou sa compétence, je peux m'associer auxvues expriméesdans l'avis à
ce sujet. Je dois cependant faire observer que certaines erreurs semblent
avoirentachél'élaborationdesdispositions relatives àlaprime derapatrie-
ment figurant dans le règlement du personnel de 1979 (ST/SGB/Staff
Rules/ 1 /Rev.5).
23. Comme il est possible que cela ait affecté la nature de l'affaire

soumiseau Tribunal, j'entrerai plus en détail quene le fait la Courdans les
conditions qui ont présidé à la rédaction des amendements de 1979 à la
disposition 109.5du règlementdu personnel. Le deuxièmerapport annuel
de la Commission de la fonction publique internationale (A/31/30) fut
inscrit à l'ordre du iour de la trente et unième session de l'Assemblée
généralesous le point 103.La Commission de la fonction publique inter-
nationale (CFPI) avait étécréée <en principe, à compter du lerjanvier
1974...,pour assurer la réglementation et la coordination des conditions

d'emploi dans les organisations qui appliquent le régimedes Nations
Unies i),en application de la résolution 3042 (XXVII) de l'Assemblée
généraleen date du 19 décembre 1972. Conformément à son statut,
approuvé par l'Assemblée générald eans sa résolution 3357 (XXIX) du
18décembre1974,la Commission, aux termes de l'article 10, <faità l7As-
semblée générale des recommandations touchant i)notamment << a) les
principes générauxapplicables à la détermination desconditions d'emploi
des fonctionnaires i)et (<c) les indemnités et prestations auxquelles ont

droit les fonctionnaires et qui sont fixéespar l'Assemblée générale ))-
prestations dontfait partie laprime de rapatriement. Par ailleurs, en vertu
de l'article 11, la Commission << fixeO, entre autres, (le taux des indem-
nitéset desprestations autres que cellesvisées a I'alineac)de l'article 10et
les pensions, les conditions à remplir pour en bénéficie r..i)
24. En 1976,peu aprèssacréation,laCommission examina, entreautres402 APPLICATION FOR REVIEW (SEP. OP. ODA)

examined, among many other things, the repatriation grant scheme and,
pending a further study, recommended in its second annual report, as
mentioned above, some changes to the scale of benefits. During the dis-

cussionson item 103in the Fifth Committee of the General Assemblyat its
thirty-first session some doubts were expressed as to the handling of the
repatriation grant, and

"The viewwas ... expressed that the Commission should consider
whether staffmembers whodidnot return to their country of origin on
retirement should be entitled to the grant." (Report of the Fifth

Committee (A/3 1/449), para. 28.)
The General Assembly, in its resolution 31/141 of 17 December 1976,
entitled "Report of the International Civil Service Commission", re-
quested the Commission

"to re-examine, in the light of the views expressed in the Fifth
Committee at the current session, .. .(a) The conditions for the pro-
vision of terminalpayments (for example, repatriation grant, .. .)(B,
II, para. 3).

In 1978,the International CivilServiceCommission studiedtheconditions
for payment of the repatriation grant, and its examination centred on, as
one of two questions, "the appropriateness of paying the grant to a staff
member who, upon separation, does not return to his home country"
(A/33/30, para. 181).However, the Commission in its report (A/33/30),
being of the view that

"Strictly speaking, it was clear that [payingrepatriation grant to a
staff member who did not in fact return to his home country upon
separation from the organization] would be inconsistent with the
stated purpose of the grant" (para. 183),
acknowledged the practical difficulties of keeping track of the movements
of aformer staff member after he had left the service,and had no desire to
seean international information network set up to do so. Believingthat to

pay repatriation grant to a person who remained permanently in the
country of his last duty station was incompatible with the purpose of the
grant, it considered the possibility that the grant be paid only to a staff
member who supplied evidence that he had settled elsewhere. It recom-
mended that

"payment of the repatriation grant should be made conditional upon

signature by the staff member of adeclaration that he does not intend
to remain permanently in the country of his last duty station"
(para. 186).
25. At the thirty-third session of the General Assembly in 1978, the
Fifth Committee considered the report of the International Civil Servicequestions, lerégimede laprime de rapatriement et,en attendant une étude
plus approfondie, elle recommanda dans son deuxième rapport annuel,
comme on l'avu ci-dessus, que certaines modifications fussent apportées
au barème des prestations. A la trente et unième session de l'Assemblée

généralea ,u coursdes débatsdela Cinquième Commissionsur lepoint 103
de l'ordre du jour, certains doutes furent exprimésau sujet des modalités
de versement de cette prime :
((On a ...dit la CFPI devrait étudier la question de savoir si les

fonctionnaires ne rentrant pas dans leur pays d'origine lors de la
cessation deservicedevaient avoir droit àcette prime. ))(Rapport dela
Cinquième Commission, A/3 1/449, par. 28.)
L'Assemblée générale d,ans sa résolution 31 /141 du 17décembre 1976,

intitulée (Rapport de la Commission de la fonction publique internatio-
nale O, pria celle-ci:
<<de réexaminer, compte tenu des vues exprimées à la Cinquième

Commission pendant la session en cours, ...a) les conditions d'octroi
des versements à la cessation de service (par exemple, prime derapa-
triement...).)>(B, II, par. 3.)
En 1978,la Commission de la fonction publique internationale étudia les

conditions de versement de la prime de rapatriement en s'attachant par-
ticulièrement à deuxquestions, dont << l'opportunitédeversercetteprime à
unfonctionnairequi,après lacessation de service,neretournepas dans son
pays d'origine (A/33/30, par. 181). Tout en reconnaissant dans son
rapport (A/ 33/30) que

strictement parlant, il étaitevident [queleversement de la prime de
rapatriement à un fonctionnaire qui, aprèsla cessation de servicene
retournait pas dans sonpays d'origine] seraitincompatible avecl'objet
de la prime )>(par. 183),

la Commission estima qu'il serait difficile en pratique de suivre les dépla-
cements des anciens fonctionnaires après leur cessation de service, en
ajoutant qu'elle ne souhaitait pas voir constituer un réseauinternational
d'information à cet effet. Convaincue cependant que le versement de la
prime de rapatriement aux fonctionnaires qui restaient en permanence
dans le pays de leur dernier lieu d'affectation n'étaitpas compatible avec
l'objet de la prime, elle étudia la possibilité de ne verser la prime de

rapatriement qu'aux anciens fonctionnaires qui fourniraient la preuve de
leur réinstallation. Elle recommanda donc de
subordonner le versement de la prime de rapatriement à la signa-

ture, par le fonctionnaire, d'une déclaration attestant que l'intéressé
n'a pas l'intention de demeurer en permanence dans le pays de son
dernier lieu d'affectation ))(par. 186).
25. Cerapport de laCommission delafonctionpublique internationale

fut examinépar la Cinquième Commission en 1978, àla trente-troisièmeCommission(agenda item 111).The Chairman of the Commission stated,
along the lines mentioned above, that

"it believed that the repatriation grant should not be paid when the
staff member, at the end of his service,remained in the place ofhislast
duty station. ..The Commission considered that the most practical
solution would be to require, as a condition for payment of thegrant,

that the staffmember should signadeclaration to the effectthat hedid
not intend to continue to reside permanently in thecountry of his last
duty station." (A/C.5/33/SR.32, para. 41.)

Thus the intent of the Commission was at that time crystal-clear. The
discussions in the Fifth Committee on eligibilityfor therepatriation grant
or the means of proof were very limited, and several delegates considered
that the proposed condition for payment of the grant did not constitute a
sufficient guarantee against abuse. The Chairman of the Commission
made a statement that

"greater measures of control should be applied only if there were
proven casesof abuse. In its study,the Commissionhas found that in a
few cases repatriation grants had been paid to expatriate staff mem-
bers who had not moved from the country of their last duty station,
and the proposa1wasintended to eliminate what wasconsidered to be
an unjustifiable and anomalous payment in such cases." (A/C.5/
33/SR.42, para. 69.)

26. In the Fifth Committee a draft resolution on the report of the
International Civil Service Commission read to the effect that

"The General Assembly ... decides that payment of the repatria-
tion grant to entitled staff members shall be made conditional upon
thepresentation by the staff member of evidenceof actual relocation,
subject to the terms to be established by the Commission." (A/C.5/
33/L.33/Rev.l, IV, para. 4.)

It seems certain, in the light of the cornpetence of the Commission as

provided for in its Statute, that the phrase "to be established by the
Commission" could not have been meant as corresponding to the word
"establish" in Article 11of the Statute. The representative who introduced
a draft resolution on behalf of 17countries had explained that this para-
graph had made it clear that evidence of actual relocation would be
required in addition to a signed declaration by the staff member (A/
C.5/SR.56, para. 29), and that the phrase "subject to the terms to be
established by the Commission" in no way "diluted the thrust" of the
decision for the whole paragraph but merely provided for its administra-session de l'Assemblée générale, atuitre du point 111de l'ordre du jour.
Le président de la CFPI exprima dans les termes suivants les idéesqui

viennent d'êtreexposées :
la Commission estime ...qu'il n'ya pas lieu de verser une prime de
rapatriement à un fonctionnaire qui, après la cessation de service,
demeure dans son dernier lieu d'affectation ..La Commission ajugé
que la solution laplus pratique serait de subordonner leversement de

la prime de rapatriement à la signature, par le fonctionnaire, d'une
déclaretion attestant que l'intéressé n'a pas l'intention de demeurer
en permanence dans le pays de son dernier lieu d'affectation. ))
(A/C.5/33/SR.32, par. 41.)

L'intention de la CFPI étaitdonc a l'époqueon ne peut plus nette. Les
conditions d'octroi de la prime et la question desjustificatifs àfournirne
donnèrent lieu qu'à de brefs débats,au cours desquels certains représen-
tants estimèrent cependant que la condition qu'il était proposéde mettre
au versement de la prime ne constituait pas une garantie suffisante contre
les abus. Le président de la CFPI declara :

il ne faudrait appliquer des mesures de contrôle plus strictes que si
l'on avait la preuve que des abus ont étécommis. Dans son étude, la
Commission s'est aperçue que, dans certains cas, des primes ont été
payées à des fonctionnaires expatriés qui n'avaient pas quittéle pays
de leur dernier lieu d'affectation, et la proposition vise à faire en
sorte qu'aucun versement ne soit effectuédans des cas de ce genre
car la Commission considèreque ce serait injustifiable et anormal. ))

(A/C.5/33/SR.42, par. 69.)
26. La CinquièmeCommission fut saisied'un projet de résolutionsur le
rapport de la Commission de la fonction publique internationale, où l'on
trouve le passage suivant :

L'Assemblée général.e..décideque le paiement de la prime de
rapatriement aux fonctionnaires qui peuvent y prétendre sera subor-
donné à la présentation, par les intéressés,de pièces justificatives
attestant leur changement effectif de résidence, selonlesmodalitésqui
seront décidéespar la Commission. ))(A/C.5/33/L.33/Rev.l, IV,

par. 4.)
Compte tenu des limites données àla compétencede la Commission dans
son statut, il ne semble pas que le membre de phrase ((to beestablishedby
the Commission» (O selon les modalités qui seront décidéespar la Com-

mission D)renvoyât au mot «established» (<<fixé 1)qui figureà l'article 11
du mêmestatut. Le représentant qui avait présenté un projet de résolu-
tion au nom de dix-sept pays expliqua d'ailleurs qu'il ressortait du para-
graphe citéque les fonctionnaires devraient présenterdes pièces attestant
leur changement effectif de résidence,en plus d'une déclaration signée
(A/C.5/SR.56, par. 29), et que le membre de phrase relatif à l'établisse-
ment desmodalitésappropriéespar la CFPI ((ne diminuait enrien la por-tive implementation (para. 51).It seems that the intention of the sponsor-
ingcountries, aspointed out by many delegates at the FifthCommittee one
year later, was not to leave any doubt at al1regarding the problem of
repatriationgrants.General Assembly resolution 33/ 119,entitled "Report
of the International Civil ServiceCommission", asadopted on 19 Decem-

ber 1978,read the same as a text proposed at the Fifth Committee. No
amendment in respect of repatriation grant was made in the Staff Regu-
lations and annexed, as usual, to the General Assembly resolution. It is
quite clear that, while amendments to the Staff Regulations and "such
consequential changes as are necessary in the Staff Rules" to be made by
theSecretary-General werereferred toin thisGeneral Assembly resolution
(IV, para. 1l), they did not have any relevance to the repatriation grant. It
has, however, to be noted that the Under-Secretary-General for Admini-
stration and Management expressed some concern regarding the require-
ment of evidence of relocation and stated that, since acquired rights were
involved, the matter could create problems unless the Commission could
find some means of resolving the difficulty (A/C.5/33/SR.56, para. 32).
This statement seems to be the first sign of acquired rights rearing their
head.

27. The following facts are known from the Report of the International
CivilServiceCommission (A/34/30) :early in 1979the International Civil
ServiceCommissionconsidered,on the onehand, what should be admitted
as constituting evidence of relocation and the provision of documentary
evidence that the former member had taken up residence in another
country. On the other hand, itwas informed that the legal advisers of
several organizations had studied the question and come to the conclusion
that any entitlement already earned by a staff member could not be
affected retroactively by changing the rules, though the exercise of further
entitlements accruing after the date of the change would be subject to
compliance with the newcondition. It then sought an opinion of the Office
of LegalAffairs of the UnitedNations Secretariat, which indicated that, in
so far as the United Nations Organization itself was concerned, there was
no express or implied provision that only those who actually made use of
the travel entitlement should receive the repatriation grant. Seemingly
affected by the opinion of the Secretariat of the United Nationsand other

specialized agencies,the Commission appears to have completely changed
itsposition of one year before and surrendered to the idea that al1existing
staff members had acquired the right to repatriation grant irrespective of
their future location upon separation. The International Civil Service
Commission adopted and "promulgated" on 6 April 1979 the following
text (CIRC/GEN/39) :

"The following modifications to the terms of entitlement to the
repatriation grant are establishedby the International Civil Servicetée ))de la décisionqui étaiténoncéedans le reste du paragraphe et n'avait
pour but que d'en faciliter l'application sur le plan administratif (par. 51).

Comme devaient le faire observerun an plus tard plusieurs représentants à
la Cinquième Commission, l'intentiondes auteurs du texte du projet de
résolutionétaitdene laisserplaner aucundoutesur leproblème delaprime
de rapatriement. L'Assemblée générale adopta le 19 décembre 1978 la
résolution 33/119, intitulée <Rapport de la Commission de la fonction
publique internationale O,dont le libelléétaitidentique au texte proposé
par la Cinquième Commission. En ce qui concerne la prime de rapatrie-
ment, aucun amendement ne fut apportéaustatutdu personnel, ni annexé
aux résolutionsde l'Assemblée générale, commc e'est l'usage. Les amen-

dements au statut du personnel contenus dans larésolution enquestion de
l'Assemblée générale (IV p,ar.1l), comme les modifications que le Secré-
taire généraldut apporter ((en conséquence ))au règlementdu personnel,
n'intéressaienten rien laprime de rapatriement. Il faut noter toutefois que
le Secrétairegénéralajoint à l'administration et à la gestion s'étaitdit
préoccupépar l'attestation de changement de résidencequi était deman-
dée, et qu'il avait signaléque, comme il s'agissait là de droits acquis, la
question risquait de créerdes problèmes, à moins que la CFPI ne trouvât

un moyen de résoudrela difficulté (A/C.5/33/SR.56, par. 32). C'est dans
cettedéclaration que la notion de ((droits acquis semble poindrepour la
première fois.
27. Lesfaits suivants sont connus grâce au rapport dela Commission de
la fonction publique internationale (A/34/30). Au début de 1979,celle-ci
étudia, d'unepart, les moyens qui pouvaient êtreretenus pour prouver la
réinstallation et pour attester que l'ancien fonctionnaire avait établi sa
résidencedans un autre pays. Elle savait, d'autre part, que les conseillers

juridiques de plusieurs organisations, après avoir étudiéla question,
étaientarrivés àla conclusion quela modification du règlementne pouvait
affecter rétroactivement les droits d'ores et déjà acquispar les fonction-
naires, étant entendu qu'en revanche l'exercice des droits créésaprès la
date de ladite modification était subordonné au respect des conditions
nouvelles.Surcesentrefaites,la Commission demanda l'avisdu bureau des
affairesjuridiques du Secrétariat de l'ONU ;celui-ciréponditqu'en cequi
concernait l'organisation des Nations Unies elle-mêmeaucune clause

expresse ou implicite ne limitait le paiement de la prime de rapatriement
aux fonctionnaires faisant effectivement valoir leur droit au aiem mendtes
frais de voyage. Selon toute apparence, la Commission, influencéepeut-
êtreDarcet aviset Darceluides institutions s~écialiséesr.evint entièrement
sur sa position de l'annéeprécédente etse rendit à l'idéeque tous les
fonctionnairesenposte avaient acquis le droit à la prime de rapatriement,
indépendamment du lieu où ils établissaient leur résidence en quittant

l'organisation. La Commission adopta donc le textesuivant, qu'elle pu-
blia ))le 6 avril 1979(CIRC/GEN/39) :

((Les modifications aux modalités d'octroide la prime de rapatrie-
ment quisont indiquéesci-aprèssont apportéespar la Commission de Commission in pursuance of paragraph 4 of section IV of General
Assembly resolution 33/ 119 :

(a) With effect from 1Jub 1979payment of the repatriation grant
shallbesubjectto theprovisionby theformer staff member of evidenceof
relocation awayfrom the country of the last duty station ;

(b) Evidence of relocation shall be constituted by documentary
evidence that the former staff member has established residence in a
country other than that of the last duty station, such as a declaration
by the immigration, police, tax or other authorities of the country, by
the senior United Nations officia1in the country or by theformer staff
member's new employer ;

(c) Payment of the grant may be claimed by the former staff mem-
ber within two years of the effective date of separation ;

(d) Notwithstanding paragraph (a) above, staff rnembersalready in
service before 1July 1979 shall retain the entitlement to repatriation
grant proportionateto theyears andmonths of servicequalifyingfor the
grant whichtheyalreadyhadaccruedat thatdate withoutthenecessityof
production of evidence of relocation ; the exercise of any additional
entitlement accrued after that date shall, however, be subject to the
conditions set out in paragraphs (a) to (c) above." (Emphasis
added.)

28. Now, admittedly, Article 25,paragraph 1,of the Commission's Sta-
tute provides that "decisions of the Commission shall be promulgated" but
the "decisions" which are to be "promulgated" are clearly those falling
within the terms of Article 11. However, matters dealt with under Arti-
cle 10 of that Statute (which include repatriation grant) are to be the
subject of recommendations to the General Assembly, and there is no
question ofpromulgating these :they may simply becommunicated by the
Secretary-General of the United Nations to the executive heads of the

other organizations under Article 24, paragraph 1,and are not the object
of promulgation by the Commission itself. 1 wonder therefore if the
Commission, in promulgating the text concerning the repatriation grant,
did not exceed the mandate entrusted to it under Article 10of its Statute?
At any rate, it was clear to several delegates who took part in the discus-
sions in the Fifth Cornmittee at the thirty-fourth session of the General
Assembly severalmonths later that such adecision by the Commission was
not quite in conformity with the terms of its mandate under General
Assembly resolution 33/ 119. In particular, the representative of the
United States pointed out :

"As asponsor of that resolution [33/ 1191,theUnited States believed
that al1Member Stateshad understood that the phrase 'subject to the lafonctionpublique internationale en application du paragraphe 4 de
la partie IV de la résolution 33/ 119 de l'Assemblée générale :

a) Avec effet du le7juillet 1979, lepaiement de laprime de rapatrie-

ment est subordonné à laprésentation, parlesanciensfonctionnaires, de
piècesattestantqu'ilsseréinstallaientdansunpays autre queceluide leur
dernier lieud'affection ;
b) La preuve dudit changement de résidence est constituée par
toute pièceattestant que l'ancien fonctionnaire a établi sa résidence
dans un pays autre que celui de son dernier lieu d'affectation, par
exemple une déclaration émanant de certaines autorités du pays (im-
migration, police, administration fiscale ou autre), du plus haut fonc-
tionnaire des Nations Unies dans le pays ou du nouvel employeur de

l'ancien fonctionnaire ;
c) Tout ancien fonctionnaire peut faire valoir son droit à la prime
dans un délaide deux ans à compter de la date à laquelle sa cessation
de service a pris effet ;
d) Nonobstant les dispositions del'alinéaa) ci-dessus, les fonction-
naires qui étaientdéjà enposte avant le le7juillet 1979conserventledroit
aumontant de laprime qui correspondaux années etaux moisdeservice

ouvrant droit àladiteprime qu'ils ont accomplis àcettedate,sansavoir à
produiredepiècesattestant leurchangementderésidence ;tout montant
supplémentaire auquel ils pourraient avoir droit après cette date ne
leur sera verséque s'ilsremplissent les conditions énoncéesdans les
alinéas a) à c) ci-dessus. ))(Les italiques sont de moi.)

28. L'article 25,paragraphe 1,du statut de la Commission dispose, cela
est vrai, que <<les décisionsde la Commission sont publiées (((promul-
gated »).Mais les (<décisions )qui doivent être (<publiées ))sont manifes-
tement celles qui rentrent dans le champ de l'article 11.Quant aux ques-
tions qui relèventde l'article 10du statut (et dont fait partie la prime de

rapatriement), ellesdoivent faire l'objet de recommandations à l'Assemblée
générale, etil n'est pas question de les publier :elles peuvent seulent être
communiquées par le Secrétaire généralde l'organisation des Nations
Unies aux chefs de secrétariatdes autres organisations, en application de
l'article24,paragraphe 1,et elles nefontpas l'objet d'une publication par
la Commission elle-même.Je me demande donc si la Commission, en
publiant le texte visant la prime de rapatriement, n'a pas outrepassé le
mandat qui est le sien en vertu de l'article 10 de son statut. Du reste,

plusieurs des représentants qui participèrent aux débatsde la Cinquième
Commission lors de la trente-quatrième session de l'Assemblée générale,
quelques mois plus tard, estimèrent que cette décisionde la CFPI n'était
pas tout à faitconforme aux termes du mandatqui lui avaitétéconfié par la
résolution 33/ 119de l'Assemblée générale. En particulierl,e représentant
des Etats-Unis fit observer :

(<En tant que coauteur de cette résolution[33/119], les Etats-Unis
estiment que, pour tous les Etats Membres, l'expression (<selon les terms to be established by the Commission' meant solelyestablishing
thedocumentation which aformer staff member must subrnit in order
to qualify for a repatriation grant." (A/C.5/34/SR.46, para. 66.)

Itis possible, 1suggest, that somemisunderstanding had arisen owing to
the resolution's useof the word "establish", whichis featured in Article 11
of the Commission's Statute and may be associated with "decisions" that
are to be "promulgated" under Article 25. Though 1 do not think that the
Commission would have been justified in taking the use of this word
as automatically strengthening its powers in relation to an aspect of re-
patriation grant, 1 can see how some confusion rnight have arisen in
this respect.
29. At al1events, the veryrapid response of the Secretary-Generaltothe
action taken by the International Civil Service Commission seemed to

assume that the Commission had indeed been given a major delegation of
powers. An Administrative Instruction was issued on 23April 1979 under
the name of the Assistant Secretary-General for Personnel Services (ST/
AI/262) :

"2. Pursuant to that decision [Section IV, paragraph 4, of the
General Assembly resolution 33/ 1191,the [International Civil Ser-
vice]Commission has established the following modifications to the
terms of entitlement to the repatriation grant :
[quotation from CIRC/GEN/39, as given above]
3. Effective 1July 1979,the above-cited provisions shallgovernthe

conditions for payment of repatriation grant to United Nations staff
members under Annex IV to the Staff Regulations. Suitable amend-
ments to the Staff Rules will be made in due course."

Some revisions to the then-existing Staff Rules were introduced by the
Secretary-General's Bulletin of 22 August 1979 (ST/SGB/Staff Rules/

l/Rev.5). The Bulletin stated that Rule 109.5 was amended with effect
from 1January 1979

"as a consequence of the changes to .. .the repatriation grant . ..

adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 33/ 119," "to make
the payment of the grant conditional upon presentation of actual
evidenceof relocation withrespect toperiods ofeligibilityarising after
1July 1979".

The newtext of Rule 109.5has already been quoted inparagraph 17of this
opinion.
30. Pursuant to Staff Regulation 12.2,requiring the Secretary-General
to report annually to the General Assembly any amendments to the Staff
Rules, theSecretary-Generalmadeareport to the General Assembly dated modalités qui seront établiespar la Commission >)[CFPI] signifiait
seulement que la Commission [CFPI] devrait déterminer les pièces
qu'un ancien fonctionnaire devrait présenter pour avoir droit à la
prime de rapatriement. >)(A/C.5/34/SR.46, par. 66.)

Il est,je crois, possible que certains malentendus soient résultésde l'em-
ploi, dans la résolution,du mot «established »(<<établies D)qui figure aussi
à l'article 11 du statut de la CFPI (<<fixe >))et s'y trouve associé aux
(<décisions ))qui doivent être (<publiées >)en vertu de l'article 25. Bien

que je ne pense pas que la CFPI fut fondée à estimer que l'emploi de ce
mot renforçait automatiquement ses pouvoirs dans le cas d'une question
concernant la prime de rapatriement, je peux admettre que certaines
confusions se soient produites sur ce point.
29. Quoi qu'il en soit,leSecrétairegénéra dlonna suiteàla décisiondela
CFPI avec autant de rapiditéque si celle-ci avait effectivement reçu une
véritabledélégationde pouvoirs. Le 23 avril 1979,une instruction admi-
nistrative fut distribuée sous le nom du Sous-Secrétaire général aux ser-

vices du personnel (ST/AI/262). On y trouve le passage suivant :

<<2. Commesuite àcette décision [lasectionIV,paragraphe 4, dela
résolution 33/ 119 de l'Assemblée générale]l,a Commission [de la
fonction publique internationale] a arrêté les modifications suivantes
des conditions d'octroi de la prime de rapatriement :
[document CIRC/GEN/39 précité]

3. A compter du lerjuillet 1979,les dispositions ci-dessus régiront
les modalitésde paiement aux fonctionnaires de l'Organisation de la
prime derapatriement prévùespar l'annexe IVau statut du personnel.
Les modifications voulues seront apportées en temps utile au règle-
ment du personnel. ))

Certainesmodifications au règlementdu personnel alors en vigueur furent
ensuite apportéespar la circulaire du Secrétaire générad lu 22 août 1979
(ST/SGB/Staff Rules/ 1/Rev.S). Il était indiquédans cette circulaire que

la disposition 109.5 avait étémodifiée avec effet à partir du ler janvier
1979 :

<<pour tenir compte des changements ..que l'Assemblée générala e
approuvéspar sa résolution 33/ 119 >)...(de façon à subordonner le
paiement de cette prime à la présentation de piècesattestant le chan-
gement derésidence,encequiconcerne lespériodesdeserviceouvrant
droit à cette prime après le lerjuillet 1979 o.

Le nouveau texte de la disposition 109.5 a déjàétéreproduit ci-dessus
(par. 17).
30. Le Secrétaire général, agissantconformément à l'article 12.1 du
statut du personnel, aux termes duquel il doit faire rapport chaque année
à l'Assembléegénérale sur toute modification apportée au règlement13September 1979on "Personnel questions :Other personnel questions :
Amendments to the Staff Rules" (A/C.5/34/7) :

"Those changes [such consequential changes as were necessary in
the Staff Rules]as wellasotheramendmentstothe Staff Rules, which
were mostly based on the decisions taken by the International Civil
Service CommissionunderArticle11 of ils Statute, are incorporated in
the revised editions of the two series of Staff Rules that have been
approved by the Secretary-General for publication. ..

2. . .. (e) Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 33/119, rule

109.5,Repatriation grant, was amended to make the payment of the
grant conditional upon presentation of actual evidence of relocation
with respecttoperiods of eligihility arisingaffer 1Juiy 1979 .. ."(Em-
phasis added.)
It hasalready been pointed outthat reference toArticle 11of the Statute of
the International Civil ServiceCommission would be improper in connec-
tion with the implementation of resolution 33/119 by the Commission.
One must therefore assume that the Secretary-General did not intend the

"mostly" to apply to the modifications of Rule 109.5,but the impression
conveyed is otherwise.
31. When the report of the International Civil Service Commission to
the General Assembly (A/34/30) was discussed in the Fifth Committee of
the General Assembly at its thirty-fourth session, the significance and
implication of that decision of the Commission, as well as the revision of
the Staff Rules on 22 August 1979, gradually drew attention. Strong
criticisms of the decision were heard from various delegates and few
favourable views were expressed. Yet the Acting Chairman of the Com-
mission stated that the General Assembly had clearly mandated the Com-
mission to establish the terms under which the grant would be paid and,
noting that the question of repatriation grant had called for no action by
the General Assembly, he further stated :

"The Commission, which did not claim tobe a legalcommittee, had
taken a pragmatic decision in the interests of economy,judging that it
would beunreasonable to im~oseuDonorganizationsameasure which
would certainly be appealéd by' staff members ... The General
Assembly was, of course, free to overrule the Commission, but it
should be noted that the governing bodies of the majority of the other
organizations in the common system had, since July 1979,approved
the incorporation of the measures announced by the Commission into
their organizations' staff regulations." (A/C.5/34/SR.55, para. 41.)

In so saying, he noted that "the practice of paying the grant to staff
members who did not leave their duty station had been established", anddu personnel, présenta à l'Assemblée unrapport daté du 13septembre
1979,intitulé Questions relatives au personnel. - Autres questions rela-

tives au personnel : modifications apportées au règlement du personnel i)
(A/C.5/34/7). On peut y lire ce qui suit :
Cesmodifications [cellesqu'il avait fallu apporterau règlementdu
personnel], ainsi que divers autres amendements au règlement du

personnel, qui pour la plupart découlaient des décisions prisespar la
Commission de lafbnctionpublique internationaleen vertude l'article 11
de son statut, ont été incorporésdans les éditionsreviséesdes deux
sériesdes dispositions du règlementdu personnel, dont le Secrétaire
générala approuvé la publication ...
2. ..e)Conformémentàlarésolution 33/ 119 del'Assembléegénérale,
ladisposition 109.5,relative à laprime de rapatriement, a été modifiée
defaçon qu'cicompter du Ierjuillet 1979 lepaiement decette prime soit

subordonné a la présentation de piècesattestant lechangement effec-
tif de résidence ..i)(Les italiques sont de moi.)
Comme ilest indiquéplus haut, l'article 11du statutde la CFPI nepouvait

s'appliquer à la mise en Œuvre de la résolution 33/119. 11faut donc
admettre que, dans l'esprit du Secrétaire général, les termes <(pour la
plupart )ne visaient pas lesmodifications apportées à la disposition 109.5,
malgré l'impressionque donne la lecture du texte.

31. Quand, à la trente-quatrième session, la Cinquième Commission
examina le rapport de la Commission de la fonction publique internatio-
nale à l'Assemblée général(e A/34/30), la portée etles conséquencesde la
décisionde la CFPI et de la revision du règlementdu personnel du 22 août

1979 apparurent progressivement. Plusieurs représentants critiquèrent
énergiquementcette décision,et rares furent les interventions favorables.
Le présidenten exercice de la CFPI, de son côté, affirmaque l'Assemblée
générale avait clairementdonnépour mandat à la CFPI de déterminerles
conditions auxquelles la prime serait payéeet, relevant que la question de
laprime de rapatriement n'avait fait l'objet d'aucune décisionde 1'Assem-
bléegénérale,il poursuivit :

La Commission [dela fonction publique internationale], qui n'a
aucune compétencejuridique, a pris une décisionpragmatique, dans
un souci d'économie,estimant qu'ilne serait pas raisonnable d'impo-
seraux organisations une mesure contre laquelle les fonctionnaires ne

manqueraient pas de former un recours..: L'Assemblée générale a,
bien entendu, autorité sur la Commission [CFPI], mais il y a lieu de
noter que les organes directeurs de la majorité des autres organismes
qui appliquent le régime commun ont approuvé depuisjuillet 1979
l'inclusion dans leur règlement du personnel des mesures annoncées
par la Commission. i)(A/C.5/34/SR.55, par. 41 .)

Il ajouta que ((la pratique du versement de la prime, qui s'étend aux
fonctionnairesqui ne quittent pas leur lieu d'affectation ...aété instaurée ))he admitted that the majority of the members of the Commission had felt
that the practice was in conformity with the provisions of the Staff Rules
and Regulations (ibid., para. 40).
32. In such a situation, the idea that effective 1January 1980no staff
member should be entitled to any part of the repatriation grant unless he
provided evidence of relocation away from the country of the last duty
station was introduced by severaldelegates as a part of a draft resolution,
but on the other hand some of them were aware that it might create a

number of problems, particularly from the point of viewof other organi-
zations in the common system. The Under-Secretary-General for Admin-
istration, Finance and Management was concerned about such an idea
because it would have the effect of revoking a decision which was in
process of implementation by the agencies in the common system (A/
C.5/34/SR.60, para. 59).It isquite clear, in the light of his suggestion that
transitional arrangements regarding the requirement of evidence of relo-
cation as a condition for payment of the repatriation grant be accepted,
that he held the viewthat Rule 109.5 0, with the effect of not applyingthe
new obligation concerning the evidence of relocation to any period of
service prior to 1 July 1979,would simply be revoked. That this point
reflected the interpretation of the United Nations Secretariat was also
clearfromthe statement made later by the Assistant Secretary-General for
Personnel Services to the effect that -

"The net result of the newdecision wouldbe to nullify thenotion of
such service credit and make al1payments of the repatriation grant
subject to the uniform requirement of evidence of relocation." (A/
C.5/34/SR.79, para. 111 .)

His appeal for a period of transition in the form of a grace period of one
month during which al1staff members (ibid.,para. 112)wouldhavebeen in
aposition to assessitsimpact on their terminal benefits alsoaffords further
proof that the proposed imposing of a deadline would, in his view,simply
revoke the right of the personnel to receive repatriation grant without
provision of evidenceofrelocation. Further evidencein the same sensewas
furnished by his Information Circular of 14 December 1979 (ST/IC/
79/84).

33. On 17December 1979 the General Assembly adopted resolution
34/ 165entitled "Report of the International Civil ServiceCommission",
which contained the following provision :

"The General Assembly ... decidesthat effective 1January 1980no
staff member shall be entitled to any part of the repatriation grant
unless evidence of relocation away from the country of the last duty
station is provided." (II, para.3.)

On 21 December 1979 an Administrative Instruction was issued fromet qu'aux yeux de la majoritédes membres de la CFPI cette pratiqueétait

conforme aux dispositions du statut et du règlementdu personnel (ibid.,
par. 40).
32. C'estdans cesconditions que l'idéed'interdire àpartir du lerjanvier
1980 tout versement au titre de la prime de rapatriement aux fonction-
naires n'apportant pas la preuve de leur réinstallationdans un pays autre
que celui de leur dernier lieu d'affectation seconcrétisadans un projet de
résolutionprésentépar plusieurs représentants, bien que certains d'entre
euxfussent conscients desproblèmesqui risquaient de seposer, surtoutpar
rapport aux autres organisations appliquant le régimecommun. Le Secré-
taire généraladjoint à l'administration, aux finances et a la gestion se
déclarapréoccupé à ce sujet, en faisant valoir qu'un tel texte aurait pour

effet de révoquerune décisionquiétaitmiseen Œuvrepar lesorganisations
appliquant lerégimecommun (A/C.5/34/SR.60, par. 59).La proposition
qu'il fit de tempérer par des arrangements provisoires la décision de
subordonner le paiement de la prime de rapatriement à la preuve de la
réinstallationmontre bien que leSecrétairegénéraaldjoint s'attendait à ce
que la disposition 109.5 f), qui écartaitl'obligation de prouver la réinstal-
lation pour toute période de service antérieure au ler juillet 1979, fût
purement et simplement abrogée.Cetteinterprétationde la part du Secré-
tariat de l'Organisation des Nations Unies est d'aiileurs confirméepar la
déclarationque fit ensuite le Sous-Secrétaire général aux services du per-
sonnel, selon qui

<<la nouvelle décisionaurait pour résultat immédiat d'annuler cette
notion de duréedes services et de lier le versement de la prime de
rapatriement à une seule condition, l'attestation de réinstallation ))
(A/C.5/34/SR.79, par. 111).

L'appel du Sous-Secrétaire générae ln faveur d'une période transitoire
constituéepar un délaide grâce d'un mois, durant lequel tous les fonc-
tionnaires (ibid. par. 112) auraient pu apprécier les conséquencesfinan-
cièresde la décision prise, prouvequ'à son avis le fait d'imposer une date
limite devait avoir pour effet d'abroger purement et simplement le droit
des membres du personnel d'obtenir la prime de rapatriement sansfour-

nir la preuve de leur réinstallation. Cela est encore confirmé par la cir-
culaire d'information du Sous-Secrétaire générad l u 14 décembre 1979
(ST/ IC/79/84).
33. Le 17 décembre 1979, l'Assemblée générale adopta la résolu-
tion 34/ 165,intilulée<<Rapport de la Commission de la fonctionpublique
internationale )),où figure la disposition suivante :

«L'Assemble générale ..décide que, aveceffetau leijanvier 1980,
lesfonctionnaires n'ont droit àaucun montant au titre de la prime de
rapatriement a moins qu'ilsne présentent despiècesattestant qu'ils se
réinstallentdans un pays autre que celui de leur dernier lieu d'affec-
tation.))(II, par. 3.)

Le21décembre1979,leSous-Secrétairegénéraalux servicesdupersonnelthe Assistailt Secretary-General for Personnel Services (ST/AI/269) :

"2. ... the terms of entitlement to the repatriationgrant set out in
administrative instruction ST/AI/262 of 23 April 1979are amended
by thesubstitution of anewsubparagraph (d)and, assoamended with
effect from 1 January 1980,are as follows :

(d) No staff member shall beentitled to any part of the repatriation
grant unlessevidence ofrelocation of residence away from the country
of the last duty station is provided."

Somenew amendments to the Staff Rules (ST/SGB-/Staff Rules/ l/Rev.5/
Amend.1) were introduced by the Secretary-General in his Bulletin of 25
July 1980.The Bulletin stated that -

"Rule 109.5.Repatriation grant, is amended with effect from 1Jan-
uary 1980 to implement the decision concerning repatriation grant
adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 34/165 by can-
celling the transitional arrangement which had been established with
regard to staff members already in service before 1July 1979"

and the new Rule 109.5read in part as follows :

"Rule 109.5
REPATRIATION GRANT

.............................
(fl (Cancelled)."

34. The International CivilServiceCommission presented to the thirty-
fifth session of the General Assembly,in 1980,areport (A/35/30) inwhich
it commented upon the effect of General Assembly resolution 34/ 165on
the harmonization of personnel practices of the organizations within the
United Nations common system. It stated :

"The Commission was concerned that the General Assembly, hav-
ing at its thirty-third session given an express mandate to the Com-
mission to establish terms under which repatriation grant would be
payable to the staff, should, at itsthirty-fourth session,have reversed
the decision taken by the Commission. It wished to draw to the
attention of the General Assembly the implication of such action for
the harmonization of personnel practices in the common system, as
well as for the credibility and the effectiveness of the Commission
which the General Assembly had itself set up and to which it hadfit distribuer une instruction administrative (ST/AI/269) ou l'on pouvait
lire:

<2. ...les conditions d'octroi de la prime de rapatriement énoncées
dans l'instruction administrative ST/AI/262 du 23 avril 1979 sont
modifiées, avec effet au ler janvier 1980, par la substitution d'un
nouvel alinéa d); sous leurs formes modifiées, ellesse lisent comme
suit:

d) Les fonctionaires n'auront droità aucun montant au titre de la

prime derapatriement àmoins qu'ilsneprésentent despiècesattestant
qu'ils seréinstallentdans un pays autre que celui de leur dernier lieu
d'affectation.»

De nouvelles modifications furent apportées au règlement du personnel
(ST/SGB/Staff Rules/ 1/Rev.S/Amend. 1)par la circulaire du Secrétaire
généraldu 25juillet 1980. Il étaitprécisédans cette circulaire:

<<La disposition 109.5,<Prime de rapatriement D,est modifiée avec
effet du lerjanvier 1980,en application de la décisionconcernant la
prime de rapatriement adoptée par l'Assemblée générale dans sa
résolution34/ 165par suppression de l'arrangement transitoire appli-
cable aux fonctionnaires qui avaient pris leurs fonctions avant le
lerjuillet 1979.)

Et la nouvelle disposition 109.5comportait le passage suivant :

<<Disposition 109.5
PRIME DE RAPATRIEMENT

fl (Supprimée.) j)

34. La Commission de la fonction publique internationale soumit à
l'Assemblée général e sa trente-cinquième session, en 1980,un rapport
(A/35/30) qui contenait ses observations au sujet des effets de la réso-
lution 34/165 sur l'harmonisation des pratiques des organisations du
système commun en matière de personnel. On y trouve les remarques
suivantes :

<<La Commission s'est declarée préoccupée de constater que l'As-
sembléegénéralea,prèsavoir àsatrente-troisième session donnépour
mission expliciteàla Commission d'établirles conditions régissant le
versement de la prime de rapatriement, avait à sa trente-quatrième
session révoquéla décision prisepar la Commission. Elle a tenu à
appelerl'attention del'Assembléegénérale surlesconséquencd e'une
telle démarchepour l'harmonisation des pratiques concernant le per-
sonnel dans lesorganisations appliquant le régimecommun, ainsi que

pour la crédibilité etl'efficacitéde la Commission, organe que l'As- assigned certain responsibilities. The Commission, therefore, would
have preferred that the General Assembly refer this question back to
the Commission for reconsideration of its decision as allowed for
under the Statute approved by the Assembly." (Para. 14.)

As 1seeit, this criticism of theGeneral Assembly bythe International Civil
Service Commission was perhaps somewhat over-hasty in view of the
doubts about the Commission's own interpretation of resolution 33/
119.
35. To sum up, 1would suggest that if in 1979the Staff Rules had been
revised in a more cautious and proper manner, so as to meet the wishes of
the member States of the United Nations, such confusion as has con-
fronted the Court could well have been avoided. More particularly, if the
amendment of Staff Rule 109.5in 1979had been carried outin conformity
with thespirit of the General Assembly resolution of the previous year, the
situation of therepatriationgrant systemmight have been totally different
and the Administrative Tribunal might have delivered a different judge-
ment on any case therefrom arising.

(Signed) Shigeru ODA sembléegénéraleelle-mêmeavait institué et auquel elle avait confié
certainesresponsabilités.C'estpourquoi la Commission aurait préféré
que l'Assembléegénéralerenvoie la question à la Commission pour
que celle-ci reconsidère sa décision,comme il est prévuen vertu du
statut approuvé par l'Assemblée. (Par. 14.)
Selon moi, cette critique adressée a l'Assembléegénéralepar la Com-
mission de la fonction publique internationalemanque de poids, car il est
douteux que la Commision elle-mêmeait correctement interprété laréso-

lution 33/ 119.
35. Pour me résumer,je dirai que, sile règlementdu personnel avait été
reviséen 1979defaçon plus prudente et plus régulière,conformément aux
vŒuxdes Etats Membres de l'Organisation des Nations Unies, il eût été
possible d'éviterla confusion actuelle. En particulier, si la modification
apportée en 1979 à la disposition 109.5 avait étéfidèleà l'esprit de la
résolution de l'Assembléegénéralede l'annéeprécédente,la situation
concernant le régimede la prime de rapatriement eût peut-être été fon-
cièrement différente.et leTribunal administratif eûtut-être statué tout
autrement dans toute affaire de ce genre.

(Signé S)igeru ODA.

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